t

' 7 T / EMPLOYMENT OF 

SCIENTISTS AND 

ENGINEERS

1950-70 Dayton & Montgomery Co. 

Public Library

BULLETIN 1781

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

Bureau of Labor Statistics

1973

O CT 2 9 i973 

DOCUMENT COLLECTION

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EMPLOYMENT OF 

SCIENTISTS AND 

ENGINEERS 1950-70

Bulletin 1781

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Peter J. Brennan, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Julius Shlskin, Commissioner

1973

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Preface

Natural scientists and engineers contribute in countless ways to the 

welfare and technological progress of the Nation. They are essential to the 

functioning of an advanced industrial society and have an impact on society 

disproportionate to their numbers.

A consistent historical series on employment of scientists and engineers in 

various sectors of the economy is needed to assess the growth of manpower 

in scientific and technical areas and the factors underlying this growth. 

Although statistics on employment of scientists and engineers in various 

sectors have been collected by Federal Government agencies, the 

definitions, methods, survey coverage, and purposes for collecting the data 

have frequently differed, creating problems of comparability. Also, major 

gaps exist for specific years and for some important sectors of the economy. 

As a result of its concern for a consistent series of data on employment of 

scientists and engineers, the National Science Foundation has supported the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics in its effort to develop such a series.

This bulletin presents comprehensive data on the employment of 

scientists and engineers from 1950 to 1970 and includes estimates of each 

major scientific occupational group in all sectors of the economy. Estimates 

also are presented for scientists and engineers primarily engaged in research 

and development. Employment estimates shown in this report supersede 

those developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and published by the 

National Science Foundation in Employment o f Scientists and Engineers in

the United States, 1950-66 (NSF 68-30).

This bulletin was prepared in the Division of Manpower and Occupational 

Outlook, Office of Manpower Structure and Trends. The detailed estimates 

were developed by Maurice Moylan, under the direction of Michael F. 

Crowley, who prepared the introductory text.

Within the National Science Foundation, Norman Seltzer, Study 

Director, Scientific Manpower Studies Group, provided general guidance 

and direction.

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Contents

Page

Overall trends .................................................................................................. 1

Employment by sector ......................................................................................5

Private industry.............................................................................................. 5

Government ...................................................................................................7

Colleges and universities ............................................................................. 10

Nonprofit institutions................................................................................. 10

Employment by occupation ...........................................................................11

Engineers....................................................................................................... 11

Scientists....................................................................................................... 13

Text tables:

1. Factors affecting science and engineering

employment, 1950-70 ........................................................................ 1

2. Estimated employment of scientists and 

engineers engaged in research and

development, 1950-70 ...........................................................................3

3. Scientists and engineers in research

and development and research and development

expenditures, by sector, 1953-70 ......................................................... 7

4. Scientists and engineers as a percent of total

employment by sector, selected years, 1950-70................................. 9

5. Earned degrees in natural sciences and engineering,

1950-70 .................................................................................................10

6. Components of science and engineering employment,

1950-70 .................................................................................................11

Page

7. Estimated employment of scientists, by occupational

group, 1950-70 .................................................................................. 15

8. Percent distribution of scientists, by occupational

group, 1950-70 .................................................................................. 16

Charts:

1. Factors affecting science and engineering employment,

1950-70 .................................................................................................. 2

2. Science and engineering employment, 1950-70 .................................4

3. Scientists and engineers, by sector, 1950-70 ..................................... 6

4. Research and development expenditures,

by sector, 1953-70 .................................................................................8

5. Growth in science and engineering employment,

by occupation, 1950-70 ...................................................................... 12

6. Contribution of R&D employment to growth

of engineering employment, 1951-70 ..............................................13

7. Contribution of R&D employment to growth

of science employment, 1951-70 .......................................................14

Appendixes:

A. Detailed tables..................................................................................... 18

B. Guidelines and m ethods......................................................................82

C. Definitions............................................................................................93

D. Bibliography of source m aterials.......................................................94

v

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Overall Trends

Employment of natural scientists1 and engineers increased by more than 

1 million over the 20-year span starting in 1950, from almost 557,000 to 

almost 1.6 million in 1970—an increase of 186 percent. Engineering 

employment was 1.1 million in 1970, up 690,000 or 169 percent, and 

scientific employment reached almost 500,000, up 348,000 or 234 percent.

Employment of scientists and engineers increased at an average annual 

rate of 5.42 percent between 1950 and 1970. However, growth, both 

absolutely and relatively, was not constant over the 1950-70 period. Growth 

was significantly faster in the first half of the period (7.1 percent a year) 

than in the second half (3.8 percent a year). Within the 1960’s, employment 

growth was greater in the first half of the decade. Between 1960 and 1965, 

employment increased at an average annual rate of 4.4 percent while 

averaging an increase of only 3.1 percent between 1965 and 1970. 

Significant differences can be noted between engineers and scientists. For 

example, over half of the engineering employment growth took place 

between 1950 and 1960, while more than half of the growth in scientific 

employment took place between 1960 and 1970.

Growth in scientific and engineering employment over the decades of the 

1950’s and 1960’s reflected many interwoven factors, including overall 

economic growth; increased research and development (R&D) expenditures; 

the space race, culminating in astronauts walking on the moon; and the 

development of complex new defense systems involving electronics, aircraft, 

and missiles. (See table 1 and chart 1.) Since many scientists teach in

1 In this report, the term “scientists” refers only to natural scientists, including

mathematicians. Excluded are social scientists and psychologists. (See appendix C.) For

ease of presentation, “scientists” rather than “natural scientists” will be used

throughout this report.

* In this report, “average annual rate,’ “annual growth”, and similar terms are

used to describe the estimated annual compound rate of change between the first and

last year of the time period under discussion.

Table 1. Factors affecting science and engineering

employment, 1950-70

(In billions of dollars)

Y ear

Gross

national

product

N ational

defense

expenditures

R & D

expenditures

1 9 5 0 .......................................................................... $ 2 8 4 .8 $14.1 ( ! )

1 9 5 1 .......................................................................... 3 2 8 .4 3 3 .6 I 1 )

1 9 52 .......................................................................... 3 4 5 .5 4 5 .9 I 1)

1 9 5 3 .......................................................................... 3 6 4 .6 4 8 .7 $ 5.2

1 9 5 4 .......................................................................... 3 6 4 .8 4 1 .2 5.7

1 9 5 5 .......................................................................... 3 9 8 .0 3 8 .6 6 .3

1 9 5 6 .......................................................................... 4 1 9 .2 4 0 .3 8.5

19 57 .......................................................................... 44 1.1 4 4 .2 9 .9

1 9 5 8 .......................................................................... 4 4 7 .3 4 5 .9 10.9

1 9 59 .......................................................................... 4 8 3 .7 4 6 .0 12.5

1 9 6 0 .......................................................................... 5 0 3 .7 4 4 .9 13.7

1 9 6 1 .......................................................................... 520.1 4 7 .8 14.6

1 9 6 2 .......................................................................... 5 6 0 .3 5 1 .6 15.7

1 9 6 3 .......................................................................... 5 9 0 .5 5 0 .8 17.4

1 9 64 .......................................................................... 6 3 2 .4 5 0 .0 19.2

1 9 6 5 ............................................................... 6 8 4 .9 50.1 2 0 .4

1 9 6 6 .......................................................................... 7 4 9 .9 6 0 .7 2 2 .3

1 9 67 ............................................................... 79 3 .9 7 2 .4 2 3 .6

1 9 68 .................................................................. 8 6 4 .2 78 .3 25 .2

1 9 6 9 .......................................................................... 9 3 0 .3 78 .4 2 6 .2

1 9 7 0 .......................................................................... 9 7 6 .4 75.1 2 6 .3

1 Not available.

SOURCE: Council of Economic Advisers; National Science Foundation.

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Chart 1. FACTORS AFFECTING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EMPLOYMENT, 1950-70

Millions of persons Billions of dollars

Sources: Bureau o f Labor S tatistics; N ational Science F o u n d atio n ;

C ouncil o f Econom ic Advisers

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colleges and universities, growth of college and university enrollments also 

was a factor. Many technological innovations, such as the widespread use of 

computers, also contributed to this growth, as did the expansion of 

industrial output associated with the Korean and Vietnam conflicts.

Employment of scientists and engineers increased more rapidly than did 

total employment in the economy, total white-collar employment, or total 

professional employment between 1950 and 1970. Thus, scientists and 

engineers increased from nearly 1 percent to about 2 percent of total 

employment. (See chart 2.) About 30 percent of the increase in science and 

engineering employment between 1950 and 1970 can be attributed to 

overall economic growth (as measured by the growth of total employment). 

The remainder can be attributed to the relatively greater utilization of 

scientists and engineers. Among the major factors contributing to the 

growth are increases in R&D activities, technological innovations, and 

expansion of government programs employing large numbers of scientists 

and engineers.

Increased expenditures for R&D contributed significantly to the growth 

of employment of scientists, and engineers. Scientists and engineers engaged 

in R&D increased from 158,000 in 1950 to 535,000 in 1970, an increase of 

377,000, representing an average annual growth of 6.3 percent. As a percent 

of all scientists and engineers, those in R&D increased from 28.4 in 1950 to 

a high of 37.6 in 1965, and declined to 33.6 in 1970. (See table 2.) Over the 

1950-70 period, the increase in employment of scientists and engineers in 

R&D accounted for over 36 percent of total employment growth. In the 

1950-60 period, R&D scientists and engineers represented about 42 percent 

of total growth, compared to about 30 percent over the 1960-70 period.

In rough terms, general economic growth and increased R&D 

expenditures accounted for about two-thirds of the increase in scientific and 

engineering employment over the 1950-70 period. In the first half of the 

period, increases in R&D were relatively more important than overall 

growth; in the second half, overall economic growth was relatively more 

important than the growth in R&D expenditures. The remaining growth 

reflects the greater utilization of scientists and engineers in the 

economy—presumably because of technological innovation; greater

Table 2. Estimated employment of scientists and engineers

engaged in research and development, 1950-70

(Em ploym ent in thousands)

Year

A ll

scientists

and

engineers

Engaged in R & D

N um ber Percent

1 9 5 0 ....................................................................................... 5 5 6 .7 157.9 2 8 .4

1951 ....................................................................................... 6 1 1 .8 17 5 .4 2 8 .7

1 9 5 2 ....................................................................................... 6 8 5 .9 2 0 4 .9 2 9 .9

1 9 5 3 ....................................................................................... 7 4 8 .7 2 2 7 .8 3 0 .4

1 9 5 4 ....................................................................................... 7 8 3 .7 2 4 3 .5 31.1

1 9 55 ....................................................................................... 8 1 2 .6 2 4 8 .8 3 0 .6

1 9 56 ....................................................................................... 8 7 3 .7 2 7 1 .0 3 1 .0

19 57 ....................................................................................... 9 5 8 .9 3 0 8 .8 3 2 .2

1 9 5 8 ....................................................................................... 1 ,0 0 1 .2 3 2 9 .7 3 2 .9

1 9 5 9 ....................................................................................... 1 ,0 5 7 .9 362.1 3 4 .2

1 9 6 0 ....................................................................................... 1 ,1 0 4 .0 386.1 3 5 .0

1961 ....................................................................................... 1 ,1 5 1 .5 4 0 9 .5 3 5 .6

1 9 6 2 ....................................................................................... 1 ,2 1 0 .3 4 4 1 .9 3 6 .5

1 9 6 3 ....................................................................................... 1 ,2 8 0 .8 4 7 5 .7 37.1

1 9 64 ....................................................................................... 1 ,3 2 7 .0 4 9 7 .9 3 7 .5

1 9 65 ....................................................................................... 1 ,3 6 6 .3 5 1 3 .2 3 7 .6

1 9 6 6 ....................................................................................... 1 ,4 1 7 .5 5 2 6 .3 37.1

19 67 ....................................................................................... 1 ,4 7 6 .7 5 5 4 .0 3 7 .5

1 9 6 8 ....................................................................................... 1 ,5 2 5 .0 5 5 2 .8 3 6 .2

1 9 6 9 ....................................................................................... 1 ,5 6 7 .7 5 4 9 .0 3 5 .0

1 9 7 0 ....................................................................................... 1 ,5 9 4 .7 5 3 5 .4 3 3 .6

S O U R C E : Bureau of Labor Statistics.

technical sophistication of the production process, government expenditures 

for defense, space, and other programs requiring significant inputs of 

scientific and engineering talent; and other factors.

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Chart 2. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 

EMPLOYMENT, 1950-70

Thousands

1950 52 54 56 58 1960 62 64 66 68 1970

Source: Bureau o f Labor Statistics

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Employment By Sector

About 1.1 million (70 percent) of the almost 1.6 million scientists and 

engineers employed in the United States in 1970 worked in private industry. 

Federal, State, and local governments combined employed 239,000 (15 

percent), colleges and universities 228,000 (14 percent), and nonprofit 

organizations 16,000 (1 percent).

The proportion of scientists and engineers in the private sector declined 

slightly between 1950 and 1970, and government’s share of total science 

and engineering employment also dropped. In contrast, the proportions in 

colleges and universities and nonprofit organizations increased. (See chart

3.)

As with total scientific and engineering employment, most (70 percent) 

of those engaged in R&D were in private industry in 1970. About 14 

percent worked in colleges and universities, nearly 14 percent in 

government—primarily in Federal agencies—and under 3 percent in 

nonprofit organization^. In general, the distribution of R&D funds followed 

similar patterns. (See table 3 and chart 4.)

Private industry

Manufacturing. Approximately 733,000 scientists and engineers, 46 percent 

of the Nation’s total, were employed in manufacturing industries in 1970. 

In comparison, only 27.5 percent of all workers were employed in 

manufacturing industries in 1970.

Over the 1950-70 period, nearly one-half of the growth in total science 

and engineering employment took place in manufacturing. Growth in 

manufacturing, however, was not constant over the entire period. Over the 

1950-70 period, employment increased at an average annual rate of 5.6 

percent. Between 1950 and 1960, the rate was 8.4 percent a year; it was 

only 2.9 percent a year between 1960 and 1970. The most rapid growth 

occurred between 1950 and 1955—at an average annual rate of 10.3

percent—stimulated by a high demand for consumer durable goods and large 

Federal expenditures for military items due to the Korean conflict. Slow 

growth (2.2 percent a year) occurred over the 1965-70 period because of 

declines in the late 1960’s when the Federal Government started to wind 

down the Vietnam conflict and reduce R&D funding.

As a proportion of total scientists and engineers, those in manufacturing 

rose from 44 percent in 1950 to a high of 50 percent in 1954. Between 

1954 and 1967, the proportion of science and engineering employment in 

manufacturing never fell below 48 percent. After 1967 the proportion 

dropped, reaching 46 percent in 1970.

In addition to general economic growth, the increased employment of 

scientists and engineers in manufacturing reflects mainly the changing 

occupational composition of manufacturing industries in favor of highly 

trained workers, and a rapid increase in R&D performed in these industries. 

As a proportion of total manufacturing employment, scientists and 

engineers increased from 1.6 percent in 1950 to 3.3 percent in 1960, and to 

3.8 percent in 1970. (See table 4.)

Over the 1950-70 period, employment of scientists and engineers 

engaged in R&D in manufacturing increased from 82,000 to 298,000, 

representing an average annual growth of 6.6 percent. Increases in R&D 

employment represented about 44 percent of the total growth of scientists 

and engineers in manufacturing. Between 1950 and 1960, R&D increases 

accounted for slightly over half of the growth; between 1960 and 1970 the 

comparable figure was only about one-third. As a proportion of total 

science and engineering employment in manufacturing, those in R&D 

increased steadily from 34 percent in 1950 to 46 percent in 1964. After 

1964 the proportion started to decline, reaching 41 percent in 1970.

In 1970, five industries—electrical equipment, chemicals, machinery, 

aircraft, and ordnance—accounted for almost 70 percent of all scientists and 

engineers in manufacturing, up from 56 percent in 1950 and 67 percent in

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Chart 3. SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 

BY SECTOR, 1950 AND 1970

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

1950

1970

N o n p ro fit

in stitu tio n s

1.0 Private

industry

6 9 .7

N onm anufacturing

Colleges and

universities

S ource: Bureau of

Labo r Statistics

1960. These same five industries accounted for about 75 percent of the 

total increase of scientists and engineers in manufacturing. Science and 

engineering employment increases in these industries resulted from the rapid 

increase in demand for the industries’ products as well as large increases in 

R&D expenditures. In the chemicals industries, for example, output (as 

measured by industrial production indexes) increased by 388 percent, while 

employment of scientists and engineers increased by over 170 percent.

These five industries accounted for almost 78 percent of the scientists 

and engineers engaged in R&D in manufacturing in 1970, compared to 65 

percent in 1950, and accounted for over 82 percent of the growth of R&D 

employment in manufacturing. Two industries—electrical equipment and 

aircraft—accounted for almost half of the total increase of R&D scientists 

and engineers in manufacturing.

Nonmanufacturing. Nonmanufacturing industries employed 378,000 

scientists and engineers in 1970, 24 percent of the total, and 227,000 more 

than the number employed in 1950. While this 150 percent increase (an 

average increase of 4.7 percent a year) was less than that in manufacturing 

(199 percent), it was more evenly distributed over the entire period.

Between 1950 and 1960, employment of scientists and engineers in 

nonmanufacturing industries grew at a slower rate than in 

manufacturing—5.6 percent per year compared to 3.4 percent per year. 

However, between 1960 and 1970, employment in nonmanufacturing 

increased at an annual rate of 3.7 percent compared to 2.9 percent in 

manufacturing. Between 1965 and 1970, the rate of increase was almost 

twice that in manufacturing, 4.2 percent compared to 2.2 percent.

Employment of R&D scientists and engineers increased at a faster rate 

than did total science and engineering employment over the period (6.7 

percent per year) and by 1970 almost 20 percent of the scientists and 

engineers in nonmanufacturing were engaged in R&D. This represents an 

increase from about 13 percent in 1950 and 17 percent in 1960.

Almost two-thirds of the scientists and engineers in nonmanufacturing in 

1970 were in only three industries—engineering and architectural services, 

miscellaneous business services (primarily commercial R&D labs), and 

contract construction. These three industries accounted for two-thirds of 

R&D growth. One industry alone—miscellaneous business services— 

accounted for over two-thirds of the growth in R&D nonmanufacturing 

employment since 1950.

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Table 3. Scientists and engineers in research and development and research and development expenditures,

by sector, 1953-70

(Em ploym ent in thousands; expenditures in millions of dollars)

Y ear

Private industry Federal G o vernm ent Colleges and universities N o n p ro fit in stitutions

E m p lo y m en t Expenditures E m p lo ym en t Expenditures E m p lo y m en t Expenditures E m p lo ym en t E xpenditures

1 9 5 3 ................................... 1 6 0 .0 $ 3 ,6 3 0 33.1 $ 1 ,0 1 0 2 8 .6 $ 4 5 5 3.9 $ 1 1 2

1 9 5 4 ................................... 17 3 .2 4 ,0 7 0 3 2 .6 1,0 20 31.1 5 1 8 4 .3 13 0

1 9 5 5 .................................... 18 0 .4 4 ,6 4 0 2 7 .6 9 0 5 3 3 .8 58 9 4.7 145

1 9 56 .................................... 1 9 7 .6 6 ,6 0 5 3 0 .4 1 ,0 4 0 3 5 .7 6 7 4 4 .8 164

19 57 .................................... 2 2 7 .8 7,731 3 4 .0 1,2 20 3 8 .8 771 5.6 190

1 9 5 8 .................................... 2 4 1 .5 8 ,3 8 9 3 6 .6 1,3 7 4 4 2 .9 8 8 5 5.9 2 2 2

1 9 5 9 ................................... 2 6 4 .2 9 ,6 1 8 42.1 1 ,6 4 0 4 6 .0 1 ,0 2 0 6.7 2 6 2

1 9 6 0 ................................... 2 8 2 .4 1 0 ,5 0 9 4 4 .7 1 ,7 2 6 4 8 .6 1,1 8 5 7.3 3 1 0

1961 .................................... 2 9 6 .8 1 0 ,9 0 8 4 8 .0 1,8 74 5 2 .4 1 ,3 7 9 8.5 391

1 9 62 ................................... 3 1 8 .8 1 1 ,4 6 4 53.1 2 ,0 9 8 5 5 .2 1 ,6 1 3 10 .6 4 9 0

1 9 6 3 .................................... 3 4 3 .2 1 2 ,6 3 0 5 6 .4 2 ,2 7 9 5 9 .3 1,8 8 9 1 2 .6 5 7 3

1 9 64 .................................... 351.1 13 ,5 1 2 6 7 .2 2 ,8 3 8 6 2 .5 2 ,2 2 4 12.9 6 4 0

1 9 6 5 .................................... 3 5 9 .9 14 ,1 8 5 7 1 .2 3 ,0 9 3 6 4 .5 2,451 1 3 .3 7 1 0

1 9 6 6 .................................... 3 6 9 .9 1 5 ,5 4 8 7 2 .3 3 ,2 2 2 6 5 .6 2 ,7 1 5 1 4 .0 781

19 67 .................................... 3 8 4 .2 1 6 ,4 1 5 74 .5 3 ,3 9 5 77.1 3 ,0 0 2 14.4 8 3 0

1 9 68 .................................... 3 8 6 .5 17 ,4 6 9 7 2 .4 3 ,4 9 3 7 5 .3 3 ,3 1 8 14 .6 8 7 9

1 9 6 9 ................................... 3 8 7 .8 18,321 6 9 .4 3 ,4 9 8 73.1 3 ,4 3 0 14 .6 9 3 0

1 9 7 0 .............................. 3 7 2 .2 1 7,8 5 8 6 9 .6 3 ,8 7 6 7 5 .7 3 ,5 9 3 13 .7 9 6 0

N O T E : Expenditures fo r Federally Funded Research and S O U R C E : E m p lo y m e n t, Bureau o f Labor Statistics; expenditures.

D evelopm ent Centers adm inistered by industry, colleges and N ational Science Fo un dation ,

universities, and n o n p ro fit institutions are included in the totals for

th eir respective sectors.

Scientists and engineers (mainly engineers) in contract construction 

increased primarily because of expansion in the nonresidential sectors of the 

industry, which include highways, schools, and sewage plants. Although 

growth in engineering and architectural services reflects demand by all user 

industries, these services have been particularly responsive to nonresidential 

construction activity. Increases in miscellaneous business services were due, 

for the most part, to the growth of independent R&D labs.

Government

Federal, State, and local governments combined employed 239,000 

scientists and engineers in 1970. More than three-fifths (150,000) were in 

Federal agencies, about 54,000 (23 percent) were in State governments, and

34,000 were in local governments.

The number of scientists and engineers employed at all levels of

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Chart 4. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

EXPENDITURES, BY SECTOR,

Billions of dollars 1953-70 '

28 I----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

T o ta l R & D -expenditures

o L 1 1 1 ...I L 1 1 1 1 1 1 t i L.J 1 J

1953 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Private industry

Colleges,

universities, and

n o n p ro fit

institutions

Federal

G overnm ent

Source: N ational Science F o un dation

government increased at an average annual rate of 4.1 percent between 1950 

and 1970—a slower rate of growth than the 5.4 percent recorded for the 

entire economy. In the government sector, growth was faster between 1950 

and 1960 (4.7 percent per year) than between 1960 and 1970 (3.5 percent a 

year).

Federal Government. Between 1950 and 1970, federally employed 

scientists and engineers showed an average annual growth of 4.7 percent, 

increasing from 60,000 to 150,000. This growth rate was less than that 

shown for the entire economy, and scientists and engineers employed by the 

Federal Government fell from 10.7 percent to 9.5 percent of the total. As 

with the total of scientists and engineers, employment growth was faster in 

the first half of the period (average annual growth of 5.1 percent) than in 

the second half (4.4 percent a year). Growth was primarily related to 

expansion of defense and space programs. Over 45 percent of the increase in 

science and engineering employment was accounted for by increases in R&D 

activities. Employment of R&D scientists and engineers grew from about

27,000 in 1950 to almost 75,000 in 1967, and declined to 70,000 in 1970. 

Federal R&D scientists and engineers represented almost 95 percent of 

those in R&D in all sectors of government.

State Government. Employment of scientists and engineers in State 

governments (excluding those in education) rose from 26,400 in 1950 to 

54,300 in 1970. This represented an average increase of 3.7 percent per 

year—slower than in the Federal Government. As a proportion of all 

scientists and engineers, those in State government fell from 4.7 percent in 

1950 to 3.4 percent in 1970. Increased employment of scientists and 

engineers primarily reflected expanding programs for highways, public 

works, health, natural resources, and other programs associated with an 

increasing population. The increase in employment of scientists and 

engineers in State governments, however, was not as rapid as the total 

growth in personnel (other than in education). Between 1960 and 1970, for 

example, the proportion of employees in science and engineering jobs 

declined from almost 3.9 percent to 3.5 percent.

Local government. Scientists and engineers employed by local governments 

(excluding those in education) increased from 20,000 in 1950 to 34,000 in 

1970. This rate of growth—2.6 percent a year—was slower than that in both 

Federal and State agencies. Growth was significantly faster between 1950 

and 1960 (3.4 percent a year) than between 1960 and 1970(1.8 percent a

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year). As a percent of total local government employment (except in 

education), scientists and engineers declined from 1.3 in 1960 to 1.1 in 

1970. Slower than average growth for those workers primarily reflected the

increasing concern of local governments with health, protective services, and 

other programs that do not employ significant numbers of engineers and 

scientists.

Table 4. Scientists and engineers as a percent of total employment, by sector, selected years, 1950-70

Sector 1950 1952 19 54 19 56 1 9 58 1 9 60 19 62 1 9 64 19 66 1968 1 9 7 0

All s e c to rs .................................................................................................. 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 2 .0 2 .0 2.2 2 .3 . 2.2 2.3 2 .3

Private in d u s tr y ............................................................................................................. 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

M anufacturing ............................................................................................... 1.6 2 .0 2 .4 2 .5 3.1 3 .3 3 .6 3.7 3.6 3.7 3 .8

O rdnance ................................................................................................................ 7 .0 5 .8 9 .9 10.5 11 .3 15.5 17 .8 2 2 .4 2 3 .0 18.5 2 1 .8

Food ........................................................................................................................ .5 .6 .7 .7 .7 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .9

Textiles and a p p a r e l.......................................................................................... .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .7 .6 .6

Lu m b er and fu rn itu re ..................................................................................... .3 .3 .4 .4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 .8 .9

Paper ........................................................................................................................ 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2 .2 2 .3 2 .6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8

C h e m ic a ls ................................................................................................................ 6 .2 6 .9 7.5 8 .0 9 .3 9 .3 9 .8 10 .3 10.2 9 .7 10.2

P etroleum r e fin in g ............................................................................................. 4 .7 5 .3 5 .8 6 .6 7.4 8 .2 9 .0 9 .9 9 .3 8.8 8 .6

R u b b e r ..................................................................................................................... 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .3 2 .6 2 .6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

S tone, clay and glass ....................................................................................... 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9

Prim ary m e ta ls ..................................................................................................... 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.7 2 .2 2 .3 2 .6 2.2 2.1 2.2 2 .3

Fabricated m e ta ls ................................................................................................ 1.6 1.8 1.9 2 .0 2.2 2.2 2 .3 2 .3 2.2 2.1 2.2

M achinery ............................................................................................................. 2 .8 2 .8 3 .3 3 .2 4 .2 4 .2 4.7 5 .0 4 .3 4.7 4 .8

Electrical eq uip m ent ........................................................................................ 4 .5 4 .8 6.1 6 .2 8 .6 8.1 8 .5 9.1 7.7 8.1 8 .4

M o to r vehicles ..................................................................................................... 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .6 3 .5 3.1 3 .3 3 .6 3.7 3.6 4 .2

A irc ra ft ................................................................................................................... 9 .3 8 .9 11 .9 13.2 16.9 2 2 .6 2 3 .3 2 5 .3 2 0 .0 20 .5 2 4 .8

O th er tran spo rtatio n eq uip m ent ............................................................... 1.1 .6 .7 .7 .9 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.0

Professional and scientific in s tru m e n ts .................................................... 4 .2 4 .5 5 .3 5 .5 6 .7 7.5 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.7 8 .2

Miscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g ....................................................................... .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1

N o n m anufacturing 1 .................................................................................... .6 .7 .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0

G overnm ent .................................................................................................................. 1.8 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 2.2 2 .0 2.0 1.9

F e d e ra l.......................................................................................................................... 3.1 3 .4 3 .6 3 .9 4 .2 4 .3 4 .7 5.4 5.2 5.3 5 .6

S tate ............................................................................................................................. 2 2 2 3 .7 3 .6 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.5

Local ............................................................................................................................. 2 2 2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1

^ T o tal wage and sa lary em p lo ym en t fo r no nm anufacturing excludes agriculture.

H ow ever, scientists and engineers em plo yed in agricultural services, fo restry, and

fisheries (ab o u t 7 0 0 in 19 70) were included in the totals fo r scientists and engineers

used to com pute the percentages.

O

Wage and s a lary data no t available fo r S tate and local governm ents separately

prio r to 1 9 5 5 .

N O T E : Ratios based on em p lo ym en t of scientists and engineers, by sector, to to tal

wage and salary em p lo ym en t by sector. For State and local governm ents, em plo ym ent

other than ed ucatio n, rather than to tal em p lo ym en t, was used to com pute percentages.

Com parable data fo r colleges are no t available.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

9

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Colleges and universities

In 1970, 228,000 scientists and engineers were employed by colleges and 

universities, up from about 50,000 in 1950. Between 1950 and 1970, 

employment in this sector increased at an average annual rate of 7.9 

percent, faster than in any other sector except in nonprofit institutions, 

where employment increased at the same rate. As a result, scientists and 

engineers in colleges and universities increased from 9 percent of all 

scientists and engineers in 1950 to 10 percent in 1960, and to over 14 

percent in 1970. Over three-fifths of the growth of employment of scientists 

and engineers took place over the 1960-70 period. These increases reflected 

both greatly expanded enrollments and degrees in science and 

engineering—especially at the graduate levels—and substantial increases in 

the amount of R&D performed at these institutions. (See table 5 and chart

4.) In addition, employment grew because the estimates for scientists and 

engineers include graduate students working part time as scientists and 

engineers; these workers increased considerably over the 1950-70 period.

The number of scientists and engineers in colleges and universities and 

their associated Federally Funded Research and Development Centers who 

spent the greater proportion of their time in R&D activities increased from 

about 23,000 in 1950 to 75,000 in 1970, an average annual increase of 6.2 

percent. The proportion of scientists and engineers in R&D declined from 

46 percent in 1950 to 33 percent in 1970. The college and university sector 

was the only major sector of the economy in which growth of R&D 

employment was slower than growth of all other science and engineering 

employment.

