# Patent

## Title
Human protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and methods of use

## Abstract

The present disclosure relates to compounds effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors thereby regulating angiogenesis. The present disclosure further relates to compositions comprising said human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors, and to methods for regulating angiogenesis.

## Background
PRIORITY
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/816,730, 60/816,731, and 60/816,825 all of which were filed on Jun. 27, 2006. The entire disclosures of each of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/816,730, 60/816,731, and 60/816,825 are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD
The present disclosure relates to compounds effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors thereby regulating angiogenesis. The present disclosure further relates to compositions comprising one or more human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors, and to methods for regulating angiogenesis.
BACKGROUND
Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes (Nguyen, L. L. et al., Int. Rev. Cytol., 204, 1-48, (2001)). Angiogenesis is a complex process, mediated by communication between the endothelial cells that line blood vessels and their surrounding environment. In the early stages of angiogenesis, tissue or tumor cells produce and secrete pro-angiogenic growth factors in response to environmental stimuli such as hypoxia. These factors diffuse to nearby endothelial cells and stimulate receptors that lead to the production and secretion of proteases that degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix. The activated endothelial cells begin to migrate and proliferate into the surrounding tissue toward the source of these growth factors (Bussolino, F., Trends Biochem. Sci., 22, 251-256, (1997)). Endothelial cells then stop proliferating and differentiate into tubular structures, which is the first step in the formation of stable, mature blood vessels. Subsequently, periendothelial cells, such as pericytes and smooth muscle cells, are recruited to the newly formed vessel in a further step toward vessel maturation.
Angiogenesis is regulated by a balance of naturally occurring pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and angiopoeitin represent a few of the many potential pro-angiogenic growth factors. These ligands bind to their respective receptor tyrosine kinases on the endothelial cell surface and transduce signals that promote cell migration and proliferation. Whereas many regulatory factors have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of this process are still not fully understood.
There are many disease states driven by persistent unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis. In such disease states, unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis may either cause a particular disease or exacerbate an existing pathological condition. For example, ocular neovascularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness and underlies the pathology of approximately 20 eye diseases. In certain previously existing conditions such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous humor, causing bleeding and blindness. Both the growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also angiogenesis-dependent (Folkman et al., “Tumor Angiogenesis,” Chapter 10, 206-32, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn et al., eds., W.B. Saunders, (1995)). It has been shown that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm in diameter must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. After these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide nutrients and growth factors essential for tumor growth as well as a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites, such as liver, lung or bone (Weidner, New Eng. J. Med., 324, 1, 1-8 (1991)). When used as drugs in tumor-bearing animals, natural inhibitors of angiogenesis may prevent the growth of small tumors (O'Reilly et al., Cell, 79, 315-28 (1994)). In some protocols, the application of such inhibitors leads to tumor regression and dormancy even after cessation of treatment (O'Reilly et al., Cell, 88, 277-85 (1997)). Moreover, supplying inhibitors of angiogenesis to certain tumors may potentiate their response to other therapeutic regimens (Teischer et al., Int. J. Cancer, 57, 920-25 (1994)).
Although many disease states are driven by persistent unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis, some disease states could be treated by increased angiogenesis. Tissue growth and repair are biologic events wherein cellular proliferation and angiogenesis occur. Thus an important aspect of wound repair is the revascularization of damaged tissue by angiogenesis.
Chronic, non-healing wounds are a major cause of prolonged morbidity in the aged human population. This is especially the case in bedridden or diabetic patients who develop severe, non-healing skin ulcers. In many of these cases, the delay in healing is a result of inadequate blood supply either as a result of continuous pressure or of vascular blockage. Poor capillary circulation due to small artery atherosclerosis or venous stasis contributes to the failure to repair damaged tissue. Such tissues are often infected with microorganisms that proliferate unchallenged by the innate defense systems of the body which require well vascularized tissue to effectively eliminate pathogenic organisms. As a result, most therapeutic intervention centers on restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues thereby allowing nutrients and immunological factors access to the site of the wound.
Atherosclerotic lesions in large vessels may cause tissue ischemia that could be ameliorated by modulating blood vessel growth to the affected tissue. For example, atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries may cause angina and myocardial infarction that could be prevented if one could restore blood flow by stimulating the growth of collateral arteries. Similarly, atherosclerotic lesions in the large arteries that supply the legs may cause ischemia in the skeletal muscle that limits mobility and in some cases necessitates amputation, which may also be prevented by improving blood flow with angiogenic therapy.
Other diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are characterized by a decrease in the number and density of small blood vessels such as arterioles and capillaries. These small blood vessels are important for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. A decrease in the number and density of these vessels contributes to the adverse consequences of hypertension and diabetes including claudication, ischemic ulcers, accelerated hypertension, and renal failure. These common disorders and many other less common ailments, such as Burgers disease, could be ameliorated by increasing the number and density of small blood vessels using angiogenic therapy.
It has been suggested that one means for regulating angiogenesis is to treat patients with a human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitor (Kruegar et al., EMBO J., 9, (1990)) and, therefore, to satisfy this need the compounds of the present disclosure have been prepared.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure relates to compounds having Formula (I) as shown below:




or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the R and Z groups can be defined by any of the various alternative descriptions offered below. The compounds of Formula (I), and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have been found to be inhibitors of human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β), and hence are capable of regulating angiogenesis in humans, so as to treat various diseases that include but are not limited to diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cancer, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales' disease, Behcet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargardt's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndrome, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-laser complications, diseases associated with rubeosis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, skeletal muscle and myocardial ischemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease.
The present disclosure further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
The present disclosure also relates to methods for controlling angiogenesis, and thereby providing a treatment for diseases affected by angiogenesis, said methods comprising administering to a human an effective amount of one or more compounds having Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as disclosed herein.
These and other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following detailed description and the appended claims. All documents cited are in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present disclosure.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight, unless otherwise specified. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius (° C.) unless otherwise specified.
By “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material can be administered to an individual along with the relevant active compound without causing clinically unacceptable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word “comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.
As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a composition” includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, reference to “a phenylsulfamic acid” includes mixtures of two or more such phenylsulfamic acids, reference to “the compound” includes mixtures of two or more such compounds, and the like.
“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed, then “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value,” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “less than or equal to 10” as well as “greater than or equal to 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that throughout the application data are provided in a number of different formats and that this data represent endpoints and starting points and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
An organic unit can have, for example, 1-26 carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms. Organic radicals often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atoms of the organic radical. One example, of an organic radical that comprises no inorganic atoms is a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl radical. In some embodiments, an organic radical can contain 1-10 inorganic heteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like. Examples of organic radicals include but are not limited to an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamido, substituted alkylcarboxamido, dialkylcarboxamido, substituted dialkylcarboxamido, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic radicals, wherein the terms are defined elsewhere herein. A few non-limiting examples of organic radicals that include heteroatoms include alkoxy radicals, trifluoromethoxy radicals, acetoxy radicals, dimethylamino radicals and the like.
Substituted and unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl units include the following non-limiting examples: methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), cyclopropyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), cyclobutyl (C4), cyclopentyl (C5), cyclohexyl (C6), and the like; whereas substituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, non-limiting examples of which includes, hydroxymethyl (C1), chloromethyl (C1), trifluoromethyl (C1), aminomethyl (C1), 1-chloroethyl (C2), 2-hydroxyethyl (C2), 1,2-difluoroethyl (C2), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (C3), 3-carboxypropyl (C3), 2,3-dihydroxycyclobutyl (C4), and the like.
Substituted and unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl include, ethenyl (C2), 3-propenyl (C3), 1-propenyl (also 2-methylethenyl) (C3), isopropenyl (also 2-methylethen-2-yl) (C3), buten-4-yl (C4), and the like; substituted linear or branched alkenyl, non-limiting examples of which include, 2-chloroethenyl (also 2-chlorovinyl) (C2), 4-hydroxybuten-1-yl (C4), 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-4-en-2-yl (C9), 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-3,5-dien-2-yl (C9), and the like.
Substituted and unsubstituted linear or branched alkynyl include, ethynyl (C2), prop-2-ynyl (also propargyl) (C3), propyn-1-yl (C3), and 2-methyl-hex-4-yn-1-yl (C7); substituted linear or branched alkynyl, non-limiting examples of which include, 5-hydroxy-5-methylhex-3-ynyl (C7), 6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-3-yn-2-yl (C8), 5-hydroxy-5-ethylhept-3-ynyl (C9), and the like.
The term “aryl” as used herein denotes organic rings that consist only of a conjugated planar carbon ring system with delocalized pi electrons, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl (C6), naphthylen-1-yl (C10), naphthylen-2-yl (C10). Aryl rings can have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by another organic or inorganic radical. Non-limiting examples of substituted aryl rings include: 4-fluorophenyl (C6), 2-hydroxyphenyl (C6), 3-methylphenyl (C6), 2-amino-4-fluorophenyl (C6), 2-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl (C6), 2-cyanophenyl (C6), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl (C6), 3-methoxyphenyl (C6), 8-hydroxynaphthylen-2-yl (C10), 4,5-dimethoxynaphthylen-1-yl (C10), and 6-cyanonaphthylen-1-yl (C10).
The term “heteroaryl” denotes an aromatic ring system having from 5 to 10 atoms. The rings can be a single ring, for example, a ring having 5 or 6 atoms wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom not limited to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Or “heteroaryl” can denote a fused ring system having 8 to 10 atoms wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic ring and at least one atom of the aromatic ring is a heteroatom not limited nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
The following are non-limiting examples of heteroaryl rings according to the present disclosure:




The term “heterocyclic” denotes a ring system having from 3 to 10 atoms wherein at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom not limited to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The rings can be single rings, fused rings, or bicyclic rings. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic rings include:




All of the aforementioned heteroaryl or heterocyclic rings can be optionally substituted with one or more substitutes for hydrogen as described herein further.
Throughout the description of the present disclosure the terms having the spelling “thiophene-2-yl and thiophene-3-yl” are used to describe the heteroaryl units having the respective formulae:




whereas in naming the compounds of the present disclosure, the chemical nomenclature for these moieties are typically spelled “thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl” respectively. Herein the terms “thiophene-2-yl and thiophene-3-yl” are used when describing these rings as units or moieties which make up the compounds of the present disclosure solely to make it unambiguous to the artisan of ordinary skill which rings are referred to herein.

The term “substituted” is used throughout the specification. The term “substituted” is defined herein as “a hydrocarbyl moiety, whether acyclic or cyclic, which has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent or several substituents as defined herein below.” The units, when substituting for hydrogen atoms are capable of replacing one hydrogen atom, two hydrogen atoms, or three hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbyl moiety at a time. In addition, these substituents can replace two hydrogen atoms on two adjacent carbons to form said substituent, new moiety, or unit. For example, a substituted unit that requires a single hydrogen atom replacement includes halogen, hydroxyl, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement includes carbonyl, oximino, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement from adjacent carbon atoms includes epoxy, and the like. A three hydrogen replacement includes cyano, and the like. The term substituted is used throughout the present specification to indicate that a hydrocarbyl moiety, inter alia, aromatic ring, alkyl chain; can have one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent. When a moiety is described as “substituted” any number of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced. For example, 4-hydroxyphenyl is a “substituted aromatic carbocyclic ring”, (N,N-dimethyl-5-amino)octanyl is a “substituted C8 alkyl unit, 3-guanidinopropyl is a “substituted C3 alkyl unit,” and 2-carboxypyridinyl is a “substituted heteroaryl unit.”
The following are non-limiting examples of units that can substitute for hydrogen atoms on a unit:

    
    
        i) C1-C12 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl; for example, methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), ethenyl (C2), ethynyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), cyclopropyl (C3), 3-propenyl (C3), 1-propenyl (also 2-methylethenyl) (C3), isopropenyl (also 2-methylethen-2-yl) (C3), prop-2-ynyl (also propargyl) (C3), propyn-1-yl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), cyclobutyl (C4), buten-4-yl (C4), cyclopentyl (C5), cyclohexyl (C6);
        ii) substituted or unsubstituted C6 or C10 aryl; for example, phenyl, naphthyl (also referred to herein as naphthylen-1-yl (C10) or naphthylen-2-yl (C10));
        iii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heterocyclic rings; as described herein below;
        iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl rings; as described herein below;
        v) —(CR14aR14b)zOR13; for example, —OH, —CH2OH, —OCH3, —CH2OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2OCH2CH3, —OCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2OCH2CH2CH3;
        vi) —(CR14aR14b)zC(O)R13; for example, —COCH3, —CH2COCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2COCH2CH3, —COCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2COCH2CH2CH3;
        vii) —(CR14aR14b)zC(O)OR13; for example, —CO2CH3, —CH2CO2CH3, —CO2CH2CH3, —CH2CO2CH2CH3, —CO2CH2CH2CH3, and —CH2CO2CH2CH2CH3;
        viii) —(CR14aR14b)zC(O)N(R13)2; for example, —CONH2, —CH2CONH2, —CONHCH3, —CH2CONHCH3, —CON(CH3)2, and —CH2CON(CH3)2;
        ix) —(CR14aR14b)zN(R13)2; for example, —NH2, —CH2NH2, —NHCH3, —N(CH3)2, —NH(CH2CH3), —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3);
        x) halogen; —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
        xi) —(CR14aR14b)zCN;
        xii) —(CR14aR14b)zNO2;
        xiii) —CHjXk; wherein X is halogen, j is from 0 to 2, j+k=3; for example, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CCl3, or —CBr3;
        xiv) —(CR14aR14b)zSR13; —SH, —CH2SH, —SCH3, —CH2SCH3, —SC6H5, and —CH2SC6H5;
        xv) —(CR14aR14b)zSO2R13; —SO2H, —CH2SO2H, —SO2CH3, —CH2SO2CH3, —SO2C6H5, and —CH2SO2C6H5; and
        xiii) —(CR14aR14b)zSO3R13; for example, —SO3H, —CH2SO3H, —SO3CH3, —CH2SO3CH3, —SO3C6H5, and —CH2SO3C6H5;

wherein each R13 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, phenyl, benzyl; or two R13 units can be taken together to form a ring comprising 3-7 atoms; R14a and R14b are each independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl; the index p is from 0 to 4.

    
    


The present disclosure addresses several unmet medical needs, inter alia;

    
    
        1) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or condition wherein angiogenesis is elevated;
        2) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or condition; and
        3) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or condition wherein angiogenesis is decreased.
    
    


These and other unmet medical needs are resolved by the human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors of the present disclosure, that are capable of regulating angiogenesis and thereby serving as a method for treating elevated or diminished angiogenesis in humans or in treating diseases that are caused by insufficient regulation of human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β).
The compounds disclosed herein include all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms, for example, salts of both basic groups, inter alia, amines, as well as salts of acidic groups, inter alia, sulfamic acids, and carboxylic acids. The following are non-limiting examples of anions that can form salts with basic groups, such as amines: chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, citrate, and the like. The following are non-limiting examples of cations that can form salts of acidic groups, such as carboxylic acid/carboxylate units: sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bismuth, and the like.
The compounds of the present disclosure are ethyl-amino substituted phenylsulfamic acids, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, having the core structure of Compound (I) shown in the drawing below:




wherein the units R and Z can be any of the alternatives further defined and exemplified herein below. In such compounds of Formula (I), the carbon atom bearing the amino unit has the absolute stereochemistry(S) stereochemistry as indicated in the drawing above, which typically corresponds to an (S) configuration at the same amine-bearing carbon atom, but which could vary depending on the nature of the R substituent group and the resulting priority changes.

