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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 BILL CAVALIERE,

3 Plaintiff-Appellant,

4 v. NO. 31,531

5 NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING

6 and TECHNOLOGY, through its 

7 BOARD OF REGENTS,

8 Defendant-Appellee.

9 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HIDALGO COUNTY

10 J.C. Robinson, District Judge

11 Caren I. Friedman

12 Santa Fe, NM

13 The Pickett Law Firm

14 Lawrence M. Pickett

15 Las Cruces, NM

16 for Appellant

17 Sandenaw Law Firm, P.C.
2

1 T.A. Sandenaw, Jr.

2 Las Cruces, NM

3 for Appellee

4 MEMORANDUM OPINION

5 HANISEE, Judge.

6 {1} Bill Cavaliere (Plaintiff) sued the New Mexico Institute of Mining and

7 Technology (Defendant) for breach of employment contract and implied covenant of

8 good faith and fair dealing. After trial, Defendant moved for judgment as a matter of

9 law, pursuant to Rule 1-050 NMRA. The district court directed a verdict in favor of

10 Defendant and dismissed Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice. Plaintiff appeals, arguing

11 that the district court’s ruling improperly resolved conflicting evidence regarding the

12 existence and breach of an employment contract between the parties and thereby

13 denied him his constitutional right to a trial by jury. Because we determine that

14 judgment as a matter of law was improper, we reverse and remand for a new trial. 

15 BACKGROUND

16 {2} In 2008 Plaintiff filed a lawsuit against Defendant alleging that Defendant

17 breached an employment contract it had entered into with Plaintiff. Plaintiff sought

18 monetary and exemplary damages, and demanded a jury trial. Among the facts alleged

19 by Plaintiff in support of his complaint, he specifically asserted that in Fall 2003
1 18 The record reflects the use of various terms to describe the position that

19 Plaintiff alleges Defendant offered him. For the purposes of clarity, we use the term

20 “associate chief” as it appears to be the title agreed upon by the parties.

3

1 Defendant’s program manager offered him a job as captain or assistant chief of police

at Defendant’s Playas campus location.1 2 Plaintiff claimed that he accepted the position

3 and commenced his responsibilities as associate chief in October 2004, but that

4 approximately a year later, another individual was hired for the job and replaced him.

5 Plaintiff filed an administrative grievance in late 2005 regarding the hiring of his

6 replacement, but his complaint was rejected by Defendant’s Board of Regents. Having

7 exhausted his administrative remedies, Plaintiff filed his complaint in the instant case.

8 {3} Defendant initially moved unsuccessfully to dismiss Plaintiff’s action for lack

9 of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

10 granted, pursuant to Rules 1-012(B)(1), (6) NMRA, respectively. Defendant then

11 answered Plaintiff’s complaint, and again sought dismissal, this time premised upon

12 assertions that the statute of limitations had expired and that Defendant was immune

13 from being sued based upon its status as a governmental entity under NMSA 1978,

14 § 37-1-23 (1976). Defendant also sought summary judgment based on the absence of

15 genuine issues of material fact; that Plaintiff was “never hired to fill the claimed

16 position pursuant to any written contract;” and again asserting governmental immunity

17 from suit. The district court denied Defendant’s motion for summary judgment and
4

1 an ensuing motion for reconsideration, based upon the district court’s conclusion that

2 “[t]here are questions of fact for a jury to decide.”

3 {4} The case proceeded to a jury trial, during which Plaintiff testified that he was

4 offered the position of chief of police in Fall 2003 by Defendant’s program manager,

5 Michael Hensley, who reaffirmed the offer during a subsequent meeting in early 2004.

6 Although Plaintiff conceded during trial that Hensley later informed him that the chief

7 position was already occupied, and his title would be “associate chief” instead of

8 chief. Plaintiff testified that he “was satisfied with that” position and accepted the

9 offer. Plaintiff presented corroborating testimony of both Rich Upshaw, another

10 employee of Defendant, and John McCarty, a witness who was present at one of the

11 meetings with Hensley. Upshaw testified that it was common knowledge that

12 Defendant, specifically through Hensley, was offering “positions to certain people.”

13 McCarty testified directly that his impression of the conversation he witnessed

14 between Hensley and Plaintiff was that Hensley “wanted [Plaintiff] to be the chief or

15 to be the officer in charge.” On cross-examination, he further stated, “it sounded very

16 clear to me that [Plaintiff] was actually offered that job.”

