HF-ALE 

MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, 

TECHNIQUES, AND 

PROCEDURES FOR THE 

HIGH FREQUENCY—

AUTOMATIC LINK 

ESTABLISHMENT 

(HF-ALE) RADIOS 

FM 6-02.74 

MCRP 3-40.3E 

NTTP 6-02.6 

AFTTP (I) 3-2.48 

COMDTINST M2000.7 

SEPTEMBER 2003 

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; 

distribution is unlimited. 
FOREWORD 

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective 

commands and other commands as appropriate. 

DAVID A. FASTABEND EDWARD HANLON, JR. 

Brigadier General, U.S. Army Lieutenant General, USMC 

Deputy Chief of Staff for Commanding General 

 Doctrine, Concepts and Strategy Marine Corps Combat Development 

U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command 

 Command 

R. A. ROUTE DAVID F. MacGHEE, JR. 

Rear Admiral, USN Major General, USAF 

Commander Commander 

Navy Warfare Development Headquarters Air Force Doctrine 

 Command Center 

This publication is available at Army 

Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) 

and at the General Dennis J. Reimer 

Training and Doctrine Digital Library 

(www.adtdl.army.mil) 
i 

Preface 

1. Purpose 

This consolidated reference will assist joint forces in utilizing high frequency radios 

as a supplement/alternative to overburdened satellite communications systems for overthe-horizon communications. 

2. Scope 

This publication describes multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures for basic 

high frequency-automatic link establishment (HF-ALE) radio operations. The contents 

of this publication are directed at the operator level. It does not delve into technical 

aspects of HF-ALE operations beyond that necessary for effective tactical use of the 

equipment. 

3. Application 

a. This publication provides commanders and their staffs unclassified guidance to 

simplify planning of HF-ALE radio procedures. It provides access to information on 

multi-Service communication systems to commanders and staffs conducting home 

station training or preparing for interoperability training. 

b. The United States (US) Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard 

approved this multi-Service publication for use. 

4. Implementation Plan 

Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility will review this 

publication, validate the information and references, and incorporate it in Service 

manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows: 

Army. Upon approval and authentication, this publication incorporates the 

procedures contained herein into the US Army Doctrine and Training Literature 

Program as directed by the Commander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. 

Distribution is in accordance with (IAW) applicable directives and the Initial 

Distribution Number listed on the authentication page. 

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this 

publication in US Marine Corps training and doctrinal publications as directed by the 

Commanding General, US Marine Corps Combat Development Command. Distribution 

of this publication is IAW Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications System. 

Navy. The Navy will incorporate these procedures in US Navy training and 

doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development 

Command. Distribution of this publication is IAW Military Standard Requisitioning 

and Issue Procedures Desk Guide and Navy Standing Operating Procedures Publication 

409. 

MARINE CORPS PCN: 144 000139 00 
ii 

Air Force. The Air Force will incorporate the procedures in this publication IAW 

applicable governing directives. Distribution is IAW Air Force Instruction 33-360. 

Coast Guard. The Coast Guard will incorporate the procedures in this publication 

in US Coast Guard (USCG) doctrinal and training publications as directed by the 

Assistant Commandant for Operations, Director of Operations Policy, USCG. 

Distribution of this publication is IAW USCG standing operating procedures. 

5. User Information 

a. US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Marine Corps Combat Development 

Command, Navy Warfare Development Command, Air Force Doctrine Center, USCG, 

and the Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center developed this publication with the 

joint participation of the approving Service commands. ALSA will review and update 

this publication as necessary. 

b. This publication reflects current joint and Service doctrine, command and control 

organizations, facilities, personnel, responsibilities, and procedures. Changes in Service 

protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and Service publications, will likewise be 

incorporated in revisions to this document. 

c. ALSA encourages recommended changes for improving this publication. Key any 

comments to the specific page and paragraph and provide a rationale for each 

recommendation. Send comments and recommendation directly to— 
iii 

Army 

Commander 

US Army Training and Doctrine Command 

ATTN: ATFC-RD 

Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000 

DSN 680-3951 COMM (757) 788-3951 

E-mail: doctrine@monroe.army.mil 

Marine Corps 

Commanding General 

US Marine Corps Combat Development Command 

ATTN: C42 

3300 Russell Road, Suite 318A 

Quantico, VA 22134-5021 

DSN 278-6233/6234 COMM (703) 784-6233/6234 

E-mail: deputydirectordoctrine@mccdc.usmc.mil 

Navy 

Commander 

Navy Warfare Development Command 

ATTN: Code N5 

686 Cushing Road 

Newport, RI 02841-1207 

DSN 948-1164/4189 COMM (401) 841-1164/4189 

E-mail: alsapubs@nwdc.navy.mil 

Air Force 

HQ AFDC/DJ 

204 Dodd Blvd, Suite 301 

Langley AFB, VA 23665-2788 

DSN 574-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091 

E-mail: afdc.dj@langley.af.mil 

Coast Guard 

Commandant (G-OPL) 

US Coast Guard 

2100 2nd Street, S.W. 

Washington, D.C. 20593-0001 

Comm: (202) 267-1178 

E-mail: dlwhite@comdt.uscg.mil 

ALSA 

ALSA Center 

ATTN: Director 

114 Andrews Street 

Langley AFB, VA 23665-2785 

DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902 

E-mail: alsadirector@langley.af.mil 
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

iv 

FM 6-02.74 

MCRP 3-40.3E 

NTTP 6-02.6 

AFTTP (I) 3-2.48 

COMDINST M2000.7 

FM 6-02.74 US Army Training and Doctrine Command 

Fort Monroe, Virginia 

MCRP 3-40.3E US Marine Corps Combat Development Command 

Quantico, Virginia 

NTTP 6-02.6 US Navy Warfare Development Command 

Newport, Rhode Island 

AFTTP (I) 3-2.48 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center 

Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 

COMDINST M2000.7 US Coast Guard 

Washington, D.C. 

1 September 2003 

HF-ALE 

Multi-Service Procedures for High Frequency—Automatic Link 

Establishment (HF-ALE) Radios 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................II

CHAPTER I HIGH FREQUENCY OVERVIEW....................................................... I-2

Propagation ....................................................................................... I-2

Earth’s Atmosphere .......................................................................... I-2

Types of Propagation......................................................................... I-2

Ionosphere: Nature’s Satellite......................................................... I-2

Layers of the Ionosphere................................................................... I-2

Factors Affecting Atmospheric Ionization ....................................... I-2

Frequency and Path Optimization................................................... I-2

Propagation Prediction Techniques ................................................. I-2
v 

CHAPTER II AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT OVERVIEW........................ II-2

ALE Linking Sequence .................................................................... II-2

Generations of ALE.......................................................................... II-2

Frequency Selection ......................................................................... II-2

Limitations ....................................................................................... II-2

CHAPTER III ALE PARAMETERS OVERVIEW .................................................... III-2

ALE Parameters.............................................................................. III-2

Channel Parameters ....................................................................... III-2

Communications Security............................................................... III-2

System Specific Parameters ........................................................... III-2

Electronic Counter-Counter Measures .......................................... III-2

Linking Protection........................................................................... III-2

CHAPTER IV MULTI-SERVICE ALE NETWORK OVERVIEW..............................IV-2

Functions and Responsibilities.......................................................IV-2

Planning...........................................................................................IV-2

HF-ALE Data Distribution.............................................................IV-2

HF-ALE Addressing........................................................................IV-2

CHAPTER V INDIVIDUAL SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS STAFF 

OFFICE AND RADIO OPERATOR GUIDANCE...............................V-2

General Description .........................................................................V-2

Actions Required ..............................................................................V-2

Implementation Considerations ......................................................V-2

APPENDIX A HIGH FREQUENCY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS 

SYSTEM ............................................................................................A-2

APPENDIX B ESTABLISHED AND PROPOSED ALE NETWORKS .....................B-2

APPENDIX C EXCLUSION BAND ..........................................................................C-2

APPENDIX D JOINT INTEROPERABILITY TEST COMMAND 

CERTIFIED ALE RADIOS AND CAPABILITY MATRIX...................D-2

APPENDIX E EXAMPLE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN............................................E-2

APPENDIX F EXAMPLE RADIO PROGRAMMING APPLICATION ......................F-2

APPENDIX G EXAMPLE HF COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING 

SYSTEM ........................................................................................... G-2

APPENDIX H PROPAGATION SOFTWARE PROGRAMS ....................................H-2

APPENDIX I J6 HF-ALE CHECKLIST .................................................................... I-2

REFERENCES ..........................................................................................References-2

GLOSSARY ..............................................................................................Glossary-2 

INDEX ....................................................................................................Index-1 
vi 

FIGURES 

Figure I-1. Propagation Paths for HF ....................................................... I-2

Figure I-2. Incident Angle.......................................................................... I-2

Figure I-3. Layers of the Ionosphere ......................................................... I-2

Figure I-4. 11-Year Sunspot Cycle ............................................................ I-2

Figure II-1. ALE Linking Sequence ......................................................... II-2

Figure IV-1. Standard Frequency Action Format Example................... IV-2

Figure IV-2. Standard Frequency Action Format Example for 

HF-ALE.............................................................................................IV-2

Figure IV-3. Echelons Capable of Generating HF-ALE Network 

Plan Data ..........................................................................................IV-2

Figure IV-4. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Army Units........IV-2

Figure IV-5. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Marine 

Corps Units .......................................................................................IV-2

Figure IV-6. Channel Plan Distribution within Naval Forces...............IV-2

Figure IV-7. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Air Force 

Units..................................................................................................IV-2

Figure V-1. Theater Network Architecture..............................................V-2

Figure A-1. Interstation Connectivity Architecture ................................A-2

Figure E-1. Network Diagram..................................................................E-2

TABLES 

Table II-1 Link Quality Analysis Matrix .................................................. II-2

Table IV-1. HF-ALE Self Addressing ......................................................IV-2

Table A-1. Recommended Joint ALE Configuration Parameters...........A-2

Table A-2. Recommended Joint ALE System Parameters......................A-2

Table A-3. Recommended Joint ALE Channel Parameters ....................A-2

Table D-1 Joint Interoperability Test Command Certified ALE 

Radios and Capability Matrix...........................................................D-2

Table E-1. Channel Matrix .......................................................................E-2

Table E-2. Address Matrix........................................................................E-2

Table E-3. ALE Parameters......................................................................E-2

Table F-1. Channel Report........................................................................ F-2
vii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

HF-ALE 

Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the 

High Frequency—Automatic Link Establishment Radios 

The military standard HF-ALE radio is widely deployed throughout the US military 

and provides a viable alternative to overburdened satellite communication systems. 

Automatic link establishment (ALE) is an improvement to high frequency (HF) radio 

that allows establishment of considerably clearer over-the-horizon voice 

communications and robust data transmissions. This publication establishes common 

tactics, techniques, and procedures to allow HF-ALE users to maximize use of HF-ALE 

radios in the inventory, as well as new HF-ALE radios currently being acquired. 

Chapter I provides an overview of HF radio operations, discussing propagation of 

radio waves in the atmosphere to include factors affecting atmospheric ionization, 

frequency and path optimization, and propagation prediction techniques. 

Chapter II provides an overview of ALE, a communication system that permits HF 

radio stations to call and link on the best HF channel automatically without operator 

assistance. This chapter describes how ALE systems select the best frequency by 

making use of recently measured radio channel characteristics stored in a memory 

matrix and by constantly scanning through assigned frequencies to listen for calls. 

System limitations are also discussed. 

Chapter III discusses common parameters required for all radios in the network, the 

contrast between settings required for different vendor equipment, and factors such as 

type and number of radios in the network. Communications security, electronic 

counter-counter measures, and linking protection are also covered. 

Chapter IV considers multi-Service ALE network operations. This chapter 

highlights the detailed planning and coordination required at multiple echelons within 

a joint force to achieve effective communications among joint users of HF-ALE 

compatible radios. The functions and responsibilities of joint forces, Services, and key 

personnel, with respect to HF-ALE operations are described, to include HF-ALE 

addressing and data distribution. 

Chapter V provides guidance to each Service’s radio operators and HF radio network 

coordinator on how to create and operate in a joint HF-ALE voice network. This chapter 

describes the network details provided by the joint task force J6, what should be done 

with this information, and key points to consider when implementing the network into a 

previously established HF communications architecture. These guidelines are also 

applicable to operating in civil nets. 
viii 

PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 

The following commands and agencies participated in developing and reviewing this 

publication: 

Joint 

US Joint Forces Command, Suffolk, VA 

Army 

US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Futures Center (AFTC-RD), 

Fort Monroe, VA 

519th Military Intelligence Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC 

US Army Armor Center, Directorate of Training, Doctrine and Combat 

Development, Cavalry Branch, Fort Knox, KY 

US Army Signal School, Battle Command Battle Lab (G), ATZH-BL, 

Fort Gordon, GA 30905 

Marine Corps 

Marine Corps Development Command, Quantico, VA 

7th Communications Battalion, III MEF 

Navy 

USN SPAWAR Systems Center-Charleston Det, St. Juliens Creek, 

Portsmouth, VA 

USN SPAWAR Systems, Norfolk, VA 

Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, Newport, RI 

Chief of Naval Operations (N611), Washington, DC 

Naval Construction Battalion Center (Code N63), Port Hueneme, CA 

Air Force 

Headquarters, ACC/SCWI, Langley Air Force Base, VA 

Headquarters, Air Force Doctrine Center, Det 1, Langley Air Force Base, VA 

23665 

Headquarters, AMC/SCP, Scott Air Force Base, IL 

Air Force Frequency Management Agency, Alexandria, VA 

Coast Guard 

Commandant, US Coast Guard (G-SCT-1), Washington, D.C. 20593 
I-1 

Chapter I 

High Frequency Overview 

High frequency (HF) is a term used to describe the 1.6 to 30 megahertz (MHz) 

portion of the radio spectrum. This frequency range can provide both short-range and 

long-haul communications. However, it is also greatly influenced by the earth’s 

atmosphere. To communicate effectively in the HF spectrum, it is necessary to 

understand radio propagation and how the earth’s atmosphere affects this frequency 

range. 

1. Propagation 

Propagation describes how radio signals radiate outward from a transmitting 

source. A radio transmitter’s antenna emits radio waves much like the wave motion 

formed by dropping a stone in a pool of water. This action is simple to imagine for radio 

waves that travel in a straight line in free space. The true path radio waves take, and 

how the earth’s atmosphere affects these waves, is more complex. 

2. Earth’s Atmosphere 

The earth’s atmosphere is divided into three separate regions. The layers are the 

troposphere, the stratosphere, and the ionosphere. Most of the earth’s weather takes 

place in the troposphere, which extends from the earth’s surface to about 10 miles up. 