R Units

In some embodiments, the R units of the compounds of Formula (I) can be substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or heteroaryl rings having from 3 to 15 ring atoms. The substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or heteroaryl rings of the R group of the compounds of Formula (I) can be represented below by the generic ring, A, in the drawing shown below:




These heterocyclic or heteroaryl “A” rings can be optionally substituted by one, two, or three independently chosen substituents represented in the generic formula by R15 units. Non-limiting examples of the R15 substituent units include:

    
    
        i) linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl; for example, methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), cyclopropyl (C3), propylen-2-yl (C3), propargyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), cyclobutyl (C4), n-pentyl (C5), cyclopentyl (C5), n-hexyl (C6), and cyclohexyl (C6);
        ii) substituted or unsubstituted aryl; for example, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, and biphenyl-4-yl;
        iii) substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; examples of which are provided herein below;
        iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; examples of which are provided herein below;
        v) —(CR17aR17b)qOR16; for example, —OH, —CH2OH, —OCH3, —CH2OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2OCH2CH3, —OCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2OCH2CH2CH3;
        vi) —(CR17aR17b)qC(O)R16; for example, —COCH3, —CH2COCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2COCH2CH3, —COCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2COCH2CH2CH3;
        vii) —(CR17aR17b)qC(O)OR16; for example, —CO2CH3, —CH2CO2CH3, —CO2CH2CH3, —CH2CO2CH2CH3, —CO2CH2CH2CH3, and —CH2CO2CH2CH2CH3;
        viii) —(CR17aR17b)qC(O)N(R16)2; for example, —CONH2, —CH2CONH2, —CONHCH3, —CH2CONHCH3, —CON(CH3)2, and —CH2CON(CH3)2;
        ix) —(CR17aR17b)qOC(O)N(R16)2; for example, —OC(O)NH2, —CH2OC(O)NH2, —OC(O)NHCH3, —CH2OC(O)NHCH3, —OC(O)N(CH3)2, and —CH2OC(O)N(CH3)2;
        x) —(CR17aR7b)qN(R16)2; for example, —NH2, —CH2NH2, —NHCH3, —N(CH3)2, —NH(CH2CH3), —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3);
        xi) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
        xii) —CHmXn; wherein X is halogen, m is from 0 to 2, m+n=3; for example, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CCl3, or —CBr3;
        xiii) —(CR17aR17b)qCN; for example; —CN, —CH2CN, and —CH2CH2CN;
        xiv) —(CR17aR17b)qNO2; for example; —NO2, —CH2NO2, and —CH2CH2NO2;
        xv) —(CR17aR17b)qSO2R16; for example, —SO2H, —CH2SO2H, —SO2CH3, —CH2SO2CH3, —SO2C6H5, and —CH2SO2C6H5; and
        xvi) —(CR17aR17b)qSO3R16; for example, —SO3H, —CH2SO3H, —SO3CH3, —CH2SO3CH3, —SO3C6H5, and —CH2SO3C6H5;

wherein each R16 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl; or two R16 units can be taken together to form a ring comprising 3-7 ring atoms; R17a and R17b are each independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl; the index q is from 0 to 4.

    
    


When R15 units comprise C1-C12 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C6 or C10 aryl; substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heterocyclic; or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl; R15 units can further have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by R18 units. Non-limiting examples of R18 units include:

    
    
        i) linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl; for example, methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), cyclopropyl (C3), propylen-2-yl (C3), propargyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), cyclobutyl (C4), n-pentyl (C5), cyclopentyl (C5), n-hexyl (C6), and cyclohexyl (C6);
        ii) —(CR20aR20b)qOR19; for example, —OH, —CH2OH, —OCH3, —CH2OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2OCH2CH3, —OCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2OCH2CH2CH3;
    
    


iii) —(CR20aR20b)qC(O)R19; for example, —COCH3, —CH2COCH3, —OCH2CH3, —CH2COCH2CH3, —COCH2CH2CH3, and —CH2COCH2CH2CH3;

    
    
        iv) —(CR20aR20b)qC(O)OR19; for example, —CO2CH3, —CH2CO2CH3, —CO2CH2CH3, —CH2CO2CH2CH3, —CO2CH2CH2CH3, and —CH2CO2CH2CH2CH3;
        v) —(CR20aR20b)qC(O)N(R19)2; for example, —CONH2, —CH2CONH2, —CONHCH3, —CH2CONHCH3, —CON(CH3)2, and —CH2CON(CH3)2;
        vi) —(CR20aR20b)qOC(O)N(R19)2; for example, —OC(O)NH2, —CH2OC(O)NH2, —OC(O)NHCH3, —CH2OC(O)NHCH3, —OC(O)N(CH3)2, and —CH2OC(O)N(CH3)2;
        vii) —(CR20aR20b)qN(R19)2; for example, —NH2, —CH2NH2, —NHCH3, —N(CH3)2, —NH(CH2CH3), —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3);
        viii) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
        ix) —CHmXn; wherein X is halogen, m is from 0 to 2, m+n=3; for example, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CCl3, or —CBr3;
        x) —(CR20aR20b)qCN; for example; —CN, —CH2CN, and —CH2CH2CN;
        xi) —(CR20aR20b)qNO2; for example; —NO2, —CH2NO2, and —CH2CH2NO2;
        xii) —(CR20aR20b)qSO2R19; for example, —SO2H, —CH2SO2H, —SO2CH3, —CH2SO2CH3, —SO2C6H5, and —CH2SO2C6H5; and
        xiii) —(CR20aR20b)qSO3R19; for example, —SO3H, —CH2SO3H, —SO3CH3, —CH2SO3CH3, —SO3C6H5, and —CH2SO3C6H5;

wherein each R19 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl; or two R19 units can be taken together to form a ring comprising 3-7 atoms; R20a and R20b are each independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl; the index p is from 0 to 4.

    
    


In the description that follows, R15 and R18 units may be represented by specific ring substitutions, for example, a ring encompassed within the definition of R can be depicted as either having the formula:




or as having the formula:





Both of the above formulae stand equally well for an optionally substituted thiazolyl ring.

R Units
R units comprise a ring having from 3 to 15 ring atoms.
R units can comprise 5-member heteroaryl rings. The following are non-limiting examples of 5-member heteroaryl rings:







As described herein, the 5-member heteroaryl rings can be substituted with one or more substitutes for hydrogen, for example, with a methyl group:




or with a substitute for hydrogen that itself is further substituted, for example:





Examples of 5-member ring R units includes thiazolyl units having the formula:




One example of a thiazolyl R unit includes thiazol-2-yl units having the formula:




wherein R2 and R3 are each independently chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl; or
R2 and R3 can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
One example of this R unit relates to units having the formula:




wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4).

Another example of this R unit relates to units wherein R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4); and R3 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1) or ethyl (C2). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl, 4-ethyl-5-methylthiazol-2-yl, 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl, and 4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl.
A further example of this R unit relates to units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a substituted alkyl unit, the substitutions chosen from:
i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
ii) —N(R11)2; and
iii) —OR11;
wherein each R11 is independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl. Non-limiting examples of units comprising this embodiment of R includes: —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH2OCH3, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2OCH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3).
A yet further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is phenyl.
A still further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
One example of R includes units wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.
Another example of R units includes thiazol-4-yl units having the formula:




wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
An example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
Another example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 2-methylthiazol-4-yl, 2-ethylthiazol-4-yl, 2-(n-propyl)thiazol-4-yl, and 2-(iso-propyl)thiazol-4-yl.
A further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
A yet further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
Another example of 5-member ring R units includes substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl units having the formula:




One example of imidazolyl R units includes imidazol-2-yl units having the formula:




wherein R2 and R3 are each independently chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl; or
R2 and R3 can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
One example of R units includes compounds wherein R units have the formula:




wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4).

Another example of R units includes compounds wherein R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4); and R3 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1) or ethyl (C2). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-yl, 4-ethyl-5-methylimidazol-2-yl, 4-methyl-5-ethylimidazol-2-yl, and 4,5-diethylimidazol-2-yl.
An example of R units includes compounds wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a substituted alkyl unit chosen, said substitutions chosen from:
i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
ii) —N(R11)2; and
iii) —OR11;
wherein each R11 is independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl. Non-limiting examples of units comprising this embodiment of R includes: —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH2OCH3, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2OCH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3).
A yet further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is phenyl.
A still further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
One example of R includes units wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.
Another example of R units includes imidazol-4-yl units having the formula:




wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
One example of this embodiment of R units relates to compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
An example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
Another example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 2-methylimidazol-4-yl, 2-ethylimidazol-4-yl, 2-(n-propyl)imidazol-4-yl, and 2-(iso-propyl)imidazol-4-yl.
A further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
A yet further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
Further examples of 5-member ring R units are substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl units having the formula:




One example of oxazolyl R units includes oxazol-2-yl units having the formula:




wherein R2 and R3 are each independently chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl; or
R2 and R3 can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
One example of R units includes compounds wherein R units have the formula:




wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4).

Another example of R units includes units wherein R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4); and R3 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1) or ethyl (C2). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 4,5-dimethyloxazol-2-yl, 4-ethyl-5-methyloxazol-2-yl, 4-methyl-5-ethyloxazol-2-yl, and 4,5-diethyloxazol-2-yl.
A further example of R units includes units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a substituted alkyl unit chosen, said substitutions chosen from:
i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
ii) —N(R11)2; and
iii) —OR11;
wherein each R11 is independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl. Non-limiting examples of units comprising this embodiment of R includes: —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH2OCH3, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2OCH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3).
A yet further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is phenyl.
A still further example of R units include units wherein R3 is hydrogen and R2 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
One example of R includes units wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.
Another example of R units includes oxazol-4-yl units having the formula:




wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
One example of this embodiment of R units relates to compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
An example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
Another example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 2-methyloxazol-4-yl, 2-ethyloxazol-4-yl, 2-(n-propyl)oxazol-4-yl, and 2-(iso-propyl)oxazol-4-yl.
A further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
A yet further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
A further example of R units relates to oxazol-5-yl units having the formula:




wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
An example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
Another example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 2-methyloxazol-4-yl, 2-ethyloxazol-4-yl, 2-(n-propyl)oxazol-4-yl, and 2-(iso-propyl)oxazol-4-yl.
A further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
A yet further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
A yet further example of 5-member ring R units includes substituted or unsubstituted [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl units having the formula:




One example of [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl R units includes [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl units having the formula:




wherein R2 is chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl;
One example of R units includes units wherein R2 is hydrogen.
Another example includes R units wherein R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4); and R3 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1) or ethyl (C2). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, 5-ethyl[1,2,4]-oxadiazol-2-yl, 5-propyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, and 5-cyclopropyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-2-yl.
A further example of R units includes units wherein R2 is a substituted alkyl unit chosen, said substitutions chosen from:
i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
ii) —N(R11)2; and
iii) —OR11;
wherein each R11 is independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl. Non-limiting examples of units comprising this embodiment of R includes: —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH2OCH3, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2OCH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3).
A yet further example of R units includes units wherein R2 is phenyl.
A still further example of R units includes units wherein R2 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
Specific examples of R units include units wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.
Another example of R units includes [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl units having the formula:




wherein R4 is a unit chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl.
One example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is hydrogen.
Another example of R units include compounds wherein R4 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 3-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, 3-ethyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, 3-(n-propyl)[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, and 3-(iso-propyl)[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl.
A further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
A yet further example of R units includes compounds wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
Further non-limiting examples of 5-member heteroaryl rings include:







R units can comprise 5-member heterocyclic rings. Non-limiting examples of 5-member heterocyclic rings include:




R units can comprise 6-member heterocyclic rings. Non-limiting examples of 6-member heterocyclic rings include:




R units can comprise 6-member heteraryl rings. Non-limiting examples of 6-member heteroaryl rings include:




A example of 6-member heteroaryl rings includes pyrimidin-2-yl units having the formula:




wherein R2, R3 and R4 are each independently chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl; or
R2 and R3 or R3 and R4 can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
Another example of R units includes units having the formula:




wherein R3 and R4 are both hydrogen and R2 is a unit chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4).

Further examples of R units include units wherein R2 and R3 are chosen from methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), iso-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), and tert-butyl (C4); and R4 is hydrogen. Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 4,5-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl, 4,5-diethylpyrimidin-2-yl, 4-methyl-5-ethyl-pyrimidin-2-yl, and 4-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrimidin-2-yl.
A yet further example of R units include units wherein R4 is hydrogen and R2 and R3 are chosen from:
i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;
ii) —N(R11)2; and
iii) —OR11;
wherein each R11 is independently hydrogen or C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl. Non-limiting examples of units comprising this embodiment of R includes: —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH2OCH3, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2OCH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2NH(CH2CH3).
A yet further example of R units includes units wherein R2 or R3 is substituted phenyl and R4 is hydrogen.
A still further example of R units includes units wherein R4 is hydrogen and R2 or R3 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
The following are non-limiting examples of R units wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl and wherein R2 is thiophene-3-yl thereby providing R units that are 4-(thiophene-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl, 5-(thiophene-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl, 4-(thiophene-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl, and 5-(thiophene-2-yl)pyrimidin-3-yl.
Non-limiting examples of 6-member heteroaryl rings include:




R units can also comprise fuse ring heteroaryl units. Non-limiting examples of R units include:










R units that are fused heteroaryl rings can be optionally substituted by one or more independently chosen substitutes for hydrogen as described herein above.
Z Units
Z is a unit having the formula:

-(L)n-R1 

wherein R1 is chosen from:

i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted C6 or C10 aryl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heterocyclic rings; or
v) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl rings.
One example of R1 units includes substituted or unsubstituted phenyl (C6 aryl) units, wherein each substitution is independently chosen from: halogen, C1-C4 linear, branched alkyl, or cyclic alkyl, —OR11, —CN, —N(R11)2, —CO2R11, —C(O)N(R11)2, —NR11C(O)R11, —NO2, and —SO2R11; each R11 is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear, branched, cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl; or two R11 units can be taken together to form a ring comprising from 3-7 atoms.
Another example of R1 units includes substituted C6 aryl units chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.
A further example of R1 units includes substituted or unsubstituted C6 aryl units chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 2,3,4-trifluorophenyl, 2,3,5-trifluorophenyl, 2,3,6-trifluorophenyl, 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,3,4-trichlorophenyl, 2,3,5-trichlorophenyl, 2,3,6-trichlorophenyl, 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl, 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl.
A yet further example of R1 units includes substituted C6 aryl units chosen from 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,3,4-trimethylphenyl, 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl, 2,3,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethyl-phenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2,3-diethylphenyl, 2,4-diethylphenyl, 2,5-diethylphenyl, 2,6-diethylphenyl, 3,4-diethylphenyl, 2,3,4-triethylphenyl, 2,3,5-triethylphenyl, 2,3,6-triethylphenyl, 2,4,5-triethylphenyl, 2,4,6-triethylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 3-isopropylphenyl, and 4-isopropylphenyl.
Another still further example of R1 units includes substituted C6 aryl units chosen from 2-aminophenyl, 2-(N-methylamino)phenyl, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, 2-(N-ethylamino)phenyl, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3-(N-methylamino)phenyl, 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-(N-ethylamino)phenyl, 3-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 4-(N-methylamino)phenyl, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-(N-ethylamino)phenyl, and 4-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl.
R1 can comprise heteroaryl units. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl units include:







R1 heteroaryl units can be substituted or unsubstituted. Non-limiting examples of units that can substitute for hydrogen include units chosen from:
i) C1-C6 linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl;
iii) substituted of unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl;
iv) —C(O)R9; and
v) —NHC(O)R9;
wherein R9 is C1-C6 linear and branched alkyl; C1-C6 linear and branched alkoxy; or —NHCH2C(O)R10; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl.
An example of R1 relates to units substituted by an alkyl unit chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
Another example of R1 includes units that are substituted by substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl and benzyl substitutions are chosen from one or more:
i) halogen;
ii) C1-C3 alkyl;
iii) C1-C3 alkoxy;
iv) —CO2R11; and
v) —NHCOR16;
wherein R11 and R16 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.
Another example of R1 relates to phenyl and benzyl units substituted by a carboxy unit having the formula —C(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, and ethoxy.
A further example of R1 includes phenyl and benzyl units substituted by an amide unit having the formula —NHC(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, tert-butyl, and tert-butoxy.
A yet further example of R1 includes phenyl and benzyl units substituted by one or more fluoro or chloro units.
L is a linking unit chosen from:
i) —C(O)NH[C(R5aR5b)]w—;
ii) —C(O)[C(R6aR6b)]x—;
iii) —C(O)[C(R7aR7b)]yC(O)—;
iv) —SO2[C(R8aR8b)]z—;
wherein R5a, R5b, R6a, R6b, R7a, R7b, R8a, and R8b are each independently:
i) hydrogen;
ii) C1-C4 substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings;
v) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl rings;
and the indices w and z are each independently from 0 to 4 and the indices x and y are each independently from 1 to 4. The linking group may be present, i.e. when the index n is equal to 1, or absent when the index n is equal to 0, for example, the linking unit is absent in Category V compounds further described herein below.
One example of L units includes linking units having the formula:

—C(O)[C(R6aR6b)]x—

wherein R6a is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, said substitutions for phenyl and heteroaryl are chosen from:

i) C1-C6 linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl;
iii) substituted of unsubstituted C1-C9 heteroaryl;
iv) —C(O)R16; and
v) —NHC(O)R16;
wherein R16 is C1-C6 linear and branched alkyl; C1-C6 linear and branched alkoxy; or —NHCH2C(O)R17; R17 is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl; the index x is 1 or 2.
Another example of L units includes units wherein a first R6a unit chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl; a second R6a unit is hydrogen and R6b units are hydrogen. For example a linking unit having the formula:




A further example of L includes a first R6a unit as depicted herein above that is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit as described herein above.
A yet further example of L includes units having the formula:

—C(O)[C(R6aR6b)]x—;

wherein R6a and R6b are hydrogen and the index x is equal to 1 or 2; said units chosen from:

i) —C(O)CH2—; and
ii) —C(O)CH2CH2—.
Another example of L units includes units having the formula:

—C(O)[C(R7aR7b)]yC(O)—;

wherein R7a and R7b are hydrogen and the index x is equal to 1 or 2; said units chosen from:

i) —C(O)CH2C(O)—; and
ii) —C(O)CH2CH2C(O)—.
A still further example of L units includes units having the formula:

—C(O)NH[C(R5aR5b)]w—;

wherein R5a and R5b are hydrogen and the index w is equal to 0, 1 or 2; said units chosen from:

ii) —C(O)NH—;
ii) —C(O)NHCH2—; and
iii) —C(O)NHCH2CH2—.
A yet still further example of L units includes units having the formula:

—SO2[C(R8aR8b)]z—;

wherein R8a and R8b are hydrogen and the index z is equal to 0, 1 or 2; said units chosen from:

ii) —SO2—;
ii) —SO2CH2—; and
iii) —SO2CH2CH2—.
A described herein above the compounds of the present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms. A compound having the formula:




can form salts, for example, a salt of the sulfonic acid:





The compounds can also exist in a zwitterionic form, for example:




as a salt of a strong acid, for example:





The analogs (compounds) of the present disclosure are arranged into several Categories to assist the formulator in applying a rational synthetic strategy for the preparation of analogs which are not expressly exampled herein. The arrangement into categories does not imply increased or decreased efficacy for any of the compositions of matter described herein.
The first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-2-yl) compounds having the formula:




wherein R1, R2, R3, and L are further defined herein in Table I herein below.












TABLE I





No.
L
R1
R2
R3



















1
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
—CH3
—H


2
—C(O)CH2—
2-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


3
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


4
—C(O)CH2—
4-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


5
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


6
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


7
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


8
—C(O)CH2—
2-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


9
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


10
—C(O)CH2—
4-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


11
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


12
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


13
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


14
—C(O)CH2—
2-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


15
—C(O)CH2—
3-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


16
—C(O)CH2—
4-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


17
—C(O)CH2—
2-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


18
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


19
—C(O)CH2—
4-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


20
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


21
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


22
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


23
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


24
—C(O)CH2—
2-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


25
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


26
—C(O)CH2—
4-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


27
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


28
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


29
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


30
—C(O)CH2—
2-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


31
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


32
—C(O)CH2—
4-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


33
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


34
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


35
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


36
—C(O)CH2—
2-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


37
—C(O)CH2—
3-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


38
—C(O)CH2—
4-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


39
—C(O)CH2—
2-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


40
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


41
—C(O)CH2—
4-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


42
—C(O)CH2—
2,3-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


43
—C(O)CH2—
3,4-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


44
—C(O)CH2—
3,5-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


45
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
—CH3
—H


46
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


47
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


48
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-fluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


49
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


50
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


51
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-difluorophenyl
—CH3
—H


52
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


53
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


54
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-chlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


55
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


56
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


57
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-dichlorophenyl
—CH3
—H


58
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


59
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


60
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-hydroxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


61
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


62
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


63
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-methoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


64
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


65
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


66
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH3
—H


67
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


68
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


69
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


70
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-fluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


71
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


72
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


73
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-difluorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


74
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


75
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


76
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-chlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


77
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


78
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


79
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-dichlorophenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


80
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


81
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


82
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-hydroxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


83
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


84
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


85
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-methoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


86
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,3-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


87
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,4-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H


88
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3,5-dimethoxyphenyl
—CH2CH3
—H









The compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme I and described in Example 1 herein below.







EXAMPLE 1
{4-[2-(S)-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-phenylacetylamido)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid (5)
(S)-tert-butyl 1-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate
Preparation of (S)-tert-butyl 1-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (1): To a 0° C. solution of 2-(S)-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid and N-methylmorpholine (1.1 mL, 9.65 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) is added dropwise iso-butyl chloroformate (1.25 mL, 9.65 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes, after which NH3 (g) is passed through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes at 0° C. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc, washed successively with 5% citric acid, water, 5% NaHCO3, water and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a residue that is triturated with a mixture of EtOAc/petroleum ether to provide 2.2 g (74% yield) of the desired product as a white solid.
Preparation of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-thiocarbamoylethyl]carbamic acid tent-butyl ester (2): To a solution of (S)-tert-butyl 1-amino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-oxopropa-2-ylcarbamate 1, (0.400 g, 1.29 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is added Lawesson's reagent (0.262 g. 0.65 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hours and concentrated to a residue that is purified over silica to provide 0.350 g (83% yield) of the desired product. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.11-3.30 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 9H).
Preparation of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide (3): A mixture of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-thiocarbamoylethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 2, (10 g, 30.7 mmol) and 1-bromo-2-butanone (90%, 3.8 mL, 33.8 mmol) in CH3CN (500 mL) is refluxed for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether is added to the solution and the precipitate which forms is removed by filtration to afford 7.47 g of the desired product. ESI+ MS 278 (M+1).
Preparation of N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-phenyl-acetamide (4): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.393 g, 1.1 mmol), phenylacetic acid (0.190 g, 1.4 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.094 g, 0.70 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.268 g, 1.4 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.60 mL, 4.2 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.260 g (60% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. ESI+ MS 396 (M+1).
Preparation of {4-[2-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-phenylacetylamido)ethyl]-phenyl}sulfamic acid (5): N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-phenyl-acetamide, 4, (0.260 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.177 g, 1.23). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH (10 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.136 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.60 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.33-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.16-7.00 (m, 6H), 5.44-5.41 (m, 1H), 3.28 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.03 (1H, B of ABX, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=10.5, 7.8 Hz) 1.31 (t, 3H, J=4.6 Hz).
The following is a general procedure for isolating the final compound as a free acid.
Reduction of the aryl nitro group to free a amine:
To a Parr hydrogenation vessel is charged the nitro compound [for example, intermediate 4] (1.0 eq) and Pd/C (10% Pd on C, 50% wet, Degussa-type E101 NE/W, 2.68 g, 15 wt %) as solids. MeOH (15 mL/g) is added to provide a suspension. The vessel is put on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus. The vessel is submitted to a fill/vacuum evacuate process with N2 (3×20 psi) to inert, followed by the same procedure with H2 (3×40 psi). The vessel is filled with H2 and the vessel is shaken under 40 psi H2 for  ̃40 hr. The vessel is evacuated and the atmosphere is purged with N2 (5×20 psi). An aliquot is filtered and analyzed by HPLC to insure complete conversion. The suspension is filtered through a pad of CELITETM to remove the catalyst, and the homogeneous yellow filtrate is concentrated by rotary evaporation to afford the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of free sulfamic acid: A 100 mL RBF is charged with the free amine (1.0 eq) prepared in the step described herein above. Acetonitrile (5 mL/g) is added and the yellow suspension which is typically yellow to orange in color is stirred at room temperature. A second 3-necked 500 mL RBF is charged with SO3.pyr (1.4 eq) and acetonitrile (5 mL/g) and the suspension is stirred at room temperature. Both suspensions are gently heated until the reaction solution containing the amine becomes orange to red-orange in color (typically at about 40-45° C.). This substrate containing solution is poured in one portion into the stirring suspension of SO3.pyr at 35° C. The resulting opaque mixture is stirred vigorously while allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. After stirring for 45 min, or once the reaction is determined to be complete by HPLC, water (20 mL/g) is added to the colored suspension to provide a homogeneous solution having a pH of approximately 2.4. Concentrated H3PO4 is added slowly to lower the pH to approximately 1.4. During this pH adjustment, an off-white precipitate typically forms and the solution is stirred at room temperature for an additional hour. The suspension is filtered and the filter cake is washed with the filtrate. The filter cake is air-dried overnight to afford the desired product as the free acid.
The following are non-limiting examples of the first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure.




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.65 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.29-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.03 (m, 7H), 5.46-5.42 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.29 (1H), 3.04 (1H, B of ABX, J=13.8, 9.6 Hz), 2.81 (q, 2H, J=15.6, 3.9 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz). 19F NMR (CD3OD) δ 43.64. (S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.74 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.32 (q, 1H, J=6.6, 14.2 Hz), 7.10-6.91 (m, 8H), 5.47-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.30 (1H), 3.11 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.6, 14.1 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=6.6, 15.1 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz). 19F NMR δ 47.42.




(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.16-7.05 (m, 5H), 6.85-6.80 (m, 1H), 5.48-5.43 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.38 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.03 (1H), 2.80 (q, H, J=15.1, 7.8 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.75 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.23-7.04 (m, 6H), 6.88-6.84 (m, 1H), 5.44-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 2H), 3.34 (1H), 3.02 (1H, B of ABX, J=14.1, 9.9 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=15.1, 7.8 Hz), 1.31 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz). 19F NMR (CD3OD) δ 22.18, 19.45.




(S)-4-(2-(2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.39-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.15-6.98 (m, 5H), 5.49-5.44 (m, 1H), 3.69 (d, 2H, J=11.7 Hz), 3.32 (1H), 3.04 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.3, 13.9 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=7.8, 15.3 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(2-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.33-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.03 (m, 5H), 5.43 (q, 1H, J=5.1, 9.6 Hz), 3.51 (s, 2H), 3.29 (1H), 3.03 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.9, 14.1 Hz), 2.80 J=7.5, 15 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.16-7.08 (m, 3H), 7.03-7.00 (m, 3H), 6.70-6.63 (m, 2H), 5.42-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.44 (s, 2H), 3.28 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.04 (B of ABX, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz), 2.89 (q, 2H, J=15, 7.5 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.00 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.26 (t, 1H, J=13.2 Hz), 7.09-7.05 (m, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.91-6.89 (m, 4H), 5.44-5.39 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 3.26 (1H, A of ABX, J=14.1, 5.1 Hz), 3.06 (1H B of ABX, J=13.8, 8.4 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=8.1, 15.6 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=1.2 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetamido]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.58 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.21 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.12-7.02 (m, 4H), 6.81 (s, 2H), 6.72 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.45-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 3.29 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.08 (1H, B of ABX, J=11.8, 5.1 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=15, 7.5 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=6.6 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropanamido)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.56 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.25-6.98 (m, 9H), 5.43-5.38 (m, 1H), 3.26 (1H, A of ABX, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz), 2.97 (1H, B of ABX, J=10.9, 3 Hz), 2.58-2.76 (m, 3H), 2.98 (q, 2H, J=13.8, 7.2 Hz), 1.29 (t, 3H, J=8.7 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.12-7.03 (m, 3H), 6.91 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.66 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz), 5.43 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 3.30 (1H), 3.03 (1H, B of ABX, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz), 2.79 (q, 2H, J=15.1, 7.2 Hz), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.31 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.11-6.93 (m, 6H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.49-5.40 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.26 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.06 (1H, B of ABX, J=13.9, 9 Hz), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=14.8, 7.5 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.27-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 5H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.39 (q, 1H, J=5.1, 9.4 Hz), 3.28 (1H, A of ABX, J=5.1, 14.1 Hz), 2.97 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.3, 13.9 Hz), 2.88-2.76 (m, 4H), 2.50 (t, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(2-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.18-7.08 (m, 6H), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.82 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.40-5.35 (m, 1H), 3.25 (1H, A of ABX, J=15, 5.4 Hz), 3.00 (1H, B of ABX, J=10.5, 7.5 Hz), 2.88-2.76 (m, 4H), 2.47 (q, 2H, J=9.1, 6 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.19-7.00 (m, 5H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.37 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.25 (1H, A of ABX, J=13.9, 5.4 Hz), 2.98 (1H, B of ABX, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz), 2.86-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.48 (q, 2H, J=11.7, 1.2 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.13-6.99 (m, 7H), 6.82-6.78 (m, 2H), 5.42-5.37 (m, 1H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.23 (1H), 2.97 (1H, B of ABX, J=13.3, 11.4 Hz), 2.83-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.49 (q, 2H, J=6.4, 3.3 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[2-(4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.14 (s, 4H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.56-5.51 (m, 1H), 4.34 (d, 2H, J=16.2 Hz), 3.88 (d, 2H, J=17.6 Hz), 3.59-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.26-3.14 (m, 3H), 2.98 (1H, B of ABX, J=10.8, 13.9 Hz), 2.82 (q, 2H, J=6.9, 15 Hz), 1.32 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.21 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.02 (m, 4H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.18 (dd, 2H, J=16.5 Hz), 3.24-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.69 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.22 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-[2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.25 (d, 1H, J=6.5 Hz), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.06 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.00 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 5.90 (s, 2H), 5.48 (q, 1H, J=5.0 Hz), 3.32-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.72 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.21 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[2-(2,5-Dimethylthiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.10-7.01 (m, 5H), 5.41 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.58 (s, 2H), 3.33-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.75 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.59 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[2-(2,4-Dimethylthiazol-5-yl)acetamido]-2-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.71-8.68 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.10-7.03 (m, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.41 (m, 1H), 3.59 (s, 1H), 3.34-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H).