17 {5} Plaintiff additionally testified that Louis Latasa, the director or chief of campus

18 police, confirmed Plaintiff’s position as associate chief on numerous occasions

19 throughout late 2004 and into early 2005. However, during Summer 2005, Plaintiff
5

1 testified he heard that the associate chief’s position would instead be filled by the man

2 who ultimately replaced him, Richard Gomez. Plaintiff stated that when he confronted

3 Latasa about this information, Latasa denied its truth; however, Defendant hired

4 Gomez for the associate chief position and Gomez commenced his duties in January

5 2006. Although he was no longer employed as associate chief, Plaintiff testified that

6 he remained working for the police department at the Playas campus.

7 {6} At the conclusion of Plaintiff’s case, Defendant moved for a directed verdict

8 pursuant to Rule 1-050. The district court denied the motion because “if, at this point,

9 you considered the evidence in the light most favorable to [P]laintiff that the jury

10 could determine facts in his favor.” During its presentation of evidence, Defendant

11 called Hensley to testify and offered the deposition testimony of Latasa. In court,

12 Hensley testified that he never offered the associate chief position to Plaintiff and that

13 he had “no authority to offer any job, much less a job at that level.” When confronted

14 with Plaintiff’s contrary testimony, Hensley stated, “[Plaintiff] has what his version

15 of something is, and I’m telling you . . . the truth.” Similarly, during his deposition,

16 Latasa testified that he never talked to Plaintiff about being an associate chief because

17 “[t]here was no way that could be done.” He also testified that he never confirmed the

18 associate chief position with Plaintiff because “there was no need for an associate

19 director” and informed Plaintiff that his position would be that of a police officer.
6

1 Even though Latasa testified that he was in charge of hiring law enforcement

2 employees, he asserted that he “didn’t hire [Plaintiff].” When asked who hired

3 Plaintiff, Latasa responded with “according to [Plaintiff], Michael Hensley.”

4 However, Latasa could not provide any additional information regarding Plaintiff’s

5 title apart from the fact that “[Plaintiff] was hired on the spot.”

6 {7} When both sides rested, Defendant again sought directed verdict, arguing that

7 “reasonable jurors would not be able to find the existence of a written contract of

8 employment for the position that [P]laintiff asserts an entitlement, and for which he

9 claims there has been a breach of contract.” In discussing the motion, the district court

10 observed that the “only evidence on [Plaintiff’s] side . . . is the testimony of himself,

11 that he thought that when a police department got started up that Latasa and Hensley

12 told him he was going to be chief. And both Hensley and Latasa denied that. So it’s

13 evenly divided.” The district court further stated, “[t]here’s no question that there’s

14 an employment contract[,]” but indicated that “I don’t think that there’s any evidence

15 that there was an agreement to hire him as associate chief.” Over Plaintiff’s objection,

16 the court concluded, “I don’t think that Hensley hired him. And there’s nothing to

17 show that he had the authority.” The district court found that there was not “evidence[]

18 sufficient to submit to the jury” and granted Defendant’s motion for directed verdict,

19 dismissing Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice.
7

1 DISCUSSION

2 {8} On appeal, Plaintiff asserts error only with regard to the district court’s directed

3 verdict. “A directed verdict is a drastic measure that is generally disfavored inasmuch

4 as it may interfere with the jury function and intrude on a litigant’s right to a trial by

5 jury.” Torres v. El Paso Elec. Co., 1999-NMSC-029, ¶ 26, 127 N.M. 729, 987 P.2d

6 386, overruled on other grounds by Herrera v. Quality Pontiac, 2003-NMSC-018,

7 134 N.M. 43, 73 P.3d 181. It is an appropriate remedy only “when there are no true

8 issues of fact to be presented to a jury” and where “it is clear that the facts and

9 inferences are so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party that the

10 judge believes that reasonable people could not arrive at a contrary result.” Torres,

11 1999-NMSC-029, ¶ 26 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Our review is

12 de novo; however, we “consider all evidence, insofar as the properly admitted

13 evidence is uncontroverted, and all reasonable inferences deducible therefrom in a

14 light most favorable to the party resisting the motion.” Id. (internal quotation marks

15 and citation omitted).