The weather variations in temperature, density, and pressure have a great effect on the 

propagation of radio waves. The stratosphere, which extends from roughly 10 to 30 

miles up, has little effect on radio wave propagation. The ionosphere, which extends 

from 30 to approximately 375 miles up, contains up to four cloud-like layers of 

electrically charged ions. It is this region and its ionized layers that enable radio waves 

to be propagated great distances. The ionosphere, and how it effects radio wave 

propagation, is discussed on page I-2. 

3. Types of Propagation 

There are two basic modes of propagation: ground waves and sky waves. Ground 

waves travel along the surface of the earth and are used primarily for short-range 

communications. Sky waves, reflected by the ionosphere, are “bounced” or reflected 

back to earth and provide a long-haul communications path, as well as short-range 

(0 to 180 miles or 300 kilometers [km]) communication in mountainous terrain. 

a. Ground Waves. Ground waves consist of three components: surface waves, 

direct waves, and ground-reflected waves. 

(1) Surface Waves. Surface waves travel along the surface of the earth, reaching 

beyond the horizon. Eventually, surface wave energy is absorbed by the earth. The 

effective range of surface waves is largely determined by the frequency and conductivity 

of the surface over which the waves travel. Bodies of water and flat land have the least 

amount of absorption, while desert and jungle areas have the greatest. For a given 

complement of equipment, the range may extend from 200 to 250 miles over a 

conductive, all-sea-water path. Over arid, rocky, nonconductive terrain, however, the 
I-2 

range may drop to less than 20 miles, even with the same equipment. If terrain is 

mountainous, the radio frequency signal will be reflected rather than continuing along 

the earth’s surface, thus significantly reducing range. Absorption also increases with an 

increase in frequency. When trying to communicate using surface wave energy, use the 

lowest possible frequency. 

(2) Direct Waves. Direct waves, also known as (AKA) line-of-sight (LOS) waves, 

travel in a straight line, becoming weaker as distance increases. They may be bent, or 

refracted, by the atmosphere; this extends their useful range slightly beyond the 

horizon. Transmitting and receiving antennas must be able to “see” each other for LOS 

communications to take place; therefore, antenna height is critical in determining 

range. Any obstructions (such as mountains or buildings) between the two antennas 

can block or reduce the signal using LOS communications. At higher frequencies, 

reception is optimized by matching the polarization/antenna position of the radios. 

(3) Ground-Reflected Waves. Ground-reflected waves are the portion of the 

propagated wave that is reflected from the surface of the earth between the transmitter 

and receiver. 

b. Sky Waves. Sky waves are radiated upward, making beyond LOS 

communications possible. At certain frequencies, radio waves are refracted (or bent), 

returning to earth hundreds or thousands of miles away. Depending on frequency, time 

of day (TOD), and atmospheric conditions, a signal can bounce several times before 

reaching a receiver. Near vertical incident sky waves (NVIS) are useful for short-range 

non-LOS communication at distances up to 200 miles. NVIS are reflected off the 

ionosphere at steep take-off angles. At such steep take-off angles, however, some of the 

HF energy penetrates the ionosphere and is lost. Usually, the HF band is used for sky 

wave propagation. Radio communications that use sky wave propagation depend on the 

ionosphere to provide the signal path between the transmitting and receiving antennas. 

Understanding sky wave propagation requires a knowledge of the effects of the 

ionosphere and solar activity on HF radio propagation and a familiarization with the 

techniques used to predict propagation and select the best frequencies for a particular 

link at a given time. Using sky waves can be tricky, since the ionosphere is constantly 

changing. Several different computer programs are available to aid in the prediction of 

frequencies for the best propagation. Figure I-1 shows the different propagation paths 

for HF radio waves. 
I-3 

Figure I-1. Propagation Paths for HF 

4. Ionosphere: Nature’s Satellite 

a. The ionosphere is a region of electrically charged particles or gases in the earth’s 

atmosphere, extending from approximately 50 to 600 km (30 to 375 miles) above the 

earth’s surface. Ionization—the process in which electrons are stripped from atoms and 

produce electrically charged particles—results from solar radiation. When the 

ionosphere becomes heavily ionized, the gases may even glow and be visible. This 

phenomenon is known as Northern and Southern Lights. 

b. Why is the ionosphere important in HF radio? This blanket of gases is like 

nature’s satellite, making most beyond LOS radio communications possible. When 

radio waves strike these ionized layers, depending on frequency, some are completely 

absorbed, others are refracted so they return to the earth, and still others pass through 

the ionosphere into outer space. Absorption tends to be greater at lower frequencies, 

and increases as the degree of ionization increases. Figure I-2 shows the angle at which 

sky waves enter the ionosphere, AKA the incident angle. 
I-4 

Figure I-2. Incident Angle 

c. Incident angle is determined by wavelength (such as frequency) and the type and 

orientation of the transmitting antenna. Like a billiard ball bouncing off a rail, a radio 

wave reflects from the ionosphere at the same angle at which it hits the ionosphere. 

Thus, the incident angle is an important factor in determining communications range. 

Communications with a distant station requires a greater incident angle, while 

communications with a nearby station requires a lesser incident angle. 

d. The incident angle of a radio wave is critical. If the incident angle is too nearly 

vertical and the electro-motive force of the transmitted signal is relatively small in that 

direction, the radio waves will pass through the ionosphere without being refracted back 

to earth. If the incident angle is too great, the radio waves will be absorbed by the lower 

layers before reaching the more densely ionized upper layers. In turn, the incident 

angle must be sufficient to bring the radio wave back to earth, yet not so great that it 

will lead to absorption. 

5. Layers of the Ionosphere 

a. Within the ionosphere, there are four layers of varying ionization (as illustrated 

in figure I-3). Since ionization is caused by solar radiation, the higher layers of the 

ionosphere tend to be more electrically dense, while the lower layers (protected by the 

outer layers) experience less ionization. Of these layers, the first, discovered in the 

early 1920s by Sir Edward Victor Appleton, was designated “E” for electric waves. 

Later, “D” and “F” were discovered and noted by these letters. Additional ionospheric 

phenomena were discovered through the 1930s and 1940s, such as sporadic E and 

aurora. The letters A, B, and C will be used to designate future discoveries. 
I-5 

Figure I-3. Layers of the Ionosphere 

b. The D layer is the lowest region affecting HF radio waves. Ionized only during 

the day, the D layer reaches maximum ionization when the sun is at its zenith, but 

dissipates quickly toward sunset. 

c. The E layer reaches maximum ionization at noon. It begins dissipating toward 

sunset and reaches minimum activity at midnight. Irregular cloud-like formations of 

ionized gases occasionally occur in the E layer. These regions, known as sporadic E, can 

support propagation of sky waves at the upper end of the HF band and beyond. 

Sporadic E regions appear and disappear quickly and at irregular intervals. Therefore, 

they are difficult to predict. For this reason, sporadic E communications cannot be 

depended upon to support mission essential communications. 
I-6 

d. The F layer is the most heavily ionized region of the ionosphere and, therefore, 

the most important for long-haul communications. At this altitude, the air is thin 

enough so the ions and electrons recombine very slowly and this layer retains its ionized 

properties even after sunset. 

e. In the daytime, the F layer consists of two distinct layers: F1 and F2. The F1 

layer, which exists only in the daytime and is negligible in winter, is not important to 

HF communications. 

f. The F2 layer reaches maximum ionization at noon and remains charged at night, 

gradually decreasing to a minimum just before sunrise. 

g. During the day, sky wave reflection from the F2 layer requires wavelengths 

short enough to penetrate the ionized D and E layers, but not so short as to pass 

through the F layer. Generally, frequencies from 8 to 20 MHz will be reflected back to 

earth during daytime hours and frequencies between 2 and 8 MHz will be reflected at 

nighttime hours. For NVIS nighttime communications, the most effective frequencies 

normally range between 2 and 5 MHz. 

6. Factors Affecting Atmospheric Ionization 

a. The intensity of solar radiation varies periodically, thereby affecting ionization. 

Solar radiation intensity can be predicted based on the TOD and season, and equipment 

adjustments made to limit or optimize ionization effects. 

b. Ionization is higher during spring and summer because the hours of daylight are 

longer. Sky waves are absorbed or weakened as they pass through the highly charged D 

and E layers, in effect, reducing the communication range of most HF bands. 

c. Because there are fewer hours of daylight during autumn and winter, less 

radiation reaches the D and E layers. Lower frequencies pass easily through these 

weakly ionized layers. Therefore, signals arriving at the F layer are stronger and 

reflected over greater distances. 

d. Another longer term periodic variation results from the 11-year sunspot cycle, 

shown in figure I-4. Sunspots generate bursts of radiation that cause higher levels of 

ionization—the more sunspots, the greater the ionization. During periods of low 

sunspot activity, frequencies above 20 MHz tend to be unusable because the E and F 

layers are too weakly ionized to reflect signals back to earth. At the peak of the sunspot 

cycle, however, it is not unusual to have worldwide propagation on frequencies above 30 

MHz. 
I-7 

Figure I-4. 11-Year Sunspot Cycle 

e. In addition to these regular variations, there is a class of unpredictable 

phenomena known as sudden ionospheric disturbances that can affect HF 

communications as well. Sudden ionospheric disturbances—random events due to solar 

flares—can disrupt sky wave communication for hours, or days, at a time. Solar flares 

produce intense ionization of the D layer, causing it to absorb most HF signals on the 

side of the earth facing the sun. 

f. Magnetic storms often follow the eruption of solar flares within 20 to 40 hours. 

Charged particles from the storms have a scattering effect on the F layer, temporarily 

neutralizing its reflective properties. 

7. Frequency and Path Optimization 

a. Because ionospheric conditions affect radio wave propagation, communicators 

must determine the best way to optimize radio frequencies at a particular time. The 

highest possible frequency that can be used to transmit over a particular path under 

given ionospheric conditions is the maximum usable frequency (MUF). Frequencies 

higher than the MUF penetrate the ionosphere and continue into space. Frequencies 

lower than the MUF tend to refract back to earth. 

b. As frequency is reduced, the amount of absorption of the signal by the D layer 

increases. Eventually, the signal is completely absorbed by the ionosphere. The 

frequency at which this occurs is called the lowest usable frequency. The “window” of 

usable frequencies, therefore, lies between the MUF and lowest usable frequency. 

c. The frequency of optimum transmission (FOT) is nominally 85 percent of the 

MUF. Generally, the FOT is lower at night and higher during the day. 

d. In addition to frequency, the route the radio signal travels must also be 

considered in optimizing communications. A received signal may be comprised of 

components arriving via several routes, including one or more sky wave paths and a 
I-8 

ground wave path. The arrival times of these components differ because of differences 

in path length; the range of time differences is the multipath spread. The effects of 

multipath spread can be minimized by selecting a frequency as close as possible to the 

MUF. Higher frequencies are generally less susceptible to atmospheric noise so 

communications can also be improved by choosing frequencies as close as possible to the 

MUF. 

8. Propagation Prediction Techniques 

a. Since many of the variables affecting propagation follow repetitive cycles and can 

be predicted, techniques for effectively determining FOT have been developed. 

b. A number of propagation prediction computer programs are available (see 

appendix H). One widely used and effective program is Voice of America Coverage 

Analysis Program (VOACAP), which predicts system performance at given times of day 

as a function of frequency for a given HF path and a specified complement of equipment. 

c. Of course, since computerized prediction methods are based on physical 

calculations and historic data, they cannot account for present conditions affecting 

communications, such as ionospheric changes caused by random phenomena 

(interference and noise). 
II-1 

Chapter II 

Automatic Link Establishment Overview 

Automatic link establishment (ALE) is a communication system that permits HF 

radio stations to call and link on the best HF channel automatically without operator 

assistance. Typically, ALE systems make use of recently measured radio channel 

characteristics stored in a memory matrix to select the best frequency. The system 

works much like a telephone in that each radio in a network is assigned an address 

(similar to a call sign). When not in use, each radio receiver constantly scans through 

its assigned frequencies, listening for calls addressed to it. 

1. ALE Linking Sequence 

a. To reach a specific station, the radio operator simply enters an address, just like 

dialing a telephone number. The radio consults its memory matrix and selects the best 

available assigned frequency. It then sends out a brief digital message containing the 

identification (ID) of the destination. When the receiving station hears its address, it 

stops scanning and stays on that frequency. The two stations automatically conduct a 

“handshake” to confirm that a link is established, and they are ready to communicate 

(see figure II-I). 

Figure II-1. ALE Linking Sequence 

b. The receiving station, which has been squelched, will emit an audible alert 

and/or a visual indication of the ALE address of the station that called to alert the 

operator of an incoming call. At the conclusion of the call, either operator can “hang-up” 

or terminate the link; a disconnect signal is sent to the other station and they each 

return to the scanning mode. 
II-2 

c. ALE can also be used for a group of stations using the ALE net call at the same 

time. In this situation, each receiving station answers back to the calling station in a 

certain sequence, which is set up during the ALE programming. Net calls must be used 

somewhat judiciously, as all called stations need to be in the same propagating region 

as the calling station. 

d. An HF communications network usually has a number of channels assigned. 

The ALE system has a link quality analysis (LQA) process that allows the radio to 

evaluate each of these channels to determine the best channel to place a call. 

e. At prescribed intervals, a station can be programmed to measure the signal 

quality on each assigned frequency (by listening to the sounding signals from the other 

stations in the network). The quality scores are stored in a matrix, listed by the other 

stations as ID versus channel. When a call to a certain station is initiated, the radio 

checks the matrix to determine the best quality frequency for the call to that particular 

station. It then attempts to link on that frequency. If the link cannot be established on 

that frequency, it will try again on the next best frequency, and so on until a link is 

established. If a link is not established after trying all the assigned frequencies, the 

radio will prompt the operator that a link could not be established. Sometimes when 

using the HF spectrum, communications between any two points may not be possible. 

In these cases, it is important to be persistent in attempts to communicate and consider 

using another station as a relay to get a message across. 

f. In the sample LQA matrix for the station headquarters (HQ) (table II-I), the 

channel numbers represent programmed frequencies; the numbers in the matrix are the 

most recent channel quality scores. In this example, scores range from 0 for the worst 

to 100 for the best. Actual LQA scoring varies between different vendors’ equipment. A 

blank (“___”) means the two radios could not use that channel to communicate. 

