# THE NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget

### About the National Science and Technology Council The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal means by which the Executive Branch coordinates science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. A primary objective of the NSTC is establishing clear national goals for Federal science and technology investments. The NSTC prepares research and development strategies that are coordinated across Federal agencies to form investment packages aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. The work of the NSTC is organized under committees that oversee subcommittees and working groups focused on different aspects of science and technology. More information is available at www.WhiteHouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc

. 

### About the Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Prioriti es Act of 1976. OSTP’s responsibilities include advising the President in policy formulation and budget development on questions in which science and technology are important elements; articulating the President’s science and technology policy and programs ; and fostering strong partnerships among Federal, state, and local governments, and the scientific communities in industry and academia. The Director of OSTP also serves as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and manages the NSTC. More information is available at www.ostp.gov

. 

### About this document
This document is a su pplement to the President’s 201 5 Budget r equest submitted to Congress on March 4, 2014 . It gives a description of the activities underway in 201 3 and 201 4 and planned for 201 5 by the Federal Government agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), primarily from a programmatic and budgetary perspective. It is based on the NNI Strategic Plan released in February 201 4 and report s actual investments for 201 3 , estimated investments fo r 201 4, and request ed investments for 201 5 by Program Component A rea (PCA), as called for under the provisions of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003 (Public Law 108

- 153 , 15 U SC § 7501 ). The report also addresses the requirement for Department of Defense reporting on its nanotechnology investments, per 10 USC § 2358. A dditional information regarding the NNI is available on the NNI website at www.nano.gov

. 

### About the cover The cover images depict silica

- core, gold

- shell nanoparticles (gold nanoshells) as visualized by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Each particle consists of a silica core (on the order of 100 nanometers in diameter) surrounded by a gold shell that is approximately 15 nanometers thick. These particles have unique features because of their nanoscale size and composition, and emit heat when activated with a specific wavelength of light. These gold nanoshells are currently undergoing clinical trial for targeted thermal ablation of tumors in cancer therapy. Preclinical characterization of these nanoparticles was performed at the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, in collaboration with Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc., at the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, funded by the National Cancer Institute. T he National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense provided e arly institutional support to Rice University and Nanospectra for research on the development of the gold nanoshells and exploration of their potential applications

. Front: A “slice” from a 3D tomography image of the gold nanoshells, with false color added to emphasize the gold shell (yellow) and silica core (blue). To create this 3D reconstruction, the sample grid was gradually tilted, acquiring TEM images at every 2°. The resulting series of images were correlated and reconstructed into a 3D model. This technique allows researchers to visualize the inside of the particles and to examine the completeness of the gold she ll. Back: TEM of the same gold nanoshells without 3D rendering. 

### Cover and book design Cover design is by Kathy Tresnak of Koncept, Inc

. Book design is by staff of the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO). 

### Copyright information
This document is a work of the U nited S tates Government and is in the public domain (see 17 USC §105) . Subject to stipulations below, it may be distributed and copied, with acknowledgement to NNCO. Copyrights to graphics included in this document are reserved by original copyright holders or their assignees and are used here under the Government’s license and by permission. Requests to use any images must be made to the provider identified in the image credits, or to NNCO if no provider is identified.

Printed in the United States of America
, 201 4.

# S UPPLEMENT TO THE 

# P RESIDENT 

# ’ S 

# B UDGET FOR 

# F ISCAL 

# Y EAR 

# 201 5



# T HE 

# N ATIONAL 

# N ANOTECHNOLOGY 

# I NITIATIVE

Subcommittee on Nanoscale Scien ce, Engineering, and Technology Committee on Technology National Science and Technology Council

March 2014KEY * Official NSET Representative

† A n independent commission that is represented on NSET but is non

- voting Report prepared by 

### NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL
COMMITTEE ON TECHNOL OGY (C o T)
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NANO SCALE SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TEC HNOLOGY (NSET)

CoT Chair: Th om as Kal il , Office of Science and Technology Policy CoT Executive Secretary: Randy Paris , Office of Science and Technology Policy

NSET Subcommittee Chair: National Nanotechnology Coordination Office : Altaf H. Carim , Office of Science and Technology Pol icy Lloyd J. Whitman
, Interim Director

NSET Subcommittee Executive Secretary: Tarek R. Fadel , National Nanotechnology Coordination Office


### NSET Subcommittee Participants
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Altaf H. Carim * Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Danielle Jones* James Kim* Celinda Marsh* Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) † Mary Ann Danello * Treye A. Thomas * Department of Commerce (DOC)

Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS ) Kelly Gardner * Economic Development Administration (EDA ) Thomas Guevara * National Institute of St andards and Te chnology (NIST ) Heather Evans* Ajit Jillavenkatesa* Debra L. Kaiser U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO ) Gladys Corcoran * David R. Gerk * Bruce Kisliuk * Department of Defense (DOD) Mostafiz Chowdhury Jeffrey DePriest * Akbar Khan * Heather Meeks Brian D. Pate Gernot S. Pomrenke * Lewis E. Sloter * David M. Stepp * Peter Vandeventer Department of Education (DOEd) Peirce Hammond * Department of Energy (DOE) Harriet Kung * George Maracas* John C. Miller * Andrew R. Schwartz* Brian G. Valentine * Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Candis M. Hunter Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Jed Costanza * National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Charles L. Geraci * Vladimir V. Murashov *
National Institutes of Health (NIH ) Piotr Grodzinski * Lori Henderson * Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Richard T. Lareau Ron McNeal * Department of the Interior (DOI)

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sarah Gerould * Department of Just ice (DOJ)

National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Joseph Heaps * Department of Labor (DOL)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Janet Carter * Department of State (DOS) Christopher M. Cannizzaro * Ken Hodgkins *

D epartment of Transportation (DOT) Peter Chipman * Jonathan R. Porter * Department of the Treasury (DOTreas) John F. Bobalek* Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tina Bahadori * William K. Boyes * Nora F. Savage * Philip G. Sayre * Intelligence Community (IC)

Office of the Director of National Intelligence ( O DNI) Richard Ridgley * National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Matthew Cobert * National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Michael A. Meador *
National Science Foundation (NSF) Parag R. Chitnis * Khershed Cooper * Barbara Karn Fred Kronz Thomas P. Rieker * Mihail C. Roco * Grace J. Wang * Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) † Brian Thomas * U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Agriculture Research Service (ARS) Robert Fireovid * Forest Service (FS) World L.

- S. Nieh * Theodore H. Wegner * National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Hongda Chen *

U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) † Elizabeth R. Nesbitt *

### EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502



### Ma rch 24, 2014

Dear Members of Congress :

I am pleased to forward this annual report on the multi

- agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), in the form of the NNI Supplement to the President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 201 5. This document summarizes the programs and coordinated activities taking place across the many departments, agencies , and commissions participating today in the NNI – an initiative that has been a leading model of Federal science and technology coordination for over thirteen years. The proposed NNI budget for Fiscal Year 201 5 of over $1.5 billion will continue to advance our understanding of nanoscale phenomena and our ability to engineer nanoscale devices and systems that address national priorities and global challenges

. As is true across the spectrum of Federal science and technology investments, the FY 201 5 NNI budget reflects difficult c hoices as well as the maturation and evolution of programs at some agencies. Despite current fiscal constraints , robust efforts are maintained in key investment areas such as the nanotechnology signature -i nitiative areas and environment al , health, and saf ety research. NNI activities also intersect with and support national priorities that are not confined to the domain of nanotechnology, including advanced manufacturing, the Materials Genome Initiative (a drive to accelerate the design and deploy ment of advanced materials ) , and the BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative. The NNI investment sustains vital support for fundamental, ground

- breaking R&D, research infrastructure ( including world

- class centers, networks , and user facilities), and education and training programs that collectively constitute a major U.S. innovation enterprise . S ignature initiatives within the NNI leverage programmatic collaboration s among multiple agencies to place particular emphasis on j ointly identified opportunities

. These signature initiatives include ongoing activities in solar energy,
next- generation electronics, sustainable manufacturing
, nanoinformatics and modeling
, and sensors. Pursuant to a revision of the NNI’s Program Component Areas, detailed information on agency investments in signature initiative areas is now included in the annual budget reporting.

It is essential that t he United States continue to lead the way in innovation enabled by nanotechnology an d other emer ging technologies. Now more than ever, the Nation’s economic growth and global competitiveness depend on it. Thank you for sharing and supporting that vision.

Sincerely,

John P. Holdren Director and Assistant to the President for Science and TechnologyThe National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2014 Budget 1 

# T ABLE OF 

# C ONTENTS

1. Introduction and Overview

................................................................................................................... 3 Overview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative

....................................................................................... 3 Purpose of this Report

................................................................................................ ..................................... 6

2. NNI Investments

................................................................................................ ................................... 7 Budget Summary

................................................................................................ .............................................. 7 Key Points about the 2015 NNI Investments

................................................................................................... 8 Utilization of SBIR and STTR Programs to Advance Nanotechnology

............................................................ 12

3. Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

........................................................ 13 4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Prioritie s ........................................................ 19 Activities Relating to the Four NNI Goals and Fifteen Objectives

.................................................................. 19 Goal 1: Advance a world

- class nanotechnology research and development program

.................................. 20 Goal 2: Foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit

............. 41 Goal 3: Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and a dynamic infrastructure and toolset to advance nanotechnology

........................................................................................... 50 Goal 4: Support responsible development of nanotechnology

..................................................................... 55

5. External Reviews of the NNI

................................................................................................................ 66

Appendix A. Supplementary Information on Nanotechnology Investments by the Department of Defense

... 67 Appendix B. Abbreviations and Acronyms

......................................................................................................... 72 Appendix C. Contact List

................................................................................................ ..................................... 742 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 BudgetThe National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 3 

# 1. I NT RODUCTION AND 

# O VERVIEW

Overview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), established in 2001, 1 is a U.S. Government research and development (R&D) initiative involving 20 Federal departments and independent agencies and commissions 2 working together toward the shared and challenging vision of “ a future in which the ability to understand and control matter at the nanoscale leads to a revolution in technology and industry that benefits society .” 3 The combined, coordinated efforts of these agenc ies have accelerated discovery, development, and deployment of nanotechnology to benefit agency missions in service of the b roader national interest. The 20 Federal agencies participating in the NNI are shown in Table 1 ; 11 of these report specific budget data for nanotechnology R&D f or 2015

. The N NI is managed within the framework of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), the Cabinet

- level council by which the President coordinates science and technology policy across the Federal Government. The Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the NSTC’ s Committee on Technology coordinates planning, budgeting, program implementation, and review of progress for the Initiative . The NSET Subc ommittee is composed of representatives from participating agencies and the Executive Office of the President. A listing of official NSET Subcommittee members is provided at the front of this report, and contact information for NSET Subcommittee participants is provided in Appendix C . The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO) acts as the primary poin t of contact for information on the NNI; provides technical and administrative support to the NSET Subcommittee, including the preparation of multiagency planning, budget, and assessment documents; develops, updates, and maintains the NNI website www.nano.gov ; and provides public outreach on behalf of the NNI.

1 General note : In conformance with Office of Management and Budget style, references to years in this report are to fiscal years unless otherwise noted.

2 Participants in the NNI include Federal departments, independent agencies, and independent commissions, which are collectively referred to as participating “agencies” within this document.
3 The National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan (NSTC, Washington DC , 2014; www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan ), p. 5. 

### What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
A nanometer is one

- billionth of a meter. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick; a single gold atom is about a third of a nanometer in diameter. Dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers are known as the nanoscale. Unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties can emerge in materials at the nanoscale. These properties may differ in important ways from the properties of bulk materials and single atoms or molecules.1. Introduction and Overview

4 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Table 1: Federal Departments and Agencies Participating in the NNI
Federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology research and development (11) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) † Department of Commerce (DOC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Department of Transportation (DOT) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Science Foundation (NSF) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (A RS) Forest Service (FS) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

O ther participating departments and independent agencies and commissions (9)
Department of Education (DOEd) Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Department of Justice (DOJ) National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Department of Labor (DOL) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Department of State (DOS) Department of the Treasury (DOTreas) Intelligence Community (IC) Office of the Director of National Intelligence ( O DNI) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) † U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) †
Also participating from the Department of Commerce (DOC), listed above: Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) Economic Development Administration (EDA) U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

KEY † Denotes an independent commission that is represented on NSET but is non

- voting1

. Introduction and Overview

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 5 The NSET Subcommittee has identified some critical issues that require special attention to interagency coordination, facilitated through subsidiary working groups and/or individual coordinator functions. NSET has therefore established two working groups

— the Nanotechnology Environm ental and Health Implications (NEHI) Working Group
, and the Nanomanufacturing, Industry Liaison, and Innovation (NILI) Working Group

— and four coordinators

— for global issues; standards development ; environmental, health, and safety research ; and education, engagement, and societal dimensions. For additional details on these working groups and coordinators, see the Coordination and Assessment section of the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan

. 4

The 201 4 NNI Strategic Plan sets out the vision for the NNI stated above and specifies four goals aimed at achieving that overall vision:
1. Advance a world

- class nanotechnology research and development program

. 2. Foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit

. 3. Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and a dynamic infrastructure and toolset to advance nanotechnology

. 4. Support responsible development of nanotechnology

. For each of the goals, the plan identifies specific objectives toward collectively achieving the NNI visio n. Chapter 4 provides details about the se objectives and related NNI activities

. The plan also lays out new R&D investment categories

. These five Program Component Areas (PCAs) , listed below, include research and development activities that contribute to one or more of the NNI goals:
1. Nanotechnology Signature I nitiatives

. 2. Foundational Research

. 3. Nanoscale

- Enabled Applications, Devices , and S ystems

. 4. Research Infrastructure and Instrumentation

. 5. Environment, Health, and S afety

. Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs), which are designed to accelerate innovation in areas of national priority through enhanced interagency coordination and focused investment, are called out as a priority in the 20 15 OMB/OSTP R&D Priorities Memo. 5 Accordingly, they are also called out as specific NNI budget categories (PCAs) for the first time in the 2015 Budget. The NSI topics for 2013 through 2 015 are as follows:



### • Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Collection and Conversion : Contributing to Energy Solutions for the Future

.


### • Sustainable Nanomanufacturing: Creating the Industries of the Future

.


### • Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond

.


### • Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure (NKI): Enabling National Leadership in Sustainable Design

.


### • Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment

.

4 National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan (NSTC, Washington DC, 2014
, www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan ), p. 39

. 5 www.WhiteHouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy_15_memo_m

- 13

- 16.pdf

.1. Introduction and Overview

6 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget The NNI R&D investment is also guided by the 2011 NNI Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Strategy. 6 The strategy supports all four NNI goals but is most closely ali gned with NNI Goal 4 and PCA 5. The NNI funding represents the sum of th e nanotechnology

- related funds allocated by each of the participating agencies ( the “ NNI budget crosscut ” ). Each agency separately determin es its budget for nanotechnology R&D in coordination with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) , the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) , and Congress. The NNI agencies participating in the budget crosscut work closely with each other to cre ate an integrated scientific program. This close communication , facilitated through the NSET Subcommittee and its working groups and coordinators
, has led to interagency coordination and collaboration in a variety of forms, including sharing of knowledge a nd expertise; joint sponsorship of solicitations and workshops; and leveraging of funding, staff, and equipment/facility resources at NNI participating agencies.


## Purpose of this Report
This document provides supplemental information to the President’s 201 5 Budget and serves as the Annual Report on the NNI called for in the 21 st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108

- 153 , 15 USC §7501). The report also addresses the requirement for Department of Defense reporting on its nanotechnology investments, per 10 USC §2358 (see Appendix A). In particular, the report summarizes NNI programmatic activities for 201 3 and 2014 , as well as those currently planned for 201 5

. NNI budgets for 201 3 through 2 01 5 are presented by agency and PCA in Chapter 2 of this report. Information on the use of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer Research (STTR) program funds to support nanotechnology research and commercialization activities, also called for in P.L. 108

- 153, is included at the end of Chapter 2. Chapter 3 outlines changes in balance of investments by PCA (including how agencies are allocating investments among the new PCAs outlined in the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan). Activities that have been undertaken and progress that has been made toward achieving the four goals set out in the NNI Strategic Plan ( including activities in support of the NNI Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives) are outlined in Chapter 4. H ighlights from external reviews of the NNI and how their recommendations are being addressed are summarized in Chapter 5

. Appendices include s upplementary i nformation on n anotechnology i nvestments by the D epartment of Defense
, a list of abbreviations and acronyms, and a contact list of NSET Subcommittee participants and NNCO staff members

.

6 The National Nanotechnology Initiative Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Strategy (NSTC, Washington DC, 2011; www.nano.gov/2011EHSStrategy )

.The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 7 

# 2. NNI I NVESTMENTS

Budget Summary

The President’s 2015 Budget provides over $1. 5 billion for the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a continued investment in support of the President’s priorities and innovation strategy. Cumulatively totaling nearly $ 21 billion since the inception of the NNI in 2001 (including the 2015 request), this support reflects nanotechnology’s potential to signific antly improve our fundamental understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale and to translate that knowledge into solutions for critical national issues. NNI research efforts are guided by two strategic documents developed by the Nanoscale Science, Engineerin g, and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the National Science and Tec hnology Council (NSTC), the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan ( www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan ) and the 2011 NNI Environmental, Health , and Safety Research Strategy ( www.nano.gov/2011EHSStrategy ). These strategic documents guide how NNI agencies address the full range of nanotechnology research and development, technology transfer and p roduct commercialization, infrastructure
, and education, as well as the societal issues that accompany an emerging tec hnology. The NNI investments in 2013 and 2014 and those proposed for 2015 continue the emphasis on accelerating the transition from basic R&D to innovations that support national priorities. One significant change for the 2015 Budget, which is reflected in the figures provided in this document for 2013 and 2014, is a revision in the Program Component Areas (PCAs) , budget categories under wh ich the NNI investments are reported. Note that this represents an update of how NNI investments by the Federal G overnment are tabulated, but not a change in the overall scope of the Initiative

. As outlined in the 2014 NNI Strateg ic Plan, the new PCA s are more broadly strategic, fully inclusive, and consistent with Federal research categories, while correlating well with the NNI goals and high

- level objectives. Of particular note is the creation of a separate PCA for the Nanotechnology Signature Initia tives (NSIs)
, reflecting the high priority placed on NSIs in the 2015 OMB/OSTP R&D Priorities Memo. 7 The President’s 2015 Budget supports nanoscale science, engineering, and technology R&D at 11 agencies. Federal organizations with the largest investments are:



### • DHHS /NIH (nanotechnology

- based biomedical research at the intersection of life and physical sciences)

.


### • NSF (fundamental research and education across all disciplines of science and engineering)

.


### • DOE (fundamental and applied research providing a bas is for new and improved energy technologies)

.


### • DOD (science and engineering research advancing defense and dual

- use capabilities)

.


### • DOC/ NIST (fundamental research and development of measurement and fabrication tools, analytical methodologies, metrology , and standards for nanotechnology)

. Other agencies and agency components investing in mission

- related nanotechnology research are DHS, DHHS / FDA, EPA, NASA, USDA /NIFA, DHHS / NIOSH, USDA/FS, CPSC, USDA/ARS, and DOT / FHWA. 8

7 www.WhiteHouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy_15_memo_m

- 13

- 16.pdf

8 See Table 1 or Appendix B for explanations of the agency abbreviations used on this page and throughout the remainder of this report.2

. NNI Investments

8 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Table 2: NNI Budget, by Agency, 201 3– 2015 (dollars in millions) Agency 201 3 Actual 201 4 Estimated * 201 5 Proposed
CPSC 1.3 2.0 2.0 DHS 14.0 24.0 32.4 DOC /NIST 91.4 97.8 82.6
DOD 170.1 175.9 144.0 DOE** 314.2 303.3 343.1 DOT /FHWA 2.4 2.0 1.5
EPA 14.6 15.5 16.8
DHHS (total) 485.4 469.5 469.6

FDA 16.1 17.0 17.0 NIH 458.8 441.5 441.5 NIOSH 10.5 11.0 11.1 NASA 16.4 17.9 13.7 NSF 421.0 410.6 412.4 USDA (total) 19.5 19.1 18.8

ARS 2.0 2.0 2.0 FS 5.0 4.0 4.0 NIFA 12.5 13.1 12.8 TOTAL*** 1550.2 1537.5 1536.9

* 2014 numbers are based on 2014 enacted level s , and may shift as operating plans

are finalized

. ** Funding levels for DOE include the combined budgets of the Office of Science, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), the Office of Fossil Energy,

a nd the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA

- E).

*** In Tables 2

– 6, totals may not add, due to rounding.
Table 2 presents NNI investments for 201 3 through 2 01 5 for Federal agencies with budgets and investments for nanotechnology R&D
, including funding for the NSIs. Tables 3

– 5 list the investments by agency and by Program Component Area for 2013 through 2015 . Table 6 shows the NNI investments within Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Techn ology Transfer (STTR) programs for 2008 through 2012.



## Ke y Points about the 2013

– 2015 NNI Investments

• NNI investments for 2013 through 2015 are reported here for the first time under the updated PCA categories called out in the 201 4 NNI Strategic Plan. Investments under these revised categories should not be compared directly to investments in the previous PCAs set out in prior NNI s trategic p lan s and reported in previous NNI budget supplement reports, with the exception of the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) PCA, which remains unchanged between the old and new PCA categories.



### • 2013 actual NNI investments ($1.5 5 billion) reported in this document are approximately 6% less than the estimates previously published in the NNI Supplement to the President 2014 Budget. This diff erence is consistent with the budget reduction associated with the sequester for 2013, which was enacted after the publication of that supplement.2. NNI Investments

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 9

Table 3: Actual 2013 Agency Investments by Program Component Area (dollars in millions)1.NanotechnologySignature Initiatives (NSIs)*1a.Solar Energy1b.Nanomanufacturing1c. Nanoelectronics1d. NKI1e. Sensors2.Foundational Research3.NanotechnologyEnabled Applications,Devices, and Systems4. Research Infrastructureand Instrumentation5.Environment, Health,and SafetyNNI Total

CPSC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.3 DHS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 8.1 14.0 DOC /NIST 29.2 3.1 3.0 18.2 1.1 3.9 13.3 7.3 35.4 6.2 91.4 DOD 51.0 4.2 3.7 26.3 1.7 15.0 76.2 38.3 1.5 3.1 170.1 DOE 44.0 37.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 2.5 131.0 27.4 111.8 0.0 314.2 DOT /FHWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0 .0 0 .0 2.4
EPA 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 14.6 14.6 DHHS (total) 51.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 51.0 153.3 214.7 16.6 49.8 485.4 FDA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 16.1 NIH 51.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.0 153.3 214.7 16.6 23.2 458.8 NIOSH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 10.5 NASA 5.0 0.0 3.2 0.2 0.3 1.3 6.4 4.6 0.4 0.0 16.4 NSF 93.6 28.4 22.7 42.6 0.0 0.0 196.8 55.9 43.7 31.0 421.0 USDA (total) 6.2 1.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.3 4.9 3.0 1.1 19.5 ARS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 FS 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 5.0 NIFA 4.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.3 2.9 2.0 1.1 12.5 TOTAL 279.9 73.6 34.7 87.3 7.5 76.8 581.3 361.4 212.5 115.1 1550.2

* Abbreviated titles for the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives are shown in T ables 3

– 5. See the text (Chapter 1, p. 5) for full NSI titles.



### • The Foundational Research PCA constitutes over a third of the total NNI investment portfolio for 2013 through 2015. The NNI agencies view this as a critical investment category, maintaining a pipeline of new nanotechnology

- based innovations, even as prior foundational research matures into applications.



### • Inves tments in Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (PCA 1) have grown since their inception, from approximately $ 246 million in 2011 9 to a request of over $291 million in the 2015 Budget. NSIs now represent nearly 20% of the total NNI investments for 2013 thro ugh 2015. EHS research investments have been sustained at approximately $110 million per year, reflecting their continued high priority for the NNI. EHS investments have risen from under 3% of the total NNI investment in 2005 to over 7% in the 2015 Budget. Cumulative EHS investments from 2005 through 2015 have now reached over $900 million.

9 See www.nano.gov/2013BudgetSupplement

.2

. NNI Investments

10 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Table 4: Estimated 201 4 Agency Investments by Program Component Area (dollars in millions)1.NanotechnologySignature Initiatives (NSIs)1a.Solar Energy1b.Nanomanufacturing1c. Nanoelectronics1d. NKI1e. Sensors2.Foundational Research3.NanotechnologyEnabled Applications,Devices, and Systems4. Research Infrastructureand Instrumentation5.Environment, Health,and SafetyNNI Total

CPSC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 DHS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 7.9 24.0 DOC /NIST 29.2 3.3 5.6 17.3 1.0 2.1 15.3 8.7 39.5 5.1 97.8 DOD 50.8 2.6 1.0 24.8 5.1 17.2 84.8 37.0 0.1 3.2 175.9 DOE 42.3 35.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 129.0 16.1 115.8 0.0 303.3 DOT /FHWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 EPA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 15.5 DHHS (total) 49.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.1 119.0 228.1 19.9 53.3 469.5 FDA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 17.0 NIH 49.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.1 119.0 228.1 19.9 25.3 441.5 NIOSH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 11.0 NASA 7.9 0.3 5.0 0.1 0.1 2.4 6.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 17.9 NSF 112.9 25.2 24.7 34.5 20.9 7.6 180.6 46.9 44.9 25.3 410.6 USDA (total) 5.9 0.7 2.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 4.3 4.9 3.0 1.0 19.1 ARS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 FS 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 NIFA 4.9 0.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.3 2.9 2.0 1.0 13.1 TOTAL 298.1 67.4 38.4 76.7 32.1 83.5 539.8 363.2 223.2 113.3 1537.5



### • Nanotechnology investments have remained stable at most NNI participating agencies since 2010,

even with many competing priorities . This stability demonstrates the continued competitiveness of nanotechnology R&D in supporting agency missions.



### • The Department of Defense has experienced a substantial reduction in its investments since 2012. DOD funding actuals for 2013, which are approximately 50% lower than 2012 actuals, reflect the completion of projects, especially at DARPA, where investments (part icularly in nanotechnology

enabled devices and systems) have matured. DOD investments in foundational research have been sustained. Because nanotechnology investments by DOD are wholly driven by mission needs and opportunities, changes in investment are to be expected.



### • The Department of Health and Human Services accounts for the largest portion of the total NNI investment, reflecting progress in the development of potentially revolutionary nanomedicine applications at NIH and a strong and sustained EHS research program at FDA, NIOSH, and NIH ’s National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

.2. NNI Investments

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 11 Table 5: Proposed 2015 Agency Investments by Program Component Area (dollars in millions)1.NanotechnologySignature Initiatives (NSIs)1a.Solar Energy1b.Nanomanufacturing1c. Nanoelectronics1d. NKI1e. Sensors2.Foundational Research3.NanotechnologyEnabled Applications,Devices, and Systems4. Research Infrastructureand Instrumentation5.Environment, Health,and SafetyNNI Total

CPSC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 DHS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.4 0.0 8.0 32.4 DOC /NIST 24.4 3.1 6.1 11.5 1.3 2.4 11.3 4.6 35.6 6.7 82.6 DOD 47.3 2.3 0.8 22.0 0.9 21.3 72.2 22.4 0.0 2.1 144.0 DOE 42.8 35.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.5 136.7 29.2 134.4 0.0 343.1 DOT /FHWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 EPA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 16.8 DHHS (total) 49.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.1 119.0 228.1 19.9 53.4 469.6 FDA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 17.0 NIH 49.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.1 119.0 228.1 19.9 25.3 441.5 NIOSH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 11.1 NASA 6.4 0.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 2.4 5.6 1.3 0.4 0.0 13.7 NSF 115.6 27.7 23.4 38.0 19.0 7.5 181.4 46.6 46.5 22.3 412.4 USDA (total) 5.7 0.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.2 4.9 3.0 1.0 18.8 ARS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 FS 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 NIFA 4.7 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.2 2.9 2.0 1.0 12.8 TOTAL 291.3 69.2 36.2 71.5 26.2 88.2 530.4 363.0 239.8 112.4 1536.9



### • The Department of Homeland Security is proposing to more than double its nanotechnology investments, from $14 million in 2013 to over $32 million in the 2015 Budget.



### • As in several recent years, NNI agencies are also actively participating in and contribut ing to other complementary and synergistic Administration R&D priorities, including the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program , the Global Change Research Program (GCRP), the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI), Advanc ed Manufacturing, and the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative . Nanoscale science and technology is related to, enables , or is enabled by each of these other priority topics in various ways, and NNI investments m ay overlap with investments reported for each of them. NNI agency representatives and NNCO staff continu e to explore opportunities to take full advantage of these synergies.