16 {9} Appealing the district court’s adverse ruling following the presentation of all

17 evidence and immediately before the jury was to undertake its factfinding role,

18 Plaintiff contends that plainly conflicting evidence existed regarding an implied and

19 breached employment contract with Defendant. Such facts, he contended, constituted
8

1 an obligatory denial of Defendant’s request for directed verdict. It is undisputed that

2 Plaintiff’s claims to the associate chief’s position are not contained in a written

3 employment contract; however, Plaintiff contends that an implied contract was created

4 between the parties. Our Supreme Court has held that a “valid written contract[]” may

5 be implied. See Garcia v. Middle Rio Grande Conservancy Dist., 1996-NMSC-029,

6 ¶¶ 14-15, 121 N.M. 728, 918 P.2d 7. “Whether an implied employment contract exists

7 is a question of fact, and it may be found in written representations such as an

8 employee handbook, in oral representations, in the conduct of the parties, or in a

9 combination of representations and conduct.” Id. ¶ 10 (emphasis, internal quotation

10 marks, and citation omitted), citing Newberry v. Allied Stores, Inc., 1989-NMSC-024,

11 ¶ 10, 108 N.M. 424, 773 P.2d 1231 (stating that an implied contract is an agreement

12 in which the parties, by course of conduct, have shown an intention to be bound by

13 agreement). 

14 {10} In interpreting the record most favorably to Plaintiff, as our Supreme Court’s

15 precedent requires, we determine that evidence was presented during trial upon which

16 a jury could return a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor. “That such a recovery may appear

17 remote to the presiding judge should not deprive a party of a jury determination.” W.

18 States Mech. Contractors, Inc. v. Sandia Corp., 1990-NMCA-094, ¶ 16, 110 N.M.

19 676, 798 P.2d 1062. Both Plaintiff’s and McCarty’s testimony lent support to
9

1 Plaintiff’s claim of the existence of an implied employment contract. The testimony

2 could be viewed by a jury to support a conclusion that the program manager, Hensley,

3 offered Plaintiff the position of associate chief in spite of the absence of this

4 specificity in Plaintiff’s employment application or personnel forms and in spite of

5 Defendant’s contradictory witness testimony. Indeed, whether an implied contract

6 existed between the parties is a question of fact for the jury to decide. Garcia, 1996-

7 NMSC-029, ¶ 10. “The criteria are not what the jury could have concluded, but

8 whether they could have concluded in any other way than for the beneficiary of the

9 directed verdict.” W. States Mech. Contractors, Inc., 1990-NMCA-094, ¶ 17.

10 Accordingly, the district court’s determination that “[t]here was no substantial,

11 credible evidence of a written or oral contract to hire Plaintiff as . . . associate chief”

12 was error as witness credibility falls within the purview of the jury as the factfinder.

13 See Beavers v. Johnson Controls World Servs., Inc., 1995-NMCA-070, ¶ 43, 120

14 N.M. 343, 901 P.2d 761 (“[I]t is the province of the jury to determine the credibility

15 of the witnesses, reconcile inconsistent or contradictory testimony, and determine

16 where the truth lies.”).

17 {11} Defendant argues that the district court did not err in granting the directed

18 verdict because any oral promises asserted by Plaintiff were inconsistent with one of

19 several personnel action forms. Defendant argues that any inconsistencies between the
10

1 purported oral promises and the written contract rendered the oral promises

2 unenforceable under Section 37-1-23(A). In support of its argument, Defendant cites

3 Trujillo v. Gonzalez, which holds that where parties have “[left] portions of written

4 contracts to oral expression, . . . oral expressions are legally significant only if they

5 are not contradictory and have some effect upon interpretation, application[,] and legal

6 operation of the written portion.” 1987-NMSC-119, ¶ 7, 106 N.M. 620, 747 P.2d 915

7 (emphasis omitted). We disagree with Defendant’s arguments on two bases. First, we

8 note that Trujillo is not analogous to the case before us. The issue in Trujillo was

9 whether the district court erred in granting a motion to dismiss the complaint for

10 failure to allege a valid written contract and whether the court should have allowed

11 extrinsic evidence of oral promises in order to determine the term of employment. Id.