Table II-1 Link Quality Analysis Matrix 

Channels 

Address 01 02 03 04 05 

ALPHA 1 60 33 12 81 23 

ALPHA 2 10 -- 48 86 21 

ALPHA 3 -- -- 29 52 63 

g. Thus, if the operator from HQ wanted to call ALPHA 3, the radio would attempt 

to call on channel 05, which has the highest LQA score. If not successful, it would 

attempt to call on the channel with the next highest score (channel 04), and so on. 

h. When making multistation calls or a net call, the radio selects the channel with 

the best average score among the addresses in the net call. Thus, for a net call to all the 

addresses in the matrix, channel 04 would be used. 
II-3 

2. Generations of ALE 

a. Currently two generations of ALE are being used; these are commonly referred 

to as second generation (2G) and third generation (3G). This document primarily covers 

the 2G version of ALE. Military Standard (MIL-STD)-188-141A, appendix A and MILSTD-188-141B, appendix A (updated) covers 2G ALE. 

b. The newest ALE technology (3G) is immature and not yet widely fielded. This 

technology provides the following advantages over the 2G of ALE: 

• Faster link setup time. 

• Linking at lower signal-to-noise ratios. 

• Improved network channel efficiency. 

• ALE, 3G, and data traffic use the same family of high-performance serial 

waveforms. 

• Higher throughput for short and long data messages. 

c. These advantages incorporate synchronous scanning, a burst phase shift keying 

waveform, and a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance channel access 

procedure. MIL-STD-188-141B, appendix C, and STANAG 4538 are the applicable 

standards that cover the 3G of ALE. 

3. Frequency Selection 

a. For ALE to function properly, frequency selection is important. When selecting 

frequencies to use in a network, take into consideration the times of operation and 

distances to be communicated, power level used, type of antenna(s) used and so forth. 

b. When using the above parameters, a good propagation program should also be 

used to determine which frequencies will propagate. Appendix H lists some of the 

available propagation software programs and contact information. 

c. Consulting with the frequency manager early on in this process may save you a 

lot of work, since the manager may already have lists of approved frequencies that can 

be used for particular functions in given areas. 

4. Limitations 

a. ALE is a tool that automates HF linking and frequency selection. It does not 

replace a properly trained HF operator. Knowledge of the specific radio equipment 

being used, propagation, antennas, and so forth is still essential to use ALE effectively. 

b. ALE will not improve propagation. If poor propagating frequencies are used, 

ALE will not make them work better. ALE only works as well as the frequencies you 

put into it; therefore, proper frequency management is essential. 

c. ALE makes the linking process more automatic, allowing a novice HF user to use 

the radio effectively. However, ALE in some cases takes more time than it takes two 

highly trained HF operators to establish a link. 

d. ALE determines only the best channel to pass traffic and tries to establish a link 

between radios. The ALE function, in itself, does not provide data capability other than 

a simple automatic message display (AMD) in the ALE header signal or other 

equipment specific features. 
II-4 

e. Depending on the specific equipment used, ALE may not determine if the 

channel is busy with voice or data traffic before it transmits. An operator has no 

indication if two other stations are currently linked. 
III-1 

Chapter III 

ALE Parameters Overview 

Creating a network in ALE requires that a number of parameters be set the same 

across all radios in the network. These settings are determined by considerations such 

as type of radios in the network and the number of radios in the network. Due to the 

number of different data devices and types of data, this document does not cover the use 

of data in an ALE network. To show contrast between vendor equipment, a sample ALE 

communications plan for an AN/PRC-150(c) radio is included in appendix F (Example 

Radio Programming Application), and a sample communications plan for an AN/ARC220 radio is included in Appendix G (Example HF Communications Planning System 

(HF-CPS)). 

1. ALE Parameters 

a. The following lists of some of the ALE parameters provided to users. Different 

equipment may contain more or fewer parameters. 

(1) Address. This parameter assigns a unique call sign or address to each radio. 

The self address is the address assigned to the radio you are programming. The format 

is three to fifteen alphanumeric characters. Individual addresses are assigned to all 

other radios in the network. 

(2) ALL Call. This parameter determines if the radio will respond to an “ALL” 

call. An ALL Call attempts to link with all the ALE stations using a broadcast format. 

An ALL Call does not expect a response and does not designate a specific address. The 

letters A-L-L should not be used as a self or individual address. 

(3) AMD Allowed. This parameter enables (or disables) the ability of the radio to 

receive AMD messages. If this is turned off, your radio will not receive and store AMD 

messages sent to it. (This parameter does not exist in all vendors’ equipment.) 

(4) ANY Call. This parameter determines if the radio will respond to an “ANY” 

Call. An ANY Call attempts to link with all ALE stations in the same manner as with 

the ALL Call, except the individual stations are expected to respond at one of 16 

random intervals for linking purposes. The letters A-N-Y should not be used as a self or 

individual address. 

(5) Auto Display AMD. This parameter enables (or disables) the ability of the 

radio to display a received AMD message on its front panel. If this is turned off, your 

radio will not display AMD messages sent to it, but will store them in memory. For this 

feature to work, the AMD allowed parameter must be enabled. 

(6) Scan Set (AKA Channel Group or Scan List). This parameter groups 

individual channels together for use in an ALE network. The number of scan sets that 

can be created is dependent on the equipment used. 

(7) Key to Call. This parameter enables or disables a feature that allows the 

operator to simply key the microphone to place an ALE call to the last address called. 

This is like last number redial on a telephone. 
III-2 

(8) Activity Timeout (AKA Link Timeout or Return to Scan Timeout). This 

parameter returns the radio from a linked state to scan if the radio has not been keyed 

or has not received an ALE signal for a specified period of time. 

(9) Listen Before Transmit. This parameter forces the radio to monitor the 

channel for existing traffic before attempting an ALE call. Depending on the equipment 

used, the existing traffic can be an ALE handshake, voice, or data. 

(10) LQA in Call. This parameter enables (or disables) a feature that forces the 

radio to do an LQA before attempting an ALE call. 

(11) Maximum Scan Channels (AKA Call Duration). This parameter is used in 

ALE to determine the link call time to stations within the net. The calling station’s call 

needs to last long enough so the receiving station(s) have time to complete their scan 

cycle. This parameter must be set for the worst case radio in the network. For example, 

all radios scan five channels except one which scans 10, all radios in the network must 

set Max Scan Channels to 10. 

(12) Maximum Tune Time. This parameter sets the length of time the calling 

station waits for the target station to tune its antenna coupler and power amplifier and 

respond to the call. This parameter must be set for the slowest radio tune time in the 

network. If all radios in the network tune in four seconds except one, which takes six 

seconds, all radios in the network must set this parameter to 6 seconds. 

(13) Net Address. This is a list of the addresses in a network. The net address 

requires all radios to be programmed identically. The order of all addresses in the 

network (including your self address) must be the same in all radios. 

(14) Scan Rate (AKA Scan Minimum Dwell, 1/Scan Rate). This parameter sets 

the rate that the frequencies will be scanned. All radios in the network must be set at 

the same scan rate. 

2. Channel Parameters 

In addition to the ALE parameters, the radios have to be programmed with channel 

parameters. Depending on the equipment used, these parameters may include— 

• Channel number. 

• Frequency (both receive and transmit). 

• Power emission. 

• Modulation type (AKA emission mode). 

• Automatic gain control (AGC). 

• Channel bandwidth. 

• Receive (RX) only (if set to YES, this channel is used just for receive only). 

• Sound enable/disable. 

• Sounding interval. 

3. Communications Security 

Communications security (COMSEC) must be programmed in all radios in the 

network. The planner must ensure that all stations are using compatible COMSEC 

devices and that the same keying material (KEYMAT) is used. 
III-3 

4. System Specific Parameters 

Each system has specific parameters that must be programmed (such as modem 

settings, pre/post selector settings). This document does not cover all these settings due 

to the variety of different systems and different parameters. 

5. Electronic Counter-Counter Measures 

When required, electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) must be programmed 

in all radios in the network. The planner must ensure that all stations are using the 

same transmission security key material. 

6. Linking Protection 

When required, linking protection (LP) must be programmed in ALE operation for 

all radios in the network. The planner must ensure that all stations are using the same 

level of LP and LP key material. 

IV-1 

Chapter IV 

Multi-Service ALE Network Overview 

Achieving effective communications among all users of HF-ALE compatible radios 

on the modern battlefield requires detailed planning and coordination at multiple 

echelons within a joint force. This chapter describes the respective functions and 

responsibilities of the joint forces, Services, and key personnel, with respect to HF-ALE 

operations. 

1. Functions and Responsibilities 

a. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The JCS provides overall guidance on joint US 

military frequency engineering and management. The JCS have delegated certain 

authority to carry out this responsibility to the Chairman of the Military 

Communications-Electronics Board. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) 

reserves the authority to resolve disputes. 

b. Joint Force Commander (JFC). The JFC is responsible for all facets of 

communications in the area of operations (AO). The JFC delegates the authority for 

communications coordination to the communications or signal special staff office of the 

Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems Directorate (J6). 

c. Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Systems Directorate. 

(1) The JFC's J6 is a functionally organized staff that controls and coordinates 

joint signal services for all elements in the joint operation or exercise. Normally when a 

joint force is using HF-ALE compatible radios, the J6 is responsible for the following: 

(a) Designating and distributing joint HF-ALE operating parameters 

including LP. 

(b) Publishing standing operating procedures (SOP) for communications. 

(c) Providing frequency management for joint HF-ALE nets. 

(d) Coordinating with host government for frequencies. 

(e) Controlling COMSEC assignment and use. 

(f) Establishing and assigning hierarchy for joint nets. 

(g) Establishing and assigning user addresses for joint forces. 

(h) Controlling ECCM assignment and use. 

(2) The J6 publishes procedures for the following actions in the operation plan 

(OPLAN) and operation order: 

(a) Operating in fixed (single-channel) or ALE modes. 

(b) Using channel plans. 

(c) Assigning and using traffic encryption key (TEK). 

(d) Determining applicable dates for net configurations. 
IV-2 

(e) Assigning hierarchy for joint nets. 

(f) Establishing common network time. 

(g) Developing key management plans. 

(h) Developing emergency destruction plans. 

(3) In joint operations, all Services in the same tactical operating area will use 

HF-ALE compatible radios. Frequency management must occur at the highest multiService command level. For effective operations, a communications coordination 

committee should be composed of assigned J6 personnel and necessary augmentation 

personnel. The communications coordination committee should include— 

(a) Lead Service HF-ALE network coordinator. 

(b) The COMSEC custodian and/or communications-electronics operating 

instruction (CEOI) manager from the appropriate staff section. 

(c) The special plans officer from the operations directorate of a joint staff 

(J3) plans section. 

(d) The host-country frequency coordinator. 

(e) Frequency managers from the joint and Service frequency management 

offices. 

(f) The J3 aviation officer. 

(g) The J3 maritime officer. 

(h) A representative from each Service/functional component command J6, 

C6, or Army or Marine Corps component command, control, communications, and 

computer systems staff officer (G6) capable of accurately representing the component 

requirements, capabilities, and limitations. 

(4) The communications coordination committee must be identified and available 

prior to the execution of the OPLAN. They must be knowledgeable on Service-unique 

communications requirements and the operation and management of HF-ALE 

computer-based data management systems (such as the Joint Automated CEOI System 

or Revised Battlefield Electronics CEOI System, Automated Communications 

Engineering Software, and the Air Force Key Data Management System). 

(5) The communications coordination committee works with the intelligence 

directorate of a joint staff (J2) and the J3 section for planning electronic warfare (EW). 

The J3 establishes the joint commander’s electronic warfare staff (JCEWS) for planning 

EW operations. JCEWS normally consists of the J2, J3, EW officer, J6, and 

representatives from component Services. 

(6) The JCEWS coordinates all EW emissions in the joint arena. After 

coordination is complete, the J6 publishes a joint restricted frequency list (JRFL). It 

specifies the frequency allocations for communication and jamming missions restricted 

from use by anyone except those performing the jamming mission. The JFC has final 

approval of the JRFL, which must be continually updated to maximize effectiveness of 

EW assets and communications systems. The JRFL should contain only those 

frequencies that, when jammed, would jeopardize the mission and endanger personnel. 

A JFRL that contains too many frequencies defeats the purpose of the JRFL. 
IV-3 

(7) Working with host-nation authorities, the communications coordination 

committee also builds the frequency list for the channel plans. In building the list, the 

committee should use HF propagation tools (such as systems planning, engineering, and 

evaluation device [SPEED], VOACAP, Rockwell Collins propagation software 

[PROPMAN]). 

2. Planning 

a. Frequency and Network Management Responsibilities. 

(1) Frequency and Network Management. Joint force operations require 

frequency and network management at theater levels for interoperability. Combined 

operations will also require frequency and network management if allies use HF-ALE 

compatible radios. Inside the borders, airspace, or territorial waters of foreign 

countries, US forces have no independent authority to use radio frequencies. They are 

subject to existing international agreements. The US Department of State and theater 

commander coordinates these agreements with allied governments. 

(2) Frequency Allocations Assignments. Frequency assignments are area 

dependent; thus when units change their AO, frequency planning must be addressed 

early to minimize disruptions in the operation. Users must approach the spectrum 

management process in a manner consistent with the combatant commander’s policy for 

spectrum management. The J6 usually develops the commander’s policy, which 

includes documents such as the OPLAN and joint communications-electronics operating 

instruction (JCEOI). At each level, users must identify and submit spectrum 

requirements to the Joint Frequency Management Office (JFMO) or Joint Spectrum 

Management Element (JSME) as appropriate. Users are also responsible for operating 

their electromagnetic radiating equipment in accordance with parameters authorized by 

the frequency assignment process. Due to the long lead time required to coordinate 

spectrum assignments, users should submit their requests for frequencies early in their 

planning cycle. After receiving assignments, the JFMO/JSME will generate editions to 

the JCEOI/signal operating instructions, print out a hard copy for issue and usage, and 

create frequency lists needed for operations. 