### • Investments in SBIR and STTR funding by the participating agencies, reported outside of the formal NNI funding crosscut and the budget tables shown above, play a critical role in transitioning nanotechnology innovations into products for commercial and public benefit (NNI Goal 2), as discussed below.2

. NNI Investments

12 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

## Utilization of SBIR and STTR Programs to Advance Nanotechnology
As called for by the 21 st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, this report includes information on use of the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer programs in support of nanotechnology development. Five NNI agencies

— DOD, NSF, NIH, DOE, and NASA

— have both SBIR and STTR programs. In addition, NIOSH
, EPA , USDA, and NIST have SBIR programs. Table 6 shows agency funding for SBIR and STTR awards for nanotechnology R&D from 200 8 through 201 2 (the latest year for which data are available). Some NNI agencies (e.g., NSF and NIH ) have included nanotechnology

- specific topics in their SBIR and STTR solicitations. The NSF SBIR program has an ongoing nanotechnology topic included within its advanced materials, electronics, and biotechnology solicitations

. Some agencies have had additional topical or applications

- oriented solicitations for which many awardees have proposed nanotechnology

- based innovations

. SBIR/STTR data for 2004 through 2 01 2 indicates that the NNI agencies have funded over $ 80 0 million of nanotechnology

- related SBIR and STTR awards. Data from 200 8 through 201 2 are shown in Table 6, and a complete listing by year (including data from 2004 through 2007 ) can be found at a download link in the Overview section of nanodashboard.nano.gov

.

Table 6: 2008

– 2012 Agency SBIR and STTR Awards (dollars in millions)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
SBIR STTR Total SBIR STTR Total SBIR STTR Total SBIR STTR Total SBIR STTR Total
DOD 19.8 2.3 22.1 19.3 3.9 23.2 32.2 10.4 42.6 16.2 5.6 21.8 25.4 7.6 33.0
NSF 10.5 7.5 18.0 13.2 7.0 20.2 25.2 3.9 29.2 13.2 1.3 14.5 18.0 2.5 20.5
DHHS / NIH 29.3 1.8 31.1 23.0 3.7 26.7 21.7 1.6 23.2 22.6 1.5 24.1 21.7 3.9 25.6
DHHS / NIOSH 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
DOE 10 13.8 2.7 16.5 31.9 5.7 37.6 19.4 4.4 23.8 4.7 1.1 5.8 7.8 1.7 9.5
NASA 6.2 0.8 7.0 15.0 1.7 16.7 11.6 2.1 13.7 12.1 3.7 15.8 17.0 3.9 20.8
EPA 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.7
USDA 11 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
DOC / NIST 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.4
TOTAL 81.9 15.1 97.0 104.6 22.0 126.6 110.6 22.4 133.0 71.2 13.2 84.4 91.4 19.6 111.0

10 A significant portion of SBIR/STTR funding reported by DOE for 2009 and 2010 is from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009.

11 SBIR/STTR award levels for USDA include FS.The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 13 

# 3. C HANGES IN 

# B ALANCE OF 

# I NVESTMENTS BY 

# P ROGRAM 

# C OMPONENT 

# A REA

The 21 st Century Nanotechnology R&D Act calls for this report to address changes in the balance of investments by NNI member agencies among the Program Component Areas ( PCAs )

. Because the NNI PCAs have changed significantly with the publication of the updated 2014 NNI Strategic Plan, 12 some text is included in this chapter for all of the agencies that are part of the NNI funding crosscut to explain how they are reporting their investments under the revised PCAs.

CPSC : The investment s in nanotechnology for CPSC for 2013 and 2014 have focused on addressing the environmental, health, and safety issues identified in PCA 5

. Data produced in these research efforts may also support the Nanotechnology Knowledge Inf rastructure (NKI) S ignature I nitiative described in PCA 1. It is exp ected that research investments for 2015 will continue to support PCA 5.

DHS : The Department of Homeland Security is reporting investments for 2013 through 2 015 in PCAs 3 (Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems) and 5 (Environment, Heal th, and Safety). DHS is requesting a significant increase in PCA 3 investments for homeland security applications, from $5.9 million in 2013 to $24.4 million in the 2015 request. See DHS text in Chapter 4 ( Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 1.1 ) for additional details.

DOD: 13 The DOD does not establish funding targets for nanotechnology, which has proven to be competitive based on its contributions to meeting needs and providing opportunities for future capabilit ies

. New projects are awarded on a competitive basis, and therefore, the balance of investment can change from historical levels and predictions

. In 2015 DOD anticipates about $144 million in nanotechnology research and development, reduced from 2014 ($176 million), and about 15% less than 2013 actual expenditures. Actuals tend to be larger than estimates due to success in competitive solicitations. The revised PCA structure provides a more meaningful and illustrative means of representing the broad nature of the DOD investment. The traditi onal 50:50 breakdown between fundamental and applied research is approximately retained, but the resources are now more definitively characterized. About 45% of the DOD nanotechnology

- related investment is in PCA 2 (Foundational Research)

— rising to 50% in the 2015 request. About 23% is in PCA 3 (Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems)

— dropping to 16% in the 2015 request. Both of these changes are due in part to completion of projects , particularly at DARPA, in applied or applications

- dire cted research classified under PCA 3. About 30% of the DOD investment is currently in the areas of the signature initiatives and clearly shows the topical emphasis on nanoelectronics (15%) and sensors (also 15% in the 2015 request). The projects associated with nanomanufacturing in 2013 and 2014 are completing, but the emphasis on this area of research remains strong and will continue to be an area of competitive opportunity. The DOD Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Tr ansfer (STTR) investments in nanotechnology remain very strong with an overall investment of $33 million in 2012, making these projects about 20% of the overall DOD nanotechnology research investment.

12 www.nano. gov/2014StrategicPlan

13 Details for Department of Defense investments are provided per the statutory requirement for DOD reporting on its nanotechnology investments (10 USC §2358 ). Additional details on DOD investments can be found in Appendix A.3. Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

14 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget The revision in PCAs is largely responsible for change s in distribution from prior years

. In 2013

– 2015 funding
, the primary changes for DOD are associated with fluctuations in the signature initiatives and nanotechnology

- enabled PCAs as projects complete and new opportunities for competition present themselve s.
DOE: In 2015, increases in DOE funding in PCA 4 are due primarily to the planned merger of three Electron

Beam Microcharacterization Centers (EBMCs) with the Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs), which will enhance the availability and use of sta te

- of

- the

- art microscopy tools for nanoscience. In addition, DOE has requested an approximately 5% inc rease in the NSRC budgets for 2015 to allow for improved operational levels

. DOT/FHWA: Under the current PCA construct, all of FHWA’s current and planned investment is in Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems (PCA 3)

. FHWA’s investment seeks to leverage developments in nanotechnology by focusing them on transportation applications such as corrosion protection, lightweight structural and multifunctional materials, and in situ and onboard sensing and communications devices.

EPA : The EPA 20 15 B udget request continues EPA’s strong support for research in e nvironmental
, health
, and safety applications of nanotechnology . EPA will continue work in PCA 5 on evaluating the chemical and physical properties of engineered nanomaterials that influence their potential for release into the environment ; fate, transport, and transformation ; and potential for exposure and adverse effects to h umans or sensitive ecological species. The potential for nanomaterial releases will be evaluated across the product life cycle including manufacturing, product use
, and end

- of

- life disposal. Research includes the mechanisms of interactions between engineer ed nanomaterials and biological organisms, which h as been identified by the National Academies as a high priority.

FDA: FDA continues to focus on PCA 5 (Environment, Health, and Safety) with no change in investment balance. FDA investments in PCA 5 will co ntinue to enable the agency to address products containing nanomaterials or involving the use of nanotechnology through the development of methods, validation of models, and generation of data that are necessary for safety and efficacy assessments of nano t echnology

enabled products.

NASA: NASA support for nanotechnology R&D has been focused primarily on PCA 1 (Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives), PCA 2 (Foundational Research)
, and PCA 3 (Nanotechnology Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems)

. Nanotech nology R&D has been supported primarily by the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (PCA 3) and the Space Technology Mission Directorate (PCA s 1, 2, and 3)

. NASA investments in 2015 in PCA 1 are expected to grow by almost 30% relative to 2013 due to increased funding in nanostructured materials and nanotechnology

- based chem ical

- bio logical sensors

. Research investments in PCA 2 are expected to remain largely unchanged in 2015 , while requested investments in PCA 3 are reduced in 2015 from 2013 levels

. NIH: NIH currently invests approximately $450 million per year in nanotechnology

- related biomedical research
, which is expected to remain relatively constant for 2015 based on current grant funding policies and programmatic initiatives. For example, in 201 3, there were five active nanotechnology

- specific funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) and four major investment programs supported by the various NIH institutes that contributed to the total dollar investment

. The major areas of research activity from both unsolicited and solicited resources focused on PCAs 1, 2, and 3 with more than 1
, 200 grants funded

. Since then, the two SBIR/STTR FOAs have expired and were not renewed as stand

- alone FOA s, given the increase in nanotechnology

- related activities supp orted through other existing SBIR/STTR initiatives

. The renewal of the N ational C ancer I nstitute’s (NCI) Provocative Questions FOA also led to increase d support for primarily3 . Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 15 PCAs 2 and 3. Overall, research projects funded in 2014 through both the investig ator

- initiated and programmatic initiatives are focused primarily on PCA 3, N ano technology -E nabled A pplications
, D evices , and S ystems (51.7%) for biomedical research, and to a lesser extent on PCA 4 , Research Infrastructure and Instrumentation (4.5%), and PCA 5 (5.7%)

. In addition, the four major NIH nanotechnology programs, specifically, the NIH Common Fund Nanomedicine Initiative, NCI’s Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute ’s ( NHLBI ) Program of Excellence in N anotechnology , and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( NIEHS ) Centers for Nanotechnology Health Implications Research initiated prior to 2014 continued to receive support to develop new treatments, diagnostics, and interventions for di sease management and patient care related to nanotechnology

. As a result, the amount invested per PCA has not changed significantly from 2013 to 2014 due to the continuation of research and the awarding of new grants

. The NIH investment in nanotechnology in 2015 will continue to support the ongoing research projects within these programmatic initiatives as well as the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives

. Emphasis at this stage of development will include new clinically relevant diagnostics and devices, novel uses of clinical imaging and drug delivery technologies, and advanced genetic sequencing devices/assays for biological profiling (impacting PCAs 1, 2, and 3)

. NIH will also maintain resources toward achieving the goals of the 2011 EHS Research Strategy and continue to lead the S ensors NSI and participate in the Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure NSI (see Chapter 4 for defined research activity). New areas of opportunities for nanotechnology are also expected to arise in 2015 as the institutes acros s the NIH implement new programs/initiatives/plans to achieve the scientific vision of President Obama’s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative . The Initiative promises to open new doors to understanding how the br ain functions and is linked to mechanisms of brain disease by producing real

- time pictures of complex neural circuits and visualizing the rapid

- fire interactions of cells that occur at the speed of thought. The goal is to build on the growing scientific fo undation s in neuroscience, genetics, physics, engineering, informatics, nanoscience, chemistry, mathematics
, and other advances of the past few decades to catalyze an interdisciplinary effort of unprecedented scope. Nonetheless, the total dollar investment in this area for 2015 is not expected to significantly change relative to previous years due to ongoing funding and limited programmatic changes. NIH’s investments in nanotechnology from 2013 to 2015 will not result in significant redistribution of funds across the PCAs due to continuation of existing initiatives, programs, and grant research

. However, the actual NIH investments reported for 2015 in the future may change as NIH continues to refine and validate its reporting system to the updated PCA classification scheme.

NIOSH : NIOSH support for nanotechnology R&D is reported under PCA 5 ( Environment, Health, and Safety)
, although a number of its activities also are relate d to and support the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (PCA 1)

. In 2015 , NIOSH will maintain an active field investigation effort in support of the Sustainable Nanomanufacturing NSI that focuses on partnering with private sector nanomanufacturing facilities and providing comprehensive risk management guidance that promotes responsible development and supports spe e d to market. A critical focus area in 2015 will be the development and implementation of engineering control strategies and solutions that mitigate nanomaterials process releases and worker exposures. This program wil l continue to maintain focus in two areas: provid ing guidance to nanomanufacturing that is using established materials such as titania and carbon nanotubes and develop ing prospective guidance for emerging materials such as cellu lose nanocrystals and graphe ne by conducting hazard assessment employing in vitro and in vivo models of exposure

- response relationships

. For 2015, NIOSH will continue its agency shift of emphasis within its program to fill knowledge gaps in five strategic areas:3. Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

16 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

### • Increase the underst anding of nanomaterials’ new human health hazards and health risks to workers

.


### • Expand understanding of the initial hazard findings on engineered nanomaterials , including development of biomarkers of exposure and early response to support worker surveillanc e efforts

.


### • Continue the development and dissemination of high

- impact guidance materials that inform workers, employers, regulatory agencies, and decision makers ab o ut hazards, risks
, and risk management solutions

.


### • Support epidemiologic studies to understand the scope of worker exposure and potential health impact s.



### • Promote and assess national adherence to risk management guidance

. NIOSH will continue to build partnerships with private sector nanomaterial companies and will coordinate efforts with other NNI agencies, including OSHA, NIST, CPSC, EPA, and DOD . An updated 2013

– 2016 NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Strategic Plan 14 describes the new areas of emphasis

. NIST: NIST’s intramural research laboratories, user facilities, and services work at the cutting edge of science to ensure that U.S. companies, as well as the broader science and engineering communities, have the nanoscale meas urements, data, and technologies to further nanotechnology innovation and industrial competitiveness

. The 2015 B udget r equest continues NIST’s strong support for research in nanotechnology

. The request continues a trajectory of increased investment in the key NIST priority area of nanomanufacturing (PCA 1, Nanotechnology Signature Initiative for Sustainable Nanomanufacturing). NIST’s commitment to nanotechnology

- related environment, health, and safety research (PCA 5) is sustained, and the considerable inve stment begun in 2012 for major research facilities and instrumentation acquisition (PCA 4) remains NIST’s largest nanotechnology investment area. In 2015 some instrumentation investments are reported in the Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (PCA 1) that the requested funds are intended to directly support. Overall funding amounts have decreased in many areas because of a revision in the approach to categorizing research planned for 2015, combined with changes in investments associated with significant pro gram turnover and the transition of activities within NIST toward advanced manufacturing investments including precision measurements and advanced materials design and discovery.

NSF: NSF supports nanoscale science and engineering throughout all the resear ch and education directorates as a means to advance discovery and innovation and integrate various fields of research . The NNI enables increased interdisciplinarity through research at atomic and molecular levels for about 5,000 active awards with full or partial contents related to nanoscale science and engineering (NSE).
The NSF 2015 r equest will have a decrease of about 2 % as compared to the 2013 actuals. The support for Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (PCA 1) will grow from $93.6 million in 2013 to $ 115.6 million ( a 23.5 % increase ) in the 2015 r equest, with significant increases for the Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure NSI and the S ensors NSI , to $19 million and $7.5 million, respectively . The investment in Research Infrastructure and Instrumentation (PCA 4) will also grow , whereas Foundational R esearch (PCA 2); Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems (PCA 3) ; and EHS (PCA 5) investments will decrease

. Those decreases are caused in part by the results of the peer revie w process of unsolicited proposals and co

- funding available from other NNI agencies

. Part of PCA 3 will be dedicated to research on breakthrough materials and advanced manufacturing as part of the NSF

- wide Cyber

- Enabled Materials, Manufacturing, and Smart Systems (CEMMSS) investment framework.

14 www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014

- 1063 . Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 17 Three Nanosystems Engineering Research Centers (NERCs), with a total estimated budget of approximately $55 million for five years
, were established in September 2012 and started full operation in 2013 and will be expanded by 2015. Additional NERC s are under competition. A new competition in 2014 is expected to yield additional NERCs

. In 2015 the agency continues its contributions to translational innovation programs, including GOALI (Grant Opportunities for Academi c Liaison with Industry), I/UCRC (Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers), the I- Corps ( Innovation Corps program ) , AIR (Accelerating Innovation Research), PFI (Partnerships for Innovation), and PFI’s Building Innovation Capacity (BIC) component

. The NSF Small Business Innovation Research program has an ongoing nanotechnology topic with subtopics for nanomaterials, nanomanufacturing, nanoelectronics and active nanostructures, nanotechnology for biological and medical applications, and instr umentati on for nanotechnology. NSF has mainstreamed nanotechnology

- related research in core programs in several directorates

. There is a continuing strong interest from the community in nanotechnology research, education, and infrastructure through those core prog rams. Nanoscale Science and Engineering is substantially represented in NSF

- wide activities in 2014 and 2015 such as Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability /Sustainable Chemistry, Engineering and Materials (SusChEM); Research at the Interfa ce of Biological, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, and Engineering (BioMaPS); and Smart Systems (CEMMSS), which includes Designing Materials to Revolutionize and Engineer our Future (DMREF) and Understanding the Brain

. NSF’s Directorates for Mathematica l and Physical Sciences ( MPS )
, Engineering ( ENG ), and Computer and Information Science and Engineering ( CISE) are considering additional nanotechnology emphasis in the area s of optics and photonics in 2015.
USDA/ARS : The President’s 2015 Budget request for ARS will continue to support research in nanotechnology. Classification of 2013 and 2014 investments highlight s a focus on PCA 3
, Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems. An approximate comparison to 2013 levels indicates that the reques ts for 2015 will remain constant

. USDA/FS: Forest Service nanotechnology research supports USDA’s priorities of sustaining forest health, stimulating rural development
, and creating value for our Nation’s landowners

. In the 2015 B udget r equest, the Forest Service will support research on manufacturing, characterization
, and application of cellulose nanomaterials originating from operations to restore forest vitality

. The majority of the Forest Service’s nanotechnology R&D supported by the 2015 B udget are in the Sustainable Nanom anufacturing Signature Initiative ( PCA 1) and in Foundational Research (PCA 2). The Forest Service plans to invest the balance of its nanotechnology

- related request in the 2015 B udget in Research Infrastructure and Instrument ation ( PC A 4). The 2015 Budget request reflects a 20% reduction in the Forest Service's total R&D investments from 2014. However, nanotechnology remains a priority within the FS R&D portfolio. Forest Service has establish ed a public

– private partnership to continue its research in nanotechnology, even under this decreased overall R&D Budget request

. 15

USDA/ NIFA: The National Institute of Food and Agriculture will continue to support research in nanotechnology for agriculture and food systems. Currently, more than 300 active research and education projects in advancing nanoscale science, engineering
, and technology are supported by NIFA to address grand societ al challenges facing agriculture, food, health and nutrition, the environment, and rural communit ies . Analysis of 2013 investments reflects that NIFA has maintained a balanced approach in all five PCAs. About 20% of the investment is in PCA 2 (Foundational Research) and about 25% in PCA 3 (Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems)

. NIFA also reports a 16% investment in

15 www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamediafb?contenti d=2013/12/0235.xml&printable=true&contentidonly=true3. Changes in Balance of Investments by Program Component Area

18 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget PCA 4 (Research Infrastructure and Instrumentation)
, as the new classification now includes efforts in curriculum developme nt and human infrastructure development. More than 30% of the investment is currently in the areas of the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives ( PCA 1 ), with the topical emphasis on the S ensors NSI (24%) and the S ustainable N anomanufacturing NSI (9%)

. NIFA is also involved in the Nanotechnology for S olar E nergy C ollection and C onv er sion NSI. NIFA maintains about 9% of its investment i n Environment, Health, and Safety (PCA 5) . The r equest for 2015 will essentially remain the same as compared to the 2013 inves tment level

.The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 19 

# 4. P ROGRESS 

# T OWARDS 

# A CHIEVING 

# NNI G OALS 

# , O BJECTIVES 

# , AND 

# P RIORITIES

Activities Relating to the Four NNI Goals and Fifteen Objectives

As called for in the 21 st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, this NNI Supplement to the President’s Budget provides an analysis of the progress made toward achieving the goals established for the National Nanotechnology Initiative. T he NNI’s activities for 201 3 and 201 4 and plans for 201 5 are reported here in terms of how they promote progres s toward the four NNI goals and fifteen objectives set out in the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan ( Figure 1 ) . It is important to note that many agency programs and activities, although listed below under their primary NNI goals and objectives, address components of multiple goals simultaneously. Therefore an integrated perspective across the four goals is needed to understand progress towards achieving the NNI vision.

Figure 1

. A s ummary of NNI g oals and o bjectives fr om the 2014 NNI S trategic Plan

. 16

16 Details on NNI strategic goals and objectives can be found in the 2014 National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan, www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan or www.nano.gov/about

- nni/what/vision

- goals

. Goal 1. Advance a world

- class nanotechnology research and development program

1.1. Support R&D that extends the frontiers of nanotechnology and

strengthens the intersections of scientific disciplines

1.2. Identify and support nanoscale science and technology research driven by national priorities and informed by active engagement with stakeholders

1.3. Assess the performance of the U.S. nanotechnology R&D program

1.4. Advance a portfolio of Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) that are each supported

by three or more NNI agencies and address significant national priorities Goal 2. Foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial

and public benefit

2.1. Assist the nanotechnology

- based business community in understanding the Federal Government’s R&D funding and regulatory environment

2.2. Increase focus on nanotechnology

- based commercialization and related support for public

private partnerships

2.3. Promote broader

accessibility and utilization of user facilities, cooperative research centers, and regional initiatives to accelerate the transfer of nanoscale science from lab to market

2.4. Actively engage in international activities integral to the development and

responsible commercialization of nanotechnology

- enabled products and processes Goal 3. Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and a dynamic infrastructure and toolset to advance nanotechnology

3.1. Sustain outreach and

informal education programs in order to inform the public about the opportunities and impacts of nanotechnology

3.2. Establish and sustain programs that assist in developing and maintaining a skilled

nanotechnology

workforce

3.3. Provide, facilitate the sharing of, and sustain the physical R&D infrastructure, notably

user facilities and cooperative research centers Goal 4. Support responsible

development of nanotechnology

4.1. Support the creation

of a comprehensive knowledge base for evaluation of the potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology to the

environment and to human health and safety

4.2. Create and employ

means for timely dissemination, evaluation,

and incorporation of relevant EHS knowledge

and best practices

4.3. Develop the national

capacity to identify, define, and responsibly address concepts and challenges specific to the ethical, legal, and societal

implications (ELSI) of

nanotechnology

4.4. Incorporate sustainability in the responsible development

of nanotechnology4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

20 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Goal - and objective

- related activities are reported below in terms of two categories of activities: (1) individual agency activities and (2) coordinated activities of NNI agencies with other agencies and with groups external to the NNI, including international activities. The activities described below in terms of these two categories are only selected highlights of current and planned work of the NNI member agencies and are not an all

- inclusive description of ongoing NNI activities.



## Goal 1: Advance a world

- class nanotechnology research and development program . U.S. leadership in nanotechnology R&D depends on the continued investment of participating agencies in the stimulati on of discovery and innovation. The se activities expand the boundaries of knowledge throug h a comprehensive R&D program that build s on the foundation established over the past thirteen years. The Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) , while developed in the context of all four NNI goa ls, are explicitly called out in Objective 1.4 under Goal 1, as detailed in the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan. The NSIs provide a spotlight on critical areas and define the shared vision of the participating age ncies to accelerat e the advancement of nanoscale sc ience and technology from research through commercialization. This enhanced coordination enables the leveraging of individual agency programs, resources, and capabilities in addition to the development of collaborative programs, and both categories are reported below.


### Objective 1.1 – Support R&D that extends the frontiers of nanotechnology and strengthens the intersections of scientific disciplines

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 1 .1

DHS: The DHS Science and Technology Directorate plans to continue the development of micro - and nanoscale structures for electron emitters in high

- performance mass spectrometers for explosives trace detection systems and x- ray sources in next

- generation baggag e screening systems. The use of nanofibrous organic and polymeric materials for vapor sensing of explosives is also under investigation for potential applications in handheld explosives trace detection systems. The current focus is on development and commercialization of these component technologies into original equipment manufacturer (OEM) systems for DHS deployment.

DOD : The DOD nanoscience and foundational research efforts are associated with about half of the department’s nanotechnology resources. Nano science and processing of materials at the nanoscale are important aspects for increasing the specific performance of materials and items upon which future defense capability can be built. Please refer to Appendix A for a detailed account of p lans and prog ress associated with this objective.

DOE: The DOE Office of Science ( DOE

- SC) supports a broad and diverse investment in nanoscience research and development, primarily through grants to individual researchers at universities, funding for research groups at DOE laboratories, and support of interdisciplinary efforts such as the Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs).

IC/DNI: The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) continues to work on enhancing the properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), specifically in three critical areas:



### • Better chirality control and separation of various types of CNTs for improved performance.



### • Better alignment of CNTs during growth; initial alignment has been proven
, and post

- processing alignment experiments are being conducted.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 21 

### • Increased density of CNTs in sheets and yarns; dramatic improvements of five - to ten

- fold have been achieved through use of super fuels and will enter commercialization ramp

- up in 2014, thus resulting in reduced cost and increased quantities being manufact ured. Ongoing research into decreasing direct current (DC) resistivity for 48

- volt DC data center operations has

now achieved one

- twelfth the resistivity of copper wire in the lab and continues to make great strides

. The goal is to save 10

– 15% energy consu mption in every U.S. data center

. Nonvolatile carbon nanotube

- based memory is scheduled for market trials in 2014

. The goal is to eliminate traditional s ynchronous r andom

a ccess m emory (SDRAM ), flash memory buffers
, and hard disk drives from data centers f or savings in size, weight, performance
, and cost

. This will allow a 100

- fold speed

- up in data processing. Academia continues to tackle the challenge of finding a suitable nano

- resin for composites that is optimized for CNTs, resulting in superior strength and enhanced acoustic dampening. New academic research into development of b oron n itride nanotubes will commence in early 2014

. This is the perfect insulator to match CNT materials. NRO continues to make progress in developing superior

strength CNT bulk m aterials with improved electrical and thermal conductivity.

NASA: NASA has continued to support both foundational and applied research in nanotechnology at NASA centers, at universities , and in industry

. For example, the Space Technology Research Fellowshi p Program funded 12 graduate fellowships in 2013 and a total of 30 fellowships since its inception in 2011 to perform foundational research in nanotechnology

- related areas in collaboration with NASA scientists and engineers

. In- house research through the Space Technology Mission Directorate’s Center Innovation Funds and the Aeronautics Mission Research Directorate’s Seedling Fund has been supported in topics such as the development of nanoscale coatings to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of aircraft, ca rbon nanotube - and boron nitride nanotube

- based materials and devices, nanoscale vacuum electronics, and high

- bandwidth antennas utilizing a polyimide aerogel substrate.

NIH: NIH advances world

- class nanotechnology research through its extensive portfolio of extramural awards, awarded in response to both investigator

- initiated applications and NIH

- directed requests for applications. Investigator

- initiated research largely focuses on nanoscale phenomena and development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology

- en abled devices for biomedical applications. NIH investment directed specifically towards nanotechnology focuses heavily on the translation of discoveries from basic research into clinically applicable technologies, including materials for biomedical imaging and drug delivery and devices for disease detection and monitoring. This emphasis on translational research brings together the basic nanotechnology, engineering
, and biomedical and clinical research communities.
The NIH i nstitutes and c enters play a sig nificant role in nanotechnology research and development. Due to the diversity and comprehensiveness of research supported by NIH, the following highlights are limited to certain investment programs or new opportunities that demonstrate how NIH activities are advancing the frontiers of nanotechnology across disciplines. For instance, the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Programs in Excellence in Nanotechnology, and the NIH Nanomedicine Initiativ e will continue to push the boundaries of biomedical nanotechnology R&D. The NCI Alliance has undergone programmatic reviews by the NCI Scientific Program Leaders and the Institute’s Board of Scientific Advisors and was approved to continue a third phase starting at the end of 2015. Phase III will last five years and be populated by a r equest for a pplications for funds set a side specifically for Centers of Cancer N anotechnology Excellence, a program a nnouncement with a s pecialized review dedicated to p latfo rm awar ds, and leveraging the general program announcement to support nanotechnology training centers. The Nanomedicine Initiative is also focused on the quantitative characterization of nanoscale components of the cell and the use of this knowledge to tre at disease or4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

22 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget repair tissue in a clinical setting. The new Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative is also expected to advance collaborative nanotechnology research and development efforts. The Administration announced the BRAIN Initiative in 2013 as part of a new Presidential focus aimed at revolutionizing the understanding of the human brain

. The goal is to accelerate the development and application of innovative new technologies that build upon many scientific areas (e.g.
, neuroscience, genetics, physics, engineering, and nanoscience) to construct a dynamic picture of brain function that integrates neuronal and circuit activity for understanding behavior and diseases. It is in early stages of planning
, but as it matures, the Initiative will take advantage of new uses of nanotechnologies and create

new ones

. Advances from the NCI Alliance expected for 2014 through 2 015 include:



### • Development and testing of a gold nanoparticle contrast agent in conjunction with cli nical development of a Raman endoscope for enhanced colonoscopy

.