Nonprofit institutions

Employment of scientists and engineers in nonprofit institutions 

increased from 3,600 in 1950 to 16,400 in 1970, an average increase of 7.9 

percent per year. Employment in this sector reached a high of 17,500 in 

1968, with subsequent declines attributable to reductions in Federal R&D 

funding. Over 80 percent of the scientists and engineers in this sector were 

engaged in R&D—by far the largest proportion among the sectors.

Table 5. Earned degrees in natural sciences and engineering,

1950-70

(In thousands)

Y ear

N atural sciences Engineering

T o tal

Bachelor's

degree

Advanced

degrees T o tal

Bachelor's

degree

Advanced

degrees

1 9 5 0 ................................... 100.1 8 7 .4 15 .4 5 7 .4 5 2 .2 5 .0

1951 ................................... 1 3 6 .3 11 7 .5 18.8 4 6 .8 4 1 .5 5 .3

1 9 5 2 ................................... 114.1 9 6 .3 17.8 3 5 .2 3 0 .5 4 .7

1 9 5 3 ................................... 1 0 1 .4 8 4 .9 16.5 2 8 .3 2 4 .2 4.1

1 9 5 4 ................................... 9 7 .7 8 1 .5 16.2 27.1 2 2 .3 4 .8

1 9 5 5 ................................... 9 7 .3 8 0 .4 16 .9 2 7 .7 2 2 .6 5.1

1 9 5 6 ................................... 1 0 3 .0 86.1 16.9 3 1 .6 2 6 .3 5 .3

1 9 57 ................................... 1 1 3 .9 9 6 .0 17 .9 3 7 .0 3 1 .2 5.8

1 9 5 8 ................................... 124.1 10 4 .6 19.5 4 1 .6 3 5 .2 6 .4

1 9 5 9 ................................... 1 3 3 .2 11 1 .7 2 1 .5 4 5 .5 3 8 .0 7.5

1 9 6 0 ................................... 1 3 7 .6 1 1 4 .7 2 2 .9 4 5 .6 3 7 .7 7.9

1961 ................................... 1 3 9 .0 11 3.7 2 5 .3 4 4 .8 3 5 .7 9.1

1 9 6 2 ................................... 1 4 3 .5 1 1 5 .6 2 7 .9 4 4 .7 3 4 .6 10.1

1 9 6 3 ................................... 1 5 0 .3 11 9 .9 3 0 .4 4 4 .3 3 3 .3 11.0

1 9 6 4 ................................... 1 6 2 .8 12 8.7 34.1 4 7 .5 3 5 .0 12.5

1 9 6 5 ................................... 17 5 .2 13 6 .8 3 8 .4 5 0 .8 3 6 .6 14.2

1 9 6 6 ................................... 18 1 .2 13 8.5 4 2 .7 5 1 .6 3 5 .6 16.0

1 9 6 7 ................................... 19 0 .9 1 4 4 .4 4 6 .5 5 2 .4 3 5 .9 16.5

1 9 68 ................................... 2 2 6 .3 15 5.9 7 0 .4 5 5 .5 3 7 .4 18.1

1 9 6 9 ................................... 2 2 7 .7 1 7 4 .0 5 3 .7 5 9 .9 4 1 .2 17.8

1 9 7 0 ................................... 240.1 184.1 5 6 .0 6 3 .8 4 4 .5 19.3

S O U R C E : O ffice o f E du cation, U .S. D ep artm en t of H e a lth , E du cation, and

W elfare.

Employment growth in this sector is largely attributable to federally funded 

R&D projects carried out by these institutions. Over two-thirds of all R&D 

carried out in this sector in 1970 was financed by the Federal Government.3

^ N a tio n a l P a tte rn o f R & D R e so u rce s, 1 9 5 3 -1 9 7 2 , NSF 72-300 (National Science

Foundation, 1971), table B-l.

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Employment by Occupation

Engineers outnumbered scientists by more than 2 to 1 in 1970. Of the 

estimated 1.6 million scientists and engineers employed in 1970, about 1.1 

million (69 percent) were engineers and almost 500,000 (31 percent) were 

scientists. (See table 6.)

The mix between engineers and scientists, however, varied widely by 

industry. In colleges and universities, for example, there were four scientists 

for every engineer in 1970. In manufacturing, there were four engineers for 

every scientist. However, scientists outnumbered engineers in the chemicals 

industry.

Over the 1950-70 period, employment of scientists increased by 234 

percent, or at an average annual rate of 6.2 percent, while employment of 

engineers increased by 169 percent, or by 5.1 percent ayear.(See chart 5.) 

The faster growth recorded for scientists reflected their greater 

concentration in R&D activities and faster than average growth in those 

industries and sectors that employ relatively more scientists than engineers; 

for example, colleges and universities.

Engineers

Engineering employment more than doubled between 1950 and 1970, 

from 408,000 to 1,098,000, representing an average annual growth of 5.1 

percent. Growth was significantly faster between 1950 and 1960 (7.0 

percent a year) than between 1960 and 1970 (3.3 percent a year). 

Employment growth slowed significantly between 1965 and 1970, averaging 

only 2.6 percent a year. However, the effects on engineering employment of 

the winding down of the Vietnam conflict and of cutbacks in R&D were not 

yet fully reflected in the 1970 estimates since the annual estimates refer to 

January or “early-in-year” employment. (See appendix B.)

Manufacturing industries employed about 53 percent of all engineers in 

1970 (586,000), and employment of engineers in these industries increased

Table 6. Components of science and engineering employment, 1950-70

Y ear N um ber (in thousands) Percent

T o tal Engineers Scientists T o tal Engineers Scientists

1 9 5 0 ................................... 5 5 6 .7 4 0 8 .0 14 8.7 1 0 0 .0 7 3 .3 2 6 .7

1951 ................................... 6 1 1 .8 4 5 0 .6 16 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 73 .7 2 6 .3

1 9 5 2 ................................... 6 8 5 .9 5 0 7 .5 17 8 .4 1 0 0 .0 7 4 .0 2 6 .0

1 9 5 3 ................................... 7 4 8 .7 5 5 6 .2 1 9 2 .5 1 0 0 .0 7 4 .3 2 5 .7

1 9 5 4 ................................... 7 8 3 .7 5 8 1 .2 2 0 2 .6 10 0 .0 74 .2 2 5 .8

1 9 55 ................................... 8 1 2 .6 6 0 1 .4 2 1 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 74 .0 2 6 .0

1 9 5 6 ................................... 8 7 3 .7 6 4 6 .4 2 2 7 .3 1 0 0 .0 7 4 .0 2 6 .0

19 57 ................................... 9 5 8 .9 7 0 7 .9 2 5 1 .0 1 0 0 .0 73.8 2 6 .2

1 9 5 8 ................................... 1 ,0 0 1 .2 7 3 0 .3 2 7 0 .9 10 0 .0 72.9 27.1

1 9 5 9 ................................... 1 ,0 5 7 .9 7 6 8 .0 2 8 9 .9 1 0 0 .0 72 .6 2 7 .4

1 9 6 0 ................................... 1 ,1 0 4 .0 801.1 3 0 2 .9 10 0 .0 72.6 2 7 .4

1961 ................................... 1 ,1 5 1 .5 8 3 3 .3 3 1 8 .2 10 0 .0 72 .4 2 7 .6

1 9 6 2 ................................... 1 ,2 1 0 .3 8 7 3 .2 33 7.1 1 0 0 .0 72.1 2 7 .9

1 9 6 3 ................................... 1 ,2 8 0 .8 9 2 2 .7 358.1 1 0 0 .0 7 2 .0 2 8 .0

1 9 6 4 ................................... 1 ,3 2 7 .0 9 4 5 .5 3 8 1 .5 10 0 .0 71 .3 2 8 .7

1 9 6 5 ................................... 1 ,3 6 6 .3 9 6 9 .8 3 6 9 .4 1 0 0 .0 71 .0 2 9 .0

1 9 6 6 ................................... 1 ,4 1 7 .5 9 9 9 .6 4 1 7 .9 1 0 0 .0 70.5 2 9 .5

1 9 67 ................................... 1 ,4 7 6 .7 1 ,0 3 7 .7 4 3 9 .0 10 0 .0 70.3 2 9 .7

1 9 68 ................................... 1 ,5 2 5 .0 1 ,0 6 2 .4 4 6 2 .6 10 0 .0 6 9 .7 3 0 .3

1 9 6 9 ................................... 1 ,5 6 7 .7 1 ,0 8 5 .0 4 8 2 .7 10 0 .0 6 9 .2 3 0 .8

1 9 7 0 ................................... 1 ,5 9 4 .7 1 ,0 9 8 .2 4 9 6 .5 10 0 .0 68 .9 31.1

N O T E : Detail m ay not add to totals because of rounding.

S O U R C E : Bureau of Labor Statistics.

at an average rate of 5.7 percent between 1950 and 1970—faster than the 

rate of growth of the entire economy. Growth was much faster between 

1950 and 1960 (8.6 percent per year) than between 1960 and 1970 (2.9

11

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Chart 5. GROWTH IN SCIENCE AND 

ENGINEERING EMPLOYMENT, BY OCCUPATION, 

____________ I 1950-70

All scientists and engineers

I

Engineers

Scientists

I

Chemists

Physicists

Geologists and geophysicists

I

Other physical scientists

I

 Source:

Bureau o f Labor Statistics

Agricultural scientists

Z_......... 1

Biological scientists

Medical scientists

1

Mathematicians

1 1 1 1 1

0 100 200 300 400 500

Percent

percent a year). Between 1950 and 1960, increased employment of 

engineers in manufacturing accounted for about 63 percent of the total 

increase in engineering employment in the economy. However, between 

1960 and 1970, manufacturing only accounted for about half of the total 

growth. The relatively slow growth in the latter part of the 1960’s primarily 

reflected cutbacks associated with the Vietnam conflict and reduced space 

exploration activities. Between 1969 and 1970, for example, employment 

of engineers in industries heavily involved in these activities—ordnance, 

aircraft, and fabricated metals-declined by over 15,000.

Nonmanufacturing industries employed almost 312,000 engineers in 

1970, or over 28 percent of the Nation’s total. Between 1950 and 1970, 

employment of engineers in these industries increased at an average annual 

rate of 4.6 percent, a slower rate of growth than in manufacturing or in the 

economy as a whole. However, growth was more consistent than in 

manufacturing; over the 1950’s engineering employment in nonmanufacturing showed an average annual increase of 5.7 percent, and over the 

1960’s 3.5 percent. Two industries—engineering and architectural service 

firms, and miscellaneous business services—employed slightly under half of 

the engineers in nonmanufacturing in 1970, and accounted for slightly over 

half of the growth in this sector. Within nonmanufacturing, only the 

railroad industry showed a consistent downward trend in engineering 

employment.

Employment of engineers in government increased by over 77,000 

between 1950 and 1970, from 75,400 to 152,700. This represents a slower 

than average rate of growth (3.6 percent per year), and the proportion of 

engineers employed by government declined from 18.5 percent in 1950 to 

13.9 percent in 1970. About two-thirds of the employment growth took 

place in the Federal Government.

Nonprofit organizations and college and universities showed aboveaverage rates of growth. Employment of engineers in colleges and 

universities increased by more than 30,000, representing an average rate of 

growth of 6.8 percent a year. In nonprofit organizations, engineering 

employment climbed from 1,100 in 1950 to 5,700 in 1970, or by 8.6 

percent a year.

Approximately 342,000 engineers—31 percent of all engineers—were 

engaged in R&D in 1970. In 1950, only 94,000 engineers—23 percent of the 

total—were in R&D. Thus, engineers engaged in R&D increased at a faster 

average annual rate (6.7 percent) than did total engineering employment 

(5.1 percent). Growth was about three times faster between 1950 and 1960 

(average annual increase of 10.2 percent) than between 1960 and 1970

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(average annual increase of 3.2 percent). Between 1965 and 1970, 

employment of R&D engineers showed an average increase of less then 1 

percent per year. The number of engineers in R&D increased every year 

from 1950 to 1968. Between 1968 and 1970, however, employment 

dropped by over 17,000, primarily reflecting cutbacks in defense-related 

activities. (See chart 6.)

Scientists

Scientists numbered 496,000 in 1970, an increase of 234 percent over 

1950, representing an average annual increase of 6.3 percent. Over the 

1950-60 period, employment grew on the average by 7.4 percent per year; 

over the 1960’s employment grew by 5.1 percent per year. Rapid increases 

in college and university employment of scientists explain in large part why 

scientific employment increased at a faster rate than engineering 

employment. Excluding colleges and universities, scientific employment 

grew at an average annual rate of 5.3 percent over the 1950-70 period, only 

slightly faster than the 5.1 percent recorded for engineers.

Almost two-fifths of all scientists employed in 1970 were in colleges and 

universities. Employment of scientists in this sector increased from 39)00 in 

1950 (29 percent of all scientists) to 186,500 in 1970, an average annual 

increase of 8.1 percent—substantially above the average for the entire 

economy. Over two-fifths of the total growth in scientific employment over 

1950-70 period took place in colleges and universities.

Manufacturing industries accounted for about 27 percent of the increase 

in scientific employment, with the chemicals industry contributing over 

two-fifths of this growth. Large increases also occurred in the Federal 

Government and miscellaneous business services.

Employment of scientists primarily engaged in research and development 

peaked at 195,700 in 1967, up from 63,600 in 1950. In 1970, 194,000 

scientists were engaged in R&D activities. Declines between 1967 and 1970 

occurred in colleges and universities, manufacturing, the Federal 

Government, and nonprofit organizations. R&D employment in nonmanufacturing increased somewhat. Despite the rapid growth in numbers the 

proportion of scientists primarily engaged in R&D declined from 43 percent 

in 1950 to 39 percent in 1970. However, over the 1950-70 period, about 37

Chart 6. CONTRIBUTION OF 

R&D EMPLOYMENT TO 

GROWTH OF ENGINEERING 

EMPLOYMENT, 1951-70

Percent

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1951 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

N ote: E m p lo y m en t o f engineers in R & D declined in 1 9 6 9 and 19 70. Thus. R & D em p lo ym en t m ade no

co n trib u tio n to to ta l engineering em p lo ym en t grow th in those years.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

13

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percent of the growth in employment of scientists can be attributed to 

increasing R&D activities, primarily resulting from increased Federal funds. 

The amount of growth attributable to R&D varied from year to year, 

however. (See chart 7.) About three-fifths of all scientists in R&D in 1970 

were employed in only three areas—colleges and universities (29.8 percent), 

the chemicals industry (16.9 percent), and the Federal Government (12.8 

percent). Other industries employing significant proportions of R&D 

scientists in 1970 were miscellaneous business services (8.7 percent), 

electrical equipment (4.2 percent), aircraft and parts (2.5 percent), and 

ordnance (2.1 percent).

Chemists constitute the largest natural science occupation, 133,000, or 

more than one-fourth of all scientists in 1970. (See tables 7 and 8.) 

Employment of chemists, however, grew more slowly (4.8 percent per year) 

than the average for all scientists combined. About 70 percent of all 

chemists were in the private sector of the economy, with almost half of 

these in the chemicals industry.

Geologists and geophysicists represent the smallest scientific occupation 

for which separate estimates were developed. This occupation also showed 

the slowest overall rate of growth over the 1950-70 period, increasing from

13.000 in 1950 to 30,600 in 1970, an average growth of 4.4 percent a year. 

Over 40 percent of all geologists and geophysicists were concentrated in the 

mining industry. Another 30 percent were in colleges and universities in 

1970, where employment of these scientists increased at an average annual 

rate of 10.7 percent between 1950 and 1970.

Medical scientists showed the fastest growth of any scientific 

occupation—9.4 percent a year, increasing from almost 9,000 in 1950 to

53.000 in 1970. As a proportion of total scientists, medical scientists 

increased from 5.9 percent in 1950 to 10.7 percent in 1970. Colleges and 

universities accounted for nearly 80 percent of this growth and employed 

almost three-fourths of all medical scientists in 1970. Within manufacturing, 

only the chemicals industry employed significant numbers of these scientists 

(4,100). About 10 percent, or 5,500, were employed in government.

Chart 7. CONTRIBUTION OF 

R&D EMPLOYMENT TO GROWTH 

OF SCIENCE EMPLOYMENT, 

1951-70

Percent

1001—

A ll other grow th

Note: E m p lo y m en t o f scientists in R & D declined in 1 9 6 8 and 19 6 9 . Thus, R & D e m p lo ym en t m ade no

co n trib u tio n to to ta l e m p lo ym en t grow th in those years.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

14

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Table 7. Estimated employment of scientists, by occupational group, 1950-70

(In thousands)

Year

A ll

scientists

Physical scientists

M a th e ­

maticians

Life scientists

T o tal Chemists Physicists

Geologists

and geophysicists O th er To tal

A g ricu lturalB io ­

logical Medical

1 9 5 0 ......................................................... 14 8.7 89.1 5 1 .9 14 .0 13.0 10.2 13 .8 4 5 .6 16 .9 19.9 8 .8

1951 ......................................................... 16 1.2 9 7 .6 5 6 .8 15 .2 13 .3 12.3 14.7 4 8 .9 18 .2 2 1 .2 9.5

1 9 5 2 ......................................................... 17 8.4 1 0 8 .6 6 2 .9 16 .7 13.8 15 .2 16.1 5 3 .7 2 0 .4 2 3 .0 10 .3

1 9 5 3 ......................................................... 192.5 1 1 8 .3 6 7 .9 1 8 .0 1 5 .5 16.9 17.7 5 6 .6 2 1 .5 24.1 1 1 .0

1 9 5 4 ......................................................... 2 0 2 .6 12 4.2 7 1 .6 19.1 16.1 1 7 .4 19.5 5 8 .9 2 1 .7 2 5 .5 11.7

1 9 5 5 ......................................................... 211.1 12 8 .3 73 .9 19 .9 17.1 17.4 21.1 6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 7 .3 12 .3

1 9 5 6 ......................................................... 2 2 7 .3 1 3 7 .0 7 9 .2 2 1 .4 17.9 18.5 23.1 6 7 .3 2 3 .7 2 9 .9 13.7

19 57 ......................................................... 2 5 1 .0 1 4 8 .4 8 4 .5 2 3 .7 19 .6 2 0 .6 26.1 7 6 .7 2 5 .6 3 4 .8 16 .3

1 9 5 8 ......................................................... 2 7 0 .9 15 7 .4 9 0 .6 26.1 20.1 2 0 .6 2 8 .5 8 4 .9 2 7 .3 3 9 .0 18.6

1 9 5 9 ......................................................... 2 8 9 .9 16 6 .2 9 5 .4 2 8 .6 2 0 .9 2 1 .3 3 1 .7 9 2 .0 2 9 .5 4 2 .5 2 0 .0

1 9 6 0 ......................................................... 3 0 2 .9 1 7 2 .0 9 9 .7 2 9 .8 2 0 .4 22.1 3 4 .2 9 6 .7 3 0 .4 4 4 .3 2 1 .5

1961 ......................................................... 3 1 8 .2 1 7 8 .8 10 2 .8 3 1 .6 2 0 .6 2 3 .8 3 6 .3 1 0 3 .3 3 2 .3 4 6 .9 24.1

1 9 62 ......................................................... 337.1 18 6 .0 1 0 6 .8 3 3 .9 21.1 2 4 .2 3 9 .8 1 1 1 .5 3 5 .3 4 9 .0 27 .2

1 9 6 3 ......................................................... 358.1 194.1 1 1 0 .0 3 6 .3 2 2 .5 2 5 .3 4 3 .6 1 2 0 .3 3 8 .5 5 1 .3 3 0 .5

1 9 6 4 ......................................................... 3 8 1 .5 2 0 3 .7 1 1 5 .0 3 9 .0 2 3 .4 2 6 .3 4 7 .2 1 3 0 .5 4 1 .5 5 4 .4 3 4 .6

1 9 65 ......................................................... 3 9 6 .4 2 0 9 .2 11 6 .7 3 9 .9 2 5 .5 27.1 5 0 .3 1 3 6 .9 44.1 5 5 .6 3 7 .2

1 9 6 6 ......................................................... 4 1 7 .9 217.1 1 1 9 .6 42.1 2 6 .2 29.1 5 3 .9 1 4 7 .0 4 6 .9 5 6 .9 4 3 .2

19 67 ......................................................... 4 3 9 .0 2 2 5 .8 1 2 2 .8 4 4 .4 2 8 .4 3 0 .2 6 1 .9 151.1 4 6 .5 6 2 .6 4 2 .0

1 9 68 ......................................................... 4 6 2 .6 236.1 1 2 7 .3 4 6 .2 2 9 .0 3 3 .6 67.1 1 5 9 .4 4 7 .2 6 5 .8 4 6 .4

1 9 6 9 ......................................................... 4 8 2 .7 2 4 3 .8 1 3 1 .0 4 8 .4 2 9 .4 3 5 .0 7 3 .0 16 5 .9 4 7 .5 6 7 .7 50 .7

1 9 7 0 .......................................................... 4 9 6 .5 2 4 8 .8 1 3 2 .9 49.1 3 0 .6 3 6 .2 7 4 .3 1 7 3 .4 4 9 .3 71.1 5 3 .0

N O T E : Detail m ay not add to totals because of rounding. S O U R C E : Bureau o f Labor Statistics.

Employment of mathematicians grew much faster than the average for all 

scientists, increasing from almost 14,000 in 1950 to 74,300 in 1970-an 

average annual increase of 8.8 percent. Although mathematicians are 

employed in nearly every industry, about 40 percent of the growth took 

place in colleges and universities, which employed about 40 percent of these 

workers in 1970. Within manufacturing, significant numbers were in 

ordnance, chemicals, machinery (including computer manufacturing), 

electrical equipment, and aircraft and parts industries.

The number of employed physicists grew at an average annual rate of 6.5 

percent between 1950 and 1970, from 14,000 to 49,100. Almost 44

percent of all physicists were in colleges and universities in 1970, and 

growth in this sector accounted for about 45 percent of total growth in this 

occupation. Significant increases also occurred in industries manufacturing 

ordnance, chemicals, electrical equipment, aircraft and parts, and 

instruments. Employment of physicists in nonmanufacturing increased 

almost 4 times over the 1950-70 period, primarily in miscellaneous business 

and engineering and architectural services.

Employment of agricultural scientists grew at a slower than average 

rate—5.5 percent per year. These occupations were heavily concentrated in 

government and colleges and universities. In 1970, the Federal Government

15

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Table 8. Percent distribution of scientists, by occupational group, 1950-70

Y ear

All

scientists

Physical scientists

M a th e ­

m aticians

L ife scientists

Total Chemists Physicists

Geologists

and geophysicists O th er T o ta l

A g ricu ltural

B io ­

logical Medical

1 9 5 0 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 59 .9 3 4 .9 9 .4 8 .7 6 .9 9 .3 3 0 .7 1 1 .4 1 3 .4 5.9

1951 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 6 0 .5 3 5 .2 9 .4 8 .3 7.6 9.1 3 0 .3 1 1 .3 13.2 5.9

1 9 5 2 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 6 0 .9 3 5 .3 9 .4 7.7 8 .5 9 .0 30.1 11 .4 1 2 .9 5.8

1 9 5 3 .......................................................... 10 0 .0 6 1 .5 3 5 .3 9 .4 8.1 8 .8 9 .2 2 9 .4 11 .2 12 .5 5.7

1 9 5 4 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 6 1 .3 3 5 .3 9 .4 7.9 8 .6 9 .6 2 9 .0 10 .7 12 .6 5.8

1 9 5 5 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 6 0 .8 3 5 .0 9 .4 8.1 8 .2 1 0 .0 2 9 .3 10 .5 12.9 5.8

1 9 5 6 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 6 0 .3 3 4 .8 9 .4 7.9 8.1 10 .2 2 9 .6 10 .4 13 .2 6 .0

19 57 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 59.1 3 3 .7 9 .4 7.8 8.2 10 .4 3 0 .5 1 0 .2 13.9 6 .5

1 9 5 8 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 58.1 3 3 .4 9 .6 7.4 7.6 10 .5 3 1 .3 10.1 14 .4 6 .9

1 9 5 9 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 7 .3 3 2 .9 9 .9 7.2 7.3 10.9 3 1 .7 10 .2 14.7 6.9

1 9 6 0 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 56 .8 3 2 .9 9 .8 6 .7 7 .3 11.2 3 1 .9 1 0 .0 14 .8 7.1

1961 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 56 .2 3 2 .3 9 .9 6 .5 7.5 1 1 .4 3 2 .5 1 0 .2 14.7 7.6

1 9 6 2 .......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 55 .2 3 1 .7 1 0 .0 6 .3 7.2 11.8 33.1 10.5 14 .5 8.1

1 9 6 3 ......................................................... 10 0 .0 54 .2 3 0 .7 10.1 6 .3 7.1 12.2 3 3 .6 10.8 1 4 .3 8 .5

1 9 6 4 ................... ...................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 3 .4 30.1 10.2 6.1 6.9 12 .4 3 4 .2 10.9 14 .3 9.1

1 9 6 5 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 52 .8 2 9 .4 10.1 6 .4 6.8 12.7 3 4 .5 11.1 14 .0 9 .4

1 9 6 6 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 2 .0 2 8 .6 10.1 6 .3 7.0 12 .9 3 5 .2 11 .2 13 .6 10 .4

1 9 67 ......................................................... 10 0 .0 5 1 .4 2 8 .0 10.1 6 .5 6 .9 14.1 3 4 .4 10 .6 14 .3 9 .6

1 9 6 8 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 1 .0 2 7 .5 10 .0 6 .3 7.3 14.5 3 4 .5 1 0 .2 14 .2 1 0 .0

1 9 6 9 ......................................................... 10 0 .0 50 .5 27.1 10 .0 6.1 7 .3 15.1 3 4 .4 9 .8 14 .0 10 .5

1 9 7 0 ......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 50.1 2 6 .8 9 .9 6 .2 7 .3 15 .0 3 4 .9 9 .9 1 4 .3 10.7

N O T E : D etail may not add to totals because of rounding. S O U R C E : Bureau o f Labor Statistics.

employed over 31 percent of these workers, while almost 16 percent were 

employed in State and local governments. Over 40 percent were in colleges 

and universities. Governments and colleges and universities accounted for 

almost 90 percent of the growth over the 1950-70 period. The rate of 

growth, however, was significantly faster in colleges and universities than in 

government.

Biological scientists made up the largest of the life science occupations 

and the third largest group of scientists after chemists and mathematicians. 

Employment of biologists grew at a slightly faster rate than the average for

all scientists (6.6 percent per year), reaching 71,000 in 1970. Over 80 

percent were employed in colleges and universities (55 percent) and 

government agencies (25 percent); these sectors accounted for about 80 

percent of the growth over the period. Employment growth, however, was 

greater in colleges and universities than in government. Employment of 

biological scientists in the chemicals industry increased by more than 2-1/2 

times between 1950 and 1970, when employment reached 6,700. In 

nonprofit organizations, employment of biological scientists increased by 

400 percent, from 600 to 3,000, between 1950 and 1970.

16

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendixes

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix A. Detailed Tables

Page

A- 1. Estimated employment of scientists and

engineers, by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... 20

A- 2. Percent distribution: Estimated employment

of scientists and engineers, by sector, 1950-70 ............................. 22

A- 3. Estimated employment of scientists and engineers 

engaged in research and development, by sector,

1950-70 .............................................................................................. 24

A- 4. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

scientists and engineers engaged in research and 

development, by sector, 1950-70 ..................................................... 26

A- 5. Percent of scientists and engineers engaged in

research and development, by sector, 1950-70 ............................. 28

A- 6. Estimated employment of engineers, by sector,

1950-70 .............................................................................................. 30

A- 7. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of

engineers, by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... 32

A- 8. Estimated employment of engineers engaged in

research and development, by sector, 1950-70 ............................. 34

A- 9. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

engineers engaged in research and development, 

by sector, 1950-70 ............................................

Page

A-10. Percent of engineers engaged in research and

development, by sector, 1950-70 ..................................................... 38

A-l 1. Estimated employment of scientists, by sector,

1950-70 .............................................................................................. 40

A-12. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of

scientists, by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... 42

A-l 3. Estimated employment of scientists engaged in

research and development, by sector, 1950-70 ............................. 44

A-14. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

scientists engaged in research and development, 

by sector, 1950-70 ............................................................................ 46

A-l5. Percent of scientists engaged in research and

development, by sector, 1950-70 ..................................................... 48

A-l 6. Estimated employment of chemists, by sector,

1950-70 .............................................................................................. 50

A-l7. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of

chemists, by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... 52

A-18. Estimated employment of physicists, by sector,

1950-70 ...............................................................................................54

A-19. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

36 physicists, by sector, 1950-70 .......................