(3) Network Allocations. Network allocations are mission dependent; thus when 

units change their AO, net planning must address and implement timely updates to 

minimize disruptions in the operation. The lead Service HF-ALE network manager 

must contact the JFMO/JSME for frequencies. The HF-ALE network manager will then 

validate the master address list and net assignments prior to generation. After 

receiving frequency assignments, the network manager will generate the required 

channel plan, print out both paper and electronic copy for issue and usage, and create 

channel plans needed for operations. (See figures IV-I and IV-II.) 
IV-4 

Minimum Format Items 

(Check w/ Frequency Manager) 

005. Security Classification (UB) 

010. Type of Action (N) = New 

102. Serial Number 

110. Frequencies - K2000-M30 

113. Station Class (ML) Mobile Land 

114. Emission Designator (2K80J3E) 

115. Transmitter Power (in watts) (W400) 

116. Power Type (P) 

130. Usage Hours Per Day (1H24) 

131. Percentage of Use 

140. Required Date (YYYYMMDD) 

141. Expiration Date (YYYYMMDD) 

144. O 

147. Joint Service (AF, AR) 

200. Agency (USA, USN, USAF, or NSA) 

204. Command (Unit) 

205. SubCommand 

207. Operating Unit 

300. Transmitter Location, State, or Country 

301. Transmitter Antenna Location 

303. World Geodetic System 1948 (WGS 84) DATUM (Latitude and Longitude in Deg. Min, Sec) 

340. Transmitter Equipment Nomenclature (G,AN/URC-121) 

343. Transmitter Equipment Allocation Status (JF-12 number from DD 1494) (J/F 12/0XXXX) 

354. Antenna Name 

356. Antenna Structure Height (In Meters) 

357. Antenna gain 

358. Antenna Elevation 

359. Antenna Feed Point Height (In Meters) 

362. Antenna Orientation 

363. Antenna Polarization 

400. Receiver Location, State or Country 

401. Receiver Antenna Location 

403. World Geodetic System 1948 (WGS 84) DATUM (Latitude and Longitude in Deg. Min, Sec) 

407. Path Length (In Kilometers) 

440. Receiver Equipment Nomenclature (G, AN/URC-121) 

443. Receiver Equipment Allocation Status (JF-12 number from DD 1494) (J/F 12/0XXXX) 

454. Antenna Name 

455. Antenna Structure Height (In Meters) 

457. Antenna Gain 

458. Antenna Elevation 

459. Antenna Feed Point Height (In Meters) 

462. Antenna Orientation 

463. Antenna Polarization 

502. Description of Requirement 

511. Major Function Identifier 

512. Intermediate Function Identifier 

513. Detailed Function Identifier 

702. MAJCOM Tracking Number 

704. Type Service (S-Simplex, D-Duplex) 

716. Usage Code (3) 

803. Requester Data (Rank, Name, Telephone Number) 

804. Tuning Range/Increments 

805. Date Required (YYYYMMDD) 

806. Host nation Nominations Acceptable (Yes or No) 

910. Exercise, Mission or Project Name 

Figure IV-1. Standard Frequency Action Format Example 
IV-5 

005. UB 

010. N 

110. K2000-M30 

113. ML 

114. 2K80J3E 

115. W35 

140. 20010430 

141. 20010530 

144. O 

147. AR, AF 

200. USA 

204. UNIT INFORMATION (SMD) COMMAND 

207. UNIT INFORMATION (RS) Operating Unit 

300. CA 

301. FT IRWIN 

303. 351500N1164000W 

340. G, AN/PRC-150C 

343. J/F 12/04167/6 

354. WHIP 

356. 6 

357.0 

358. 2283 

359. 6 

362. ND 

363. V 

400. DE 

401. DOVER AFB 

403. 390736N0752754W 

407. 

440. G, AN/PRC-150C 

443. J/F 12/04167/6 

454. LOGPERIODIC 

456. 15 

457. 20 

458. 30 

459.15 

462. R 

463. V 

502. REQUIRED FOR COMMAND AND CONTROL DURING ROTATION 

511. GROUND OPERATIONS 

512. INFANTRY 

513. COMMAND AND CONTROL 

520. REQUEST 3 IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BANDS 

520/2. 2-3K, 4-5K, 6-12K, 12-15K, 15-17K, 17-18K, 

520/3. 19-20K, 20-23K, 23-25K, 25-30K 

702. 1-10SFG2003-0012 

704. 3510 

716.3 

803. SGT Jon Doe, 123-4567/4568 

804. K2000-K3000/100K 

805. 20010422 

806. YES 

910. Joint Enterprise

Figure IV-2. Standard Frequency Action Format Example for HF-ALE 
IV-6 

b. Compatibility and Interoperability. To support HF-ALE compatibility and 

interoperability between all Service components, planners must coordinate with J6 and 

their subordinate organizations. This coordination ensures that all combat and combat 

support elements have the following: 

(1) Equipment. 

(a) Interoperability. Equipment interoperability is a major issue in network 

planning for HF-ALE systems. While many US forces use HF-ALE-compatible radios, 

the radios of allied nations may not be interoperable with MIL STD 188-141 HF-ALE. 

Therefore, plans should address interfaces between HF and HF-ALE capable radios or 

lateral placement of interoperable radios in non-ALE command posts. 

(b) Cryptographic (Crypto) Management. The J6 should manage the use of 

crypto materials (key lists and devices) to ensure security and crypto interoperability at 

all levels. US forces may need to augment allied forces with US equipment and 

personnel for crypto interoperability as appropriate. Prior coordination is essential for 

mission accomplishment. 

(2) HF-ALE Channel Plan Data. 

(a) The J6 network manager is responsible for managing and generating 

multi-Service HF-ALE channel plan data (see figure IV-3). 

Figure IV-3. Echelons Capable of Generating HF-ALE Network Plan Data 
IV-7 

(b) The larger the number of frequencies and wider the distribution across 

the HF range, the better HF-ALE will perform. The minimum size for an effective 

channel plan is mission-dependent. Typically, the optimal channel plan of 10 to 12 

frequencies, spread across the frequency range, will adequately support both voice and 

data HF-ALE operations. As the number of frequencies in the channel plan decreases, 

the choices of LQA become limited, and may become zero. In addition, as the number of 

frequencies in the channel plan increases beyond the optimal number (10 to 12 

frequencies), the time required to conduct LQA and establish links increases. 

Aggressively scrutinizing frequency selections and using the optimal number of 

frequencies per channel plan ensures the best possible HF-ALE performance. 

(c) The use of global positioning system (GPS) Greenwich Mean Time 

(GMT) provides a common time reference that simplifies ALE LP operation and ECCM 

net synchronization. Use of GPS GMT with a common ALE database LP TEK and 

ECCM TEK enables operators to link quickly and frequency hop. 

• Use of the GPS. Maintaining accurate time is best accomplished 

using the GPS. TOD server will update time in HF-ALE-compatible radios using GPS 

GMT time from the precise lightweight GPS receiver or other time sources. 

• TOD Server. As required, J6 will establish a TOD server for joint 

HF-ALE nets. The J6 must coordinate this TOD server with all theater Services and 

echelons of command. 

(d) All HF-ALE radios, whether operating in fixed, ALE, ALE with LP, or 

ECCM, will operate in the cipher text (CT) mode whenever possible. HF-ALE radios 

have either embedded COMSEC or an external COMSEC device. Either the National 

Security Agency or the JFC designates the controlling authority (CONAUTH), 

depending on the circumstances, for all crypto-net operations. The CONAUTH J6 

provides overall staff supervision. COMSEC data includes TEK and key encryption key 

(KEK). 

• TEK. The normal effective period for the TEK is 30 days; however, 

the CONAUTH may specify a shorter period or extend the period under emergency 

conditions. 

• KEK. KEKs have an effective period of 90 days; however, the 

CONAUTH may authorize deviations as dictated by operations. Unit SOPs will 

describe routine loading of KEKs in all radios or the storing of the KEK in a fill device 

until needed. 

• Keying Material Compromise. When substantial evidence exists of a 

compromise of COMSEC keying material for HF-ALE radios, the CONAUTH will take 

immediate action. There is a range of options including immediate implementation of 

new keys and, if necessary, continued use of compromised key(s) until an uncompromised key can be implemented. CONAUTH will consider the tactical situation, 

the time needed to distribute reserve data, and the time required to reestablish 

communications after COMSEC key(s) are superseded. 

3. HF-ALE Data Distribution 

a. General. The J6 will manage the overall distribution of the joint HF-ALE 

channel plan and COMSEC data throughout the AO. The channel plan will be 
IV-8 

distributed using paper, or electronically via secure means. Subordinate 

communications staff offices are responsible for forwarding their net requirements to 

their higher HQ. Staffs at each echelon must distribute data appropriately packaged for 

their users, whether routine or under emergency conditions, to ensure that critical 

communications are not disrupted. Staffs can distribute the data physically, 

electronically, or using a combination of both. 

b. Distribution within a Joint Force Command. 

(1) Responsibilities. In joint force operations, the J6 has responsibility for 

generating or importing the joint HF-ALE channel plans and COMSEC keys. The J6 

distributes this data directly to the component communications staffs. If appropriate, 

the J6 can delegate the generation and distribution of the joint HF-ALE channel plans 

and COMSEC keys to the Service/functional components. 

(2) Liaison. The J6 staff is responsible for providing the joint frequencies, HF 

data, HF-ALE channel plan, and any other CEOI information to the Service liaison 

personnel. Liaison personnel include ground liaison officers at air units, air liaison 

officers to ground units, and battlefield coordination elements. These individuals and 

units are important links to the Service or HQ they support. After receiving the 

HF-ALE channel plan and COMSEC data from their Service or functional component, 

liaison personnel can distribute the data to the unit they support. 

(3) Intratheater. HF-ALE channel plans are mission dictated and cannot be 

prepackaged by the warfighting commanders supporting joint force operations. They 

are mission-specific for a wide range of standing OPLANs and contingency plans. In the 

mission planning stage, HF-ALE channel plans should be generated and included with 

the COMSEC material. 
IV-9 

c. Distribution within Services and/Components. 

(1) Army Forces (ARFOR) (see figure IV-4). The Army component CONAUTH 

receives and disseminates the HF-ALE channel plan, including LP, ECCM, and 

COMSEC data to subordinate echelons. Depending on the situation, the CONAUTH 

may be at the field Army, corps, or division level. Most often, the CONAUTH will be at 

the corps level. 

Figure IV-4. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Army Units 
IV-10 

(2) Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) (see figure IV-5). The Marine Corps 

component CONAUTH receives and disseminates the HF-ALE channel plan and 

COMSEC data to subordinate echelons. Depending on the situation, the CONAUTH 

may be at the Marine expeditionary force (MEF), Marine expeditionary brigade, or 

Marine expeditionary unit. Most often, the CONAUTH will be at the MEF level. 

Figure IV-5. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Marine Corps Units 
IV-11 

(3) Navy Forces (NAVFOR) (see figure IV-6). The Naval component CONAUTH 

receives and disseminates the HF-ALE channel plan and COMSEC data to subordinate 

echelons. Most often, the CONAUTH will be at the numbered fleet, task force 

commander, amphibious task force commander, task group commander, carrier group 

commander, or task unit commander level. 

Figure IV-6. Channel Plan Distribution within Naval Forces 
IV-12 

(4) Air Force Forces (AFFOR) (see figure IV-7). The Air Force component 

CONAUTH receives and disseminates the HF-ALE channel plan and COMSEC data to 

subordinate echelons. Depending on the situation, the CONAUTH may be at the Air 

expeditionary task force, major command, wing, or unit. Most often, the CONAUTH 

will be at the air expeditionary task force level. 

Figure IV-7. Channel Plan Data Distribution within Air Force Units 
IV-13 

4. HF-ALE Addressing 

The HF-ALE network administrator will coordinate HF-ALE addressing in a joint 

environment. Three to 15 characters can be used as the HF-ALE self address depending 

on the system parameters. Using fewer characters in the address will optimize the 

speed of HF-ALE operations. However, due to operational considerations on some 

networks, it may be practical to use other forms of addressing techniques. In a joint 

HF-ALE network, an effective technique is to use the letter identifiers for the respective 

Service, as per table IV-1. No governing body has been identified in this document for 

issues or deconfliction of HF-ALE addresses. There is a potential of more than one 

agency/Service to have the same HF-ALE radio address (frequency deconfliction and 

HF-ALE radio address deconfliction are separate issues). 

Note: In accordance with Department of Defense (DOD) HF-ALE concepts of 

operations, AF0005 through AF0009 are reserved for Mystic Star and 

Presidential aircraft. 

Table IV-1. HF-ALE Self Addressing 

 Air Force Army Coast 

Guard Marine Corps Navy 

Self Address AFxxxx Rxxxxx CGxxxx MCxxxx NAxxxx 

Example AF0001 R00197 CG1034 MC10 NA987 

 FEMA NATO SOF Homeland 

Security Other 

Self Address FExxxx NTxxxx SFxxxx HSxxxx XXxxxx 

Example FE101 NT0297 SF4 HS1210 XX7345 

V-1 

Chapter V 

Individual Service Communications Staff Office 

and Radio Operator Guidance 

This chapter provides guidance to each Service’s HF radio network coordinator and 

radio operator on how to implement and operate in a joint HF-ALE voice network. This 

chapter describes the network details provided by the JFC’s J6, how to use this 

information, and key points to consider when incorporating the network into a 

previously established HF communications architecture. These guidelines are also 

applicable to operating in civil nets. 

1. General Description 

The technical details are the actual HF radio settings and network architecture. 

The operational details are the rules for operating within the network. This 

information is broken into three sections: (1) overall plan information, (2) technical 

details, and (3) network SOPs. If any of the information is not provided or is incomplete 

or unclear, the network manager or operator should ask for complete details or 

clarification from the source that provided the original information. A graphical 

representation of the network architecture is shown in figure V-1. The following 

information amplifies ALE parameters discussed in chapter III. 

a. Overall Plan Information. The overall plan includes information such as how the 

entire HF-ALE network is set up, purpose of network, architecture, and type of network. 

Information to be included in the overall plan includes, but is not limited to— 

(1) Joint HF-ALE network users. 

(2) Fixed station locations (if applicable). 

(3) Voice, data, or both. 

(4) Operational windows. 

(5) Encryption standard. 

(6) Any unique instructions (such as North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] 

net SOPs). 
V-2 

Theater Planning 

Identify Nets that are to be used 

NET 1. Define: 

• Assigned stations 

• Call signs 

• Modems assigned to net presets 

• Encryption type and key 

• ALE Parameters (tune time, number scan channels, 

etc.)

NET 2 NET....... NET N 

Scan sets/channel groups 

Select channels assigned to 

each scan set

Identify stations in net station 

name 

ALE same/address

Channels 

and 

Stations 

Channels 

and 

Stations 

Channels 

and 

Stations 

Channel Definitions 

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel........... Channel X 

Freq (TX & Rcv) 

Modulation type 

• AGC 

• Bandwidth 

Freq (TX & Rcv) 

Modulation type 

• AGC 

• Bandwidth 

Freq (TX and Rcv) 

Modulation type 

• AGC 

• Bandwidth 

Figure V-1. Theater Network Architecture 

b. Technical Details. This is a brief description of the technical parameters 

required to operate within the network. For many of these parameters, entering a 

wrong setting will mean your HF radio will not be able to link with another HF radio in 

the network. An example of the required information is shown in appendix F. 

(1) Channel Definitions. This defines the transmit-receive parameters of each 

channel. The following information will be provided for each channel: 

(a) Channel frequency. 

(b) Channel modulation type (AKA emission mode). 

(c) AGC. 

(d) Bandwidth. 

(e) Sound enable/disable. 

(f) Sounding interval. 

(2) Scan Sets (AKA channel groups, nets, or scan list). This defines how the 

channels are grouped together and assigns each group a name. 