### • Nanoparticle formulations for rapid validation and treatment of potential therapeutic targets identified by genetic screens

.


### • Development of bioresponsive materials for imaging or detection of enzymatic activity in vivo , enabling noninvasive “optical” biopsies and diagnostic screens

. T he end of 2015 will see the sta rt of a five year third phase of the Alliance, supporting research and development centers, targeted platform awards, and interdisc iplinary training centers

. Advances from the Nanomedicine Development Centers expected for 2014 through 2 015 include :



### • Develop ment of alternative technologies based on nanopatterning and nanoarchitectures that stimulate the expansion of T cells for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

.


### • Development of bioreactor beads to manipulate the ratio of memory T Cells to effector T Cells in blood for treating leukemia (CLL)

. In addition, NCI funding opportunities released in 2013 that are likely to exploit nanotechnology to extend basic biomedical research and advance disease diagnosis and treatment include:



### • Development of Appropriate Pediatric Formulations and Pediatric Drug Delivery Systems FOAs

.


### • A continuation of the Image

- Guided Drug Delivery in Cancer FOA

.


### • A continuation of the Research Answers to NCI’s Provocative Questions FOA

. NHLBI continues to support the Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology, with a focus on the development of nanotherapeutics, imaging agents, and in vitro diagnostic devices

. Advances during the past year include development of a magnetic barcode assay for genetic detection of pathogens, permitting strain

- specific, point

- of

- care identification of M. tuberculosis ; nanoparticle

- encapsulated siRNA used to silence inflammatory signaling; and large

- scale single

- step manufacture of drug

- containing multifunctional high

- density lipoprotein

- like nanoparticles. In summary, research activities throughout the entire “Nanotechnology Program Activities” sponsored by the i nstitutes and c enters of NIH will add ress future challenges in Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (PCA 1) , Foundational Research (PCA 2) , and clinical translation/evaluation in support of Nanotechnology

E nabled Applications, Devices, and Systems (PCA 3) commercialization.

NIST: NIST is deve loping optical picocalorimetry measurement instrumentation and methods needed to advance technologies ranging from semiconductors and data storage to biotechnology and optoelectronics

. Measurement methods and instrumentation are also being developed for en gineered nanomaterial metrology and characterization, including separations and surface composition

. NIST is also4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 23 developing the first SI

- traceable nanoindentation instrument for measuring nanoscale mechanical properties of a broad range of materials; meth ods to elucidate chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of molecular layers at the nanoscale; small

- angle x

- ray scattering methods for nondestructive, three

- dimensional profiling of nanoscale patterns in semiconductor fabrication; and broadband, h igh

resolution, scanning probe microscopy for high

- frequency characterization of nanoelectronic devices and materials. NIST is supporting high

- risk, leading

- edge nanotechnology research that anticipates future measurement and standards needs of industry an d science through the Innovations in Measurement Science (IMS) Program. Multidisciplinary IMS research teams are completing the development of measurement methods needed to characterize in three dimensions the essential nanoscale processes in photovoltaic materials and devices; bridging measurement length scales to advance graphene device technologies; and developing the motion metrology for micro - and nanomechanical systems needed to provide quality control during manufactur ing and to increase device relia bility.

NSF: NSF supports fundamental nanoscale science and engineering in and across all disciplines. NSF’s nanotechnology research is supported primarily through grants to individuals, teams, and centers at U.S. academic institutions. The efforts in team and center projects have been particularly fruitful because nanoscale research and education are inherently interdisciplinary pursuits, often combining elements of materials science, engineering, chemistry, physics, and biology. The NSF nanotechnology inv estment in 2013 supported about 5,000 active projects, over 30 research centers, and several infrastructure networks for device development, computation, and education. It impacted over 10,000 students and teachers. Approximately 150 small businesses were funded to perform research and product development in nanotechnology through the SBIR and STTR programs. Three new directions planned for 2015 are two

- dimensional nanoscale materials; chemical species and nanostructured composite materials; and nanoscale optics and photonics

. [ See also the section below on coordinated activities in support of Objective 1.1. ]

USDA/FS: The F orest S ervice plans in 2015 to continue investing in fundamental research o n cellulose nanomaterials. These fundamental research areas include interface s between cellulose nanomaterials and other polymeric materials, new methods to separate cellulose nanocrystal from wood
, basic morphology of cellulose nanocrystals
, and others

. Th e results of this research will provide foundations in understanding the properties of cellulose nanocrystals and in incorporating the renewable cellulose nanomaterial in polymeric composites , with potential application in automobiles, aerospace equipment, biomedical devices
, and replacement for other plastics applications.

USDA/NIFA: USDA/NIFA nanotechnology efforts continue to advance the frontiers of interdisciplinary nanoscale science, engineering, and technology R&D endeavors to address a broad range o f grand societal challenges and opportunities facing agriculture and food systems through various extramural research funding mechanisms. NIFA supports nanoscience research and development primarily through competitive and formula grants to individual rese archers at land grant universities and other public and private research institutes.


### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 1 .1

DOD /Army , u niversities, i ndustry , and international organizations : The Army

- sponsored Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) continues to maintain strong interactions with Army labs to investigate manipulating the intrinsic properties of matter at the nano scale. This research effort has strong active research collaborations that have led to effective transitioning of ISN

- developed materials, engineering4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

24 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget capabilities
, and computational expertise

. These efforts have strengthen ed the intersection of scientific disciplines including fundamental research on metal

- graphene interact ions through atomistic modeling of dislocation behavior at the material interfaces to investigate the mechanical properties of metal

- graphene composites. Alloy technology has been transitioned from the ISN to the Army Armament Research, Development
, and En gineering Center (ARDEC)
, the Army Research Laboratory ( ARL ), and MIT startup Xtalic for scale

- up, testing, and further development

. Biomolecules and bio

- nanomaterials research has been coordinated with the U .S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command ( USAMRMC), and potentially through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) M ild Traumatic Brain Injury Working Group

. Additional coordinated activities include ARL support for the polyfunctional scaffold effort through Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) projects and the Air Force Research Laboratory ( AFRL )

. The DTRA project focuses on the development of self

- cleaning coatings and other technologies to improve coatings, and the overall effort involves researchers from ARL, AFRL, and the Naval Resear ch Laboratory ( NRL ) , as well as the Army’s Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, in the evaluation of additives in Air Force topcoats

. DOD/DARPA and NIST: DARPA's MesoDynamic Architectures (Meso) program has exploited nonlinearities intrinsic to the meso scale

- nanoscale to produce frequency sources with performance and stability well beyond the state of the art for their size. This offers increased performance and new capabilities for military systems ranging from longer ranges for radios to maintainin g radar performance on vibrating platforms

. The Meso program is engaged with NIST for independent performance evaluation

. Demonstrations using prototype devices can enable the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) tracking and longer

- range radio transmissions at lower operating power

. Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to thei r physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DOD systems

. DOD /DARPA , NSF , NIST, and industry : The Semiconductor Technology Advanced Research Network ( STARnet ) program is jointly funded by U .S. member companies and DARPA

. Managemen t is provided by DARPA, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research ( AFOSR ), and the U.S. member companies with the Microelectronics Advanced Research Corporation (MARCO) administering day

- to

- day operations

. DARPA routinely shares the results with NSF, NIST, and the other DO D c omponent organization s. [ Also applies to Objective 1.2 , where it is described in greater detail

. ]
NIH/NIDCR and NIST: In 2013, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research ( NIDCR ) participated in an Interagency Agreement with NIST to develop clinical standards for resin composite

based dental restorative materials

. These restorative materials contain bio

- inert nanoparticles for enhanced mechanical properties and/or bioactive nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial p roperties

. Examples include the development of a s urface -e nhanced Raman s pectroscopy substrate for biofilm quantification using controlled nanotopography and new approaches to quantify demineralization using innovative data analysis procedures with nanomet er resolution. NIST efforts in producing tooth

- mimetic substrates have focused on early mineralization events involving development of restorative materials based on
nanometer

- size building block s . NIDCR’s role is to financially support these efforts and p rovide scientific and clinical advice to NIST through 2015

. NIST, DOE, and i ndustry : Working with SBIR

- supported companies, NIST and DOE are jointly developing synchrotron spectroscopy imaging instruments and methods to characterize the chemistry, structu re, and electronic state of engineered nanomaterials ( ENMs ) . These instruments are being transferred to the new DOE synchrotron facility NSLS

- II in 2014 and are expected to be fully operational in 2015

. NSLS

- II was4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 25 designed specifically for nanoscale imaging and thus will provide enhanced capability of NIST’s instruments for both spatial and depth resolution.
NIST, USDA, universities, and industry : NIST, the USDA Forest Product Laboratory, Purdue University, the University of Maine, and the Technical A ssociation for the Pulp and Paper Industry ( TAPPI , a non

- profit organization supporting the American paper and pulp industry) published Production and Applications of Cellulos e Nanomaterials
, a book highlighting the importance of cellulose nanomaterials an d the wide range of research being conducted worldwide to advance this technology.

NIST and industry : NIST is collaborating with industry on the development of standards for scanning microwave microscopy for applications in life sciences, next

- generation e lectronics, and data storage technology.
NIST, universities, and industry : In December 2013, NIST selected a consortium led by Northwestern University to establish a new NIST

- sponsored center of excellence for advanced materials research. The new Center for Hierarchical Materials Design (CHiMaD) will be funded in part by a $25 million award from NIST over five years. This partnership is an important component of NIST’s programs in support of the Administration’s Materials Genome Initiative. NIST will work closely with the university and industry members of the C H iMaD consortium to accelerate the design, discovery, development, and deployment of advanced materials. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials research will play an important role in this new
center.
NSF and DOD/ AFOSR : Both agencies collaborate in the Two

- Dimensional Atomic

- layer Research and Engineering (2

- DARE) program, which addresses fundamental challenges in the creation of 2

- D nanoscale materials and their hybrids, scalable manufacturing strategies, characterization tools and methods, and novel devices. These may lead, among other things, to solar cells that exploit the unique properties of stacked, heterogeneous layers.
NSF, EPA , and USDA /NIFA: NSF, EPA, and USDA collaborate d in a joint grantees conference in December 2013, facilitating portfolio evaluation and identification of future research directions

. 

### Objective 1.2 – Identify and support nanoscale science and technology research driven by national priorities and informed by active engagement with stakeholders

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 1.2

DO D/Army : ARL and the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies collaborated in a malaria vaccine study using a murine model

. A new ISN

- developed nanoparticle , called an inte r- bilayer

- crosslinked multi

- lamellar vesicle, provided a tenfold increase in immune response with 100 times less vaccine

. Moreover, the immune response remained essentially unchanged for over five months

. Along a different direction is the ongoing developm ent of “ rapid reconstitution packages ” of lyophilized drugs to enable greatly simplified logistics, dramatically prolonged drug shelf life, and increased ease of administration in the field.

DOD/DARPA : A competitive electronics industry is a national prior ity to maintain commercial technology leadership and ensure new defense capabilities

. DARPA is identifying promising new approaches for using nanotechnologies to drive advances in new devices to replace transistors or to augment the performance of conventional transistor integrated circuits. See the DOD STARnet and Meso program descriptions under Collaborative Activities for Objective 1.1. The STARnet program is advancing fundamental research for creating highly functional circuits using these devices and understanding their inherent limitations. In this case, the program is partnering direc tly with several industrial stakeholders including equipment supplier Applied Materials, semiconductor integrated device manufacturers Intel and Micron, foundries IBM and4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

26 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Global Foundries, along with defense contractors Raytheon and United Technologies

. Th e STARnet program funds research directly at U .S. universities

. M any defense

- critical applications require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks

. GPS and the I nternet are two key examples

. DARPA's Enabling Quantu m Technologies program is building upon established control and readout techniques from atomic physics to develop a suite of measurement tools that will find broad application across the DOD , particularly in the areas of biological imaging, inertial naviga tion, and robust global positioning systems

. Recent progress under this program includes the demonstration of the world's most precise atomic clocks that exhibit stability greater than two parts per quintillion (one followed by 18 zeros)

. Defense applications such as geolocation, navigation, communication, coherent imaging
, and radar depend on the generation and transmission of stable, agile electromagnetic radiation. Improved radiation

sources

— for example, lower

- noise microwaves or higher

- flux x

- rays

— coul d enhance existing capabilities and enable entirely new technologies

. The Basic Photon Sciences program is investigating ways to exploit the exquisite stability and control achieved in ultrafast lasers to enable novel radiation sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum with improved performance while reducing size, weight, and power

. It is envisioned that such devices, once demonstrated by DARPA, will find broad application across the DOD
, particularly in the areas of secure communications, electronic warfare and countermeasures, coherent radar, nondestructive evaluation, biological imaging, and materials characterization

. Recent key achievements in this program include the demonstration of up to 20 decibel reduction in the noise floor of photonic micro wave generation compared to state

- of

- the

- art lab

- based sources and the first demonstration of 3

- D full

- field x

- ray imaging with 5.5 nanometer spatial resolution and about 1 femtosecond temporal resolution

. DOD /Navy : The Navy n anomanufacturing p rogram is developing nanoscience

- based, high

- speed continuous fabrication of full

- function hybrid flexible electronic systems

. The challenge is to form a family of devices (sensors, logic circuits, radio frequency identification

— RFID, displays, power, etc.) as a mul tifunctional system

- on

- film. The program is developing appropriate nanomaterials (oxides, CNTs, silver
, etc.) that will be used in the building of multilayered devices; appropriate nanoscale processes (printing, imprinting, etc.) for creating the circuits in an optimal sequence; design and construction of the circuits for selected systems of interest optimized for performance and production; and strategies for continuous, roll

to

- roll nanomanufacturing of these complex electronic systems

. Flexible electronics have the potential to be lightweight and low

- cost, both features beneficial to the military

. The program is targeting an efficient, conformal brain

- machine interface (BMI) electronic system, which will replace a current discrete electrode

based BMI.

DOE : DOE

- SC continues to support the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), an Energy Innovation Hub aimed at developing revolutionary methods to generate fuels directly from sunlight . I n 2013 DOE

- SC initiated the Joint Center for Energy Storage R esearch (JCESR), an other Energy Innovation Hub focused on batteries and energy storage. A significant fraction of the effort in both h ubs involves nanotechnology. By fostering unique, cross

- disciplinary collaborations, these h ubs will help advance highly p romising areas of energy science and engineering from the early stage of research to the point where the technology can be handed off to the private sector. The Advanced Research Projects Agency

- Energy (ARPA

- E) supports a broad range of early

- stage, potent ially disruptive energy technology projects that involve both applications of current nanotechnology and applied research and development in new areas of nanotechnology

. A major focus is on the challenging translation of nanotechnology from the laboratory to commercial viability

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 27 The SunShot Initiative in the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE

- EERE ) supports a variety of projects that use nanotechnology to drive down the cost of solar power installations

. Approaches to reach the SunShot $1 per watt target using nanotechnology include quantum dot solar cells, nanostructures for bandgap engineering, monolayers to adjust a material’s work function or passivate surfaces, and nanostructured materials for plasmonics and antireflective c oatings.
The solid

- state lighting (SSL) program in DOE

- EERE supports research and development of promising SSL technologies in areas such as emitter materials research at the nanoscale level to reduce current droop and thermal sensitivity in light

- emittin g diodes (LEDs) and light extraction approaches for organic LEDs ( OLEDs ) . Manufacturing R&D projects accelerate SSL technology adoption through manufacturing improvements that reduce costs and enhance quality of SSL devices

. The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Tech nologies (HFCT) program in DOE

- EERE conducts nanomaterials research and development for fuel cell, hydrogen production, and hydrogen storage applications

. These efforts, such as those in catalyst R&D, will lead to lower costs and improved performance in hy drogen and fuel cell technologies and will help to enable widespread commercialization of these technologies

. DOT/FHWA: The Federal Highway Administration is developing innovative materials and coatings that can provide significant improvements in the dur ability, performance, and resiliency of transportation infrastructure

. Nanomaterials efforts are focused on improving the behavior and durability of cementitious materials through modification and enhancement of interface behavior and expanding the fundame ntal understanding of cement hydration kinetics

. Multifunctional infrastructure materials can improve structural health monitoring, self

- repair capability, and the ability to detect and mitigate corrosion

. Advancements in nanoscale sensors will provide opp ortunities for networked infrastructure and connectivity with vehicles to provide a safer, more efficient, longer

- lasting transportation system.

NIH: NCI has engaged the external stakeholder community through a s trategic w orkshop
, the Request for Informati on on Needs and Directions in Cancer Nanotechnology
, and a web

- based forum en titled Dialogue on Nanotechnology in Cancer , which has over 100 registered users. The community response to these efforts is being used to identify the pressing needs and promisin g opportunities for cancer nanotechnology and to inform the shape of NCI’s future investment in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology

specific responses were also received in response to the Request for Information ( RFI )
, “Regarding Opportunities for Cancer

- R elev ant Innovative Technologies with Transformative Potential.” NCI also engages with the patient advocate and pharmaceutical/biotechnology industr y through the Translation of Nanotechnology in Cancer ( TONIC ) consortium. The collective stakeholder inputs to these efforts were integrated into the successful Alliance Program renewal effort and will be key to identify ing p rogrammatic priorities as Phase III of the Alliance begins at the end of 2015

. [S ee Objectiv e 2.2 for mor e details

. ]

NIOSH: NIOSH continues to provide broad support to advancing nanotechnology research through active partnership with the private sector and through the NNI Signature Initiatives. Within this effort, NIOSH has several activities that are focused directly on safe and responsible development of the technology that will facilitate speed to market and competitive advantage.

NSF: NSF organized the Arizona State University Center for Nanotechnology in Society (CNS

- ASU) first annual Winter School on the Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies focused on statistical data on societal dimensions of nanotechnology, socio

- technical integration research methods, and future scenario development.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

28 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget USDA/ARS: N anotechnology investments include research in the following areas:



### • Processing technologies to produce healthy, value

- added foods from specialty crops
, including applications of methylcellulose and chitosan nanoparticles in edible films.



### • Imaging technology for food safety and security
, including use of Raman scattering with silver nanorods or use of nanoscale peptides and DNA aptamers to detect food

- borne pathogens and toxins.



### • Novel methods for manufacturing of bioproducts from agricultural feedstocks
, including blow

spinning and electro

- spinning of bio polymers to produce nanocomposites, nanofoams, nanofibers, microemulsions, and hydrogels.



### • Environmentally friendly processes and new applications for animal hides and leather
, including collagen

- based nanofibers for high

- efficiency, biodegradable air filte rs.



### • Development of new bioactive and bio

- based products from plant cell wall polysaccharides in sugar beet pulp, citrus peel, and other processing residues
, including polysaccharide

- based nanoparticles for controlled release of bioactive food ingredients and for active packaging applications.



### • Development of nano scale coatings to make cotton flame

- resistant, and depositing enzymes/peptides on cotton nanocrystals for applications in biosensors, antimicrobials, and bioremediation.

USDA/NIFA: The NIFA nanotech nology program supports foundational sciences and innovative ideas to develop nanotechnology

- enabled solutions for a range of national priorities including global food security through improving productivity, quality
, and biodiversity; adaptation and mitig ation of agricultural production systems to climate changes; improvement of the nutritional quality of food and feed; early detection and effective intervention technologies for ensuring food safety and biosecurity; more effective therapies that significan tly impact animal health and wellness; development of the biology

- based economy; and increased protection for natural resources, the environment, and agricultural ecosystems.



### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objec tive 1.2

DOE and NSF : NSF and DOE co

- sponsor the Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies ( QESST ) Engineering Research Center (ERC), which conducts photovoltaic (PV) research. The DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (HFCT) p rogram activities are coordinated primarily with DOE

- SC and NSF
, work ing to understand the fundamental science behind relevant nanomaterials

. The findings from the fundamental work are then applied to the HFCT R&D efforts to further develop and then to commercialize nanosca le technologies in hydrogen and fuel cells

. NASA, NRO, and DOD : In 2013 , NASA and the NRO participated in a technical interchange meeting to identify areas of mutual interest and explore opportunities for further collaboration in nanotechnology R&D

. NASA c ontinues to work with AFOSR in carbon nanotube and boron nitride nanotube structural materials.

NSF , NIH, EPA, DO D, NASA, and USDA /NIFA : “Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020” ( see wtec.org/na no2 ), the report of a study led by NSF with input from academic, industry, and government experts from over 35 countries, addresses the progress and impact of nanotechnology since 2000 as well as the vision and research directions for nanotechnology by 2020

. Further , convergence of nanotechnology with other technologies and areas of application was analyzed in the NSF

- led study and 2013 report created in collab oration with NIH, EPA, D O D, NAS A and USDA /NIFA
, Convergence of Knowledge, Technology
, and Socie ty (see: wtec.org/NBIC2

- Report ).4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 29 NSF, NIST , and industry : The Semiconductor Research Corporation ( SRC ) works with NIST and NSF to address the confluence of two key national priorities that are also associated w ith long

- standing U.S. Government interagency research initiatives: ( 1) nanotechnology/ NNI and (2) information technology/NITRD ( Networking and Information Technology R esearch and Development)

. 

### Objective 1.3 – Assess the performance of the U.S. nanotechnology R&D program

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 1.3

DO D/Air Force: Exploration of the application s impact of emerging nanomaterials work is of principal importance in the AFRL nanotechnology research portfolio

. Nanomaterials and na nodevice research is informed by advances in nanomanufacturing to determine where application goals can be met. Nano

optical materials research is focused on quantitative improvements to filter technology and optical detector technology by exploring quantitative improvements in performance through novel zero

- index nanomaterials and nanodevice enhancements of infrared detectors including increased sensing functionality through transformation optics in a nano

- patterned system. In addition, an investigation of nanomaterials for improving the performance and function of additive manufacturing systems has been conducted

. Evaluations of technical progress were done by comparison with conventional materials approaches to similar technical challenges. [ This is also relevant to Objective 4.1 through the required evaluation of new process hazards

. ]

NIH: A thorough performance assessment was a critical component of the successful renewal of the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer (Phase III to start at the end of 2015) . A s noted in Objective 1.2
, NCI combin ed the results of a pilot analysis of Alliance network connectivity and productivity with NIH portfolio analysis, bibliometric analysis of Alliance publications, input from an external evaluation committee and other experts in the field, and responses to relevant questions from the Cancer Nanotechnology RFI to assess the multidisciplinarity, translational potential, and productiv ity of the Alliance program. This evaluation effort address ed other important issues including the appropriateness of the balance between basic and translational research in the program, the effectiveness of training efforts in the program, the
extent to w hich the program advances adherence to standards by researchers in the field, and the value of the program’s engagement with the clinical and industrial communities

. The results of this assessment inform the structure and strategy of NCI’s continuing nanotechnology investment.

NSF: The CNS at ASU has evaluation activities for research performance and nanotechnology outcomes. The CNS node at Georgia Tech evaluates trends in publication, patents
, and commercialization through data mining, interviews, and other methods as part of the “Research and Innovation Systems Analysis” group

. The group’s main goal is to characterize the technical scope and dynamics of the nanoscale science and engineering enterprise and the linkages between it and a variety of public va lues and outcomes.

USDA/NIFA: USDA/NIFA continues its evaluation of the performance and progress of NIFA’s nanotechnology R&D projects through its annual grantees meeting. Given the tight travel budget, the 2014 grantees meeting will be conducted in video conferences.

USPTO: The U .S

. P atent and T rademark O ffice contributes a variety of nanotechnology

- related patent data, which is used as a benchmark to analyze nanotechnology development and for trend analysis of nanotechnology patenting activity in the United States and globally

. The data shows that since the start of the NNI, the percent of nanotechnology

- related U.S. p atents assigned or owned by universities have slightly increased and the percent of nanotechnology

- related U.S. p atents with government int erest statements has almost doubled

. Both of these increases are likely attributable to the increased F ederal R&D funding from the NNI

. Regarding international nanotechnology

- related patenting activity, U.S. inventors4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

30 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget continue to lead in the total number o f nanotechnology

- related patent publications globally

. However, that lead has been shrinking

. U.S. inventors more significantly lead in the total number of nanotechnology

related patent publications in three or more countries, indicating a n aggressive pursuit of international intellectual property protection.


### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 1.3

DOD /Air Force, universities, and industry : The teams executing the Air Force efforts towards this objective (listed above under “individual agency contributions”) include academic

- industrial partnerships fostered by interaction through AFRL and industry partnerships. The specific information has been used both for comparison with tech nical goals in these areas and to evaluate the current overall nanomaterials engineering capability. NNI agencies, NNCO, National Academies, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) : As discussed in Chapter 5 of this report, th e NNI participating agencies and NNCO contribute background information and other resources, as appropriate, to the periodic reviews of the NNI by the National Academies and PCAST. These reviews include assessment of the performance of the nanotechnology r esearch supported by the NNI agencies.


### Objective 1.4 – Advance a portfolio of Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) that are each supported by three or more NNI agencies and address significant national priorities

. 17


### Nanotechnology for Solar Energy C ollection and Conversion

Individual a gency c ontributions to this NSI

DO D/Air Force: The Air Force Materials and Manufacturing Directorate contributes to this NSI by continu ing to develop nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices based on single

- layer and tandem bulk heterojunction (BHJ)

- type photovoltaic devices

. Current activities are focused in three areas: (1) developing approaches to fabricate these devices on nontraditional substrates to enable structural power applications (such as solar ai rcraft wings), (2) designing reproducible recombination layers for tandem (multilayer) devices, and (3) developing direct

- write approaches for on

- demand, low

- cost, scalable production of these devices

. These devices are expected to have the greatest impact for applications requiring very high specific power (W/g) such as unmanned air vehicles and high

- altitude airships.

DOE: The Solar Energy Technolog ies Program (SETP) in the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy supports a variety of efforts related to nanotechnology research and development in this NSI at the intersection of scientific disciplines

. For example, the Bridging Research Interactions through collaborative Development Grants in Energy ( BRIDGE ) Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA ) was released to support collaborative efforts between scientists with photovoltaic experience and those with expertise utilizing the national s cientific u ser f acilities

. The BRIDGE FOA was executed as a collaborative effort between DOE

- SETP and DOE

- SC

. A variety of projects funded under this FOA are related to nanotechnology, such as those focused on grain boundaries and nanoscale arrays of photoactive materials. The DOE Office of Science supports a wide array of fundamental research related to solar energy, including a number of Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs) and the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP).

17 For additional information on the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives, see the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan and www.nano.gov/signatureinitiatives

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 31 NIST: NIST is developing measurement methods needed to characterize, in three

- dimensions, the essential nanoscale processes in ph otovoltaic materials and devices, and is expanding efforts into methods to be applied during manufacturing

. In support of this NSI, NIST has demonstrated a new solar simulator system with the ability to match arbitrary solar spectral conditions while maint aining spot size below 2000
nanometers , enabling optimization of advanced photovoltaic materials such as quantum dots, polycrystalline semiconductors, and multijunction stacks.

NSF: NSF supports basic research and interdisciplinary efforts by groups of pri marily academic researchers to address the scientific challenges of highly efficient harvesting, conversion, and storage of solar energy

— projects in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences ( MPS )
, Engineering ( ENG )
, Computer & Information Science & Engineeri ng (CISE) , and Biological Sciences ( BIO ) Directorates

. A primary emphasis is on the education, at all levels, of a highly trained scientific and technical workforce

. NSF activities that address research topics generally related to this NSI include Engineer ing Research Centers, such as the QESST ERC
, 18 and Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI). The Sustainable Energy Pathways (SEP) program is part of the NSF

- wide initiative on Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability (SEES)

. The S EP solicitation calls for innovative, interdisciplinary basic research in science, engineering, and education by teams of researchers

. One example of an SEP program that addresses the goals of this NSI is the Development of Economically Viable, Highly Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells Program
, which is administered through the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of California
, Los Angeles

. This program is aimed at achieving low

- cost solar energy conversion to elec tricity through the development of organic photovoltaic ( OPV ) solar cells, through evaluating the sustainability of OPV technology, and through addressing the environmental and economic aspects of OPV technology.
The MPS and ENG Directorate s are responsible for over 80% of the NSF investment

. Examples of investments relating to this NSI include research on photovoltaic energy conversion theory, modeling, surface chemistry, materials synthesis, device physics, engineering and characterization
, and nanotechno logy for power electronics

. USDA/NIFA: The NIFA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative ( AFRI ) nanotechnology program supports a broad range of value

- added uses of agricultural bio

- nanomaterials and products to strengthen the national economy while seekin g innovative technologies to provide new energy sources. A successful research example is the development of direct conversion of solar energy to electricity using nanoscale protein units responsible for plant photosynthesis from leafy vegetables and other plants. A nother example is the development of a prototype solar battery developed by a multidisciplinary research team at Vanderbilt University that utilize s a nanoscale photosystem I (PSI) multilayer to generate enough power to operate a handheld calcula tor. Coordinated activities with other agencies and other institutions contributing to this NSI

DO D/Air Force, NNI agencies, and universities: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate w ork is coordinated with other DO D and G overnment agencies through both the Reliance 21 Communities of Interest (Advanced Materials and Energy & Power) as well as through the Interagency Advanced Power Group

. AFRL collaborates with the Georgia Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, and the University of Chicago

.