18

56

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Detailed Tables—Continued

Page Page

A-20. Estimated employment of geologists and geophysicists, 

by sector, 1950-70 .................................................................... . . . 58

A-26. Estimated employment of agricultural scientists, 

by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... .............. 70

A-21. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

geologists and geophysicists, by sector, 1950-70 ................. . . . 60

A-21. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

agricultural scientists, by sector, 1950-70 ..................................... 72

A-22. Estimated employment of other physical scientists, 

by sector, 1950-70 ................................................................... . . . 62

A-28. Estimated employment of biological scientists, 

by sector, 1950-70 .......................................................... .............. 74

A-23. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of other 

physical scientists, by sector, 1950-70 ................................... . . . 64

A-29. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

biological scientists, by sector, 1950-70 ........................................ 76

A-24. Estimated employment of mathematicians, by sector, 

1950-70 ..................................................................................... . . . 66

A-30. Estimated employment of medical scientists, by 

sector, 1950-70 ................................................................ ................78

A-25. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

mathematicians, by sector, 1950-70 ...................................... . . . 68

A-31. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of 

medical scientists, by sector, 1950-70 ...........................................80

Digitized for FRASER 

19

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-1. Estimated employment of scientists and engineers, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 556.7 611.8 685.9 748.7 783.7 812.6 873.7 958.9 1001.2 1057.9

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 396.3 439.4 500.1 557.5 590.0 610.1 656.3 719.6 743.5 778.3

MANUFACTURING.................................................................................................... 245.2 275.9 326.8 371.0 393.2 399.6 427.3 478.1 496.5 521.4

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 2.1 3*0 ID .4 16.2 16.1 14.8 14.6 18. 1 17.8 29.2

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 9.7 10.6 11.2 11.6 12.1 12.4 12.8 13.1 13.6 14.2

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 5.6 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.6 10.0 10.3

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 39.4 45.3 50.4 56.1 60.2 60.4 63.3 68.6 73.9 74.5

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 8.7 9.5 10.7 11.7 12.5 13.0 13.2 13.3 14.0 14.0

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 6.1 6.6 7.3 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.5 9.0 9.1 9.4

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS...................................................................... 5.4 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.5 8.2 8.6 9.1 9.5

PRIMARY METALS........................................................................................... 15.4 17.6 19.2 20.7 21.3 20.4 22.3 24.9 25.8 26.7

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 15.5 17.7 18.9 20.2 20.4 21.0 22.7 24.0 24.1 24.3

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 33.6 38.0 43.0 45.5 47.4 47.5 49.9 55.9 56.5 59.1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT........................................................................... 44.9 48.5 57.3 66.5 72.6 74.9 82. 1 97.0 107.4 108.7

MOTOR V E H I C L E S . . . . ................................................................................. 17.6 18.5 18.8 19.2 19.7 19.8 20.6 20.5 21.0 21.4

A I RC RA FT............................................................................................................. 17.6 22.4 37.7 50.0 55.7 58.8 65.3 77.7 74.6 78.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.7 4.7

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 10.5 12.0 14.0 15.7 17.0 17.3 18.6 20.5 21.8 24.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.2

NONMANUF ACTURI NG...................................................................................... .. 151.1 163.5 173.3 186.5 196.8 210.5 229.0 241.5 247.0 256.9

PETROLEUM E XTRACTION........................................................................... 14.5 14.5 15.1 17.5 18.7 20.0 21.5 24.0 24.5 24.4

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.8 6.9

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 24.6 29.3 31.4 33.5 33.8 37.3 39.5 41.0 42.1 43.6

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5. 1 5.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.6

telecommunications ................................................................................. 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.6 8.9 8.9 9.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.5 3.8 4 .0 4. 1 4.3 4.4

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 10.7 11.8 11.8 13.5 15.1 16.8 17.3 19.0 20.3 20.8

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S E R V IC E S............................................. 23.1 24.4 25.8 27. 1 28.5 29.8 32.3 34.6 37.3 41.9

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.5 0.6 D . 6 0 . 7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 41.3 45.4 49.3 53.4 57.5 61.3 71.0 74.6 73.2 74.8

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 14.0 14.3 15.0 15.6 16.6 17.3 18.4 18.6 19.3 20.4

government .................................................................................................................. 106.5 119.5 132.1 135.3 132.9 135.7 142.4 151.3 155.4 165.0

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 59.7 70.7 82.2 84.9 79.7 81.5 85.4 90. 1 91.7 97.7

STATE........................................................................................................................... 26.4 27.8 29.5 29.4 31.5 31.5 33.4 35.3 36.7 39.3

LOCAL............................................. ............................................................................ 20.4 21.0 20.4 21.0 21.7 22.7 23.6 25.9 27.0 28.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 50.3 49.2 49.4 51.2 55.8 61.2 69.4 81.5 95.3 106.7

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 3.6 3.7 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.6 5.6 6.5 7.0 7.9

NOTE: DETAIL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

20

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

1104.0 1151.5 1210.3 1280.8 1327.0 1366.3 1417.5 1476.7 1525.0 1567.7 1594.7 . . A L L SECTORS

812.0 842.2 878.3 925.2 946.6 968.0 1004.2 1044.2 1069.8 1100.2 1111.2 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

550.1 577.1 603.0 638.1 643.7 658.3 681.5 714.5 729.6 734.4 733.2 ....MANUFACTURING

34.1 40.6 47.0 52.8 54.6 58.5 59.9 60.9 62.4 63.2 52.7

14.8 15.4 14.9 15.3 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.2

4.2 4.0 4.1 4.3 5.1 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9

3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.8 5.0 5.0

10.9 11.8 12.6 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 14.0 14.6 14.7 15.0

77.3 79.4 83.1 85.0 90. 8 91.8 97.7 99.6 100.2 103.5 107.3

14.6 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.0 13.8 14.7 13.2 12.7 13.2

9.7 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.5 12.2 13.5 14.1 14.5 14.2 15.0

10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.5 10.5 11.2 12.0 11.7 3-2.1 12.3

26.2 30.3 30.3 28.7 27.0 27.1 27.7 29.2 28.5 30.9 29.8

25.2 25.9 26.0 27.0 27.3 28.9 30.2 31.8 29.0 31.2 30.2

62.6 67.2 70.4 75.7 79.9 80.0 81.6 8 8 • 6 91.3 89.8 94.1

118.9 128.5 133.8 146.1 141.0 142.2 146.2 152.5 160.4 158.8 161.8

22.2 22.5 22.8 24.6 27.3 29.6 32.1 32.4 31.8 32.4 33.9

76.3 74. 1 77.9 83.0 8C.9 82.3 83.3 92.8 99.9 98.2 91.8

4.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.4 6.1

26.6 23.5 30.4 31.5 31.2 32.8 34.8 35.8 35.4 35.7 37.5

6.3 6.1 6.3 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.2 6.4

261.9 265.1 275.3 287.1 302.9 309.7 322.7 329.7 340.2 3 6 5 .8 3 7 8 .0 . . . .NONMANUFACTURING

23.3 23.3 22.9 23.8 23.8 24.2 23.9 24.6 25.0 25.8 24.7

6.7 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.6 7.8

45.0 45.5 46.9 48.2 47.4 47.1 51.6 48.1 47.2 53.6 55.2

5.0 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.4

4.7 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.8

9.2 9.4 9.7 9. 8 10.5 11.8 12.1 12.9 15.0 15.7 16.1

4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 5.1 5. 1 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0

21.6 22.9 24.0 24.6 25.3 26.7 27.1 27.0 27.5 28.3 30. 1

44.3 45.7 47.7 53. 1 56.0 55.1 57.0 61.1 65.9 74.5 76.1

1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5

75.6 74.4 77.3 79.7 87.9 89.2 93.0 96.2 97.4 101.9 107.6

21.0 21.7 25.0 26.2 29.7 32.5 34.7 36.0 38.2 41.1 42.7

168.5 176.8 188.6 199.3 207.0 214.8 218.5 221.0 231.9 233.0 238.9 ..GOVERNMENT

97.9 102.2 110.6 120.0 126.4 132.1 134.2 136.0 145.4 146.3 150.4 ....FEDERAL

42.0 44.8 47.4 47.9 48.5 49.7 50.4 51.2 52.8 53.2 54.3 ....STATE

28.6 29.8 30.6 31.4 32.1 33.0 33.7 33.8 33.7 33.5 34.2 ....LOCAL

114.8 122.5 130.9 141.6 158.2 167.8 178.1 194.3 205.8 217.1 228.2 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

8.7 10.0 12.5 14.7 15.2 15.7 16.7 17.2 17.5 17.4 16.4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

21

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-2. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of scientists and engineers, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 71.2 71.8 72.9 74.5 75.3 75.1 75.1 75.0 74.3 73.6

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 44.0 45. 1 47.6 49.6 50.2 49.2 48.9 49.9 49.6 49.3

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.8

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3

TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

lumber and f u r n itu r e ............................................................................ 0.4 0.4 0.4 d.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.0

PETROLEUM R E F I n I n O................................................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS............................... ..................................... 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 2 . 8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 6.0 6.2 6.3 6. 1 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.6

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 8 . 1 7.9 8.4 8.9 9.3 9.2 9.4 10.1 10.7 10.3

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 3 . 2 3 . 0 2 . 7 2 . 6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 3.2 3.7 5.5 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.5 8.1 7.5 7.4

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 1.9 2.0 2.0 2. 1 2.2 2. 1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 27.1 26.7 25.3 24.9 25.1 25.9 26.2 25.2 24.7 24.3

petroleum e x tr a c tio n ........................................................................... 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3

M I N I N G ................................................................................................................... 1.0 0.9 3.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.1

railroads ......................................................................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

other transportation ........................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

telecommunications ................................................................................. 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

radio and t v .................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

public U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 2. 1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

miscellaneous business s e r v ic e s ............................................. 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.0

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V I C ES .......................... 7.4 7.4 7.2 7. 1 7.3 7.5 8.1 7.8 7.3 7.1

other nonmanufacturing ...................................................................... 2.5 2.3 2.2 2. 1 2.1 2. 1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9

government .................................................................................................................. 19.1 19.5 19.3 18.1 17.0 16.7 16.3 15.8 15.5 15.6

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 10.7 11.6 12.0 11.3 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.4 9.2 9.2

STATE........................................................................................................................... 4.7 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 9 . 0 8.0 7.2 6*8 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.5 9.5 10.1

nonprofit in s t it u t io n s ................................................................................. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

NOTE: O E TA IL MAY NOT ADO TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized 

22

for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

73.6 73.1 72.6 72.2 71.3 70.8 70.8 70.7 70.2 70.2 69.7 • ■ PRIVATE INDUSTRY sO

•00

50. 1 49.8 49. 8 48.5 48.2 48.1 48.4 47.8 46.8 46.0 ....MANUFACTURING

3.1 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.2 4. 1 4. 1 4.0 3.3

1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 3.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

7.0 6.9 6.9 6 • 6 6 . 8 6 . 7 6 . 9 6 . 7 6.6 6.6 6.7

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

0.9 0.9 3.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9

0.9 0.9 0.9 0. 8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

2.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9

2.3 2.2 2.1 2. 1 2.1 2. 1 2. 1 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.9

5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.9

10.8 11.2 11.1 11.4 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.1 10.1

2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2. 1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

6.9 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.3 5.8

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4

2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4

0.6 0.5 3.5 0.5 0 .5 0. 5 0.5 0 .4 0.4 0.4 0.4

23.7 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.8 22.7 22.8 22.3 22.3 23.3 23.7 . . . . NONMANUFACTURING

2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.5

0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.8 0.8 3.8 0.B 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 0.4 3.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9

4.0 4.0 3.9 4. 1 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.8

0.1 o .i 3.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

6.8 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.7

1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

15.3 15.4 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.4 15.0 15.2 14.9 15.0 ..GOVERNMENT

8.9 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.4 ....FEDERAL

3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 ••••STATE

2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 • • • • LOCAL

10.4 10.6 13.8 11.1 11.9 12.3 12.6 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.3 .. COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S 00

•

o

0.9 1.0 1. 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

Digitized for FRASER 

23

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-3. Estimated employment of scientists and engineers engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 157.9 175.4 204.9 227.8 243.5 248.8 271.0 308.8 329.7 362.1

private in d u s t r y ................................................................................................. 102.6 115.7 138.7 160.0 173.2 180.4 197.6 227.8 241.5 264.2

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 82.4 93.9 115.1 134.3 145.4 150.6 164.4 190.9 203.0 222.0

ordnance ............................................................................................................. 0.6 0.8 2.9 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.8 7.6 8.1 16.2

FOOD....................................................................................................................... 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.8 0. 9 0 .9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 13.1 15.4 17.3 19.5 21.2 21.9 23.5 26.1 29.4 30.4

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3. 1 3.3 3.3 3.3

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.6

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 3.6 4. 1 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.6 6.0 6. 1 6.2

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 11.4 12.9 14.8 15.7 16.5 16.7 17.6 19.8 20.2 21.2

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT........................................................................... 19.3 20.9 24.9 29. 1 32.1 33.3 36.8 43.8 51.2 55.4

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 5.0 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.1 6.2

AIRC RA FT............................................................................................................ 9.3 12.0 20.6 28. 1 32.0 34.2 39.0 48.2 46.5 49.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 4.9 5.6 6.5 7.3 7.9 8.1 8.7 9.6 10.2 11.2

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 20.2 21.8 23.6 25. 7 27.8 29.8 33.2 36.9 38.5 42.2

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.4 18.1 19.9 21.7 24.7

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER V IC E S.......................... 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.4 6.9 8.3 9.5 9.2 9.8

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 1 . 0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 2 9 . 3 32.9 36.2 35.3 34.9 29.9 32.9 36.6 39.4 45.2

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 27.4 30.9 34.1 33. 1 32.6 27.6 30.4 34.0 36.6 42. 1

state ........................................................................................................................... 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.2

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ........................................................................ 22.9 23.6 26.3 28.6 31.1 33.8 35.7 38.8 42.9 46.0

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.7 4.8 5.6 5.9 6.7

NOTES D E TA IL MAY MOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

24

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 sector

386.1 409.5 441.9 475.7 497.9 513.2 526.3 554.0 552.8 549.0 535.4 . . A L L SECTORS

282.4 296.8 313.8 343.2 351.1 359.9 369.9 384.2 386.5 387.3 372.2 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

237.9 250.7 270.1 290.3 296.8 300.5 306.9 317.6 317.7 316.5 298.4 ....MANUFACTURING

19.2 23.2 27.2 31.0 33.2 35.3 37.4 36.9 34.0 34.3 26.2

4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5

1.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.1

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0. 5 0.6 0.7 1.0

4.0 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.7 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.9 5. 1

32.4 34.0 36.9 39. 1 40.7 41.9 43.0 43.9 43.0 43.6 44.9

3.3 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5

3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5

2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.5

4.9 5.5 5.1 4.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.5

6.5 6.7 6.8 7. 1 7.1 7.3 7.4 8.7 8.5 9.1 9.4

22.6 24.4 26.4 29.0 31.0 31.7 32.3 33.4 34.3 33.2 31.6

62.1 66.5 73.8 82.4 79.4 78.1 80.2 82.3 81.9 80.8 78.7

6.4 6.4 6.6 6.9 7.7 8.5 9.3 9.7 9.9 10.1 9.9

48.5 47.4 50.3 53.8 52.8 52.9 53.0 57.8 60.3 59.3 50.5

1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0

12.5 14.0 13.6 12.5 14.9 14.9 14.8 15.2 15.6 15.2 14.9

2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6

44.5 46.1 48.7 52.9 54.3 59.4 63.0 6 6 . 6 6 8 . 8 7 1 . 3 7 3 .8 . . . .NONMANUFACTURING

3.0 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.5

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.8

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4

0.4 0 .4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6

26.6 27.9 29.8 34.2 34.5 38.9 42.3 43.7 45.2 46.7 47. 9

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4

10.2 10.4 10.6 10.2 10.8 10.4 9.6 10.7 10.9 10.4 10.8

1.9 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.6

48.1 51.8 57.3 60.6 71.4 75.5 76.8 78.3 76.4 73.5 73.8 ..GOVERNMENT

44.7 48.0 53.1 56.4 67.2 71.2 72.3 74.5 72.4 69.4 69.6 . . . .FEDERAL

2.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 ....STATE

0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 ....LOCAL

48.6 52.4 55.2 59.3 62.5 64.5 65.6 77.1 75.3 73.1 75.7 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

7.3 8.5 10.6 12.6 12.9 13.3 14.0 IA.4 14.6 14.6 13.7 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

25

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-4. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of scientists and engineers in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 65.0 66.0 67.7 70.2 71.1 72.5 72.9 73.8 73.2 73.0

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 52.2 53.5 56.2 59.0 59.7 60.5 6 0 .7 61.8 61 .6 61.3

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.4 0.5 1.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.5 2.5 4.5

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1

TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E........................................................................... D.l 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 8.3 8. 8 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.9 8.4

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9

rubber ................................................................................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1. 1 1.0 0.9

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

primary metals ............................................................................................ 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7

MACHINERY............ ............................................................................................. 7 . 2 7 . 4 7 . 2 6.9 6.8 - 6 . 7 6.5 6.4 6.1 5.9

electrical equipment ........................................................................... 12.2 11.9 12.2 12.8 13.2 13.4 13.6 14.2 15.5 15.3

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.7

A IR CR AFT............................................................................................................. 5.9 6.8 10.1 12.3 13.1 13.7 14.4 15.6 14.1 13.6

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 1 2 . 8 1 2 . 4 11.5 11.3 11.4 12.0 12.3 11.9 11.7 11.7

PETROLEUM E XT RACT ION........................................................................... 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. D . l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.1

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S E R V I C ES ............................................. 7.3 7.1 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.6 6.8

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.1 0 . 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S......................... 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.7

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0 .6 0.5 0.5 0.5

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 18.6 18.8 17.7 15.5 14.3 12.0 12.1 11.9 12.0 12.5

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 17.4 17.6 16.6 14.5 13.4 11.1 11.2 11.0 11.1 11.6

state ........................................................................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 14.5 13.5 12.8 12.6 12.8 13.6 13.2 12.6 13.0 12.7

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

26

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

73.1 72.5 72.1 72.1 70.5 70. 1 70.3 69.4 69.9 70.6 69.5 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

61.6 61.2 61.1 61.0 59.6 58.6 58.3 57.3 57.5 57.7 55.7 ....MANUFACTURING

5.0 5.7 6.2 6. 5 6.7 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.2 4.9

1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.2

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

8.4 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.4

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8

5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.9

16.1 16.2 16.7 17.3 15.9 15.2 15.2 14.9 14.8 14.7 14.7

1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

12.6 11.6 11.4 11.3 10.6 10.3 10. 1 10.4 10.9 10.8 9.4

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

3.2 3.4 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

11.5 11.3 11.0 11. 1 10.9 11. 6 12. 0 12.0 12.4 13.0 13.8 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.8

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0. 1 0.1 0.2

0.2 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

6.9 6.8 6.7 7.2 6.9 7.6 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

2.6 2.5 2.4 2. 1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7

12.5 12.6 13.0 12.7 14.3 14.7 14.6 14.1 13.8 13.4 13 .8 ..GOVERNMENT

11.6 11.7 12.0 11.9 13.5 13.9 13.7 13.4 13.1 12.6 13.0 ....FEDERAL

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ....STATE

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ....LOCAL

12.6 12.8 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.5 13.9 13.6 13.3 14.1 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.9 2. 1 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

27

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-5. Percent of.scientists and engineers engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS............................................................................................................... 28.4 28.7 29.9 30.4 31.1 30.6 31.0 32.2 32.9 34.2

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 25.9 26.3 27.7 28.7 29.4 29.6 30.1 31.7 32.5 33.9

MANUFACTURING.................................................................................................... 33.6 34.0 35.2 36.2 37.0 37.7 38.5 39.9 40.9 42.6

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 2 8 . 6 2 6 . 7 2 7 . 9 29.0 29.8 31.8 32.9 42.0 45.5 55.5

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 25.8 26.4 25.9 26.7 26.4 26.6 26.6 27.5 27.2 27.5

T EX TI L ES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 22.6 23.5 22.9 25.0 25.0 23.7 26.3 25.6 25.6 25.0

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E........................................................................... 9.1 8.0 7.7 7 .4 11.1 11.1 10.3 9.7 12.9 12.5

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 39.3 37.5 37.7 36.5 36.4 36.1 36.7 35.4 36.0 36.9

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 33.2 34.0 34.3 34.8 35.2 36.3 37.1 38.0 39.8 40.8

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.4 21.6 22.3 22.0 21.8 22.1 22.1

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 39.3 39.4 38.4 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 36.7 36.3 35.1

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS...................................................................... 18.5 20.0 21.9 21.7 22.5 22.7 24.4 25.6 25.3 26.3

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 13.0 13.1 13.5 13.5 13.6 14.2 15.2 16.1 16.7 17.2

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 23.2 23.2 23.3 ■>' 3 . 8 24.0 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.5

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 3 3 . 9 3 3 . 9 34.4 34.5 34.8 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.8 35.9

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 43.0 43. 1 43.5 43.8 44.2 44.5 44.8 45.2 47.7 51.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 28.4 29.2 28.7 28.6 28.9 28.8 28.6 28.3 29.0 29.0

A I RC RA FT ............................................................................................................ 52.8 53.6 54.6 56.2 57.5 58.2 59.7 62.0 62.3 62.9

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 28.6 32.1 31.3 29.7 30.6 30.3 29.7 30.2 29.8 29.8

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 46.7 46.7 46.4 46.5 46.5 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.7

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 32.7 31.4 32.1 33.3 32.7 33.9 34.5 33.3 34.4 33.9

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 13.4 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.2 14.5 15.3 15.6 16.4

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 14.5 14.5 14.6 14.3 13.9 14.0 13.5 13.3 13.1 13.1

M I N I N G ................................................................................................................. 8.6 8.6 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.2 9.4 8.8 8.7

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1

railroads .......................................................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.9 10.3 10.0 9.8 9.5 9.3 8.7

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s * .................................................................................... 2.8 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.9

MISCELLANEOUS business s e r v ic e s ............................................. 50.2 51.2 51.9 53.1 54.0 55.0 56.0 57.5 58.2 58.9

medical and dental laboratories ............................................. 20.0 16.7 16.7 14.3 12.5 12.5 11.1 11.1 11.1 10.0

ENGINEERING and architectural s e r v ic e s .......................... 9.2 9.7 10.3 10.7 11*1 11.3 11.7 12.7 12.6 13.1

other nonmanufacturing ...................................................................... 7.1 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.2 3.6 8.8 8.8

government .................................................................................................................. 27.5 27.5 27.4 26.1 26.3 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.4 27.4

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 4 5 . 9 43.7 41.5 39.0 40.9 33.9 35.6 37.7 39.9 43.1

state ........................................................................................................................... 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.6

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.2

COLLEGES and u n iv e r s it ie s ......................................................................... 45.5 48.0 53.2 55.9 55.7 55.2 51.4 47.6 45.0 43.1

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 86.1 86.5 86.0 83.0 86.0 83.9 85.7 86.2 84.3 84.8

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

28

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
\ I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

35.0 35.6 36.5 37.1 37.5 37.6 37.1 37.5 36.2 35.0 33.6 . . A L L SECTORS

34.8 35.2 36.3 37.1 37.1 37.2 36.8 36.8 36.1 35.2 33.5 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

43.2 43.4 44.8 45.5 46.1 45.6 45.0 44.5 43.5 43.1 40.7 ....MANUFACTURING

56.3 57.1 57.9 58.7 60.8 60.3 62.4 60.6 54.5 54.3 49.7

27.7 27.3 27.5 26.8 31.9 30.5 28.6 28.6 29.2 29.3 29.6

26.2 25.0 26.8 34.9 27.5 29.3 30.2 32.1 29.3 32.8 35.6

12.1 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.4 13.5 12.5 11.6 12.5 14.0 20.0

36.7 35.6 34.1 33.3 34.4 36.2 37.6 34.3 32.2 33.3 34.0

41.9 42.8 44.4 46.0 44.8 45.6 44*0 44.1 42.9 42.1 41.8

22.6 22.5 24.3 25.3 25.7 25.4 26.1 23.8 25.8 26.0 26.5

35.1 33.3 33.0 31.5 31.3 32.8 31. 1 29.8 30.3 31.0 30.0

28.0 28.4 29.5 29.9 31.4 30.5 27.7 27.5 29.9 29.8 28.5

17.4 18.2 16.8 16.4 19.3 16.6 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.6 15.1

25.8 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.0 25.3 24.5 27.4 29.3 29.2 31.1

36.1 36.3 37.5 38.3 38.8 39.6 39.6 37.7 37.6 37.0 33.6

52.2 51.8 55.2 56.4 56.3 54.9 54.9 54.0 51.1 50.9 48.6

28.8 28.4 28.9 28.0 28.2 28.7 29.0 29.9 31.1 31.2 29.2

63.6 64.0 64.6 64.8 65.3 64.3 63.6 62.3 60.4 60.4 55.0

30.6 25.0 27.1 26.0 28.6 28.8 27.3 27. 1 31.0 37.0 32.8

47.0 49.1 44.7 39.7 47.8 45.4 42.5 42.5 44.1 42.6 39.7

34.9 34.4 34.9 28.4 30.8 27.7 29.7 31.7 33.9 25.8 25.0

17.0 17.4 17.7 18.4 17.9 19.2 19.5 20.2 20.2 19.5 19.5 . . . .NONMANUFACTURING

12.9 12.4 13.1 13.4 13.9 14.9 15.1 15.9 16.8 17.1 18.2

9.0 8.8 9.4 8.8 7.7 10.1 12.5 15.5 9.9 10.5 11.5

1.3 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.3

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.5 9. 1

8.5 8.0 8.0 8.3 12.0 11. 1 11.1 13.2 11.1 12.5 10.3

3.3 3.2 3.1 4. 1 2.9 4.2 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.7 6.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 3.6 3.4 3.3

2.8 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.7 5.1 5.3 5.3

60.0 61. 1 62.5 64.4 61.6 70.6 74.2 71.5 68.6 62.7 62.9

10.0 10.0 9.1 9. 1 8.3 15.4 14.3 26.7 20.0 28.6 26.7

13.5 14.0 13.7 12.8 12.3 11.7 10.3 11.1 11.2 10.2 10.0

9.0 9.2 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.7 8.6 3.3 7.9 8.3 8.4

28.5 29.3 30.4 30.4 34.5 35.1 35.1 35.4 32.9 31.5 30.9 ..GOVERNMENT

45.7 47.0 48.0 47.0 53.2 53.9 53.9 54.8 49.8 47.4 46.3 ....FEDERAL

6.0 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 ....STATE

3.1 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 ....LOCAL

•

**

CM

42.8 42.2 41.9 39.5 38.4 36.8 39.7 36.6 33.7 33.2 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

83.9 85.0 84.8 85.7 84.9 84.7 83.8 83.7 83.4 83.9 83.5 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

29

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-6. Estimated employment of engineers, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS........................................................... .................................................... 4 0 8.D 450.6 507.5 556.2 581.2 601.4 646.4 707.9 733.3 768.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 320.3 355.5 405.9 453.3 479.0 496.2 535.4 588.1 605.4 634.1

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 193.4 216.7 259.8 295.2 312.6 317.2 340. 1 382.3 395.8 416.9

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 1.9 2.8 9.6 14.8 14.7 13.5 13.3 16.4 16.2 26.3

FOOD....................................................................................................................... 5.0 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.2 7.6

T EX TI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E................................................................ 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 3.9 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.4 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.2

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 19.7 21.7 22.9 25.6 26.8 26.6 27.5 29.6 31.8 31.4

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 6.1 6.7 7.6 8.2 8.8 9. 1 9.3 9.4 9.9 9.9

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.7 7.0

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS..................................................................... 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.4 6.8 7.1 7.5

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 11.2 12.6 13.7 14.8 15.1 14.4 15.8 17.6 18.1 18.6

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 14.2 16.3 17.4 18.6 18.8 19.3 20.8 22.1 22.2 22.4

machinery .......................................................................................................... 31.3 35.3 40.0 42.3 44.2 44.2 46.4 51.9 52.5 54.9

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT........................................................................... 40.5 43.7 51.8 60.3 66.1 68. 1 75.0 88.8 98.5 99.9

MOTOR V EH I CL ES ............................................................................................ 15.7 16.6 1 6 . 9 17.3 17.7 17.8 18. 5 18.3 18.9 19.0

air c r a ft ............................................................................................................. 16.0 20.3 34.2 45.2 50.2 52.8 58.6 69.5 66.4 69.8

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.5

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 8.7 10.1 11.7 13. 1 14.3 14.6 15.7 17.4 18.5 20.4

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING................................................... 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4 .6 4.7 4.8 4.9

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 126.9 138.8 147.1 158. 1 166.4 179.0 195.3 205.8 209.6 217.2

PETROLEUM E X T R A C T I O N . . . . . .............................................................. 6 . 0 6 . 1 6 . 5 7.7 8.4 9.1 10.3 11.9 12.4 12.3

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 4 . 5 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.1

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 24.4 29.1 31.2 33.3 33.6 37.1 39.3 40.8 41.9 43.3

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8

OTHER TRANSPORTATION.......................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.4

telecommunications ................................................................................. 6.2 6.5 7.1 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.5 8.8 8.8 9.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.5 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 10.2 11.3 11.3 12.8 14.4 16.1 16.6 18.2 19.4 19.9

miscellaneous business s e r v ic e s ............................................. 16.2 17.2 17.9 18.9 19.7 20.6 22.2 23.9 25.4 28.5

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S .......................... 40.5 44.4 48.2 52.2 56.0 59.8 69.1 72.5 71.1 72.7

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 8 . 9 9. 1 9.5 9.9 10.4 11.0 11.7 11.8 12.2 12.9

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 75.4 83. 1 89.9 90.7 88.9 90.5 94.6 100.5 103.5 110.0

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 38.8 45.1 51.3 51.8 48.0 48.8 50.9 53.6 54.7 58.5

STATE........................................................................................................................... 18.9 19.9 21.1 21.0 22.5 22.5 23.9 25.2 26.2 28.2

L O C A L . ........................................................................................................................ 17.7 18.1 17.5 17.9 18.4 19.2 19.8 21.7 22.6 23.3

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.9 11.8 13.0 14.7 17.3 19.3 21.6

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 1.1 1. 1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.3

NOTES D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

30

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1 9 6 8 1969 19 7 0 SECTOR

801.1 833.3 873.2 922.7 945.5 969.8 999.6 1037.7 1062.4 1085.0 1098.2 . . A L L SECTORS

662.6 686.9 716.1 756.5 771.6 789. 1 816.1 850.8 869.3 890.7 898.1 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

440.8 462.4 483.5 514.8 518.1 531.2 548.4 578.0 587.7 588.6 586.6 . . . . manufacturing

30.4 36.2 41.1 46.2 47.4 50.6 51.5 51.9 53.7 54.2 45.4

7.9 8.2 7.8 7.9 6.8 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.4 7.7

2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.9

2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.4

7.6 8.3 9.8 8.8 8 • 6 9.0 9.1 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.5

32.0 32.2 33.2 34.6 39.4 38.6 40.6 42.5 42.4 44.2 46.4

10.3 io.o 10.1 10.3 10.5 10. 1 9.9 10.7 9.2 8.9 9.2

7.3 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.5 9.2 10.1 10.7 10.9 10.6 11.2

8.0 8. 1 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.9 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.8

19.6 20.5 21.1 20.3 19.4 20.0 20.5 21.4 19.7 21.6 20.9

23.2 23.9 23.9 24.7 24.8 26.2 27.9 29.2 26.6 28.7 27.6

58. 1 62. 3 65.2 69. 9 73.3 73.5 75.1 81.5 83.5 81.1 85. 1

109.7 118.6 123.6 134.8 130.5 132.2 135.6 142.0 148.9 146.7 149.0

19.8 20.1 20.4 21.8 24.1 26.6 29. 1 29.3 28.5 29.1 30.5

68.7 67. 1 71.1 76. 1 73.9 75.5 76.2 84.5 90.6 89.3 83.8

4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.9

22.7 24.3 25.9 26.9 26.6 27.9 29.6 30.1 29.8 30.0 31.5

5.0 4.7 4.9 5. 2 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.8

221.8 224.5 232.6 241.7 253.5 257.9 267.7 272.8 281.6 302.1 311.5 ....NONMANUFACTURING

12.1 12.5 12.1 13.2 13.0 12.2 11.7 12.0 12.1 12.5 11.7

4.9 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.6 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.6 6.2 6. 1

44.7 45. 3 46.6 47.9 47.1 46.7 51.1 47.7 46.8 53.2 54.7

4.8 4.7 4.6 4. 3 4.6 4. 1 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9

4.5 4.9 4.9 4. 7 4.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.6

9.1 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4 11.7 12.0 12.5 14.6 15.3 15.8