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[3-(thiazol-2-yl)propanamido]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.67-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.46-5.41 (q, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 3.58 (s, 2H), 3.30-3.25 (m, 3H), 3.02-2.67 (m, 5H), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)acetamido]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H(CD3OD): δ 7.04-6.91 (m, 6H), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.25-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.61 (m, 4H) 1.93 (s, 2H) 1.22-1.14 (m, 6H).
The second aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-4-yl) compounds having the formula:




wherein R1, R4, and L are further defined herein in Table II herein below.











TABLE II





No.
L
R1
R4


















89
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
methyl


90
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
ethyl


91
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
phenyl


92
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


93
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
thiazol-2-yl


94
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
oxazol-2-yl


95
—C(O)CH2—
phenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


96
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
methyl


97
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
ethyl


98
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
phenyl


99
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


100
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


101
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


102
—C(O)CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


103
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
methyl


104
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
ethyl


105
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
phenyl


106
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


107
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
thiazol-2-yl


108
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
oxazol-2-yl


109
—C(O)CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


110
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
methyl


111
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
ethyl


112
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
phenyl


113
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


114
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


115
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


116
—C(O)CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


117
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
methyl


118
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
ethyl


119
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
phenyl


120
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


121
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
thiazol-2-yl


122
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
oxazol-2-yl


123
—C(O)CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


124
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
methyl


125
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
ethyl


126
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
phenyl


127
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


128
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
thiazol-2-yl


129
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
oxazol-2-yl


130
—C(O)CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


131
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
methyl


132
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
ethyl


133
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
phenyl


134
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


135
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
thiazol-2-yl


136
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
oxazol-2-yl


137
—C(O)CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


138
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
methyl


139
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
ethyl


140
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
phenyl


141
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


142
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
thiazol-2-yl


143
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
oxazol-2-yl


144
—C(O)CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
isoxazol-3-





yl


145
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
methyl


146
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
ethyl


147
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
phenyl


148
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


149
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
thiazol-2-yl


150
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
oxazol-2-yl


151
—C(O)CH2CH2—
phenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


152
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
methyl


153
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
ethyl


154
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
phenyl


155
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


156
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


157
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


158
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-chlorophenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


159
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
methyl


160
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
ethyl


161
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
phenyl


162
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


163
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
thiazol-2-yl


164
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
oxazol-2-yl


165
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methoxyphenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


166
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
methyl


167
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
ethyl


168
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
phenyl


169
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
thiophene-2-





yl


170
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


171
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


172
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-fluorophenyl
isoxazol-3-yl


173
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
methyl


174
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
ethyl


175
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
phenyl


176
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


177
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
thiazol-2-yl


178
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
oxazol-2-yl


179
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


180
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
methyl


181
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
ethyl


182
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
phenyl


183
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


184
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
thiazol-2-yl


185
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
oxazol-2-yl


186
—C(O)CH2CH2—
2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


187
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
methyl


188
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
ethyl


189
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
phenyl


190
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


191
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
thiazol-2-yl


192
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
oxazol-2-yl


193
—C(O)CH2CH2—
4-ethylthiazol-2-yl
isoxazol-3-yl


194
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
methyl


195
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
ethyl


196
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
phenyl


197
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
thiophene-2-





yl


198
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
thiazol-2-yl


199
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
oxazol-2-yl


200
—C(O)CH2CH2—
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl
isoxazol-3-yl









The compounds encompassed within the second aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme II and described in Example 2 herein below.







EXAMPLE 2
4-((S)-2-(2-(3-chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (10)
Preparation of (S)-[3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (6): To a 0° C. solution of 2-(S)-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid (1.20 g, 4.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) is added dropwise triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.4 mmol) followed by iso-butyl chloroformate (0.57 mL, 4.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes and filtered. The filtrate is treated with an ether solution of diazomethane ( ̃16 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed successively with water and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified over silica (hexane/EtOAc 2:1) to afford 1.1 g (82% yield) of the desired product as a slightly yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (s, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.6, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
Preparation of (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (7): To a 0° C. solution of (S)-[3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 6, (0.350 g, 1.04 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is added dropwise 48% aq. HBr (0.14 mL, 1.25 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours then the reaction is quenched at 0° C. with sat. Na2CO3. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL) and the combined organic extracts are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to obtain 0.400 g of the product which is used in the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.06 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
Preparation of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethanamine hydrobromide salt (8): A mixture of (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, 7, (7.74 g, 20 mmol), and thiophene-2-carbothioic acid amide (3.14 g, 22 mmol) in CH3CN (200 mL) is refluxed for 5 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (50 mL) is added to the solution. The precipitate which forms is collected by filtration. The solid is dried under vacuum to afford 7.14 g (87% yield) of the desired product. ESI+ MS 332 (M+1).
Preparation of 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}acetamide (9): To a solution of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-thiophene2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethylamine, 8, (0.41 g, 1 mmol) 3-chlorophenylacetic acid (0.170 g, 1 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.070 g, 0.50 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.190 g, 1 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.42 mL, 3 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.290 g (60% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. ESI− MS 482 (M−1).
Preparation of {4-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)acetylamino]-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid (10): 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophene2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}acetamide, 9, (0.290 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.157 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.078 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.61 (d, 1H, J=3.6 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 7.41-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.18-6.98 (m, 6H), 5.33 (t, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 3.70 (d, 2H, J=3.9 Hz), 3.23 (1H, A of ABX, J=6.6, 13.8 Hz), 3.07 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.1, 13.5 Hz).
The following are non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within the second aspect of Category I of the present disclosure.




4-((S)-2-(2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.35 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.61-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, 2H, J=4.2 Hz), 6.99 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 6.81 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.77 (s, 1H), 5.30-5.28 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 3.20 (1H, A of ABX, J=6.3, 13.6 Hz), 3.06 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.1, 13.8 Hz).




4-{(S)-2-(3-Phenylpropanamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.30 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.61-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.14 (m, 7H), 7.12 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz), 7.09 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.28-5.26 (m, 1H), 3.18 (1H, A of ABX, J=6.2, 13.8 Hz), 2.96 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.4, 13.6 Hz).




4-{(S)-2-(3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.61-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.14 (m, 6H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H, J=77.5 Hz), 6.870 (s, 1H), 5.25 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 3.18 (1H, A of ABX, J=6.6, 13.8 Hz), 2.97 (1H, B of ABX, J=7.8, 13.8 Hz), 2.87 (t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.51 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz).




4-{(S)-2-[2-(3-Fluorophenyl)acetamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.61-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.08 (t, 1H, J=4.5 Hz), 7.02-6.95 (m, 6H), 5.29 (t, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.22 (1H, A of ABX, J=6.6, 13.9 Hz), 3.06 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.4, 13.6 Hz).




4-{(S)-2-[2-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl) thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.62 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.16 (t, 1H, J=1.5 Hz), 5.42-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.31 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz), 3.91 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.60-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.98 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.9, 13.8 Hz), 1.21 (t, 3H, J=6.9 Hz).




4-{(S)-2-[2-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-[2-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.62 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.16 (t, 1H, J=1.5 Hz), 5.42-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.31 (d, 1H, J=15.6 Hz), 3.91 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.60-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.98 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.9, 13.8 Hz), 1.21 (t, 3H, J=6.9 Hz).
The third aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:




wherein the linking unit L comprises a phenyl unit, said linking group having the formula:

—C(O)[(CR6aH)][(CH2)]—

R5a is phenyl or substituted phenyl and non-limiting examples of the units R2, R3, and R6a are further exemplified herein below in Table III.











TABLE III





No.
R2
R3
R6a







201
methyl
hydrogen
phenyl


202
methyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


203
methyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


204
methyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


205
methyl
hydrogen
3,4-difluorophenyl


206
methyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


207
methyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


208
methyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


209
methyl
hydrogen
3,4-dichlorophenyl


210
methyl
hydrogen
2-methoxyphenyl


211
methyl
hydrogen
3-methoxyphenyl


212
methyl
hydrogen
4-methoxyphenyl


213
ethyl
hydrogen
phenyl


214
ethyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


215
ethyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


216
ethyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


217
ethyl
hydrogen
3,4-difluorophenyl


218
ethyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


219
ethyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


220
ethyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


221
ethyl
hydrogen
3,4-dichlorophenyl


222
ethyl
hydrogen
2-methoxyphenyl


223
ethyl
hydrogen
3-methoxyphenyl


224
ethyl
hydrogen
4-methoxyphenyl









The compounds encompassed within the third aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme III and described in Example 3 herein below.




EXAMPLE 3
(S)-4-(2-(2,3-Diphenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid (12)
Preparation of (S)—N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2,3-diphenyl-propanamide (11): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.95 g, 2.65 mmol), diphenylpropionic acid (0.60 g, 2.65 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.180 g, 1.33 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.502 g, 2.62 mmol) followed by triethylamine (1.1 mL, 7.95 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.903 g (70% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of (S)-4-(2-(2,3-diphenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (12) (S)—N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2,3-diphenyl-propanamide, 11, (0.903 g) is dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (30 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.621 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.415 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.59-8.52 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.04 (m, 9H), 6.97-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.85 (m, 2H), 5.36-5.32 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.29 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.15 (1H, B of ABX, J=5.4, 33.8 Hz), 2.99-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.69 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.25 (m, 3H).
The precursors of many of the Z units which comprise the third aspect of Category I are not readily available. The following procedure illustrates an example of the procedure which can be used to provide different R6a units according to the present disclosure. Using the procedure outlined in Scheme IV and described in Example 4 the artisan can make modifications without undue experimentation to achieve the R5a units encompassed by the present disclosure.




EXAMPLE 4
2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (14)
Preparation of methyl 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanoate (13): A 500 mL round-bottom flask is charged with methyl 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetate (8.496 g, 47 mmol, 1 eq) and THF (200 mL). The homogeneous mixture is cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Lithium diisopropyl amide (23.5 mL of a 2.0 M solution in heptane/THF) is added, maintaining a temperature less than 3° C. The reaction is stirred 45 minutes at this reduced temperature. Benzyl bromide (5.6 mL, 47 mmol, 1 eq) is added dropwise. The reaction is allowed to gradually warm to room temperature and is stirred for 18 hours. The reaction is quenched with 1N HCl and extracted 3 times with equal portions of EtOAc. The combined extracts are washed with H2O and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is purified over silica to afford 4.433 g (35%) of the desired compound. ESI+ MS 293 (M+Na).
Preparation of 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (14): Methyl 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanoate (4.433 g, 16 mmol, 1 eq) is dissolved in 100 mL of a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of THF and methanol. Sodium hydroxide (3.28 g, 82 mmol, 5 eq) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction is then poured into H2O and the pH is adjusted to 2 via addition of 1N HCl. A white precipitate forms which is removed by filtration. The resulting solution is extracted with 3 portion of diethyl ether. The extracts are pooled, washed with H2O and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is purified over silica to afford 2.107 g (51%) of the desired compound. ESI− MS 255 (M−1), 211 (M−CO2H).
Intermediate 14 can be carried forward according to the procedure outlined in Scheme III and described in Example 3 to produce the following compound according to the third aspect of Category I.




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.32-7.12 (m, 7H), 7.05-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.83 (m, 4H), 6.80-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.35-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.20-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.79-2.74 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.25 (m, 3H).
The following are further non-limiting examples of compounds according to the third aspect of Category I of the present disclosure.




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.33-6.87 (m, 14H), 5.39-5.25 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.70 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.23 (m, 3H). 19F NMR δ 47.59.




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.85 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.02 (m, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.90-6.79 (m, 2H), 5.45-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.12-3.08 (m, 2H), 1.10 (s, 9H).
The fourth aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to compounds a:




wherein the linking unit L comprises a phenyl unit, said linking group having the formula:

—C(O)[(CR6aH)][(CH2]—

R5a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and the units R2, R3, and R5a are further exemplified herein below in Table IV.











TABLE IV





No.
R2
R3
R6a







225
methyl
hydrogen
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl


226
methyl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


227
methyl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


228
methyl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


229
methyl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl


230
ethyl
hydrogen
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl


231
ethyl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


232
ethyl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


233
ethyl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


234
ethyl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl


235
ethyl
methyl
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl


236
ethyl
methyl
thiophene-2-yl


237
ethyl
methyl
thiazol-2-yl


238
ethyl
methyl
oxazol-2-yl


239
ethyl
methyl
isoxazol-3-yl


240
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl


241
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


242
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


243
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


244
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl


245
isoxazol-3-yl
hydrogen
3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl


246
isoxazol-3-yl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


247
isoxazol-3-yl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


248
isoxazol-3-yl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


249
isoxazol-3-yl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl









The compounds encompassed within the fourth aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme V and described in Example 5 herein below.







EXAMPLE 5
4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (17)
Preparation of ethyl-2-benzyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethylamino]-3-oxopropanoate (15): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.406 g, 1.13 mmol), 2-benzyl-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid (0.277 g) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.191 g, 1.41 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.240 g, 1.25 mmol) followed by diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (0.306 g). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.169 g (31% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of N—[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide (16): Ethyl 2-benzyl-3-((S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylamino)-3-oxopropanoate is dissolved in toluene (5 mL) and heated to reflux. Potassium carbonate (80 mg) and acetamide oxime (43 mg) are added and treated with 80 mg potassium carbonate and 43 mg acetamide oxime at reflux. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, filtered and concentrated. The residue is chromatographed over silica to afford 0.221 g (94%) of the desired product as a yellow oil.
Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (17): N—[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide, 16, (0.221 g) and tin (II) chloride (507 mg, 2.2 mmol) are dissolved in EtOH (25 mL) and the solution is brought to reflux 4 hours. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is dissolved in EtOAc. A saturated solution of NaHCO3 (50 mL) is added and the solution is stirred 1 hour. The organic layer is separated and the aqueous layer extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to a residue which is dissolved in pyridine (0.143 g) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.143 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.071 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.29-6.87 (m, 10H), 5.38-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.30 (m, 1H), 3.42-2.74 (m, 6H), 2.38-2.33 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.28 (m, 3H).
Category II of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-2-yl) compounds having the formula:




wherein R1, R2, R3, and L are further defined herein in Table V herein below.











TABLE V





No.
R2
R3
R1







250
ethyl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


251
ethyl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


252
ethyl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


253
ethyl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl


254
ethyl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


255
ethyl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


256
ethyl
hydrogen
oxazol-2-yl


257
ethyl
hydrogen
isoxazol-3-yl


258
ethyl
hydrogen
thiophene-2-yl


259
ethyl
hydrogen
thiazol-2-yl


260
ethyl
methyl
methyl


261
ethyl
methyl
ethyl


262
ethyl
methyl
propyl


263
ethyl
methyl
iso-propyl


264
ethyl
methyl
butyl


265
ethyl
methyl
phenyl


266
ethyl
methyl
benzyl


267
ethyl
methyl
2-fluorophenyl


268
ethyl
methyl
3-fluorophenyl


269
ethyl
methyl
4-fluorophenyl


270
phenyl
hydrogen
methyl


271
phenyl
hydrogen
ethyl


272
phenyl
hydrogen
propyl


273
phenyl
hydrogen
iso-propyl


274
phenyl
hydrogen
butyl


275
phenyl
hydrogen
phenyl


276
phenyl
hydrogen
benzyl


277
phenyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


278
phenyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


279
phenyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


280
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
methyl


281
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
ethyl


282
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
propyl


283
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
iso-propyl


284
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
butyl


285
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
phenyl


286
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
benzyl


287
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


288
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


289
thiophene-2-yl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl









The compounds encompassed within Category II of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme VI and described in Example 6 herein below.