18 Discussed above under coordinated activities in support of Objective 1.2 (p. 28).4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

32 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget NNI agencies: Agencies participating in the NSI collaboratively organized a symposium on Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Collection and Conversion at Nanotech 2013 19 (May 2013, in Washington
, DC) and participated in meetings of the NSI group to exchange information and coordinate nanotechnology efforts in this field

. NSF and DOE: In addition to continuing the joint funding NSF

- DOE activities in the Solar Energy NSI , NSF and DOE are co

- sponsoring the Engineering Research Center for Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies (QESST ERC)
, another research center that involves industry collaboration

. This center has been jointly funded by the DOE’s Solar Energy Technologies Program and NSF since 2011

. QESST research focuses on developing a fundamen tal understanding of electronic excitations, relaxation, and transport in nanostructured materials, leading to materials with electric

- charge collection efficiencies in excess of the single

- junction solar cell limit

. Under development in this research center are sophisticated new III

- V quantum

- scale semiconductor materials and solar designs with projected efficiencies in excess of 50%, and new photovoltaic energy concepts that will enhance planetary and deep space exploration

. This center also works with co mpanies to advance technologies toward commercialization.
NSF, DOE, and NIST: The annual “Photovoltaic Specialist Conference,” which is co

- sponsored by DOE, NSF, and NIST, continued to be held in each of the years following the articulation of this NSI (2 010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). Th is conference also has included a workshop titled “PV Velocity Forum: Accelerating the PV Economy,” that was jointly planned and implemented by DOE and NIST. NSF, industry, and universities: Collaborative research centers have facilitated ongoing partnerships between participating agencies, industry, and academia, thereby helping to strategically focus R&D efforts and efficiently implement R&D advances

. For example, the “Silicon Solar Consortium” Research Center is an industry/ university collaborative research center that involves joint NSF and industry funding

. This center performs research on crystalline silicon crystal growth, impurities and defects, photovoltaic device processing, process modeling and simulation, and module issues

. This center has created a multi

university, multi

- company culture addressing the science and technology issues that the international photovoltaic silicon materials industry must solve in order to meet the future needs of advanced silicon solar cel l manufacturing, while educating graduate students with photovoltaic materials/devices expertise to meet future workforce needs

. As a collaborative agency/industry enterprise, this center conducts the critical research related to improving the efficiency o f PV devices while addressing the manufacturing issues related to realizing the commercialization of these devices.


### Sustainable Nanomanufacturing: Creating the Industries of the Future

Individual a gency c ontributions to this NSI

DOD /Air Force: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate is conducting numerous research efforts toward nanoelectronics, with efforts focused on enhanced electron and phonon transport, carbon nanotubes, 2

- D and 3- D electron gas structures, oxide nanostructures, thin film p rocesses, and predictive modeling of materials performance for applications in surveillance and electronic warfare

. Significant efforts throughout the D irectorate are focused on the development of metallic, organic, and carbon nanotube inks for a wide rang e of nanoelectronic devices, including flexible, inherently rugged electronic devices

. DO D/Army: The Army Research Laboratory has successfully engineered a new method of producing stable nanocrystalline powders with sufficient stability to resist microstru ctural changes during the high

-

19 www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2013/about4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 33 temperature processing needed for full

- density consolidation

. Availability of advanced nanocrystalline alloys is critical to the paradigm shift mandated for future Army infantry, weapons
, and vehicle performance

. Nanocrystall ine microstructures thermodynamically are subject to coarsening at room temperature

. Therefore, the processing and applications of these materials will be limited by the ability to create stabilized microstructures. Current users exploit state

- of

- the

- art a tomic

- level characterization techniques to identify and determine the electronic contributions responsible for reducing and minimizing the interfacial energy of high

- temperature nanocrystalline alloys that are relevant to Army applications

. Through this pr ocess researchers have been able to bulk consolidate and/or produce near

- net

- shaped parts, retaining nanocrystalline microstructure, potentially suitable for various Army applications

. These include aluminum alloys for light

- weighting ballistic application s, nanostructured steels for ultrahigh strength at high temperatures, and nanostructured materials for penetrator applications.

NASA: NASA continues to work with industry, universities
, and other Federal agencies in the development of ultra lightweight, hi gh

- strength composites based on carbon nanotube reinforcements and their application in aerospace components

. This project, supported by the Space Technology Mission Directorate’s Game Changing Development Program, will design, build
, and flight

- test a car bon nanotube composite reinforced pressure vessel in 2015

. In 2013, NASA researchers, under a Center Innovation Fund project, have been exploring the use of halogen intercalation chemistries to improve the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube yarns a nd fibers for use in lightweight data and power cables

. This work is continu ing in 2014 with support from the Game Changing Development Program.

NIOSH: NIOSH continues to provide broad support to advancing nanotechnology research through the NSIs . Within this effort, NIOSH has several activities that are focused directly on safe and responsible development of the technology. In 2015, NIOSH will continue to develop and disseminate case studies that demonstrate the utility of applying Prevention through Desi gn (PtD) principles to nanomanufacturing. Elements of the PtD program include identification of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials that can be modified to decrease adverse biological responses
, and the development of EHS practices for incorporatio n into the texts and curricula of U.S. engineering schools. Partnerships with private nanomanufacturing companies will be expanded in 2015 to include extension of effective risk management practices into elements of the Administration’s Advanced Manufactur ing priority area . Many nanomaterial

- enabled applications and products will realize full commercialization through advanced manufacturing technologies
, and NIOSH will extend and reapply knowledge gained from

n anomanufacturing into this area. [ Funding for t his activity is reported by NIOSH under PCA 5; also relevant to Objective 4.4. ]

NIST : NIST is developing high

- throughput measurement methods to characterize the nanoscale morphology of carbon nanocomposites

. These microwave

- based measurement methods will b e used in manufacturing for quality assurance and control

. As part of this program, new high

- resolution techniques are also being developed to provide insight into the processing

- structure

- propert ies relationships in

nan o composites

. In particular, a novel method for actuating atomic force microscope cantilevers is yielding mechanical property information at a length scale of 30 nanometers , helping elucidate the role of nanoscale reinforcements in composite behavior.

NSF : The NSF Nanomanufacturing Program and other core programs fund fundamental research projects and have contributions i n carbon

- based nanomaterials, optical metamaterial s, and cellulosic nanomaterials

. A program solicitation on Scalable Nanomanufacturing has had two competitions
, in 2013 and 2014 ; another one is planned for 2015

. USDA/NIFA: NIFA’s current focus in nanomanufacturing is on nanobiomaterials derived from various forest, crop, and by

- products biomass . There are ongoing research efforts in synthesi s of carbon

- based4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

34 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget nanomaterials ; development of cost

- effective production methods ; functionalization and characterization of nanomaterials ; and exploring applications such as piezoelectric, renewable nanocomposite polymers, flexible displays, food packagin g, barrier films, windows, and others. Coordinated activities with other agencies and other institutions contributing to this NSI

DOD /Army, NNI agencies, and universities: Army efforts are highly embedded with universities through collaborations with several national universities including George Mason University, MIT , Penn State, University of North Carolina, North Carolina State Universi ty, Drexel University , and Texas A &M

. Other partners include Los Alamos National Laboratory, the ARL Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, and the Army Armor Research, Development, and Engineering Center

. There are c ollaborations with the Center for Computational Materials Design, a n NSF

- supported Industry/University Cooperative Research Center
, on various aspects of phase formation and grain growth

. The ARL internal mission program was instrumental in developing an ARL/ARO SBIR project focused on the processing and property interrogation of high

- strength nanostructured aluminum alloys. This program directly impacts the Army light

- weighting capability by seeking to develop alloys that exceed the expected physical properties of current aluminum alloys

. This would enable weight reduction of 65% in alloys with ultrahigh toughness.
NIST, NASA, universities , and industry: NIST is working with samples from NASA, a major aerospace company, and MIT to validate new measurement methods that enable a very detailed analysis of the distribution of nano materials in polymers

— information that is critical to turning these promising high

performance composites into flight

- qualified components. NNI agencies: Agencies participating in the NSI collaboratively organized a symposium on Sustainable Nanomanufacturi ng at Nanotech 2013 20 (May 201 3 in Washington DC ) and participated in meetings of the NSI group to exchange information and coordinate nanotechnology efforts in this field

. NRO, DOD, industry: NRO is working with DOD and several companies to leverage Defense Production Act Title III funds to help develop and expand U.S. industrial capabilities for n anomanufacturing of bulk carbon nanotube sheets, yarns, and tapes , as well as compression

- molded carbon nanotube composite parts . [ See additional details below under activities in support of Objective 2.2. ]

USDA/FS and universities : In 2013, the University of Maine commissioned a Forest Service

- funded 1 ton per day pilot

- scale production facility for making cellulose nanofibrils using mechanical methods. This pilot facility is the second of the two Forest Service

- funded pilot facilities for cellulose nanomaterials research and development. The first of these, located at the Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory in Madison
, WI, produces both cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils using a different process from the Maine plant. It was commissioned in 2012.
The Forest Service continues to collaborate with a network of universities in cellulose nanomaterials (CN) research

. This Forest Service

- aca demia collaboration was established with a one

- time investment in 2009

. In the 2013 progress review held at Oak R idge National Laboratory, researchers presented their results for cellulose nonmaterial research in the areas of CN functionalization, aerogels from CN, composites with improved wet strength and liquid barrier properties, predictive modeling, aqueous aerospace composites from CN
, and online measurement of CN in a manufacturing process.

20 www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2013/about4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 35 

### Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond

Individual a gency c ontrib utions to this NSI

DOD /Air Force: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate is exploring nanoelectronic materials and their synthesis processes to improve device performance and reliability and to develop technologies that are less dependent on foreign foundries

. Currently
, most electronic materials are manufactured abroad
, which places the United States at a strategic disadvantage for next

- generation electronic materials

. Alternative processes for electronic s manufacturing are being explored to allow fo r a cost

- effective and rapid progress in advanced nanoelectronic materials, which can inclu de 0

- D (e.g.
, quantum dots), 1

- D ( e.g. , nan otubes and nanowires), and 2

- D ( e.g. , monolayer) approaches

. These materials and processes are of strategic importance for both DOD applications (sensors, communications, navigation, etc.) and for commercial products in telecommunications, computation, medicine, and other fields

. AFRL is actively researching these nanoscale electronic materials and their processing technologies as well as developing strategic partnerships with U .S. academi c research centers and industry for both research advancements and applications development

. DOD /Army: ARL developed a breakthrough materials synthesis strategy that results in a fi fty

- fold increase in the crystal size of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) 2

- D nanomaterials

. Optimized hBN is needed to serve as the insulating interface for graphene nanoelectronics, thus this work is a critical step in nanoelectronics development

. NIST: NI ST is making significant advances in nanoelectronics by developing measurements and fabrication approaches for high

- performance devices based on semiconductor nanowires and two

- dimensional thin film device platforms for electronic and nanophotonic applicat ions; advancing processes to integrate molecular components into robust electronic devices with metal or silicon electrodes; developing new approaches to characterize topological insulators ; characterizing the energy barriers at materials interfaces critic al for future ultra

- low

- powered electronics such a s tunnel FETs; creating new nanoscale methods to measure and understand spin transport, dynamics, and related magnetic interactions in electronic and data storage devices; developing novel ways to measure a nd manipulate photons in nanophotonic applications; and coupling quantum optical and nanomechanical systems in silicon to create innovative devices for metrology and quantum communications applications

. In addition, NIST is making major advances in carbon

- based nanoelectronics, having developed a rapid and economical method to produce high

- purity sample s of carbon nanotubes along with techniques to monitor their purity, and by elucidating critical properties of graphene and graphene

- based devices

. Critical advances in materials growth and nanofabrication have been made at NIST that open the way for the use of silicon

- based nanoelectronics in quantum information technology

. The NanoFab, a shared resource in NIST’s Center for Nanoscale Technology (CNST) user f acility, is providing support to this NSI through access to a comprehensive commercial

- state

- of

- the

- art tools set for nanoelectronics fabrication.

NSF: The NSF investment has a primary focus on upstream, exploratory research in the following areas: new alt ernative “state variables” for logic and memory components and suitable computer architectures,

c omputer

- based research of new devices, i ntegration of nanoelectronic and nanophotonic components into new systems, and new quantum information system components and systems

. Examples of core programs covering this thrust are the Electronic and Photonic Materials Program within MPS’s Division of Materials Research and the Electronics, Photonics and Magnetic Devices Program within ENG’s Division of Electr ical, Communications and Cyber Systems . Examples of center activities include the Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSECs), the Science and Technology Centers (STCs), the Engineering Research Centers, and the Nanoscale Science and Engine ering Centers (NSECs). Two examples are t he STC4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

36 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget on Quantum Materials and Devices at Harvard University and the Center for Quantum and Spin Phenomena in Nanomagnetic Structures at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. NSF also supports the National Nanotechn ology Infrastructure Network (NNIN), whose 14 universities provide capabilities that include nanoelectronics. Coordinated activities with other agencies and other institutions contributing to this NSI

DOD /Army and universities : Coordinated activities incl ude Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) with research goals focus ing on 2

- D nanomaterial synthesis, including h exagonal b oron n itrid e ( hBN ). NSF, NIST, industry, and universities: Via the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI), NNI agencies and industry support 12 interdisciplinary research teams at academic institutions across the N ation. NNI agencies: Agencies participating in the NSI collaboratively organized a symposium on Na noelectronics at Nanotech 2013 21 (May 2013 in Washington
, DC ) and participated in meetings of the NSI group to exchange information and coordinate nanotechnology efforts in this field

. 

### Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure (NKI): Enabling National Leader ship in Sustainable Design

Individual a gency c ontributions to this NSI

NIH: NCI supports the caNanoLab, a web

- based portal and data repository that allows researchers to submit and retrieve information on nanoparticles including composition ; function (e.g.
, therapeutic, targeting, diagnostic imaging) ; physical characteristics (e.g.
, size, molecular weight) ; and in vitro (e.g.
, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity) experimental characterization, along with information on the protocols used for these characterization s and links to any related publications. NCI is working with journal editors to promote the use of the portal by authors who, concurrent with publication, would be encouraged to submit information to caNanoLab to continue to develop the portal into a robust outlet for storage of characterized nanomaterials data and detailed data sharing. Currently, the caNanoLab website averages 80

– 120 unique visitors per month. S oftware from caNanoLab is available for download and installation at local institutions. It is open source , and the code is being deposited to the National Cancer Informatics Program (NCIP) channel in the GitHub code repository to support open, community

- led development. Going forward, the caNanoLab team aims to emphasize policies and resources that promote and incentivize standards

- based data capture directly by the data producers. [ Also relevant to Objective 4.1

. ]

NIOSH: NIOSH remains focused on developing an effective nanoinformatics tool for EHS practitioners. Specific contributions include ongoi ng support for the Nanoparticle Information Library and making available real

- life data on current and emerging nanotechnology practices in the workplace. This latter investment will include the collection of data on workplace exposures; experimental evide nce and modeling of toxic effects from categories of nanomaterials; knowledge and data on efficacy of controls; recommended exposure limits; and tools and guidance to support sustainable nanotechnology. [ Funding for this activity is reported by NIOSH under PCA 5; also relevant to Objective 4.4. ]

NIST: NIST is developing a series of standard procedures to validate theoretical models and computational algorithms used in the prediction of a wide variety of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. NIST efforts include validated models for direct comparison with nanomechanical property measurements of nanowires with the goal of producing predictive models; software to compute interactions between magnetic spins for visualization of nanoscale domain structures; and a database of computationally

21 www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2013/about4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 37 generated electrical properties and structures of metal nanoparticles. The NKI provides essential opportunities for interagency collaboration in support of these activities.

NSF: NSF continues its participation in th e NKI through investments in nanoscale modeling and simulation
, database networking and computer user facility ( Network for Computational Nano technology
, or in brief
, nanoHUB ), and Cyber -E nabled Discovery and Innovation initiatives within its Cyberinfrastr ucture Framework for the 21 st Century Science and Engineering activities such as Software Infrastructure for Sustained Innovation . NSF will also contribute to the foundations of this NSI by means of specific databases for nanoscale materials and processes
, transformative thinking about models for linkage of properties and behaviors at different scales
, extension of computational and statistical techniques to support development and use of the nanotechnology cyber toolbox to accelerate discovery and manufact uring of nanomaterials and nanodevices
, advances in fundamental theory and modeling
, techniques across ranges of scales ( from first principles to coarse

- graining and phase

- field modeling ), and education by integrat ing the cyber toolbox into the fabric of next

- generation science and the train ing of the next

- generation modeling community. Coordinated activities with other agencies and other institutions contributing to this NSI
NIH, CDC, FDA, EPA, and NIST: The National Cancer Informatics Program (NCIP) Nanotechnology Working Group has become involved in this NSI. The objectives of this working group , which are highly relevant to the NKI NSI
, are to develop data exchange standards and ontologies, build a community of int erest , and eventually enable predictive modeling of nanomaterials activity and rational design of nanomaterials. Working group members include NIH institutes, CDC, FDA, EPA, and NIST, along with representatives from academia, industry
, and standards organi zations.

NIH and FDA : The NIH Common Fund’s Regulatory Science program and FDA have cooperatively funded a project to develop a new method to predict the potential harmful effects of nanoparticles intended for use in clinical applications prior to their testing in humans

. Given the increasing emphasis on the use of nanoscale materials for the diagnosis and tre atment of disease, if successful, this approach would provide a safety review for potential new therapeutic candidates. [ Also relates to Objective 4.1. ]

NIH , universities, and industry : NCI, NIBIB , and NIEHS work together to manage the Nanomaterial Registry. The goal of the Nanomaterial Registry is to become the definitive cross

- disciplinary resource for nanoparticle characterization data for health, toxicity, and industrial concerns. It draws input s from existing curated databases, including caNanoLab, and currently includes over 1,300 particle entries. Entries are populated on the web portal through curated data extraction using a Minimal Information About Nanomaterials (MIAN) characterization vocabulary architecture. MIANs capture the physicochemical characteristics, biological interactions, and environmental interactions of the given particle. This homogenized vocabulary enables searches and comparisons based on MIAN similarity. [ Also relates to O bjective s 4.1 and 4.2

. ] NIOSH, NNI agencies, industry, and universities: In 2015, NIOSH will continue collaborations with the NanoInformatics consortium that includes F ederal partners NCI, NIH, NIST, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ( PNNL ) , and DOD an d other public and private sector partners: UCLA, National Nanomanufacturing Network, n anoHUB, RTI International, MIT, and the Nanotechnology Business and Commercialization Association. [ Also relates to Goal 4

. ]

NIST , NNI agencies, industry, universities, and international organizations : Multiple NNI agencies are participating in several international for ums developing ontologies and nomenclatures for description of ENMs. Federal agency participation in these efforts helps to facilitate data sharing and ensure that agency perspectives and positions are well represented in the resulting documentary standards.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

38 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget NNI agencies: In collaboration with other agencies, NIST is designing a set of robust tools to assess the quality of the data used to generate the theoretical models as well as the data generated by the computational algorithms implemented by the nanotechnology community. As a result of these activities, the NKI NSI group has drafted a Data Readiness Level (DRL ) document 22 highlighting the principles underpinning the data validation metrics for nanotechnology. In addition, agencies participating in the NKI group are designing the framework for a nanotechnology cyberinfrastructure that will lead to the effective capture, curation , and dissemination of d ata , and computational tools to be used by the nanotechnology community. Agencies participating in the NSI collaboratively organized a symposium on Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure at Nanotech 2013 23 (May 2013 in Washington DC ) and participated in me etings of the NSI group to exchange information and coordinate nanotechnology efforts in this field

. 

### Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment

Individual a gency c ontributions to this NSI

DOD /Air Force: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate is developing nontraditional sensors to detect biomarkers that indicate fatigue, cognition, and other indicators of human performance

. Work is focused on identifying binding agents for these biomarkers as well and the transducer devices that would indicate a binding event and thereby signal the detection of the biomarker

. Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated as potential transducer devices

. Ef forts are also focused on formulating inks of the binding agents for simple device fabrication.

DOD /Army: Researchers at the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (funded by t he Army Research Office and Army Research Laboratory ) have explored optoelectron ic fibers capable of detectin g light, heat, and sound

. Unlike traditional approaches for making “smart” fabrics, which center on attaching devices to conventional woven materials, this research focuses on the development of unique fibers that are themselve s optoelectronic devices

. The fibers are already used for over 2
, 400 endoscopic medical procedures a month across about 1
, 000 hospitals

. Future applications could include combat identification, infrared communications, sniper detection, medical imaging, and blast and blunt impact monitoring.

DOD /DARPA: Natural b iological sensors often display high sensitivity, selectivity, and low false alarm rates while being fabricated and operated in dirty, noisy natural environments

. Examples of such sensors include the highly efficient energy transfer properties of photosynthesis in plants, bacteria, and algae; magnetic field sensing used by some birds for navigation; and the ability of some animals to detect odors at the single

- molecule level

. Attempts to emulate these sensors synthetically through structure or chemistry have not fully met expectations

. Recent evidence suggests that some biological sensors exploit nontrivial quantum mechanical effects to produce macroscopic output signals

. The DARPA p hysics in b iology p rogram is laying the foundation for novel sensor designs by challenging the long

- held research community view that biological sensors utilize primarily classical physics

. Examples of recent accomplishments under this multidisciplinary program include the first evidence for coherent quantum transport in photosynthetic systems and initial experimental observations of quantum effects in insect olfaction

.

22 www.nano.gov/DRL

23 www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2013/about4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 39 NASA: NASA supports work in the development of sensors for the detection of chemical and biological specie s for use in planetary exploration, vehicle performance monitoring, and astronaut health management

. In 2013, NASA researchers utilized porous tin oxide nanorods fabricated from multiwall carbon nanotubes in sensors for the detection of methane over a temp erature range of 20 °C to 500 °C

. A carbon nanotube trace gas sensor developed by NASA Ames researchers was awarded the 2012 NASA Government Invention of the Year

. Work on the development of autonomous chem ical

- bio logical sensor platforms based on carbon nanotube and nanofiber sensing elements will be initiated in 2014 with funding from the Space Technology Mission Directorate’s Game Changing Development Program for potential use in closed

- loop life support systems and planetary rovers.

NIH: NIH ha s been directly and intensively engaged in this NSI from its inception. NIH supports a significant
amount of research in biosensor and nanopore sequencing device development
, and in biomarker discovery and validation (NSI Thrust 1). 24 NIH further supports r esearch o n nanomaterials toxicity and lifecycle issues through investigator

- initiated grants as well as NCI’s Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory
, which provides protocols for physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials and assay techniques fo r elucidation of nanomaterial

- host interactions (NSI Thrust 2). NCI is sponsoring a small (~$150,000 ) contract solicitation to support development of techniques and materials to facilitate early

stage development of nanotechnology

- enabled sensors as a dire ct result of its involvement in this NSI.

NIOSH: In support of the s ensors s ignature i nitiative, NIOSH has invested in the development and/or testing and evaluation of direct

- reading instruments capable of detecting and measuring airborne nanoparticles. NI OSH will continue to support the development of guidelines and voluntary consensus standards for identification of sensor needs specific to the objective of realistic applications in complex workplace situations. [ Funding for this activity is reported by N IOSH under PCA 5 ; also relevant to Objective 4.1

. ]

NIST: NIST is developing a variety of measurement methods to characterize nanosensors and nanomaterials, and it is creating nanosensors and nanomaterials for measurement applications and standards, including low

- power, portable semiconductor nanowire sensors for environmental and biomedical applications and advanced chemical and biochemical sensors enabled by nanostructured materials

. Reference materials developed at NIST support the validation of ne w sensing platforms. NIST’s nanotechnology user facility, the CNST, provides access to the tools and processes needed to accelerate the commercialization of nanosensor systems, along with novel nanofabricated fluidic devices and advanced microscopy systems created and customized to control and measure nanoparticles and biomolecules

. Research at NIST addressing information quality, integrity, and usability will contribute to the reliability and security of sensor networks and data analysis. NIST’s complement ary nanotechnology

related environmental, health, and safety (nanoEHS) programs support the safe manufacture, use, and disposal of ENMs and nanotechnology

- enabled products.

NSF: Through its Nano

- Biosensing, Biophotonics, and other programs, NSF supports de velopment of novel sensitive, discriminative, low

- cost, and easy

- to

- operate biosensing systems; innovative ideas in the development of novel biorecognition strategies; multifunctional nanomaterials and interfaces with predefined physical, chemical, or biological characteristics for biosensing applications; and fundamental study of biomacromolecule confinement and orientation at the micro - and nanoscale interfaces for biosensing applications. NSF also supports the development of sensors to detect engineered nanoparticles in a variety of environmental matrices.

24 For additional information on the NSI topic on nanosensors, including its thrust areas, see www.nano.gov/NSISensors

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

40 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget USDA/NIFA: The agency utilizes multiple funding authorities to support development of nanobiosensors for more sensitive, specific
, and robust detection of pathogens, toxins
, and contaminants in food to ensure food safety and biosecurity. NIFA also continues to support the development of sensors for monitoring the environmental stresses in crop and livestock production, and the distribution of agricultural chemicals in field s to provide critical information for precision agriculture. In the fore front of sensors for nanotechnology, NIFA grantees participated and contributed to the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease project on detection, identification
, and characterization of engineered nanom aterials in foods and packages. NIFA has been supporting and providing leadership to a multistate research committee (NC1194: Nanotechnology and Biosensors 25 ). The committee has been effective in advanc ing nanoscale science and engineering for nanosensor de velopment and commercialization. Coordinated activities with other agencies and other institutions contributing to this NSI

DOD /Air Force, industry, and universities: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate activities in nanotechnology for sensors are highly coordinated with AFRL Human Effectiveness and Sensors Directorates as well as the AFRL

- sponsored Nano

- Bio Manufacturing Consortium

. Numerous universities includ ing Northeastern University, University of Cincinnati, and others contribute to the work in addition to several companies, including MC10, General Electric, and Brewer Science

. NASA and DHS: A carbon nanotube

- based trace gas sensor developed by NASA resear chers has been integrated into a smart phone platform with support from DHS. Successful field testing of this sensor as a portable system for the detection of toxic gases released during a fire and in a network of sensors to establish safer perimeters was performed with the Los Angeles Fire Department in late 2011. These sensors are currently being developed for detection of chemical contaminants in water for closed

- loop life support systems

. NIH , FDA, and NIST : NIH is interacting with other participating agencies to advance the goals of this NSI. NCI staff members are engaged in discussions with staff in the Center for Devices and Radiological Health within FDA about issues in identifying appropriate standards for use with nanotechnology

- enabled sensors and devices and how best to evaluate the performance of these devices. NIST p articipants in the NSI have also weighed in on these discussions, and this topic will be included in a workshop planned for 2014.
NIOSH, NIH, FDA, NIST, DOD, NASA, NSF, and EPA : NIOS H is col laborating with other agencies on an initiative to develop nanotechnology

- enabled sensors and sensors for nanomaterials for EHS research applications. The objective of the initiative will be to develop and commercialize sensors that will enable

mor e specific tracking of engineered nanomaterials throughout their life cycle s , thereby supporting the need for private

- sector companies to demonstrate responsible development. NIOSH plans specific applications in the areas of detection of nanomaterials in biologic systems to evaluate and predict biological behavior and translocation between organ systems; more sensitive and specific detection of worker exposures to nanomaterials with an ultimate outcome of real

- time detection; and sensing of biomarkers of nanomaterial exposure and early response to support worker surveillance . [ Also relates to Objective 4.1. ] NNI agencies: Agencies participating in the NSI collaboratively organized a symposium on Nanosensing at Nanotech 2013 26 (May 2013 in Washington DC ) and participated in meetings of the NSI group to exchange information and coordinate nanotechnology efforts in this field

.

25 See nimss.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/home.cfm?trackID=13116

26 www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2013/about4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 41 Agencies participating in this NSI reviewed responses to a Request for Information posted in the Federal Register 27 to solicit community input regarding specific needs for the accelerated development and commercialization of nanosensors. Input received wit h respect to standards, testing, manufacturing, commercialization, and regulation will inform the design of a nanosensors workshop planned for 2014.