(3) Participating Station Identification. This section assigns ALE addresses to 

all expected network members and their group associations, including self addresses. 

Some HF-ALE radio systems require this information to be pre-loaded before it will 

recognize another participant. Other systems will automatically load the station’s ALE 

address when it is heard broadcasting on the net. 
V-3 

(4) ALE Parameter Configuration. This is the list of ALE parameters that 

govern how every HF-ALE system in the network operates. A list identifying and 

defining the minimum parameters is provided in chapter III. 

c. Network SOP. This section identifies the general rules for participating in the 

net. These procedures are the same as the operational procedures required for typical 

communications circuits. It should include items such as— 

(1) Check-in/check-out procedures. 

(2) Designated operating times. 

(3) Type/priority of traffic. 

(4) How/when network settings will be changed. 

(5) Instructions for operating with non US military participants (allied/coalition 

forces, civilian agencies). 

2. Actions Required 

This paragraph describes the actions to be taken after the general, technical, and 

operational details are identified. First, the Service coordination staff should ensure 

that the available equipment is compatible with the technical and operational 

requirements and that all equipment is interoperable. Interoperability should include 

verification of COMSEC and key management. 

a. Once compatibility is confirmed, the Service coordination staff should determine 

how the network operational requirements are to be distributed to each user. For 

example, if all net participants are using the same type of radio, the Service 

coordination staff may e-mail configuration files with all settings preloaded. If different 

types of equipment are used, text documents or messages listing all the settings may be 

required. 

b. Operators must refer to their SOPs or individual equipment manuals to set the 

required network configurations for their specific radios. 

3. Implementation Considerations 

This paragraph offers insight into potential implementation issues that should be 

considered by the Service coordination staff or operator. 

a. Impact to Current Mission Equipment Requirements. Service coordination staff 

and operators need to determine how to implement a joint HF-ALE network with their 

current inventory of equipment. This may mean adding the joint HF-ALE network into 

a HF system along with pre-existing ALE networks, or dedicating an HF system solely 

to the joint network. When making this decision, Service coordination staff and 

operators should consider how the joint HF-ALE network parameters might affect the 

pre-existing HF-ALE networks. 

b. KEYMAT Management. If the joint network is added to an HF system that will 

be used in other HF-ALE networks, the Service coordination staff and operator should 

note any differences in COMSEC (such as different KEYMAT, or different KEYMAT 

shift times) between the networks, and develop an implementation plan that will 

minimize network interruption due to these differences. 

A-1 

Appendix A 

High Frequency Global Communications System 

The high frequency global communications system (HFGCS) is a 24-hour/7-day 

nonsecure network used by the President and Secretary of Defense, the DOD, and other 

federal departments, and allied users equipped with HF-ALE radio technology in 

support of command and control between aircraft/ships and associated ground stations. 

The system consists of fifteen communication stations. Fourteen stations are remotely 

controlled from the Central Network Control Station (CNCS) at Andrews Air Force 

Base, Maryland. Radio operators at the CNCS use position consoles to control 

individually each remote HF global station. Figure A-1 depicts system architecture and 

interstation connectivity. When authorized by the HFGCS ALE network manager, joint 

ALE users can use the HFGCS ALE network (see appendix B). 

Figure A-1. Interstation Connectivity Architecture 
A-2 

ALE Parameters 

DOD HF-ALE subject matter experts recommend the following parameters be used 

for interoperability and operation in the HFGCS ALE Network (see table A-1). All ALE 

systems configurations may not require the parameters and/or settings listed for 

HFGCS ALE network operation. 

Table A-1. Recommended Joint ALE Configuration Parameters 

Configuration Parameters Settings 

Adaptive Sounding Disable 

Allow all calls Enable 

Allow any calls Disable 

AMD in acknowledgment Disable 

Call alert Enable 

Call duration 11 seconds 

Call reject duration 30 seconds 

Command LQA Disable 

Data monitor duration 60 seconds 

Data monitor hang time 10 seconds 

Delay power-on sounding Disable 

Initiate call with push-to-talk Enable 

Keep-alive transmission 100 seconds (if equipped) 

Listen before call time Enable 

LQA degrade interval 3 minutes 

LQA degrade method 1 linear 

LQA maximum age 120 minutes 

LQA reject threshold 1 (minimum) 

LQA sounding interval 45 minutes 

Maximum address characters 9 

Maximum call attempts 5 

Network tune time 12 seconds 

Power-on in initial automatic reset Enable 

Rank order 3 

Receive LQA process method 3 

RCU programming Enable 

Scan minimum dwell time 500 milliseconds 

(2 channels/second) 

Scanning between sounds Enable 

Sound duration 11 seconds 

Sounding retry time 4 minutes 

Terminate link transmission Enable 
A-3 

Table A-2. Recommended Joint ALE System Parameters 

System Parameters Settings 

Automatic sounding Enable 

Call alert bells 3 seconds 

Default verbose level 7 (MIL STD ALE) 

Default waveform MIL STD ALE 

LQA output Enable 

Priority override Disable 

Return-to-scan time 120 seconds 

Voice monitor duration 60 seconds 

Table A-3. Recommended Joint ALE Channel Parameters 

Channel Parameters Settings 

Antenna direction 0 

Antenna number 0 

Channel number Channel number in ascending 

order for each channel in the scan 

list 

Frequency designator Applicable designator from the 

frequency list 

Link protection Disabled 

Receive audio mode Voice 

Receive emission mode USB 

Receive frequency Enter in kHz 

Receive only Disable 

Sound Enable 

Sound duration 11 seconds 

Sound interval 45 minutes 

Transmit audio mode Voice 

Transmit emission mode USB 

Transmit frequency Enter in kHz 

Transmitter power level Enter HIGH 

Voice monitor Disabled 

B-1 

Appendix B 

Established and Proposed ALE Networks 

Established Networks 

I. High Frequency Global Communications System (HFGCS) 

Managing Agency: HFGCS, Andrews AFB, MD 

DSN: 858-5333 

Commercial: (301) 981-5333 

Web Address: 

Purpose/Use: Global communications. 

Voice: Yes 

Data: Yes, HF Messenger 

Users: DOD and others as authorized 

Area of Coverage: Worldwide 

Special Capabilities: Automatic phone patching 

COMSEC: NSA Type 1 via KIV-7 

II. Customs Over the Horizon Enforcement Network 

Managing Agency: US Customs Service (USCS) 

DSN: 

Commercial: (800) 829-6336 

Web Address: 

Purpose/Use: Law enforcement operations coordination 

Voice: Yes 

Data: No 

Users: USCS mobile units and other government agency assets, as allowed 

Area of Coverage: CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Caribbean, South America 

Special Capabilities: Asset tracking via tracking and communication system (TRACS); protected 

phone patching via telephone to radio interface communications system (TRICS) 

COMSEC: Type III Data Encryption Standard (DES) protected using VP-110 and VP-116 

III. Shared Resources 

Managing Agency: National Communications System (NCS) 

DSN: 

Commercial: 

Web Address: http://www.ncs.gov/n3/shares/shares.htm 

Purpose/Use: Supporting national security and emergency preparedness 

Voice: Yes 

Data: HF e-mail 

Users: Open to all (contact NCS for participation) 

Area of Coverage: CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii 

Special Capabilities: 

COMSEC: 
B-2 

IV. National Guard Bureau HF E-mail 

Managing Agency: National Guard Bureau 

DSN: 

Commercial: 

Web Address: 

Purpose/Use: Linking states/regions by e-mail 

Voice: Yes 

Data: Yes, HF E-mail 

Users: State emergency operation centers 

Area of Coverage: CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands 

Special Capabilities: No 

COMSEC: No 

Proposed Networks (Networks Under Development) 

I. National Emergency Response Net 

Managing Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 

DSN: 

Commercial: (940) 898-5321 

Web Address: www.FEMA.gov 

Purpose/Use: National emergency coordination 

Voice: Yes 

Data: 

Users: As assigned by FEMA 

Area of Coverage: CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands 

Special Capabilities: 

COMSEC: None 

II. US Coast Guard Coordination Network 

Managing Agency: US Coast Guard 

DSN: None 

Commercial: (202) 267-1225 

Web Address: 

Purpose/Use: General operations asset coordination 

Voice: Yes 

Data: No 

Users: US Coast Guard assets and other government agencies as allowed 

Area of Coverage: CONUS and 200+ nautical miles (nm) offshore, North and South Pacific 

Ocean, Caribbean, and Central America 

Special Capabilities: Automatic phone patching 

COMSEC: Type I – ANDVT 
B-3 

III. US Coast Guard HF Data Exchange Network 

Managing Agency: US Coast Guard 

DSN: None 

Commercial: (202) 267-1225 

Web Address: 

Purpose/Use: Record message traffic and e-mail exchange 

Voice: No 

Data: Yes, HF Messenger 

Users: US Coast Guard assets and other government agencies as allowed. 

Area of Coverage: CONUS and 200+nm offshore, North and South Pacific Ocean, Caribbean, 

and Central America 

Special Capabilities: No 

COMSEC: Type I via KIV-7 

C-1 

Appendix C 

Exclusion Band 

The following frequencies are reserved for specific purposes, and should never be 

used in an ALE network. 

Any frequency not assigned 

2,182 kHz - international distress standard voice 

2,187.5 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

4,207.5 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

6,312 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

8,414.5 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

12,577 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

16,804.5 kHz - international distress digital selective calling 

2,500 kHz - worldwide time signal (WWV) 

5,000 kHz - worldwide time signal (WWV) 

10,000 kHz - worldwide time signal (WWV) 

15,000 kHz - worldwide time signal (WWV) 

20,000 kHz - worldwide time signal (WWV) 

D-1 

Appendix D 

Joint Interoperability Test Command Certified ALE 

Radios and Capability Matrix 

Joint Interoperability Test Command is located at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. A 

complete, updated list of all radios certified for compliance with 2G ALE (either 

MIL STD 188-141A or MIL STD 188-141B, appendix A, Interoperability and 

Performance Standards for Medium and High Frequency Radio Systems) and 3G ALE 

(MIL-STD-188-141B, appendix C) can be found at http://jitc.fhu.disa.mil/it/cert.htm. 

The following is a list of the radios that have been certified for compliance as of 12 

December 2002 (see table D-1). 

Table D-1 Joint Interoperability Test Command Certified ALE Radios and Capability Matrix 

Nomenclature 

188-141A 

Appendix A 

Certification Date 

188-141B 

Appendix B 

Certification Date 

188-141B 

Appendix C 

Certification Date 

AN/ARC-220 

AVRC-100 07/26/02 07/26/02 

AN/PRC-137C 03/20/95 

AN/PRC-137F/G 11/25/98 

AN/PRC-138 03/20/00 

AN/PRC-150(C) 

(RT-1694D(P)(C)/U) 06/03/02 

RT-1446/RF 7210 11/09/96 

RT-2200 02/12/02 

XK-2100L 05/25/00 

XK2900L Pending Pending 

E-1 

Appendix E 

Example Communications Plan 

Table E-1. Channel Matrix 

Channel 

Channel 

Group Frequency Mode Agc Comsec Bandwidth Power Rx Only 

01 01 03545 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

02 01 03729 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

03 01 04580 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

04 01 06100 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

05 01 09580 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

06 01 101180 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

07 01 125000 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

08 01 164900 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

09 01 169970 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

10 01 183950 USB MED KY-99 3.0 20 W NO 

Table E-2. Address Matrix 

Station name Address 

JFC JFC001 

NAVFOR NA0987 

ARFOR R00197 

MARFOR MC0100 

AFFOR AF0001 

SOF SOF054 

USCG CG1034 

NET JTF NET 

Table E-3. ALE Parameters 

Parameter Setting 

All calls OFF 

AMD allowed ON 

Any calls OFF 

AUTO display AMDs ON 

Key to call OFF 

Link timeout 15 (minutes) 

Listen before transmit ON 

LQA in call OFF 

Maximum scan channels 10 

Maximum tune time 2 (seconds) 

Scan Rate 5 
E-2 

Figure E-1. Network Diagram 
F-1 

Appendix F 

Example Radio Programming Application 

This radio programming application example was created using a Harris AN/PRC150(C) and Harris RF-6550H radio programming application and the example 

communications plan from appendix E. 

Plan Name: JTF 

Author: KAISER 

Description: JTF COMMUNICATIONS PLAN 

Date Generated: 12/12/2002 10:29 AM 

Station Report: 

Station: JTF 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: JTF 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 2 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 
F-2 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key to Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: PRE/POST ENABLED 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: NAVFOR 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: NAVFOR 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 3 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 
F-3 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key to Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: Stand 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: ARFOR 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: ARFOR 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 4 
F-4 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key To Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 
F-5 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: MARFOR 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800 H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: MARFOR 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 5 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key to Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 
F-6 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: AFFOR 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800 H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: AFFOR 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 6 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 
F-7 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key To Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: SOF 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800 H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: SOF 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 7 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 
F-8 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key to Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Station: USCG 

Description: 

Radio Type: AN/PRC-150C 

Modem Type: RF-5800 H-MP Internal 

Call Sign: USCG 

Crypto: None 

Radio ID: 8 
F-9 

Configuration: 

Radio Silence: No 

Audio Compression: Enabled 

RX Noise Blanking: Disabled 

Bypass Coupler: No 

Squelch Level: High 

FM Squelch Type: Tone 

FM Deviation: 8000 Hz 

Analog Squelch: Disabled 

TX Power: High 

Data Port Configuration: 

Baud Rate: 2400 

Parity: None 

Bits Per Char: 8 

Stop Bits: 1 

Port Echo: No 

Flow Control: XONXOFF 

ALE Configuration: 

All Calls: No 

Any Calls: No 

Key to Call: No 

AMD Allowed: Yes 

Auto Display AMDs: Yes 

Listen Before TX: Yes 

Max Scan Channels: 10 

Link Timeout: 15 minute(s) 

Tune Time: 2 second(s) 

Scan Rate: 5 chan/sec 

Prepost Configuration: 

Scan Rate: Force Slow Scan 

Filter: Pre/Post Enabled 

RX Antenna Enabled: No 

Message Transfer Configuration: 

ARQ Baud Rate: 2400 

ARQ Mode: ACK 

ARQ Interleave: LONG 

ARQ Data Destination: RDP 

Modem Data Destination: RDP 

RPD Prebuffer: 425 

ARQ Configuration: 

Threshold: 1000 
F-10 

Type 1 Configuration: 

ANDVT-BD Preamble: STAND 

ANDVT-BD Trnseq: 6 

Table F-1. Channel Report 

Channel RX Freq TX Freq RX Only Modulation AGC Bandwidth Hail Key 

001 3.5450 3.5450 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

002 3.7290 3.7290 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

003 4.5800 4.5800 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

004 6.1000 6.1000 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

005 9.5800 9.5800 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

006 10.1180 10.1180 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

007 12.5000 12.5000 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

008 16.4900 16.4900 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

009 16.9970 16.9970 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

010 18.3950 18.3950 No USB Medium 3000 Hz Disabled 

Channel Group Report: 

Group Mode Member Channels 

01 ALE 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 

Modem Preset Report: 

No Modem Presets Defined 

Comsec Key Report: 

No Comsec Keys Defined 

Network Report: 

Net JTF NET: Station ALE Self Addresses: 

AFFOR AF0001 

ARFOR R00197 

JTF JTF001 

MARFOR MC0100 

NAVFOR NA0987 

SOF SOF054 

USCG USCG1034 

Net Name Mode Preset Name CH/HN CT Mode PT Mode CryptoMode COMSEC Mdm Preset 

JTF NET ALE {N/A} {N/A} DV24 CLR ANDVT-HF TEK01 00 

OFF 
G-1 

Appendix G 

Example HF Communications Planning System 

This example was created using the Rockwell Collins HF Communications Planning 

System (HF-CPS) Software for an ARC-220 Radio System. ALE Net 2 is based on the 

example communications plan from Appendix E. 