4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0

20.7 21.9 23.2 23.6 24.1 25.5 26.0 25.9 26.4 27.0 28.7

29.9 30.5 31.3 34.8 36.2 34.7 35.4 39.5 43.7 49.0 48.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

73.5 72.3 75.0 77.4 84.7 87.1 90.1 92.9 93.9 98.2 103.8

13.2 13.7 16.3 16.8 19.2 20.3 21.5 22.3 23.7 25.6 26.5

112.5 118.4 126.6 133.0 137.4 141.9 142.8 142.9 148.2 148.6 152.7 ..GOVERNMENT

58.6 61.8 67.5 73.0 76.4 79.7 80.1 81.1 86.2 87.0 90.4 . . ..FEDERAL

30.1 32. 1 34.0 34. 2 34.5 34.9 34.7 34.2 34.9 34.8 35.0 ....STATE

23.8 24.5 25.1 25.8 26.5 27.3 28.0 27.6 27.1 26.8 27.3 ....LOCAL

23.3 24.8 26.5 28.4 31.5 33.4 35.1 38.3 39.1 39.9 41.7 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

2.7 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

31

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-7. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of engineers, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS.............................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

private in dus try . . . . . .................................................................................... 78.5 78.9 80.0 81.5 82.4 82.5 82.8 83. 1 82.9 82.6

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 4 7 .A 48.1 51.0 53. 1 53.8 52.7 52.6 54.0 54.2 54.3

ordnance ............................................................................................................. 0.5 0.6 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 3.4

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 1.2 1.2 l . l 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

LUMBER and FURNITURE.... ................................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

CHEMICALS...................................................................................................... 4.8 4.8 4.5 4 . 6 4 . 6 4 . 4 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.1

petroleum r e f in in g . . . ......................................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

primary metals ............................................................................................ 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3. 1 3.0 2.9

machinery .......................................................................................................... 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.1

electrical equipment ........................................................................... 9.9 9.7 10.2 10.8 11.4 11.3 11.6 12.5 13.5 13.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S . ......................................................................................... 3.8 3.7 3.3 3. 1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5

A I R C R A F T . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... 3.9 4.5 6.7 8. 1 8.6 8.8 9.1 9.8 9.1 9.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0 .6

professional and SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS....................... 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 3 1 . 1 30.8 29.0 28.4 28.6 29.8 30.2 29.1 28.7 28.3

PETROLEUM E X T R A C T I O N . . . . . .............................................................. 1 . 5 1 . 4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 1 . 1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 6.0 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.8 6.2 6. 1 5.8 5.7 5.6

RAILROADS.................................................. ....................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

RADIO AND T V . . . . . ................................................................................... 0 . 4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S * . ................................................................................. 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S ER VI CE S............................................. 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES.......................... 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.5

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 18.5 18.4 17.7 16.3 15.3 15.0 14.6 14.2 14.2 14.3

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 9.5 10.0 10.1 9.3 8.3 8.1 7.9 7.6 7.5 7.6

STATE........................................................................................................................... 4 . 6 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7

LOCAL.......................... ................................................................................................ 4.3 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.8

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: D E T A IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

32

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1 19 70 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

82.7 82.4 82.0 82.0 81.6 81.4 81*6 82.0 81.8 82.1 81.8 . . PRIVATE INDUSTRY

55.0 55.5 55.4 55.8 54.8 54.8 54.9 55.7 55.3 54.2 53.4 ....MANUFACTURING

3.8 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.0 4. 1

1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4

0*4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9

4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4-0 4.1 4.2

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2. 1 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.9

2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.5

7.3 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.9 7.9 7.5 7.7

13.7 14.2 14.2 14.6 13.8 13.6 13.6 13.7 14.0 13.5 13.6

2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8

8.6 8. 1 8.1 8.2 7.8 7.8 7.6 8.1 8.5 8.2 7.6

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

27.7 26.9 26.6 26.2 26.8 26.6 26.8 26.3 26.5 27.8 28.4 ....NONMANUFACTURING

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0. 6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8 5. 1 4.6 4.4 4.9 5.0

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.1 1.1 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2 .5 2. 6 2 .6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6

3.7 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.8 4. 1 4.5 4.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

9.2 8.7 8.6 8.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.1 9.5

1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4

14.0 14.2 14.5 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.3 13.8 13.9 13.7 13.9 . . government

7.3 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.2 ....FEDERAL

3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 ....STATE

3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 . . . . local

2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

33

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-8. Estimated employment of engineers engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 94.0 105.7 126.2 142.8 152.8 156.0 171.1 197.9 209.6 232.8

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 69.8 79.2 97.2 113.8 123.5 129.2 142.0 165.5 175.0 193.8

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 56.4 64.5 81.1 96.2 104.4 108.5 118.8 139.8 148.3 164.4

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 3.5 0.7 2.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 6.3 6.7 13.7

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

T EX TI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0 . 4 0.4 3.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E........................................................................... 3.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1*6 1.7 1.8

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.4 5 .4 5.6 6.0 6.8 7.1

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ........................................................................... 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 1 . 3 1 . 4 1.5 1. 7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

STONE. CLAy, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0 . 5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 0 . 9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.3

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 3.0 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.2

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 9.6 10.9 12.5 13.3 14.0 14.3 15.3 17.4 18.0 19.1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 1 6 . 0 17.5 21.0 24.7 27.4 28.5 31.5 37.6 44.1 47.9

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.1 5. 1 5.2 5. 1 5.4 5.5

AIRCRAFT......................................................................................... 8.1 10.5 18.0 24.7 28.1 30.1 34.4 42.6 41.2 43.5

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 4.0 4.6 5.4 6.0 6.5 6.7 7.2 8.0 8.5 9.3

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 13.4 14.7 16. 1 17.6 19.1 20.7 23.2 25.7 26.7 29.4

petroleum extr a c tio n ........................................................................... 0.5 0.5 3.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1 .0

M I N I N G ................................................................................................................... 0 . 1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................ 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

railroads .......................................................................................................... 0 .1 0 .1 3.1 0. 1 0 .1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0 .1 0 .1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0 . 0 0.0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

public u t i l i t i e s ...................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 7.9 8.6 9.1 9.8 10.4 11.1 12.2 13.3 14.5 16.5

medical and dental laboratories ............................................. 3.0 0 .0 3.0 0.3 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER V IC E S.......................... 3 . 4 3.9 4.6 5.1 5.7 6.0 7.3 8.3 8.0 8.5

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 0.7 0.8 3.8 0.9 1 .0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 18.1 20.3 22.4 21.8 21.5 18.2 20.1 22.5 24.1 27.8

FEDERAL....................................................................................... .............................. 17.7 19.9 22.0 21.4 21.1 17.8 19.6 22.0 23.6 27.2

state ........................................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 5.1 5.2 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.1 7.5 8. 1 8.6 9.2

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0

NOTE: O ETA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

34

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

248.5 263.0 284.4 311.0 321.6 330.5 339.4 359.2 359.2 356.8 341.6 . . A L L SECTORS

206.7 217.9 234.5 257.7 260.6 266.4 274.2 285.2 288.3 288.7 273.0 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

175.9 186.0 200.5 221.3 223.7 226.6 231.7 241.2 242.6 241.7 224.2 ....MANUFACTURING

16.0 19.4 22.8 26. 1 27.5 29.4 31.2 30.6 28.9 29.2 22.1

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6

1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.7 2. 5 2.4 2.6 2.6

7.6 8.0 9.4 10.6 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.5 11.2 11.7 12.1

1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6

2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1 • 6 1.8 1.8 1.7

2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.9 3. 1

5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.7 6. 1 6.4 7.4 7.1 7.7 8.0

20.2 21.7 23.1 25.9 26.8 27.5 28.2 29.3 30.3 28.9 27.6

53.7 57.8 64.5 73.6 70.8 70. 1 72.2 74.3 73.3 72.3 70.5

5.7 5.7 5.8 6. 1 6.8 7. 5 8.2 8.5 8.7 9.1 8.9

43.1 42.2 44.4 48.6 47.5 47. 1 47.4 52.0 54.7 53.8 45.6

1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9

10.4 11.7 10.7 10. 1 12.0 11.8 11.6 12.2 12.8 12.5 12.2

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.9 CO

•

o

31.9 34.0 36.4 36.9 39.8 42.5 43.9 45.7 47.0 48.8 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.8

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4

0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.2 0. 3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.3

17.6 18.5 20.2 22.5 22.5 24.5 27.8 28.4 29.3 30.2 31.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.8 8.9 8.9 8.8 9.0 8.5 8.1 8.7 9.0 8.5 8.8

1.4 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.3

29.6 31.8 35.4 37.4 44.4 46.9 47.5 48.8 47.4 45.5 45.6 ..GOVERNMENT

28.9 31.0 34.3 36.4 43.4 46.0 46.6 49.0 46.6 44.7 44.8 ....FEDERAL

0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ....STATE

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 ....LOCAL 00

•

0

10.5 11.0 11.7 12.3 12.6 12.7 19.0 18.2 17.3 17.9 ..C OL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

2.4 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.1 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

35

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-9. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of engineers engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 103.3 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

private in d u s tr y .................................................................................................. 74.3 74.9 77.0 79.7 80.8 82.8 83.0 83.6 83.5 83.2

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 60.0 61.0 64.3 67.4 68.3 69.6 69.4 70.6 70.8 70.6

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................ 0.5 0.7 1.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.2 3.2 5.9

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.6 0.6 3*6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

TEXTILES and APPAREL........................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

chemicals .......................................................................................................... 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.0

petroleum r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

rubber .................................................................................................................. 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1. 1 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.8

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.5 0.6 3.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

fabricated metals ................................................................................... 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.2

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 10.2 10.3 9.9 9.3 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.2

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT........................................................................... 17.0 16.6 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.3 18.4 19.0 21.0 20.6

MOTOR V E H I C L E S............ ............................................................................... 4.7 4.5 3.8 3. 4 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.4

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 3.6 9.9 14.3 17.3 18.4 19.3 20. 1 21. 5 19.7 18. 7

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.9 0.9 3.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 1.2 1.0 3.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 14.3 13.9 12.8 12.3 12.5 13.3 13.6 13.0 12.7 12.6

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 0.5 0.5 3.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 3.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION............................................................................ 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 3.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

miscellaneous business s e r v ic e s ............................................. 8.4 8. 1 7.2 6.9 6.8 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.1

medical and dental laboratories ............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S .......................... 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.7

other nonmanufacturing ...................................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 19.3 19.2 17.7 15.3 14.1 11.7 11.7 11.4 11.5 11.9

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 18.8 18.8 17.4 15.0 13.8 11.4 11.5 11.1 11.3 11.7

state ........................................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... ! 5 . 4 4.9 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.4 4. 1 4.1 4.0

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY SOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

36

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1 9 7 0 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

83.2 82.9 82.5 82.9 81.0 80.6 80.8 79.6 80.3 80.9 79.9 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

70.8 70.7 70.5 71.2 69.6 68.6 68.3 67.3 67.5 67.7 65.6 ....MANUFACTURING

6.4 7.4 8.0 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 8.5 8.0 8.2 6.5

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8

3.1 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.5

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5

0*8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0 .5 0.5

1.0 1. 1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9

2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.3

8.1 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.1

21.6 22.0 22.7 23.7 22.0 21.2 21.3 20.7 20.4 20.3 20.6

2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6

17.3 16.0 15.6 15.6 14.8 14.3 14.0 14.5 15.2 15.1 13.3

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6

4.2 4.4 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.6

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

12.4 12.1 12.0 11.7 11.5 12.0 12.5 12.3 12.7 13.2 14.3 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4

7.1 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.4 8.2 7.9 8.2 8.5 9.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.5 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.6

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7

11.9 12.1 12.4 12.0 13.8 14.2 14.0 13.6 13.2 12.3 13.3 ..GOVERNMENT

11.6 11.8 12.1 11.7 13.5 13.9 13.7 13.4 13.0 12.5 13. 1 ....FEDERAL

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ....STATE

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 ....LOCAL

3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 5.3 5.1 4.8 5.2 ..COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

37

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-10. Percent of engineers engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 23.0 23.5 24.9 25.7 26.3 25.9 26.5 28.0 28.7 30.3

private I ndustry .................................................................................................. 21.8 22.3 23.9 25. 1 25.8 26.0 26.5 28.1 28.9 30.6

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 29.2 29.8 31.3 32.6 33.4 34.2 34.9 36.6 37.5 39.4

ordnance ............................................................................................................. 26.3 25.0 25.0 25.7 26.5 28.9 30.1 38.4 41.4 52.1

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 12.0 10.9 12.1 11.7 10.9 12.3 11.8 13*0 12.5 13.2

TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 18.2 16.7 16.0 19.2 19.2 18.5 18.5 17.9 14.3 14.3

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E............................................................................ 10.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.4 7.4 11.1 10.7

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 25.6 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.1 24.1 25.4 23.9 24.3 25.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 16.2 17.5 18.8 19.1 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.3 21.4 22.6

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G .................................................................................. 13.1 13.4 14.5 14.6 14.8 14.3 14.0 13.8 14.1 14.1

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 30.2 29.8 23.8 29.8 29.3 28.8 29.0 23.8 28.4 27.1

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS................................................................... 11.9 12.8 13.7 15. 1 14.5 15.3 15.6 16.2 16.9 17.3

primary metals ............• • ........................... .................. ..................... 8.0 7.9 8.0 8.1 7.9 8.3 8.9 9.7 10.5 12.4

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 21.1 21.5 21.3 22.0 21.8 22.3 22.6 23. 1 23.4 23.2

MACHINERY......................................................................................................... 30.7 30.9 31.3 31.4 31.7 32.4 33.0 33.5 34.3 34.8

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.5 41.9 42.0 42.3 44.8 47.9

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ........................................................................................... 28.0 28.9 23.4 28.3 28.8 28.7 28. 1 27.9 28.6 28.9

AI RCRAFT............................................................................................................. 50.6 51.7 52.6 54.6 56.0 57.0 58.7 61.3 62.0 62.3

other transportation equipment ................................................ 29.6 33.3 32.3 28.6 29.4 29.0 28.6 29.3 28.9 28.9

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 46.0 45.5 46.2 45. 8 45.5 45.9 45.9 46.0 45.9 45.6

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 28.9 28.2 26.8 28.6 27.9 29.5 28.3 27.7 29.2 28.6

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 10.6 10.6 13.9 11. 1 11.5 11.6 11.9 12.5 12.7 13.5

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 8.3 8.2 7.7 7.8 8.3 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.3 8.1

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 2.2 2.2 4.3 4. 1 4.3 6.7 6.5 6.3 5.9 5.9

CONSTRUCTION......................................................................................... 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1 .0 1.2 1.2 1.2

RAILROADS............................................................................................ 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2

other transportation . . ...................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.5

telecommunications ................................................................................. 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2

RADIO and T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 2.9 2.7 2.7 3. 1 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 48.8 50.0 53.8 51.9 52.8 53.9 55.0 55.6 57.1 57.9

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES.................... ........................ 0 .0 0 .0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER V IC E S.......................... 8.4 8.8 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.0 10.6 11.4 11.3 11.7

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 7.9 8.8 8.4 9. 1 9.6 10.0 9.4 10.2 10.7 10.9

GOVERNMENT................................................................................................................... 24.0 24.4 24.9 24.0 24.2 20.1 21.2 22.4 23.3 25.3

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 45.6 44.1 42.9 41.3 44.0 36.5 38.5 41.0 43.1 46.5

STATE........................................................................................................................... 1.1 1 .0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1 .0 1 .0 0.9 0.9 0.9

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 45.5 47.7 52.4 55.0 55.1 54.6 51.0 46.8 44.6 42.6

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 90.9 90.9 91.7 92.3 80.0 88.2 88.2 90.0 90.5 87.0

NOTE: D E T A IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

38

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

30.3 31.0 31.6 32.6 33.7 34.0 34.1 34.0 34.5 33.8 32.9 . . A L L SECTORS

30.6 31.2 31.7 32.7 34.1 33.8 33.8 33.6 33.5 33.2 32.4 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

39.4 39.9 40.2 41.5 43.0 43.2 42.7 42.3 41.7 41.3 41. 1 ....MANUFACTURING

52.1 52.6 53.6 55.5 56.5 58.0 58. 1 60.6 59.0 53.8 53.9

13.2 12.7 12.2 12.8 10.1 13.2 13.2 11.4 11.4 12.7 12.2

14.3 13.8 14.8 17.9 26.7 17.6 17.1 16.2 21.1 21.1 24.3

10.7 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.7 12.1 11.1 10.3 11.9 11.4

25.0 23.7 21.7 20.5 22.7 24.4 30.0 29.7 26.6 25.8 28.3

22.6 23.8 24.8 28.3 30.6 29.4 29.8 2B.1 27.1 26.4 26.5

14.1 14.6 14.0 14.9 15.5 15.2 15.8 14.1 12.1 13.0 13.6

27.1 27.4 26.3 27.6 26.3 27. 1 27.2 26.7 25.2 25.7 26.4

17.3 17.5 18.5 19.0 18.8 20.5 19.0 16.9 16.7 19.1 18.6

12.4 12.2 13.7 12.3 12.3 14.4 13.0 11.7 11.7 11.2 13.4

23.2 23.7 23.8 24.3 24.3 23.0 23.3 22.9 25.3 26.7 26.8

34.8 34.8 34.8 35.4 37.1 36.6 37.4 37.5 36.0 36.3 35.6

47.9 49.0 48.7 52.2 54.6 54.3 53.0 53.2 52.3 49.2 49.3

28.9 28.8 23.4 28.4 28.0 28.2 28.2 29.2 29.0 30.5 31.3

62.3 62.7 62.9 62.4 63.9 64.3 62.4 62.2 61.5 60.4 60.2

28.9 29.8 26.1 28.3 27.1 29.8 30.6 28.8 26.1 30.4 35.8

45.6 45.8 48.1 41.3 37.5 45. 1 42.3 39.2 40.5 43.0 41.7

28.6 30.0 29.8 26.5 25.0 27. 1 24.5 22.9 25.0 28.9 21.7

13.5 13.9 14.2 14.6 15.1 14.6 15.4 15.9 16.1 16.2 15.6 ....NONMANUFACTURING

8.1 7.4 7.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 9.8 10.3 10.8 13.2 13.6

5.9 6.1 6.1 6.7 8.3 6. 5 5.8 7.3 9.4 5.4 6.5

1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.8

4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.1

4.5 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.3 6.1 5.7 5. 7 7. 7 7.7 5.6

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 3.1 2.9 3.4 4.2 2.4 2.7 3.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2. 1 2.0 2.0 1.9 3.6 3.4

3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.3 3. 1 3.1 3.1 4.5 4.8

57.9 58.9 60.7 64. 5 64.7 62.2 70.6 78.5 71.9 67.0 61.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

11.7 12.0 12.3 11.9 11.4 10.6 9.8 9.0 9.4 9.6 8.7

10.9 10.6 10.9 10.4 8.3 7.8 8.9 9.8 9.0 7.6 8.6

25.3 26.3 26.9 28.0 28.1 32.3 33.1 33.3 34.1 32.0 30.6 ..GOVERNMENT

46.5 49.3 50.2 50.8 49.9 56.8 57.7 58.2 59.2 54.1 51.4 ....FEDERAL

1.4 1.7 1.9 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 ....STATE

0.9 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1. 1 ....LOCAL

42.6 42. 1 42.3 41.5 41.2 39.0 37.7 36.2 49.6 46.5 43.4 . .COL LEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

87.0 88.9 87.5 87.5 87.5 86.0 85.2 89.3 91.2 91.4 91.4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

39

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A -11. Estimated employment of scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(I n thousands)

SECTOR 19 50 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 148.7 161.2 178.4 192.5 202.6 211.2 227.3 251.0 270.9 289.9

private in dus try .................................................................................................. 76.0 83.9 94.2 104.2 111.0 113.9 120.9 131.5 138.1 144.2

manufacturing .................................................................................................... 51.8 59.2 68.0 75.8 80.6 82.4 87.2 95.8 100.7 104.5

ORDNANCE.............................................................. .............................................. 0 . 2 0.2 D • 8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.9

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 4 . 7 5. 1 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6

TE XTILES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1. 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

lumber and fu r n itu r e ............................................................................ 0.2 0.2 D.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1 . 7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.1

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 19.7 23.6 27.5 30.5 33.4 33.8 35.8 39.0 42.1 43.1

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS...................................................................... 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 4.4 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.5 7.3 7.7 8.1

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

machinery .................... .................................................................................... 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.2

electrical equipment ............................................................................ 4.4 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.1 8.2 8.9 8.3

motor v e h ic l e s ............................................................................................. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.4

a ir c r a f t ............................................................................................................. 1.6 2. 1 3.5 4.8 5.5 6.0 6.7 8.2 8.2 8.2

other transportation EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.6

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 24.2 24.7 26.2 28.4 30.4 31.5 33.7 35.7 37.4 39.7

PETROLEUM e x tr a c tio n ........................................................................... 8.5 8.4 8.6 9.8 10.3 10.9 11.2 12.1 12.1 12.1

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. D . l 0 . 1 D .l 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 6.9 7.2 7.9 8.2 8.8 9.2 10.1 10.7 11.9 13.4

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.5 0.6 3.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 5 . 1 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.6

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 31.1 36.4 42.2 44.6 44.0 45.2 47.8 50.8 51.9 55.0

FEDERAL.................................................................................................................... 20.9 25.6 33.9 33.1 31.7 32.7 34.5 36.5 37.0 39.2

STATE........................................................................................................................... 7.5 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.0 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.5 11.1

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.7

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 39.1 38.3 38.9 40.3 44.0

GO

<M

54.7 64.2 76.0 85.1

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.9 5.6

NOTE: D E T A IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

40

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

302.9 318.2 337.1 358.1 381.5 396.4 417.9 439.0 462.6 482.7 496.5 . . A L L SECTORS

149.4 155.3 162.2 168.7 175.0 178.9 188.1 193.4 200.5 209.5 213.1 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

109.3 114.7 119.5 123.3 125.6 127.1 133.1 136.5 141.9 145.8 146.6 ....MANUFACTURING

3.7 4.4 5.9 6.6 7.2 7.9 8.4 9.0 8.7 9.0 7.3 .......ORDNANCE

6.9 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.5

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6

3.3 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.3 5.5 5.5

45.3 47.2 49.9 50.4 51.4 53.2 57.1 57.1 57.8 59.3 60.9

4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0

2.4 2.6 2.7 3. 1 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.8

2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2. 1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5

8.6 9.8 9.2 8.4 7 .6 7. 1 4 7 . 2 7 . 8 8 . 8 9.3 8.9

2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6

4.5 4.9 5.2 5.8 6*6 6.6 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.7 9.0

9.2 9.9 10.2 11.3 10.5 10.0 10.6 10. 5 11.5 12.1 12.8

2.4 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4

7.6 7.0 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.1 8.3 9.3 8.9 8.0

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

3.9 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.0

1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6

40.1 40.6 42.7 45.4 49.4 51.8 55.0 56.9 58.6 63.6 66.5 ....NONMANUFACTURING

11.2 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.8 12.0 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.0

1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.7

0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4

14.4 15.2 16.4 18.3 19.8 20.4 21.6 21.6 22.2 25.5 27.4

1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5

2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 3.2 2.1 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8

7.8 8.0 8.7 9.4 10.5 12.2 13.2 13.7 14.5 15.5 16.2

56.0 58.4 62.0 66.3 69.6 72.9 75.7 78.1 83.7 84.4 86.2 ..GOVERNMENT

39.3 40.4 43.1 47.0 50.0 52.4 54. 1 54.9 59.2 59.3 60.0 ....FEDERAL

11.9 12.7 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.8 15.7 17.0 17.9 18.4 19.3 ....STATE

4.8 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.9 ....LOCAL

91.5 97.7 104.4 113.2 126.7 134.4 143.0 156.0 166.7 177.2 186.5 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

6.0 6.8 8.5 9.9 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.5 11.7 11.6 10.7 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

41

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-12. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of scientists, by sector, 195Q—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS............................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 51.1 52.0 52.8 54.1 54.8 53.9 53.2 52.4 51.0 49.7

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 34.8 36.7 38.1 39.4 39.8 39.0 38.4 38.2 37.2 36.0

ORDNANCE............................................................................................ ............... 0. 1 0. 1 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 3 . 2 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3

TEXTI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 3*6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0 .5 0. 5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E............................................................................ o .l 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 2 1. 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 13.2 14.6 15.4 15.8 16.5 16.0 15.8 15.5 15.5 14.9

petroleum r e f in in g ................................................................................. 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1. 1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.8 0 .8 0 .7 O.B 0 .8 0 .8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

primary metals .................... ........................................................... 3.0 3. 1 3.1 3. 1 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

machinery .......................................................................................................... 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4

electrical equipment ............................................................................ 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 1.3 1.2 l . l 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 1.1 1.3 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.0 2.8

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

miscellaneous manufacturing ........................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 16.3 15.3 1 4 .7 14. B 1 5 .0 14.9 14.8 14.2 13.8 13.7

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 5.7 5.2 4.8 5. 1 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.2

M I N I N G ............................................................................................................ 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 . 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.6

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 20.9 22.6 23.7 23.2 21.7 21.4 21.0 20.2 19.2 19.0

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 14.1 15.9 17.3 17.2 15.6 15.5 15.2 14.5 13.7 13.5

STATE........................................................................................................................... 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.9 3. B

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 26.3 23.8 21.8 20.9 21.7 22.8 24. 1 25.6 28.1 29.4

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY MOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

42

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

49.3 48.8 48.1 47.1 45.9 45.1 45.0 44.1 43.3 43.4 42.9 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

36.1 36.0 35.4 34.4 32.9 32. 1 31.8 31.1 30. 7 30.2 29.5 . . . . manufacturing

1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.5

2.3 2.3 2.1 2. 1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.1 1.1 1.1 1. 1 1. 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

15.0 14.8 14.8 14.1 13.5 13.4 13.7 13.0 12.5 12.3 12.3

1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0 .6 0.5 0.6 0. 5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2.8 3. 1 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8

3.0 3-1 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6

0.8 0.8 0.7 0. 8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

2.5 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

13.2 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.9 13. 1 13.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 13.4 . . . . nonmanufacturing

3.7 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6

0*6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 0. 1 o .l 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0. 1 0. 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

4.8 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.3 5.5

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.8 3. 1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3

18.5 18.4 13.4 18.5 18.2 18.4 18.1 17.8 18. 1 17.5 17.4 ..GOVERNMENT

13.0 12.7 12.8 13. 1 13.1 13.2 12.9 12.5 12.8 12.3 12.1 ....FEDERAL

3.9 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 ....STATE

1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 ....LOCAL

30.2 30.7 31.0 31.6 33.2 33.9 34.2 35.5 36.0 36.7 37.6 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

2.0 2. 1 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

43

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-13. Estimated employment of scientists engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................. ............................. 63.6 69.6 78.7 85.0 90.5 92.9 99.9 110.9 120.1 129.3

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 32.5 36.4 41.5 46.2 49.6 51.3 55.6 62.3 66.5 70.4

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 25.9 29.4 34.0 38.1 41.0 42.1 45.6 51.1 54.7 57.6

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.4 2.5

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 1 . 9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

TEXTI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ D.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0. 1 o .i 0.1 0.1

PAPER.................................................................................................................... 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 9.9 11.6 13.0 14.6 15.8 16.5 17.9 20.1 22.6 23.3

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7

rubber ................................................................................................................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

stone , clay , and glass ...................................................................... 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0 . 8 O.B 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2

primary metals ............................................................................................ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

MACHINERY............................................................................................ .. . . . 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.1

electrical equipment ........................................................................... 3.3 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.7 4.8 5.3 6.2 7.1 7.5

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 1.2 1.5 2.6 3.4 3.9 4.1 4.6 5.6 5.3 5.6

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.9 1.0 l . l 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 6 . 6 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.6 9.2 10.0 11.2 11.8 12.3

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. D.O 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S ER VI CE S............................................. 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.2 8.2

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. D .l 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL SERV ICE S.......................... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3

other nonmanufacturing .................................. .................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 11.2 12.6 13.8 13.5 13.4 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.3 17.4

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 9.7 11.0 12.1 11.7 11.5 9.8 10.8 12.0 13.0 14.9

STATE........................................................................................................................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ........................................................................ 17.8 18.4 20.8 22.6 24.5 26.7 28.2 30.7 34.3 36.8

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.7

NOTE: D E T A IL HAY NOT ADO TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

44

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
| 19 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

137.9 146.4 157.4 164.6 176.1 182.8 186.4 195. 7 193.7 192.2 193.8 . . A L L SECTORS

75.7 78.8 84.2 85.4 90.3 93.9 95.7 99.0 98.3 99. 1 9 9 .2 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

62.0 64.6 69.5 68.9 72.9 74.3 75.2 76.4 75.1 74.8 74.3 ....MANUFACTURING

3.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.3 5.1 5.1 4.1

3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4

2.2 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5

24.8 26.0 27.5 28.5 29.1 30.4 31.6 32.4 31.8 31.9 32.8

1.8 1.7 2.0 2. 1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9

1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7

1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1*6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8

2.5 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.4

1.0 1.0 1.0 l . l 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

2.4 2.7 3.3 3. 1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.0

8.4 8.7 9.2 8.8 8 • 6 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.6 8.5 8.2

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

5.4 5.2 5.9 5.2 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 4.9

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

2.1 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7

0.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7

13.7 14.2 14.7 16.5 17.4 19.6 20.5 22.6 23.2 24.3 24.9 ....NONMANUFACTURING

2.1 2.0 2.0 2. 1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Q.O 0 . 0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

9.0 9.4 9.6 11.7 12.0 13.5 14.5 15.3 15.9 16.5 16.9

o .l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4

1.4 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3

18.5 20.0 21.9 23.4 27.0 28.3 28.8 29.4 29.0 28.0 28.2 ..GOVERNMENT

15.8 17.0 18.8 20.2 23.8 25.2 25.7 26.5 25.8 24.7 24.8 ....FEDERAL

2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 ....STATE

0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 ....LOCAL

38.8 41.9 44.2 47.6 50.2 51.9 52.9 58.1 57.1 5 5 .B 57.8 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

4.9 5.7 7.1 8.2 8.6 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.3 8.6 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

45

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-14. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of scientists engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 19 56 1957 1958 1959

all sectors ................................................................................................................ 100.D 100.0 1DD.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE INDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 5 1 . 1 52.3 52.7 54.4 54.8 55.2 55.7 56.2 55.4 54.4

manufacturing ..................................................................................................... 40.7 42.2 43.2 44.8 45.3 45.3 45.6 46. 1 45.5 44.5

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.2 0. 1 0.6 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.9

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2

textiles and apparel ............................................................................ 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

lumber and f u r n itu r e ............................................................................ O.D 0.0 D.O 0 .0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1 • 6 1.6 1.5