## Goal 2: Foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit

. The purpose of Goal 2 is to establish processes and resources to facilitate the responsible transfer of nanotechnology research into practical applications and capture its benefits for national security, quality of life, economic development, and job creat ion. Several factors are necessary to successful ly commercializ e any new technology. Scalable, repeatable, cost

- effective , and high

- precision manufacturing methods are required to move the technology from the laboratory into commercial products. Investments by both the public and private sectors are needed to shepherd technologies to maturity. Maximizing the benefits of nanotechnology developments to the U.S. economy requires efforts to remove barriers to global commercialization and an understanding of the potential markets for a given product. G oal 2 encompasses four objectives that detail how the NNI will focus its resources and broaden its engagement with academia, industry, and the international community to reach this goal. The NNI member agencies als o have a number of activities uniquely targeting technology transfer and commercialization, for example, workshops to obtain input from industry and academia, SBIR and STTR programs to fund innovations in small businesses, and cutting

- edge research infrast ructure for use by all nanotechnology researchers, including those from industry.


### Objective 2 .1 – Assist the nanotechnology

- based business community in understanding the Federal Government’s R&D funding and regulatory environment

. Individual Agency Contri butions to Objective 2 .1
DOC/BIS: The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) advances U.S. national security, foreign policy, and economic objectives by ensuring an effective export control and treaty compliance system, and by promoting continued U.S. leadership in strategic technologies, including nanotechnology. BIS accomplishes its mission by maintaining and strengthening adaptable, efficient, and effective export control and treaty compliance systems. BIS export control outreach and education constitute the first line in the bureau’s co ntact with U.S. exporters and provide guidance and transparency to new and experienced exporters regarding the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). BIS’s activities include seminars, webinars, teleconferences, and on

- location panel sessions at various conferences. Additionally,

one

- on

- one counseling assistance is provided on both the East and West Coasts for extended hours of daily operation. Over the past few years, BIS has developed capabilities to offer training online and via interactive webinars. T hrough these programs, BIS provides guidance on regulations, policies, and practices and helps to increase compliance with U.S. export control regulations. BIS has also developed an introductory series of easy

- to

- use training modules. This service offers e xporters and re

- exporters a cost

saving mechanism to learn about U.S. dual

- use export controls. BIS services are particularly useful for small and medium

- sized businesses that operate with limited compliance resources

.

27 www. federalregister.gov/a/2013

- 239164. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

42 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget FDA: FDA routinely presents its scien tific considerations and regulatory approach to nanotechnology to its stakeholders, including the nanotechnology

- based business community, through participation in various public forums. For example, in 20 14 FDA is participating in the Product Quality Rese arch Institute Workshop on Nanomaterial Drug Products, which includes two sessions dedicated to regulatory issues related to nanotechnology applications in pharmaceutical products. FDA also encourages and provides for industry consultations such that the p otential effects of use of nanomaterials on the safety, effectiveness, or regulatory status of a product can be identified and addressed on a case

- by

- case basis. These activities directly assist nanotechnology

- based businesses in understanding the FDA regu latory environment while also ensuring the safety and, as applicable, effectiveness of nanotechnology products.

IC/DNI : The National Reconnaissance Office has made significant progress toward Objective 2.1 [ progress also relevant to Objective 2.2 ], includi ng the following examples: the f irst compression

- molded carbon nanotube composite parts; an o ptical mirror using carbon nanotube ma terial to prevent print

- through; l ithium i on carbon nanotube electrodes capable of 300 watt

- hours per kilogram ( a two

- fold in crease in energy capacity) ; t ransfer to production of carbon

- nanotube

- based heating elements; e nvironmental testing of carbon nanotube material s by the U.S. N avy for maritime use; t ransfer of carbon nanotube sheets for enhanced ballistic protection for soldiers and high

- value assets; t ransfer of carbon nanotube sheets for lightweight flooring for commercial aircraft.

NASA: In 2013, the NASA Office of Chief Technologist developed its TechPort website to manage NASA’s advanced technology investments and make information on them more accessible

. The website contains information on NASA’s efforts in nanotechnology R&D, including work funded at NASA Centers as well as contracts with industry, and the products of these activities. TechPort is currently being b eta

- tested internally at NASA prior to public release.

NSF: The agency support s programs to promote university

- industry interaction ( Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry or GOALI, Industry / University Cooperative Research Centers or I/ UCRC s , and Partnerships for Innovation or PFI), translational research ( Engineering Research Center or ERC and the Innovation Corps or I- Corps)
, and small business innovation (SBIR/STTR) in nanotechnology

. USDA/NIFA: The USDA SBIR program has continued to support nanotechnology R&D aiming at commercialization. The awards have included nanotechnology

- enabled sensor technologies for detection of microbial pathogens and insects and crop environmental stresses
, nanoscale encap sulation to deliver anti

- pathogenic agents
, and nanocellulos e composites to improve polymer product functional properties.

USPTO: The transfer of new nanotechnology

- related technologies into products for commercial and public benefit depends on effective m echanisms that protect new ideas and investments in innovation and creativity

. USPTO is at the cutting edge of the N ation's innovation system, providing intellectual property policy advice and guidance to the Executive Branch

. The agency has put in place s everal initiatives to keep pace with the rapid advances being made in nanotechnology

. The agency continues to provide in

- depth nanotechnology

- specific training events for patent examiners as well as to foster communication among examiners across multiple d isciplines

. The USPTO has a subset of patent examiners across all technology disciplines who serve as points

- of

- contact to assist other examiners with nanotechnology issues related to patent examining.


### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 2.1

NSF and NNI agencies : The agency will continue to co

- sponsor n anotechnology r egional a lliances conferences together with other agencies by providing additional funding for academic participants and setting a long

- term pe rspective. Among these are the annual National Nanomanufacturing Network4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 43 conference and the NNI

- sponsored series of workshops on regional, state, and local nanotechnology initiatives.


### Objective 2 .2 – Increase focus on nanotechnology

- based commercialization and related support for public

- private partnerships

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 2.2

DOD /Air Force : The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate supports nanotechnology

- based commercialization through partnerships/collaborations with small businesses as well as through the public

- private Nano

- Bio Manufacturing Consortium, which is sponsored by several lab oratory directorates

. This consortium aims to develop shared platforms for commercializing nanotechnology and biotechnology related to human performance assessment

. This three

- year effort is based on government/industry /university cost

- sharing , with techn ical efforts selected by a team representing member institutions

. The initial platform being developed is a wearable human performance assessment patch

. DOD /Army : Commercialization of nanotechnologies must consider the potential liabilities associated wit h releases from the value chain and throughout the product life cycle

. Starting in 2014, the Army is collaborating with military industry partners to develop environmental life cycle analysis approaches for nanotechnologies

. These collaborations are used t o identify areas of potential nanoparticle release during production and future product liabilities during use and end of the technology life

. Cooperative partnerships between the Army and industry will result in more rapid transition of technology to prod uction and environmentally sustainable practices. [ Also applies to Objective 4

. 4. ]

DOD /DARPA : DARPA STARnet is already leading the way with a unique public

- private partnership

. DARPA and multiple member companies are working in a true partnership, sharing the costs and management to fund breakthrough university research to better understand nanoscale physics and materials science, and to realize devices and circuits with unpreced ented performance

. The private companies and universities have all agreed to the same intellectual property (IP) rights (DARPA has usual and customary IP rights for DOD) . The private companies and DOD lab experts are encouraged to collaborate and to work w ith university researchers under the program, sharing the research with all, and gaining knowledge and expertise along the way

. DOD /Navy : Under two separate Navy programs to advance development and commercialization of nanomaterials with unprecedented pro perties, universities and industry are conducting cooperative research and development

. In the first, Raytheon has been teamed with several universities to develop a new generation of infrared ( IR) transparent ceramics for extreme environments such as thos e experienced by missile IR domes

. This work has resulted in development of thermal shock

- resistant domes with unprecedented optical properties, which have been accepted for transition to the AIM

- 9X Sidewinder missile

. A pilot plant is being constructed , a nd further development is being funded by ONR, DOD Manufacturing Technology, and the Air Force

. Under the second program, Integran, Inc. , has been paired with Rutgers University to develop hybrid structures consisting of graphen e- reinforced polymers coated with electrodeposited nanostructured alloys

. The structures exhibit remarkable strength, toughness
, and ballistic properties and are being tested by Pratt & Whitney for aircraft engine applications.

DOD /OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense): Since 2011 DOD and other U.S. G overnment agencies have partnered with industry in establishing the world’s first commercial

- scale CNT yarn, sheet
, and tape production capability

. Through Defense Production Act, Title III authorities, pilot production will be established in 2014

. In 2015, capacity expansion will continue in order to meet low

- rate initial production requirements

. In 2013 the development of “super fuels” increased production by an order of magnitude,4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

44 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget reducing costs

. Commercially, CNT spacecraft data cables, utilizing yarns and tapes, have achieved technology readiness level (TRL) 6

. Several national asset platforms have been identified for CNT product ins ertion in 2014

– 20 15. CNT sheet

- based armor products have achieved TRL 6, realizing weight s avings of 10

– 19% in hard armor and 30% in soft armor, while maintaining or even increasing protection and mobility

. Potential benefits extend from ground troops to improving survivability and reducing operating costs of legacy aircraft, helicopter, sea, an d ground transportation systems.

DOE: In order to transfer new technologies into the market, EERE

- SETP supports the SunShot Incubator Program

. The Incubator P rogram provides early

- stage assistance to help startup companies cross technological barriers to commercialization while encouraging private sector investment. Projects that relate to nanotechnology include concepts such as silicon nanowires to increase power density and reduce
costs

. Additionally, SETP funds three manufacturing development centers through the Photovoltaic Manufacturing Initiative and t he National Renewable Energy Laboratory ’s Process Development Integration Laboratory.
The EERE solid

- state lighting program supports research and development of promising SSL technologies through annual c ompetitive solicitations. Manufacturing R&D projects accelerate SSL technology adoption through manufacturing improvements that reduce costs and enhance quality of LEDs and OLEDs. Research includes the development of high

- speed, high

- resolution, nondestruc tive test equipment with standardized test procedures and appropriate metrics within each stage of the value chain for semiconductor wafers, epitaxial layers, LED die s , packaged LEDs, modules, luminaires, and optical components

. Also included is the develo pment of manufacturing equipment enabling high speed, low cost, and uniform deposition in state

- of

- the

- art OLED structures and layers

. NASA: NASA continues to support the development and commercialization of nanotechnology

- related products through the SBIR and STTR programs

. In 2012 NASA invested over $ 20 million in nanotechnology

related SBIR and STTR projects, including funding of R&D related to the development of advanced nanoscale materials, electronics, sensors, prop ulsion systems
, and propellants.

NIH : In 2012, NCI initiated the TONIC consortium to accelerate the translation and development of nanotechnology solutions for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. This partnership model has several goals, including providing NCI

- supported researchers insight into industry needs in technology platforms and drug targets, promoting collaborations between academic investigators and industry partners on precompetitive and late

- stage programs, providing TONIC members the opportunity to interact with regulatory authorities and NCI’s Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory , and serving as a sustained forum for exchange of ideas on nanotechnology. TONIC’s membership continued to grow in 2013 with the addition of several small companies.

TONIC ac tivities include sponsoring symposia at national meetings and hosting stand

- alone workshops, including one devoted to the e nhanced p ermeability and r etention (EPR) effect, an important feature of nanomedicine delivery that strongly influences patient respo nse. This workshop has resulted in the formation of a nanodrug working group with members from academia and large pharmaceutical companies to work on clinical proposals/work ideas for effective imaging approaches to study EPR activity in patients. The work ing group has also recognized and is addressing the fundamental limitations and gaps in preclinical tumor models in recapitulating characteristics of solid tumors in patients. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer remains focused on promoting clin ical translation and commercialization of research results. Eight Alliance

- affiliated therapeutics are being tested in 17 cancer

related clinical trials
, and five devices and instruments have started clinical trials or Institutional Review4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 45 Board (IRB) appr oved studies in humans. Alliance researchers are partnering with more than 70 companies to translate their discoveries to the clinic or marketplace

. Commercially available products include:



### • The GENISYS4 small animal PET (positron emission tomography) scanner for research use, a novel PET probe, and the ELIXYS radiosynthesizer for laboratory production of PET probes

.


### • MagVigenTM, MaxVigenTM, AuVigenTM , and MyQuVigenTM m ultifunctional and biocompatible nanoparticles for sample separation, molecular imaging, in vi tro diagnostic or therapeutic applications

.


### • More than 360 distinct gold nanoparticle

- based SmartFlareTM detection probes for research use

. NIST: NIST senior management, in coordination with NIST’s Technology Partnership Office, is working to promote commercialization, technology transfer, and entrepreneurship in nanotechnology broadly across NIST’s laboratory programs through a revised patent policy, training, additional in

- house patent and technology transfer resources, and leadership of the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer.

NSF: NSF sponsors public

- private partnerships ( e.g., the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative and I- Corps) and centers that advance collaboration with industry ( e.g., the Nanosystem s ERC s and NSECs)

. NSF sponso red the Nanotechnology Undergraduate E ducation project "NUE: NanoTRA –T exas Regional Alliance to foster 'Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety Awareness' in tomorrow's Engineering and Technology Leaders." NSF also has supported a survey on n anomanu facturing through sponsorship of a study entitled “ Nanotechnology and Commercialization

— Achieving Sustainable Nanoproducts. ” This study
, conducted by the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, is a follow

- up to previous similar studies sponsored by NS F. It is a 30

- question online survey and includes interviews. 28


### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 2.2

DOD /Air Force and industry: T he Nano

- Bio Manufacturing Consortium is a collaboration between 10 industrial and academic members , i n addition to the AFRL Materials and Manufacturing, Sensors, and Human Effectiveness Directorates, and the FlexTech Alliance, which manages efforts on behalf of AFRL.

DOD /Army and universities: In a joint venture, the Inst itute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and the Army Research Laboratory collaborate on research in n ovel applications of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This technology is enabling the deposition of thin (nanometer to micrometer) conformal coatings of heat - a nd chemically sensitive polymers on diverse substrates. Additionally, ISN collaboration with the Natick Soldier Research, Developm ent and Engineering Center has resulted in the use of gentle CVD to strongly increase the electrical conductivity of functiona lized coated surfaces for the detection of pathogens in food.

DOE and NSF : NSF (Directorate for Engineering) and DOE ( EERE

- SETP ) co

- sponsor the Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies ( QESST ) Engineering Research C enter , which works with companies to advance technologies toward commercialization.

IC/DNI , DOD, and industry : Nanomanufacturing of bulk carbon nanotube sheets, yarns, and tapes continue s to attract commercial industry attention, specifically from the aerospace industry (Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier, and Embraer). The Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Defense Production Act Title III has added an additional $14.6 million appropriated in 2013

. These funds will assist in building out the world’s first bulk carbon nanotube pilot pla nt in Merrimack, NH

. A manufacturing process for compression

- molded carbon

28 www.usnanosurvey.org4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

46 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget nanotube composite parts has been developed and demonstrated

. Scale

- up to commercial scale is scheduled to begin in 2014. NIH, FDA, NIST, and industry: The Nanotechnology Characteri zation Laboratory is a formal interagency collaboration of NCI’s Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer with FDA and NIST. NCL’s efforts have helped to drive private

- sector investment in nanomedicines. This past year, major pharmaceutical firms, such as Ast raZeneca, invested in nanomaterials evaluated by NCL. Companies with NCL

- tested nanomedicines now have over $1 billion in licensing agreements with the pharmaceutical industry.
The NCL has standardized more than 40 in vitro assays for nanomaterial charact erization. These assays have been validated for a variety of nanomaterial types and undergo continual revision to ensure they meet FDA regulatory requirements. New assays are added every year and are made freely available to the public via the NCL website ( ncl.cancer.gov/working_assay

- cascade.asp ). In collaboration with NCL, NIST led the development of 11 physicochemical characterization protocols listed on this website. Many of these assays ha ve also been compiled into a recent methods book, Characterization of Nanoparticles Intended for Drug Delivery. 29 The NCL’s three

- tiered a ssay c ascade includes physicochemical, in vitro , and in vivo characterization. The NCL’s physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials goes well beyond basic measurements of size and surface charge. NCL’s routine characterization also includes batch

- to

- batch consistency evaluation, measurement of drug loading, confirmation of targeting ligand conjugation, quantitation of surface ligands, and nanoformulation stability assessment. In vitro analysis includes sterility and endotoxin quantification, something many researchers often overlook, and analysis of hematologi cal compatibility and immune cell functions using human whole blood. NCL’s in vivo capabilities include toxicology, immunotoxicology, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, efficacy , and imaging studies. NIST, NSF, industry, and universities : NSF and NIST cont inue their support of the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative, which announced a second major phase and annual funding for three multi

- university research centers in 2013

. NRI is a public

- private partnership supporting the development of future computing d evices and includes collaborative research among NIST and NRI researchers from industry and universities.
USDA/FS and industry: In 20 13, the Forest Service form ed a public

- private partnership with the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities to advance cellulose nanomaterials research

. This new partnership
, announced in December 2013
, will provide funding for collaborative CN R&D and develop new stakeholders in support of commercializing cellulose nanomaterials

. The Forest Service
, in collaboration with NNCO
, plans to hold a workshop to identify gaps in commercializing CN i n 2014. FS and NNCO organizers plan to invite CN users to the workshop

. Forest Service will use the outcome s of the workshop to inform nanotechnology R&D planning

. 

### Objective 2 .3 – Promote broader accessibility and utilization of user facilities, cooperative research centers, and regional initiatives to accelerate the transfer of nanoscale science from lab to market

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 2.3

DOE : The Office of Science continues to operate five Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs), national user facilities for interdisciplinary research at the nanoscale, serving as the basis for a national program that encompasses new science, new tools, and new computing capabilities. Each center has particular expertise and capabilities in selected theme areas, such as synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials; catalysis;

29 Scott E. McNeil (Ed.)
, Characterization of nanoparticles intended for drug delivery . Springer/Humana Press, 2011.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 47 theory, modeling and simulation; electronic materials; nanoscale photonics; soft and biological materials; imaging and spectroscopy; and nanoscale integration.

EERE

- SETP supports solar energy activities at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory though an annual operating plan that contains a collection of efforts related to nanotechnology. One exa mple is research utilizing nanomaterials to enhance transparent conducting materials and efforts to increase the resolution of measurement techniques to electrically and optically probe grain boundaries, interfaces, and structures. The BRIDGE program suppo rt s the development of advanced characterization and process development tools at a number of DOE

- SC

- funded user facilities.

NIH: The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology, the NHLBI Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology
, and the NIH Roadmap for Nanomedicine Centers all follo w a cooperative research model. [ See Objectives 1.1 and 2.2

. ]

NIST : CNST has released a major update to its NanoFab website and deployed a new laboratory equipment management system developed from the ground up to enhance the accessibility and utilization of the facility

. The updated website includes significant new content describing how to apply to and work in the Na noFab, status information and news, a n FAQ, and a complete redesign of the site’s navigation

. The concurrently launched web

- based laboratory equipment management program allows onsite NanoFab users to make tool reservations, controls access to tools in the NanoFab, and streamlines logistics and communication

. The CNST is also working to develop capabilities for remote access to the NanoFab in order to promote the use of nanofabrication and measurement by researchers who do not have ready access to such faci lities.

NSF: NSF supports and has re

- competed the Network for Computational Nanotechnology in 2013 and the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network in 2014

. Both are user facilities with nation wide scope and availability.



### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 2.3

NSF , DOD, NIST, and industry : NSF supports the National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN), which includes the NSF NSECs and non

- NSF centers in collaboration with the Department of Defense
, the Nat ional Institute of Standards and Technology, and industry partners in an alliance to advance U.S. strength in nanomanufacturing

. NSF p lan s to create a database of all federally supported user facilities

. 

### Objective 2 .4 – Actively engage in international activities integral to the development and responsible commercialization of nanotechnology

- enabled products and processes

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 2.4

DOC/BIS: BIS has developed and published two comprehensive docu ments on its Export Management and Compliance Programs (EMCPs), which are programs that can be established to manage export

- related decisions and transactions to ensure compliance with the Export Adminis tration Regulations and license conditions. Specifically, BIS has published “Compliance Guidelines: How to Develop an Effective Export Management and Compliance Program and Manual” and “EMCP Audit Module: Self

- Assessment Tool.” Additionally, BIS conducts regularly scheduled outreach seminars dedicat ed to the topic “How t o Develop an Export Management and Compliance Program” and has added the we binar “Elements of an Effective Export Compliance Program” to its menu of online training offerings.

DO D/Navy: In June of 2012, the Chief of Naval Research (CNR) made the first

- ever trip by a CNR to Israel

. During the trip
, in a meeting with the Israeli Ministry of Defense and Directorate of Defense Research and4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

48 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Development

— the Israeli defense R&D organization also referred to as MAFAT

— it was agreed that annual executive level meetin gs would be held and two initial working groups would be c reated, on a dvanced

m aterials and on r obotics and a utonomous s ystems

. On 20 May 2013, a working group meeting on

a dvanced m aterials was held in Arlington
, VA , co

- chaired by representatives of ONR and MAFAT

. The participants identified several topics in n anotechnology and a dvanced n anomaterials for potential cooperative development

. Further partnership meetings have been held since June 2012
, and the CNR is expe cted to make a return trip to Israel in July 2014

. A follow

- on workshop with a n anomaterials focus is being planned for March 2014

. DO D/Air Force: To seed innovation in areas that are relevant to Air Force capabilities and that can p otentially benefit fro m research and technology development in nanomaterials and devices, Air Force researchers have engaged the international community to encourage work in specific areas and characterization against metrics that indicate technology potential

. In areas such as graphene nanodevices, nanomagnetic materials, and optical nanoantennas, the Materials Directorate has established recognized metrics that can facilitate wide technical evaluation on the part of researchers and both guide and identify research with technol ogical potential in these areas

. This process can also identify classes of materials that may provide unique advantages over a technology area, such as nanopatterned self

- assembled metallic structures, and allow for focused nanomanufacturing capability dev elopment to support broad

- based commercialization.

DOS: The agency a ctively engage s in international activities integral to the development and responsible commercialization of nanotechnology

- enabled products and processes

. 

### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 2.4

DO D/Army , EPA, NIST, and international organizations : The Army Corps of Engineers
, in cooperation with EPA and NIST
, is exploring methods and approaches to assess the environmental safety of nanotechnologies that are needed to support scientifically based management and regulatory decisions

. Starting in 2014, in response to the 2013 National Academies review and the NNI 2013 stakeholder workshop on the potential risks of nanotechnology , the Army is collaborating with EPA, NIST, Germany, Austria, Canada, the United Kingdom, and industry to develop standardized testing decision trees and screening methodologies to assess r elease, fate and transport, and toxicity of nanoparticles

. Methods for assessing release of nanoparticles are being developed through the International Life Sciences Institute and the Organi z ation for Economic Co

- operation and Development (OECD). [ Also app lies to Goal 4. ]

DOD and NNI agencies : DOD international activities are coordinated within the department through the

m ilitary d epartment and DOD a gency international programs offices and the Pentagon

. When appropriate
, international efforts are coordinated with other F ederal agencies
, primarily through NSET and its global issues interest group

. DOS, NNI agencies, and OECD: OECD’s Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) provides advice on emerging policy issues of science, technology, and innovation related to the responsible development of nanotechnology. The Department of State serves as Vice

- Chair on the WPN bureau and coordinates NNI

a gency participation in ongoing projects, including “Key Statistics and Indicators for Nanotechnology ,” “Commercialization of Nanotechnology Research ,” and “Skills and Education for Nanotechnology .” For its 2013

– 20 14 program of work and budget, the WPN is considering policies to understand and monitor the

s ocietal and economic impacts of nanotechnology; linking nanotechnology to broader policies for sustainable and green growth; and policy issues raised by the convergence of nanotechnology with other technologies.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 49 NIOSH and international standards organizations: In 2015, NIOSH will continue to play an active role in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) technical committee (TC) 229 – Nanotechnology and ASTM International technical committee E56 – Nanotechn ology, both of which focus on development of consensus standards for industry and commerce. A critical focus in 2015 will be the execution of an international interlaboratory study to develop methods for determination of nanomaterial size for high producti on volume nanomaterials including titania and carbon black. Results will be disseminated as an ISO Technical Report. Additionally, through ASTM International, NIOSH is working to develop a standard guide on sample preparation for particle sizing and a stan dard guide on detection and characterization of silver nanomaterials in commercial products. NIOSH, NIST, and international organizations: NIOSH is collaborating with NIST and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC

- Canada) to develop and qualify nano scale reference materials to support measurement quality

. In 2014, NIOSH collaborated with NIST on surface area measurements for NIST Standard Reference Material 1898: Titanium D ioxide N ano material , which is now commercially available

. In 2015, collaborati ons with NRC

- Canada will continue on qualification of two cellulose nanocrystal reference materials and one single

- wall carbon nanotube reference material

. NIOSH and other agencies will use these reference materials to improve measurement quality
, which en ables new area s of research and strongly supports the critical and necessary intersection of materials measurement scientists with toxicology and occupational health professionals.

NIOSH and o ther NNI agencies: NIOSH, in collaboration with other NNI agencies, contributes in the areas of human health, exposure assessment, risk assessment
, and risk management and controls by participating in multiple c ommunities of r esearch (CoR) as part of the U .S.-E uropean U nion (EU) effort to bridge EHS research

. In addition to active participation in the CoRs, NIOSH has actively engaged research institutes in Canada, Brazil, Japan, China, Sweden, the United Kingdom
, and Russia in several areas of nanotechnology EHS research collaboration.

NIST and standards developin g organizations : NIST staff members are significant contributors to the development of international consensus standards that are integral to the development and responsible commercialization of nanotechnology

- enabled products and processes

. NIST provides measurement and characterization expertise and leadership in the development of standards in organizations such as ASTM International, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the ISO , and also supports U .S. G overnment agency participation in organizations such as the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). Through engagement in organizations that develop international standards, NIST has been instrumental in the development of nanotechnology standards in the form of termino logy specifications and standards, technical reports and guidance documents for measurement methods, and validated test methods to quantitatively determine physicochemical and toxicological properties of ENMs with consistent, verifiable results.

NIST conti nues to raise awareness of standards development activities and their impact through engagement with other agencies and in interagency groups such as the NEHI Working Group and the nanotechnology subgroup of the White House Emerging Technologies Interagenc y Policy Committee , in collaboration with the NNI’s global issues and standards coordinators

. NSF and international organizations : NSF continues to participate in OECD, ISO
, and other international forum activities.
USDA/FS and international standards organizations : To remove barriers for commercialization, the Forest Service continue s to lead international standards development in cellulose nanomaterials

. In 2013, CN standards development reached several milestones

. In 20 14, Fo rest Service and TAPPI plan to submit4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

50 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget the CN terminology standard to ANSI to become an ANSI standard and prepare an ISO standards

development proposal based on the TAPPI standard

. In ISO TC 229, as a result of an effort led by Forest Service experts workin g in collaboration with international collaborators, ISO standards in terminology, characterization
, and material specification for CN w ere included in the resolution of the 2013 TC meeting

. The CN Task Group in ISO TC 6 ( Pulp, Paper and Board ) has continu ed to explore characterization standard s need s in 20 13 and 20 14

. Working in coordination with the United States, the Canadian Standards Association is in the final steps of preparing a draft for a CN characterization standard.

USPTO and other nations’ patent offices : USPTO is moving to a new patent classification system, the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC), which is jointly managed by USPTO and the European Patent Office (EPO)

. This new classification system is based on an internationally used p atent classification system (IPC), which contains most of the world’s patent documents

. As USPTO moves to this new classification system, there will be a more harmonized, internationally consistent classification of nanotechnology

related patent documents.



## Goal 3: Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and a dynamic infrastructure and toolset to advance nanotechnology

. Fundamental to the successful development of nanotechnology is the continued development of the infrastructure necessary to support this effort . A substantial investment, strengthened by interagency cooperation and collaboration through the NNI, is needed to develop the talent and facilities necessary to achieve the other NNI goals of advancing a world

- class R&D progr am (Goal 1), fostering the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit (Goal 2), and supporting responsible develop ment of nanotechnology (Goal 4).