EXAMPLE 6
(S)-4-[2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutanamido)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid (19)
Preparation of (S)—N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-4-oxo-4-phenylbutanamide (18): 3-Benzoylpropionic acid (0.250 g) is dissolved in CH2Cl2 (5 mL), N-methyl imidazole (0.333 mL) is added and the resulting solution is cooled to 0° C. after which a solution of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.320 g) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) is added dropwise. After 0.5 hours (S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanamine, 3, (0.388 g) is added. The reaction is stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl and brine. The solution is dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated and the crude material purified over silica to afford 0.415 g of the desired product.
Preparation of (S)-4-[2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutanamido)-ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid (19): (S)—N-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2,3-diphenyl-propanamide, 18, (0.2 g) is dissolved in MeOH (15 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (5 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.153 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.090 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.68 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 8.00 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.80-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.46-5.38 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.83 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.69-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).
The following are non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within Category II of the present disclosure. The intermediate nitro compounds of the following can be prepared by coupling the appropriate 4-oxo-carboxcylic acid with intermediate 3 under the conditions described herein above for the formation of intermediate 4 of scheme I.




(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(5-methyl-4-oxohexanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.59 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.14 (s, 4H), 7.08 (t, 1H, J=13.0 Hz), 5.40-5.35 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.27 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.36 (m, 3H), 1.33 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.09 (dd, 6H, J=7.0, 2.2 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]dioxepin-7-yl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR(CD3OD) δ 8.64 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=10.6 Hz), 7.11 (s, 3H), 7.04 (d, 2H, J=5.5 Hz), 5.42-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.22 (m, 4H), 3.20-2.98 (m, 4H), 2.82 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 2.67-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.23 (t, 2H, J=5.5 Hz), 1.32 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD), δ 8.64 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.21-7.11 (m, 7H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.42 (q, 1H, J=5.9 Hz), 3.90 (d, 3H, J=3.3 Hz), 3.88 (d, 3H, J=2.9 Hz), 3.22-3.18 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.83 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 2.63-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, 3H, J=7.69 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[4-oxo-4-(pyridin-2-yl)butanamido]ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.60 (d, 1H, J=12.8 Hz), 7.91-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.21 (m, 1H), 6.99 (s, 3H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 5.30 (q, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.36 (q, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 3.21-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.74 (q, 2H, J=10.4 Hz), 2.57-2.50 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.52-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.11 (s, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 5.41 (q, 1H, J=3.7 Hz), 4.31 (d, 4H, J=5.5 Hz), 3.24-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.83 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 2.62-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz).




(S)-4-[2-(4-tert-butoxy-4-oxobutanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD), δ 7.10 (s 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.41 (q, 1H, J=3.7 Hz), 3.30-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.83 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 2.52-2.40 (m, 4H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz).




(S)-4-[2-(4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.62 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.10 (s, 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.40 (q, 1H, 3.7 Hz), 4.15 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.28-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.05-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.82 (q, 2H, J=4.4 Hz), 2.54-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.24 (t, 3H, J=7.0 Hz).
The first aspect of Category III of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-2-yl) compounds having the formula:




wherein non-limiting examples of R1, R2, and R3 are further described herein below in Table VI.











TABLE VI





No.
R2
R3
R1







290
methyl
hydrogen
phenyl


291
methyl
hydrogen
benzyl


292
methyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


293
methyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


294
methyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


295
methyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


296
methyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


297
methyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


298
ethyl
hydrogen
phenyl


299
ethyl
hydrogen
benzyl


300
ethyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


301
ethyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


302
ethyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


303
ethyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


304
ethyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


305
ethyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


306
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
phenyl


307
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
benzyl


308
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


309
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


310
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


311
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


312
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


313
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl









The compounds encompassed within Category III of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme VIII and described in Example 7 herein below.




EXAMPLE 7
(S)-4-(2-(3-Benzylureido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (21)
Preparation of (S)-1-benzyl-3-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]urea (20): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.360 g, 1 mmol) and Et3N (0.42 mL, 3 mmol) in 10 mL CH2Cl2 is added benzyl isocyanate (0.12 mL, 1 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The product is isolated by filtration to afford 0.425 g (96% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of (S)-4-(2-(3-benzylureido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid (21): (S)-1-benzyl-3-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]urea, 20, (0.425 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.220 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.143 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.32-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 4H), 6.84 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 5.35-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 3H), 3.11-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.81 (q, 2H, J=10.2, 13.0 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=4.5 Hz).
The following is a non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category III of the present disclosure.
4-{[(S)-2-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(3-(R)-methoxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)ureido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.36-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.86 (m, 3H), 5.12-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.50 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H) 3.12-2.98 (m, 6H), 1.44-1.38 (m, 3H).
The second aspect of Category III of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-4-yl) compounds having the formula:




wherein non-limiting examples of R1 and R4 are further described herein below in Table VII.










TABLE VII





No.
R1
R4







314
methyl
methyl


315
ethyl
methyl


316
n-propyl
methyl


317
iso-propyl
methyl


318
phenyl
methyl


319
benzyl
methyl


320
2-fluorophenyl
methyl


321
2-chlorophenyl
methyl


322
thiophene-2-yl
methyl


323
thiazol-2-yl
methyl


324
oxazol-2-yl
methyl


325
isoxazol-3-yl
methyl


326
methyl
ethyl


327
ethyl
ethyl


328
n-propyl
ethyl


329
iso-propyl
ethyl


330
phenyl
ethyl


331
benzyl
ethyl


332
2-fluorophenyl
ethyl


333
2-chlorophenyl
ethyl


334
thiophene-2-yl
ethyl


335
thiazol-2-yl
ethyl


336
oxazol-2-yl
ethyl


337
isoxazol-3-yl
ethyl


338
methyl
thiophene-2-yl


339
ethyl
thiophene-2-yl


340
n-propyl
thiophene-2-yl


341
iso-propyl
thiophene-2-yl


342
phenyl
thiophene-2-yl


343
benzyl
thiophene-2-yl


344
2-fluorophenyl
thiophene-2-yl


345
2-chlorophenyl
thiophene-2-yl


346
thiophene-2-yl
thiophene-2-yl


347
thiazol-2-yl
thiophene-2-yl


348
oxazol-2-yl
thiophene-2-yl


349
isoxazol-3-yl
thiophene-2-yl


350
methyl
thiazol-2-yl


351
ethyl
thiazol-2-yl


352
n-propyl
thiazol-2-yl


353
iso-propyl
thiazol-2-yl


354
phenyl
thiazol-2-yl


355
benzyl
thiazol-2-yl


356
2-fluorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


357
2-chlorophenyl
thiazol-2-yl


358
thiophene-2-yl
thiazol-2-yl


359
thiazol-2-yl
thiazol-2-yl


360
oxazol-2-yl
thiazol-2-yl


361
isoxazol-3-yl
thiazol-2-yl


362
methyl
oxazol-2-yl


363
ethyl
oxazol-2-yl


364
n-propyl
oxazol-2-yl


365
iso-propyl
oxazol-2-yl


366
phenyl
oxazol-2-yl


367
benzyl
oxazol-2-yl


368
2-fluorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


369
2-chlorophenyl
oxazol-2-yl


370
thiophene-2-yl
oxazol-2-yl


371
thiazol-2-yl
oxazol-2-yl


372
oxazol-2-yl
oxazol-2-yl


373
isoxazol-3-yl
oxazol-2-yl









The compounds encompassed within the second aspect of Category III of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme VIII and described in Example 8 herein below.




EXAMPLE 8
4-{(S)-2-(3-Benzylureido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid (23)
Preparation of 1-benzyl-3-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}urea (22): To a solution of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[(2-thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethan-amine hydrobromide salt, 8, and Et3N (0.42 mL, 3 mmol) in 10 mL DCM is added benzyl isocyanate (0.12 mL, 1 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The product is isolated by filtration to afford 0.445 g (96% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-(3-benzylureido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid (23): 1-Benzyl-3-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}urea, 22, (0.445 g) is dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) and CH2Cl2 (5 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.110 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.080 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.61 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz), 7.58 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.33-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.09-6.94 (m, 6H), 5.16 (t, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.14-3.11 (m, 2H).
Category IV of the present disclosure relates to 2-(thiazol-4-yl) compounds having the formula:




R1, R4, and L are further defined herein in Table VIII herein below.











TABLE VIII





No.
R4
L
R1







374
methyl
—SO2—
methyl


375
ethyl
—SO2—
methyl


376
phenyl
—SO2—
methyl


377
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
methyl


378
methyl
—SO2—
trifluoromethyl


379
ethyl
—SO2—
trifluoromethyl


380
phenyl
—SO2—
trifluoromethyl


381
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
trifluoromethyl


382
methyl
—SO2—
ethyl


383
ethyl
—SO2—
ethyl


384
phenyl
—SO2—
ethyl


385
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
ethyl


386
methyl
—SO2—
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl


387
ethyl
—SO2—
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl


388
phenyl
—SO2—
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl


389
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl


390
methyl
—SO2—
phenyl


391
ethyl
—SO2—
phenyl


392
phenyl
—SO2—
phenyl


393
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
phenyl


394
methyl
—SO2—
4-fluorophenyl


395
ethyl
—SO2—
4-fluorophenyl


396
phenyl
—SO2—
4-fluorophenyl


397
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
4-fluorophenyl


398
methyl
—SO2—
3,4-dihydro-2H-





benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl


399
ethyl
—SO2—
3,4-dihydro-2H-





benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl


400
phenyl
—SO2—
3,4-dihydro-2H-





benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl


401
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
3,4-dihydro-2H-





benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl


402
methyl
—SO2—
1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl


403
ethyl
—SO2—
1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl


404
phenyl
—SO2—
1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl


405
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl


406
methyl
—SO2—
4-acetamidophenyl


407
ethyl
—SO2—
4-acetamidophenyl


408
phenyl
—SO2—
4-acetamidophenyl


409
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2—
4-acetamidophenyl


410
methyl
—SO2CH2—
phenyl


411
ethyl
—SO2CH2—
phenyl


412
phenyl
—SO2CH2—
phenyl


413
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2CH2—
phenyl


414
methyl
—SO2CH2—
(4-





methylcarboxyphenyl)methyl


415
ethyl
—SO2CH2—
(4-





methylcarboxyphenyl)methyl


416
phenyl
—SO2CH2—
(4-





methylcarboxyphenyl)methyl


417
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2CH2—
(4-





methylcarboxyphenyl)methyl


418
methyl
—SO2CH2—
(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl


419
ethyl
—SO2CH2—
(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl


420
phenyl
—SO2CH2—
(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl


421
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2CH2—
(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl


422
methyl
—SO2CH2CH2—
phenyl


423
ethyl
—SO2CH2CH2—
phenyl


424
phenyl
—SO2CH2CH2—
phenyl


425
thiophene-2-yl
—SO2CH2CH2—
phenyl









The compounds encompassed within Category IV of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme IX and described in Example 9 herein below.




EXAMPLE 9
{4-(S)-[2-Phenylmethanesulfonylamino-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid (25)
Preparation of (S)—N-{2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}-1-phenylmethanesulfonamide (24): To a suspension of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-thiophene2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethylamine, 8, (330 mg, 0.80 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (6 mL) at 0° C. is added diisopropylethylamine (0.30 mL, 1.6 mmol) followed by phenylmethanesulfonyl chloride (167 mg, 0.88 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. The mixture is diluted with CH2Cl2 and washed with sat. NaHCO3 followed by brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is purified over silica to afford 210 mg of the desired product as a white solid.
Preparation of {4-(S)-[2-phenylmethanesulfonylamino-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid (25): (S)—N-{2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}-1-phenylmethanesulfonamide, 24, (210 mg, 0.41 mmol) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (197 mg, 1.23 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.060 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.52-7.63 (m, 6.70-7.28 (m, 11H), 4.75 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.95-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J=13.5 and 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J=13.5 and 7.8 Hz, 1H). 1013770
Intermediates for use in Step (a) of Scheme IX can be conveniently prepared by the procedure outlined herein below in Scheme X and described in Example 10.




EXAMPLE 10
(2-Methylthiazol-4-yl)methanesulfonyl chloride (27)
Preparation of sodium (2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methanesulfonate (26): 4-Chloromethyl-2-methylthiazole (250 mg, 1.69 mmol) is dissolved in H2O (2 mL) and treated with sodium sulfite (224 mg, 1.78 mmol). The reaction mixture is subjected to microwave irradiation for 20 minutes at 200® C. The reaction mixture is diluted with H2O (30 mL) and washed with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The aqueous layer is concentrated to afford 0.368 g of the desired product as a yellow solid. LC/MS ESI+ 194 (M+1, free acid).
Preparation of (2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methanesulfonyl chloride (27): Sodium (2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methanesulfonate (357 mg, 1.66 mmol) is dissolved in phosphorous oxychloride (6 mL) and is treated with phosphorous pentachloride (345 mg, 1.66 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 50° C. for 3 hours, then allowed to cool to room temperature. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is re-dissolved in CH2Cl2 (40 mL) and is washed with sat. NaHCO3 and brine. The organic layer is dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford 0.095 g of the desired product as a brown oil. LC/MS ESI+ 211 (M+1). Intermediates are obtained in sufficient purity to be carried forward according to Scheme IX without the need for further purification.
(S)-{4-[2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-sulfonamido)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.71-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.10 (m, 7H), 4.87 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 4.30-4.16 (q, 2H, J=13.2 Hz), 3.34-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H).
The following are non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within Category IV of the present disclosure.




{4-(S)-[2-Phenylmethanesulfonylamino-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.27-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.6 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91-4.02 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.18 (m, 4H), 1.41 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).




(S)-(4-(2-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-((3-methoxyphenyl)methylsulfonamido)-ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.20 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94-7.08 (m, 4H), 6.88-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.75-6.80 (m, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90-4.0 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.95-3.16 (m, 4H), 1.40 (t, J=7.5 HZ, 3H).




(S)-4-{[1-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylsulfamoyl]methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.90-7.94-(m, 2H), 7.27-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.11 (m, 3H), 6.97-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.71 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.95-4.08 (4, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.80-3.50 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.44 (m, 3H).




(S)-4-[2-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-methylsulfonamido)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.54 (s, 1H, 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.92-7.00 (m, 4H), 4.62 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.98-3.14 (m, 3H), 2.79 (dd, J=9.3 and 15.0 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).




4-{(S)-2-[2-(Thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonamido)-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.62-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.06 (m, 5H), 4.84 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 3.71-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.03 (m, 2H).




{4-(S)[2-(Phenylethanesulfonylamino)-2-(thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl) ethyl]-phenyl}sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.56-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.19 (m, 9H), 6.94-6.97 (m, 2H), 4.78 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.22-3.30 (m, 2H)), 3.11 (dd, J=13.5 and 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.87 (m, 4H).




(S)-(4-{2-(3-Phenylpropylsulfonamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenyl)sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.56-7.62 (m, 2H), 6.99-7.17 (m, 10H), 4.72 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (dd, J=13.5 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (dd, J=13.5 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.64 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.86 (m, 2H).




(S)-{4-[2-(4-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine-7-sulfonylamino)-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.53 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H) 7.48 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.93-6.88 (m, 3H), 6.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.14-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.69 (s, 3H).




{(S)-2-(4-acetamidophenylsulfonamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.67-7.52 (m, 6H), 7.24-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.09 (m, 3H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 2H), 4.70 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.25-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H).
The first aspect of Category V of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:




wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and R4 is C1-C6 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl as further described herein below in Table IX.










TABLE IX





No.
R4
R1







426
—CH3
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


427
—CH3
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


428
—CH3
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-




yl]oxazol-2-yl


429
—CH3
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


430
—CH3
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl]oxazol-




2-yl


431
—CH3
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


432
—CH3
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


433
—CH3
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


434
—CH3
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


435
—CH3
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


436
—CH3
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


437
—CH3
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


438
—CH3
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


439
—CH3
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


440
—CH3
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


441
—CH2CH3
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


442
—CH2CH3
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


443
—CH2CH3
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-




yl]oxazol-2-yl


444
—CH2CH3
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


445
—CH2CH3
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl]oxazol-




2-yl


446
—CH2CH3
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


447
—CH2CH3
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


448
—CH2CH3
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


449
—CH2CH3
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


450
—CH2CH3
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


451
—CH2CH3
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


452
—CH2CH3
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


453
—CH2CH3
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


454
—CH2CH3
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


455
—CH2CH3
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


456
cyclopropyl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


457
cyclopropyl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


458
cyclopropyl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-




yl]oxazol-2-yl


459
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


460
cyclopropyl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl]oxazol-




2-yl


461
cyclopropyl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


462
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


463
cyclopropyl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


464
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


465
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


466
cyclopropyl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


467
cyclopropyl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


468
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


469
cyclopropyl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


470
cyclopropyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl









Compounds according to the first aspect of Category V which comprise a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-4-yl unit for R1 can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme XI and described herein below in Example 11.







EXAMPLE 11
(S)-4-(2-(2-Phenylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid
Preparation of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethanamine hydrobromide salt (28): A mixture of (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, 7, (1.62 g, 4.17 mmol) and thiobenzamide (0.63 g, 4.60 mmol) in CH3CN (5 mL) is refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (50 mL) is added to the solution. The precipitate which forms is collected by filtration. The solid is dried under vacuum to afford 1.2 g (67% yield) of the desired product. LC/MS ESI+ 326 (M+1).
Preparation of (S)-4-(1-isothiocyanato-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-2-phenylthiazole (29): To a solution of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethanamine hydrobromide salt, 29, (726 mg, 1.79 mmol) and CaCO3 (716 mg, 7.16 mmol) in H2O (2 mL) is added CCl4 (3 mL) followed by thiophosgene (0.28 mL, 3.58 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours then diluted with CH2Cl2 and water. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a residue which is purified over silica (CH2Cl2) to afford 480 mg (73%) of the desired product as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.15 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.97-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.34 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.40-5.95 (m, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.0 Hz).
Preparation of (S)-methyl 5-[1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethylamino]thiazole-4-carboxylate (30): To a suspension of potassium tert-butoxide (89 mg, 0.75 mmol) in THF (3 mL) is added methyl isocyanoacetate (65 μL, 0.68 mmol) followed by (S)-2-phenyl-4-(1-isothiocyanato-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)thiazole, 29, (250 mg, 0.68 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours then poured into sat. NaHCO3. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed with brine and dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue is purified over silica to afford 323 mg ( ̃100% yield) of the desired product as a slightly yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.09-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.84 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.96 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.78 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.60 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.0 Hz, 1H).
Preparation of (S)-4-(2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (31): (S)-methyl 5-[1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethylamino]thiazole-4-carboxylate, 30, (323 mg, 0.68 mmol) and tin (II) chloride (612 mg, 2.72 mmol) are dissolved in EtOH and the solution is brought to reflux. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is dissolved in EtOAc. A saturated solution of NaHCO3 is added and the solution is stirred 1 hour. The organic layer is separated and the aqueous layer extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to a residue which is dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (130 mg, 0.82 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.071 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.97-8.00 (m, 3H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.03-7.13 (m, 4H), 4.74 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.42 (m, 2H).
Compounds according to the first aspect of Category V which comprise a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-2-yl unit for R1 can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme XII and described herein below in Example 12. Intermediate 32 can be prepared according to Scheme II and Example 2 by substituting cyclopropane-carbothioic acid amide for thiophene-2-carbothioic acid amide.







EXAMPLE 12
4-{(S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (35)
Preparation of (S)-1-(1-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-thiourea (33): To a solution of (S)-1-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethan-amine hydrobromide hydrobromide salt, 32, (4.04 g, 10.9 mmol) and CaCO3 (2.18 g, 21.8 mmol) in CCl4/water (25 mL/20 mL) is added thiophosgene (1.5 g, 13.1 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours then diluted with CH2Cl2 and water. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a residue which is subsequently treated with ammonia (0.5M in 1,4-dioxane, 120 mL) which is purified over silica to afford 2.90 g of the desired product as a red-brown solid. LC/MS ESI− 347 (M−1).
Preparation of (S)-4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-(1-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)thiazol-2-amine (34): (S)-1-(1-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-thiourea, 32, (350 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 2-bromo-3′-methoxy-acetophenone (253 mg, 1.10 mmol) are combined in 3 mL CH3CN and heated to reflux for 24 hours. The mixture is concentrated and chromatographed to afford 0.172 g of the product as a yellow solid. LC/MS ESI+ 479 (M+1).
Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-ylamino]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: (35): (S)-4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-(1-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)thiazol-2-amine, 34, (0.172 g) is dissolved in 10 mL MeOH. A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in 5 mL pyridine and treated with SO3-pyridine (114 mg). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which 10 mL of a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse-phase chromatography to afford 0.033 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.33-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.10-6.97 (m, 5H), 6.84-6.80 (m, 2H), 5.02 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.82 (s, 1H), 3.18 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.36 (q, 1H, J=4.6 Hz), 1.20-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.04-0.99 (m, 2H).
The following are non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category V.




(S)-4-(2-(4-((2-Methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-ylamino)2-(2-ethylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.10 (m, 3H), 6.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.58 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.14-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.06 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).




(S)-(4-(2-((3-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.63 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 4H), 7.02-7.16 (m, 4H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 5.04-5.09 (m, 1H), 4.85 (s, 3H), 3.27 (dd, J=13.5 and 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (m, J=13.5 and 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H).




4-((S)-2-(5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.52 (dd, J=7.5 and 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95-7.24 (m, 10H), 5.04-5.09 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.8 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=13.8 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H).




4-((S)-2-(5-((S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.03-7.27 (m, 10H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 4.95-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=14.1 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.90 (dd, J=14.1 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 9H).




(S)-{4-{2-[5-(4-Methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxazol-2-ylamino}-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 4H), 6.83 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.73 (s, 3H).




(S)-4-(2-(5-(3-Methoxybenzyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.03-7.28 (m, 8H), 6.79-6.83 (m, 1H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 4.99-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.41 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.03-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H).




(S)-4-(2-(2-Methylthiazole-4-yl)2-(5-phenyloxazole-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.45 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.14 (m, 6H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.04-5.09 (m, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (s, 3H).




4-((S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.33-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.10-6.97 (m, 5H), 6.84-6.80 (m, 2H), 5.02 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.82 (s, 1H), 3.18 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.36 (q, 1H, J=4.6 Hz), 1.20-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.04-0.99 (m, 2H).




(S)-4-(2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.79-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.03 (m, 7H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 5.08 (t, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 3.29-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.40 (q, 2.40, J=5.1 Hz), 1.23-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.08-1.02 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ7.89-7.87 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.28 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.10-6.96 (m, 8H), 5.03 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.90 (s, 1H), 3.19 (q, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.38 (q, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 1.21-1.14 (m, 2H), 1.06-1.00 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.06-8.02 (q, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 7.12-6.95 (m, 7H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.11 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.22-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.38 (q, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.06-1.02 (m, 2H).




(S)-4-(2-(4-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.22-7.17 (m, 3H), 7.09-6.97 (m, 5H), 6.78-6.66 (m, 3H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.35 (q, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 1.19-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.03-1.00 (m, 2H).




(S)-{5-[1-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylamino]-2-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-yl}carbamic acid methyl ester: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 6.97-7.08 (m, 5H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.15 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.02-3.07 (m, 3H), 1.40 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H).
The second aspect of Category V of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:




wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl as further described herein below in Table X.










TABLE X





No.
R4
R1







471
phenyl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


472
phenyl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


473
phenyl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-




yl]oxazol-2-yl


474
phenyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


475
phenyl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


476
phenyl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


477
phenyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


478
phenyl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


479
phenyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


480
phenyl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


481
phenyl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


482
phenyl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


483
phenyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


484
phenyl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


485
phenyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


486
thiophene-2-yl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


487
thiophene-2-yl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


488
thiophene-2-yl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-




indol-3-yl]oxazol-2-yl


489
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


490
thiophene-2-yl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


491
thiophene-2-yl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


492
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


493
thiophene-2-yl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


494
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


495
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


496
thiophene-2-yl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


497
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


498
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


499
thiophene-2-yl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


500
thiophene-2-yl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


501
cyclopropyl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


502
cyclopropyl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


503
cyclopropyl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-




3-yl]oxazol-2-yl


504
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


505
cyclopropyl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


506
cyclopropyl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


507
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


508
cyclopropyl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


509
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


510
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


511
cyclopropyl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


512
cyclopropyl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


513
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


514
cyclopropyl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


515
cyclopropyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl









Compounds according to the second aspect of Category V which comprise a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-4-yl unit for R1 can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Schemes XIII, XIV, and XV and described herein below in Examples 13, 14, and 15.










EXAMPLE 13
(S)-4-(2-((5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid
Preparation of [3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (36): To a 0° C. solution of 2-(S)-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid (1.20 g, 4.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) is added dropwise triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.4 mmol) followed by iso-butyl chloroformate (0.57 mL, 4.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes then filtered. The filtrate is treated with an ether solution of diazomethane ( ̃16 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed successively with water and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is purified over silica (hexane/EtOAc 2:1) to afford 1.1 g (82% yield) of the desired product as a slightly yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (s, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.6, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
Preparation of [3-bromo-1-(4-nitro-benzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (37): To a 0° C. solution of [3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 36, (0.350 g, 1.04 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is added dropwise 48% aq. HBr (0.14 mL, 1.25 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours and quenched at 0° C. with saturated aqueous Na2CO3. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL) and the combined organic extracts are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.400 g of the desired product that is used in the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.06 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
Preparation of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethanamine hydrobromide salt (38): A mixture of [3-bromo-1-(4-nitro-benzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 37, (1.62 g, 4.17 mmol) and benzothioamide (0.630 g, 4.59 mmol), in CH3CN (5 mL) is refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (50 mL) is added to the solution and the precipitate that forms is collected by filtration. The solid is dried under vacuum to afford 1.059 g (63%) of the desired product. ESI+ MS 326 (M+1).
Preparation of (S)-4-[1-isothiocyanato-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethyl]-2-phenylthiazole (39): To a solution of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethanamine hydrobromide salt, 38, (2.03 g, 5 mmol) and CaCO3 (1 g, 10 mmol) in CC4/water (10:7.5 mL) is added thiophosgene (0.46 mL, 6 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours then diluted with CH2C2 and water. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a residue that is purified over silica (CH2Cl2) to afford 1.71 g (93% yield) of the desired product. ESI+ MS 368 (M+1).
Preparation of (S)-5-methyl-N-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (40): A solution of (S)-4-[1-isothiocyanato-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethyl]-2-phenylthiazole, 39, (332 mg, 0.876 mmol) and acetic hydrazide (65 mg, 0.876 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) is refluxed for 2 hours. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, the residue is dissolved in POCl3 (3 mL) and the resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours after which the solution is heated to 50° C. for 2 hours. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc (40 mL) and the resulting solution is treated with 1N NaOH until the pH remains approximately 8. The solution is extracted with EtOAc. The combined aqueous layers are washed with EtOAc, the organic layers combined, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.345 g (93% yield) of the desired product as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (CDCl3) 8.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (m, 2H), 7.46 (m, 4H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 5.23 (m, 1H), 3.59 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H). ESI+ MS 424 (M+1).
Preparation of (S)-4-(2-((5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (41): (S)-5-Methyl-N-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine, 40, (0.404 g, 0.954 mmol) is dissolved in MeOH (5 mL). Pd/C (50 mg, 10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere until the reaction is judged to be complete. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (4 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.304 g, 1.91 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH (50 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to afford 0.052 g (11% yield) of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.00-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.11-7.04 (q, 4H, J=9.0 Hz), 5.18 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.34-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H). ESI− MS 472 (M−1).







EXAMPLE 14
(S)-[4-(2-{[4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amino}-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl)phenyl]sulfamic acid
Preparation of (S)-1-[1-(thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-thiourea (42): To a solution of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethanamine hydrobromide salt, 8, (1.23 g, 2.98 mmol) and CaCO3 (0.597 g, 5.96 mmol) in CCl4/water (10 mL/5 mL) is added thiophosgene (0.412 g, 3.58 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours then diluted with CH2Cl2 and water. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a residue which is subsequently treated with ammonia (0.5M in 1,4-dioxane, 29.4 mL, 14.7 mmol) which is purified over silica to afford 0.490 g of the desired product as a red-brown solid. ESI+ MS 399 (M+1).
Preparation of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}thiazol-2-amine (43): (S)-1-[1-(thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-thiourea, 42, (265 mg, 0.679 mmol) is treated with bromo-2′-methoxyacetophenone (171 mg, 0.746 mmol) to afford 0.221 g of the product as a yellow solid. ESI+ MS 521 (M+1).
Preparation on (S)-[4-(2-{[4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amino}-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl)phenyl]sulfamic acid (44): 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}thiazol-2-amine, 43, (0.229 g) is dissolved in 12 mL MeOH. A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in 6 mL pyridine and treated with SO3-pyridine (140 mg). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which 10 mL of a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse-phase chromatography to afford 0.033 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.96-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.18-6.95 (m, 9H), 5.15 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.24 (m, 2H).
Compounds according to the second aspect of Category V which comprise a substituted or unsubstituted oxazol-2-yl unit for R1 can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme XV and described herein below in Example 15. Intermediate 39 can be prepared according to Scheme XIII and Example 13.