CHEMICALS......................................................................................................... 15.6 16.7 16.5 17.2 17.5 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.8 18.0

petroleum r e f in in g ................................................................................. 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS........................ ............................................ 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8

machinery .......................................................................................................... 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.6

electrical equipment ............................................................................ 5.2 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.9 5.8

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5

AI RCRAFT..................................................................... ..................................... 1.9 2.2 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.3

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 D.O 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5

nonmanufacturing ........................................................................................... 10.4 10. 1 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.1 9.8 9.9

petroleum ex trac tio n ........................................................................... 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.5 0.4 3.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

railroads .......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.3 0.3 3.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.2 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.3

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.2 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V I C ES......................... 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING..................................................................... 0.5 0.4 3.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

GOVERNMENT..................................................... ........................................................... 17.6 18. 1 17.5 15.9 14.8 12.6 12.8 12.7 12.7 13.5

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 15.3 15.8 15.4 13.8 12.7 10.5 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.5

s ta te ........................................................................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 28.0 26.4 26.4 26.6 27.1 28.7 28.2 27.7 28.6 28.5

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 3.3 3.2 3.3 . 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.6

NOTE: D ETA IL HAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

46

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

54.9 53.8 53.5 51 .9 51.3 51 .4 51.3 50.6 50.7 51.6 51.2 ..P R IV A TE INDUSTRY

45.0 44. 1 44.2 41 .9 41 .4 40. 6 4 0 .3 39 .0 3 8 .8 38.9 38.3 ....MANUFACTURING

2.3 2 .6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 2 .6 2.7 2 .1

2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 2 .0 1.9 1 . 7 1 . 6 1 . 7 1.8 1.8

0.5 0.4 3.4 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0.7 0 .5 0.5 0 .5 0 .6

0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .2

1 . 6 1 • 6 1.6 1.3 1.2 1. 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3

18.0 17.8 17.5 17.3 16.5 16.6 17.0 16.6 16.4 16.6 16.9

1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0 .7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0 .9

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 .9 0.9 0 .9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0 .9

1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 0 .9 0 .7 0.7

0 .7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0 .6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0 .7 0.7

1.7 1.8 2.1 1.9 2 .4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1

6.1 5.9 5.8 5 .3 4 .9 4 .4 4 .3 4.1 4.4 4 .4 4.2

0.5 0 .5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 .6 0.6 0.6 0 .5 0.5

3.9 3.6 3.7 3.2 3 .0 3.2 3 .0 3.0 2 .9 2.9 2.5

0.1 0.0 3.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4

0.5 0 .5 0.6 0 .4 0.4 0 .3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 .3 0 .4

9.9 9.7 9.3 10.0 9 .9 10.7 11.0 11. 5 12 .0 12.6 12.8 . . . . NONMANUFACTURING

1.5 1.4 1.3 1. 3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

0.2 0.2 3.2 0.1 0 .1 0 .2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

0.0 0.0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0. 1 0.1 0. 1

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.1 0.1 3.1 0. 1 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 .2 0.2

0.1 0. 1 3.1 0. 1 0 .0 0.1 0.1 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0.0 0. 1 o . l 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

6.5 6.4 6.1 7. 1 6.8 7 .4 7.8 7.8 8.2 8 .6 8.7

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2

1.0 1.0 1.1 0 .9 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 0 .3 3.4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .5 0 .5 0.6 0 .6 0.7

13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 15.3 15.5 15.5 15.0 15.0 14.6 14.6 ..GOVERNMENT

11.5 11.6 11.9 12.3 13.5 13.8 13.8 13.5 13.3 12.9 12.8 ....FEDERAL

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 ....S T A T E

0.5 0.5 0.5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ....L O C A L

28.1 28.6 28.1 28.9 28.5 28.4 28 .4 29.7 29 .5 29.0 29.8 ..C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

3 .6 3.9 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.8 4 .4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

47

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-15. Percent of scientists engaged in research and development, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL S E C T OR S .......................................................................................................................... 42.8 4 3 .2 44.1 4 4 .2 44 .7 44 .0 4 4 .0 44 .2 44.3 4 4 .6

p r iv a t e in d u s t r y ........................................................................................................... 42.8 4 3 .4 44.1 4 4 .3 4 4 .7 45 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .4 48.2 48.8

m a n u f a c t u r in g .............................................................................................................. 50.0 49 .7 50.0 50 .3 50.9 51.1 52.3 5 3 .3 54 .3 55.1

ORDNANCE....................................................................................................................... 50.0 50.0 62 .5 64 .3 64.3 61.5 61.5 7 6 .5 87.5 86.2

FOOD................................................................................................................................... 40.4 43. 1 40 .7 42.9 4 3 .9 4 2 .4 43.3 43. 5 4 3 .8 43.9

T E X T I L E S AND A P P A R E L .................................................................................. 33.3 4 0 .0 40 .0 40 .0 4 0 .0 3 6 .4 45.5 4 5 .5 54.5 50.0

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 50.0 50.0 5 0 .0 25.0 25 .0 25.0

P APE R................................................................................................................................ 70.6 65 .0 66.7 63 .6 6 5 .2 64.0 63 .0 62. 1 63.3 64.5

c h e m ic a l s .................................................................................................................... 50.3 4 9 .2 47.3 47 .9 4 7 .3 48.8 5 0 .0 51 .5 53.7 54.1

PETROLEUM r e f i n i n g ........................................................................................ 34 .6 3 9 .3 38.7 37. 1 4 0 .5 41 .0 4 1 .0 41 .0 4 1 .5 41 .5

RUBBER............................................................................................................................. 61.1 63.2 6 1 .9 59. 1 59.1 59.1 56.5 58.3 58.3 58 .3

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS............................................................................ 41.7 4 6 .2 53.8 43 .7 5 0 .0 50.0 55 .6 61.1 55 .0 60.0

PRIMARY M E TA L S ..................................................................................................... 25.0 26.0 27.3 27. 1 25 .8 28.3 30 .8 31. 5 31.2 28.4

f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l s ........................................................................................... 50.0 4 2 .9 46.7 43 .7 50 .0 47. 1 4 7 .4 4 7 .4 47 .4 52 .6

M A C H I N E R Y .................................................................................................................... 78.3 74.1 76.7 75 .0 78.1 72.7 65 .7 6 0 .0 5 5 .0 50.0

ELECTRICAL e q u ip m e n t .................................................................................. 75.0 70.8 73.9 71 .0 72.3 70.6 74 .6 75 .6 79.8 85.2

MOTOR V E H I C L E S .................................................................................................... 31.6 31 .6 31 .6 31 .6 30 .0 30.0 33.3 31.8 33.3 29.2

A I R C R A F T ....................................................................................................................... 75.0 71.4 74.3 70.8 7 0 .9 68 .3 68 .7 68 .3 6 4 .6 68.3

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .................................................... 0.0 0.0 0 .0 50 .0 50.0 50.0 50 .0 50.0 50.0 50.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C IE N T IF IC INSTRUMENTS ......................... 50.0 52.6 4 7 .8 50.0 51.9 51.9 51.7 51.6 51.5 52.3

M I S C E L L AN E O U S M AN U F A C T UR I N G............................................................. 45 .5 4 1 .7 50.0 50 .0 50 .0 50.0 58.3 53.8 53.8 53.8

NON M A N U FA C TU R I N G.................................................................................................... 27.3 28.3 28.6 2 8 .5 28 .3 29.2 2 9 .7 31 .4 3 1 .6 32.2

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION ................................................................ ................. 18.8 19.0 19.8 19.4 18.4 19.3 18 .8 19.0 19.0 18.2

M I N I N G ............................................................................................................................ 23.1 25.0 21.4 20.0 21 .4 14.3 13.3 18.7 1 7 .6 16. 7

C O N S T R U C T I O N .......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

R A I L R O A D S .................................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

OTHER T R A N S P O R T A T I O N .................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3

T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ........................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

R AD I O AND T V ......................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S .............................................................................................. 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES ................................................. 52.2 54 .2 5 4 .4 56. 1 56.8 57 .6 58.4 61.7 60 .5 61.2

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES................................................. 20.0 16.7 16.7 14.3 12.5 12.5 11.1 11. 1 11.1 10.0

EN GINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V IC E S ............................ 50.0 50.0 45.5 50.0 4 6 .7 60 .0 52.6 57.1 57.1 61.9

OTHER NONMAN U FA C TU R I N G............................................................................ 5.9 5.8 5.5 5 .3 4 .8 4.8 6 .0 5.9 5.6 5.3

go ve r n m e n t ............................................................................................................................. 36.0 34 .6 32 .7 30 .3 30.5 25.9 26 .8 27.8 29.5 31.6

F E D E R AL ............................................................................................................................... 46.4 4 3 .0 39.2 35.3 36.3 30 .0 3 1 .3 32.9 35.1 38.0

S T A T E ..................................................................................................................................... 14.7 15.2 15.5 15.5 15 .6 15.6 1 4 .7 14.9 15.2 16.2

LOCAL ................... .................................................................................................................. 14.8 13.8 13.8 16. 1 15.2 14.3 15.8 14.3 15 .9 14.9

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ............................................................................... 45 .5 4 8 .0 53.5 56. 1 55.7 5 5 .4 51.6 47.8 45.1 43 .2

N O N P R O F I T I N S T I T U T I O N S ........................................................................................ 84.0 8 4 .6 83 .9 79 .4 85 .7 82. 1 8 4 .6 84 .4 8 1 .6 83.9

MOTE! D E TA IL MAY MOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

48

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

4 4 .6 4 5 .5 46 .0 46 .7 4 6 .0 46.2 46.1 44.6 44 .6 41.9 39.8 . . A L L SECTORS

48 .8 50.7 50.7 51 .9 50 .6 51 .6 52.5 50.9 51.2 49 .0 47 .3 ..P R IV A TE INDUSTRY

55.1 56 .7 56.3 5 8 .2 55 .9 58 .0 58.5 56 .5 56 .0 52.9 51.3 . . . . MANUFACTURING

86.2 8 6 .5 86.4 7 4 .6 74.2 79.2 74 .7 73.8 70 .0 58 .6 56.7

43.9 44 .9 4 4 .4 43 .7 43.2 49 .3 4 7 .9 4 5 .7 4 5 .7 45 .2 46.6

50.0 53.8 46.2 4 6 .2 53 .8 47 .1 4 7 .8 50.0 55.6 45 .0 4 7 .6

25.0 25 .0 25.0 25 .0 25 .0 25 .0 2 5 .0 25.0 25 .0 16.7 33.3

64.5 66 .7 6 8 .6 65.8 57.9 50 .0 50 .0 54.8 50.0 4 3 .4 41.8

54.1 54.7 55.1 55 .1 56.5 56.6 57.1 55.3 56.7 55.0 53.8

41 .5 41 .9 40 .5 4 6 .5 4 8 .8 51.2 59 .0 5 6 .4 55 .0 55.0 53.8

58.3 5 8 .3 53 .8 48. 1 45.2 4 3 .3 5 0 .0 4 4 . 1 44.1 4 4 .4 44.4

60.0 70 .0 66 .7 71 .4 72.7 72.7 76.2 69 .6 70.8 73.9 7 5 .0

28.4 29.1 27 .6 27 .2 26 .2 31.6 26 .8 19.4 19.2 19.3 14.0

52-6 50 .0 50.0 47 .6 47 .8 56.0 4 4 .4 43 .5 50 .0 58.3 5 6 .0

50.0 53 .3 55.1 6 3 .5 53.4 63 .6 6 3 .6 63.1 57.7 51 .3 49.4

85.2 91 .3 87.9 9 0 .2 77 .9 81.9 81 .0 7 5 .5 76 .2 74.8 70.2

29.2 29 .2 29.2 33.3 2 8 .6 28.1 33 .3 36.7 38.7 36 .4 30.3

68.3 71 .1 74.3 86.8 7 5 .4 75.7 85.3 78.9 6 9 .9 60.2 61.8

50.0 50 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 50.0 100.0

52.8 53 .8 54 .8 64 .4 52.2 63.0 63.3 61 .5 52.6 50.0 4 7 .4

53.8 53.8 50.0 64 .3 40 .0 4 1 .2 37.5 50.0 53.3 50.0 37.5

32.2 3 4 .2 3 5 .0 3 4 .4 36.3 35.2 37.8 37.3 39.7 39.6 38.2 . . . . NONMANUFACTURING

18.2 18.8 18.5 18.5 19.8 20 .4 20 .0 19.7 20 .6 20.2 20.3

16.7 16.7 15.8 15.8 10 .0 10.5 23 .5 2 9 .4 33.3 26.7 28 .6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 50.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

100.0 100.0 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100*0 100.0

100.0 100*0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 75.0 100.0 100.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0.0 10.0 12.5 10.0 8.3 8.3 9.1 18.2 18.2 15.4

61.2 62.5 61 .8 5 8 .5 6 3 .9 6 0 .6 66.2 67.1 70.8 71.6 64. 7

10.0 10.0 10.0 9.1 9.1 8.3 15.4 14.3 26 .7 20.0 28.6

61 .9 6 6 .7 71 .4 73.9 6 0 .9 56 .3 90.5 51.7 57.6 5 4 .3 51.4

5.3 6 .4 6.3 6 .9 6 .4 6.7 5 .7 6.8 7.3 8.3 7.7

31.6 33 .0 34.2 35.3 35.3 38.8 38 .8 38.0 37 .6 34.6 3 3 .2 ..GOVERNMENT

38.0 4 0 .2 42 .1 43 .6 43 .0 4 7 .6 4 8 . 1 47. 5 48.3 43 .6 41.7 ....FEDERAL

16.2 16.8 17.3 17.2 17.5 17.1 15.5 14.0 12.4 12.3 12.5 ....S T A T E

14.9 14.6 15.1 14.5 14.3 14.3 14.0 15.3 14.5 15.2 14.9 • • • • LOCAL

43.2 4 2 .4 42.9 4 2 .3 42.0 39 .6 38 .6 37.0 37 .2 34.3 31.5 ..C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

83 .9 81.7 83 .8 83 .5 82.8 84 .3 84.5 81.1 80 .0 79.5 80.2 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

49

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-16. Estimated employment of chemists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL S E C T OR S .......................................................................................................................... 51.9 56.8 62 .9 67 .9 71 .6 73.9 79 .2 84 .5 90 .6 9 5 .4

P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y ........................................................................................................... 36.6 40 .9 46 .4 5 0 .5 53 .9 55.1 58.3 6 2 .6 6 6 .3 68.7

m a n u f a c t u r in g .............................................................................................................. 31. 1 35 .3 40 .4 44 .2 47.2 48 .2 50.7 5 4 .6 57 .7 5 9 .4

ORDNANCE................................................................................................................. 0.0 0 .0 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0 .5

FOOD................................................................................................................................... 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.5 3 .6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4 .1 4 .2

T E X T I L E S AND A P PA R E L ................................................................................... 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 .0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ................................................................................... 3.1 0 .1 3.1 0. 1 0 .1 0. 1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0 .2

P APE R................................................................................................................................ 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 .0 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2 .6

C H E M I C A L S .................................................................................................................... 13.4 15.8 18.8 2 1 .0 23.3 23.7 25.1 27 .0 2 9 .2 30.1

petroleum REFINING ................ ........................................................................ 2.3 2.5 2.8 3. 1 3.3 3.5 3.5 3 .5 3 .7 3 .7

RUBBER............................................................................................................................. 1.6 1.7 1.9 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2 .2

STONE, C L A y , AND G L AS S............................................................................. 0 . 9 1 . 0 1 . 0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5

prim ary m e t a l s ..................................................................................................... 2.0 2 .2 2.4 2.5 2 .5 2.3 2 .4 2 .6 2.6 2 .6

f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l s ............................................................................................ 0 .5 0 .6 0 .6 0.6 0 .6 0 .7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

M A C H IN E R Y .................................................................................................................... 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 0.9 0 .9 0 .9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

e l e c t r ic a l e q u ip m e n t ................................................................................... 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1 .9 2.0 2.0 2 .3 2 .5 2 .5

MOTOR V E H I C L E S .............................................................................................. 0.5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0.5 0 .5 0.5 0.5 0 .6

A I R C R A F T ....................................................................................................................... 0.4 0.5 3.9 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .................................................... 0.1 0. 1 3.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0 .1 0.1 0 .1 0.1

PROFESSIONAL AND S C IE N T IF IC INSTRUMENTS ......................... 1.0 1. 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2 .0 2.2

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING............................................................. 1.0 1.1 1.1 1. 1 1.1 l . 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2

NON M A N U FA C TU R I N G..................................................................................................... 5.5 5 .6 6 .0 6 .3 6 .7 6 .9 7 .6 8 .0 8*6 9 .3

petroleum e x t r a c t io n .................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0 .1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

M I N I N G ............................................................................................................................. 0.4 0 .3 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0.5 0 .6 0.6 0 .5

C O N S T R U C T I O N ........................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

R A I L R O A D S .................................................................................................................... 0.2 0 .2 3.2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2

other t r a n s p o r t a t io n .................................................................................. 0.0 0 .0 3.0 0 .0 0.1 0.1 0 .1 0.1 0.1 0.1

T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ......................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

r a d io AND T V ........................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ............................................................................................... 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0.3 0 .3 0 .3

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES ................................................. 2.8 2.9 3.2 3 .3 3 .4 3.6 4 .0 4. 1 4 .6 5.3

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATO RIES ................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V IC E S ............................ 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .3 0.3 0.3 0 .4 0.4 0 .4

OTHER N ON M A N U FA C TU R I N G............................................................................ 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1 .9 1.9 2 .0 2.1

GOVERNMENT............................................................................................................................. 4 .4 5 .2 6.1 6 .5 6 .4 6.5 7 .0 7.3 7 .4 7.9

F E D E R A L ................................................................................................................................ 3.2 3.9 4.7 5.0 4 .8 4 .9 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.7

S T A T E ...................................................................................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0 .9 0 .9 0 .9 0 .9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2

L O CA L ...................................................................................................................................... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .7 0 .8 0.9 0 .9 1.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ............................................................................... 1 0 . 2 9 .9 9.5 9.8 10.1 11.1 12 .6 13.2 15.4 17.3

NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................................ 0.7 0.8 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADO TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUND IM G . 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

50

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

99. 7 102.8 106.8 110.0 115.0 116.7 119.6 122.8 127.3 131.0 132.9 . . A L L SECTORS

72.1 74.7 77.7 79.7 83 .4 84. 5 8 7 .3 86.7 89.5 92.0 93.5 ..P R IV A TE IMDUSTRY

62.3 6 4 .4 6 6 . 6 6 8 . 1 7 0 . 0 6 9 . 5 7 3 . 7 73 .3 75 .1 7 6 .5 77.6 . . . . m a n u fa c tu r in g

0.7 0.8 0.9 1. 1 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2

4.4 4 .6 4.5 4 .6 4 .5 4 .5 4 .4 4.1 4.4 4 .3 4.5

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7

0.2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0. 1 0 .2 0.1 0. 1

2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2 .8 2.9 3.1 3 .3 3 .6

32.0 33.1 35.3 3 5 .3 36.3 37.8 40.3 40 .5 4 0 .9 4 1 .6 42 .8

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3 .9 3.4 3.3 3.3 3 .2 3.3 3.2

2.2 2 .4 2.4 2.8 2 .7 2.8 3 .0 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.0

1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5

2 .7 2 .9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2 .6 2.9 2 .4

0 .8 0.8 0.8 0 .9 1.1 1. 1 0 .8 0.9 0 .9 1.0 0 .9

1.2 1. 3 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2 .0

2.5 2.6 2.8 3.2 2 .9 2.5 2 .6 2.5 2.6 2.3 3.0

0.6 0.6 0.6 0 .8 0 .8 0.8 0 .8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1

1 • 8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .0 0 .0

2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 3 .4 3.2 3 .3

1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 CO

•

O'

10.3 11.1 11.6 13.4 13.6 13 .6 13.5 14.4 15.5 15.9 ....N3NMANUFACTURING

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .3 0 .3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0 .5 0.5

0.6 0.8 0 .8 0.8 0 .7 0 .7 0 .7 0 .5 0.5 0 .4 0.5

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 O .i 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.3 0 .3 0.3 0.3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .5 0.4 0.5 0 .4 0.5

5.6 5.8 6.3 6 .5 7.3 7.3 7 .0 6.9 7.5 8 .5 8 .6

0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0.3 0.3 0 .3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

0. * 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 .6 0.3 0 .4 0.5 0.5 0 .6 0 .7

2.2 2 .3 2.6 2 .9 3 .4 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4 .6 4 .5

7.9 8.1 8.9 9.7 10.3 10.9 11.3 11.5 12.1 12.1 12.4 . .GOVERNMENT

5.7 5.7 6.4 7. 1 7.7 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.8 8.8 8.9 ....FEDERAL

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 ....S T A T E

1.0 1. 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 ....L O C A L

18.1 18.4 18.6 19.0 19.7 19.7 19.3 22.8 2 3 .9 25.1 25 .3 ..C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

51

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-17. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of chemists, by sector, 1950—70

.(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

all S ECT ORS .......................................................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

p r iv a t e in d u s t r y ........................................................................................................... 70.5 72.0 73.8 7 4 .4 75 .3 74. 6 7 3 .6 74.1 73.2 72.0

M A N U F A C T UR IN G.............................................................................................................. 59.9 62. 1 64.2 65 .1 65 .9 65.2 6 4 .0 6 4 .6 63 .7 62 .3

O R D N A N C E . . ................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .4 0 .3 0 .5

FOOD................................................................................................................................... 5.6 5 .6 5.2 5.2 5 .0 4 .9 4 .7 4 .6 4.5 4 .4

T E X T I L E S AND A P PA R E L ................................................................................... 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3

lumber and f u r n it u r e ................................................................................... 0.2 0 .2 D.2 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

P APE R................................................................................................................................ 2 .9 3.0 2 .9 2. B 2 .8 2.8 2 .9 3.0 2.8 2.7

c h e m ic a l s .................................................................................................................... 25.8 27.8 2 9 .9 3 0 .9 32.5 32.1 31 .7 32.0 32.2 31 .6

PETROLEUM r e f i n i n g ......................................................................................... 4 . A 4 .4 4.5 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .4 4. 1 4. 1 3.9

r u b b e r ............................................................................................................................. 3.1 3 .0 3.0 2 .9 2 .8 2.7 2 .7 2 .6 2 .4 2.3

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS............................................................................ 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6

P R I MA R Y M E T A L S ..................................................................................................... 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3 .5 3. 1 3 .0 3.1 2 .9 2.7

f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l s ............................................................................................ 1.0 1.1 1.0 0 .9 0 .8 0.9 1.0 0 .9 0 .9 0.8

M A C H I N E R Y ................................................................................................................... 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

E L E C T R I C A L E Q U I P M E N T ................................................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2 .7 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.6

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ..................................................................................................... 1.0 0 .9 3 .8 0. 7 0 .7 0. 7 0 . 6 0 . 6 0.6 0 .6

A I R C R A F T ....................................................................................................................... 0.8 0 .9 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.2

other t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ..................................................... 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS ......................... 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 2 .2 2.2 2. 1 2.2 2.2 2.3

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING............................................................. 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

NON MA N U FA C TU R I N G..................................................................................................... 10.6 9.9 9.5 9 .3 9 .4 9 .3 9 .6 9.5 9.5 9 .7

PETROLEUM E X T R A C T I O N .................................................................................. 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MINING ........................................... ................................................................................. 0.8 0 .5 0 .6 0 .6 0 .6 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0.7 0 .5

C O N S T R U C T I O N .......................................................................................................... 0 .2 0 .2 3.2 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

R A I L R O A D S .................................................................................................................... 0 .4 0 .4 0.3 0 .3 0.3 0 .3 0 .3 0.2 0.2 0 .2

other t r a n s p o r t a t io n ......................... ........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ........................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V ........................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s .............................................................................................. 0.4 0 .4 0.3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0.3 0.4 0 .3 0 .3

MI S C E LL AN E OU S B U S I N E S S S E R V I C E S ................................................. 5.4 5. 1 5.1 4.9 4 .7 4 .9 5.1 4.9 5.1 5 .6

m e d ic a l and den tal l a b o r a t o r ie s ................................................. 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V IC E S ............................ 0.4 0 .4 3.3 0.3 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0. 5 0.4 0 .4

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................ 2.7 2 .6 2.4 2 .4 2 .4 2.3 2 .4 2 .2 2.2 2.2

g o ve r n m e n t ............................................................................................................................. 8.5 9 .2 9.7 9.6 8 .9 8.8 8.8 9. 6 8 .2 8.3

F E D E R A L ............................................................................................................................... 6.2 6 .9 7.5 7 .4 6 .7 6 .6 6 .6 5.3 6 .0 6.0

s t a t e ...................................................................................................................................... 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3

LOCAL............................ ......................................................................................................... 0 .8 0 .9 3.8 0 .9 1.0 0 .9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ............................................................................... 19.7 17.4 15.1 14.4 14.1 15.0 15.9 15.6 17.0 18.1

N O N P R O F I T I N S T I T U T I O N S ......................................................................................... 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6

N 3TE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO .TO TALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

52

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

72.3 7 2 .7 72.8 72.5 72.5 72 .4 73 .0 70.6 70.3 70.2 70.4 ..PR IVA TE INDUSTRY

62.3 62.6 62 .4 61 .9 60 .9 59 .6 61 .6 59.7 59.0 58.4 58.4 ....MANUFACTURING

0 .7 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0 .9

4 .4 4 .5 4.2 4 .2 3 .9 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4

1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3

0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0. 1

2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2 .7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7

32.1 32.2 33.1 32. 1 31 .6 32.4 33 .7 33.0 32.1 31.8 32.2

3.9 3.7 3.6 3 .5 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2 .5 2.5 2 .4

2.2 2.3 2.2 2 .5 2 .3 2 .4 2.5 2 .4 2 .4 2.1 2 .3

1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1

2.7 2.8 2.5 2.3 2 .0 1.9 1.8 1.9 2 .0 2.2 1.8

0 .8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0 .9 0 .7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0 .7

1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.5 1. 5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5

2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 2.9 2 .5 2.1 2.2 2.0 2 .0 2.1 2.3

0 .6 0 .6 0.6 0.7 0 .7 0.7 0 .7 0.7 0 .7 0.8 0 .8

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4

0.1 0.1 3.1 0 .1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.0 0 .0

2 .4 2.3 2.4 2 .5 2 .6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2 .4 2 .5

1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1 .3 1.2 l . l 1.0 1 .0 1.1 1.1

9.8 10.0 10.4 10.5 11.7 11.7 11.4 11.0 11.3 11.8 12.0 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.1 0 .1 3.1 0 .1 0 .3 0 .3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0 .4 0 .4

0 .6 0.8 0 .7 0.7 0 .6 0. 6 0 .6 0.4 0.4 0 .3 0 .4

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .1

0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 3.1 0 .1 0.1 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.3 0.3 3.3 0. 3 0.3 0 .4 0.4 0 .3 0 .4 0.3 0.4

5.6 5 .6 5.9 5.9 6.3 6 .3 5 .9 5.6 5 .9 6.5 6.5

0.2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0.2

0.4 0 .4 3.4 0 .4 0 .5 0 .3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0 .5 0.5

2.2 2.2 2.4 2 .6 3 .0 3.3 3 .4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3 .4

7.9 7 .9 8.3 8.8 9 .0 9. 3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.2 9.3 ..GOVERNMENT

5.7 5 .5 6.0 6 .5 6 .7 7.0 7.0 6.8 6 .9 6 .7 6.7 ....FEDERAL

1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 ....S T A T E

1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 ....L O C A L

18.2 17.9 17.4 17.3 17.1 16.9 16.1 18.6 18.8 19.2 19.0 .. C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

53

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-18. Estimated employment of physicists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL S EC T OR S .......................................................................................................................... 14.0 15.2 16.7 18.0 19.1 19.9 2 1 .4 23 .7 26.1 28.6

P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y ........................................................................................................... 5.8 6.7 7.7 8.8 9 .6 9.8 10 .4 11.7 12.2 13.1

M A N U F A C T U R I N G .............................................................................................................. 4.2 4 .9 5.8 6 .9 7 .4 7 .5 7 .9 9.0 9.3 10.0

ORDNANCE....................................................................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.3 0 .6 0 .6 0.5 0 .5 0 .6 0.6 1.1

FOOD................................................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

T E X T I L E S AND A P P A R E L................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

PAPER................................................................................................................................ 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

CHEMICALS .................................................... ............................................................... 0.5 0 .6 0.7 0 .7 0 .8 0.8 0 .8 0 .9 1.0 1.1

PETROLEUM R E F IN IN G ........................................................................................ 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RUBBER......................................................................... ................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .1 0 .1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1

S TONE, C L A Y , AND G L A S S ............................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .3 0.3 0 .3 0 .3

pr im a r y m e t a l s ..................................................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l s ............................................................................................ 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2

m a c h in e r y ........................................................................................................ ... 0.4 0 .5 0.5 0 .6 0 .6 Q. 6 0 .6 0.7 0 .7 0 .8

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT .................................................................................. 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2 .2 2.6 2 .8 2.8

MOTOR v e h ic l e s ..................................................................................................... 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0 .2

AIRCRAFT ............. ......................................................................................................... 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1 .6 1.7 1 .9 2.3 2.2 2 .2

OTHER T R A N S PO RT AT I ON E Q U I P M E N T .................................................... 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS ......................... 0.5 0.5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .7 0.7 0 .8 0.8 0 .9 0.9

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING............. ............................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g .................................................................................................... 1 .6 1.8 1.9 1. 9 2 .2 2 .3 2 .5 2 .7 2 .9 3.1

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION ........................................... ............................ ... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MINING ........................................................................................ ................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

CONSTRUCTION ................................................................ ......................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

R A I L R O A D S .................................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 Ot 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0

OTHER T R A N S P O R T A T I O N .................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ........................................................................................ 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

R ADI O AND T V ........................................................................................................... 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

P U BL I C U T I L I T I E S ............................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES ................................................. 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2 .2 2 .4

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATO RIES ................................................. 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

EN GINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V IC E S ............................ 0.2 0 .3 0.3 0 .3 0 .4 0 .4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 .5

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................ 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

GOVERNMENT............................................................................................................................ 2.3 2.7 3.1 3. 1 2 .9 2.8 2 .8 2.8 3.2 3.5

F E D E R A L ............................................................................................................................... 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.1 2 .9 2.8 2.8 2.8 3 .2 3.5

S T A T E ...................................................................................................................................... 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

L O C A L ...................................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ............................................................................... 5.6 5 .5 5.5 5 .7 6 .2 6 .8 7 .7 8.6 10.1 11.3

N O N P R O FI T I N S T I T U T I O N S ........................................................................................ 0.3 0 .3 0.4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .5 0 .5 0 .6 0 .6 0.7

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DOE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