This goal encompasses three objectives 30 that detail how the NNI will responsibly engage and educate the public and the workforce regarding the opportunities that nanotechnology offers and the skills it requires, along with providing the needed access to advanced facilities and tools. E ducation is among the chief objectives of NN I- funded university research. In addition, specific programs target K

– 16 education, improve nanotechnology curricula in U.S. schools and universities, and educate the public about nanotechnology. The NNI continues to sustain, maintain, and upgrade its exte nsive network of research centers, user facilities, and other infrastructure for nanotechnology research, a key element of the original NNI strategy. 31


### Objective 3 .1 – Sustain outreach and informal education programs in order to inform the public about the opportunities and impacts of nanotechnology

.
Individ ual Agency Contributions to O bjective 3 .1

DOD /DARPA : T here are numerous formal and informal efforts within t he DARPA STARnet program and its

s ix multi

- university centers for education and outreach

. The pr ogram establishes a vibrant academic environment with frequent technical exchanges through seminars and webcasts that are open to the public

. Research results are frequently published in technical and nontechnical journals, magazines, and books

. Center d ir ectors and researchers have outreach to companies, government labs, and present their work in public meetings.

30 For the full descriptions of the objectives of this NNI goal, se e the 2014 National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan, www.nano.gov/2014StrategicPlan or www. nano.gov/about

- nni/what/vision

- goals

. 31 For more information on NNI- supported research infrastructure see www. nano.gov/centers

- networks

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 51 IC/DNI: The National Reconnaissance Office has competitively selected a 2013 Intelligence Community (IC) p ost d octoral r esearcher to work on nanot echnology challenges in carbon nanotube chirality control and separation by chirality

. Th e 2014 IC p ost d octoral p roposals include three nanotechnology topics: ( 1) t hermoelectric devices based on carbon nanotubes to harvest heat from data centers and spacecraft electronics , ( 2) u se of g allium a ntimonide compounds to produce quantum dot solar cells with 41 to 47% efficiencies
, and (3) b oron n itride nanotube development

. An academic institution has been selected competitively to research b oron n itride na notube materials in 2014 under an innovation seedling contract.

NSF: Two Centers for Nanotechnology in Society with significant educational components are funded at Arizona State University (ASU) and the U niversity of C alifornia, S anta B arbara (UCSB)

. The CNS- UCSB supports interdisciplinary education across its research activities in various ways. Graduate student s and postdoctoral researchers associated with one or more of the c enter's research thrusts are being mentored by their CNS advisors . P revious gra duate students and postdoctoral researchers received jobs in academia and in the private sector in areas related to societal implications of nanotechnology

. CNS outreach activities include engaging with the Centers for Environmental Implications of Nanotec hnology at UCSB and with policy groups and nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) ; these activities promote increased awareness of societal issues within the nanoscale science and engineering community. Public engagement efforts include media interviews, speaker series, NanoDays, 32 web

- based materials, and public presentations

. CNS

- ASU has been offering an immersive training session for nanoscale science and engineering graduate students in 

### Washington DC called Science Outside the Lab. Th e CNS has established an annual, two

- week “W inter School ” at ASU for doctoral students and postdocs

. Looking ahead, the CNS plan s to focus on recruiting, funding, and other resources for the Winter School on students from underrepresented groups. It also p lans to develop and implement targeted recruiting efforts for a new Graduate Certificate in Responsible Innovation and a minor in Science & Technology Policy, and it will organize and host recruiting events with the Hearing Research Center
, the ASU America n Indian Studies Program , and the American Indian Policy Institute
, among others

. The NSF

- supported Nanotechnology Applications and Career Knowledge ( NACK ) and the Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network ( NISE Net) are two national networks serving the nanotechnology technological community and informal science community

. 

### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 3 .1
NIH, NSF, and universities: Community and public outreach about cancer nanotechnology is a systemic function of the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer. Alliance research and training centers have dedicated funds for outreach to the general, patient
, and medical communities. Alliance members participate in the National Science Foundation’s Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network (NISE Net) “Nano Days” either by developing their own outreach activities or by participating in activities organized in their area s . Other efforts include “Nanotechnology Town Halls” hosted by Northwestern Uni versity for a lay audience, a free one

- day mini

- symposium, "Nanobiomotors: Structures, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications,” hosted by the University of Kentucky
, which was open to the public, and “The Art of Systems Biology and Nanoscience Days for Kids and Evenings for Grownups” events hosted by the University of New Mexico. Alliance members have also developed courses and symposia on nanotechnology that are eligible for c ontinuing m edical e ducation credit s.
NIST and universities : Scientists from NIST an d the University of Maryland have developed and implemented a program to introduce blind students to nanoscale science

. As part of a weeklong event

32 See www.nisenet.org/nanodays

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

52 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget sponsored by the National Federation of the Blind to expose blind and visually impaired high school students from around the country to science careers, the students learned the basics of size, scale, and the metric system, and received an introduction to nanoscale concepts

. Students learned through hands

- on activities such as probing canes against floor models of different shapes and sizes to experience how an atomic force microscope probe senses topographic changes on a surface.


### Objective 3.2 – Establish and sustain programs that assist in developing and maintaining a skilled nanotechnology workforce

. Individual Agency Contributions to O bjective 3.2

DOD /Air Force: Through the Research Collaboration Program, AFRL is reaching out to students nationwide and sponsoring summer internships and research at laboratories and home institutions

. The focus of this work in nanomaterials and devices allows for greater exposure of these students to topics in both nanoscience and nanosafety

. This initial contact with AFRL leads to ongoing relationships between students and AFRL researchers

. Return inte rns, fellowship candidates, co

- op employees, and new hires have resulted from this program
, which bolsters both the overall workforce familiarity with nanotechnology issues and renews the AFRL workforce

. Projects in nano

- optical coatings for improved perfo rmance in imaging systems, nanomaterial biosensing systems, tunable nano

- optical devices
, and

nano

- modified fabrics for wearable electronics are among the projects that have shown promising results based on the efforts of student researchers

. The experience gained by these students
, both in the technical content of their work and in exposure to nanoscience laboratory practices
, will augment their skills throughout their careers. [ This is also relevant to Objective 4.4

. ]

DOE: By supporting fundamental and ap plied R&D, DOE supports students at both the graduate and undergraduate level s, as well as postdoctoral researchers
, to gain expertise in nanotechnology. Additionally, the businesses supported by programs such as the SunShot Incubator and SBIR/STTR help

cr eate a skilled nanotechnology workforce. Furthermore, the Minority University Research Associates (MURA) program directly supports students working on concepts such as novel nanomaterials with optoelectronic properties tailored for PV cells
, and promotes u nderstanding of the impact of nanoparticles on thermal energy storage.

FDA: FDA training focuse s on course work, including lectures by experts in science and regulatory issues concerning nanotechnology
, and workshops to provide review, research, and enforc ement staff laboratory training with analytical equipment used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of engineered nanomaterials relevant to FDA

- regulated products

. In 2015, FDA will continue to provide training for review, research, and enf orcement staff, including laboratory training with analytical equipment

. This type of training is especially valuable when reviewing product submissions that include data derived from such analytical equipment.

NASA: NASA continues to support the training of the next generation of scientists and engineers, including those working in nanotechnology

. NASA funds graduate student research through research grants and fellowships, such as the Space Technology Research Fellows, student internships, and postdoctora l fellowships

. In 2012, NASA awarded 5 new grants in nanotechnology research for a total of $3.6 million under the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research ( EPSCoR ) program

. In late 2012, the Space Technology Research Grants Program initiated the Space Technology Early Career Faculty Awards

. Of the ten grants awarded in 2013, four were in areas related nanotechnology
, including the development of hierarchically ordered structures, nanocomposite membranes for water purification, and propulsion systems based on optical metamaterials

.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 53 NIH: The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer supports Cancer Nanotechnology Training Centers that are establishing innovative research education programs supporting the development of a cadre of investigators c apable of pursuing cancer nanotechnology research. The training programs are focused on mentored laboratory

- based training in multidisciplinary research projects, but each t raining c enter also develops seminars, workshops
, and short courses to teach the cr oss

- cutting skills and knowledge necessary for successful research in cancer nanotechnology. The t raining c enters also support career development activities for their participants. The t raining c enters have trained 125 graduate students and postdoctoral

re searchers in multidisciplinary research, with a focus on cross

- training in medical and physical sciences and engineering. More than 800 people, ranging from undergraduates to mid

- career researchers
, have participated in symposia, workshops
, and conferences organized or hosted by the t raining c enter s.
NIOSH: Direct training of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting scientists in NIOSH research laboratories has been offered in the areas of toxicology, aerosol characterization, and analytical
measurements

. Additionally, over the past five years, NIOSH has developed and delivered several levels of training for professional i ndustrial h ygiene and EHS practitioners in support of responsible development of the technology. Finally, through the PtD initiative, NIOSH has worked with ABET

- accredited schools of engineering to introduce safety

- by

- design principles into engineering curricula as an additional means to develop EHS skills in the material and process designers of the future.

NSF: NSF supports education

- related activities such as development of educational materials for schools, curriculum development for nanoscience and engineering, development of new teaching tools, undergraduate programs, technical training, and public outreach

. Two networks for formal and informal nanotechnology education (led by Penn sylvania State University and the Museum of Science
, Boston) with national outreach will continue to be supported.

USDA/NIFA: NIFA ’s High er Education programs have awarded competitive grants to universities to develop nanotechnology curricul a for undergraduate and graduate students in agriculture and food science and technology including food engineering, food security, food safety
, bioenergy, and sustainability. For example, one project has deve loped courses and taught more than 600 Hispanic students in laboratory skills for plant

- pathogen interaction and food safety.


### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 3.2

DOE and NSF : EERE

- SETP and NSF co

- sponsor the QESST Engineering Research Center
, which has a primary goal of creating educational resources and a skilled workforce in solar technology.

NIST and NSF: NIST (CNST) and NSF (Advanced Technological Education program) are conducting a joint p rogram that provides extended internships at NIST for community college students being trained in semiconductor manufacturing technology

. The program is providing students with hands

- on, practical experience in nanofabrication, processing, characterization, and tool maintenance in areas specifically targeted to meet the needs of U.S. manufacturers for skilled technicians.
The NIST/NSF jointly

- funded Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program provides nanotechnology research opportunities throughout NIST’s laboratories and user facilities at both the Gaithersburg, MD
, and Boulder, CO
, campuses; in 2013 over 30 SURF students participated in nanotechnology

- related projects.

NIST and industry: NIST and prominent nanotechnology companies jointly spon sored and developed an educational workshop, “Microscopy for STEM Educators,” at the Scanning Microscopies 2013: Advanced Microscopy Technologies for Defense, Homeland Security, Forensic, Life, Environmental, and Industrial4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

54 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Sciences Conference

. This worksh op included a hands

- on session with a commercial tabletop scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope.


### Objective 3.3 – Provide, facilitate the sharing of, and sustain the physical R&D infrastructure, notably user facilities and cooperative research centers

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 3.3

DO D/Navy : Understanding the mechanical response of nanostructured materials is key to the development of a new generation of structural materials with unprecedented properties

. With the adv ent of new tools for characterizing mechanical response at the nanoscale level, investigations into the relationships between properties and multiple microstructural scales ranging from the nanoscale to continuum are now possible

. Through Defense University Research Instrumentation Program investments, e.g., in situ nanoindentation in transmission electron microscopy, and cooperative agreements with the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source (for time

- resolved energy dispersive x

- ray diffraction),

u ni versity researchers are carrying out direct measurements on the evolution of microstructure s and properties of nanostructured metals and ceramics during processing and deformation

. This has led to the development of nanostructured metals with simultaneous high strength and high ductility, such as aluminum alloy 7075 with greater than 1 gigap a scal tensile strength and 5% uniform elongation and fully dense nanostructured non

- oxide cera mics, including boron carbide (B 4 C) for armor

. DOE: The Office of Science ’s five Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs) are housed in custom

designed laboratory buildings near one or more other major DOE facilities for x

- ray, neutron, or electron
scatt ering, which complement and leverage the capabilities of the NSRCs. These laboratories contain cleanrooms, nanofabrication resources, one

- of -a- kind signature instruments, and other instruments not generally available except at major user facilities. These facilities are routinely made available to the academic, industrial, and nonprofit research communities during normal working hours. The NSRCs provide training for graduate students and postdoctoral associates in interdisciplinary nanoscale science, engine ering, and technology research.

FDA: In 2009, FDA established two state

- of

- the

- art nanomaterial characterization facilities, with one located on the White Oak Campus in Silver Spring, Maryland, and the other located at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) in Jefferson, Arkansas. These facilities are designed to support FDA research scientists by providing the equipment and knowledge to characterize nanomaterials. These facilities also serve to provide laboratory training for FDA review and enforcement staff. In 2015, FDA will continue to maintain these facilities and has plans to add additional equipment.

NIH: The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer , the NHLBI Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology
, and the NIH Roadmap for Nanomedici ne Centers all follow a cooperative research model. [ See Objective 1.1

. ]

NIST: NIST continues to sustain and update the capabilities and capacity in the CNST, providing industry, academia, NIST, and other G overnment agencies with rapid access to world

- clas s nanoscale measurement and fabrication methods and technology

. Access is provided in two ways

. First, in the NanoFab, users access a commercial state

- of

- the

- art tool set at economical hourly rates, supported by a dedicated, full

time technical support staff

. Second, in the NanoLab, users access the next generation of tools and processes through collaboration with the multidisciplinary research staff

. The NanoFab continues to enhance its capabilities and capacity , with notable upcoming additions
, including increased capacity for electron beam lithography ; multichamber, load

- locked, cassette

- to

- cassette sputter deposition ; and deep silicon etching

. New capabilities in the NanoLab include methods and instrumentation for in situ4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 55 characterization of interfaces and of nanodevices functioning in realistic operating environments
, and innovative measurement methods that combine infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy to determine chemical composition with nanosca le resolution. The NIST Center for Neutron Research provides users with access to a broad range of world

- class neutron scattering tools for characterizing the atomic and nanometer

- scale structure and dynamics of materials.



### Coordinated Activities with Other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 3.3 NIST, industry, and universities: CNST is collaborating with industry and universities to develop and make available to users new nanoscale measurement and fabrication methods

. Highlights include the following new capabilities:



### • In collaboration with a nanotechnology startup company, NIST has developed a new microscopy technique that uses quantum dots to allow view ing of surface and subsurface features potentially as small as 10 nanometers in size

. The technique, which combines attributes of both optical and electron microscopy, has broad applications for studying a wide range of materials and systems.



### • In collaboration with the University of Maryland

– College Park
, Syracuse University, and the University of British Columbia, NIST scientists have created an innovative, easy

- to

- fabricate flat lens based on negative refractive index of metamaterials, with applications in improved photolithography, nanoscale manipulation and manufacturing, and high

- resolution three

dimensional imaging

. 

## Goal 4: Support responsible development of nanotechnology

. Realizing the potential benefits of nanotechnology for human
, social
, and economic well

- being
, and for the environment , requires that responsible development of nanotechnology

— assessment and management of potential risks

— be integrated into all aspects of the field, from world

- class R&D (Goal 1) to commercialization of nanotechnology

- enabled products (Goal 2)

. Responsible development is a fundamental component of all three objectives in Goal 3

. R esearch in support of Goal 4 address es the recognized issues and opportunities surrounding the protection of humans and the environment, which are shared by many stakeholder groups.
In 2011, t he NNI developed, with input from stakeholders, a nanotechnology

- related environmental, health, and safety (nanoEHS) research strategy with a broad, multi

- agency perspective. 33 That document fully supports the Goal 4 objectives and details specific research needs in six interrelated and synergistic nanoEHS areas : (1) a nanomaterial measurement infrastructure coupled with (2) predictive modeling and informatics that provides accurate and reproducible data on (3) human exposure , (4) human health , and (5) the e nvironment essential for science

- based (6) risk assessment and management of engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnology

- enabled products . The NNI agencies , individually and collaboratively, will continue to provide information on progress toward addressing these research needs

. Consideration of lifecycle issues is a key component of all four objectives described below. Advances in these objectives require coordinated efforts involving multidisciplinary, multistakeholder national and international teams

.

33 www.nano.gov/you/environmental

- health

- safety4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

56 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

### O bjective 4 .1 – Support the creation of a comprehensive knowledge base for evaluation of the potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology to the environment and to human health and safety

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 4 .1

DOD /Air Force : Using core funding, AFRL scientists are accomplishing a multitude of nanotechnology research projects geared towards investigating the biological interaction of engineered nanomaterials ( ENMs ) , including potential toxicity arising from resultant physicochemical and structural properties

. This research will facilitate a better understanding of the nano

– bio interaction mechanism s and provide in

depth analysis of its corresponding effects and aid researchers in devising appropriate ways to monitor exposure lev els and develop control strategies to enhance Air Force force

- protection efforts. While the Air Force is working to minimize issues concerning the production, handling, and disposal of nanomaterials as they relate to future mission requirements, a significant knowledge gap remains with respect to the human and ecological health implications of increasing nanomaterial usage

. It is critical to understand the transport and transformation of nanomaterials channeled through the environment and the human body, in cluding their significant avenues of access and potentially adverse effects

. Two key areas of immediate military relevance include propulsion and munitions systems, which employ nanomaterials not only in reducing sensitivity to accidental initiation during storage and delivery, but in generating more energetic propulsion/explosions and ensuring long

- term storage stability

. Research in the Human Effective ness Directorate focuses on understanding the toxicological properties of ENMs based on size, charge, sha pe, and functionalization.

DOD /Army : Understanding of potential nanoparticle release, fate, transport, and toxicity is required to understand and proactively manage risks to the environment and human health

. The Army is developing tools, methods, and approaches to provide accurate and reliable information and data supporting risk assessment and management

. These studies focus on the life cycle of nanotechnologies developed within the A rmy Research Laboratory , the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnolog ies , academic partners, and industry

. For example, the Army
, through its Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC)
, has begun a comprehensive program to understand the environmental consequences of nanomaterials. ARDEC will be providing ERDC with the necessary nanomaterials to support environmental testing and will help develop the database for materials that might impact DOD . Through partnerships with EPA, CPSC, NIST, and NIOSH, results of these studies will be used to support safe development of the technologies, enable more rapid fielding and commercialization, and meet regulatory requirements

. EPA : EPA is evaluating the chemical and physical proper ties of ENMs that influence their potential for release into the environment, fate, transport, transformation, potential for exposure to humans or sensitive ecological species, and potential for adverse effects on human health or the environment. P otential for nanomaterial releases will be evaluated across the product life cycle including manufacturing, product use
, and end

- of

- life disposal

. Identification and characterization of the role that key chemical and physical factors play in the behavior of ENMs w ill enable the development and parameterization of predictive models that can be used to differentiate materials and applications that may pose a higher probability of risk from those that are expected to have little impact

. The predictive models can be used to direct testing and evaluation resources where there is likely to be greatest risk. In addition, this information can be used to inform the design and development of safer material applications and products.

FDA: In 2010, FDA launched its Advancing Regulatory Science Initiative, which is dedicated to the science of developing new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality, and performance4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 57 of FDA

- regulated products. One of the FDA’s priority areas in this Initiative was t o ensure FDA readiness to evaluate innovative emerging technologies. In 2013, FDA published its Nanotechnology Regulatory Science Research Plan
, which established research categories that are linked to regulatory needs in assessing nano technology

- enabled p roducts. These categories include methods for physi c ochemical characterization, developing and evaluating in vitro and in vivo assays and models, developing and synthesizing risk characterization information, developing class

- based approaches to risk asses sment, and improving risk communication. Research in these categories is being coordinated through the Collaborative Opportunities for Research Excellence in Sciences (CORES) program
, which is an intramural effort where projects are selected by internal and external peer review. FDA will continue the CORES program in 2015

. NIH /NIEHS : The major focus of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences nanotechnology research effort is broadly associated with this goal

. Gaining knowledge on fundamental interaction of ENMs with biological matrices as dictated by their physicochemical properties is critical in assessing potential health risks associated with accidental or incidental exposure to nanomaterials or

nano technology

- enabled products [ see also O b jectives 1.4 and 2.2 ]

. NIEHS investments address all of the six research needs identified in the NNI n anoEHS research strategy released in October 2011

. Current NIEHS

n anoEHS investments specifically focus on research needs 2, 3, 4, and 5 through the efforts of a consortium of research centers
, the NIEHS Centers for Nanotechnology Health Implications Research (NCNHIR), established in 2010

. These centers are evaluating the toxicity of dozens of ENMs with diverse physical and chemical properties

. The ENMs bei ng characterized by these centers represent a majority of the ENMs commercially produced in large quantities

. The toxicology data from these investigations are utilized in developing computational predict ive models. NIEHS is currently developing plans to support research efforts in two areas: development of a comprehensive understanding of toxic effects of ENMs and the development of tools to assess exposure in diverse media. These efforts will focus on expanding efforts to assess the toxicity of ENM s from multiple routes of exposure

. This research will also assess the potential contributions of susceptibility factors in human health effects assessment; such factors include underlying disease, genetics, age, and gender. Other new NIEHS initiatives will supp ort research efforts to develop tools to assess human exposure to nanomaterials in different media (air and water)

. NIOSH: NIOSH continue s its efforts to develop more complete hazard and safety assessments using key classes of ENMs : carbon nanotubes; meta l oxides; silver; the nanowire forms of silver, silica
, and titania ; graphene and graphene oxide; and cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers . New research results demonstrate the effectiveness of a “ safer by design ” strategy by establishing decreases in adv erse biologic activity resulting from modifying surface functionality. In 2015, NIOSH will move forward with development and dissemination of principles outlined in the 2012 NIOSH

- sponsored Safe Nano Design workshop

. 34 Key areas to continue to develop inclu de: (1) demonstrat ing change in nanomaterial toxicology through material design changes and (2) partner ing with private companies to develop case studies on effective facility and process design. Impact in this key program area has already been realized th rough NIOSH partnering with private sector companies to conduct on

- site research that will result in the development and implementation of effective risk management practices that will ultimately result in safer, more efficient nanomanufacturing processes.

NIST: NIST is developing measurement tools to determine the physicochemical and human - and eco

toxicological properties of key ENMs in relevant media ( e.g. , air, water, and biological matrices) ; to

34 www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/PtD/nanoworkshop/default.html4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

58 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget characterize transformations, transport, and fate of ENMs in such media ; and to evaluate exposures to airborne ENMs. NIST is also developing transferable methods to detect the presence of ENMs in nanotechnology

- enabled products and to assess life

- cycle releases of ENMs from such products

. Key highlights of w ork to be conducted in 2014 and planned for 2015 include the following:



### • Make available the world’s first silver nanoparticle (75 nanometer and 10 nanometer diameter) and fluorescent silicon nanoparticle (3 nanometer diameter) r eference m aterials

.


### • Complete comparative studies of various methods to detect the presence of silver nanoparticles in textiles and carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, including detection limits for each method

.


### • Design in vitro toxicology assays to enable evaluation of nine quality metrics that describe assay performance; identify sources of assay variability and demonstrate robustness through pilot interlaboratory testing

.


### • Develop methods that utilize 14 C- labeled CNTs to track the location and fate of CNTs in biological and environmental systems

. NRC: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency created by Congress

. The mission of the NRC is to license and regulate the Nation’s civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of the public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and to protect the environment

. As a regulatory agency, the NRC does not typically sponsor fundamental research or product development

. Rather the NRC is focused, in part, on confirmatory research to verify the safe application of new technologies in the civilian nuclear industry

. Currently the agency’s focus with nanotechnology is to monitor developments that might be applied within the nuclear industry in order that the N RC can carry out its oversight role.

USDA/NIFA: The NIFA nanotechnology programs have been and will continue supporting the E HS research targets that are most relevant to agricultur al production and food applications. For example, the NIFA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative 2014 RFA guidance states: “To ensure responsible development and deployment of nanotechnology and reap the benefits, applications should consider incorporating proper risk assessment studies as appropriate. These ma y include characterization of hazards and exposure levels, transport and fate of nanoparticles or nanomaterials in crops, soils (and soil biota), and livestock. This may also include animal feed formulations and processes that utilize novel materials or de velop new nanostructured materials or nanoparticles that are bio

- persistent in digestive pathways.” In addition, research projects are sought under the AFRI Foundation al Program ’s Improving Food Safety topic
area, with objectives to identify and characteri ze engineered nanoparticles and to elucidate the physical and/or molecular mechanisms that allow engineered nanoparticles to attach onto and/or internalize into fresh and fresh

- cut produce, including nuts, and/or food contact surfaces associated with produ ce production and/or processing.


### Coordinated Activities with other Agencies and I nstitutions Contributing to Objective 4 .1

DOD /Army and Air Force: AFRL coordinates with the Army Corps of Engineers, which provides its expertise in life cycle analysis to he lp determine the risk of exposure to nanomaterials during different stages of development

. The organizations will use predictive/computational modeling approaches to identify potential release of nanoscale particles from nanostructured materials and techno logies. DOS, NNI Agencies, and the European Union: The Transatlantic Economic Council has identified nanotechnology as a priority area for increased cooperation between the European Union and the United States. In 2011, the European Commission and the NNI organized the first U .S.- EU Workshop on Bridging nanoEHS Research Efforts. At this meeting, c ommunities of r esearch were proposed as a platform for4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 59 scientists to develop a shared repertoire of protocols and methods, to overcome research gaps and barriers, and to enhance their professional relationships. Progress towards CoR objectives was reviewed at the third US

- EU workshop on Bridging nanoEHS Research Efforts, held in Arlington, VA, on December 2

– 3, 2013 ( us

- eu.org ).
CPSC, DOD /Army Corps of Engineers , EPA, FDA , NIOSH , and NIST: T he CPSC staff has developed several research projects through interagency agreements in 2013 and previous fiscal years that will continue through 2014

. The objective of this work is to develop robust methods to characterize nanomaterials in products and understand releases and exposure potential

. The results of these studies are disseminated to the public through reports, presentations at technical meetings, and publications in peer

- reviewed jou rnals.

EPA and international organizations: EPA researchers coordinate and collaborate with other nations in the international testing program being conducted under the auspices of the OECD’s Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials.
EPA, NSF, USDA /NI FA , CPSC, United Kingdom, and OECD: EPA’s Science to Achieve Results ( STAR ) Program has issued joint solicitations with NSF and USDA . In addition, EPA, CPSC, and the United Kingdom awarded 6 grants in 2010 under a joint international solicitation.
FDA, NN I agencies, industry, and international organizations : As needed and appropriate, FDA continues to foster and develop collaborative relationships with other Federal agencies through the NNI, as well as with regulatory agencies, international organizations, healthcare professionals, industry, consumers, and ot her stakeholders.

NIH /NIEHS , EPA , NSF, FDA, and NIOSH: NIEHS has been collaborating with other F ederal agencies such as EPA, NSF, FDA, and NIOSH by sharing materials and expertise. As in the past, NIH/ NIEHS will invite these and other interested agencies t o participate in future research initiatives, including those focused on the areas identified above in the NIH /NIEHS entry for Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 4.1

. NIOSH, CPSC, and NIH/ NIEHS/NTP: NIOSH continued formal collaborations with CPSC and the National Toxicology P rogram (NTP) to deliver research results that provide basic knowledge in two fronts. Work done with CPSC continues to characterize the exposure potential and biological responses to inhalation of select nanomaterials from cons umer products in support of human exposure risk assessments. NIOSH continues its collaboration with NTP to investigate the actual worker exposure potential during manufacture and use of ENMs

. NTP also collaborates with NIOSH to investigate potential hazard s associated with exposure to cellulose nanomaterials

. [ Also relevant to the Nanomanufacturing NSI in Objective 1.4

. ]

NIST and CPSC: NIST is developing measurement protocols and data for the release of various ENMs from consumer products during incineration, mechanical degradation, and photo

- induced and hydrolytic degradation ; and developing electron microscopy

- based measurement protocols and data for detecting multi

- walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) released from commercial MWCNT

- polymer composit e products during mechanical abrasion

. NIST, EPA, NIOSH, CPSC, OSHA, NRC

- Canada, and industry: U.S. and Canadian federal agencies are working with industry on the NanoRelease Project, coordinated by the Research Foundation of the International Life Scienc e Institute, to identify existing methods for evaluating the release of CNTs from polymer

- based composites and to develop protocols based on existing methods for use in interlaboratory testing.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

60 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget NIST, FDA, and NIOSH: NIST is leading the development of measurement methods and reference materials for EHS assessments of ENMs and nanotechnology

- enabled products.

NSF and EPA: NSF and EPA have renewed the large interdisciplinary Centers for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINs) for a second five

- year period. EPA and NSF issued a joint solicitation in 2012 in the area of green chemistry
, and one of the four applications awarded involves nanomaterials

. The awards are approximately $5 million each. USGS, universities, and international organization s: USGS is conducting research on the influence of physicochemical parameters and processes, such as particle aggregation and dissolution, on the bioavailability of metal nanoparticles. The research includes silver, gold
, and copper nanoparticles at enviro nmentally relevant concentrations. Stable isotopic tracers are being employed in novel ways to quantify biological uptake. For example, use of isotopically modified silver nanoparticles has proven to be an effective means of assessing bioavailability at en vironmentally relevant exposures (from 6 n ano g rams per l iter to 4 micro g rams per l iter ) and characterizing the effects of dissolution. Collaborating organizations include the University of South Carolina, The Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom, t he University of Birmingham, and the University of California
, Davis. These research activities are planned to continue through 2015.