EXAMPLE 15
4-{(S)-2-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (46)
Preparation of [5-(3-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl]-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl) ethyl]amine (45): A mixture of (S)-4-(isothiocyanato-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)-2-phenylthiazole, 39, (300 mg, 0.81 mmol), 1-azido-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (382 mg, 2.0 mmol) and PPh3 (0.8 g, polymer bound,  ̃3 mmol/g) in dioxane (6 mL) is heated at 90° C. for 20 minutes. The reaction solution is cooled to room temperature and the solvent removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is purified over silica to afford 300 mg (74% yield) of the desired product as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 8.02 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.92-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 3H), 6.69-7.03 (m, 4H), 6.75-6.78 (m, 1H), 5.26 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 4H), 3.42-3.45 (m, 2H).
Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (46): [5-(3-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl]-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]amine, 45, (300 mg, 0.60 mmol) is dissolved in MeOH (15 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (190 mg, 1.2 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse-phase chromatography to afford 0.042 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.04-7.12 (m, 6H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.4 and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=13.8 and 8.1 Hz, 1H).
Further to the preparation of compounds which encompass Category V of the present disclosure, compounds of the present disclosure comprising R1 units having non-exemplified units can be prepared by modifying the procedures described herein above. For example, compounds of Category V comprising substituted or unsubstituted [1,2,4]triazole-3-yl units can be prepared by s
The following are non-limiting examples of the second aspect of Category V of the present disclosure.




(S)-4-(2-(5-Phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.97-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 5.29 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.35-3.26 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(5-Propyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.59-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.03 (m, 6H), 5.13 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.32-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.81 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.63 (h, 6H, J=7.4 Hz), 0.97 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz).




4-((S)-2-(5-Benzyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ (m, 2H), 7.49-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 5H), 7.05-6.94 (m, 6H), 5.04 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.07 (s, 2H), 3.22-3.04 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(5-(Naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.08-8.05 (m, 1H), 7.89-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.43 (m, 6H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 6H), 5.08 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.08 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(5-((Methoxycarbonyl)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H(CD3OD): δ 7.48-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.92 (m, 6H), 5.02 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.02 (m, 2H).




4-((S)-2-(5-((2-Methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H(CD3OD): δ 7.60-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.03 (q, 4H, J=8.7 Hz), 5.14 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.33-3.14 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H).




4-{(S)-2-[4-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.06-8.02 (q, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.59-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.08 (m, 6H), 7.01-6.88 (m, 4H), 5.20 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 3.36-3.17 (m, 2H).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.02-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 4H), 5.26 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 4.35-4.28 (q, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.38-3.18 (m, 2H), 1.36 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(2-Ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.04 (m, 4H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 5.09 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 4.17-4.10 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.54 (s, 2H), 3.35-3.14 (m, 2H), 1.22 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(4-acetamidophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.11 (m, 2H), 7.82-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.61 (m, 6H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 4H), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 3.51-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H).




(S)-4-[2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl-sulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.03-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.72 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.53-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 4H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 5.23 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.40-3.27 (m, 2H).




(S)-4-{2-[4-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 8.04-8.00 (m, 4H), 7.92-7.89 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.53-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 4H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.28 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.24 (m, 2H).




4-{(S)-2-[4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.43-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.89 (s, 4H), 5.02 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 4.16-4.09 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.14-2.94 (m, 2H), 1.17 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz).




(S)-4-[2-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.97-8.00 (m, 3H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.03-7.13 (m, 4H), 4.74 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.42 (m, 2H).




(S)-4-[2-(5-Phenyloxazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.94-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 5H), 7.32 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.15 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (dd, J=14.1 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=14.1 and 8.4 Hz, 1H).




(S)-4-{2-[5-(4-Acetamidophenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.92-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.50 (m, 5H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H0), 5.14 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.13-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H).




4-((S)-2-(5-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.97-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 4H), 6.97-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.15-5.20 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=13.8 and 8.4 Hz, 1H).




4-{(S)-2-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino]-2-[(2-thiophen-2-yl)thiazole-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.55-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.04-7.15 (m, 8H), 6.77-6.81 (m, 1H), 5.10 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.15 (dd, J=14.1 and 8.4 Hz, 1H).




(S)-4-[2-(4,6-Dimethylpyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.00-7.10 (m, 5H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 5.50 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.04-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 6H).




(S)-4-[2-(4-Hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid: 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97-7.10 (m, 4H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 5.40-5.49 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H).
The first aspect of Category VI of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:




wherein R1 is heteroaryl and R4 is further described herein below in Table XI.










TABLE XI





No.
R4
R1







516
phenyl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


517
phenyl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


518
phenyl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-




3-yl]oxazol-2-yl


519
phenyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


520
phenyl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


521
phenyl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


522
phenyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


523
phenyl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


524
phenyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


525
phenyl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


526
phenyl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


527
phenyl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


528
phenyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


529
phenyl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


530
phenyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


531
thiophene-2-yl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


532
thiophene-2-yl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


533
thiophene-2-yl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-




3-yl]oxazol-2-yl


534
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


535
thiophene-2-yl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


536
thiophene-2-yl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


537
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


538
thiophene-2-yl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


539
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


540
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


541
thiophene-2-yl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


542
thiophene-2-yl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


543
thiophene-2-yl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


544
thiophene-2-yl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


545
thiophene-2-yl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


546
cyclopropyl
4-(methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-yl


547
cyclopropyl
4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl


548
cyclopropyl
5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-




yl]oxazol-2-yl


549
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl


550
cyclopropyl
5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-




phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl


551
cyclopropyl
5-[4-(methylcarboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl


552
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl


553
cyclopropyl
5-(4-phenyl)oxazol-2-yl


554
cyclopropyl
5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


555
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


556
cyclopropyl
5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


557
cyclopropyl
5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl


558
cyclopropyl
5-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl


559
cyclopropyl
4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl


560
cyclopropyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl









Compounds according to the first aspect of Category VI can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme XVI and described herein below in Example 16.







EXAMPLE 16
4-((S)-2-(2-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (49)
Preparation of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl]ethanamine hydrobromide salt (47): A mixture of (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, 7, (38.7 g, 100 mmol), and thiophene-2-carboxamide (14 g, 110 mmol) (available from Alfa Aesar) in CH3CN (500 mL) is refluxed for 5 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (200 mL) is added to the solution. The precipitate which forms is collected by filtration. The solid is dried under vacuum to afford the desired product which can be used for the next step without purification.
Preparation of 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl]ethyl}acetamide (48): To a solution of (S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl]ethanamine HBr, 47, (3.15 g, 10 mmol) 3-chlorophenyl-acetic acid (1.70 g, 10 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.70 g, 5.0 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) at 0° C., is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (1.90 g, 10 mmol) followed by triethylamine (4.2 mL, 30 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of —((S)-2-(2-(3-chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (49): 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-{(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-[2-(thiophene-2-yl)oxazol-4-yl]ethyl}acetamide, 48, (3 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.157 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue can be purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford the desired product as the ammonium salt.
The second aspect of Category VI of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:




wherein R1 is aryl and R2 and R3 are further described herein below in Table XII.











TABLE XII





No.
R2
R3
R1







561
methyl
hydrogen
phenyl


562
methyl
hydrogen
benzyl


563
methyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


564
methyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


565
methyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


566
methyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


567
methyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


568
methyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


569
ethyl
hydrogen
phenyl


570
ethyl
hydrogen
benzyl


571
ethyl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


572
ethyl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


573
ethyl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


574
ethyl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


575
ethyl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


576
ethyl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl


577
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
phenyl


578
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
benzyl


579
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
2-fluorophenyl


580
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-fluorophenyl


581
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
4-fluorophenyl


582
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
2-chlorophenyl


583
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
3-chlorophenyl


584
thiene-2-yl
hydrogen
4-chlorophenyl









Compounds according to the second aspect of Category VI can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme XVII and described herein below in Example 17.







EXAMPLE 17
{4-[2-(S)-(4-Ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-phenylacetylaminoethyl]-phenyl}sulfamic acid (52)
Preparation of(S)-1-(4-ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanamine (50): A mixture of [1-(S)-carbamoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 1, (10 g, 32.3 mmol) and 1-bromo-2-butanone (90%, 4.1 mL, 36 mmol) in CH3CN (500 mL) is refluxed for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether is added to the solution and the precipitate which forms is removed by filtration and is used without further purification.
Preparation of N-[1-(4-ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-phenyl-acetamide (51): To a solution of (S)-1-(4-ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanamine, 50, (2.9 g, 11 mmol), phenylacetic acid (1.90 g, 14 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.94 g, 7.0 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at 0° C., is added 1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (2.68 g, 14 mmol) followed by triethylamine (6.0 mL, 42 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO3, water and brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the desired product which is used without further purification.
Preparation of {4-[2-(S)-(4-ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-phenylacetylaminoethyl]-phenyl}sulfamic acid (52): N-[1-(4-ethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-phenyl-acetamide, 51, (0.260 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITETM and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO3-pyridine (0.177 g, 1.23). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH4OH (10 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford the desired product as the ammonium salt.
Regulation of HPTP-β provides a method for modulating the activity of angiopoietin receptor-type tyrosine kinase Tie-2, and thereby mediate, affect, or otherwise control disease states related to angiogenesis wherein angiogenesis is improperly regulated by the human body. The compounds of the present disclosure serve as a method for providing regulation of angiogenesis. As such the present disclosure addresses several unmet medical needs, inter alia;

    
    
        1) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder wherein angiogenesis is elevated;
        2) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder; and
        3) Providing compositions effective human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder wherein angiogenesis is decreased.
    
    


For purposes of the present disclosure the term “regulate” is defined as including, but is not limited to, up-regulate or down-regulate, to fix, to bring order or uniformity, to govern, or to direct by various means. In one aspect, an antibody may be used in a method for the treatment of an “angiogenesis elevated disorder” or “angiogenesis reduced disorder”. As used herein, an “angiogenesis elevated disorder” is one that involves unwanted or elevated angiogenesis in the biological manifestation of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; in the biological cascade leading to the disorder; or as a symptom of the disorder. Similarly, the “angiogenesis reduced disorder” is one that involves wanted or reduced angiogenesis in the biological manifestations. This “involvement” of angiogenesis in an angiogenesis elevated/reduced disorder includes, but is not limited to, the following:

    
    
        1. The angiogenesis as a “cause” of the disorder or biological manifestation, whether the level of angiogenesis is elevated or reduced genetically, by infection, by autoimmunity, trauma, biomechanical causes, lifestyle, or by some other causes.
        2. The angiogenesis as part of the observable manifestation of the disease or disorder. That is, the disease or disorder is measurable in terms of the increased or reduced angiogenesis. From a clinical standpoint, angiogenesis indicates the disease; however, angiogenesis need not be the “hallmark” of the disease or disorder.
        3. The angiogenesis is part of the biochemical or cellular cascade that results in the disease or disorder. In this respect, regulation of angiogenesis may interrupt the cascade, and may control the disease. Non-limiting examples of angiogenesis regulated disorders that may be treated by the present disclosure are herein described below.
    
    


FORMULATIONS
The present disclosure also relates to compositions or formulations that comprise one or more human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors as disclosed herein. In general, the disclosed compositions comprise:

    
    
        a) an effective amount of one or more phenylsufamic acids or salts thereof according to the present disclosure that are effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and
        b) one or more excipients.
    
    


For the purposes of the present disclosure the term “excipient” and “carrier” are used interchangeably throughout the description of the present disclosure and said terms are defined herein as, “ingredients which are used in the practice of formulating a safe and effective pharmaceutical composition.”
The formulator will understand that excipients are used primarily to serve in delivering a safe, stable, and functional pharmaceutical, serving not only as part of the overall vehicle for delivery but also as a means for achieving effective absorption by the recipient of the active ingredient. An excipient may fill a role as simple and direct as being an inert filler, or an excipient as used herein may be part of a pH stabilizing system or coating to insure delivery of the ingredients safely to the stomach. The formulator can also take advantage of the fact the compounds of the present disclosure have improved cellular potency, pharmacokinetic properties, as well as improved oral bioavailability.
Non-limiting examples of disclosed compositions include:

    
    
        a) from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more phenylsulfamic acids or salts thereof according to the present disclosure; and
        b) one or more excipients.
    
    


Another example of disclosed compositions includes:

    
    
        a) from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg of one or more phenylsulfamic acids or salts thereof according to the present disclosure; and
        b) one or more excipients.
    
    


A further example of disclosed compositions includes:

    
    
        a) from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of one or more phenylsulfamic acids or salts thereof according to the present disclosure; and
        b) one or more excipients.
    
    


The term “effective amount” as used herein means “an amount of one or more phenylsulfamic acids, effective at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired or therapeutic result.” An effective amount may vary according to factors known in the art, such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the human or animal being treated. Although particular dosage regimes may be described in examples herein, a person skilled in the art would appreciated that the dosage regime may be altered to provide optimum therapeutic response. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. In addition, the compositions of the present disclosure can be administered as frequently as necessary to achieve a therapeutic amount.
METHOD OF USE
The present disclosure relates to methods for regulating angiogenesis in a human comprising administering to a human one or more of the disclosed compounds.
One example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder, and said disorder is chosen from diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cancer, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales' disease, Behcet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargardt's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndrome, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-laser complications, diseases associated with rubeosis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Another example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder, and said disorder is chosen from inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
A further example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis reduced disorder and chosen from skeletal muscle and myocardial ischemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease.
A yet further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of vascularizing ischemic tissue. As used herein, “ischemic tissue,” means tissue that is deprived of adequate blood flow. Examples of ischemic tissue include, but are not limited to, tissue that lack adequate blood supply resulting from myocardial and cerebral infarctions, mesenteric or limb ischemia, or the result of a vascular occlusion or stenosis. In one example, the interruption of the supply of oxygenated blood may be caused by a vascular occlusion. Such vascular occlusion may be caused by arteriosclerosis, trauma, surgical procedures, disease, and/or other etiologies. Also included within the methods of treatment of the present disclosure is the treatment of skeletal muscle and myocardial ischemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease.
A still further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of repairing tissue. As used herein, “repairing tissue” means promoting tissue repair, regeneration, growth, and/or maintenance including, but not limited to, wound repair or tissue engineering. One skilled in the art appreciates that new blood vessel formation is required for tissue repair. In turn, tissue may be damaged by, including, but not limited to, traumatic injuries or conditions including arthritis, osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders, and burns. Tissue may also be damaged by injuries due to surgical procedures, irradiation, laceration, toxic chemicals, viral infection or bacterial infections, or burns. Tissue in need of repair also includes non-healing wounds. Examples of non-healing wounds include non-healing skin ulcers resulting from diabetic pathology; or fractures that do not heal readily.
The disclosed compounds are also suitable for use in effecting tissue repair in the context of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures. Such procedures are currently used by those skilled in the arts to accelerate wound healing following invasive surgical procedures.
A yet still further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of promoting tissue repair characterized by enhanced tissue growth during the process of tissue engineering. As used herein, “tissue engineering” is defined as the creation, design, and fabrication of biological prosthetic devices, in combination with synthetic or natural materials, for the augmentation or replacement of body tissues and organs. Thus, the present methods may be used to augment the design and growth of human tissues outside the body for later implantation in the repair or replacement of diseased tissues. For example, antibodies may be useful in promoting the growth of skin graft replacements that are used as a therapy in the treatment of burns.
Other examples of the tissue engineering example of the disclosed methods includes in cell-containing or cell-free devices that induce the regeneration of functional human tissues when implanted at a site that requires regeneration. As discussed herein, biomaterial-guided tissue regeneration may be used to promote bone re-growth in, for example, periodontal disease. Thus, antibodies may be used to promote the growth of reconstituted tissues assembled into three-dimensional configurations at the site of a wound or other tissue in need of such repair.
A yet further example of the tissue engineering example of the disclosed methods, the compounds disclosed herein can be included in external or internal devices containing human tissues designed to replace the function of diseased internal tissues. This approach involves isolating cells from the body, placing them with structural matrices, and implanting the new system inside the body or using the system outside the body. For example, antibodies may be included in a cell-lined vascular graft to promote the growth of the cells contained in the graft. It is envisioned that the methods of the disclosure may be used to augment tissue repair, regeneration and engineering in products such as cartilage and bone, central nervous system tissues, muscle, liver, and pancreatic islet (insulin-producing) cells.
The present disclosure also relates to the use of the disclosed phenylsulfamic acids in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting the growth of skin graft replacements.
The present disclosure also relates to the use of the disclosed phenylsulfamic acids according to the present disclosure in the manufacture of a medicament for use in effecting tissue repair in the context of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures.
The disclosed compounds can be used in the manufacture of one or more medicaments, non-limiting examples of these medicaments are:
Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder.
Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder chosen from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Medicaments useful for the purposes of tissue engineering thereby inducing enhanced tissue growth.
Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis reduced disorder.
PROCEDURES
Screening Assays Using in vitro and in vivo Models of Angiogenesis
Antibodies of the disclosed compounds may be screened in angiogenesis assays that are known in the art. Such assays include in vitro assays that measure surrogates of blood vessel growth in cultured cells or formation of vascular structures from tissue explants and in vivo assays that measure blood vessel growth directly or indirectly (Auerbach, R., et al. (2003). Clin Chem 49, 32-40, Vailhe, B., et al. (2001). Lab Invest 81, 439-452).
1. In vitro Models of Angiogenesis
The in vitro models which are suitable for use in the present disclosure employ cultured endothelial cells or tissue explants and measure the effect of agents on “angiogenic” cell responses or on the formation of blood capillary-like structures. Non-limiting examples of in vitro angiogenesis assays include but are not limited to endothelial cell migration and proliferation, capillary tube formation, endothelial sprouting, the aortic ring explant assay and the chick aortic arch assay.
2. In vivo Models of Angiogenesis
The in vivo agents or antibodies which are suitable for use in the present disclosure are administered locally or systemically in the presence or absence of growth factors (i.e. VEGF or angiopoietin 1) and new blood vessel growth is measured by direct observation or by measuring a surrogate marker such as hemoglobin content or a fluorescent indicator. Non-limiting examples of in vitro angiogenesis assays include but are not limited to chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, the corneal angiogenesis assay, and the MATRIGELTM plug assay.
3. Procedures for Determining Vascularization of Ischemic Tissue.
Standard routine techniques are available to determine if a tissue is at risk of suffering ischemic damage from undesirable vascular occlusion. For example, in myocardial disease these methods include a variety of imaging techniques (e.g., radiotracer methodologies, x-ray, and MRI) and physiological tests. Therefore, induction of angiogenesis as an effective means of preventing or attenuating ischemia in tissues affected by or at risk of being affected by a vascular occlusion can be readily determined.
A person skilled in the art of using standard techniques can measure the vascularization of tissue. Non-limiting examples of measuring vascularization in a subject include SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography); PET (positron emission tomography); MRI (magnetic resonance imaging); and combination thereof, by measuring blood flow to tissue before and after treatment. Angiography may be used as an assessment of macroscopic vascularity. Histologic evaluation may be used to quantify vascularity at the small vessel level. These and other techniques are discussed in Simons, et al., “Clinical trials in coronary angiogenesis,” Circulation, 102, 73-86 (2000).
The following are non-limiting examples of HPTPβ (IC50 μM) and PTP1B (IC50 μM) activity is listed herein below in Table A.









TABLE A






HPTPβ
PTP1B


Compound
IC50 μM
IC50 μM





















0.05
22.9


(S)-{4-[2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(phenylacetylamido)ethyl]-


phenyl}sulfamic acid


 






0.012
5.36


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-


fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.0003
2.85


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-


fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.028
5.36


(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-


ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.075
23.9


(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-


ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.056
22.8


(S)-4-(2-(2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-


yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.033
13.6


(S)-4-(2-(2-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-


yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.04
6.57


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-


hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.014
11.7


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-


methoxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.008
4.05


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-


methoxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.002
10.4


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-


phenylpropanamido)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid


 






0.028
15.5


(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-


ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid


 






0.037
25.4


(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-


ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid


 






0.0002
15.3


(S)-4-(2-(3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-


2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.003
16.9


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(2-


methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.01
20.6


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(3-


methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.006
16.0


(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(4-


methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid


 






0.002
0.53


(S)-4-{2-[2-(4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-


(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid


 






0.002
0.254


(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-


dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid


 






0.042
19


(S)-4-[2-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamido)-2-(4-


ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid









The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.

## Claims

1. A compound having the formula:



wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:




R2 and R3 are each independently chosen from:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or
R2 and R3 can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms;
said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C1-C6 cyclic alkyl, —N(R11)2, —OR11, halogen, hydroxyl, or cyano units; each R11 is independently hydrogen, C1-C4 linear or C3-C4 branched alkyl;
R4 is a unit chosen from:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more C1-C6 linear C3-C6 branched, or C1-C6 cyclic alkyl, —N(R11)2, —OR11, halogen, hydroxyl, or cyano units; each R11 is independently hydrogen, C1-C4 linear or C3-C4 branched alkyl;
Z is a unit having the formula:


-(L)n-R1 


R1 is chosen from:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings; or
v) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl rings;
said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more halogen, C1-C6 linear, C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl, —OR11, —CN, —N(R11)2, —CO2R11, —C(O)N(R11)2, —NR11C(O)R11, —NO2, —SO2R11, phenyl, benzyl; when R11 is substituted by phenyl or benzyl, said phenyl or benzyl can be substituted by halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, —CO2R11 and —NHCOR16; each R11 is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear, branched, cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl; or two R11 units can be taken together to form a ring comprising from 3-7 atoms; each R16 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;
L is a linking unit chosen from:
i) —C(O)NH[C(R5aR5b)]w—;
ii) —C(O)[C(R6aR6b)]x—;
iii) —C(O)[C(R7aR7b]yC(O)—;
iv) —SO2[C(R8aR8b)]z—;
R5a, R5b, R6a, R6b, R7a, R7b, R8a, and R8b are each independently:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 linear or C3-C4 branched alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings; or
v) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl rings;
the index n is 0 or 1; the indices w and z are each independently from 0 to 4 and the indices x and y are each independently from 1 to 4;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R has the formula:

3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R2 and R3 are each hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl.

4. A compound according to claim 3, wherein R2 is chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tent-butyl; and R3 is hydrogen.

5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl.

6. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R2 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and R3 is hydrogen.

7. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R2 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and R3 is hydrogen.

8. A compound according to claim 7, wherein R2 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.

9. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R2 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.

10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R has the formula:

11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein R4 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl.

12. A compound according to claim 11, wherein R4 is chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tent-butyl; and R3 is hydrogen.

13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein R4 is methyl or ethyl.

14. A compound according to claim 10, wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and R3 is hydrogen.

15. A compound according to claim 10, wherein R4 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R4 is a heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.

17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R4 is thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-3-yl.

18. A compound according to claim 1, wherein L has the formula:


—C(O)[C(R6aR6b)]x—

R6a is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; the index x is 1 or 2.

19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.

20. A compound according to claim 19, wherein R has the formula:

21. A compound according to claim 20, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, R3 is hydrogen, and L has the formula —C(O)CH2—.

22. A compound according to claim 20, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, R3 is hydrogen, and L has the formula —C(O)CH2CH2—.

23. A compound according to claim 19, wherein R has the formula:

24. A compound according to claim 23, wherein R4 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, thiophene-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, and isoxazol-3-yl; and L has the formula —C(O)CH2—.

25. A compound according to claim 23, wherein R4 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, thiophene-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, and isoxazol-3-yl; and L has the formula —C(O)CH2CH2—.

26. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit, said substitutions chosen from:
i) C1-C6 linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl;
iii) substituted of unsubstituted heteroaryl;
iv) —C(O)R9; or
v) —NHC(O)R9;
R9 is C1-C6 linear and C3-C6 branched alkyl; C1-C6 linear and C3-C6 branched alkoxy; or —NHCH2C(O)R10; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl.

27. A compound according to claim 26, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by an alkyl unit chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.

28. A compound according to claim 26, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl, said phenyl and benzyl substitutions are chosen from one or more:
i) halogen;
ii) C1-C3 alkyl;
iii) C1-C3 alkoxy;
iv) —CO2R11; or
v) —NHCOR12;
wherein R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.

29. A compound according to claim 26, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by a carboxy unit having the formula —C(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, and ethoxy.

30. A compound according to claim 26, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by an amide unit having the formula —NHC(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, tent-butyl, and tert-butoxy.

31. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, R3 is hydrogen, R6a is chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.

32. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, R3 is hydrogen, R6a is chosen from 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and isoxazol-3-yl.

33. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R4 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, or thiophene-2-yl, R6a is chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.

34. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R4 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, or thiophene-2-yl, R6a is chosen from 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and isoxazol-3-yl.

35. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R2 is chosen from methyl, ethyl, phenyl, and thiophene-2-yl, R3 is hydrogen or methyl; R1 is chosen from phenyl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and isoxazol-3-yl.

36. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula:



wherein R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R1 is chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.

37. A compound having the formula:



wherein L is —SO2[CH2]z—; R4 is C1-C4 linear or C3-C4 branched alkyl, or thiophene-2-yl; R1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl rings, the index z is 0, 1 or 2;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

38. A compound according to claim 37, wherein R1 is methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-acetamidophenyl, (4-methyl-carboxyphenyl)methyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl, 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl, and (2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl.

39. A compound having the formula:



wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit chosen from:
i) 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl and 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




ii) [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, and [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




iii) imidazol-2-yl and imidazol-4-yl having the respective formulae:




iv) pyrrol-2-yl and pyrrol-3-yl having the respective formulae:




v) oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, and oxazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




vi) isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, and isoxazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




vii) [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl and [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




viii) [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl having the formula:




ix) furan-2-yl and furan-3-yl having the respective formulae:




x) thiophene-2-yl and thiophene-3-yl having the respective formulae:




xi) isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl and isothiazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




xii) thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl and thiazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




xiii) [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl and [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl having the respective formulae:




said heteroaryl unit substitutions chosen from:
i) C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, and C3-C6 cyclic alkyl;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl;
iii) substituted of unsubstituted heteroaryl;
iv) —C(O)R9; or
v) —NHC(O)R9;
R9 is C1-C6 linear and C3-C6 branched alkyl; C1-C6 linear and C3-C6 branched alkoxy; or —NHCH2C(O)R10; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl;
R4 is a unit chosen from:
i) hydrogen;
ii) substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 linear, C3-C6 branched, or C3-C6 cyclic alkyl;
iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or
iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

40. A compound according to claim 39, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by an alkyl unit chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.

41. A compound according to claim 39, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl, said phenyl and benzyl substitutions are chosen from one or more:
i) halogen;
ii) C1-C3 alkyl;
iii) C1-C3 alkoxy;
iv) —CO2R11; or
v) —NHCOR12;
wherein R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.

42. A compound according to claim 39, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by a carboxy unit having the formula —C(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, and ethoxy.

43. A compound according to claim 39, wherein said R1 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit is substituted by an amide unit having the formula —NHC(O)R9; R9 is chosen from methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, tent-butyl, and tert-butoxy.

44. A compound according to claim 39, wherein R1 is chosen from 4-(methoxy-carbonyl)thiazol-5-yl, 4-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]thiazol-5-yl, 5-[1-N-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1-H-indol-3-yl]oxazol-2-yl, 5-(2-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl, 5-[(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl]oxazol-2-yl, 5-[4-(methyl-carboxy)phenyl]oxazol-2-yl, 5-(3-methoxybenzyl)oxazol-2-yl, 5-(4-phenyl)-oxazol-2-yl, 5-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl, 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl, 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl, 5-(3-methoxy-benzyl)thiazol-2-yl, 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl, and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl.

45. A compound according to claim 39, wherein R4 is chosen from methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, and thiophene-2-yl.

46. A compound chosen from:
(S)-{-4-[2-(S)-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-phenylacetylamido)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropanamido)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(2-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[2-(4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-acetamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; and
(S)-4-[2-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid;
or a pharmaceutically salt thereof.

47. A compound chosen from:
4-((S)-2-(2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophen-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamido)-2-(2-(thiophen-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-(3-Phenylpropanamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-(3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[2-(3-Fluorophenyl)acetamido]-2-[2 thiophen-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[2-(2,5-Dimethylthiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-2-(4 ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[2-(2,4-Dimethylthiazol-5-yl)acetamido]-2-(4 methylthiazol-2-ylethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[3-(thiazol-2-yl)propanamido]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)acetamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[2-(3-Methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)acetamido]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; and
4-{(S)-2-[2-(4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)acetamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

48. A compound chosen from:
(S)-4-(2-(2,3-Diphenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutanamido)-ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(5-methyl-4-oxohexanamido)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]dioxepin-7-yl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[4-oxo-4-(pyridin-2-yl)butanamido]ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-4-oxobutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4-tert-Butoxy-4-oxobutanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4-Ethoxy-4-oxobutanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(3-Benzylureido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
4-{[(S)-2-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(3-(R)-1methoxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)ureido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; and
4-{(S)-2-(3-Benzylureido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

49. A compound chosen from:
{4-(S)-[2-Phenylmethanesulfonylamino-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[(2-Methylthiazol-4-yl)methylsulfonamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
{4-(S)-[2-Phenylmethanesulfonylamino-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}-sulfamic acid;
(S)-(4-(2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-((3-methoxyphenyl)methylsulfonamido)-ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{[1-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylsulfamoyl]methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester;
(S)-4-[2-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-sulfonamido)ethyl]-phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[2-(Thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonamido)-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(4-(2-(phenylmethylsulfonamido)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid;
(4-(2-(phenylmethylsulfonamido)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid;
(S)-(4-{2-(3-Phenylpropylsulfonamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenyl)sulfamic acid;
(S)-{4-[2-(4-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine-7-sulfonylamino)-2-(2-thiophen-2-ylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}sulfamic acid; and
4-{(S)-2-(4-Acetamidophenylsulfonamido)-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

50. A compound chosen from:
4-{(S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-ylamino]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-((2-Methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-ylamino)-2-(2-ethylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-(4-(2-((3-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenyl)sulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(5-((S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(5-(4-Methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(5-(3-Methoxybenzyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-Methylthiazole-4-yl)-2-(5-phenyloxazole-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-(2-(4-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-{5-[1-(2-Ethylthiazol-4-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylamino]-2-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-yl}carbamic acid methyl ester;
(S)-[4-(2-{[4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amino}-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl)phenyl]sulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[4-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(2-Ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(4-Acetamidophenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4-Phenylthiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl-sulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[4-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-ylamino]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)thiazol-5-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(5-Phenyloxazole-2-ylamino)]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-{2-[5-(4-Acetamidophenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsufamic acid;
4-((S)-2-(5-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)oxazole-2-ylamino)-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid;
4-{(S)-2-[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino]-2-[(2-thiophen-2-yl)thiazole-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid;
(S)-4-[2-(4,6-Dimethylpyrimidene-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid; and
(S)-4-[2-(4-Hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

51. Composition comprising:
A) one or more compounds according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and
B) one or more excipients or carriers.

52. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compounds are salts comprising anions chosen from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, and citrate.

53. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compounds are salts comprising cations chosen from sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and bismuth.