54

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

. ------ -— — —^

29 .8 31.6 3 3 .9 36.3 39 .0 39.9 42.1 4 4 .4 46.2 4 8 . 4 4 9 . 1 . . A L L SECTORS

13.2 13.7 14.7 15.5 16.4 16. 1 17.1 17.4 17.9 19 .3 1 9 .8 ..P R IV A TE INDUSTRY

9.9 10.2 10 .7 11.2 11.6 11.0 11.7 11.8 12.4 13.3 13.5 ....MANUFACTURING

1.3 1.4 2.2 2 .2 2.2 2 .4 2 .4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 .2

0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0. 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0. 0 0 .1 0.1 0.1 o . l 0.1 0.1 0. 1

1.1 1. 1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2 .0 2.1 2 .0 2.2 2.3

0.1 0.1 3.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0 .2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.3 0.3 0.3 0 .3 0 .3 0.2 0 .3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

0.1 0.3 3.1 0. 1 0 .1 0.0 0 .0 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0 .2 0.3 0 .3 0 .4 0 .3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0 .3 0.3

0.8 0 .9 0 .9 0.9 0 .9 0.8 0 .7 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1

2.9 3.0 2.9 3.2 2 .9 2.7 3 .0 2.9 3.1 3.4 3 .5

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0 .4 0 .4 0.3 0.4 0 .4 0 .4

1.7 1.4 1.2 1. 1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5

0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3

0.1 0 . 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0 .1 o . l 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

3.3 3 .5 4 .0 4 .3 4 .8 5.1 5 .4 5 .6 5 .5 6 .0 6.3 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.1 0.1 3.1 0 . 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0 .1 0 .2 0.1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

2 .6 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4 .3 4 .5 4 .6 4.4 4 .5 4 .8

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.5 0.5 3.6 0 .6 0 .8 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.1 0. 1 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0.2 0 .2 0.2 0 .2 0 .4 0 .4

3.7 4 .2 4 .6 5 .0 5.3 5.6 5 .9 6.0 6.5 6 .5 6.5 ..GOVERNMENT

3 .7 4 .2 4 .6 5 .0 5.3 5.6 5 .9 6.0 6.5 6 .5 6.5 ....FEDERAL

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 ....S T A T E

0.0 0 .0 3.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 . . . . LOCAL

12.2 12.9 13.6 14.6 16.1 16.9 17.7 19.5 20 .3 21.1 2 1 . 4 ..C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

55

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-19. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of physicists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS......................................................................... ..................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 4 1 . 4 44. 1 46.1 48.9 50.3 49.2 48.6 49.4 46.7 45.8

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 30.0 32.2 34.7 38.3 38.7 37.7 36.9 38.0 35.6 35.0

ordnance ............................................................................................................. 0.7 0.7 1.8 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 3.8

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 3 . 6 3 . 9 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 0 . 7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0 . 7 0.7 D * 6 1. 1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0.7 1.3 1.2 1. 1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.8

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT........................................................................... 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.0 11.1 10.3 11.0 10.7 9.8

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 1.4 1.3 1.2 l. 1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 3.6 4.6 6.0 7.2 8.4 8.5 8.9 9.7 8.4 7.7

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.1

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 1 1 . 4 11.8 11.4 10.6 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.4 11.1 10.8

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

railroads .......................................................................................................... 0.0 o.c 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V ................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S ER V IC E S............................................. 9 . 3 9.2 9.0 8.3 8.9 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING-AND ARCHITECTURAL SERV ICE S.......................... 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 16.4 17.8 IB .6 17.2 15.2 14.1 13.1 11.8 12.3 12.2

federal ..................................................................................................................... 16.4 17.8 18.6 17.2 15.2 14.1 13.1 11.8 12.3 12.2

state .......................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LOCAL.......................................................................................................................... D.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 40.0 36.2 32.9 31.7 32.5 34.2 36.0 36.3 38.7 39.5

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.4

MOTE: D E TA IL MAY MOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

56

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 . . A L L SECTORS

44.3 43.4 43.4 42.7 42. 1 40.4 40.6 39.2 38.7 39.9 4 0 .3 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

33.2 32.3 31.6 30.9 29.7 27.6 27.8 26.6 26.8 27.5 27.5 ....MANUFACTURING

4.4 4 .4 6.5 6. 1 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 4.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

3.7 3.5 3.8 4. 1 4.1 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.7

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6

0.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.7 0.6 0.9 0.B 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6

2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.2

9.7 9.5 8*6 8.8 7 . 4 6 • 8 7. 1 6. 5 6.7 7.0 7. 1

0 . 7 0 . 6 3 • 6 0*6 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0. 8

5.7 4.4 3.5 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.4 3.5 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.6

0.3 0. 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

11.1 11.1 11.8 11.3 12.3 12.8 12.8 12.6 11.9 12.4 12.8 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.7 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.5 10.8 10.7 10.4 9.5 9.3 9.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0

0.3 0.3 3*6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8

12.4 13.3 13.6 13.8 13.6 14.0 14.0 13.5 14.1 13.4 13.2 ..GOVERNMENT

12.4 13.3 13.6 13.8 13.6 14.0 14.0 13.5 14.1 13.4 13.2 ....FEDERAL

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . . . . STATE

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 . 0 • • • • LGCAL

40.9 40.8 40.1 40.2 41.3 42.4 42.0 43.9 43.9 43.6 43.6 ..C OL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

2.3 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

57

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-20. Estimated employment of geologists and geophysicists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 13.0 13.3 13.8 15.5 16.1 17.1 17.9 19.6 20.1 20.9

private industry .................................................................................................. 10.2 10.2 10.6 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.4 14.5 14.7 14.9

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 0.6 0.7 3.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

TEXTI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND F UR NI TUR E............................................................................ o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

PETROLEUM r e f in in g . . . . ...................................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE. CLAY, AND GLASS................................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 0.1 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M A C H I N E R Y . . . . . ............................................................................................ 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 9.6 9.5 9.9 11.3 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.7 13.9 14.1

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 8.3 8.2 8.4 9.6 10.1 10.6 10.9 11.8 11.8 11.8

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.6 0.6 3.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.3

OTHER TRANSPORTATION......................................................’. ................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

telecommunications ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... o . l 0. 1 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 0.3 0.3 3.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL SERV ICE S.......................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING................................................................... .. 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.6

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0

STATE.......................................................................................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0 . 0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.2

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 0 . 1 0 . 1 3.1 0.1 0 .! 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

58

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

*

•

fSio

20.6 21.1 22. 5 23.4 25.5 26.2 28.4 29.0 29.4 30.6 . . A L L SECTORS

14.0 13.5 13.4 13.8 13.8 15.1 15.5 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.8 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 0. 8 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 ....MANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0. 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3 3.3 0.4 0.2 o .i 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

O.i 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

o.o 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0. 1 3.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.1 3.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0. 1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 o.o 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 o.o o.o 0.1 0. 1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o 0.0 3.0 0. 0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 o.o

13.2 12.7 12.4 12.8 13.0 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.8 ....NONMANUFACTURING

10.9 10.4 10.4 10. 3 10.3 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.1 12.0 12.0

0.7 0.8 3.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o .o 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3 3.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.7 0.7 3.7 1.0 1.1 1.8 1 • 8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6

0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

2.7 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.1 4. 1 4.2 4.1 4.2 ..GOVERNMENT

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 ....FEDERAL

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 ....STATE

0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ....LOCAL

3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.3 5.8 6.1 7.5 8.0 8.4 9.2 . .COL LEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

59

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-21. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of geologists and geophysicists, by sector, 1950—70

jin thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 78.5 76.7 76.8 77.4 77.6 75.4 74.9 74.0 73.1 71.3

MANUFACTURING.................................................................................................... 4 . 6 5 . 3 5 . 1 4 . 5 4.3 4. 1 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.8

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0 . 0 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E.......................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 1 . 5 1 . 5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0. 6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

primary metals ............................................................................................ 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

fabricated METALS.................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

machinery .......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ELECTRICAL equipment ........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR V EH I C L E S ............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

OTHER transportation equipment ................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

miscellaneous MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 73.8 71.4 71.7 72.9 73.3 71.3 70.4 69.9 69.2 67.5

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 63.8 61.7 60.9 61.9 62.7 62.0 60.9 60.2 58.7 56.5

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 4.6 4.5 5.1 5.2 4.3 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.8

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND TV .................................................................................................. o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T IL IT IE S ...................................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.4

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S ER VI CE S............................................. 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.9

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING ANO ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 1.5 1.5 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.4

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING..................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

government .................................................................................................................. 11.5 13.5 13.8 13.5 13.0 13.5 12.8 12.2 11.4 12.4

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 7.7 9.8 10.1 10.3 9.3 9.9 9.5 9.2 8.5 9.6

state .......................................................................................................................... 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.4 3. 1 3.0 2.9

LOCAL.......................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 9.2 9.0 8.7 8.4 8.7 10.5 11.7 12.8 14.4 15.3

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0

NOTE: D E TA IL HAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

60

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

103.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

68 «6 65.5 63.5 61.3 59.0 59.2 59.2 57.4 56.2 55.8 54.9 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

3.9 3.9 4.7 4.4 3.4 2.4 2.3 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 ....MANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

1.0 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.5 3.9 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5 3.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 3.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0

64.7 61.7 58.8 56.9 55.6 56.9 56.9 53.9 53.1 52.4 51.6 . . . . NONMANUFACTURING

53.4 50.5 49.3 45. B 44.0 44.3 43.9 41.2 41. 7 40.8 39.2

3.4 3.9 2.8 2.7 3.4 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.1 2.7 2.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.5 1.5 3.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

3.4 3.4 3.3 4 .4 4.7 7. 1 6.9 6.3 5.9 5.4 6.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.0 2.3 2. 1 2.1 1.7 2.0

0.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0

13.2 14.6 14.7 16.0 16.2 16. 1 15.6 14.4 14.5 13.9 13.7 ..GOVERNMENT

9.8 9.7 9.5 10.7 11.1 11.0 10.7 9.9 9.7 9.2 8.5 ....FEDERAL

3.4 3.9 4.3 4 .4 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 . . ..STATE

0.0 1.0 3.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 ....LOCAL

17.2 18.4 19.9 20.4 22.6 22.7 23.3 25.4 27.6 28.6 30.1 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.0 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

61

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-22. Estimated employment of other physical scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 10.2 12.3 15.2 16.9 17.4 17.4 18.5 20.6 20.6 21.3

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 6.4 7. 1 8.4 9.6 10.3 10.4 11.3 12.7 12.9 13.6

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 5.7 6.4 7.5 8.5 9.1 9.1 9.9 11.3 11.5 12.1

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................... ............... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E............................................................................ 0 . 0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

chemicals .......................................................................................................... 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

rubber .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

stone , clay , and glass ...................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

primary metals ............................................................................................. 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.9

FABRICATED metals .................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 O.B 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT................................................................... .. 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4

MOTOR V E H I CL E S ............................................................................................. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.6

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

nonmanufacturing . ........................................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MINING ........................................................ ......................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0. 3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

telecommunications ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC u t i l i t i e s ...................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

miscellaneous business s e r v ic e s ............................................. 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL SERV ICE S.......................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

other nonmanufacturing ...................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

G O V E R N M E N T . . . . ....................................................................................................... 3.5 4.9 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.7 7.3 7.0 6.9

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 3.3 4.6 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.5

state ........................................................................................................................... 0.1 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

62

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

22.1 23.8 24.2 25.3 26.3 27. 1 29. 1 30.2 33.6 35.0 36.2 . . A L L SECTORS

14.4 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.8 16.8 17.7 19.0 19.9 20.2 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

12.8 14.3 14.3 14.1 13.8 13.9 14.7 15.4 16.4 16.8 16.8 ....MANUFACTURING

0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0. 5 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 o .i

0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

5.3 6.2 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.9 5.4 5.7 5.9

0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9

1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.1

0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.1 3.4 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 o .i 0.1 0.2 0. 1

0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .1 0.0 0 .1 0. 1

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 l . l 1.3 1.7 2.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5

6.7 6. 8 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.2 8.6 9.3 , 11.0 11.1 11.7 ..GOVERNMENT

6.3 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.0 8.4 8.8 10.5 10.6 11. 1 ....FEDERAL

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 ....STATE

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0 .1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 ....LOCAL

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.4 2.1 2.6 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.9 .. COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 ..NONPROFIT.INSTITUTIONS

63

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-23. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of other physical scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 62.7 57.7 55.3 56.8 59.2 59.8 61.1 61.7 62.6 63.8

manufacturing .................................................................................................... 55.9 52.0 49.3 50.3 52.3 52.3 53.5 54.9 55.8 56.8

ORDNANCE......................................................................... .................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.4

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.4

TEXTI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND F UR NI TUR E............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 3.9 4. 1 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3

petroleum r e f in in g ................................................................................. o.o 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS....................... .............................................. 1 .0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

primary metals ............................................................................................ 18.6 17.9 16.4 16.6 17.8 17.8 18.9 19.9 21.8 23.0

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9

MACHINERY.................................................................................... ..................... 5.9 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.6 4.6 4 .9 4.9 4.9 4.7

electrical eq uipment ............................................................................ 6.9 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.3 6.6

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 8.8 7.3 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.6

AIRCRAFT............................................................................................................ 2.9 3.3 4.6 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.8 7.8 7.5

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

miscellaneous manufacturing ........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NONMANUFACTURING.......................................................................................... 6.9 5.7 5.9 6.5 6.9 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.8 7.0

petroleum extr a c tio n ........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MINING ....................... .......................................................................................... 2.9 2.4 2.0 1. 8 1.7 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.3

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

other transportation ............................................................................ 1.0 0.8 0.7 0. 6 0 .6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVI CES............................................. 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.9

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1 .0 0.9

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 34.3 39.8 . 4 2 . 8 o

•0037.9 37.4 36.2 35.4 34.0 32.4

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 32.4 37.4 43.8 39. 1 36.2 35.6 34.6 34.0 32.0 30.5

STATE........................................................................................................................... 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.4

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ........................................................................ 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.3

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S . .............................................................................. 1 .0 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1 .0 1.4

NOTES D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

64

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1966 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 l o o . o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..ALL SECTORS

65.2 66.8 65.7 62.8 59.7 58.3 57.7 58.6 56.5 56.9 55.8 . . PRIVATE INDUSTRY

57.9 60.1 59.1 55.7 52.5 51.3 50.5 51.0 68.8 68.0 66.6 . . . . M A N U F A C T U R I N G

1.8 3.6 2.5 2.6 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.1

1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.6

0 . 0 * 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 1. 1 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 1.6

3.6 3.8 5.0 5.1 6.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 6.2 6.9 6.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1

0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.8

26.0 26.1 26.6 20.9 18.6 16.6 15.8 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.3

2.3 2.1 1.2 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.8

6.5 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.3 6.8 5.6 5.2

6.3 6.3 6.2 6.7 6.5 5.5 5.2 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.7

5.6 5.0 5.0 5.1 6.9 6.6 6.1 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8

7.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.3 6.6 6.8 5.0 5.1 6.0 3.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

0.9 1.3 1.7 0.8 0.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

7.2 6.7 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.6 7.7 8.9 9.6 . . . . N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3

2.3 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o .o 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3

2.7 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.9 6.9 5.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8

0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.6

30.3 28.6 28.9 29.6 30.6 30.3 29.6 30.8 32.7 31.7 32.3 . . G O V ERNMENT

28.5 26.9 27.3 28.5 29.7 29.5 28.9 29 . 1 31.2 30.3 30.7 . . . . F E D E R A L

1.6 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.6 ....STATE

0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 . . ..LOCAL

3.2 3.6 3.7 5.5 8.0 9.6 10.7 8.6 8.9 10.0 10.8 . . C O L L E G E S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

1.6 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.1 . . N O N P R O F I T INSTI T U T I O N S

65

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-24. Estimated employment of mathematicians, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

S E C T O R 19 50 1951 1952 19 53 1 9 5 4 19 55 1 9 5 6 19 5 7 1 9 5 8 1959

A L L S E C T O R S ............................................................. 13.8 14 .7 16.1 17 . 7 19 . 5 21 . 1 2 3 . 1 2 6 . 1 2 8 . 5 3 1 . 7

P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y ...................................................... 8 . 4 9. 0 13 . 2 11.7 1 2 . 6 13 .3 14 .3 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 2 17 . 7

m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................... 3. 5 3. 9 4.8 6 . 0 6. 3 6. 7 7. 2 8. 3 8.5 9 . 2

o r d n a n c e ........... ................................................ 0 . 1 0. 1 3.3 0. 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 • 6 0 . 6 1.0

F O O D .................................................................. 0 . 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

T E X T I L E S A N D A P P A R E L ......................................... 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0

L U M B E R A N D F u R N I T J R E .......................................... 0 . 0 0. 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0.0

P A P E R . . . . ........................................................... 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

C H E M I C A L S .......................................................... 0. 3 0 . 4 0. 4 0. 5 0 . 6 0. 6 0 . 6 0.7 0. 7 0. 7

p e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g ............................................. 0.1 0.1 3.1 0. 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.2

R U B B E R ............................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1

S T O N E , C L A y , A N D G L A S S ...................................... 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

p r i m a r y m e t a l s ................................................... 0.2 0 . 2 3.2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0. 2 0 . 2 0. 2 0.2 0 . 2

F A B R I C A T E D M E T A L S .............................................. 0.3 0 . 3 0. 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5

M A C H I N E R Y ........................................................... 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0 . 9 0 . 9 1.0 1. 0 1.2 1. 2 1.3

E L E C T R I C A L E Q U I P M E N T ......................................... 0. 9 1.0 1.1 1. 3 1.3 1.4 1. 6 1.9 2.1 2.1

M O T O R V E H I C L E S .................................................. 0.3 0 . 3 0.3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0. 3 0.3 0. 3 0. 3 0 . 4

A I R C R A F T ............................................................ 0.3 0 . 4 0. 8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.1

O T H E R T R A N S P O R T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T .......................... 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0. 1 0.1

P R O F E S S I O N A L A N D S C I E N T I F I C I N S T R U M E N T S ............ 0 . 1 0. 1 3.1 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0.2 0. 2 0. 3

M I S C E L L A N E O U S M A N U F A C T U R I N G ......... .................... 0.0 0. 0 3.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

N O N M A N U F A C T J R I N G ................................................... 4 . 9 5. 1 5 . 4 5 . 7 6. 3 6. 6 7. 1 7.3 7. 7 8 . 5

P E T R O L E U M E X T R A C T I O N ......................................... 0.1 0.1 3.1 0 . 1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0 . 1 0.1 0.1

M I N I N G ....................... ...................................... 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

C O N S T R U C T I O N ...................................................... 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 2

R A I L R O A D S .......................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0

O T H E R T R A N S P O R T A T I O N ......................................... 0. 0 0. 0 3.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ............................................. 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0 . 1 0. 1 0 . 1 0.1 0.1 0.1

R A D I O A N D T V ...................................................... 0 . 0 0. 0 3.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0

p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ................................................ 0 . 1 0. 1 3 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0.2 0 . 2 0 . 2

M I S C E L L A N E O U S B U S I N E S S S E R V I C E S ......................... 1.7 1.8 2. 0 2.1 2 . 2 2 . 4 2. 6 2.8 3. 0 3. 5

M E D I C A L A N D D E N T A L L A B O R A T O R I E S ......................... 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 o . o 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

E N S I N E E R I N G a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l s e r v i c e s .............. 0.2 0. 3 3. 3 0. 3 0 . 4 0 . 4 0. 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5

O T H E R N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G ...................................... 2. 6 2 . 6 2.7 2.8 3. 2 3. 3 3 . 5 3. 5 3 . 7 3. 9

g o v e r n m e n t ............................................................... 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.9 2. 2 2 . 4 2.3 2 . 5

f e d e r a l ................................................................ 0 . 9 1.3 1.4 1. 4 1.3 1.7 2 . 0 2.2 2.1 2.2

s t a t e .................................................................... 0. 2 0 . 2 3.2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 2 0. 2 0.2 0. 2 0. 2

L O C A L .................................................................. 0. 0 0. 0 3.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 1

c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s ........................................ 4.1 4 . 0 4. 0 4 . 1 5.1 5. 6 6. 3 7.8 9. 6 10.8

N O N P R O F I T I N S T I T U T I O N S ............................................ 0. 2 0 . 2 0.3 0 . 3 0.3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 7

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

66

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

34.2 36.3 39.8 43.6 47.2 50.3 53.9 61.9 67.1 73.0 74.3 . . A L L SECTORS

18.9 19.8 22.2 23.9 25.5 27.1 29.4 33.2 34.9 37.9 38.7 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

10.1 10.8 12.4 13.5 13.7 15. 3 16.2 19.0 20.2 21.3 20.7 ....MANUFACTURING

1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.9 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.0

0.1 0.1 3.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

o.o 0.1 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.7 0.7 3.8 0.9 0-9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1. 7 1.9

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4

0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4

1.5 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

2.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.0 3. 1 3.3 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.3

0.4 0.4 3.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

2.3 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.3

0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.3 0.3 3.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

8.8 9.0 9.8 10.4 11.8 11.8 13.2 14.2 14.7 16.6 18.0 . . . .NONMANUFACTURING

0.1 0.2 0.2 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 1 0.1 O.i 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.2 0. 1 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 o .i 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 o .i 3.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 O.i 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

3.7 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.0 4. 1 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.5 6.1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2

4.0 4. 1 4.3 4.6 5.1 6. 1 6.5 6.8 7.3 8.0 8.9

2.6 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 4.6 5.2 5.3 4.7 ..GOVERNMENT

2.2 2.4 2.3 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.8 4.9 4.3 ....FEDERAL

0.3 0.3 3.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 ....STATE

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 ....LOCAL

12-0 12.8 13.5 14.5 15.9 16.8 17.5 21.6 24.4 27.2 28.5 ..COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.7 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.4 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

67

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-25. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of mathematicians, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

all sectors ............................... ............................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

private industry ................................................................................................. 60.9 61.2 63.4 66. 1 64.6 63.0 61.9 59.8 56.8 55.8

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 2 5 . 4 26.5 29.8 33.9 32.3 31.8 31.2 31.8 29.8 29.0

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.7 0.7 1.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.1 3.2

FOOD....................................................................................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

chemicals ............................................................... ........................................ 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.6 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

RUBBER.................................................................................................................. 0 . 7 0 . 7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

primary metals ............................................................................................ 1.4 1.4 1.2 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 4.3 4.8 5.0 5. 1 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 6.5 6.8 6.8 7.3 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.4 6*6

MOTOR V EH IC LE S........................................................ ................................... 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.3

AI RCRAFT...................................................................... ..................................... 2.2 2.7 5.0 6.2 6.7 7. 1 7.4 8.0 7.4 6.6

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.9

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 35.5 34.7 33.5 32.2 32.3 31.3 30.7 28.0 27.0 26.8

PETROLEUM EXTRACTION........................................................................... 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.7 0.7 D*6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.7 0.7 0.6 0. 6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

RADIO AND T V ................................................................................................. 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T IL IT IE S ...................................................................................... 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 • 6 1 . 1 1 . 0 0 . 9 0 . 9 0.8 0.7 0.6

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 12.3 12.2 12.4 11.9 11.3 11.4 11.3 10.7 10.5 11.0

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL SERV ICE S.......................... 1.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 18. 8 17.7 16.8 15.8 16.4 15.6 15.2 13.4 13.0 12.3

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 8.0 10.2 9.9 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.5 9.2 8.1 7.9

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 6.5 8.8 8.7 7.9 6.7 8.1 8.7 8.4 7.4 6.9

STATE.......................................................................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

LOCAL.......................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

POLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ........................................................................ 29.7 27.2 24.8 23.2 26.2 26.5 27.3 29.9 33.7 34.1

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ........................................................................ 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.4 2.2

NOTES D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

68

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

55.3 54.5 55.8 54.8 54.0 53.9 54.5 53.6 52.0 51.9 52. 1 ..P RIV ATE INDUSTRY

29.5 29.8 31.2 31.0 29.0 30.4 30.1 30.7 30. 1 29.2 27.9 ....MANUFACTURING

3.5 3.6 5.0 4.8 4.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.3 4.0

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7

2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.6

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0*0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 ...............STONE, CLAY, ANO GLASS

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5

1.5 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5

4.6 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.0 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.1

7.0 7.7 7.5 7.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.8

1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2

6.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.5 5.7 4.9 4.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1

25.7 24.8 26.6 23.9 25.0 23.5 24.5 22.9 21.9 22.7 24.2 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0 .6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

10.8 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.6 8.2 8.9 7.6 6.7 7.5 8.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6

11.7 11.3 10.8 10.6 10.8 12.1 12.1 11.0 10.9 11.0 12.0

7.6 7.7 6.8 7.6 7.8 8.3 8.5 7.4 7.7 7 .3 6 .3 ..GOVERNMENT

6.4 6.6 5.8 6.7 7.0 7.6 7.6 6.8 7.2 6.7 5.8 ....FEDERAL

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 ....STATE

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 . ...LOCAL

35.1 35.3 33.9 33.3 33.7 33.4 32.5 34.9 36.4 37.3 38.4 . . COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

2.0 2.5 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.2 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

69

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-26. Estimated employment of agricultural scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 16.9 18.2 20.4 21.5 21.7 22.2 23,7 25.6 27.3 29.5

private industry .................................................................................................. 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.2

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5

TEXTI LES AND A P PA R E L . ......................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURN IT UR E............................................................................ 0 . 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

PAPER..................................................................................................................... 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

CHEMICALS........................................................................................................... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

primary metals ............................................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MACHINERY........................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NONMANUFACTURING............................................................................................ 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

petroleum e x tr a c tio n ............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

telecommunications ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

public u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

engineering and architectural S E R V I C ES .......................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 10.8 11.9 13.9 14.8 14.5 14.8 15.5 16.4 17.0 18.2

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 7.7 8.7 10.5 11.4 10.9 11.1 11.6 12.3 12.6 13.6

STATE........................................................................................................................... 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 4 .0 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.2 7.0

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S .............................................................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

70

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

30.4 32.3 35.3 38.5 41.5 44.1 46.9 46.5 47.2 47.5 49.3 . . all SECTORS

4.4 4.5 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

3.3 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 ....MANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1. 1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o . o . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9

18.4 18.8 20.0 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.5 22.4 22.9 22.9 23.3 ..GOVERNMENT

13.5 13.7 14.6 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.4 15.5 ....FEDERAL

3.7 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.5 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.1 ....STATE

1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1 . 7 . . . . LOCAL

7.5 8.9 10.5 12.5 15.2 17.4 19.9 18.4 18.5 18.5 19.9 .. COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

Digitized for FRASER 

71

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-27. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of agricultural scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

S E CTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL S E C T O R S ........................................................ LOD.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRI V A T E I N D U S T R Y .................... ............................