### Objective 4 .2 – Create and employ means for timely dissemination, evaluation, and incorporation of relevant EHS knowledge and best practices

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 4.2

DOD : The Emerging Contaminants Program looks “over

- the

- horizon” to identify and assess chemicals and materials of emerging risk

. The evaluation includes the assessment of nanomaterial and involves proactive risk management actions that reduce risks to human health, the environment, and business functions
, often in advance of regulatory requirements

. As such, the program has issued p olicies on Environment, Safety
, and Occupational Health (E SOH) Risks from Engineered Nanomaterials that reinforce responsibilities and provide information for managing ESOH risks of ENMs in DOD research, acquisition, operations, and support.
DOD /Air Force: AFRL is evaluating potential health risks of ENMs and ide ntifying appropriate exposure limits
, contribut ing to timely dissemination, evaluation, and incorporation of relevant EHS knowledge and best practices.

EPA: EPA is researching how nanomaterials affect ecosystem and human health ; evaluating methods for detecting, quantifying
, and characterizing nanomaterials ; as well as assessing, ranking and predicting nanomaterial health effects using rapid, automated chemical screening called high

- throughput testing methods. EPA is also evaluat ing exposure to nanomaterials at multiple levels and will provide qualified and credible alternative testing methods that can be used to predict toxicity. It also is developing a database for hazard identification or structure

- activity relationships and id entifying unique nanomaterials properties that can be used to design or engineer safer nanomaterials. EPA will evaluate the critical features of nanomaterials that determine their behavior in the environment including fate, transport, transformation
, and p otential effects o n human health or the ecosystem.

FDA: FDA has made significant progress in preparing to make regulatory assessments for nano technology

enabled products since formally joining the NNI budget crosscut in 2011. In 2015, FDA will continue the agency

- wide regulatory science program in nanotechnology to support the responsible development of4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 61 FDA

- regulated products containing nanomaterials or otherwise involving the application of nanotechnology. T he program does the following:



### • Develops the tools, methods, and data to assist in reaching regulatory decisions

.


### • Coordinates agency staff science and research related activities

.


### • Enhances in

- house scientific expertise and capacity

.


### • Enables cooperation with other regulatory agencies.



### • Fa cilitates regulatory science research opportunities with both domestic and international partners

. The Office of the Commissioner, in partnership with the FDA Nanotechnology Task Force, facilitates communication and cooperation on nanotechnology regulator y science, both within FDA and with national and international stakeholders

. The FDA Nanotechnology Task Force also provides the overall coordination of FDA’s nanotechnology regulatory science efforts in the following programmatic investment areas:



### • Scient ific staff development and professional training

.


### • Laboratory and product testing capacity

.


### • Collaborative and interdisciplinary research related to product characterization, manufacturing, and safety and risk assessments

. Together these program investments enable FDA to address key gaps in scientific knowledge, test methods, and predictive tools needed to make regulatory assessments for products containing nanomaterials or otherwise involving the application of nanotechnology.

NIOSH: NIOSH regularly disseminates the results of research from its n anotechnology r esearch program in the form of publication of biannual progress reports of all NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center projects , e- newsletters, the NIOSH Science Blog, technical meeting and symposia presentations, formal peer

- reviewed journal publications, and NIOSH publications. The NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Nanotechnology Topic web page is one of the top pages visited on the agency web site

. 35 In 2015, NIOSH will continue a mu ltifaceted initiative focused on delivering knowledge and training to i ndustrial h ygiene and EHS practitioners, private sector nanomanufacturing companies, engineering students, and international research partners. NIOSH will refine delivery of a higher

- le vel exposure measurements and assessment strategy training course for EHS professionals. To date this has been presented to the State of California; the International Occupational Hygiene Association (Kuala L u mpur); EHS professionals in Brazil in collabora tion with Fundacentro; Workplace Safety and Protection Services, Canada; at three universities ; and at four U .S. professional conferences

. Plans for 2015 include follow

- up on the effectiveness of a planned 2014 publication on Health and Safety Prevention t hrough Design Small Business Guide for Nanomaterial Producers and Users. In 2015 NIOSH will disseminate process

- based control strategies that draw from the broader 2013 NIOSH guidance document on Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes

. 36

NSF: Research on the safety of manufacturing nanoparticles is already included in four NSECs and the NNIN

. Environmental implications of nanotechnology, including development of new measurement methods for nanoparticle characterization and toxicity of nanomaterials
, will continue to be investigated in two dedicated multidisciplinary centers ( the Centers for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology at

35 www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/

36 www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014

- 102/pdfs/2014

- 102.pdf4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

62 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget UCLA and Duke University)

. An essential element of this will be research on methods and instrumentation for nanoparticle detection, characterization, and monitoring, including interactions of nanomaterials with cellular constituents, metabolic networks
, and living tissues ; bioaccumulation and its effects on l iving systems ; and the impacts of nanostructures dispersed in the environment.


### Coordinated Activities with other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 4 .2

CPSC and NLM: CPSC and the N ational L ibrary of M edicine (NLM) signed an interagency ag reement in 2012 with work continuing through 2014 , t he objectives of which are to develop web content that allows consumers and businesses to access nanotechnology information and to identify areas of data enhancement for existing NLM databases. Specific outcomes include the development of a series of reports written for the typical consumer that summarize health

- related information

. The reports will be posted on the NLM website

. DO D , NNI agencies, and nongovernmental organizations : The Emerging Contamina n ts Program maintains a Nano m aterials Working Group that serves as the coordinating body for nanomaterials

‐ related environmental, safety, and health technical, policy, and legal information

. The focus of the working group includes identification and recommendation of studies and research priorities in order to avoid duplication of effort
, promote leveraging of reso urces, issuance of consistent D O D policy and guidance, advocacy of best management practice s, and coordination of risk management measures

. The wo rking group and its leadership provide means to coordinate and connect with all the m ilitary d epartments and D OD a gencies and with other agencies and stakeholders broadly, including the Sustainable Chemicals and Materials for Defense Forum, a partnership b etween DOD and the American Ins titute for Chemical Engineers . [ A lso relevant to Objective 4.4

. ]

EPA , FDA, NIOSH, NIST, and OECD : OECD’s Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials is aimed at assisting countries in their efforts to assess the safety of nanomaterials and has the active participation of U.S. bodies including EPA, FDA, NIOSH, and NIST

. The OECD program has focused on methods to ensure the safety of nanomaterials, incl uding the testing of 14 commercial nanomaterials for 59 endpoints in accordance with current OECD test guidelines ( t he Sponsorship Programme); the development of new guidance, test guideline modifications, and alternative methods; exposure measurement and mitigation; environmental sustainability ; and risk assessment and management

. By sometime in 2014, several dossiers that address testing on key nanomaterials are expected to be completed, including those for carbon nanotubes and cerium oxide; these dossier s will illustrate data trends across nanomaterials, applicability of OECD protocols, and areas for new protocol and guidance development

. These areas are be ing explored in a series of parallel workshops beginning in 2013 and continuing through 2014, includ ing ones on environmental fate and ecotoxicity, physic o chemical properties, genotoxicity, and the grouping of nanomaterials

. At least four OECD guidelines are under consideration for modification in the 2013

– 2014 timeframe.
EPA, NSF, USDA, CPSC, and intern ational organizations : EPA’s STAR Program has issued joint solicitations with NSF and USDA . In addition, EPA, CPSC, and the United Kingdom awarded six grants in 2010 under a joint international solicitation. EPA researchers also coordinate and collaborate with other nations in the international testing program being conducted under the auspices of the OECD’s Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials [ s ee above for details ].
NSF, EPA, USDA, and the European Union : NSF will support research primarily directed at EHS implications and methods for reducing the prospective risks of nanotechnology development

. NSF, EPA, USDA, and the EU will continue collaboration on development of a joint solicitation for nanotechnology EHS

. A focus wil l be on implications of the next generation of nanotechnology products and productive4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 63 processes, as well as public participation in nanotechnology

- related activities

. Research on both implications and applications of nanotechnology will address the sources of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials in the environment (in air, water, soil, biosystems, and working environments), as well as the nonclinical biological implications

. 

### Objective 4.3 – Develop the national capacity to identify, define, and responsibly address concepts and challenges specific to the e thical, legal, and societal implications (ELSI) of nanotechnology.
Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 4.3

NIOSH : NIOSH is working to foster the responsible development of nanotechnology and the realization of its societal and commercial benefits. Workers are among the first in society to have potential exposures to any new material
, including nanomaterials, and thus the protection of the worker can be seen as the core of responsible developme nt. Occupational safety and health criteria for responsible development of nanotechnology should be developed at the societal level (by government agencies, trade and professional associations, unions, NGOs, and insurers) first
, and then promoted for use a t the business enterprise level (employers, suppliers, and business customers).

NSF: NSF supports research directed at identifying and quantifying the broad implications of nanotechnology for society, including social, economic, workforce, educational, eth ical, and legal implications

. The application of nanoscale technologies will stimulate far

- reaching changes in the design, production, and use of many goods and services

. NSF also supports a project to embed humanists and social scientists in laboratories for greater collaboration in nanoscience around the world, providing a model for future integration of ethicists and social scientists into nanotechnology R&D laboratories broadly

. The Centers for Nanotechnology in Society at UCSB and ASU are among the very few social science centers in the world looking at nanotechnology ELSI issues and operating on a large scale to involve multiple institutions and multiple disciplines. The overarching goal of both c enters is to foster the integration of social scientific research with nanoscale science and engineering to promote socially responsible innovations. CNS

- UCSB does so by focusing on perceptions of risk s and benefit s . The full sense of perception is considered including beliefs, values, and ideologies. Risk p erception is not regarded as a problem to be handled; rather, it needs to be understood ecologically, constituted by multiple stakeholder groups having multifaceted, complex, and evolving relationships. CNS- ASU does so by focusing on the unifying framework of anticipatory governance, which involves promoting multiple stakeholders in deliberation about plausible future technological developments

. The two centers promote increased awareness of societal issues within the nanoscale science and engineering commu nity. They continue to inform policy via presentations to key state, national, and international regulators and policymakers. They also continue to engage in various public outreach engagements via media interviews, speaker series, NanoDays, web

- based mate rials, and public presentations. CNS

- ASU also studies the ways in which nanoscale science and engineering ( NSE ) contributes to increasing or decreasing social and economic inequalities in different national contexts, and it explores ways to ensure that NSE can contribute to equity, equality, and responsibility as public values. Over the last year, it has shifted its work to analyzing the unequal conditions and consequences of emerging nanotechnology applications in developed and developing countries. Becaus e of limited funds, the decision was made to focus these efforts on two country case studies: the United States and South Africa. Asking these questions in the U nited States is an obvious responsibility of the c enter.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

64 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget USDA/NIFA: NI FA’s AFRI nanotechnology program solicits research proposals on assessment and analysis of the perceptions and social acceptance of nanotechnology and nano technology

- based food or non

- food products by the public and agriculture and food stakeholders, using appropriate social science approaches.


### Coordinated Activities with other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 4.3

DOD /Air Force and EPA : AFRL has contributed substantial comments and assessments to EPA on rule development for nanomaterial reporting and information

- gathering in relation to health effects, technology research environment
, and impact on manufacturing development.


### Objective 4.4 – Incorporate sustainability in the responsible development of nanotechnology

. Individual Agency Contributions to Objective 4. 4

DOD /Air Force: AFRL is providing important leadership in efforts to address this issue. AFRL scientists are conducting focused research to establish the possible effects of nanoparticle exposure on biological systems

. DOD /Army: ARL is conducting a multi scale research program to investigate low

- cost, high

- performance reinforcement of transparent composites using bio

- derived cellulose

- based nanomaterials

. Target applications include lightweight films and composites for use in ballistic protection and structural applications

. In particular, ARL is addressing interlayer failure in laminates that may occur through mechanical stress or by environmental factors such as heating or moisture

. These improvements to the interlayer
, as well as reinforcement to bu lk polymer s , will enable elimination of a second complementary polymer layer and more importantly elimination of the interlayer, which is often the weakest link

. Target polymers representing different reinforcement needs include poly(methyl methacrylate), a high

- modulus but brittle thermoplastic in need of toughening; polycarbonate, an impact

- resistant thermoplastic in need of improved modulus ; and a range of epoxy

- based thermosetting resins

. ARL is also examining a new method of transforming plastic waste materials into value

- added nano

- fibrous products with specific focus on water filtration membranes

. Significant accomplishments include fabricated nanofibers from expanded polystyrene packaging and polyethylene terephthalate water bottles using solvent

- bas ed electrospinning

. EPA: EPA is developing predictive models pertaining to the product life cycle, environmental transport, transformation, fate
, and exposure to humans or ecological populations. Current efforts are focused on evaluating existing models f or applicability to nanomaterials and on identifying critical parameters that need to be specified for application to ENMs

. In addition, EPA is developing approaches to evaluate effects of nanomaterials on human health or the environment based on tiered ev aluations, fit

- for

- purpose predictive models
, and structure

- activity relationships among major categories of engineered materials such as metals, metal oxides
, or multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

NIOSH: NIOSH is working with industry to implement effective co ntrols and handling practices to significantly reduce worker exposure. NIOSH is also collaborating w ith nanomaterial manufacturers to evaluate the bioactivity of nanoparticles produced by these companies and to evaluate the effectiveness of surface modification in reducing this bioactivity.

NSF: NSF supports several programs under this objective
, including the NSF

- wide initiative for Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability ( SEES ) , and the establishment and development of the Sustainabl e Nanotechnology Organization (SNO) since 2012.4. Progress Towards Achieving NNI Goals, Objectives, and Priorities

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 65 

### Coordinated Activities with other Agencies and Institutions Contributing to Objective 4.4

DOD /Air Force, NNI agencies, universities, and industry : To examine potential toxicity, health, and environmental issues in the DOD community, Air Force personnel organized and led the first Air Force Workshop on Biological Interactions of Engineered Nanomaterials: Environmental, Safety and Health Issues of Military Concern ( www.denix.osd.mil/cmrmd/upload/Nano

- Flyer

- Issue

- 1.pdf ). This workshop brought together participants from industry, academia
, and Government agencies, including EPA and NIOSH, to communicate and discuss current controls associated with the use of nanomaterials. AFRL scientists participate in the DOD Nanomaterials Environment Safety and Occupational Health (ESOH) Working Group. I n coordination with the DOD Emerging Contaminants Governance Board, this working group provides technical, policy, and legal information relating to the safety and health issues associated with ENMs.

DOD /Army , NNI agencies, and universities : In research on the generation of bio

- derived, easily processed, potentially low

- cost and scalable transparent laminates using widely available cellulosic feedstock for increased sustainability
, ARL has coordinated its activities with leaders in nanocellulose preparation and processing, especially focusing on critical challenges in developing optimized nanocellulose

- based composites

. ARL collaborates with the USDA Forest Products Laboratory, which supplies material and aids in further understanding the effects of nanocell ulose surface chemistry and microstructure

. ARL also partners with applied Army engineering laboratories to test and evaluate new materials

. Coordinated activities also include NIST, Purdue University, the University of Maine
, and the University of Wiscons in

– Madison.

EPA and CPSC : The EPA and CPSC have completed a joint case study that evaluated n anoscale silver used as a disinfectant spray product

. The y are also collaborating in a nationwide effort to conduct innovative research to assess the effects of copper nanomaterials used to preserve wood for building decks and fences.66 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

# 5. E XTERNAL 

# R EVIEWS OF THE 

# NNI

The 21 st Century Nanotechnology R& D Act (Public Law 108

- 153) calls for periodic external reviews of the NNI by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies and by the National Nanotechnology Advisory Panel (NNAP). The NNAP released its last report in 2012, which was addres sed in the NNI Supplement to the President’s 2014 Budget

. 37 T he National Research Council issued two reports in 2013

. The first NRC report , one of those specifically required by P.L. 108

- 153 and entitled Tr iennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initi ative , was published in April 2013. 38 In this report, the National Research Council commends the NSET Subcommittee, the NNI agencies, and the NNCO “for their work and progress in coordinating suc h a diverse multiagency program ” (page 14). The report also re cognizes that the NNI has been “a leader among interagency initiatives in many ways” (page 14). F or the NNI to continue to serve the nanotechnology community and the N ation, the National Research Council offered 20 specific recommendations in this report, organized under five crosscutting themes: (1) i mprove information gathering and communication at the project level; (2) develop and implement interagency plans for focused sub

- areas of the NNI, particularly signature initiatives and working groups; (3) imp rove the NNI website, providing information specifically targeted at different stakeholders; (4) exploit advances in data collection and analysis technologies to track progress; and (5) identify, share, and implement best practices, particularly with respect to technology transfer and commercialization . The NNI agencies are assessing these recommendations and how they may be applied towards the implementation of the goals and objectives identified in the 2014 NNI Strategic Plan.
The second NRC report, Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials
, was published in September 2013. 39 It describes a set of indicators that were developed to track progress in four high

- priority research areas (previously described in the 2012 National Research Council EHS Strategy 40 ) and reviews the progress made through interagency coordination, stakeholder engagement, public

– private partnerships, and managing potential conflict of interest . Indicators were classified "green" for ne w activities or expected sustained progress, "yellow" for moderate or mixed progress, or "red" for minimal activity and few anticipated changes. The report classifie d just one indicator as green in the “ development of methods for detecting, characterizing, tracking, and monitoring nanomaterial transformations in simple, well

- characterized media .” All other indicators for both research and implementation progress were yellow o r red . However, the report notes that the interval between the NRC’s 2012 EHS Strat egy and its 2013 report on EHS progress was too short for substantial new research programs to be put in place and produce results

. While the report suggests a change in the management structure of the NNI, the NNI member agencies and NNCO personnel view t he current federated system as offer ing an optimal level of integration and coordination among participating agencies by connecting their mission

- specific activities

. Further, they view the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the Emerging Te chnolog ies Interagency Policy Coordination Committee (ETIPC) as providing useful guidance and expert leadership to the NNI member agencies and the NNCO.

37 www.nano.gov/2014BudgetSupplement

38 National Research Council. Triennial r eview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative . Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2013 ( www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18271 ).

39 National Research Council. Research progress on environmental, health, and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials . Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2013 ( www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18475 ).

40 National Research Council. A research strategy for environmental, health, and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials

. Washington DC: The National Academ ies Press, 2012.The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 67 

# A PPENDIX 

# A. S UPPLEMENTARY 

# I NFORMATION ON 

# N ANOTECHNOLOGY 

# I NVESTMENTS BY THE 

# D EPARTMENT OF 

# D EFENSE 41



## Supplementary Information on DOD Research Activities

Air F orce: Nanomaterials and nanodevices continue to offer new application potential by improving response, efficiency
, and maintainability in materials systems

. By identifying novel materials with properties that have specific Air Force relevance, AFRL has targeted research programs to investigate potentially revolutionary advances in performance such as through 2

- D electronic materials, novel active ceramic materials for laser sources, and high

- performance nanotube fibers

. Notable advances combining self

- as sembled nanosystems and optical nanocomposites through collaborative industrial

- government

academic research teams have received significant attention at national and international conferences. International partnerships in nanomagnetics have led to signif icant progress toward nanoparticle magnetic inks that will enable additive magnetic patterning on structural components for electromagnetic applications including conformal antennas. Army : The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center has a multid isciplinary nanotechnology research program with emphasis on the development of computational materials modeling, simulation, and design capabilities to support the production of new classes of novel, high

- performance materials for use in military engineer ing applications

. This program has focused on developing a better understanding of the formation and influence of a materials nanostructure on its nano

- , micro -, and mesoscale performance through the development of unique diagnostic capabilities, computati onal tools, and advanced synthesis methods that will be crucial in the development of advanced, multiscale, reinforced cementitious composites for facility protection

. The Army Research Laboratory i s furthering the fundamental understanding and applicatio n of

nano technology to enhancing weapon s, protective systems , and warfighter capabilities. The challenges that impede the rapid transition of nanotechnology to applications and fielding are synthesis by design and processes suitable for application

- pull

. W hether the product is nanostructured materials for armor or nanoparticles for protective coatings, the pervasive technical challenge in processing and manufacturing of nanomaterials is the ability to control disbursement, distribution, stability, morpholog y, and microstructural design throughout the synthesis and consolidation phases

. The goal of this program is to resolve the fundamental barriers to achieving the unique properties and transition paths to bring nanotechnology

- enabled capabilities to the s ol dier

. The major challenges are nucleation, grain growth, and particle agglomeration

. Some research highlights include the production of bulk nanostructured tungsten for replacing depleted uranium in kinetic energy penetrator applications, development of
te chnologies to stabilize interfaces and grain boundaries to improve the thermal stability of nanomaterials, and severe plastic deformation processing as a cost

- effective means to produce nano structured metals for armor and penetrator applications

. ARL has a lso developed methodologies to utilize biomolecules (i.e.
, proteins, DNA, etc. ) to achieve atomic

- level control of nanoparticle synthesis

. ARL has demonstrated these new bio

- nanomaterials applicable in biosensing and pressure sensing for mild t raumatic b ra in i njury.

41 Details for Department of Defense investments are provided per the statutory requirement for DOD reporting on its nanotechnology investments (10 USC §2358 ).Appendix A. Supplementary Information on Changes by PCA for the DOD

68 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget The Army

- sponsored Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies a t MIT is conducting research to dramatically improve the survivability of the s oldier by extending the frontiers of nanotechnology through fundamental research and transitioning promising outcomes of that work in collaboration with the Army and industry partners

. This includes lightweight nanocrystalline alloys with increased strength and energy dissipation characteristics for blast and ballistic protection and fabricated nanopart icle metal alloys that combine the high strength of steel with the low weight and high ductility of aluminum.

CBDP: The Chem ical and Bio logical Defense Program (CBDP) has made investments in new and ongoing single - and multi

- investigator projects in the ar eas of (a) advanced drug delivery platforms, including those that have improved targeting of non

- host pathogens and delivery of antibiotic and nerve agent countermeasure payloads to improve drug efficiency; (b) advanced nano technology

- enabled sensing and d iagnostics platforms, including those that enlist new understanding of common biological mechanisms of threat action as well as novel fluidics and plasmonics approaches; (c) nanostructured materials for protection, hazard mitigation
, and hazard elimination capabilities; (d) nanostructured materials for control of micro - and nanoscale separation and transport; and (e) understanding and modulation of biotic/abiotic interfaces

. These areas are viewed as strategically relevant to development of future nano techn ology

enabled chemical and biological defense needs such as threat sensing, point

- of

- care diagnostics, and threat countermeasures.

DARPA: DARPA is funding leading U .S. universities to advance nanotechnologies for creating useful material systems, devices, and architectures for future microsystems

. DARPA, in collaboration with companies from the semiconductor and defense industries , including Applied Materials, Global Foundries, IBM, Intel, Micron, Raytheon, Texas Instruments
, and United Technologies, establ ished the Semiconductor Technology Advanced Research Network (STARnet)

. This effort builds a large multi

- university research community to explore beyond current evolutionary directions to make discoveries that drive technology innovation beyond what can be imagined for electronics today

. The universities are organized into six multi

- university centers, each focused in a specific challenge area. Researchers in these centers are advancing R&D in physics/theory, materials, processes, circuits, and related issu es (design, off

- chip communications, etc.) for new devices that operate using unique information tokens due to physical phenomena that occur at the nanoscale

. Technologies satisfying future demands of military and civilian systems require harnessing the qu antum nature and nonlinearities of nanoscale devices to transition from classical to quantum engineering

. Advances in several scientific disciplines accelerate this transition

. Under DARPA sponsorship, a new state of matter was discovered

— topological insulators with insulating bulk and topologically ordered metallic surfaces

— resulting in remarkable proper ties that are promising for electronics beyond the current state of the art

. Other developments include new approaches to sensing and information transduct ion, techniques to control quantum states, and progress in nanoscale manufacturing

. DARPA's MesoDynamic Architectures (Meso) p rogram works at the intersection of these disciplines, exploiting mesoscale and nonlinear dynamics to create technologies with exotic functionality and unprecedented performance in sensing, computation, communication
, and navigation, and that are amenable to harsh environments

. Accomplishments include very high

- performance microelectro

mechanical systems ( MEMS ) oscillators, the first piezoelectronic transistor, an electronic biomolecular sensor detecting minimum injury concentrations of neur otoxins, and the first

- ever topological insulator thermoelectric device

. DTRA : The Defense Threat Reduction Agency Basic and Applied Sciences program supports investi gations of nanoscience that may lead to the development of nanotechnologies applicable to a number of mission needs for counter ing weapons of mass destruction ( WMD s)

. Areas of interest include tamper

- evident nanostructures to help w ith securing and monitoring WMD s , nanoelectronics for radiation

- hardening andAppendix A. Supplementary Information on Changes by PCA for the DOD

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 69 life extension of counter

- WMD systems, conventional weapons

- effect testing with novel diagnostics, radiation sensing systems with novel interfacial materials, and alternative met hods for photon or electron multiplication

. Programmatic interests are supported through current investment in exploratory research efforts in areas such as (1) engineered nanomaterials for unattended sensing of WMD s; (2) nanomaterials as fast

- responding d iagnostics to measure temperature, pressure, or mechanical strain within reacting energetic materials ; (3) 2

- D nanomaterials for development of microelectronic components with low radiation cross section ; (4) radiation effects in nanophotonic resonators an d waveguides ; and (5) nanoparticle scintillators for radiation detection

. Examples of significant research include the work at Washington State University demonstrating that novel europium ( Eu )- doped yttrium oxide ( Y 2 O 3 ) and erbium ( Er )/ ytterbium (Yb)

- doped zirconium dioxide ( ZrO 2 ) can evaluate the thermal history of a detonation to within 

### 50 °C and 10 second accuracy
, and at Arizona State University where polypeptide

based nanomatrices were explored for their use in sensor materials and further shown to have potential spin

- off medical application s for laser tissue healing

. Navy : Significant advances are being made in the understanding and manipulation of nanomaterials in a wide variety of program areas, including quantum computing, nanoelectronics, po wer generation , and “Lighten the Load” technologies for warfighter s and combat vehicle s

. Researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory recently achieved a breakthrough in photonic crystal structures, which are of interest for controlling light on a microsco pic scale

. They can route light through photonic circuits and concentrate light into very small volumes, and can provide an interface between light and a single quantum emitter

. Ultimately, such a system can be used for nanoscale lasers, low

- power optical switching, and for quantum information applications

. For quantum information, a photonic crystal cavity coupled to control of long

lived quantum bits (qubits) provides the essential building block of a quantum network, which can be used for quantum communi cation or quantum computing, including secure communications and rapid processing of large data sets

. NRL has made this crucial step by developing a quantum dot spin qubit that is both long

- lived and optically active, and incorporating it into an optical cavity in a photonic crystal

. A universal single

- qubit logic gate has been demonstrated, as well as e fficient and highly frequency

- tunable photon emission

. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has identified the electron’s spin an gular momentum as an alternate state variable for information processing to enable minimization beyond the traditional size scaling of Moore’s Law

. Electrical injection and detection of spin in a semiconductor using a ferromagnetic metal contact requires an intervening tunnel barrier to accommodate the large mismatch in conductivity

. This results in unacceptably high contact resistances
, which prevent further technological development

. Scientists at NRL have demonstrated that graphene, a single layer of car bon atoms in a honeycomb lattice, can serve as a low

- resistance spin

- polarized tunnel barrier contact that successfully enables efficient spin injection/detection in silicon

. They have demonstrate d electrical generation and detection of spin accumulation i n silicon above room temperature and show ed that the contact resistance

– area products are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those achieved with conventional oxide tunnel barriers

. This approach utilizes a defect resistant, chemically inert and st able material with well

- controlled thickness to achieve a low

- resistance spin contact compatible with both the ferromagnetic metal and semiconductor of choice
, and it introduces a new paradigm for tunnel barrier technology and significantly advances technological applications of silicon

- based spintronics

. These contacts were also utilized for spin injection/detection in silicon nanowires and enabled the first observation of Hanle spin precession and the first direct measurement of spin lifetimes in silicon nanowires up to room temperature

.Appendix A. Supplementary Information on Changes by PCA for the DOD

70 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

## C hanges in Balance of Investments across PCA s by Military Departments and DOD A gencies

Air Force: The President’s 2015 Budget request for the Air Force will continue to support research in nanotechnology. Classification o f 2013 and 2014 investments highlight a focus on PCA 1 (Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives), PCA 2 (Foundational Research), PCA 3 ( Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems), and PCA 4 (Research Infrastructure and Instrumentation ). An approximate comparison to 2013 levels indicates that the requests for 2015 will decrease the budget for PCAs 1 and 2 by 7% each and decrease the Air Force’s investments in PCA 3 by 7%. The changes in overall funding between 2014 and 2015 have occurred larg ely due to the expiration of Congressional Interest Items and because of better classification of current and planned research under the revised PCAs

. Requests for the 2015 programs are mainly continuations of 2014 efforts, with limited new

- start proof

- of

- concept efforts beginning in 2015 in the areas yet to be determined

. The relative balance across PCAs from 2013 to 2015 is associated with regular program turnover and transition activities and is quite stable
, except in nanoelectronics
, due to project com pletions. Army: The President’s 2015 Budget request for the Army will continue to support research in nanotechnology primarily in the areas of PCA 2 (Foundational Research)
, PCA 3 ( Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems) , and PCA 5 (Environment, Health, and Safety)

. For the Army, the 2015 estimate shows an 11% overall decrease and some shifts between PCAs, especially an increase in PCA 2 and commensurate decrease in PCA 3 due to better classification of current and planned research u nder the new PCAs.

CBDP: The Chemical and Biological Defense Program current nanotechnology investments are aligned according to the budget activity of funding

. Efforts in PCA 2 (Foundational Research) are funded by Budget Activity 1 (basic research), whic h is concerned with advancing scientific knowledge relevant to the CBDP mission, but without specific applications or immediate commercial objectives

. Efforts in PCA 3 (Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems) are funded by Budget Activit y 2 (applied research), which is intended for gaining the knowledge necessary to determine the means to meet a recognized or specific need

. The current balance of investment shows a greater focus on PCA 2, which reflects the program’s historical and curren t emphasis on understanding and predicting phenomena at the nanoscale in order to enable improved capabilities for chemical and biological defense

. The program saw an overall increase in 2013 and 2014 nanotechnology funding, reflecting the start of several projects in both PCA 2 and PCA 3

. The 50% decrease in the 2015 estimate compared to 2014 reflects the exploratory nature of these new programs, as well as normal programmatic fluctuation, and should not be viewed as a cut in overall nanotechnology investm ent

. Increased follow

- on funding in 2015 is possible depending on the technical success of these new and ongoing programs, the availability of funds, and prioritization of potential new 2015 topic areas in nanotechnology according to CBDP strategy.

DARPA : The President's 2015 Budget request for DARPA will continue to support research in nanotechnology across three key PCAs: Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (PCA 1); Foundational Research (PCA 2); and Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Devices, and Systems (PCA 3)

. Compared with 2013 levels, the estimates in 2014 increase the total budget for PCA 1 by 26%. This 26% increase reflects the following redistribution of funds within the PCA 1 Signature Initiatives: ( 1) a reduction of $0.1 million in PCA 1 Signature Initiative "Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond" associated with the planned completion of the Atomic Scale Materials and Devices program; and ( 2) an increase of $ 4.5 million in PCA 1 Signature Initiative "Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology" associated with planned program funding increases in the Basic Photon Science and Enabling Quantum TechnologiesAppendix A. Supplementary Information on Changes by PCA for the DOD

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 71 p rograms. Compared with 2013 levels, the 2014 and 2015 reduction in funding requests for PCA 2 reflect the planned completion of the Physics in Biology program. Specifically, the funding for Physics in Biology is reduced by 33% to $0.2 million in 2014 , and no funding is requested in the 2015 B udget

. Also, the funding for STAR n et remains balanced at $2.0 million /year ac ross 20 13 to 2015. Compared with 2013 levels, the 2014 and 2015 reductions in funding requests for PCA 3 reflect the planned completion of the Meso program

. DTRA: The DTRA Basic and Applied Sciences program continues to support the N NI through targeted

re search programs geared toward the exploration of novel materials and processes relevant to the
counter

- weapons of mass destruction (C

- WMD) mission space

. Classification of 2013 and 2014 investments highlight a focus on PCA 2 (Foundational Research)

. The estimated 15% decrease in overall investment for 2014 is related to shifts in programmatic priorities for the C

- WMD mission

. Changes are not indicative of planned decreases in nanotechnology investments but reflect technical successes for projects, availabil ity of R&D funding, and prioritization of thrust areas in accordance with the DTRA research strategy

. Navy: The President's 2015 Budget request for the Navy (Office of Naval Research and Naval Research Laboratory

— ONR/NRL) will continue to support research in nanotechnology. Classification of 2013 and 2014 investments highlight a focus on PCA 1, especially in nanoelectronics and knowledge infrastructure NSIs , and PCA 2 (Foundational Research) with continuing investm ents in PCA 3 (Devices and Systems). Redistribution of investments across the PCAs has occurred due to the refinement of PCAs from 2013 to 2015. The overall investment is estimated to remain stable from 2013 to 2014 with a 26% estimat ed decrease in the 2015 request

. Th is reduction is consistent with overall Department of the Navy budget realignments

. The 2015 B udget request will maintain focus on the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives ; Foundational Research ; and Nanotechnology

- Enabled Applications, Device s, and Systems in support of defense applications

.72 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

# A PPENDIX 

# B. A BBREVIATIONS AND 

# A CRONYMS

AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AFRI Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (USDA/NIFA)
AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory
ARL Army Research Laboratory
ARO Army Research Office (DOD)
ARS Agricultural Research Service (USDA)
BIS Bureau of Industry and Security (DOC )
BRIDGE The Bridging Research Interactions through collaborative Development Grants in Energy (DOE FOA)
CBDP Chemical and Biological Defense Program
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS)
CMOS complementary metal

- oxide semiconductor
CN cellulose nanomaterial(s)
CNS Centers for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University and University of California, Santa Barbara (CNS

- ASU and CNS

- UCSB) (NSF)
CNST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (DOC/NIST)
CNT carbon nanotube
CoR C ommunities of Research
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DHHS Department of Health and Human Services
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DNI Director of National Intelligence
DOC Department of Comm erce DOD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DOEd Department of Education
DOE

- SC DOE Office of Science
DOJ Department of Justice
DOL Department of Labor
DOS Department of State
DOT Department of Transportation
DOTreas Department of the Tre asury DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DOD)
EERE ( Office of ) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE)
EHS e nvironment ( al ) , health, and safety ELSI ethical, legal, and societal implications
ENG Engineering Directorate of NSF
ENM engineered nanomaterial
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERC Engineering Research Centers (NSF)
ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center
EU European Union
FDA Food and Drug Administration (DHHS)
FHWA Federal Highway Administration (DOT)
FOA Funding Opportun ity Announcement
FS Forest Service (USDA)
hBN hexagonal boron nitride
HFCT Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology p rogram (DOE)
IC Intelligence Community
ISN Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT (DOD/Army)
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LED light

- emitting diode
Meso Meso d ynamic Architectures (p rogram ) (DOD/DARPA)
MPS Mathematical and Physical Sciences Directorate of NSF
nanoEHS nanotechnology environment, health, and safety ( research , etc. )
NASA N ational Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCI National Cancer Institute (DHHS/NIH)
NCL Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (DHHS/NIH/NCI)
NEHI Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications Working Group of the NSET Subcommittee
NGO nongovernmental organization
NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (DHHS/NIH)
NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (DHHS/NIH)
NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA)
NIH National Institutes of Health (DHHS)
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (DHHS/CDC)Appendix B. Glossary

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 73 NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (DOC)
NITRD Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program
NKI Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure (Nanotechnology Signature Initiative)

nm nanometer(s)
NNCO National Nanotechnology Coordination Office
NNI National Nanotechnology Initiative
NNIN National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC

- Canada National Research Council of Canada
NRI Nanoelectronics Research Initiative
NRO National Reconnaissance O ffice (IC/DNI)
NSE nanoscale science and engineering
NSEC Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers (NSF)
NSET Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Subcommittee of the NSTC
NSF N ational Science Foundation
NSI Nanotechnology Signature Initiative
NSRC Nanoscale Science Research Centers (DOE)
NSTC National Science and Technology Council
NTP National Toxicology Program (DHHS/multiagency)
OECD Organi s ation for Economic Co

- operation and Development
OLED organic light

- emitting diode
OMB Office of Management and Budget (Executive Office of the President)
ONR Office of Naval Research OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (DOL)
OSTP Office of Sc ience and Technology Policy (Executive Office of the President)
PCA Program Component Area of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
PtD P revention through Design
PV photovoltaic QESST Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies (NSF/DOE Engineeri ng Research Center)
RFA request for applications
RFI request for information
SBIR Small Business Innovation Research Program
SETP Solar Energy Technology Program (DOE/EERE)
SI International System of Units
SSL solid

- state lighting
STAR Science to Achieve Results (EPA)
STARnet Semiconductor Technology Advanced Research Network (DARPA, NSF, NIST, industry)
STEM science, t echnology, e ngineering, and

m athematics
STTR Small Business Technology Transfer Research Program
TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp a nd Paper Industry
TONIC Translation of Nanotechnology in Cancer
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USITC U.S. International Trade Commission
USPTO U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (DOC)
WMD (s) weapon(s) of mass destruction74 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 

# A PPENDIX 

# C. C ONTACT 

# L IST

OSTP Dr. Altaf H. Carim Assistant Director for Nanotechnology Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Office of the President Wa shington, DC 20502 T: 202

- 456

- 7825 acarim@ostp.eop.gov

OMB Dr. Danielle Jones Office of Management and Budget Executive Office of the President 725 17th St., N.W. Washington, DC 20503 T: 202

- 395

- 1741 Danielle_Y_Jones@omb.eop.gov

Dr. James Kim Office of Management and Budget Executive Office of the President 725 17th St., N.W. Washington, DC 20503 T: 202

- 395

- 3085 James_H_kim@omb.eop.gov

Ms. Celinda Marsh Office of Management and Budget Executive Office of the President 725 17th St., N.W. Washington, DC 2 0503 T: 202

- 395

- 5835 Celinda_A._Marsh@omb.eop.gov

NNCO 42 Dr. Lloyd J. Whitman Interim Director National Nanotechnology Coordination Office 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 8626 ; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 lwhitman @nnco.nano.gov

CPSC Dr. Mary Ann Danello Associate Executive Director Directorate for Health Sciences Consumer Product Safety Commission 4330 East

- West Highway, Suite 600 Bethesda, MD 20814 T: 301

- 504

- 7237; F: 301

- 504

- 0079 mdanello@cpsc.gov

42 Additional NNCO staff contact information is provided on p. 78. Dr. Treye Thomas L eader, Chemical Hazards Program Office of Ha zard Identification & Reduction Con sumer Product Safety Commission 4330 East

- West Highway, Suite 600 Bethesda, MD 20814 F : 301

- 987

- 2560 ; F: 301

- 504

- 0079 tthomas@cpsc.gov

DHS Dr. Richard T. Lareau Science and Technology Directorate Department of Homeland Security William J. Hughes Technical Center , Bldg

. 315 Atlantic City International Airport NJ 08405 T: 609

- 813

- 2760; F: 609

- 383

- 1973 Richard.Lareau@dhs.gov

Mr

. Ron McNeal D epartment of Homeland Security Office of Research and Development Science and Technology Directorate 1120 Vermont Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20005 T: 202

- 254

- 6772 ron.mcneal@hq.dhs.gov

DNI Mr. Richard D. Ridgley Chief Scientist
, Advanced Systems and Technology Directorate National Reconnaissance O ffice 14675 Lee Road Chantilly, VA 20151 T: 703 808

- 3115; F: 703 808

- 2646 ridgleyr@nro.mil

Mr . Matthew J. Cobert Nanotechnologies Branch Chief National Reconnaissance Office 14675 Lee Road Chantilly, VA 20151 T: 703 808

- 3115 ; F: 703 808

- 2646 cobertma@nro.mil

DOC/BIS Ms. Kelly Gardner Export Policy Advisor U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security Office of National Security and Technology Transfer Controls
, Rm. 2600 14th St. & Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20230 T: 2 02

- 482

- 0102; F: 202

- 482

- 3345 Kelly.Gardner@bis.doc.gov DOD Dr. Jeffrey DePriest New Technologies Program Manager Counterforce Systems Division Defense Threat Reduction Agency 8725 John J. Kingman Road, MSC 6201 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

- 6201 T: 703

- 767

- 4199; F: 703

- 767

- 5535 Jeffrey.DePriest@dtra.mil
Dr. Mostafiz Chowdhury The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan) Project Management Office (PMO) U.S. Army Research Laboratory RDRL

- DW 2800 Powder Mill Road Adelphi, Maryland 20783

- 1145 T: 301

- 394

- 2917 Mostafiz.R.Chowdhury.civ@mail.mil
Dr. Anthony Esposito Science & Technology Manager Chemical & Biological Technologies Department Defense Threat Reduction Agency 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Stop 6201 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

- 6201 T : 703

- 767

- 3366; F: 703

- 767

- 1893 anthony.esposito@dtra.mil

Dr. Akbar S. Khan Senior Microbiologist & S&T Manager Basic & Supporting Research Div. Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

- 6201 T: 703

- 767

- 3391; F: 703

- 767

- 1893 Akbar.Khan@dtra.mil

Dr. Heather Meeks Physical Scientist Basic & Supporting Research Div. Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

- 6201 T: 703

- 767

- 3059 ; F: 703

- 767

- 1893 Heather.Meeks@dtra.mil

Dr. Brian Pate Physical Scientist Basic & Supporting Research Div. Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

- 6201 T: 703

- 767

- 3388 ; F: 703

- 767

- 1893 Brian.Pate@dtra.milAppendix C. Contact List

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 75 Dr. Gernot S. Pomrenke Program Manager - Optoelectronics, THz and Nanotechnology AFOSR/NE Directorate of Physics and Electronics Air Force Office of Scientific Research 875 North Randolph Street Suite 325, Rm. 3112 Arlington, VA 22203

- 1768 T: 703

- 696

- 8426; F: 703

- 696

- 8481 gernot.pomrenke@afosr.af.mil

Dr. Lewis Sloter Associate Director, Materials & Structures Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering AT&L (ASDR&E) 4800 Mark Center Dr

. Alexandria VA 22350

- 3600 T: 571

- 372

- 6511; F: 571

- 372

- 6500 Lewis. E. Sloter .civ @ mail .mil
Dr. David M. Stepp Chief, Materials Science Division Army Research Office AMSRD

- ROE

- M (Materials Science Division) P.O. Box 12211 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 T: 919

- 549

- 4329; F: 919

- 549

- 4399 david.m.stepp .civ @ mail .mil

DOE Dr. Harriet Kung Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy SC- 22/GTN 1000 Independ ence Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20585 T: 301

- 903

- 3081 ; F: 301

- 903

- 6594 Harriet.Kung@science.doe.gov
Dr. George Maracas Division of Scientific User Facilities Office of Basic Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC- 22.3/ GTN 1000 Independence Avenue, S .W. Washington, D.C. 20585 T: 301

- 903

- 0064; F: 301

- 903

- 1690 george.maracas@science.doe.gov

Dr. John C. Miller Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Office of Basic Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC- 22.1/GTN 1000 Independence Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20585 T: 301

- 903

- 5806 ; F: 301

- 903

- 4110 John.Miller@science.doe.gov Dr. Andrew R. Schwartz Office of Basic Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC- 22/GTN 1000 Independence Avenue SW Washington, DC 20585

- 1290 T: (301) 903

- 3535; F: (301) 903

- 9513 andrew.schwartz@science.doe.gov

Dr. Brian Valentine Ad vanced Manufacturing Office U.S. Department of Energy Headquarters Bldg., EE

- 2F 1000 I ndependence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585

- 0121 T: 202

- 586

- 9741 ; F: 202

- 586

- 9234 Brian.Valentine@ee.doe.gov

DOEd Mr. Peirce Hammond Senior Advisor for Special Initiatives U.S. Department of Education Office of Vocational and Adult Education Room 11

- 106 Potomac Center Plaza 400 Maryland Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20202

- 7100 T: 202

- 245

- 6056 Peirce.Hammond@ed.gov

DOJ Mr. Joseph Heaps Policy Advisor, Communications and Radio Frequency Spectrum I ssues National Institute of Justice Office of Science and Technology 810 7th Street
, NW , Rm. 7206 Washington, DC 20531 T: 202

- 305

- 1554; F: 202

- 305

- 9091 Joseph.Heaps@usdoj.gov

DOL/OSHA Dr. Janet Carter Senior Health Scientist Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Room N3718 200 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20210 T: 513

- 684

- 6030; F: 513

- 684

- 2630 Carter.Janet@ dol.gov

DOS Mr. Kenneth Hodgkins Director Office of Space & Advanced Technology U.S. Department of State OES/SAT, SA

- 23 1990 K Street , NW, Suite 410 Washington, DC 20006 T: 202

- 663

- 2398 ; F: 202

- 663

- 2402 HodgkinsKD@state.gov Dr. Chris Cannizzaro Physical Science Officer Office of Space & Advanced Technology U.S. Department of State OES/SAT, SA

- 23 1990 K Street , NW, Suite 410 Washington, DC 20006 T: 202

- 663

- 2390; F: 202

- 663

- 2402 CannizzaroCM@state.gov

DOT Mr. Peter Chipman Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Ave., S.E. Washington, DC 20590 T: 202

- 366

- 0934 P eter.Chipman@dot.gov

Dr. Jonathan Porter Chief Scientist Office of Research, Development, and Technology Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Turner

- Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean , VA 22101

- 2200 T: 202

- 493

- 3038; F: 202

- 493

- 3417 jonathan.porter@dot.gov

DOTreas Dr. John F. Bobalek P rogram Manager Office of Research and Technical Support Bureau of Engraving and Printing Rm. 201

- 29A 14th and C Streets, SW Washington, DC 20228

- 0001 T: 202

- 874

- 2109; F: 202

- 927

- 7415 John.Bobalek@bep.treas.gov

DOC/EDA Mr. Thomas Guevara Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Affairs U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Suite 71014 Washington, DC 20230 T: 202

- 482

- 5891, F: 202

- 273

- 4781 tguevara@eda.doc.gov

EPA Dr. Tina Bahadori National Program Director Chemical Safety for Sustainability Office of Research and Development Mail Code 8101R Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 T: 202

- 564

- 0428 Bahadori.Tina@epa.govAppendix C. Contact List

76 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget Dr. William Boyes Interim Associate National Program Director Chemical Safety and Sustainability Office of Research an d Development Mail Code B105

- 05 Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 T : 919

- 541

- 7538; F: 919

- 541

- 4849 boyes.william@epa.gov
Dr. Nora F. Savage National Center for Environmental Research Office of Research and Development Mail Code 8722F Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 T: 202

- 347

- 8104; F: 202

- 347

- 8142 Savage.Nora@epamail.epa.gov Dr. Philip Sayre Associate Director Risk Assessment Division Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Mail Code 7403M Washington, DC 20460 T: 202

- 564

- 7673; F: 202

- 564

- 7450 sayre.phil@epa.gov

FDA Dr. Jed Costanza Microbiologist Office of the Chief Scientist Food and D rug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue WO Bldg 32 Room 4153 Silver Spring, MD 20993 T: 240

- 402

- 4120 ; F: 301

- 847

- 8614 jed.costanza@fda.hhs.gov

NASA Dr. Michael A. Meador Nanotechnology Project Manager, Game Changing Technologies National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center 21000 Brookpark Road Cleveland, OH 44135 T: 216

- 433

- 9518; F: 216

- 977

- 7132 Michael.A.Meador@nasa.gov
Dr. Meyya Meyyappan National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center MS 229

- 3 Moffett Fi eld, CA 94035 T: 650

- 604

- 2616; F: 650

- 604

- 5244 m.meyyappan@nasa.gov NIH Dr. Lori Henderson Program Director Clinical Trials Branch/Cancer Imaging Program Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis National Cancer Institute 6130 Executive Blvd. Rockville, MD 20892 T: 240 - 276

- 5930; F: 240

- 276

- 7890 hendersonlori@mail.nih.gov

NIH/OD Dr. Nancy E. Miller Senior Science Policy Analyst Office of Science Policy & Planning Office of the Director National Institutes of Health 1 Center Drive Bldg 1, Rm. 218 Bethesda, MD 20892 T: 301

- 59 4

- 7742; F: 301

- 402

- 0280 Nancy.Miller1@nih.gov

NIH/FIC Mr. George Herrfurth Multilateral Affairs Coordinator Division of International Relations Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Building 31, Rm. B2C11 Bethesda, MD 20892

- 2220 T: 301

- 402

- 1615; F: 301

- 480

- 3414 herrfurg@mail.nih.gov

NIH/NCI Dr. Piotr Grodzinski Program Director, Nanotechnology in Cancer Office of Technology & Industrial Relations Office of the Director National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health 31 Center Drive, 10A52 Bethesda, MD. 20892 T: 301

- 496

- 1550; F: 301

- 496

- 7807 grodzinp@mail.nih.gov

Dr. Scott McNeil Director, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory National Cancer Institute at Frederick National Institutes of Health P.O. Box B , Building 469 1050 Boyles Street Frederick, MD 21702

- 1201 T: 301

- 846

- 6939 ; F: 301

- 846

- 6399 mcneils@ncifcrf.gov NIH/NHLBI Dr. Denis Buxton Basic and Early Translational Research Program, DCVS National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health 6701 Rockledge Drive, Rm. 8216 Bethesda, MD 20817 T: 301

- 435

- 0513 ; F: 301

- 480

- 1454 BuxtonD@nhlbi.nih.gov

NIH/NIBIB Dr. Steven Zullo Scientific Review Officer Office of Scientific Review National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Building Democracy II

- 952 6707 Democracy Blvd Bethesda, MD 208 92 T: 240

- 271

- 9007 ; F: 301

- 480

- 1675 Steven.Zullo@nih.hhs.gov

NIH/NIEHS Dr. John R. Bucher Associate Director N ational Toxicology Program NIEHS National Institutes of Health P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 T: 919

- 541

- 4532 ; F: 919

- 541

- 4225 bucher@niehs.nih.gov
Dr. Christopher P. Weis Toxicology Liaison/Senior Advisor Office of the Director NIEHS National Institutes of Health 31 Center Drive, Room B1C02 Bethesda, MD 20892

- 2256 T: 301

- 496

- 3511 christopher.weis@nih.gov

NIH/NIGMS Dr. Catherine Lewis Director, Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health 4 5 Center Drive, Rm. MSC 6200 Bethesda, MD 20892

- 6200 T: 301

- 594

- 0828; F: 301

- 480

- 2004 catherine.lewis@nih.hhs.gov

NIOSH Dr. Charles L. Geraci, Jr. Coordinator, Nanotechnology Research Center National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226 T: 513

- 533

- 8339 CGeraci@ cdc.govAppendix C. Contact List

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget 77 Dr. Vladimir V. Murashov Special Assistant to the Director National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OD/NIOSH M/S

- P12 395 E Street, S.W. Suite 9200 Washington, DC 20201 T: 202

- 245

- 0668; F: 202

- 245

- 0628 vladimir.murashov@cdc.hhs.gov

NIS T Dr. Heather M. Evans Senior Program Analyst Program Coordination Office National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 106 0 Gaithersburg, MD 20899

- 106 0 T: 301

- 975

- 4525; F: 301

- 216

- 0529 Heather.evans@nist.gov
Dr. Ajit Jillavenkatesa Senior Standards Policy Adviser Standards Coordination Office National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1060 Gaithersburg, MD 20899

- 1060 T: 301

- 975

- 8519; F: 301

- 975

- 4715 ajit.jilla@nist.gov

Dr. Debra L. Kaiser Te chnical Program Director Materials Measurement Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8520 Gaithersburg, MD 20899

- 8520 T: 301

- 975

- 6759 ; F: 301

- 975

- 5334 debra.kaiser@nist.gov

NRC Mr. Brian Thomas Deputy Director Division of Engineering Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555

- 0001 T: 301

- 251

- 7448; F:301

- 251

- 7425 brian.thomas@nrc.gov

NSF Dr. Parag R

. Chitnis Deputy Director , Directorate for Biological Sciences National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 605N Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 8440 ; F: 703

- 292

- 9061 pchitnis@nsf.gov Dr. Khershed Cooper Program Director, Nanomanufacturing National Science Foundation Directorate for Engineering 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 505 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 8301; F: 703

- 292

- 9013 khcooper@nsf.gov

Dr. Barbara Karn Program Director, Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems National Science Foundation Directorate for Engineering 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 565 S Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 7949, F: 703

- 292

- 9054 bkarn@nsf.gov

Dr. Fred Kronz Program Director, Division of Science, T echnology, and Society National Science Foundation Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 995 N Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 7283 fkronz @nsf.gov

Dr. Thomas Rieker Program Director, Division of Materials Research National Science Foundation Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1065 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 4914 , F: 703

- 292

- 9035 trieker@nsf.gov

Dr. Mihail C. Roco Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology National Science Foundation Directorate for Engineering 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 505 Arlington, VA 222 30 T: 703

- 292

- 8301; F: 703

- 292

- 9013 mroco@nsf.gov
Dr. Grace J. Wang Division Director, SBIR/STTR Division of Industrial Innovation and Partnerships National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Blvd., Rm. 590 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 2214; F: 703

- 292

- 905 7 jiwang@nsf.gov USDA/ARS Dr. Robert Fireovid National Program Leader
, Biobased Products and Biorefining USDA Agricultural Research Service 5601 Sunnyside Avenue GWCC 4

- 2264 Beltsville, MD 20705

- 5140 T: 301

- 504

- 4774; F: 301

- 504

- 6231 Robert.Fireovid@ars.usda.gov

USDA/NIFA Dr. Hongda Chen National Program Leader, Bioprocess Engineering/Nanotechnology National Institute of Food and Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture 1400 Independence Ave., SW Mail Stop 2220 Washington, DC 20 250

- 2220 T: 202

- 401

- 6497 ; F: 202

- 401

- 4888 HCHEN@nifa.usda.gov

USDA/FS Dr. World Nieh National Program Leader, Forest Products and Utilization USDA Forest Service 1400 Independence Ave., SW Mailstop Code: 1114 W ashington, DC 20250

- 1114 T: 703

- 605

- 4197; F: 703

- 605

- 5137 wnieh@fs.fed.us
Dr. Theodore H. Wegner Assistant Director Forest Products Laboratory USDA Forest Service One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, WI 53726

- 2398 T: 608

- 231

- 9434; F: 608

- 231

- 9567 twegner@fs.fed.us

USGS Dr. Sarah Gerould Staff Scie ntist Ecosystems Mission Area U.S. Geological Survey M ail Stop 301 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192 T: 703

- 648

- 6895; F: 703

- 648

- 4238 sgerould@usgs.gov

Dr. Herbert Buxton Coordinator, Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Environmental Health Mission Area U.S. Geological Survey 3450 Princeton Pike Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 T: 609

- 771

- 3944; F: 609

- 203

- 5853 hbuxton@usgs.govAppendix C. Contact List

78 The National Nanotechnology Initiative

— Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget USITC Ms. Elizabeth R. Nesbitt International Trade Analyst for Bio

technology and Nanotechnology Chemicals and Textiles Division Office of Industries U.S. International Trade Commission 500 E Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20436 T: 202

- 205

- 3355; F: 202

- 205

- 3161 elizabeth.nesbitt@usitc.gov

USPTO Mr. David R. Gerk Patent Attorney Office of Policy and External Affairs Patent and Trademark Office P.O. Box 1450 Alexandria, VA 22313 T: 571

- 272

- 9300; F: 571

- 273

- 0085 david.gerk@uspto.gov

Mr. Bruce Kisliuk Deputy Commissioner for Patent Administration Patent and Trademark Office P.O. Box 1450 Alexandria, VA 22313 T: 571

- 272

- 8800 Bruce.Kisliuk@uspto.gov Ms. Gladys Corcoran Technology Center Group Director Patent and Trademark Office P.O. Box 1450 Alexandria, VA 22313 T: 571

- 272

- 1300 Gladys.Corcoran@uspto.gov

Additional Staff Contacts , National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO) Dr. Tarek R. Fadel Staff Scientist NSET and NEHI Executive Secretary NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 7926; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 tfadel@nnco.nano.gov

Dr. Lisa E. Friedersdorf Sr. Scienti st , NSI Pro gram Manager NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 4533; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 lfriedersdorf@nnco.nano.gov Mr. Geoffrey M. Holdridge Policy Analyst and Contract Staff Director NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 4532; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 gholdrid@nnco.nano.gov

Dr. Mi ke Kiley Industry and State Liaison NILI Executive Secretary NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlingt on, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 4399; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 mk iley@nnco.nano.gov

Ms. Marlowe Newman Communications Director NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. St afford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 7128; F: 703

- 292

- 9312
m newman @nnco.nano.gov Dr. Stacey Standridge Policy Analyst NNCO 4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Suite 405 Arlington, VA 22230 T: 703

- 292

- 8103; F: 703

- 292

- 9312 sstrandridge@nnco.nano.gov

# National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology

National Nanotechnology Coordination Office

4201 Wilson Blvd. Stafford II, Rm. 405 Arlington, VA 22230

703-292-8626 info@nnco.nano.gov

www.nano.gov