Datafill = ..My Documents\R00197. Version = MISSIONALPHA 

User Id = Admin Date = 3/13/2003 10:45:50 AM 

User database = C:\Hf-Cps_4.1a\Network\Network.hfu 

System database = C:\Hf-Cps_4.1a\Network\Network.hfs 

Master database = C:\Hf-Cps_4.1a\Master\sample.hfm 

Operations database = C:\Hf-Cps_4.1a\Master\Opern\sample.hfo 

Radio Name = RT-1749 S2 (AN/ARC-220) 

Interface Version 

Equip Interface 

 ID ID 

13001 2 

 

System Parameters 

Parm Name Parm Value 

All_Call EN 

Amd_In_Ack EN 

Any_Call DI 

Automatic_Sounding EN 

Call_Reject_Duration 20 

Command_LQA DI 

Delay_Power_On_Sounding EN 

Keep_Alive_Transmission_Interval 30 

LBT_Enable DI 

Link_Protection EN 

Listen_Before_Call_Time 1000 

LQA_Channel_Select Highest LQA Value 

LQA_Degrade_Interval 2 
G-2 

LQA_Go_Data_Threshold 23 

LQA_Reject_Threshold_Level 10 

Max_Address_Characters 6 

Max_Call_Attempts 12 

Network_Tune_Time 2 

Noise_Reduction 0 

Power_On_In_Iart DI 

LBC_Enable EN 

Rank_Order Center, Alt Lower/Higher 

Received_LQA_Process_Method Lowest, 5-minute Period 

Return_To_Scan_Time (Sec) 60 

Rx_Only_Antenna DI 

Scan_Min_Dwell_Time 200 

Terminate_Link_Transmission EN 

Time_Server_Capable DI 

LQA_Output_Enable DI 

Installation Parameters 

Parm Name Parm Value 

Aircraft_Identifier R00197 

Antenna_Port_Output DI 

ARC-199_1553_Cmd_Enable DI 

AXID_Fixed_ID 127 

AXID_Station_ID AN/ARC-220 

Coupler_Bypass DI 

DS101_Terminal_Address 255 

GPS_Posn_Config RCVR UH 

GPS_Time_Config HAVE QUICK 

Power_On_PA_Level HI (100 W) 

Power_On_Squelch_Level Level 3 (SQ3) 

Power_On_Volume_Level Level 3 (Vol 3) 

Rx_Only_Antenna_Available DI 

Operator_Alert_Advisory EN 

Long_Holdoff_Advisory EN 

Short_Holdoff_Advisory EN 
G-3 

Channels 

chn xmt xmt xmt no rcv rcv snd voice audio 

num freq mod pwr snd xmt freq mod int mon mode 

 1 02.1234 US HI EN DI 02.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 2 03.1234 US HI EN DI 03.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 3 04.1234 US HI EN DI 04.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 4 05.1234 US HI EN DI 05.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 5 06.1234 US HI EN DI 06.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 6 07.1234 US HI EN DI 07.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 7 08.1234 US HI EN DI 08.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 8 09.1234 US HI EN DI 09.1234 US 60 DI VO 

 9 02.7890 US HI DI DI 02.7890 US 30 DI VO 

 10 03.7890 US HI DI DI 03.7890 US 30 DI VO 

 11 05.7890 US HI DI DI 05.7890 US 30 DI VO 

 30 03.5450 US HI DI DI 03.5450 US 30 DI VO 

 31 03.7290 US HI DI DI 03.7290 US 30 DI VO 

 32 04.5800 US HI DI DI 04.5800 US 30 DI VO 

 33 06.1000 US HI DI DI 06.1000 US 30 DI VO 

 34 09.5800 US HI DI DI 09.5800 US 30 DI VO 

 35 10.1180 US HI DI DI 10.1180 US 30 DI VO 

 36 12.5000 US HI DI DI 12.5000 US 30 DI VO 

 37 16.4900 US HI EN DI 16.4900 US 30 DI VO 

 38 16.9970 US HI EN DI 16.9970 US 30 DI VO 

 39 18.3950 US HI EN DI 18.3950 US 30 DI VO 

101 06.3456 US HI DI DI 06.3456 US 30 DI VO 

102 02.2345 US HI DI DI 02.2345 US 30 DI VO 

103 03.2345 US HI DI DI 03.2345 US 30 DI VO 

121 02.7890 US HI DI DI 02.7890 US 30 DI VO 

122 03.7890 US HI DI DI 03.7890 US 30 DI VO 

123 04.7890 US HI DI DI 04.7890 US 30 DI VO 
G-4 

Scan Lists 

Scan Default Default 

list Call Default Othr Call Self LP Num List of 

idx drtn Protocol Prot Address Address LP Idx Chn channels 

1 0 MS-ALE EN 123TOCS R00197 EN 1 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 

2 0 MS-ALE DI JTF R00197 DI 0 10 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 

Other Addresses 

Othr Rmt 

adr Scan sta 

idx Other list tune Call 

 # address # time Protocol Region 

 1 BDE123 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 3 

 2 M21 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 2 

 3 M22 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 2 

 4 M23 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 2 

 5 R12345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 6 R22345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 7 R32345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 8 R42345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 9 R52345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 10 R62345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 11 R72345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 12 R82345 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 1 

 13 TAC123 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 3 

 14 TOC123 0 2 MS-ALE Zone 3 

 15 JTF001 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 16 NA0987 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 17 R00197 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 18 MC0100 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 19 AF0001 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 20 SOF054 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 

 21 CG1034 0 2 MS-ALE N/A 
G-5 

 

Net Addresses 

 No 

Net Scan rsp Fix Max 

adr Net list net len slot 

idx address idx call adr used 

1 JTFNET 2 EN DI 8 

 Slot Respondent 

 num address 

 2 AF0001 

 3 R00197 

 4 JTF001 

 5 MC0100 

 6 NA0987 

 7 SOF054 

 8 USCG1034 

Auto Addresses 

Auto Num Num 

adr Call Sta 

idx Auto Address Atmp Address Mode Adr Station Addresses 

1 123TOCS 3 Priority 3 TOC123 TAC123 BDE123 

Group Addresses 

None 
G-6 

Self Addresses 

Self Scan Indv Net No 

adr List self adr Rsp 

idx Idx address idx Net 

1 0 R12345 0 DI 

 2 -1 R22345 0 DI 

 3 -1 R32345 0 DI 

 4 -1 R42345 0 DI 

 5 -1 R52345 0 DI 

 6 -1 R62345 0 DI 

 7 -1 R72345 0 DI 

 8 -1 R82345 0 DI 

 8 -1 R00197 0 DI 

Modems 

 ---------Rx----- -----

----Tx-- 

Mdm Data Intlv Data 

Intlv Adap 

Idx Modem Name Modem Mode Rate Length Rate Length tive 

1 300 148 110S 148A/110 Single Tone Bps 300 Short Bps 300 Short DI 

 2 300 110 SHORT 110A Single Tone Bps 300 Short Bps 300 Short DI 

 3 2400 110 SHORT 110A Single Tone Bps 2400 Short Bps 2400 Short DI 

 4 1200 110 SHORT 110A Single Tone Bps 1200 Short Bps 1200 Short DI 

LQA 

None 

AMD Messages 
G-7 

None 

User Messages 

Msg Message 

idx text 

 1 CROSSING PHASE LINE RED 

 2 CROSSING PHASE LINE BLUE 

 3 MISSION COMPLETE, RETURNING TO BASE 

 4 AIRCRAFT DOWN, POSITION REPORT TO FOLLOW 

Dictionary 

Idx Word 

 1 ADVANCING 

 2 AIRCRAFT 

 3 ATTACK 

 4 BRIDGE 

 5 CARGO 

 6 RECON 

 7 REPORT 

 8 RESTRICTED 

 9 RETREAT 

 10 ROAD 

Linking Protection 

 LP12 LP3 Time Auto 

LP LP Key Key Time Brdc App 

Idx Level Idx Idx NTS Role Brdc Intv Link 

1 Level 3 0 1 User Time Station DI 60 EN 
G-8 

MSLP 

None 

ECCM Frequency Lists 

Frq 

Lst Frequencies in MHz 

1 02.5100 02.5150 02.6100 02.6150 02.6200 02.6250 02.7200 02.7250 02.7300 

02.7350 02.8000 02.8050 02.8100 02.8150 02.8200 02.8250 02.8300 02.8350 02.8400 

02.8450 02.8500 02.8550 02.8600 02.8650 02.8700 02.8750 02.8800 02.8850 02.9000 

 2 04.0500 04.0550 04.0600 04.0650 04.0700 04.1000 04.1050 04.1100 04.1150 

04.1200 04.1230 04.1260 04.1290 04.1320 04.1350 04.1380 04.1410 04.1440 04.1470 

04.1500 04.1540 04.1580 04.1620 04.1660 04.1700 04.1750 04.1760 04.1800 04.1820 

04.1860 04.1900 04.2000 04.2050 04.2100 04.2150 04.2200 04.2240 04.2280 04.2320 

04.2360 04.2400 04.2450 04.2500 04.2550 04.2600 04.2650 04.2700 04.2750 04.2800 

04.2840 04.2850 04.2880 04.2900 04.2920 04.2950 04.2960 04.3000 

 

ECCM Channels 

Chn Frq Lst Protocol 

1 1 148A 

2 2 148A 

ECCM Scansets 

Scan ALE KGV Num 

set ECCM -10 Freq 

idx net NTS Role idx List ECCM Channels 

1 DI User Time Station 1 1 1 

2 DI User Time Station 1 1 2 
G-9 

System Nets 

Net Rec Modem Context 

Idx Net Type Idx Net Name Idx ID 

1 Basic Manual 121 MAN 01 ORG1 2 0 

 2 Basic Manual 122 MAN 02 ORG1 2 0 

 3 Basic Manual 123 EMGR VOICE MA 2 0 

 1 Basic Preset 101 PRE 01 ORG1 2 0 

 2 Basic Preset 102 PRE 02 ORG1 2 0 

 3 Basic Preset 103 PRE 03 ORG1 2 0 

 1 ALE Scan 1 ALE01 R AVN 2 0 

 2 ALE Scan 2 ALE02 JTF NET 2 0 

 1 ECCM 1 ECCM01 2MEG 1 0 

 2 ECCM 2 ECCM02 4MEG 1 0 

Emergency Net 

 Net 

Net Type Idx 

ALE Scan 1 

Datafill Version 

Version Date 

MISSIONALPHA 3/13/2003 10:45:50 AM 

H-1 

Appendix H 

Propagation Software Programs 

VOACAP (Voice Of America Coverage Analysis Program) 

US Department of Commerce 

NTIA/ITS.S1 

325 Broadway 

Boulder, Colorado 80303 

Phone: (303) 497-3375 

FAX: (303) 497-3680 

E-mail: gh@its.bldrdoc.gov 

Home page: http://elbert.its.bldrdoc.gov/GregHand.html 

HF web page: http://elbert.its.bldrdoc.gov/hf.html 

SPEED (Systems Planning, Engineering, and Evaluation Device) 

Commanding Officer 

MCTSSA (SPEED Project Officer) 

Box 555171 

Camp Pendleton, California 92055-5171 

MARCORSYSCOM C4I Help Desk 

Phone 1-800-808-7634 or 1-760-725-0553 

DSN 365-0533 

NIPRNET: c41.helpdesk@mctssa.usmc.mil 

SIPRNET: helpdesk@mctssa.usmc.smil.mil 

PROPMAN 2000 

Rockwell Collins 

Government Systems 

400 Collins Road NE 
H-2 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52498 

Phone: (800) 321-2223 or (319) 295-5100 

FAX: (319) 295-4777 

E-mail: Collins@rockwellcollins.com 

Home page: http://www.rockwellcollins.com/contacts/ 

HF communications web page: http://rockwellcollins.com/gs/commsys/ 
I-1 

Appendix I 

J6 HF-ALE Checklist 

1. Receive Mission. 

2. Assign lead Service ALE network controller. 

3. Determine threat. 

4. Establish and assign hierarchy for joint nets. 

5. Establish and assign user addresses for joint forces. 

6. Determine interoperability among forces. 

7. Provide frequency management for joint HF-ALE nets. 

8. Coordinate with host governments for HF frequencies. 

9. Develop key management plans for COMSEC assignment and use. 

10. Develop SOPs for communications. 

11. Develop joint HF-ALE operating parameters. 

a. Channel Matrix 

(1) Frequency assignment 

(2) Mode 

(3) AGC speed 

(4) COMSEC assignment 

(5) Bandwidth 

(6) Power 

(7) Sound enable/disable 

(8) Sounding interval 

b. Station Name and Addresses 

(1) ALE Parameter Settings as appropriate 

(2) All call Yes/No 

(3) AMD Yes/No 

(4) Any call Yes/No 

(5) Link timeout duration 

(6) Max scan channels (AKA call duration) 

(7) Max tune time 

(8) Scan rate (AKA scan minimum dwell) 

12. Develop emergency destruction plans 

13. Distribute SOPs to all participants. 

14. Develop plan to operationally check the network. 

References-1 

References 

Army 

FM 24-24, Signal Data References: Signal Equipment, 29 December 1994 

Coast Guard 

COMDTINST M2000.3C, Telecommunications Manual (TCM) SEP 7, 1999 

COMDTINST M2000.4A, Telecommunications Plan (TCP) APR 20, 1988 

COMDTINST M2400.1F, USCG Radio Frequency Plan MAY 5, 1991 

Glossary-1 

Glossary 

SECTION I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

Numbers 

2G second generation 

3G third generation 

A 

ACC air combat command 

ACE airborne control element ((USAF); air combat element (NATO); 

aviation combat element (MAGTF) 

ack acknowledgement 

ADA air defense artillery 

AEW airborne early warning; air expeditionary wing 

AFB Air Force base 

AFFMA Air Force Frequency Management Agency 

AFFOR Air Force forces 

AFTTP (I) Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures 

(inter-Service) 

AGC automatic gain control 

AKA also known as 

ALE automatic link establishment 

ALSA Air Land Sea Application Center 

AMC Air Mobility Command 

AMD automatic message display 

AN/ARC Army/Navy airborne radio communications 

ANDVT advanced narrowband digital voice terminal 

AN/PRC Army/Navy portable radio communications 

AO area of operation 

AOC air and space operations center (USAF); Army Operations Center 

AR Army 

ARFOR Army forces 

ARQ automatic request-repeat 

ASOC air support operations center 

ASW antisubmarine warfare 

AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System 
Glossary-2 

B 

BCE battlefield coordination element 

BD black digital 

BDE brigade 

BN battalion 

C 

C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence 

C6 communications and signals staff 

CAC current actions center 

CATF commander, amphibious task force 

CEOI communication-electronics operating instructions 

CG guided missile cruiser 

chan channel 

char character 

CJCS Chief Joint Chiefs of Staff 

clr clear 

cmdr commander 

CNCS central network control station 

co company 

COMSEC communications security 

CONAUTH controlling authority 

CONUS continental United States 

CRE control reporting element 

crypto cryptographic 

CSSE combat service support element (MAGTF) 

CT cipher text 

CVBG carrier battle group 

D 

DASC direct air support center 

DASC (A) direct air support center (airborne) 

DES data encryption standard 

det detachment 

div division 

DOD Department of Defense 

DSN Defense Switched Network 

E 

E electric wave 
Glossary-3 

ECCM electronic counter-counter measure 

e.g. for example 

etc etcetera (and so forth) 

EW electronic warfare 

F 

FAC forward air controller 

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency 

FLD field 

FM field manual; frequency modulation 

FOT frequency of optimum transmission 

freq frequency 

ft fort 

G 

G6 Assistant Chief of Staff for Information Management 

GCE ground combat element (MAGTF) 

GLO ground liaison officer 

GMT Greenwich mean time 

GPS global positioning system 

H 

helo helicopter 

HF high frequency 

HF-ALE high frequency-automatic link establishment 

HFCGS High Frequency Global Communications System 

HF-CPS high frequency communication planning system 

HQ headquarters 

Hz hertz 

I 

IAW in accordance with 

ID identification 

IDN initial distribution number 

i.e. that is 

J 

J2 intelligence directorate of a joint staff 

J3 operations directorate of a joint staff 
Glossary-4 

J6 command, control, communications, and computer systems 

directorate of a joint staff 

JCEOI joint communication-electronics operating instructions 

JCEWS joint commander’s electronic warfare staff 

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff 

JFC joint force commander 

JRFL joint restricted frequency list 

JSME Joint Spectrum Management Element 

JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System 

JTF joint task force 

K 

KEK key encryption key 

KEYMAT keying material 

kHz kilohertz 

km kilometer 

L 

LAAD low altitude air defense 

LAMPS light airborne multipurpose system (helicopter) 

LCO lighterage control officer 

LHA amphibious assault ship (general purpose) 

LHD amphibious assault ship (multipurpose) 

LOS line-of-sight 

LP linking protection 

LPD amphibious transport dock 

LQA link quality analysis 

LSO landing safety officer; landing signal officer 

M 

MAGTF Marine air-ground task force 

MAJCOM major command 

MARFOR Marine forces 

MARFORSYSCOM Marine Corps Systems Command 

MATCS Marine air traffic control squadron 

MCRP Marine Corps reference publication 

MCTSSA Marine Corps tactical systems support activity 

med medium 

MEF Marine expeditionary force 

MHz megahertz 
Glossary-5 

mil military 

MIL STD military standard 

MILSTRIP Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue Procedures 

MP manpack 

MUF maximum usable frequency 

N 

N/A not applicable 

NAF numbered air force 

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

NAVFOR Navy forces 

NAVSOP Navy standing operating procedures 

NCS National Communications System 

NIPRNET Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network 

nm nautical mile 

NSA National Security Agency 

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration 

NTTP Navy tactics, techniques, and procedures 

NVIS near vertical incident sky wave 

O 

OPLAN operation plan 

op operation 

P 

POC point of contact 

PROPMAN Rockwell Collins Propagation Software © 

PT plain text (nonsecure) 

pub publication 

R 

RCU remote control unit 

rcv receive 

RDP radio data port 

RECCE reconnaissance 

RF radio frequency 

rgt regiment 

RPD radio programming data 

RT remote terminal 

RX receive; receiver 
Glossary-6 

S 

SATCOM satellite communications 

SEAL sea-air-land team 

sec second 

SGT Sergeant 

SIPRNET Secret Internet Protocol Router Network 

SOF special operations forces 

SOP standing operating procedure 

sqdn squadron 

SPEED systems planning, engineering, and evaluation device 

SSN attack submarine, nuclear 

STANAG standardization agreement (NATO) 

T 

TAC-A tactical air coordinator (airborne) 

TACC tactical air command center (USMC); tactical air control center 

(USN); tanker/airlift control center (USAF) 

TACP tactical air control party 

TADC tactical air direction center 

TEK traffic encryption key 

TOD time of day 

TRACS tracking and communication system 

TRICS telephone to radio interface communication system 

trnseq training sequence 

TX transmit 

U 

US United States 

USA United States Army 

USAF United States Air Force 

USB upper side band 

USCG United States Coast Guard 

USCS United States Customs Service 

USMC United States Marine Corps 

USN United States Navy 

UTM universal transverse Mercator 

V 

VOACAP Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program 

VP voice privacy 
Glossary-7 

W 

WOC wing operations center (USAF) 

WWV name of National Institute of Standards and Technology radio 

station at Fort Collins, Colorado. WWV broadcasts time and 

frequency information 24-hours a day, seven day a week to 

millions of listeners worldwide. See 

http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/stations/wwv.html 

SECTION II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 

air and space expeditionary task force -- A deployed numbered air force (NAF) or 

command echelon immediately subordinate to a NAF provided as 

the US Air Force component command committed to a joint 

operation. Also called AETF. (JP 1-02) 

airborne early warning – The detection of enemy air or surface units by radar or 

other equipment carried in an airborne vehicle, and the 

transmitting of a warning to friendly units. Also called AEW. (JP 

1-02) 

air expeditionary wing – A wing or wing slice placed under the administrative 

control of an air and space expeditionary task force or air and 

space task force by Department of the Air Force orders for a joint 

operation. Also called AEW. (JP 1-02) 

Air Mobility Command – The Air Force component command of the US 

Transportation Command. Also called AMC. (JP 1-02) 

air support operations center – An agency of a tactical air control system collocated 

with a corps headquarters or an appropriate land force 

headquarters that coordinates and directs close air support and 

other tactical air support. Also called ASOC. (JP 1-02) 

amphibious transport dock – A ship designed to transport and land troops, 

equipment, and supplies by means of embarked landing craft, 

amphibious vehicles, and helicopters. Designated As LPD. 

antisubmarine warfare – Operations conducted with the intention of denying the 

enemy the effective use of submarines. Also called ASW. (JP 1-02) 

area of operation – An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land 

and naval forces. Areas of operation do not typically encompass 

the entire operational area of the joint force commander, but 

should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish 

their missions and protect their forces. Also called AO. (JP 1-02) 

brigade – A unit, usually smaller than a division, to which groups and/or battalions 

and smaller units tailored to meet anticipated requirements are 

attached. Also called BDE. (JP 1-02) 

carrier battle group – A standing naval task group consisting of a carrier, surface 

combatants, and submarines as assigned in direct support, 

operating in mutual support with the task of destroying hostile 

submarine, surface, and air forces within the group's assigned 
Glossary-8 

operational area and striking at targets along hostile shore lines or 

projecting firepower inland. Also called CVBG. (JP 1-02) 

combat service support element – Those elements whose primary missions are to 

provide service support to combat forces and which are parts, or 

prepared to become parts of, a theater, command, or task force 

formed for combat operations. Also called CSSE. (JP 1-02) 

command, control, communications, and computers – Integrated systems of 

doctrine, procedures, organizational structures, personnel, 

equipment, facilities, and communications designed to support a 

commander's exercise of command and control across the range of 

military operations. Also called C4 systems. (JP 1-02) 

commander, amphibious task force – The Navy officer designated in the order 

initiating the amphibious operation as the commander of the 

amphibious task force. Also called CATF. (JP 1-02) 

communications security – The protection resulting from all measures designed to 

deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be 

derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to 

mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results 

of such possession and study. Also called COMSEC, 

Communications security includes: cryptosecurity, transmission 

security, emission security, and physical security of 

communications security materials and information. 

cryptosecurity – The component of communications security that 

results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and 

their proper use. transmission security – The component of 

communications security that results from all measures designed 

to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by 

means other than cryptanalysis. 

emission security – The component of communications security 

that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons 

information of value that might be derived from intercept and 

analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and 

telecommunications systems. 

physical security – The component of communications security that 

results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard 

classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto 

or observation thereof by unauthorized persons. (JP 1-02) 

corps – A tactical unit larger than a division and smaller than a field army. A corps 

usually consists of two or more divisions together with auxiliary 

arms and services. 

cryptology – The science that deals with hidden, disguised, or encrypted 

communications. It includes communications security and 

communications intelligence. (JP 1-02) 

Defense Switched Network – Component of the Defense Communications System 

that handles Department of Defense voice, data, and video 

communications. Also called DSN. (JP 1-02) 
Glossary-9 

detachment – 1. A part of a unit separated from its main organization for duty 

elsewhere. 

2. A temporary military or naval unit formed from other units or 

parts of units. Also called DET. (JP 1-02) 

direct air support center – The principal air control agency of the US Marine air 

command and control system responsible for the direction and 

control of air operations directly supporting the ground combat 

element. It processes and coordinates requests for immediate air 

support and coordinates air missions requiring integration with 

ground forces and other supporting arms. It normally collocates 

with the senior fire support coordination center within the ground 

combat element and is subordinate to the tactical air command 

center. Also called DASC. (JP 1-02) 

division – 1. A tactical unit/formation as follows: 

A major administrative and tactical unit/formation which 

combines in itself the necessary arms and services required for 

sustained combat, larger than a regiment/brigade and smaller 

than a corps. 

A number of naval vessels of similar type grouped together for 

operational and administrative command, or a tactical unit of a 

naval aircraft squadron, consisting of two or more sections. 

An air division is an air combat organization normally consisting 

of two or more wings with appropriate service units. The combat 

wings of an air division will normally contain similar type units. 

2. An organizational part of a headquarters that handles military 

matters of a particular nature, such as personnel, intelligence, 

plans, and training, or supply and evacuation. 

3. (DOD only) A number of personnel of a ship's complement 

grouped together for tactical and administrative control. (JP 1-02) 

electronic warfare – Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and 

directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to 

attack the enemy. Also called EW. The three major subdivisions 

within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic 

protection, and electronic warfare support. 

a. electronic attack. That division of electronic warfare involving 

the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or 

antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment 

with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy 

combat capability—considered a form of fires. Also called EA. EA 

includes: 

1) actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use 

of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and 

electromagnetic deception. 

2) employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or 

directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism 

(lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams). 
Glossary-10 

b. electronic protection. That division of electronic warfare 

involving passive and active means taken to protect personnel, 

facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy 

employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize, or 

destroy friendly combat capability. Also called EP. 

c. electronic warfare support. That division of electronic warfare 

involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an 

operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and 

locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated 

electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat 

recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future operations. 

Thus, electronic warfare support provides information required for 

decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical 

actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Also 

called ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce 

signals intelligence, provide targeting for electronic or destructive 

attack, and produce measurement and signature intelligence. Also 

called EW. (JP 1-02) 

forward air controller – An officer (aviator/pilot) and member of the tactical air 

control party who, from a forward ground or airborne position, 

controls aircraft in close air support of ground troops. Also called 

FAC. (JP 1-02) 

global positioning system – A satellite constellation that provides highly accurate 

position, velocity, and time navigation information to users. Also 

called GPS. (JP 1-02) 

ground combat element – The core element of a Marine air-ground task force 

(MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct ground operations. It 

is usually constructed around an infantry organization but can 

vary in size from a small ground unit of any type, to one or more 

Marine divisions that can be independently maneuvered under the 

direction of the MAGTF commander. The ground combat element 

itself is not a formal command. Also called GCE. (JP 1-02) 

ground liaison officer – An officer trained in offensive air support activities. Ground 

liaison officers are normally organized into parties under the 

control of the appropriate Army commander to provide liaison to 

Air Force and naval units engaged in training and combat 

operations. Also called GLO. (JP 1-02) 

joint force commander – A general term applied to a combatant commander, 

subunified commander, or joint task force commander authorized 

to exercise combatant command (command authority) or 

operational control over a joint force. Also called JFC. (JP 1-02) 

joint task force – A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of 

Defense, a combatant commander, a subunified commander, or an 

existing joint task force commander. Also called JTF. (JP 1-02) 

landing signal officer – Officer responsible for the visual control of aircraft in the 

terminal phase of the approach immediately prior to landing. Also 

called LSO. (JP 1-02) 
Glossary-11 

Marine expeditionary brigade – A Marine air-ground task force that is constructed 

around a reinforced infantry regiment, a composite Marine aircraft 

group, and a brigade service support group. The Marine 

expeditionary brigade (MEB), commanded by a general officer, is 

task-organized to meet the requirements of a specific situation. It 

can function as part of a joint task force, as the lead echelon of the 

Marine expeditionary force (MEF), or alone. It varies in size and 

composition, and is larger than a Marine expeditionary unit but 

smaller than a MEF. The MEB is capable of conducting missions 

across the full range of military operations. Also called MEB. See 

also brigade; Marine air-ground task force; Marine expeditionary 

force. 

Marine expeditionary force – The largest Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) 

and the Marine Corps’ principal warfighting organization, 

particularly for larger crisis or contingencies. It is task-organized 

around a permanent command element and normally contains one 

or more Marine divisions, Marine aircraft wings, and Marine force 

service support groups. The Marine expeditionary force is capable 

of missions across the range of military operations, including 

amphibious assault and sustained operations ashore in any 

environment. It can operate from a sea base, a land base, or both. 

Also called MEF. (JP 1-02) 

Marine expeditionary unit – A Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) that is 

constructed around an infantry battalion reinforced, a helicopter 

squadron reinforced, and a task-organized combat service support 

element. It normally fulfills Marine Corps forward sea-based 

deployment requirements. The Marine expeditionary unit 

provides an immediate reaction capability for crisis response and 

is capable of limited combat operations. Also called MEU. (JP 1-

02) 

military standard requisitioning and issue procedures – A uniform procedure 

established by the Department of Defense for use within the 

Department of Defense to govern requisition and issue of materiel 

within standardized priorities. Also called MILSTRIP. (JP 1-02) 

Mystic Star – High-frequency single-side-band communications system that provides 

high frequency communications for the President, Vice President, 

Cabinet members, and other senior government and military 

officials while aboard special mission aircraft. 

operation order – A directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for 

the purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation. 

Also called OPORD. (JP 1-02) 

operation plan – Any plan, except for the single integrated operational plan, for the 

conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant 

commanders in response to requirements established by the 

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by commanders of 

subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the 

establishing unified commander. Operation plans are prepared in 
Glossary-12 

either a complete format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan 

(CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be published with or without a 

time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD) file. 

a. OPLAN—An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations 

that can be used as a basis for development of an operation order 

(OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the forces and supplies required 

to execute the CINC's Strategic Concept and a movement schedule 

of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and 

supplies are identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will include all 

phases of the tasked operation. The plan is prepared with the 

appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as described in 

the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals 

containing planning policies, procedures, and formats. Also called 

OPLAN. 

b. CONPLAN—An operation plan in an abbreviated format that 

would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert it 

into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the CINC's 

strategic concept and those annexes and appendixes deemed 

necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. 

Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and 

TPFDD files are not prepared. 

c. CONPLAN with TPFDD—A CONPLAN with TPFDD is the 

same as a CONPLAN except that it requires more detailed 

planning for phased deployment of forces. Also called CONPLAN. 

(JP 1-02) 

precise lightweight global positioning receiver – US Army standard handheld 

GPS receiver, which provides advanced P/Y code positioning 

accuracy. Also called PLGR. 

reconnaissance – A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other 

detection methods, information about the activities and resources 

of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the 

meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a 

particular area. Also called RECON. (JP 1-02) 

sea-air-land team – A naval force specially organized, trained, and equipped to 

conduct special operations in maritime, littoral, and riverine 

environments. Also called SEAL team. (JP 1-02) 

Secret Internet Protocol Router Network – Worldwide SECRET level packet 

switch network that uses high-speed internet protocol routers and 

high-capacity Defense Information Systems Network circuitry. 

Also called SIPRNET. (JP 1-02) 

signal operation instructions – A series of orders issued for technical control and 

coordination of the signal communication activities of a command. 

In Marine Corps usage, these instructions are designated 

communication operation instructions. (JP 1-02) 

special operations forces – Those active and Reserve Component forces of the 

Military Services designated by the Secretary of Defense and 
Glossary-13 

specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and 

support special operations. Also called SOF. (JP 1-02) 

standing operating procedure – A set of instructions covering those features of 

operations that lend themselves to a definite or standardized 

procedures without loss of effectiveness. These procedures are 

applicable unless ordered otherwise. Also called SOP. (JP 1-02) 

tactical air control center – The principal air operations installation (ship based) 

from which all aircraft and air warning functions of tactical air 

operations are controlled. Also called TACC. (JP 1-02) 

tactical air coordinator (airborne) – An officer who coordinates, from an aircraft, 

the actions of other aircraft engaged in air support of ground or sea 

forces. Also called TAC(A). (JP 1-02) 

tactical air direction center – An air operations installation under the overall control 

of the tactical air control center (afloat) or tactical air command 

center, from which aircraft and air warning service functions of 

tactical air operations in an area of concern are directed. Also 

called TADC. (JP 1-02) 

universal transverse Mercator grid – A grid coordinate system based on the 

transverse Mercator projection, applied to maps of the earth's 

surface extending to 84 degrees N and 80 degrees S latitudes. Also 

called UTM grid. (JP 1-02) 

wing– 1. An Air Force unit composed normally of one primary mission 

group and the necessary supporting organizations, i.e., 

organizations designed to render supply, maintenance, 

hospitalization, and other services required by the primary 

mission groups. Primary mission groups may be functional, such 

as combat, training, transport, or service. 

2. A fleet air wing is the basic organizational and administrative 

unit for naval-, land-, and tender-based aviation. Such wings are 

mobile units to which are assigned aircraft squadrons and tenders 

for administrative organization control. 

3. A balanced Marine Corps task organization of aircraft groups 

and squadrons, together with appropriate command, air control, 

administrative, service, and maintenance units. A standard 

Marine Corps aircraft wing contains the aviation elements 

normally required for the air support of a Marine division. 

4. A flank unit; that part of a military force to the right or left of 

the main body. (JP 1-02) 

Index-1 

INDEX 

2

2G, II-3, D-1 

3

3G, II-3, D-1 

A

AFFOR, IV-12, E-1, F-6, F-10 

AGC, III-2, V-2, F-10, I-1 

Air Force forces. See AFFOR 

Air Mobility Command. See AMC 

ALE, i, vi, vii, II-1, II-2, II-3, II-4, III-1, III-2, III-3, IV-1, IV-2, IV-3, IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV-10, IV11, IV-12, IV-13, V-1, V-2, V-3, A-1, A-2, A-3, B-1, C-1, D-1, E-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5, 

F-7, F-8, F-9, F-10, G-1, G-4, G-8, G-9, I-1 

ALSA, ii, iii 

AMD, II-3, III-1, A-2, E-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5, F-7, F-8, F-9, G-6, I-1 

AN/ARC, III-1, D-1, G-1, G-2 

AN/PRC, III-1, IV-5, D-1, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, See AN/PRC 

ANDVT, B-2, F-2, F-3, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-10 

AO, IV-1, IV-3, IV-7 

AR, IV-4, IV-5 

area of operation. See AO 

Army. See AR 

Army/Navy airborne radio communications. See AN/ARC 

ARQ, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-9 

Assistant Chief of Staff for Information Management. See G6 

atmosphere 

regions, I-1 

automatic gain control. See ACG 

automatic link establishment. See ALE 

automatic message display. See AMD 

automatic request-repeat. See ARQ 

B

BD, F-2, F-3, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-10 

black digital. See BD 

C

C4I, H-1 

C6, IV-2 

central network control station. See CNCS 

CEOI, IV-2, IV-8 

Chief Joint Chiefs of Staff. See CJCS 

cipher text. See CT 

CJCS, IV-1 

CNCS, A-1 

command, control, communications, and computer systems directorate of a joint staff. See J6 

command, control, communications, computers, and. See C4I 

communication-electronics operating instructions. See CEOI 
Index-2 

communications and signals staff. See C6 

communications plan, E-1 

communications security, III-2, See COMSEC 

compatibility and interoperability, IV-6 

channel plan data, IV-6 

cryptographic management, IV-6 

equipment, IV-6 

COMSEC, III-2, IV-1, IV-2, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV-10, IV-11, IV-12, V-3, B-1, B-2, B-3, F-10, I-1 

CONAUTH, IV-7, IV-9, IV-10, IV-11, IV-12 

continental United States. See CONUS 

controlling authority. See CONAUTH 

CONUS, B-1, B-2, B-3 

crypto, IV-6, IV-7 

cryptographic. See crypto 

CT, IV-7, F-10 

D

Defense Switched Network. See DSN 

Department of Defense. See DOD 

DOD, IV-13, A-1, A-2, B-1 

E

E, I-4, I-5, I-6 

ECCM, III-3, IV-1, IV-7, IV-9, G-8, G-9 

electric wave. See E 

electronic counter-counter measure. See ECCM 

electronic warfare. See EW 

established networks, B-1 

EW, IV-2 

exclusion band, C-1 

F

Federal Emergency Management Agency. See FEMA 

FEMA, IV-13, B-2 

field manual. See FM 

FM, F-1, F-2, F-4, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-9 

FOT, I-7, I-8 

frequency and network management responsibilities, IV-3 

frequency assignments, IV-3 

frequency engineering and management 

JCS guidance, IV-1 

frequency global communications system (HFGCS), A-1 

frequency modulation. See FM 

frequency of optimum transmission, I-7, See FOT 

G

G6, IV-2 

generations of ALE, II-3 

global positioning system. See GPS 

global positioning system (GPS), IV-7 

GMT, IV-7 

GPS, IV-7, G-2 

Greenwich mean time. See GMT 
Index-3 

H

HF, i, vii, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, II-1, II-2, II-3, III-1, IV-1, IV-2, IV-3, IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV10, IV-11, IV-12, IV-13, V-1, V-2, V-3, A-1, A-2, B-1, B-2, B-3, F-10, G-1, H-1, H-2, I-1 

HF-ALE, i, vii, IV-1, IV-3, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, IV-13, V-3 

HF-ALE data distribution 

Air Force, IV-12 

Army, IV-9 

joint force, IV-8 

Marine Corps, IV-10 

Navy, IV-11 

within Services, IV-9 

HF-CPS, III-1, G-1 

high frequency. See HF 

high frequency communication planning system. See HF-CPS 

high frequency-automatic link establishment. See HF-ALE 

I

incident angle 

radio waves, I-4 

wavelength, I-4 

intelligence directorate of a joint staff. See J2 

ionization 

factors affecting, I-6 

ionosphere 

layers, I-4 

line-of-sight radio communications, I-3 

nature’s satellite, I-3 

ionospheric disturbances, I-7 

J

J2, IV-2 

J3, IV-2 

J6, vii, IV-1, IV-2, IV-3, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, V-1, I-1 

J6 HF-ALE checklist, I-1 

JCEOI, IV-3 

JCEWS, IV-2 

joint commander’s electronic warfare staff. See JCEWS 

joint communication-electronics operating instructions. See JCEOI 

Joint Interoperability Test Command, D-1 

joint restricted frequency list. See JRFL 

Joint Spectrum Management Element. See JSME 

JRFL, IV-2 

JSME, IV-3 

K

KEK, IV-7 

key encryption key. See KEK 

keying material. See KEYMAT 

keying material compromise, IV-7 

KEYMAT, III-2, V-3 

L

limitations of ALE, II-3 

line-of-sight. See LOS 
Index-4 

link quality analysis. See LQA 

link quality analysis (LQA), II-2 

linking 

automatic, II-3 

groups of stations, II-2 

protection, III-3 

receiving station, II-1 

sequence, II-1 

LOS, I-2 

LP, III-3, IV-1, IV-7, IV-9, G-4, G-7 

LQA, II-2, III-2, IV-7, A-2, A-3, E-1, G-1, G-2, G-6 

M

magnetic storms, I-7 

MAJCOM, IV-4 

major command. See MAJCOM 

MARFOR, IV-10, E-1, F-5, F-10 

Marine Corps reference publication. See MCRP 

Marine Corps tactical systems support activity. See MCTSSA 

Marine expeditionary force. See MEF 

Marine forces. See MARFOR 

maximum usable frequency. See MUF 

MCTSSA, H-1 

MEF, IV-10 

mission equipment requirements, V-3 

MP, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8 

MUF, I-7, I-8 

N

National Communications System. See NCS 

National Institute of Standards and Technology radio station. See WWV 

National Security Agency. See NSA 

National Telecommunications and Information Administration. See NTIA 

NATO, IV-13, V-1 

NCS, B-1 

near vertical incident sky wave. See NVIS 

network administrator, IV-13 

network allocations, IV-3 

network coordinator, V-1 

NIPRNET, H-1 

Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network. See NIPRNET 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO 

NSA, IV-4, B-1 

NTIA, H-1 

NVIS, I-2, I-6 

O

operations directorate of a joint staff. See J3 

P

parameter 

activity timeout, III-2 

address, III-1 

auto display, III-1 
Index-5 

channel, III-2 

creating network, III-1 

joint configuration, A-2 

key to call, III-1 

listen before transmit, III-2 

LQA, III-2 

maximum scan channels, III-2 

maximum tune time, III-2 

net address, III-2 

scan rate, III-2 

scan set, III-1 

system specific, III-3 

propagation 

definition, I-1 

direct waves, I-2 

ground reflected waves, I-2 

ground waves, I-1 

prediction, I-8 

radio frequency, I-7 

sky waves, I-2 

surface waves, I-1 

types of, I-1 

propagation software, H-1 

PROPMAN, IV-3, H-1 

proposed networks, B-2 

R

radio data port. See RDP 

radio programming application, F-1 

radio programming data. See RPD 

radio settings and network architecture, V-1 

channel definitions, V-2 

overall plan, V-1 

parameter configuration, V-3 

scan sets, V-2 

standing operating procedure, V-3 

station identification, V-2 

technical details, V-2 

RCU, A-2 

RDP, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-9 

receive; receiver. See RX 

remote control unit. See RCU 

remote terminal. See RT 

RF, D-1, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8 

Rockwell Collins HF Communications Planning System (HF-CPS), G-1 

Rockwell Collins Propagation Software ©. See PROPMAN 

RPD, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-9 

RT, D-1, G-1 

RX, III-2, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-9, F-10 

S

second generation. See 2G 

Secret Internet Protocol Router Network. See SIPRNET 

SIPRNET, H-1 

SOF, IV-13, E-1, F-7, F-10 

special operations forces. See SOF 

SPEED, IV-3, H-1 
Index-6 

STANAG, II-3 

standardization agreement (NATO). See STANAG 

sunspot cycle, I-6 

systems planning, engineering, and evaluation device. See SPEED 

T

TEK, IV-1, IV-7 

telephone to radio interface communication system. See TRICS 

third generation. See 3G 

time of day. See TOD 

TOD, I-2, IV-7 

tracking and communication system. See TRACS 

TRACS, B-1 

traffic encryption key. See TEK 

TRICS, B-1 

U

upper side band. See USB 

USB, A-3, E-1, F-10 

V

VOACAP, I-8, IV-3, H-1 

Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program. See VOACAP 

W

WWV, C-1 
FM 6-02.74 

MCRP 3-40.3E 

NTTP 6-02.6 

AFTTP (I) 3-2.48 

COMDINST M2000.7 

1 SEPTEMBER 2003 

By Order of the Secretary of the Army: 

Official: 

JOEL B. HUDSON 

Administrative Assistant to the 

Secretary of the Army

 0402001

PETER J. SCHOOMAKER 

General, United States Army 

Chief of Staff 

DISTRIBUTION: 

Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: Distribute in accordance with 

the initial distribution number 115918, requirements for FM 6-02.74. 

By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force: 

DAVID F. MacGHEE, JR. 

Major General, USAF 

Commander 

Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center 

Air Force Distribution: F


MARINE CORPS PCN: 144 000139 00 PIN: 081222-000