(M

t

H*■

14.8 14.2 14.0 14.3 14.9 14.8 14.8 14.7 14.2

M A N U F A C T U R I N G ................................................... 10.1 11.0 10.3 10.2 10.6 11.3 11.0 11.3 11.4 10.8

O R D N A N C E ....................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

F O O D ............................................................. 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.9 5. 5 5 . 5 5 . 1 5.1

t e x t i l e s a n d a p p a r e l ...................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMB E R AND F U R N I T U R E ...................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 D. 8 0 . 7 0 . 7

P A P E R ........................................................... 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4

C H E M I C A L S ...................................................... 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.4

P E T R O L E U M r e f i n i n g . . . . ................................... 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

R U B B E R .......................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE, CLAY, a n d G L A S S ................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

P R I M A R Y M E T A L S ............................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l s .......................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

m a c h i n e r y ...................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t ...................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

m o t o r v e h i c l e s ............................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

a i r c r a f t . ................................. .................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OT H E R T R A N S P O R T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T ........................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

P R O F E S S I O N A L A N D S C I E N T I F I C I N S T R U M E N T S ........... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M I S C E L L A N E O U S M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................................. 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.4

P E T R O L E U M e x t r a c t i o n ...................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M I N I N G . . . . . ................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

R A I L R O A D S ...................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OT H E R T R A N S P O R T A T I O N ...................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ......................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V ................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ............................................ 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

M I S C E L L A N E O U S B U S I N E S S S E R V I C E S ....................... 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

M E D I C A L A N D D E N T A L L A B O R A T O R I E S ....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

E N G I N E E R I N G A N D A R C H I T E C T U R A L S E R V I C E S ............. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OT H E R N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G ................................... 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0

g o v e r n m e n t .......................................................... 63.9 65.4 69.1 68.8 66.8 66.7 65.4 64. 1 62.3 61.7

F E D E R A L ........................................................... 45.6 47.8 51.5 53.0 50.2 50.0 48.9 48.0 46.2 46.1

S T A T E .............................................................. 13.6 13.2 12.7 12.1 12.9 12.6 12.2 12.1 12.1 11.9

L O C A L .............................................................. 4.7 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.7

C O L L E G E S A N D U N I V E R S I T I E S ..................................... 21.3 19.2 17.2 16.7 18.4 18.0 19.4 20.7 22.7 23.7

N O N P R O F I T I N S T I T U T I O N S ......................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

72

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i 19 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

14.5 13.9 13.3 13 . B 12.8 12.5 11.5 12.0 12.1 12.6 12.2 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

10.9 10.2 9.6 9.6 9.2 8.2 7.5 7.7 8.1 8.2 7.9 ....MANUFACTURING

o.o o.o o.o 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 5.0 4.5 4. 7 4.1 3. 9 3. 2 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.0

o.o o. 0 o.o o. o 0. 0 n.o n.o n.n n.n 0.0 0.0

n 7 0 6 0.6 0* 5 0,5 0*5 0.4

1.3

0 , 4 n.f> 0.6 0.6

1*3 1-2 1.4

2.8

0.0

1.3 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.9 2. 1 1.6

3-3 3. 1 2.9 2.7 2. 5 2 . 3 2. 2 2.1 2.3 2.4

0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o o. 0 0.0 o. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o o.o o.o o.o n.o n. n n.o 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 n. 3 0. 3 0*0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0. 0

0*0 o.o o.o 0. 0 o.o o. o o.o 0*0 n.o 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 . . . . . .MACHINERY

o . 0 o.o o.o o. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o o. o o.o o. o Q.p o.o o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0. 0

o.o o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Q.Q o.o o.o o. 0 o.o o. o 0 . 0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ...............OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

o.o 0. 0 o.o 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.o o.o

o.o o.o o.o 0. 0 o.o 0* 0 0.0 o.o 0.0 6.5 o.o

3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.6 4.3 4. 1 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.3 ••••NDNMANUFACTURING

o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

q 9 q 0^-0 Q*-3 0*2 0*2 0-2 Q. 7 0*0 0*0 0.0

o.o Om 0 0*0 o.o o.o 0-0 o.o 0*0 0.0 0.0 0. 0

n * o.o o. 0 o.o 0*0 0*0 0 *0 0. 0

n.n 0*0 o.o o.o o.o o. 0 o. 0 0*0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0*0 o. 0 o. o o. 0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

o.o o.o o.o o. o o.o n. o n . n n . o 0.0 0.0

0. 4

0.0

n * 0 3 3 « 3 0*3 0*2 Q. 5 0. 2 0. 2 0.2 0.2

1.3 1.5 1.4 l.B 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.2

ft - n o.o o.o o. 0 o.o o. o 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ...............MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES

o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . . . . . . E N G I N E E R I N G AND ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES

2*0 1*9 1.8

53.5

1*7 1.8

47.8

1*9 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8

60.5 58.2 56.7 50.4 45.8 48.2 48.5 48.2 47.3 ..GOVERNMENT

44.4 42.4 41.4 39.5 37.1 35.1 33.3 33.3 33.1 32.4 31.4 ....FEDERAL

12.2 12.1 11.6 10.6 10.1 9.8 9.6 11.6 12.1 12.4 12.4 ....STATE

3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4 . . ..LOCAL

24.7 27.6 29.7 32.5 36.6 39.5 42.4 39.6 39.2 38.9 40.4 ..COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

0.3 0.3 3.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

73

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-28. Estimated employment of biological scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

S E C T O R 1950 1951 1952 1953 1 9 5 4 1955 1 9 5 6 19 5 7 1 9 5 8 1 9 5 9

ALL S E C T O R S ............................................................. 1 9 . 9 2 1 . 2 2 3 . 0 2 4 . 1 2 5 . 5 27 . 3 2 9 . 9 3 4 . 8 3 9 . 0 4 2 . 5

P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y ...................................................... 3 . 6 4 . 3 4 . 8 5. 1 5. 3 5 . 4 5 . 7 6. 3 6 . 9 7 . 1

m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................... 2. 9 3. 5 4.0 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 8 5 . 4 5. 9 5 . 9

O R D N A N C E ............................................................ 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

F O O D .................................................................. 0.4 0 . 4 0. 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0. 5 0 . 5

T E X T I L E S A N D A P P A R E L .......................................... 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

L U M B E R A N D F U R N I T U R E .......................................... 0 . 0 0 . 0 0,0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

P A P E R ................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

C H E M I C A L S .......................................................... 2. 5 3. 1 3 . 6 3. 9 4. 0 4 . 0 4 . 3 4 . 9 5 . 4 5 . 4

P E T R O L E U M R E F l N l N S ............................................. 0 . 0 0 . 0 o . o 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

R U B B E R ............................................................... 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

S T O N E , C L A Y , A N D G L A S S ....................................... 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0

p r i m a r y m e t a l s ................................................... 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

f a b r i c a t e d M E T A L S .............................................. 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0. 0 0.0

M A C H I N E R Y ........................................................... 0.0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

E L E C T R I C A L E Q U I P M E N T .......................................... 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

M O T O R V E H I C L E S ................................................... 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

a i r c r a f t ............................................................ 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

O T H E R T R A N S P O R T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T .......................... 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

P R O F E S S I O N A L A N D S C I E N T I F I C I N S T R U M E N T S ............ 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

M I S C E L L A N E O U S M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................... 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................... 0 . 7 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0 . 9 0 . 9 0 . 9 0. 9 1. 0 1.2

p e t r o l e u m e x t r a c t i o n ......................................... 0.0 0.0 o.o 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

M I N I N G ..................................... ......................... 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

C O N S T R U C T I O N ...................................................... 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 0

R A I L R O A D S .......................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ......................................... 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ............................................. 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0

r a d i o a n d t v ...................................................... 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0

P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ................................................ 0.0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0

M I S C E L L A N E O U S B U S I N E S S S E R V I C E S ......................... 0.2 0. 2 0.2 0.2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.3 0 . 3

M E D I C A L A N D D E N T A L L A B O R A T O R I E S ......................... 0.3 0 . 4 0. 4 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0. 5 0 . 6

E N G I N E E R I N G A N D A R C H I T E C T U R A L S E R V I C E S .............. 0.0 0. 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0

O T H E R N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G . ..................................... 0.2 0. 2 0.2 0. 2 0.2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3

G O V E R N M E N T .............. ................................................ 5.6 6.3 7.0 7 . 2 7. 5 7. 9 8 . 5 9. 2 9 . 6 10 .3

F E D E R A L . . . ............................................................ 2.1 2. 5 3.1 3. 3 3. 3 3. 6 3 . 9 4. 2 4. 5 4. 8

S T A T E .................................................................... 2. 5 2.7 2.8 2.8 3 . 0 3.0 3. 2 3. 4 3 . 4 3.7

L O C A L .................................................................... 1.0 1. 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1. 4 1.6 1.7 1.8

C O L L E G E S A N D U N I V E R S I T I E S ........................................ 10.1 9 . 9 1 0 . 4 10 . 9 1 1 . 8 13 .0 1 4 . 7 18.1 2 1 . 2 2 3 . 7

N O N P R O F I T I N S T I T U T I O N S ............................................. 0. 6 0.7 0.8 0 . 9 0 . 9 1.0 1. 0 1.2 1.3 1.4

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADO TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

74

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

4 4 .8 4 6 .9 4 9 .0 5 1 .3 5 4 .4 5 5 .6 5 6 .9 6 2 .6 6 5 .8 6 7 .7 7 1 . 1 ..ALL SECTORS

7 .5 8 . 2 8 . 6 9 .0 9 . 4 9 . 4 9 . 9 9 .5 1 0 .3 1 0 .8 1 1 .0 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

6 .2 6 . 9 7 .2 7 . 4 7 . 6 7 . 6 7 .8 7 . 5 8 .1 8 . 2 8 . 4 .... m a n u f a c t u r i n g

0 .1 o.i 0 .2 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .2 0 .2

0 .5 0 . 6 0 .6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 .7 0 . 7 0 .7 0 .8 0 . 9 1 .0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 0

5 .5 6 .0 6 .0 6 . 0 6 .1 6 .1 6 .3 6 .0 6 . 4 6 . 5 6 . 7

0 .0 0 .0 0 .1 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 o.o 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 . 1

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 .2 0 .2 0 . 2 0 .2

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 . 1 0 . 1

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 1 0 .1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 . 1

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 o.o 0 . 0 0 . 0

1 .3 1 .3 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 1 .8 2 . 1 2 .0 2 .2 2 . 6 2 . 6 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 o.o 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 . 4 0 . 4 0 .4 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 .7 1 .2 1 .2

0 .6 0 . 6 0 .7 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 0 .9 0 . 9 0 . 9 0 . 9

0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .1 0 .1 0 . 2 0 .1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

0 .3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 5 0 . 5

1 0 .6 1 1 .1 1 1 .7 1 2 .3 1 3 .0 1 3 .8 1 4 .4 1 4 .9 1 6 .2 1 6 .7 1 7 .9 ..GOVERNMENT

4 .8 4 . 9 5 .2 5 . 6 6 . 0 6 . 4 6 . 7 7 .0 7 . 9 8 .1 9 . 0 ....FEDERAL

4 .0 4 . 3 4 .5 4 . 7 5 .0 5 .3 5 . 6 5 .7 6 . 0 6 .2 6 . 5 ....STATE

1 .8 1 .9 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 2 .1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 4 ....LOCAL

2 5 .1 2 5 .8 2 6 .4 2 7 .3 2 9 .2 2 9 .6 2 9 .6 3 5 . 1 3 6 .1 3 7 .0 3 9 .2 ..COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

1 .6 1 .8 2 .3 2 . 7 2 . 8 2 .8 3 . 0 3 .1 3 .2 3 .2 3 . 0 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

75

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-29. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of biological scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 195t 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS............................................................................................................... 103.D 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 18.1 20.3 20.9 21.2 20.8 19.8 19.1 18.1 17.7 16.7

MANUFACTURING....................... ............................................................................ I t . 6 16.5 17.t 17.8 17.3 16.5 16.1 15. 5 15. 1 13.9

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 l . t 1.3 1.2

TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

lumber and f u rniture ........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER..................................................................................................................... D.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CHEMICALS.................................. ....................................................................... 12.6 I t . 6 15.7 16.2 15.7 I t . 7 l t . t l t . l 13.8 12.7

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RUBBER............................................................................................ ..................... O.D 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR V E H I CL E S ............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0. 0 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

nonmanufacturing ........................................................................................... 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.8

PETROLEUM E X T R A C T I O N . . . . ................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

railroads .................... .................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

other transportation ........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO and t v ................................................................................................. O.D 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

miscellaneous business se r v ic e s ............................................. 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7

medical and dental laboratories ............................................. 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.7 l . t 1.3 l . t

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S E R V IC E S.......................... 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING..................................................................... 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7

government .................................................................................................................. 28.1 29.7 33.t 29.9 2 9 .t 28.9 2 8 .t 2 6 . t 2 t . 6 2 t . 2

federal ..................................................................................................................... 10.6 11.8 13.5 13.7 12.9 13.2 13.0 12.1 11.5 11.3

state ......................................................................................................................... 12.6 12.7 12.2 11.6 11.8 11.0 10.7 9.8 8.7 8.7

LOCAL.......................................................................................................................... 5.0 5 . 2 t . 8 t . 6 t . 7 t . 8 t . 7 t . 6 t . t t . 2

COLLEGES AN0 U N IV E R S IT IE S ........................................................................ 50.8 t 6 . 7 t 5 . 2 t 5 . 2 t6 .3 t 7 . 6 t 9 . 2 52.0 5 t .t 55.8

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.3 3 . t 3.3 3.3

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

76

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.0 100.0 109.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

16.7 17.5 17.6 17.5 17.3 16.9 17.4 15.2 15.7 16.0 15.5 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

13.8 14.7 14.7 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.7 12.0 12.3 12.1 11.8 ....MANUFACTURING

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3

1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

o.o o.o 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

0.2 0.2 9.2 0. 0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.2 0.1 0.0

12.3 12.8 12.2 11.7 11.2 11.0 11.1 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.4

0.0 0.0 9.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.2 9.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0. 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2.9 2.8 2.9 3. 1 3.3 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.7 . . . . n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0

0 .0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 0.9 D • 8 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.7

1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.7 0.6 9.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1. 1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7

23.7 23.7 23.9 24.0 23.9 24.8 25.3 23.8 24.6 24.7 25.2 ..GOVERNMENT

10.7 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.0 11.5 11.8 11.2 12.0 12.0 12.7 ....FEDERAL

8.9 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.5 9.8 9 .1 9.1 9.2 9.1 ....STATE

4.0 4.1 4.1 3 .9 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 ....LOCAL

56.0 55.0 53.9 53.2 53.7 53.2 52.0 56.1 54.9 54.7 55.1 . .COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

3.6 3.8 4.7 5.3 5. 1 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.2 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

77

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table A-30. Estimated employment of medical scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

I ' ]

i l l SECTORS................................................................................................................ 8 • 8 9.5 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.3 13.7 16.3 18.6 20.0

private in d u s tr y .................................................................................................. 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.8

hanufacturing ..................................................................................................... 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................. 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 . 0 ' 0.0 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

TEXTI LES ANO APPAREL............................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0;0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

PAPER...................................................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

CHEMICALS.......................................................................................................... 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.8

PETROLEUM r e f in in g ................................................................................. 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

rubber ................................................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

STONE* CLAY* AND GLASS...................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

PRIMARY METALS............................................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

FABRICATED METALS.................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 ,0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

electrical equipment ............................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

MOTOR V EH I C L E S............................................................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

AIRCRAFT ................................................. .................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .1 0 .1

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9

PETROLEUM E XTRACTI ON........................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................. 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

RAILROADS.......................................................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................... 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS S ER V IC E S............................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 0 .1 0 . 1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S......................... 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0

OTHER NONMANUFACTURING...................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

government .................................................................................................................. 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.2

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 0.4 0 .6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

STATE........................................................................................................................... 1.1 1 .1 1 .2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

LOCAL.......................................................................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 4.1 4. 1 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.4 8.3 10.1 11.3

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7

MOTE: D E TA IL MAY MOT ADO TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

78

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r 1,60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

21.5 24. 1 27.2 30.5 34.6 37.2 43.2 42.0 46.4 50.7 53.0 . . A L L SECTORS

4.9 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.3 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.2 7. 1 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

4.0 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4. 1 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.7 ....MANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.9 4. 1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.3 4. 1

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

' 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3

3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.3 2 .4 ....NONMANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6

3.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

3.4 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.5 ..GOVERNMENT

1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.0 ....FEDERAL

1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 ....STATE

0.6 0.7 3.7 0. 7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0 . 8 • • • • L OC A L

•

eg

14.3 16.7 19.3 23.2 25.6 29.8 23.5 32.5 36.4 39.1 ..COL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

o

•

001.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

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Table A-31. Percent distribution: Estimated employment of medical scientists, by sector, 1950—70

(In thousands)

SECTOR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

ALL SECTORS................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PRIVATE I NDUSTRY.................................................................................................. 28.4 31.6 31.1 31. B 31.6 30.1 29.2 27.0 25.8 24.0

MANUFACTURING..................................................................................................... 22.7 26.3 26.2 27.3 27.4 26.0 24. 1 22.1 21.0 19.5

ORDNANCE............................................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

FOOD........................................................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TEXTI LES AND APPAREL............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PAPER.................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CHEMICALS............................................. ........................................................... 22.7 26.3 26.2 27.3 27.4 26.0 24.1 22.1 20.4 19.0

PETROLEUM R E F I N I N G ................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RUBBER................................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS...................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

primary metals ............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

fabricated metals .................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MACHINERY.......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ELECTRICAL equipment ............................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MOTOR V E H I C L E S ............................................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A IRCRAFT............................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5

OTHER TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PROFESSIONAL AND S C I E N T I F I C INSTRUMENTS....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

nonmanufacturing ............................................................................................ 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.5

petroleum EXTRACTION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

M I N I N G .................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONSTRUCTION.............................................................................. .................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAILROADS......................................................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OTHER TRANSPORTATION........................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TELECOMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RADIO AND T V .................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S * .............................................................................. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS SERVICES............................................. 2.3 2. 1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.0

MEDICAL AND DENTAL LABORATORIES............................................. 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL S ER VI CE S.......................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

other nonmanufacturing ...................................................................... 2.3 2.1 1.9 l.B 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5

GOVERNMENT.................................................................................................................. 21.6 22. 1 20.4 21.3 21.4 20.3 20.4 18.4 16.7 16.0

FEDERAL..................................................................................................................... 4.5 6.3 4.9 6.4 6.0 5.7 6.6 5.5 4.8 4.5

STATE.......................................................................................................................... 12.5 11.6 11.7 10.9 11.1 10.6 10.2 9.2 8.6 8.5

LOCAL........................................................................................................................... 4.5 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.0

COLLEGES AND U N I V E R S I T I E S ......................................................................... 46.6 43.2 44.7 42.7 43.6 45.5 46.7 50.9 54.3 56.5

NONPROFIT I N S T I T U T I O N S ................................................................................. 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.5

NOTE: D E TA IL MAY NOT ADD TO TOTALS DUE TO ROUNDING. 0 . 0 IS LESS THAN 5 0 .

80

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I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 SECTOR

100.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 . . A L L SECTORS

22.8 21.6 19.1 18.4 15.9 14.2 15.5 16.2 14.9 14.2 13.4 ..PRIVATE INDUSTRY

18.6 17.4 15.1 14. 1 12.4 11.0 11.3 11.7 10.8 9.7 8.9 ....MANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

13.1 17.0 14.7 12.8 11.3 9.9 10.4 10.7 9.7 8.5 7.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

4.2 4.1 4.0 4.3 3.5 3.2 4.2 4.5 4.1 4.5 4 . 5 . . . . NONMANUFACTURING

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ....c.RAILROADS

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.9 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.0 1.9 3.0 3. 1 2.8 3.0 3.0

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 00

•

H

14.9 14.7 14.1 13.3 13.4 12.3 12.6 12.1 11.2 10.4 ..GOVERNMENT

5.1 6 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.5 3.8 ....FEDERAL

7.9 7.5 7.0 6.6 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.1 5. 1 ....STATE

2.8 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 ....LOCAL

57.7 59.3 61.4 63.3 67.1 68.8 69.0 67.9 70.0 71.8 73.8 ..C OL LE GE S AND U N I V E R S I T I E S

3.7 4.1 4.8 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.5 ..NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

81

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Appendix B. Guidelines and Methods

Over the past two decades, statistics on science and engineering 

employment have been collected by many organizations for a variety of 

purposes. Differences in occupational definitions, industry coverage, survey 

techniques, and a variety of other factors, however, have created problems 

of comparability. In addition, data on employment of scientists and 

engineers are not available for some economic sectors for a number of years.

The main purpose of this study was to resolve problems created by the 

gaps and inconsistencies in employment data for scientists and engineers in 

order to develop a comprehensive and consistent historical employment 

series applicable to them. To accomplish this it was necessary, first of all, to 

establish guidelines for the occupations to be included in the study; to 

resolve definitional problems, such as who should be counted as being 

engaged in R&D work; to establish the reference period applicable to each 

year’s employment estimates (i.e., annual average, “early-in-year,” midyear, 

etc.). This appendix identifies these guidelines. It also presents the basic 

sources of data on science and engineering employment and discusses the 

methods used to develop the estimates.

Coverage

Scientists and engineers in this report include those who “work as” 

natural scientists or engineers. This concept, therefore, includes persons 

without college degrees in science and engineering who are working in 

engineering and science jobs. It does not include individuals with college 

degrees in science and engineering who are not working in these fields. Also 

excluded are social scientists, psychologists, and high school teachers of 

science subjects, as well as medical scientists who spend the greatest portion 

of their time providing care to patients. Estimates were developed for total 

employment and for employment in research and development.

Definitions

The basic definitions used in this time series are those used in the 

periodic surveys of scientific and technical personnel in private industry and 

in State and local governments that have been conducted by the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics. These surveys cover about four-fifths of all scientists and 

engineers. Following are the major definitions used in these surveys;

1. Scientists and engineers are workers who perform at a level requiring 

education or training equivalent to that acquired through completion of 

a 4-year college course with a major in a natural scientific or engineering 

field. (See appendix C for additional definitions of the individual science 

and engineering occupations.)

2. R&D scientists and engineers are defined as those who spend the 

greater portion of their time in basic and applied research in the natural 

sciences (including medical science) and engineering, and in design and 

development of prototypes and processes.

3. The overall employment data include all workers employed as 

scientists and engineers whether full or part time.

4. Industry classifications used are those of the Standard Industrial

Classification Manual, 1967.

Period covered

This employment series covers the 1950-70 period. Preliminary efforts to 

develop comparable employment estimates for earlier years were abandoned

82

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because the decennial censuses are almost the only sources of earlier data. 

Thus, these estimates could not be augmented or modified by other studies 

as were the data for the later period.

The annual estimates refer to January or “early-in-year” employment, 

reflecting the same time period as the surveys of scientific and technical 

personnel in private industry. Relatively few adjustments were necessary for 

survey data on science and engineering employment in State governments, 

universities and colleges, and nonprofit organizations, as most data collected 

were “early-in-year”. Admustments were necessary for survey data on 

Federal Government and local governments, as October was generally the 

date of the surveys in these sectors.

Sources of data

Historically, surveys of science and engineering employment have been 

made separately for six major sectors of the economy-private industry, 

Federal Government, State governments, local governments, colleges and 

universities, and nonprofit organizations.1 In private industry, surveys of 

scientific and technical personnel were conducted by the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics for the years 1952, 1954, and annually 1959 through 1964 and 

1966 through 1970. Data on State government employment, also collected 

by the BLS, are available only for the years 1959, 1962, 1964, and 1967. 

Non-recurring BLS surveys in this field include a survey of science and 

engineering employment in local governments for the year 1963 and a pilot 

survey covering such employment in six States in 1960. Surveys of science 

and engineering employment in universities and colleges were conducted by 

the National Science Foundation (NSF)in 1954, 1958, 1961, and biennially 

from 1965 through 1971. Scientists and engineers employed by nonprofit 

organizations were surveyed by the BLS in 1958 and the NSF in 1965, 

1967, and 1970. An NSF survey in 1960 of such employment was limited in 

scope. (For a detailed listing of these surveys see appendix D.)

To augment the data from the various surveys of scientific and 

engineering employment, other sources of information were used. These 

included BLS establishment data on total wage and salary worker *

* This nonprofit sector includes philanthropic foundations, voluntary health

agencies, independent nonprofit institutes, certain Federally Funded Research and

Development Centers, professional and technical societies, and science museums,

zoological and botanical gardens, and arboretums.

employment and production worker employment; information from the 

Decennial Census of Population; Current Population Surveys; information 

on R&D expenditures from the NSF and the Department of Defense; 

information from the NSF’s National Register of Scientific and Technical 

Personnel on scientists, by field, type of employer, and function; and data 

on full-time-equivalent R&D employment of scientists and engineers in 

private industry from NSF reports.

This bulletin also reflects information obtained directly from the BLS 

programs of occupational outlook and manpower research, which yield 

valuable industry and occupational data. It is this framework of studies, 

reports, and analyses which provided the basis for making the many 

judgments needed to develop the time series covering science and 

engineering employment.

General methods

Total estimates of science and engineering employment were derived by 

aggregating the separate estimates made for each of the six sectors of the 

economy for which data were available. Within private industry, estimates 

were derived separately for 31 industry groups.

In developing the six sector estimates, data from each employment 

survey conducted during the 1950-70 period were analyzed. Survey data for 

the various years were analyzed extensively for inconsistencies resulting 

from changes in survey coverage and definitions. In private industry, for 

example, it was necessary to account for changes from company to 

establishment reporting between 1960 and 1961; for State governments, 

adjustments were made for the different occupational definitions used in 

the 1961, 1964, and 1967 surveys.

Trends in employment for each sector based on the survey data were 

reviewed and analyzed for consistency. For example, in each of the 

manufacturing industries, science and engineering employment as reported 

in the Surveys of Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry (STP) was 

analyzed in relation to the trends of employment indicators, such as total 

employment, nonproduction worker employment, output, and R&D 

expenditures. When needed, adjustments were made to resolve inconsistencies. In a few industries the more current levels of employment 

estimates were thought to be more accurate and reliable. In these instances 

adjustments were made to the earlier data. Thus, for each industry, the data

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for years in which a survey was conducted are not necessarily identical to 

previously published survey data.2

Statistical relationships between the key industry indicators and science 

and engineering employment for each survey year served as the means of 

developing initial employment estimates for nonsurvey years. For example, 

for each industry within the private industry sector, ratios of science and 

engineering employment to total employment were developed each survey 

year. A trend of these ratios was then developed for the entire 1950-70 

period. The resulting ratios were applied to estimates of total industry 

employment in corresponding years to derive “initial” estimates of science 

and engineering employment. An analysis was then made to see whether the 

“initial” estimates of science and engineering employment were consistent 

with other indicators, such as nonproduction worker employment and R&D 

expenditures.

In using the employment estimates developed in this report, perhaps the 

most important point to keep in mind is that a considerable amount of 

judgment was used in making the estimates. Additional study could possibly 

result in further refinement and greater reliability of the employment 

estimates.

Further, the degree of confidence in the estimates varies from sector to 

sector and from year to year within the same sector. In general, the 

estimates of all sectors are weaker in the earlier years because of the 

infrequency of the surveys, the more experimental nature of the earlier 

surveys, and the smaller amount of related information upon which 

judgments could be based. The estimates of Federal Government 

employment, followed by private industry, are felt to be the most reliable, 

as much more direct and related information was available on science and 

engineering employement in these sectors. Since these two sectors represent 

about 80 percent of all science and engineering employment in the United 

States, the estimates of total employment of scientists and engineers are 

believed to be good.

2 For private industry, published data also differ because adjustments are made to

include those not covered by the STP surveys - the self-employed and those in firms

below the cutoff size.

The weakest estimates are for scientists and engineers in the local 

government and nonprofit organizations sectors, in which comprehensive 

surveys of science and engineering employment have been conducted very 

infrequently. The later-year estimates for nonprofit organizations are more 

reliable, however.

Occupational distribution. Employment in each science and engineering 

occupation was developed on the basis of occupational distributions in 

individual industries as shown by various surveys. Inconsistencies in the 

distributions were resolved on the basis of an analysis of the trends that 

most logically fit the data. Final ratios for each year were applied to the 

estimates of total science and engineering employment in the industry for 

the corresponding year to derive employment estimates for individual 

occupations.

Research and development. The methods for deriving employment 

estimates for scientists and engineers engaged in research and development 

were similar to those for total science and engineering employment. First, 

estimates were made for the years for which survey information was 

available. After several tests were conducted for consistency between the 

R&D employment and related industry indicators, particularly data on R&D 

expenditures, ratios were developed relating R&D employment of scientists 

and engineers to total science and engineering employment. The ratios were 

then applied to science and engineering employment in corresponding years 

to derive R&D employment estimates. Another method used to develop 

estimates of R&D science and engineering employment was to develop a 

trend of R&D expenditures per scientist or engineer engaged in research and 

development based on survey-year data and then to apply the annual 

estimates of such expenditures to total R&D expenditures in that sector. 

Similar techniques were used to develop estimates for scientists and 

engineers separately. (See discussion on colleges and universities later in this 

appendix.)

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Methods for economic sectors

Private industry

Employment information on scientists and engineers in private industry 

was obtained from surveys of employment of Scientific and Technical 

Personnel in Industry (STP Surveys) for the years 1954, 1957, annually 

1959 through 1964, and 1966 through 1970. These studies furnished the 

basic data on which estimates were developed for 31 two- and three-digit 

industries as defined by the Standard Industrial Classification system. The 

1966 through 1969 surveys are believed to be the most reliable as they had 

a much larger sample and the statistical techniques are assumed to be better. 

The data reported in these surveys were used, therefore, as benchmarks for 

the entire series. The basic problem encountered in developing the series was 

to devise measures of estimating employment for years for which no survey 

was conducted and of minimizing the effects of changing survey concepts 

from year to year.

Survey-year estimates. Employment of scientists and engineers in each 

industry as reported in the separate surveys was first tabulated and analyzed 

for consistency with total industry employment, R&D expenditures, and 

other indicators of industry employment activity. A key measure of 

consistency was the employment data reported in each survey for the 

previous year. For example, the 1961 survey collected data for both 1961 

and 1960. Previous-year data were particularly helpful in bridging years 

between which significant changes in survey concepts occurred, or between 

years for which the levels of employment reported in the surveys were not 

consistent. For example, the 1960 survey reported 71,400 scientists and 

engineers employed in the machinery industry. The 1961 survey reported 

65,400 but also indicated that employment increased 7.2 percent from 

1960. A back-year estimate based on the 1961 survey indicated 60,900 as 

the 1960 employment. The back-year estimate was generally used as the 

“initial” survey-year estimate, which was in turn checked out for 

consistency with available information.

The most important change to affect comparability of industry survey 

data was the conversion from company to establishment reporting between 

1960 and 1961. In the 1960 and earlier surveys, company reporting

restricted identification of industry employment to the industrial 

classification in which the largest proportion of company personnel were 

employed. The change to establishment reporting in 1961 provided more 

specific identification of the industry of employment. This was particularly 

true in large, multiestablishment companies engaged in widely diverse 

activities.3 Beginning in 1961, establishments in these large companies were 

classified separately.

In addition to the adjustments for changes in survey methods and 

techniques, other adjustments were necessary to assure coverage of all 

scientists and engineers in the economy. The major adjustment was the 

inclusion of self-employed scientists and engineers, who are excluded from 

coverage in the STP surveys. The benchmark estimate of these workers was 

based upon data in the 1960 census, and trends were established from 

unpublished data in the Current Population Survey. The large majority of 

these workers were engineers classified in the engineering and architectural 

services industry.

Adjustments also were made to account for a small number of scientists 

and engineers who were estimated to be employed in firms of smaller size 

than the minimum employment size of firms in the STP surveys. Most of 

these “cutoffs” were in the construction industry. In total, adjustments for 

cutoffs were made in 6 of the 31 industry groups for which separate 

estimates were developed in this study. The tabulation on the following 

page shows which cutoff adjustments were made for 1966-70.

Exclusion of industry segments in early surveys also produced problems 

of comparability in survey data. For example, in 1957 surveys the minimum 

employment size of firms providing miscellaneous business services was 100 

employees; in 1959, 50. The change in employment size for cutoffs in 

construction firms from 10 in the 1964 survey to 4 in the 1966 survey also 

had a pronounced effect on reported employment.

Many sources of industry information were used in appraising the 

consistency of year-to-year variations in survey-year employment as shown 

by the initial estimates, especially information from reports of industry 

activity and employment prepared by government agencies. Industry

3 For illustration of the effect of company versus establishment reporting, see

National Science Foundation, Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in the 1960’s:

Requirements and Supply, NSF 63-34. (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1964), appendix table G-l.

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In d u s try

N u m b e r o f em ployees

in sm allest size o f

firm sam pled

T e x tile m ill products and apparel:

T e x tile m ill products4 ................................................................................ 50

A p p arel4 ............................................................................................................100

Lu m b er and f u r n it u r e ....................................................................................... 50

C o n tract c o n s tru c tio n ....................................................................................... 4

Miscellaneous m anufacturing:

Tobacco m anufacturers4 .......................................................................... 50

P rin tin g, publishing, and allied

industries4 .................................................................................................. 100

Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries4 ...................................... 10

M in ing , except petroleu m ............................................................................. 10

O th er tran spo rtatio n services:

Local passenger tran sp o rtatio n 4 ............................................................1 00

T ru ckin g 4 ...................... 10

W ater tran sp o rtatio n 4 ............... 10

A ir tran sp o rtatio n 4 ..................................................................................... 100

Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n 4 ............................................................ 50

occupational data, such as those periodically reported by regulatory 

agencies, and information collected during the course of research for the 

Bureau’s occupational outlook program, also were used to develop the 

employment estimates.

In analyzing survey-year science and engineering employment by 

industry, extensive analysis was made of the relationship of STP survey data 

to BLS data on employment of wage and salary workers. In each 

industry, ratios of science and engineering employment to total 

employment and to nonproduction worker employment were developed by 

relating science and engineering employment as reported in the STP surveys 

to wage and salary worker employment and to nonproduction worker 

employment statistics based on payroll data. Consistency of trends in these

^ A separate series was not developed for this industry.

5 The revised 1961 and 1962 survey data are published in BLS Bulletin 1609,

along with the reports on the 1963, 1964, and 1966 surveys.

latter ratios was considered to be of the highest importance, and many of 

the judgment estimates resulted from elimination of computed ratios that 

were inconsistent.

Improvements in STP survey techniques since 1962 have significantly 

reduced the inconsistency of survey data. Few “judgment” changes were 

made to the reported data in the 1963 and 1964 surveys and almost none to 

the 1966 through 1970 survey data. The 1962 and 1961 survey data that 

were revised based on new survey estimating procedures also were consistent 

with other data and only minor adjustments were made.5 Thus, data in the 

published 1962 and 1961 surveys were not used extensively. They were 

used primarily to adjust year-to-year changes. For example, information in 

the 1961 survey on 1961 and 1960 employment was used primarily to 

develop the percent increase in employment between 1960 and 1961. By 

relating this change to the 1961 revised survey data, the initial 1960 

estimate was developed.

Nonsurvey year estimates. The initial estimates of science and engineering 

employment for non-STP-survey years relied heavily on the use of ratios of 

science and engineering employment to total industry employment that 

were developed based upon trends in these ratios in the survey years. The 

initial employment estimates obtained by applying estimated ratios to 

appropriate BLS wage and salary worker employment were analyzed in 

relation to other industry indicators such as production levels, product mix, 

capital expenditures, technology, and R&D expenditures. This analysis 

provided a basis for necessary adjustments to the initial estimates.

Occupational estimates. In developing occupational estimates, employment 

in each occupation by industry was computed as a percent of the industry’s 

total science and engineering employment as was reported in each survey. 

Changes in the proportions from year to year were examined for 

consistency and reasonableness. Extreme variations were examined for 

possible industry and occupational classification differences. For example, 

survey data for the iron and steel industry showed that employment of 

metallurgists (included in “other physical scientists”) and engineers moved 

radically in opposite directions from year to year. Investigation indicated 

that the differences shown in these occupations from survey to survey 

resulted from classification problems rather than from actual employment 

changes.

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Adjusted survey-year proportions in each occupation were used to 

develop trends from which initial estimates were made for nonsurvey years. 

For all years, the percent that each occupation made up of total science and 

engineering employment in each industry was applied to estimates of total 

science and engineering employment. The resulting employment levels were 

checked for consistency with any available data, such as 1950, 1960, and 

1970 Census of Population information or the special industry . tudns.

R&D estimates. To develop estimates of scientists and engineers engaged in 

research and development, the proportions that R&D scientists and 

engineers made up of all scientists and engineers were derived by industry 

for each STP survey. These data were considered in conjunction with other 

data, such as R&D expenditures by industry and statistics on full-time 

equivalent employment of scientists and engineers collected by the Bureau 

of the Census for the National Science Foundation. After adjustments in the 

survey-year ratios were made for irregularities, trends were developed for 

the entire 1950-70 period, which provided proportions of total science and 

engineering employment in research and development for the nonsurvey 

years. The R&D employment series was developed by applying these ratios 

to estimates of total science and engineering employment.

Separate estimates for scientists and engineers were available for 1963, 

1964, and 1966 through 1970. These data served as benchmarks and were 

used to develop estimates for years prior to 1963. When separate estimates 

for scientists and engineers were available prior to 1963, ratios of engineers 

in R&D to total R&D scientists and engineers were developed by industry. 

This same procedure was followed for scientists. These ratios were analyzed 

in relation to those available from 1964-70, and in most instances were 

comparable to the latter data even though the reported numbers were out of 

line with more current estimates.

Ratios for intervening years were interpolated. For industries where data 

did not exist prior to 1963, regression analysis was used to establish the 

relevant ratios. After a complete set of ratios had been established for 1950 

through 1970 for both scientists and engineers, these ratios were applied to 

the estimates of total scientists and engineers in R&D prior to 1963 to 

obtain separate estimates of engineers in R&D and scientists in R&D.

As a final check, ratios were developed for engineers in R&D to total 

engineers prior to 1963 and analyzed in relation to ratios where actual data

existed. This same procedure was followed for scientists. Both sets of 

estimates were compared to more recent ratios and analyzed in relation to 

R&D funds, by industry, where data were available.

STP survey data for individual science occupations employed in research 

and development were found to be so inconsistent, especially in the earlier 

years, that occupational series were not developed.

Federal Government

Employment estimates developed for the Federal Government sector 

were based primarily on Civil Service Commission surveys of Federal 

Government employment for the years 1951,1954, annually 1957 through 

1962, 1964, and 1966 through 1970. The basic problem encountered was 

the lack of comparability of occupational titles used in the time series with 

the many job titles in the CSC code. To develop comparable occupational 

categories, Federal Government occupational titles were analyzed in detail 

by evaluating written descriptions and by discussing problem occupations 

with CSC officials and in some cases with supervisors of workers in the 

occupations in question. The following tabulation shows the CSC 

occupational codes and titles (as of October 1969) that were included in the 

occupational employment estimates in this report.

O ccup atio nal classification

fo r e m p lo y m e n t series

C ivil Service C om m ission code and

occupational title

Engineers GS-801 General engineering

G S -803 S afety engineering

G S -804 Fire prevention engineering

G S -806 M aterials engineering

G S -808 A rc h itectu re6

G S -810 Civil engineering7

G S -819 Sanitary engineering

G S -83 0 M echanical engineering7 -8

G S -840 Nuclear engineering

G S -850 Electrical engineering

^ Series established in August 1962: replaced former G-1040, Architecture.

^ Includes positions formerly in Valuation engineering, GS-897, coded GS-800

after June 1965.

O

° Includes positions formerly in

1968.

Marine engineering, GS-870, abolished August

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O ccup atio nal classification

fo r e m p lo y m e n t series

C ivil Service Com m ission code an d

o ccup ational title

Engineers (C o ntin ued)

M athem aticians

Chemists

G S -855 Electronic engineering

G S-861 Aerospace engineering

GS-871 Naval architecture

G S -88 0 M ining engineering

G S-881 P etroleum engineering7 -9

G S -89 0 A gricu ltu ral engineering

G S -892 Ceram ic engineering

G S -893 Chem ical engineering

G S -89 4 W elding engineering

G S -896 Industrial engineering

G S -1301 G eneral physical science10

D ata fo r the fo llo w in g engineering series w ere used

prio r to th eir discontinuance. Personnel in these

series were reclassified in to other engineering

series. Fo r exam p le, structural engineers were

classified as civil engineers in D ecem ber 1 9 6 4 .

G S -80 5 M aintenance engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 19 64.

G S -8 1 1 C onstruction engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 19 6 4 .

G S -812 S tructural engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 1 9 6 4 .

G S -813 H yd rau lic engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 1 9 6 4 .

G S -82 0 H ighw ay engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 1 9 6 4 .

G S -82 4 Bridge engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , Decem ber 1 9 6 4 .

G S-831 A u to m o tiv e engineering, Series num ber

changed to G S -832 January, 1 9 5 8 .

G S -832 A u to m o tiv e engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , February 1 9 6 5 .

G S -83 4 Internal com bustion power plant

engineering. Series discontinued,

August 1 9 6 1 .

G S -86 2 A irw ays engineering. Series

discontinued, Decem ber 19 6 4 .

G S -870 M arine engineering. Series

discontinued, August 19 68.

G S -897 V alu atio n engineering. Series

disco ntin ued , June 19 6 5 .

G S -1 5 2 0 M athem atics

G S -1 5 2 9 M athem atical statistician11

G S -1301 General physical science10

G S -13 20 Chem istry

O ccup atio nal classification

fo r e m p lo ym en t series

C ivil Service C om m ission code and

occu p atio n al title

Geologists and

geophysicists

Physicists

O th er physical

scientists

G S-1301 General physical science10

G S -1 3 1 3 Geophysics

G S -1 3 5 0 Geology

G S -1371 Geodesy

G S -1301 General physical science10

G S -1 3 0 6 Health physics

G S -1 3 1 0 Physics

G S -015

G S-1301

G S -13 15

G S-1321

G S -1 3 3 0

G S -13 40

G S -13 60

G S -13 70

G S -13 73

G S -1 3 8 0

G S -1382

G S -1 3 8 4

O perations research

General physical science10

H yd ro log y

M etallurgy

A stro n o m y and space science12

M eteorology

O ceano grap hy13

C artography

Cadastral survey

Forest products technology

Food technology

T e x tile technology

Data fo r G S -1 3 9 0 , T ech n o lo g y, were used prior to

the discontinuance of the series in June 19 66.

Personnel w ere reclassified in to th e physical

sciences series.

A gricu ltu ral

scientists G S -434 Plant pathology

G S -437 H o rtic u ltu re

G S -452 Park naturalist

G S -454 Range conservation

^ Series title changes from Petroleum production and natural-gas engineering in

June 1966.

I® This series was distributed into engineering and physical science occupational

groups based upon the proportion that each occupation was of combined engineering

and physical science employment before the addition. The majority of these workers

are employed at NASA.

11 Series established in February 1961; personnel formerly classified in GS-1530,

Statistician.

19

1 Series title changed from Astronomy in August 1961.

1 ^ Series title changed from Nautical science in August 1963.

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O ccup atio nal classification

fo r e m p lo ym en t series

C ivil Service Com m ission co de an d

occup ational title

A gricu ltu ral

scientists (C o ntin ued)

Biological scientists

G S -457 Soil conservation

G S -46 0 Forestry

G S -47 0 Soil science

GS-471 A gron om y

G S -487 Husbandry

G S-701 V ete rin ary m edical science14

Data fo r G S -4 5 0 , General agriculture ad m inistratio n , and G S -4 5 1 , General agriculture, w ere used

prior to the discontinuance o f the series in A pril

1 9 6 7 . A n adjustm ent was made to data reported

fo r G S-451 prior to August 1 9 5 9 , at w hich tim e

the U .S . Civil Service Com mission created G S -4 7 5 ,

Farm m anagem ent loan, fro m a po rtion o f G S -4 5 1 .

A fte r 1 9 6 4 , the title was changed to Farm

m anagem ent.

GS-401 Biology

G S -40 3 M icrobiology

G S -405 Pharm acology

G S -41 0 Zoology

G S -4 1 1 System atic zoology

G S -412 Parasitology

G S -413 Physiology

G S -414 Entom ology

G S -415 N em atology

G S -43 0 Botany

G S -43 5 Plant physiology

G S -43 6 Plant qu arantine and pest control

G S -44 0 G enetics

G S -480 General fish and w ild life ad m inistration

G S -482 Fishery biology

G S -48 5 W ild life refuge m anagem ent

G S -486 W ild life biology

D ata fo r the fo llo w in g series w ere used prio r to

th eir discontinuance. Personnel in these series were

reclassified in to other biological sciences.

G S -42 0 Bacteriology. Series discontinued,

Decem ber 1 9 6 2 .

G S-431 M ycolo gy. Series discontinued,

D ecem ber 1 9 6 2 .

G S -43 3 Plant ta xo n o m y. Series discontinued,

A p ril 1 9 6 6 .

G S -48 4 A nim al co ntrol biology. Series

disco ntin ued , February 1 9 6 6 .

G S -494 M icroanalysis. Series discontinued,

Decem ber 1 9 6 2 .

O ccupational classification C ivil Service Com mission code a n d

fo r em p lo y m e n t series occupational title

M edical scientists14 G S -602 Medical officer

G S -630 D ietitian

G S -660 Pharm acist

G S -662 O p to m etrist

G S -680 Dental officer

G S -685 Public health program specialist15

G S -69 0 Industrial hygiene

G S -695 Food and drug o fficer

Most CSC surveys were conducted as of October 31. Therefore,

adjustments were made, based on the relationship of science and engineering

employment to total Federal employment, to make the data conform to the 

January dateline of the other sectors. Once satisfactory estimates were 

derived for the survey years, estimates for the nonsurvey years were 

obtained by applying rates of change to the survey year estimates based on 

changes in total Federal Government employment.

Estimates of employment of scientists and engineers engaged in research 

and development were based upon CSC survey data and trends in R&D 

expenditures per R&D scientist or engineer. Survey data were available for 

the years 1958 through 1962, 1967, and 1969.

State Government

Estimates of employment of scientists and engineers in State 

governments were based primarily on information in the BLS surveys of 

scientists and engineers employed in this sector in 1959, 1962, 1964, and 

1967.16 After the data from these surveys were adjusted for comparability

^ Only those persons engaged in R&D activities were counted.

^ Series title changed from Public health administration in October 1963.

' ^ National Science Foundation, Em ploym ent o f Scientific and Technical

Personnel in State Government Agencies. R eport on a 1959 Survey, NSF 61-17,

(1961); U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Em ploym ent o f

Scientific and Technical Personnel in State Government Agencies, 1962, Bulletin No.

1412, (1964); Review o f Occupational E m ploym ent Statistics: Em ploym ent o f

Scientific, Professional, and Technical Personnel in State Governments, January 1964,

Bulletin No. 1557, (1967); Scientific and Professional Em ploym ent by State

Governments, reprint 2675 from the Monthly Labor Review, August 1969.

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of occupational classifications, total science and engineering employment 

and employment by occupation were estimated for the intervening years 

through an analysis of the relation of science and engineering employment 

to total State government employment (less State educational employment)17 as reported by the BLS. Other data used to analyze engineering 

employment were expenditures for highway programs and total highway 

department employment, as about 80 percent of the scientists and engineers 

in State governments were employed in highway departments.

For estimates of employment of engineers in State governments for 1950 

through 1956 use also was made of two Bureau of Public Roads inventories 

of State highway engineering manpower, for 1956 and 1960, which 

included data for the years 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1960. Census o f

Government data provided highway employment and expenditures information for 1950 and 1952 through 1970.

Estimates of employment of scientists and engineers in R&D activities 

were derived by an analysis of the ratio of scientists and engineers in 

research and development to total scientists and engineers in the STP survey 

years. These ratios were used to develop ratios for nonsurvey years which 

were applied to total science and engineering employment estimates. 

Estimates of engineers in R&D and scientists in R&D were developed by 

establishing a ratio of engineers in R&D and scientists in R&D to total 

scientists and engineers in R&D in survey years. These ratios were used to 

develop ratios for nonsurvey years which were then applied to the total 

estimate of scientists and engineers in R&D.

Local government

Estimates of employment in this sector are weaker than those in other 

sectors because of the dependence on only two surveys of science and 

engineering employment, one of which was only a pilot survey of 

employment in six States as of January 1960. Data from the other survey, 

which reported employment as of October 1963, were adjusted to the 

desired January levels based on an analysis of the change in total local 

government employment.

Initial estimates of science and engineering employment for the 1950-66 

period were developed by relating the growth of total local government 

employment (minus education)18 over this period to the 1963 science and

engineering employment. The initial estimates were adjusted to reflect the 

changes in employment of local governments serving populations of 50,000 

or more to those with less than 50,000 as the former generally have a higher 

proportion of scientists and engineers.

Information on local government expenditures by function derived from 

Census o f Government data provided the means of estimating changes in the 

occupational composition of scientists and engineers for the 1950-70 

period. For the lack of any substantive information on R&D activities in 

local governments, estimates of employment of scientists and engineers 

engaged in research and development in this sector were based on the 

proportion that scientists and engineers in R&D activities made up of total 

scientists and engineers in State governments. The split between scientists 

and engineers in R&D was based upon the same ratios established for State 

governments. The ratios were then applied to the total estimate of R&D 

scientists and engineers in local governments.

Colleges and Universities

The published NSF studies of scientists and engineers employed by 

colleges and universities19 in 1954, 1958, 1961, and biennially from 1965 

through 1971 provided the basic employment information. Substantial 

adjustments to these data were required to make the information 

comparable among the surveys. For example, the 1954 survey provided 

information on faculty by occupation but omitted information on

^ Educational employment was excluded from the series because employment in

universities and colleges, which represents the major portion of State educational

employment, is included in the coverage of surveys of universities and colleges

conducted by the National Science Foundation.

I ft 10 Educational employment was excluded from the local government employment

series because those employees in the local school system with science backgrounds,

such as instructors in physics or mathematics, are regarded as teachers rather than

scientists. Local government employment, minus education, for the years 1955-66, was

available from BLS establishment data, and estimates for the years 1950-54 were made

using the relationship of employment minus education to total employment for the

later period.

19 including Federally Funded Research and Development Centers operated by

universities and colleges.

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nonfaculty and research center employment by occupation; the 1958 survey 

provided data on faculty and other personnel but omitted information on 

scientists by occupation.

The employment estimates of scientists and engineers over the 1950-70 

period were developed separately for research and development and for 

teaching. All scientists and engineers engaged in other activities, such as 

administration, were included with teachers, as they represented a small 

portion of the total.

Estimates of teachers were based primarily on the ratio of science and 

engineering graduates to science and engineering teachers in the survey 

years. It was felt that this relationship would provide the best measure for 

judging employment changes among science and engineering teachers.

Problems arose in analyzing data for the early 1950’s. By applying the 

graduate-to-teacher ratio which was extrapolated for the entire 1950-70 

period based on the data from three surveys (not including 1954), the 

number of teachers calculated for the early 1950’s was much larger than 

appears probable. This reflected, of course, the large number of graduates in 

the early 1950’s, which resulted from the presence of World War II veterans 

in those classes. It was assumed, therefore, that the science and engineering 

graduate-to-teacher ratio was much higher in the earlier years than in the 

mid-1950’s. This was consistent with Office of Education data for all fields 

of study combined.

R&D scientists and engineering employment was based on the 

relationship of R&D expenditures to R&D scientists and engineers in 

addition to survey data. A trend was established from survey-year data of 

R&D dollar expenditures per R&D scientist or engineer employed. These 

ratios were plotted over time for the 1950-70 period and then applied to 

data on R&D dollars expended for research in colleges and universities.

The total employment estimate derived by aggregating the teaching and 

R&D scientist and engineer totals for each year was checked for 

consistency. For example, a check was made to assure a logical relationship 

in the trend of employment in teaching and in research and development.

The occupational distribution of total science and engineering 

employment was based on an analysis of the 1954, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1969, 

and 1971 distributions, from which trends were developed for the entire 

1950-70 period. The initial estimates were checked and revised to assure 

consistency with data on degrees granted by field of study.

In deriving the total employment estimates for this sector, it was

assumed that a large majority of all scientists and engineers employed part 

time by universities and colleges have their primary employment in some 

other sector. Since no estimates were available of the small number of 

part-time personnel who are not employed in some other sector, all 

part-time scientists and engineers were excluded. The total annual estimates 

are not believed to be significantly affected by their exclusion. However, 

salaried graduate students employed by universities and colleges in the 

covered occupations were included in the total annual estimates (about

66,000 in 1970).

Nonprofit institutions

Estimates in this sector were based primarily on information from the 

1958, 1965, 1967, and 1970 NSF surveys of science and engineering 

employment in nonprofit organizations. Substantial adjustment was 

necessary to make the data from the 1958 survey consistent with the other 

industry sectors, as the occupational distribution was different and the data 

were on a full-time-equivalent basis. Since survey data indicated a high ratio 

of R&D personnel to total science and engineering employment in nonprofit 

organizations, this area of employment was developed first.

A series of R&D expenditures (in constant dollars) was derived for the 

entire 1950-70 period, using NSF and Department of Defense data. The 

1958, 1965, 1967, and 1970 estimates of expenditures were then related to 

survey employment data in the respective years to obtain estimates of R&D 

expenditures per R&D scientist or engineer in these years. Despite the 

weakness of a trend based on four points in time, a trend was developed 

which was based heavily on an analysis of the changes in R&D expenditures 

per scientist or engineer in other industry sectors over the 1950-70 period. 

This series, in turn, was applied to the estimates of total expenditures for 

R&D activities by nonprofit organizations in the nonsurvey years to obtain 

an employment series for scientists and engineers engaged in research and 

development. The estimate of total employment of scientists and engineers 

over the 1950-70 period was based on the relationship of R&D employment 

of scientists and engineers to total employment in the years the surveys 

were conducted. The occupational distribution over the period also was 

based on the distributions in the surveys.

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Analysis of aggregate science and engineering employment

The estimates of science and engineering employment in all sectors of the 

economy combined were analyzed on an aggregate basis to assure 

consistency of the totals with employment indicators on an aggregate basis. 

For example, an analysis was made of trends in total science and engineering 

employment compared to trends in total employment, total R&D 

expenditures, and total professional, technical, and kindred worker 

employment.

A comparison also was made of the employment growth over the 

1950-70 period with the growth that would be indicated by the supply from 

college graduates, immigrants, workers returning to the labor force, persons 

in other occupations transferring to science and engineering jobs, and 

occupational losses that would result from deaths, retirements, and transfers 

to other occupations.

Engineering employment estimates developed in this report were 

analyzed in conjunction with estimates from the 1950, 1960, and 1970 

decennial censuses. The 96 percent growth in engineering employment 

from 1950 to 1960 indicated in the employment series developed in 

this report is more rapid than the 67 percent increase shown by Census data. 

However, the 37 percent increase in engineering employment between 1960 

and 1970 shown in this report is consistent with the 42 percent increase 

shown by the Census. Substantially different growth rates between 1950 

and 1960 primarily reflect the substantially lower level of estimates for 

engineering employment in 1950 developed in this report, about 80 percent

of the level of the 1950 Census. In 1960 and 1970, the estimates shown in 

this report were 95 percent and 90 percent of the respective Census totals. 

The much larger difference in 1950 probably results from an overstatement 

of engineering employment to a greater degree than occurred in later 

censuses since there was less familiarity with technican occupations—the 

lower level occupations most closely related to engineers—at the time of the 

1950 census. Overstatement of engineering employment in a census or 

household survey—compared to a survey of employers—generally can be 

expected. This is indicated by a special tabulation of the 1950 Census data 

provided to BLS. This table, which cross-classified engineering employment 

by age and years of school attended, shows that about 4.5 percent of those 

reported as engineers were too young, or had insufficient schooling in 

relation to age, to qualify for the work normally performed by engineers. 

That these two reporting techniques provide somewhat different results also 

is indicated by the post-censal report, The Employment Record Check1®.

The tabulations in this study, covering major occupational groups, show 

higher proportions reported in professional and technical, sales, and 

craftsman categories, and lower proportions in managerial, service, and 

laborer classifications in the household count than in data reported by 

employers.

2® U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, E v a lu a tio n a n d R esearch

P rogram o f th e U.S. C ensus o f P o p u la tio n a n d H ou sin g, Series BR60 No. 6

(Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965).

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Appendix C

The scientific and engineering occupational definitions used in this report 

are the same as those specified in the latest published report on science and 

engineering employment in private industry, Scientific and Technical

Personnel in Industry, 1969. The occupational definitions provided by the 

questionnaire for this survey were furnished as a guide to establishment 

personnel from whom this information was solicited.

Scientists represent all persons actually engaged in scientific work at a 

level which requires knowledge of physical, life, engineering, or 

mathematical sciences equivalent at least to that acquired through

completion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of these fields,

regardless of whether they hold a college degree in the field. Included are 

those persons in research-development, production, management, technical 

service, technical sales, and other positions which require them to use the 

indicated level of knowledge in their work. Excluded are those persons 

trained in science but currently employed in positions not requiring the use 

of such training. Excluded also are psychologists and social scientists.

Engineers represent all persons actually engaged in chemical, civil, 

electrical, mechanical, metallurgical, and all other types of engineering work 

at a level which requires knowledge of engineering, physical, life or 

mathematical sciences equivalent at least to that acquired through

completion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of these fields,

regardless of whether they hold a college degree in the field. Included are 

persons in research-development, production, management, technical 

service, technical sales, and other positions which require them to use the 

indicated level of knowledge in their work. Included also are architectural 

engineers, but not architects. Also excluded are persons trained in 

engineering but currently employed in positions not requiring the use of 

such training.

Definitions

Mathematicians represent only those persons whose positions require 

knowledge of mathematics equivalent at least to that acquired through 

4-year college courses with a major in mathematics and who spend the 

greatest proportion of their time in development or application of 

mathematical techniques. Included are actuaries and mathematical 

analysts. Included also are statisticians and programers, but only if they 

specialize in mathematical techniques. Accountants are excluded.

Medical scientists represent only those physicians, dentists, public health 

specialists, pharmacists, and members of other scientific professions 

concerned with the understanding of human diseases and improvement of 

human health who spend the greater portion of their time in clinical 

investigation and other research, production, technical writing, and related 

activities, Excluded are persons who spend the greatest portion of their time 

in providing care to patients, dispensing drugs or services, diagnosis, etc. 

Persons working as pathologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, etc. are 

excluded from the figures on medical scientists and included in the figures 

on biological scientists.

Agricultural scientists represent all persons who spend the greatest 

portion of their time in understanding and improving agricultural 

productivity, such as those working in agronomy, animal husbandry, 

forestry, horticulture, range management, soil culture, and veterinary 

science. Excluded are veterinarians who are primarily engaged in providing 

care to animals.

Biological scientists represent all persons who work in sciences which 

deal with life processes, other than those classified as agricultural and 

medical sciences. Included are pathologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, bacteriologists, toxicologists, botanists, zoologists, and kindred 

specialists.

93

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Appendix D. Bibliography of Source Materials

This bibliography presents a selected list of reports and bulletins on surveys of employment of scientists and engineers conducted 

by the Federal Government over the 1950-70 period. The items are listed by the sector for which data were collected.

Private industry

National Science Foundation. Science and Engineering in American Industry, Final Report on a 1953-1954 Survey. NSF 56-16, 1956.

_________ _ Science and Engineering in American Industry, Report on a 1956 Survey. NSF 60-62, 1960.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in American Industry, Report on a 1959 Survey. NSF 60-62, 1960.

__________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry, 1960. NSF 61-75, 1961.

__________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in industry, 1961. NSF 63-32, 1964.

--------------- Research and Development in Industry, 1970. NSF 72-309, 1972.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Scientific Research and Development in American Industry. BLS Bulletin 1148, 

1953.

_________ . Employment o f Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1418,1964.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry, 1961-66. BLS Bulletin 1609, 1968.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1674, 1970.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1723, 1971.

Federal Government

National Science Foundation. Scientists and Engineers in the Federal Government, October 1958. NSF 61-43, 1961.

_________ _ Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1959, and 1960. NSF 62-26, 1962.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1961 and 1962. NSF 644, 1965.

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_________ _ Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1964. NSF 67-21, 1967.

_________ . “Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government 1 9 6 6 Reviews o f Data on Science Resources, No. 14.

NSF 68-16, April 1968.

_________ . Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1968. NSF 70-24, 1970.

_________ . Scientific, Technical and Health Personnel in the Federal Government, 1969. NSF 70-44, 1970.

U.S. Civil Service Commission. Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, Showing Sex, Grades, and Average Salaries o f Employees

on August 31. 1954. Pamphlet 56, June 1955.

_________ . Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, February 28, 1957. Pamphlet 56-1, June 1958.

_________ . Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1958. Pamphlet 56-2, April 1960.

_________ _ Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1959. Pamphlet 56-3, June 1961.

__________ Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1960. Pamphlet 564, February 1963.

_________ _ Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1966. Pamphlet 56-6, June 1968.

_________. Occupations o f Federal White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1967. Pamphlet SM 56-7, 1968.

__________ Occupations o f Federal White Collar Workers, October 31, 1968. Pamphlet SM 56-08, 1970.

__________ Occupations o f Federal White Collar Workers, October 31, 1969 and 1970. Pamphlet SM 56-09, 1972.

_________. “Trend of Federal civilian employment in scientific, engineering, and related supporting occupations, 1938 to 1961.”

Unpublished summary, 1965.

State Government

National Science Foundation. Employment o f Scientific and Technical Personnel in State Government Agencies, Report on a 1959

Survey. NSF 61-17, 1961.

_________ . Research and Development Activities in State Government Agencies, F Y 1964 and 1965. NSF 67-16,1967.

_________ . Research and Development Activities in State Government Agencies, F Y 1967 and 1968. NSF 70-22, 1970.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment o f Scientific and Technical Personnel in State Government

Agencies, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1412, 1964.

_________ . Review o f Occupational Employment Statistics: Employment o f Scientific, Professional, and Technical Personnel in

State Governments, January 1964. BLS Bulletin 1557, 1967.

_________ _ Scientific and Professional Employment by State Governments. Reprint 2675 from Monthly Labor Review, August

1969.

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Local government

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Survey of scientific and technical personnel employed by local government 

units, October 1963.“ Unpublished preliminary summary for internal use only, 1966.

Colleges and universities

National Science Foundation. Scientific Research and Development in Colleges and Universities-Expenditures and Manpower,

1953-54. NSF 59-10, 1959.

--------------. Scientific Research and Development in Colleges and Universities-Expenditures and Manpower, 1958. NSF 6244,

1963.

_________ _ Scientists and Engineers in Colleges and Universities, 1961. NSF 65-8, 1965.

__________ “Resources for Scientific Activities at Universities and Colleges, 1964,” Reviews o f Data on Science Resources, No. 9,

NSF 66-27, August 1966.

--------------- Science and Engineering Staff in Universities and Colleges, 1965- 75. NSF 67-11, 1967.

_________ . Federal Support to Universities and Colleges, F Y 1968. NSF 69-32, 1969.

_________ _ Federal Support o f Research and Development at Universities and Colleges, and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, FY

1968. NSF 69-33, 1969.

_________ _ Resources for Scientific Activities at Universities and Colleges, 1969. NSF 70-16, 1970.

-------------- - Resources for Scientific Activities at Universities and Colleges, 1971. NSF 72-315, 1972.

Nonprofit organizations

National Science Foundation. Scientific Research and Development o f Nonprofit Organizations-Expenditures and Manpower, 1957,

NSF 61-37, 1961

__________ Research and Other Activities o f Private Foundations, 1960. NSF 64-14, 1964.

_________ . Scientific Activities o f Nonprofit Organizations, 1964. NSF 67-17, 1967. '

__________ Scientific Activities o f Nonprofit Institutions, 1966. NSF 69-16, 1969.

__________ Scientific Activities o f Independent Nonprofit Institutions, 1970. NSF 71-9, 1971.

General information

National Science Foundation. National Patterns o f R&D Resources. NSF 72-300, 1971.

96 * U.S. GOVERNMENT PR IN TIN G OFFICE : 1973 O — 5 4 3-7 S C (8)

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Phone: 2 2 3 -6 7 6 2 (A rea Code 6 1 7 )

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1 5 1 5 Broadw ay

N ew Y o rk , N .Y . 1 0 0 3 6

Phone: 9 7 1 -5 4 0 5 (A rea Code 2 1 2 )

Region III

P. O . B ox 1 3 3 0 9

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Phone: 5 9 7 -1 1 5 4 (A rea Code 2 1 5 )

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Suite 5 4 0

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A tla n ta , Ga. 3 0 3 0 9

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Chicago, III. 6 0 6 0 6

Phone: 3 5 3 -1 8 8 0 (A rea Code 3 1 2 )

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1 1 0 0 C om m erce S t., R m . 6B 7

Dallas, T e x . 7 5 2 0 2

Phone: 7 4 9 -3 5 1 6 (A rea Code 2 1 4 )

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Phone: 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1 (A rea Code 8 1 6 )

Regions IX and X * *

4 5 0 G olden Gate Ave.

Box 3 6 0 1 7

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Phone: 5 5 6 -4 6 7 8 (A rea Code 4 1 5 )

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