12 ¶¶ 4, 6. In the case before us however, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss on the

13 basis that “no express, valid written contract . . . support[ed] Plaintiff’s claim[.]” The

14 district court denied this motion and proceeded to hear extrinsic evidence through

15 witness testimony as to the existence or nonexistence of an implied employment

16 contract.

17 {12} Secondly, we do not accept Defendant’s contention that the written

18 documentation in the case is legally contradictory to Plaintiff’s assertion of oral

19 promises, rendering the oral promises unenforceable. In support of this argument,
11

1 Defendant specifically points to Plaintiff’s application for employment in which he

2 listed the position he was seeking as “[l]aw enforcement” and a personnel action form

3 where Plaintiff’s position is listed as “town site police officer.” Defendant asserts that

4 this personnel action form is the written contract; however, upon review of the record,

5 a subsequent personnel action form reveals that Plaintiff’s “position title” was left

6 blank. The record additionally indicates that Defendant listed Plaintiff’s position as

7 “police chief” on one of its own official “annual off-campus receipt” forms.

8 Accordingly, Defendant’s own documentation appears to harbor significant

9 inconsistency.

10 {13} Unlike the situation in Trujillo where the written documentation and the oral

11 promises were demonstrably inconsistent in this case, there is discord within the

12 written documentation itself. The documents do not establish that Defendant did not

13 offer or hire Plaintiff for the associate chief position, nor do they establish Plaintiff’s

14 actual position title such that a reasonable jury could not find otherwise. See Melnick

15 v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1988-NMSC-012, ¶ 11, 106 N.M. 726, 749 P.2d

16 1105 (A trial court should not grant a motion for directed verdict unless it is clear that

17 “the facts and inferences are so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving

18 party that the judge believes that reasonable people could not arrive at a contrary

19 result”). We conclude that based on the inconsistency within Defendant’s own
12

1 documentation, along with the oral communications testified to by Plaintiff and

2 McCarty, a jury could have concluded that an implied contract existed between the

3 parties. See Trujillo, 1987-NMSC-119, ¶ 7. Accordingly, it was improper for the

4 district court to direct a verdict on the basis that “[t]here was no substantial [or]

5 credible evidence of a written or oral contract to hire Plaintiff as . . . associate chief.”

6 See Garcia, 1996-NMSC-029, ¶ 10.

7 {14} Defendant lastly contends that his employee handbook did not create an implied

8 contract that Plaintiff would be hired as the associate chief. Defendant argues as well

9 that no evidence was presented that the handbook is “position explicit[,]” requiring

10 that Plaintiff be hired to serve in the specific position of associate chief. Again, we are

11 unpersuaded. Garcia makes very clear that an implied employment contract can be

12 “found in written representations such as an employee handbook, in oral

13 representations, in the conduct of the parties, or in a combination of representations

14 and conduct.” Id. (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Thus,

15 whether an implied contract existed between the parties is not limited to the employee

16 handbook, and in this case, the primary dispute between the parties appears to be not

17 with the provisions of the employment handbook, but with whether or not Plaintiff

18 was orally offered the position of associate chief by Hensley.
13

1 {15} Because we have determined that the issue of whether an implied employment

2 contract existed between the parties should have been left to the jury to decide and

3 remand for a new trial, we decline to address the parties’ remaining arguments

4 regarding whether Defendant breached the contract in hiring Gomez.

5 CONCLUSION

6 {16} The directed verdict is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court

7 for a new trial. 

8 {17} IT IS SO ORDERED.

9 

10 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge 

11 WE CONCUR:

12 _________________________________

13 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge

14 _________________________________

15 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge