MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS

REPORTING

ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS, FISCAL YEAR 2008 

JUNE 2009 
 MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 

The cover photo depicts women spinning cashmere thread at the Mazar-e-Sharif AgFair and Cashmere Exhibition in 

Afghanistan. Afghan cashmere production has the potential to increase significantly, bringing wealth and export 

opportunities to small-scale herdsmen and weavers. 

PHOTO COURTESY OF THE USAID PHOTO COLLECTION 
 MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Microenterprise Results Reporting (MRR) Annual 

Report for Fiscal Year 2008 summarizes USAID’s 

investments and priorities in microfinance and 

microenterprise development.1 The Report 

documents USAID funding for microenterprise 

development through 171 diverse implementing 

partners, ranging from private voluntary organizations 

(PVOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 

to for-profit banks and enterprise development service 

providers. This year’s data show an overall increase in 

the amount of support to non-profit organizations 

(PVOs, NGOs, cooperatives, and credit unions), from 

$94 million to $110 million between FY 2007 and FY 

2008. 

The FY 2008 report reflects USAID’s continued 

commitment to leveraging its investments in 

microenterprise development. USAID helps 

strengthen the performance of increasingly 

commercial microfinance institutions (MFIs), allowing 

them to attract private investors and grow faster than 

if they relied solely on donor support. USAID also 

reduces some of the risk to private investors and 

lenders by offering partial credit guarantees and other 

enhancements. FY 2008 saw an increase from FY 

2007 in these guarantees. Currently $7.3 million in 

USAID funding for credit guarantees is supporting up 

to $286 million in private sector credit to microfinance 

institutions and microenterprises. 

This report fulfills the 12 reporting requirements 

included in the Microenterprise Results and 

Accountability Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-484). Key 

findings include: 

1. In FY 2008, USAID provided $259.4 million in 

funding for microenterprise development through 

1 The definition of a microenterprise has been revised effective 

January 2008. The new definition as per USAID’s Automated 

Directives System (ADS) 219 on Microenterprise Development 

now includes crop production activities as long as they otherwise 

qualify on the basis of size and the economic status of the owneroperator and employees. 

176 new and existing grants, cooperative 

agreements, and contracts in 69 countries, as well 

as several with a regional or worldwide focus. 

2. USAID provided $17.9 million in funding through 

central mechanisms in FY 2008. 

3. Through the use of credit guarantees, $7.3 million 

in USAID funding leveraged up to $286 million in 

private sector lending to institutions serving 

microfinance clients since 2002. 

4. USAID provided $145.3 million in funding 

through contracts in FY 2008. Just over $117 

million in microenterprise funding was subgranted or sub-contracted in FY 2008, with local 

partners receiving 79 percent of this funding. 

5. In FY 2008, USAID missions and operating units 

reported that $21 million in USAID funds were 

matched by an additional $9.5 million from 

sources outside the U.S. Government. 

6. Eighteen USAID-assisted partners in 10 countries 

used USAID-certified poverty assessment tools to 

measure and report the share of their clients who 

are “very poor”, defined as people living on less 

than $1/day at purchasing power parity, or those 

among the poorest 50 percent of people living 

below their country’s poverty line. Based on their 

reports, USAID estimates that 26.9 percent of 

microenterprise funds directly benefited “very 

poor” clients as defined in that legislation. 

7. An estimated 1.58 million very poor people 

directly benefited from microenterprise programs 

in FY 2008, including microfinance clients and 

owners and employees of microenterprises 

benefiting from USAID-supported enterprise 

development interventions. This estimate assumes 

that the percentage of “very poor” clients reported 

by the 18 partner institutions cited above applies 

to the broader range of USAID-supported 

microenterprise development programs. 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 2

8. In FY 2008 and early FY 2009, USAID continued 

to develop additional poverty assessment tools. 

By the end of FY 2009, USAID expects to have 

certified tools for use in 29 countries, representing 

more than 70 percent of USAID microenterprise 

funding excluding several countries where security 

conditions preclude developing or applying 

poverty tools. 

9. Approximately $9 million of USAID’s 

microenterprise funding in FY 2008 assisted 

victims of trafficking in persons and women who 

are particularly vulnerable to other forms of 

exploitation and violence. 

10. In FY 2008, 28 percent of borrowers, 20 percent 

of savers, and 13 percent of enterprise 

development clients were located in countries 

where a relationship between poverty and race or 

ethnicity has been demonstrated. 

11. USAID exceeded many of its performance goals 

relating to microfinance, including numbers of 

borrowers, proportion of women clients, 

proportion of rural clients, and financial 

sustainability. USAID did not meet its goals for 

the number of savers and the percentage of funds 

benefiting the very poor. In the area of enterprise 

development, performance exceeded all goals 

except percentage of funds benefiting the very 

poor. 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 3

ABBREVIATIONS

ADS Automated Directives System 

DCA Development Credit Authority 

EE Europe and Eurasia 

FVP Funds Benefiting the Very Poor 

FY Fiscal Year 

GDA Global Development Alliance 

LAC Latin America and Caribbean 

LC Local currency 

MD USAID Office of Microenterprise Development 

MFI Microfinance Institution 

MFIC Microfinance International Corporation 

MRAA Microenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 2004 

MRR Microenterprise Results Reporting 

MSED Micro and Small Enterprise Development 

NGO Non-governmental Organization 

PAT Poverty Assessment Tool 

PPI Progress Out of Poverty Index 

PPP Purchasing Power Parity 

PVO Private Voluntary Organization 

RDM/A Regional Development Mission/Asia 

STRIVE Supporting Transformation by Reducing Insecurity and Vulnerability with Economic 

Strengthening 

USAID United States Agency for International Development
INTRODUCTION

This report fulfills the requirement of the 

Microenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 

2004 (Public Law 108-484) that each year, “the 

Administrator of the Agency, acting through the 

Director of the office, shall submit to the appropriate 

congressional committees a report that contains a 

detailed description of the implementation of this title 

for the previous fiscal year.”

The United States Agency for International 

Development (USAID) is a leader among donors in 

the field of microenterprise development and 

microfinance. USAID provides competitive awards to 

hundreds of diverse partners, ranging from nongovernmental organizations to business associations to 

consulting firms to commercial banks. USAID 

supports innovations in financial services, enterprise 

development, and the enabling environment to 

strengthen the contribution of microenterprises to 

poor households’ well-being and economic growth.2,3 

 

 

2 Financial services include the provision of financial services 

adapted to the needs of low-income people, especially small loans, 

facilities for small savings deposits, and simple payments services 

needed by microentrepreneurs and other poor people. This report 

uses the term microfinance interchangeably with financial services. 

Enterprise development interventions help microenterprises 

start, survive, and grow, by helping them acquire skills and 

knowledge, gain access to financing and other inputs, and develop 

commercial relationships with other firms (both micro-scale and 

larger firms) in order to tap into higher-value markets. 

Enabling environment activities promote appropriate laws, 

policies, regulations, and supervisory and administrative practices, 

in order to expand access to financial services for low-income 

people or improve the business environment in which 

microenterprises operate. 

3 This report summarizes results achieved by partner institutions 

with USAID assistance, consistent with the Microenterprise 

Results and Accountability Act of 2004 and with USAID’s own 

policies on results reporting. Wherever possible, USAID partners 

have reported only those results attributable to USAID technical 

and financial assistance. However, many partners receive 

complementary assistance from other donors and, increasingly, 

FY 2008 marks the largest investment in 

microenterprise development to date by USAID and 

its implementing partners. 

Financial services and enterprise development 

interventions expand economic opportunities for poor 

households and businesses, while helping them to 

respond to those opportunities, build household 

assets, and cope with emergencies. Improvements in 

the enabling environment for microfinance encourage 

investment and innovation by microfinance 

institutions of all types, while improvements in the 

business enabling environment help 

microentrepreneurs participate in markets, increase 

their earnings, and realize the benefits of international 

trade. 

USAID also identifies best practices, develops 

analytical tools, and provides technical assistance to 

missions and implementers to strengthen their 

programs, and coordinates with other donors to 

promote good practices and aid effectiveness in 

microfinance and microenterprise development. 

Microenterprise Results Reporting (MRR), USAID’s 

system for tracking microenterprise obligations and 

implementing partner results, has prepared Annual 

Reports on USAID’s funding patterns and partner 

level results since 1996.4 MRR gathered and 

summarized data obtained from USAID missions and 

implementing partners for the production of this 

Annual Report. 

from the private sector. Leveraging such additional resources is 

essential to maximize the reach, effectiveness, and sustainability of 

USAID assistance, and also typically leads to results that would not 

be possible without USAID assistance. Nevertheless, identifying 

the portion of partners’ results attributable to USAID’s own 

assistance is often difficult or impossible. 

4 To view Annual Reports from previous years, visit 

www.mrreporting.org. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 4 
This report is structured to give readers a clear sense 

of USAID’s implementation of the Microenterprise 

Results and Accountability Act of 2004. The 

following table provides a guide to the reporting 

requirements and the pages where they are addressed:

SUMMARY OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 

Reporting Requirement Location 

1 Funding: The number of grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, contributions, or other form of 

assistance provided under section 252 [the section of the law authorizing USAID to provide 

microenterprise assistance], with a listing of: 

(A) the amount of each grant, cooperative agreement, contract, contribution or other form of 

assistance; 

(B) the name of each recipient and each developing country with respect to which projects or activities 

under the grant, cooperative agreement, contract, contribution, or other form of assistance were 

carried out; and 

(C) a listing of the number of countries receiving assistance authorized by section 252. 

Page 7 and 

Annex A, 

pages 22-31 

2 Central Mechanisms: The amount of assistance provided under section 252 through central 

mechanisms. 

Page 8; 

Table 2 

3 Development Credit Authority: The name of each country that receives assistance under section 

256 [the section of the law pertaining to the Development Credit Authority and credit instruments] 

and the amount of such assistance. 

Page 8-9; 

Table 3 

4 Contracts and Sub-Obligations: 

The level of funding provided through contracts, 

Page 10; 

Table 4 

the level of funding provided through grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements that is estimated 

to be subgranted or subcontracted, as the case may be, to direct service providers, and 

Page 10-11; 

Table 5 

an analysis of the comparative cost-effectiveness and sustainability of projects carried out under these 

mechanisms. 

Page 10 

5 Matching Assistance: It is the sense of Congress that USAID should include in the report required 

by section 258 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [as added by section 6 of this Act] a description 

of all matching assistance [as described in paragraph (1)] provided for the prior year by recipients of 

microenterprise development assistance under such title. 

Page 12 

6 Funds for Very Poor Clients: The percentage of assistance furnished under section 252 that was 

allocated to the very poor based on the data collected using the certified methods required by section 

254 [the section of the law outlining the requirement for USAID to develop client poverty assessment 

methods and require their use by awardees by October 2006]. 

Page 12 

7 Estimated Number of the Very Poor reached with assistance provided under section 252. Page 15 

8 Poverty Assessment Methods: The process of developing and applying poverty assessment 

procedures required under section 254. 

Page 15 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 5 
9 Funds to Assist Victims of Trafficking and Exploitation: Information on the efforts of the 

Agency to ensure that recipients of United States microenterprise and microfinance development 

assistance work closely with non-governmental organizations and foreign governments to identify and 

assist victims or potential victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and women who are victims 

of or susceptible to other forms of exploitation and violence. 

Page 17; 

Table 6 

10 Poverty and Race/Ethnicity: An estimate of the percentage of beneficiaries of assistance under this 

title in countries where a strong relationship between poverty and race or ethnicity has been 

demonstrated. 

Page 17-18; 

Table 7 

11 Performance Monitoring System: The results of the monitoring system required under section 

253 [see A-D below]. 

Pages 18 

(A) The monitoring system shall include performance goals for the assistance and expresses such goals 

in an objective and quantifiable form, to the extent feasible. 

(B) The monitoring system shall include performance indicators to be used in measuring or assessing 

the achievement of the performance goals described in paragraph (1) and the objective of the assistance 

authorized under section 252. 

(C) The monitoring system provides a basis for recommendations for adjustments to the assistance to 

enhance the sustainability and the impact of the assistance, particularly the impact of such assistance on 

the very poor, particularly poor women. 

(D) The monitoring system adopts the widespread use of proven and effective poverty assessment 

tools to successfully identify the very poor and ensure that they receive adequate access to 

microenterprise loans, savings, and assistance. 

Page 19; 

Table 8 

12 Additional Information: Any additional information relating to the provision of assistance authorized 

by this title, including the use of poverty assessment methods required by section 254, or additional 

information on assistance provided by the United States to support microenterprise development 

under this title or any other provision of law. 

Page 20 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 6
REPORTING REQUIREMENT 1 

A, B, AND C 

FUNDING 

In FY 2008, USAID provided a total of $259.4 million 

in microenterprise development assistance through 

176 new and existing agreements, including grants, 

cooperative agreements, and contracts with 171 

implementing partners in 69 countries. Reported 

microenterprise funding increased significantly from 

the level recorded in FY 2007. The FY 2008 total is 

the largest investment in microenterprise development 

since MRR began tracking data in 1996. There was a 

concerted effort to capture more agricultural related 

microenterprise development programs this year. In 

addition more central offices reported on cross-cutting 

programs with microenterprise development 

components. These are discussed in more detail under 

Reporting Requirement 12 of the report. 

Annex A provides detailed information on USAID 

microenterprise funding, including the name of each 

country receiving assistance, the amount of each 

award, and the name of each implementing partner. 

Annex B includes information on FY 2008 funding by 

USAID Bureau. Table 1 shows the sources of FY 

2008 USAID funds for microenterprise by 

appropriation account. 

Table 1. Sources of USAID Funds for Microenterprise by Appropriation Account ($ million), FY 1998 – 2008 

Account 5 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

DA $79.9 $74.1 $88.3 $85.3 $80.7 $87.8 $91.2 $87.9 $82.8 $70.9 $82.2

ESF $33.9 $33.0 $25.2 $27.9 $48.1 $28.4 $17.7 $37.3 $78.0 $44.5 $132.3

INC and ACI $2.1 $21.4 $14.8 $7.0 $32.1

FSA $14.3 $12.8 $30.3 $19.6 $33.4 $41.0 $35.1 $21.0 $18.6 $11.5 $18.2

SAI/SEED $4.6 $13.0 $9.2 $7.6 $6.7 $14.5 $13.9 $14.2 $8.5 $10.9 $17.9

P.L.-480 6 $12.4 $17.3 $8.8 $13.7 $18.6 $4.8 $10.0 $6.7 $9.0 $9.5 $4.6

IRRF $7.2 $28.9 $11.3 $8.1

CSH/HIV $0.8 $0.5 $0.5 $1.0 $0.6 $0.4 $4.9 $2.6

GHAI $0.7 $1.6

IDFA $0.2 $1.4 

CACEDRF $3.2 $8.0 

Total $145.1 $153.4 $170.6 $154.6 $188.0 $179.6 $197.1 $211.4 $216.0 $193.1 $259.4

5 DA – Development Assistance 

ESF – Economic Support Funds 

INC – International Narcotics Control 

ACI – Andean Counternarcotics Initiative 

FSA – Freedom Support Act 

SAI/SEED – Special Assistance Initiatives includes Support for Eastern 

European Democracy 

P L -480 – Local currency from monetization of Public Law 480 (Title II) 

food aid 

IRRF – Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund 

CSH/HIV – Child Survival and Health/Human Immunodeficiency Virus 

GHAI – Global Health AIDS Initiative 

IDFA – International Disaster and Famine Assistance 

CACEDRF – Central American and Caribbean Emergency Disaster 

Recovery Fund 

6 P L -480 and LC funds in the amount of $4 6 million are USDA funds 

managed by USAID Program results were collected on these programs 

and are included in the USAID partner data in this report

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 7 
REPORTING REQUIREMENT 2 

CENTRAL MECHANISMS 

USAID provided $17.9 million in funding through 

central mechanisms from USAID/Washington in FY 

2008, as shown in table 2. This total includes the firstever microenterprise funding from the Population and 

Reproductive Health Office and the Natural 

Resources Management Office. In contrast, the table 

excludes support for microenterprise development 

through local currency generated through sale of 

Public Law 480 food aid, previously reported by the 

central Food for Peace office, but currently reported 

by individual country missions. 

Table 2. Central Mechanism Funding by 

Office (U.S.$ millions) 

Microenterprise Development $12.5 

Private Voluntary Cooperation $2.1 

Population and Reproductive Health $1.4 

Natural Resources Management $1.0 

Democracy and Governance $.7 

Women in Development $0.2 

Total $17.9 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 3 

DEVELOPMENT CREDIT AUTHORITY 

Since 1999, USAID’s Office of Development Credit 

has enabled USAID missions to expand the capital 

base for microfinance by providing partial guarantees 

rather than grants. Such guarantees encourage 

mainstream financial institutions, such as commercial 

banks, to lend to MFIs and thus enable the latter to 

expand their portfolios. Many missions have used this 

vehicle successfully to support market leaders and 

increase funding to the sector. 

Table 3 summarizes active guarantees supporting 

microfinance in FY 2008. Guarantees include the 

Development Credit Authority (DCA) and the Micro 

and Small Enterprise Development (MSED) program, 

both managed by the Office of Development Credit. 

The column labeled “Guarantee Subsidy” shows the 

budgetary costs of providing guarantees. Subsidy 

costs vary according to country, lender, and borrower 

and transaction risk. The amounts shown under 

“Lending Guaranteed” indicate funds available for 

lending to microfinance institutions as a result of 

partial guarantees provided by USAID. Since FY 

2002, $7.3 million in USAID funding for credit 

guarantees leveraged up to $286 million in private 

sector credit to MFIs and microenterprises. 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 4 

In an effort to provide support to microenterprise 

development initiatives worldwide, USAID uses a 

variety of assistance mechanisms and implementing 

partners to maximize such efforts. The 

Microenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 

2004 (MRAA) requires USAID to report on the 

following levels of funding provided through: 

 Contracts (with direct obligation recipients); 

 Grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements 

that is estimated to be sub-granted or subcontracted, as the case may be, to direct 

service providers; and 

 An analysis of the comparative costeffectiveness and sustainability of projects 

carried out under these mechanisms. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 8 
Table 3. Active USAID Credit Guarantees Related to Microfinance since FY 2002 (U.S.$ thousands) 

Country Guarantee Subsidy Lending Guaranteed Fiscal Year 

Morocco $10 $400 2002

Peru $74 $2,000 2002

Honduras $162 $3,500 2003

Morocco $69 $8,000 2003

Worldwide $75 $10,000 2003

Ecuador $884 $12,400 2004

Guatemala $116 $5,000 2004

Jamaica $244 $8,500 2004

Morocco $211 $10,600 2004

South Africa $76 $8,333 2004

Honduras $115 $2,000 2005

Indonesia $1,209 $16,400 2005

Peru $300 $8,000 2005

Uganda $653 $11,700 2005

Georgia $77 $1,500 2006

Worldwide $142 $82,100 2006

Bulgaria $57 $1,500 2007

Haiti $152 $2,500 2007

Colombia $93 $8,000 2008

Dominican Republic $385 $10,000 2008

El Salvador $97 $4,800 2008

Guyana $99 $5,800 2008

Haiti $139 $2,000 2008

Jamaica $154 $5,060 2008

Kenya $250 $15,000 2008

Sri Lanka $106 $5,000 2008

Worldwide $1,400 $36,260 2008

TOTAL $7,349 $286,353 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 9 
CONTRACTS 

Table 4 summarizes USAID microenterprise funding 

provided through contracts by partner type in FY 

2008. Of the total FY 2008 obligation amount of 

$259.4 million, $145.3 million (56 percent) was directly 

obligated to implementing partners through contracts. 

Table 4. Recipients of USAID Funding for 

Microenterprise, FY 2008 (U.S.$ millions)

Partner Type Total 

Microenterprise 

Funding 

Funding 

Through 

Contracts 

Non-Profits7 $109.6 $6.2 

Consulting Firms $97.0 $94.9 

Other For-Profits8 $22.7 $20.9 

Other Entities9 $30.1 $23.3 

Total $254.8 $145.3 

In FY 2008, non-profit partners were the direct 

recipients of 42.2 percent ($109.6 million) of total 

microenterprise funding, while consulting firms were 

the direct recipients of 37.4 percent ($97 million). 

Funds obligated to non-profit partners include those 

obligated to U.S.-based PVOs ($63.5 million or 24.5 

percent of FY 2008 microenterprise funding), local 

NGOs ($44.7 million or 17.2 percent), cooperatives 

($0.8 million or 0.3 percent) and credit unions ($0.5 

million or 0.2 percent).10 

 

 

7 Non-Profits include PVOs, NGOs, cooperatives and credit 

unions. 

8 Other For-Profits include banks, non-bank financial institutions, 

finance companies, and other for-profit institutions. 

9 All Other Entities includes business associations, government 

agencies, research and educational organizations, obligations to 

USAID for microenterprise project management, pending 

agreements and institutions marked “other.” 

10 Funding amounts are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, 

which explains the discrepancy between the breakdown of 

amounts by non-profit institution type and the total amount of 

funds obligated to non-profits. 

SUB-OBLIGATIONS 

Table 5 shows the estimated level of funding that was 

sub-granted or sub-contracted to direct service 

providers in FY 2008 in the form of grants, contracts, 

and cooperative agreements. Funding for subrecipients is an important indication of USAID’s 

ability to involve local partners in the Agency’s 

microenterprise development efforts. In FY 2008, 

approximately $117.2 million was sub-granted or subcontracted to 538 primarily local partner institutions. 

Approximately 79 percent of sub-granted or subcontracted funds were directed to local partners in 

host countries, including cooperatives, credit unions, 

local NGOs, business associations, 

research/educational institutions, and non-bank 

financial institutions. 

This is a substantial increase in both funding and 

number of sub-recipient partners. This reflects both 

the increase in overall microenterprise development 

funding as well as intensive review efforts 

implemented as part of MRR data collection this year. 

It should also be noted that the sub-recipient funding 

reported by USAID’s partners does not all originate 

from FY 2008 USAID obligations, as funds are 

disbursed and expended by partners on a timeline that 

often differs from USAID’s fiscal year obligations. 

Therefore some of these funds may come from 

previous year obligations. 

COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND 

SUSTAINABILITY 

To track the comparative cost-effectiveness and 

sustainability of programs, MRR collects data on the 

financial and operational sustainability of partner 

institutions in implementing microfinance programs.11

In FY 2008, 86 percent of USAID-funded MFIs were 

operationally self-sustaining, whereas 75 percent 

11 Operational sustainability measures the degree to which an 

institution generates sufficient revenue from operations to cover 

all of its operating costs, including loan losses and the costs of 

capital. Financial sustainability measures the degree to which the 

institution’s revenues from operations also covers the costs of its 

funds calculated at market rates, adjusted for the effects of 

inflation and subsidies. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 10 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 11 

attained the more demanding goal of full financial 

sustainability. As USAID considers an institution’s 

sustainability to be related to its cost-effectiveness, the 

Agency uses a number of methods to assist 

microfinance institutions to become self-sustaining. 

These methods include: 1) requiring that implementing 

partners develop concrete plans to achieve financial 

sustainability, so that their revenues cover all their 

costs; 2) providing funds and technical assistance to 

build strong institutions that can continue serving their 

clients after USAID support ends; 3) identifying best 

practices and business models to achieve sustainability; 

and 4) providing credit guarantees to help 

microfinance institutions access private capital for 

financing future growth. 

The MRAA also called for an analysis of the 

comparative cost-effectiveness and sustainability of 

projects carried out under different funding 

mechanisms. Measures of cost-effectiveness and 

sustainability for any given project are derived from 

the specific objectives to be achieved by the project, 

the context in which it operates, and the duration of 

support. Given the broad application of 

microenterprise programs to meet development 

objectives, it is not possible to calculate and compare 

these measures using only the results data tracked by 

MRR. Nevertheless, USAID continues to examine the 

cost-effectiveness and sustainability of microenterprise 

projects in evaluations of individual projects. 

In addition, in July 2006 USAID published a 

comparative study of the performance of “umbrella 

projects” -- integrated programs that include a 

substantial microenterprise component. As reported 

in the FY 2006 MRR, the study examined 

microfinance umbrella programs led by both for-profit 

and non-profit institutions, and funded through a 

variety of assistance mechanisms, including contracts. 

The study concluded that, for microfinance umbrella 

programs as well as for other USAID programs, the 

choice of assistance instrument is not a factor in 

determining sustainability. Contracts are used to 

procure services needed to achieve USAID’s 

Table 5. Reported Sub-Obligations (U.S.$ 

millions)

Partner Type12 Funding for Subgrants 

and Subcontracts 

Business Associations $1.8 

Consulting Firms $7.6 

Cooperatives $2.2 

Credit Unions $23.5 

Other For-Profits13 $5.4 

NGOs $65.0 

Non-Bank Financial 

Institutions $0.9 

PVOs $7.1 

Research/Educational $0.7 

Other Entities14 $3.2 

Total $117.2 

development objectives, whereas grants and 

cooperative agreements are used to support existing 

activities of USAID’s partners, where those activities 

advance USAID’s goals and objectives. As USAID 

moves into new regions where there is a need for 

microenterprise services—for example, in postconflict areas—it relies on the existing institutional 

capacity of both contractors and grantees to 

implement new programs. 

 

12 In general, partner types are added and verified by USAID 

missions and partner institutions. However, due to the increased 

number of new sub-recipients entered into the system in FY 08, 

many of the partner types were verified through web sites or other 

means, such as individual project document review, when direct 

partner verification was not available. 

13 Other For-Profits include banks, finance companies, and other 

for-profit institutions. 

14 Other entities include Chambers of Commerce, government 

agencies and other types of institutions. 
REPORTING REQUIREMENT 5 

MATCHING ASSISTANCE 

USAID frequently requires that its funds for a 

particular purpose be matched by funds from other 

sources, including the partner institution itself. In FY 

2008, $21 million of USAID microenterprise funds 

were matched by an additional $9.5 million from other 

sources. Matching funds from these sources may 

include private donations, multilateral funding, 

commercial and concessional borrowing, savings, and 

program income. 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 6 

FUNDS BENEFITING THE VERY POOR 

Both the Microenterprise for Self Reliance Act of 2000 

(henceforth, the 2000 Act) and the MRAA mandate 

that at least half of all USAID funding for 

microenterprise development directly benefit the very 

poor. The 2000 Act initially defined the “very poor” 

as the bottom [poorest] half of those living below each 

country’s national poverty line. The law instructed 

USAID to support “poverty lending” as the principal 

means of targeting the very poor. Poverty lending is 

based on the assumption that only very poor people 

would seek to take out very small loans. In that case, 

an institution’s outreach to the very poor could be 

inferred from the share of its clients with loans smaller 

than a certain threshold value. Accordingly, the 

original 2000 Act set a “poverty loan threshold” for 

each region where USAID operates. For microfinance 

institutions, the share of each MFI’s services that 

benefit the very poor would be estimated from the 

share of its loan portfolio consisting of loans smaller 

than the threshold value. Similarly, the share of an 

enterprise development program’s services that benefit 

the very poor would be estimated from its reported 

share of clients who currently hold poverty loans. 

The 2000 Act set the following poverty loan 

thresholds, stated in 1995 U.S. dollars: 

 $300 in Asia, the Near East, and Africa; 

 $400 in Latin America and the Caribbean; and 

 $1,000 in Europe and Eurasia. 

In FY 2007, the poverty loan proxy amounts were 

corrected for inflation since 1995, thus providing more 

accurate thresholds for reporting. The poverty loan 

thresholds for Fiscal Year 2008 remained at the 

adjusted levels of $404, $538, and $1,346 respectively. 

Subsequent amendments to the 2000 Act mandated a 

second, much more ambitious approach to estimating 

the share of USAID-supported microenterprise 

benefits that reach the very poor. First, the amended 

law created a second definition of the “very poor” -- 

those living on less than the equivalent of $1 per day, 

calculated using purchasing power parity (PPP) 

exchange rates. The law made clear that, for any given 

country, the applicable definition of the very poor 

would be the more inclusive one. Second, those 

amendments directed USAID to develop and certify at 

least two “low-cost methods” to allow partner 

institutions to measure the share of their clients who 

are very poor as defined in the law, and, “with 

reasonable exceptions,” to require non-profit 

recipients of USAID grants or cooperative agreements 

for microenterprise development to use those 

methods to measure and report the share of their very 

poor clients. These changes are reiterated in the 

MRAA. 

The process of developing, certifying, and applying 

poverty assessment tools is discussed in Reporting 

Requirement 8. By the end of FY 2008, USAID had 

certified Poverty Assessment Tools for 26 countries. 

Because implementing the tools involves substantial 

costs, USAID exempted partners that spent less than 

$100,000 in USAID microenterprise funds in FY 

2008, considering these to be “reasonable exceptions” 

as cited in the law. In all, 18 partner institutions in 10 

countries reported poverty assessments in FY 2008. 

Of these 18 partner institutions, four offered only 

financial services, 10 offered only enterprise 

development support, and four offered both. 

Together, these 18 partner institutions received 20 

percent of total USAID microenterprise funding in FY 

2008, or 22 percent excluding support for policy 

reform. 

Because partner institutions that actually implemented 

the poverty tools represent a relatively modest share of 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 12 
total USAID microenterprise funding, this section 

provides two estimates of the share of those funds 

benefiting the very poor – one based on the results of 

the poverty tools, and a second based on the poverty 

loan proxy used in previous Annual Reports. 

Among the eight microfinance institutions that applied 

and reported on the Poverty Assessment Tools, the 

average share of Funds Benefiting the Very Poor 

(FVP) is estimated at 28.5 percent, up from 16.3 

percent in FY 2007. This average is based on the 

share of very poor clients reported by each MFI, 

weighted by the value of USAID microfinance 

funding that MFI received in FY 2008. For the 14 

enterprise development programs that applied and 

reported on the Poverty Assessment Tools, average 

FVP is estimated at 26.0 percent, up from 20.5 percent 

in FY 2007; this average is weighted by each program’s 

FY 2008 funding for enterprise development. A 

weighted average of these two estimates yields an 

overall estimate of 26.9 percent of USAID funds 

benefiting the very poor, up from 19.1 percent in 

FY 2007.15 Programs pursuing policy reforms cannot 

report client-level data, and so are excluded from the 

calculations. 

Measuring FVP using the poverty loan proxy, as in 

previous Reports, yields somewhat different results. 

Based on the share of each reporting MFI’s loan 

portfolio held as poverty loans, an estimated 22 

percent of USAID funding for microfinance 

institutions directly benefited the very poor. The share 

of poverty loans was much higher in Sub-Saharan 

Africa (83 percent) and much lower in Latin America 

and the Caribbean and in the Middle East (6 percent 

and 7 percent, respectively). However, the overall 

average was dominated by the 24 percent prevalence 

of poverty lending among microfinance programs in 

the Asia region, which absorbed nearly three-quarters 

of the total funds provided to microfinance 

institutions that reported on their poverty lending. In 

contrast to last year’s report, the poverty assessment 

 

 15 In computing this average, the weights are set equal to the 

percentage of total funds used for microfinance and enterprise 

development. 

tools provide a slightly higher estimated share of FVP 

among USAID-supported microfinance programs 

than does the poverty loan proxy. The reasons for 

this change are not clear. 

Meanwhile, 30 percent of funding for enterprise 

development programs was found to directly benefit 

the very poor, based on each reporting program’s 

estimated share of clients who hold outstanding 

poverty loans from any source. This figure is exactly 

double the one reported in the FY 2007 Annual 

Report. USAID views these estimates as particularly 

susceptible to error, because enterprise development 

programs do not dispense loans themselves and have 

often little or no basis for knowing how many of their 

clients hold such loans from other sources; a large 

share of programs in each region simply leave this 

question blank. 

Combining the estimated share of FVP from each type 

of program yields an overall average of 27.2 percent of 

funds directly benefiting the very poor, based on the 

poverty loan proxy. This estimate is very close to the 

26.9 percent obtained using the poverty assessment 

tools. USAID views the closeness of these figures as 

coincidental, rather than as evidence that the two 

methods provides equally valid results; the large 

changes in the FVP estimates obtained by using the 

poverty loan proxy between FY 2007 and FY 2008 

suggest the very limited reliability of this method. 

Based on either method, the share of benefits directly 

flowing to the very poor fell short of the 50 percent 

FVP target set by the 2000 Act – just over half the 

target, in the case of the 26.9 percent FVP estimated 

using the poverty assessment tools. Although this 

figure is higher than the 19.1 percent reported in Fiscal 

Year 2007, the overall pattern of results lend further 

weight to the point that USAID raised in last year’s 

Annual Report – that current law imposes too low a 

threshold for being “very poor.”16 This very narrow 

definition makes it impossible for USAID to allocate 

its microfinance and microenterprise funding so as to 

16 For example, the $1 per day line is less than 10 percent of the 

current poverty line in the United States. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 13 
reach the legislative target of directing 50 percent of 

the benefits of microenterprise funding to the “very 

poor,” without undermining other goals emphasized 

in the same legislation, such as sustainability and 

support for broad-based economic growth. 

Unfortunately, this definition of being “very poor” 

was adopted without any evidence that a 50 percent 

FVP target based on this definition could be reached. 

Two years of results using the poverty assessment 

tools strongly suggest that the target cannot be reached 

without inflicting undesirable side effects on 

sustainability and economic development. In short, 

USAID sees no realistic prospect of reaching the 

target contained in the law, and urges prompt and 

serious consideration of changes in the law. 

As matters stand, USAID sees no promising options 

for meeting the FVP target. It cannot do so by 

reallocating funds among its existing partners, because 

with the exception of one small program, none had 

more than 50 percent “very poor” clients. It cannot 

do so by shifting funds to established microenterprise 

organizations that are not already receiving USAID 

funding, because few if any such organizations are 

voluntarily applying the USAID-certified poverty 

assessment tools, and no such organization has 

offered solid evidence that it has more than 50 percent 

“very poor” clients. Likewise, with hundreds of 

millions of dollars at stake, offering to shift substantial 

funding to newly emergent microenterprise 

organizations based on unverifiable claims that they 

are reaching large numbers of “very poor” clients 

might create an unintended incentive for some 

organizations to manipulate data to gain access to 

funding. 

Finally, USAID discourages its partner organizations 

from using the kinds of poverty assessment methods 

required by the legislation to screen out potential 

clients who are “not poor enough.” This position is 

based on three considerations. First, whereas low-cost 

poverty assessment methods like the USAID Poverty 

Assessment Tools (PATs) and the Grameen 

Foundation’s Progress Out of Poverty Index (PPI) can 

achieve reasonable accuracy in assessing the poverty 

status of a large group of clients (e.g., 300 households), 

they are highly inaccurate in assessing the poverty 

status of individual households. Second, placing 

responsibility for screening potential clients in the 

hands of individual fieldworkers or loan officers 

creates strong incentives to manipulate client data in 

an effort to conform with the institution’s policy, 

potentially making the resulting data highly unreliable. 

There is strong circumstantial evidence that such 

misreporting is common in practice, and little reason 

to believe that it can be avoided.17 Third, the great 

majority of clients served by USAID-supported 

microenterprise programs are very poor, at least in 

commonly used terms: their families suffer high rates 

of infant and child mortality and malnutrition, their 

life expectancy is low, and very few have access to 

formal financial services. It seems hard to justify 

excluding potential clients like these from USAIDsupported programs because they earn a few pennies 

more than a dollar a day, especially for programs that 

seek to support sustained progress out of poverty. 

USAID strongly believes that microenterprise 

organizations should use appropriate methods to 

assess the socioeconomic conditions of their clients, 

and that low-cost poverty assessment tools can play a 

useful role in helping them do so. Unfortunately, the 

law as currently written fails to set a feasible target for 

outreach to the very poor, by defining “very poor” too 

narrowly and by adopting too high a target for the 

percentage of “very poor” clients so defined. This 

situation is reflected both in the results from USAID 

partners reported in this Annual Report, and in the 

continuing failure of microfinance and microenterprise 

organizations not funded by USAID to document 

major programs with more than 50 percent “very 

poor” clients, based on rigorous measurement of 

clients’ living standards against the $1/day line or a 

similarly low poverty line as required by current law. 

 

17 See for instance “A Critique of Grameen Bank II’s Means Test 

for Membership,” MicroSave Briefing Note on Grameen II #9, 

2000. A 2009 working paper from the Center for Global 

Development, “The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in 

Bangladesh: Revisiting the Evidence,” by Jonathan Morduch and 

David Roodman, offers further evidence that screening 

mechanisms intended to limit program access to very poor 

households tend to be ignored in practice, even among highly 

reputable MFIs. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 14 
Shifting the focus of USAID’s poverty assessment 

tools to more realistic poverty lines, developed in 

collaboration with the microenterprise community and 

Congress, would enable USAID to better target its 

programs toward the very poor. For its part, USAID 

will endeavor to ensure that its microfinance and 

microenterprise programs benefit the greatest possible 

share of very poor clients, consistent with the need to 

ensure financial sustainability among USAIDsupported microfinance institutions and impact and 

cost-effectiveness among its enterprise development 

programs. 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 7 

NUMBER OF VERY POOR REACHED 

The Microenterprise for Self-Reliance Act directs 

USAID to use the poverty assessment tools called for 

in that Act to estimate the number of very poor clients 

who benefit from USAID microenterprise programs. 

As noted in the previous section, the partner 

institutions that applied the certified poverty 

assessment tools together received approximately onefifth of USAID microenterprise funding in FY 2008. 

Using those partners’ reported results to estimate the 

total number of very poor clients reached by all 

USAID-funded microenterprise partners requires 

assuming that the share of very poor clients of all 

partner institutions resembles that of the partners that 

applied the poverty assessment tools. 

For USAID-supported microfinance institutions, 

multiplying the 28.5 percent share of “very poor” 

microfinance clients, calculated from the poverty 

assessment tool data, by the total number of 

borrowers from all supported MFIs – 4.14 million – 

implies that approximately 1.18 million very poor 

clients directly benefited from USAID funding for 

microfinance in FY 2008. 

For enterprise development programs, the most useful 

approach is to include both owners and employees of 

microenterprises benefiting from USAID enterprise 

development programs. On that basis, such programs 

directly benefited approximately 400,000 very poor 

people. Combining these two estimates yields an 

overall estimate of approximately 1.58 million very 

poor people who directly benefited from USAID 

microenterprise programs in FY 2008. 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 8 

POVERTY ASSESSMENT TOOLS 

The MRAA requires this report to address: 

 “The process of developing and applying poverty 

assessment procedures required under section 254 

[the section of the law outlining the requirement 

for USAID to develop client poverty assessment 

tools and require their use by awardees by 

October 2006].” 

The legislative background that culminated in the 

development and management of USAID’s Poverty 

Assessment Tools (PATs) is reviewed under Reporting 

Requirement 6. Congress required that USAID 

develop the PATs to allow USAID-supported 

microenterprise development institutions to measure 

the share of their clients who are very poor, and to 

monitor USAID’s fulfillment of the mandate that at 

least half of USAID microenterprise funding should 

benefit the very poor. Amendments to the 2000 Act 

linked this mandate to a very narrow standard of being 

“very poor” – living on less than $1 a day at 

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), or among the poorest 

half of those living below the national poverty line. At 

the time this new standard was adopted, no 

microenterprise institution was using credible 

assessment tools, calibrated against a similar standard, 

to measure and report extreme poverty among its 

clients. As a result, neither USAID nor the 

microenterprise community had a clear basis for 

judging whether or not it would be possible to achieve 

the poverty targeting mandate once linked to the new 

standard of extreme poverty. As stressed under 

Reporting Requirement 6, subsequent results strongly 

suggest that the standard adopted in the law was too 

narrow. 

The amended 2000 Act called for USAID to develop 

and certify at least two “low-cost methods” for 

measuring extreme poverty by October 2004. As 

explained in last year’s Annual Report, this deadline 

could not be met, because poverty assessment tools 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 15 
that meet the law’s requirements must be developed 

and tested on a country-by-country basis, using 

country-specific data. In particular, each USAIDcertified poverty assessment tool has been developed 

through statistical analysis of data drawn from an 

integrated household budget survey for the country in 

question, to identify which household characteristics 

are most highly correlated with extreme poverty in 

that country. 

In developing poverty assessment tools, USAID has 

prioritized those countries with the highest levels of 

USAID microenterprise funding. Priorities are further 

refined by the availability of recent household survey 

data, allowing tools to be developed relatively quickly. 

Developing tools for countries where household 

survey data are not already available requires that 

USAID gather the data itself. Because doing so is very 

time-consuming and expensive, USAID has treated it 

as a last resort. Moreover, security conditions or 

government policy make it impossible to collect 

household survey data in some countries with 

substantial USAID microenterprise programs, notably 

Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Lebanon, and Egypt. 

By September 30, 2008 – the deadline for use in 

gathering poverty data for this Annual Report -- 

USAID had developed and certified poverty 

assessment tools for 26 countries, which together 

accounted for 45 percent of USAID microenterprise 

funding for programs in specific countries, and 61 

percent of such funding excluding the five “out of 

reach” countries cited above. These 26 tools provide 

the basis for the estimates of Funds Benefiting the 

Very Poor contained in Sections 6 and 7. USAID 

sought poverty assessment data from all partner 

institutions that spent at least $100,000 in USAID 

microenterprise support in FY 2008 in any of those 26 

countries. Several of those partners sought and 

received waivers from reporting, including some 

focused on policy reform and others that had already 

completed operations and withdrawn their project 

personnel from the country in question. USAID 

expects to achieve better coverage in the future by 

taking advantage of forward-looking funding data. 

During FY 2008 and into FY 2009, USAID continued 

to develop and certify country-specific poverty 

assessment tools, including one based on an incountry household survey carried out in Liberia. 

USAID also provided training to ensure that affected 

partner institutions can use those tools to gather the 

required information, and launched a new online 

training module to permit USAID partners and other 

microenterprise organizations to gain the skills needed 

to apply the PATs from anywhere in the world. 

USAID expects that the total number of countries 

with certified tools will reach 29 by September 30, 

2009. If those expectations are realized, USAIDcertified poverty assessment tools should cover 

countries accounting for 72 percent of projected FY 

2009 USAID microenterprise funding in specific 

countries, excluding the five noted above.18 

Poverty assessment tools have already been developed 

in most countries with substantial USAID 

microenterprise funding and available household 

surveys. Therefore, future progress will increasingly 

require USAID to conduct its own household surveys, 

in especially challenging environments, at roughly five 

times the cost per country required to produce tools 

using existing survey data. This will slow the further 

expansion of country coverage. Meanwhile, in 

addition to further efforts to develop new country 

tools, USAID intends to work to improve existing 

tools so that they provide microenterprise 

organizations as much information about their clients 

as possible, rather than focusing only on generating 

the single number of percent of very poor clients, as 

required by the law. By providing organizations with 

more useful information about their clients, USAID 

hopes to promote greater voluntary use of the poverty 

assessment tools. 

 

18 Funding patterns shift from one year to another, which will also 

change the share of microenterprise funding going to countries 

with certified poverty assessment tools. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 16 
REPORTING REQUIREMENT 9 

FUNDS TO ASSIST VICTIMS OF 

TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITATION 

The MRAA requires USAID to report information 

from its missions on their efforts to ensure that 

recipients of USAID microenterprise and 

microfinance development assistance work closely 

with NGOs and foreign governments to identify and 

assist victims of potential or severe forms of 

trafficking in persons and women who are victims of 

or susceptible to other forms of exploitation and 

violence. Table 6 shows, by USAID Regional Bureau, 

microenterprise funding obligated to microenterprise 

institutions targeting these groups.

In FY 2008, the total value of such funding increased 

from the level reported in FY 2007. This is largely due 

to the substantial increase in such funds in the Europe 

& Eurasia region. Armenia obligated $1.8 million to 

programs assisting these beneficiaries. Serbia showed 

the largest amount of such funding in the region with 

$4.6 million. The notable decline in centrally funded 

programs meeting this criteria is mainly due to the 

Office of Democracy and Governance’s Supporting 

Transformation by Reducing Insecurity and 

Vulnerability with Economic Strengthening (STRIVE) 

program continuing operations under FY 2007 

obligations with no new FY 2008 obligation. 

Other missions that reported funding for partners 

serving these groups in FY 2008 include the 

Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Senegal 

in the Africa region; Mongolia, Pakistan and the 

Regional Development Mission in the Asia region; 

Belarus, Kosovo, Moldova and Ukraine in the Europe 

and Eurasia region; and Jordan in the Middle East 

Region. 

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 10 

POVERTY AND RACE/ETHNICITY 

The MRAA requires that USAID report “[a]n estimate 

of the percentage of beneficiaries of assistance under 

this title in countries where a strong relationship 

between poverty and race or ethnicity has been 

demonstrated.” MRR requested information in FY 

2008 from USAID field missions in relation to this 

requirement. Table 7 reports on the number of 

microenterprise clients in countries where missions 

cite a relationship between poverty and race or 

ethnicity. 

The number of borrowers and savers in countries 

where this relationship was reported dropped 

significantly in FY 2008 from FY 2007. This can be 

largely attributed to absence of reporting from a 

microfinance program in Mexico that ended in FY 

2007. Conversely, in FY 2008 the overall numbers of 

enterprise development clients in countries reported to 

Table 6. USAID Microenterprise Funding to Assist Victims of Trafficking and Exploitation, 

FY 2008 (U.S.$ millions) 

Bureau 

Financial Services & 

Related Enabling 

Environment 

Enterprise Development & 

Related Enabling 

Environment 

Total 

Asia $1.0 $0.3 $1.3 

Europe & Eurasia $0.6 $6.2 $6.8 

Middle East - $0.1 $0.1 

Sub-Saharan Africa $0.15 $0.12 $0.27 

Centrally Funded - $.52 $0.52 

Total $1.75 $7.24 $8.99 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 17 
have a relationship between poverty and race or 

ethnicity increased by over 77,000. The largest 

increases were in Bolivia, Colombia, Nepal and Mali.

REPORTING REQUIREMENT 11 

PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM 

Several provisions of the MRAA address performance 

monitoring: 

1. “The monitoring system shall include 

performance goals for the assistance and 

express such goals in an objective and 

quantifiable form, to the extent feasible.” 

2. “The monitoring system shall include 

performance indicators to be used in 

measuring or assessing the achievement of the 

performance goals described in paragraph (1) 

and the objective of the assistance authorized 

under section 252 [of the Foreign Assistance 

Act of 1961, as amended].” 

3. “The monitoring system provides a basis for 

recommendations for adjustments to the 

assistance to enhance the sustainability and 

the impact of the assistance, particularly the 

impact of such assistance on the very poor, 

particularly poor women.” 

4. “The monitoring system adopts the widespread 

use of proven and effective poverty 

assessment tools to successfully identify the 

very poor and ensure that they receive 

adequate access to microenterprise loans, 

savings, and assistance.” 

Table 8 shows the performance goals and indicators 

that USAID set for FY 2008, along with reported 

results. 

On a worldwide basis, USAID and its implementing 

partners strongly exceeded the Agency’s goals in most, 

but not all areas. 

USAID-supported microfinance programs exceeded 

the Agency’s goals for total number of borrowers and 

for targeting rural clients and women. The share of 

MFIs achieving full financial sustainability exceeded 

USAID’s goal, rising substantially from FY 2007. 

USAID’s Microfinance program did not reach the goal 

for number of savers. This is largely due to the loss of 

nearly one million savers reported last year under a 

now expired agreement with a large finance company 

in Ethiopia as well as the loss of 1.2 million savers 

Table 7. Estimated Number of Clients in Countries Where a Relationship Has Been 

 Demonstrated Between Poverty and Race or Ethnicity

Region Country Borrowers Savers Enterprise 

Development Clients 

Asia Nepal 9,524 17,323 22,654

Tibet 90 - 180

Europe and Eurasia Kazakhstan 35,785 - -

Montenegro - - 398

Serbia - - 75

Latin America and 

the Caribbean Basin Bolivia - - 28,239

Colombia 426,529 146,148 37,852

Ecuador - - 4,615

Guatemala 4,071 4,071 562

Mexico 569,032 378,474 13

Peru 99,533 5,564 1,554

Sub-Saharan Africa Mali - - 7,800

Nigeria - - 447

Total 1,144,564 551,580 104,389

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 18 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 19 

related to the expired agreement in Mexico cited under 

Reporting Requirement 10. 

USAID exceeded all of its performance goals for 

enterprise development, with the exception of 

percentage of funds benefiting the very poor, 

discussed in detail under Reporting Requirement 6. 

The number of microenterprises assisted and number 

of employees were areas of especially strong 

performance. 

Table 8. Performance Goals and Results, FY 2008 

 FY 2008 Results FY 2008 Goal 

Microfinance 

Borrowers 4.14 million 4 million

Savers 2.74 million 4 million

Women Clients 62% 60%

Rural Clients 63% 40%

Funds Benefiting the Very Poor 

Per Poverty Assessment Tools 28.5%

Per Poverty Loan Proxy 22% 50%

Financially Sustainable MFIs 75% 50%

Enterprise Development 

Microenterprises Assisted 791,000 250,000

Owners and Employees of Microenterprises Assisted 1.5 million 750,000

Women Clients 36% 30%

Rural Clients 91% 75%

Funds Benefiting the Very Poor 

Per Poverty Assessment Tools 26%

Per Poverty Loan Proxy 30% 50%
REPORTING REQUIREMENT 12 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

In FY 2008 USAID funded its Microenterprise 

Development Office (MD), leveraged investments to 

meet the evolving and diverse needs for 

microenterprise development around the world, and 

supported key central programs designed to promote 

innovation and strengthen the ability of its missions 

and partners to meet the Agency’s development 

objectives. 

LEVERAGING INVESTMENTS IN 

MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 

USAID’s investments in microenterprise development 

have stimulated a diversity of effective approaches, 

capable partners, strong local service providers, and 

responsive funding mechanisms to meet evolving 

needs for microenterprise development around the 

world. In FY 2008, USAID continued to leverage 

these investments to address new development 

challenges, reach out to poorer and more vulnerable 

populations, and build the capacity of partner 

institutions to sustain and grow beyond USAID 

support. 

In continuing its use of credit guarantees to bolster 

additional sources of support for microenterprise 

development, USAID spent $7.3 million to leverage 

$286.4 million in private financing for 

microenterprises and microfinance institutions since 

FY 2002 through USAID’s Development Credit 

Authority (DCA). In FY 2008, USAID partnered with 

ten private financial institutions in eight countries. 

USAID also created a partnership with Oikocredit, a 

global lender to microfinance institutions, to reach 

microenterprises worldwide. 

Not only did USAID form these partnerships in 2008, 

but credit has already been extended. Through 

USAID’s partnership with Microfinance International 

Corporation (MFIC), USAID is providing credit 

guarantees to two microfinance institutions in El 

Salvador for an innovative transnational housing loan 

program. By collaborating with the Financial Sector 

Deepening Trust of Kenya, a partnership of bilateral 

and multilateral donors, USAID was able to quickly 

implement a credit guarantee to stimulate $10 million 

in loans to microfinance institutions in response to 

Kenya’s post-election crisis of 2007. The guarantee 

enabled microfinance institutions facing liquidity 

issues to access financing and continue to service 

households and microenterprises crippled by the 

violence following the election. 

USAID also leverages its investments through its 

state-of-the-art microenterprise knowledge 

management program and web site, 

www.microLINKS.org, which connects practitioners 

with each other and sources the latest learning in 

microenterprise development. This investment 

facilitates collaboration and peer assistance to identify 

promising innovations, refine and disseminate lessons 

learned and best practices, and adapt them for 

application in the field. Through a state-of-the-art, 

award-winning program of facilitated learning 

networks, virtual conferences and communities of 

practice, audio interviews with leading experts, and inperson seminars enhanced by virtual access, the 

Agency brings its technical leadership to bear on 

microenterprise activities well beyond those that it 

directly supports. 

KEY CENTRAL PROGRAMS 

This year the Agency increased its efforts to capture 

data from more cross-cutting programs in such 

technical areas as health, agriculture and natural 

resource management. For example, for the first time 

the Office of Population and Reproductive Health in 

the Bureau for Global Health reported on $1.4 million 

to support increased access to financing for the private 

health sector in order to expand the range and quality 

of services available, as well as extended services to 

poor or rural communities. The Office of Natural 

Resources Management invested over $1 million to 

support microenterprise development components of 

projects in sustainable tourism, property rights and 

resource governance, conservation and knowledge 

management. The Office of Democracy and 

Governance continued its support of poor and 

vulnerable populations through the STRIVE program 

and a new program targeting the disabled in the 

Philippines. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 20 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 21 

In FY 2008, USAID’s microenterprise specialists 

provided on-site assistance to field programs and 

missions including those in Albania, Afghanistan, 

Bangladesh, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, 

Haiti, Kenya, Kosovo, Mozambique, Nepal, Sri Lanka, 

and Uganda. Combined with extensive virtual 

assistance to other countries, this centralized technical 

assistance helps ensure the effectiveness of the 

Agency’s microenterprise development strategies and 

programs. An example of this assistance is the work 

performed by the Microenterprise Development 

Office (MD) for the USAID Egypt Mission. At their 

request, the MD Office sent a three person team to 

review the microfinance sector and ongoing mission 

programs, and produce a detailed “Egypt 

Microfinance Assessment.” The document described 

the current state of the sector, one of the largest 

USAID-supported programs worldwide, and gave key 

and detailed recommendations on how to expand and 

scale up the program, by shifting to commercial capital 

and engaging the formal financial sector. The Mission 

is now designing these new activities. 

A final central function involves management of the 

MRR system itself. This year marked a milestone for 

the Agency’s microenterprise data collection system as 

USAID began the process to modernize and rebuild 

the database system and on-line user interface. When 

completed by the end of this fiscal year, the system 

will provide faster and more expansive access to MRR 

results data and will improve the overall data 

collection, validation and reporting process. The new 

system was applied during the Mission data collection 

cycle, while the implementing partner interface will be 

completed later this year. 
ANNEX A: FY 2008 FUNDING BY 

MISSION, PARTNER, AND 

TECHNICAL AREA 

Annex A was generated from the MRR database with data current as of June 2009. 

MRR is a live system that can be updated by missions at any time. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 22 
Annex A: FY 2008 FUNDING BY MISSION, PARTNER, AND TECHNICAL AREA

MISSION OR 

OFFICE IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OBLIGATION AMOUNT

ASIA BUREAU 

Afghanistan Academy for Educational Development Financial Services $39,732,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $16,014,278 

 UN HABITAT Enterprise Development $3,770,980 

 UN HABITAT Financial Services $2,262,588 

 Total Afghanistan $61,779,846 

Cambodia Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $5,000,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $1,301,565 

 Total Cambodia $6,301,565 

East Timor Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $750,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $250,000 

 Total East Timor $1,000,000 

India ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $195,000 

 World Vision Inc. Financial Services $805,000 

 Total India $1,000,000 

Indonesia Development Alternatives, Inc./SENADA Policy for Financial Services $780,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc./AMARTA Enterprise Development $800,000 

 Total Indonesia $1,580,000 

Kazakhstan 

CAMFA II Central Asian Microfinance 

Alliance Policy for Financial Services $223,000 

 Pragma Corporation/BEI 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $82,000 

 

Pragma Corporation/Kazakhstan Small 

Business Development Project Enterprise Development $490,500 

 Total Kazakhstan $795,500 

Kyrgyzstan 

CAMFA II Central Asian Microfinance 

Alliance Financial Services $448,000 

 

Chemonics International, Inc./Land Reform 

and Development Project Enterprise Development $80,554 

 

Chemonics International, Inc./Land Reform 

and Development Project 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $8,950 

 Pragma Corporation/BEI 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $200,000 

 Winrock International Enterprise Development $81,200 

 Total Kyrgyzstan $818,704 

Mongolia Chemonics International, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $1,425,000 

 Mercy Corps International Enterprise Development $2,000,000 

 Total Mongolia $3,425,000 

Nepal Agreement Pending Financial Services $2,500,000 

 World Education Incorporated Financial Services $322,000 

 Winrock International Enterprise Development $1,250,000 

 Total Nepal $4,072,000 

Pakistan Khushhalibank Financial Services $1,500,000 

 Shorebank International Ltd. Financial Services $1,000,000 

 Total Pakistan $2,500,000 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 23 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

Philippines Chemonics International, Inc. Financial Services $648,765 

 Microenterprise Support Financial Services $51,235 

 Total Philippines $700,000 

RDM/A PACT Enterprise Development $860,000 

 The Bridge Fund Enterprise Development $134,000 

 Tibet Poverty Alleviation Fund Enterprise Development $300,000 

 The Mountain Institute Enterprise Development $350,000 

 Winrock International Enterprise Development $150,000 

 Total RDM/A $1,794,000 

Tajikistan 

CAMFA II Central Asian Microfinance 

Alliance Policy for Financial Services $25,100 

 

Chemonics International, Inc./Land Reform 

and Development Project Enterprise Development $118,526 

 

Chemonics International, Inc./Land Reform 

and Development Project 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $13,170 

 Development Alternatives, Inc./AgLinks Enterprise Development $503,113 

 Pragma Corporation/BEI 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $92,500 

 Winrock International Enterprise Development $190,000 

 Total Tajikistan $942,409 

Uzbekistan Development Alternatives, Inc./AgLinks Enterprise Development $323,100 

 Total Uzbekistan $323,100 

 

 Total Asia Bureau $87,032,124 

 

EUROPE & EURASIA BUREAU 

Albania Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $970,000 

 

Development Alternatives, Inc. - AAC 

project Enterprise Development $630,000 

 Total Albania $1,600,000 

Armenia 

European Bank for Reconstruction and 

Development Enterprise Development $300,000 

 Emerging Markets Policy for Financial Services $400,000 

 Nathan Associates Enterprise Development $1,100,000 

 Total Armenia $1,800,000 

Azerbaijan ACDI/VOCA Financial Services $500,000 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $2,696,000 

 Chemonics International, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $1,024,406 

 Total Azerbaijan $4,220,406 

Belarus Eurasia Foundation 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $50,000 

 International Organization for Migration Enterprise Development $76,500 

 Total Belarus $126,500 

Bosnia Chemonics International, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $2,900,000 

 Total Bosnia $2,900,000 

Croatia Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $90,000 

 Total Croatia $90,000 

EE Bureau SEGURA Enterprise Development $160,000 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 24 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

 Total EE Bureau $160,000 

Georgia Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $23,200 

 Chemonics International, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $48,092 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $4,308 

 Community Habitat Finance International Enterprise Development $1,041,670 

 International Executive Service Corps Enterprise Development $1,289,830 

 International Executive Service Corps Financial Services $25,000 

 Winrock International Enterprise Development $475,000 

 Total Georgia $2,907,100 

Kosovo Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $1,500,000 

 Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $700,000 

 BearingPoint, Inc. Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. Enterprise Development $2,900,000 

 International Organization for Migration Enterprise Development $100,000 

 International Research and Exchange Board Enterprise Development $475,000 

 Mercy Corps International Enterprise Development $400,000 

 Total Kosovo $6,275,000 

Macedonia ARD Inc. Enterprise Development $378,000 

 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $228,000 

 Carana Corporation Enterprise Development $129,000 

 Carana Corporation Financial Services $71,000 

 Microenterprise Support 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $111,580 

 

World Learning for International 

Development 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $400,000 

 Total Macedonia $1,317,580 

Moldova Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $185,999 

 Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs Enterprise Development $223,000 

 

Development Alternatives, Inc./Nathan 

Group 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $625,000 

 International Research and Exchange Board Enterprise Development $380,000 

 United Nations Development Programme Enterprise Development $186,001 

 Total Moldova $1,600,000 

Montenegro Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $1,000,000 

 Total Montenegro $1,000,000 

Russia ACDI/VOCA Financial Services $1,100,000 

 International Rescue Committee Enterprise Development $1,059,963 

 Total Russia $2,159,963 

Serbia BearingPoint, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $202,000 

 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. Enterprise Development $600,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $3,781,000 

 Total Serbia $4,583,000 

Ukraine Abt Associates, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $294,400 

 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. Enterprise Development $37,000 

 Chemonics International, Inc.-LED Enterprise Development $75,146 

 Commercial Law Center Policy for Financial Services $262,019 

 Eurasia Foundation Enterprise Development $461,700 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 25 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

 Eurasia Foundation 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $78,300 

 Financial Markets International Inc. Policy for Financial Services $450,000 

 International Organization for Migration Enterprise Development $60,000 

 Pragma Corporation Financial Services $750,000 

 Total Ukraine $2,468,565 

 

 Total Europe and Eurasia Bureau $33,208,114 

 

LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN BUREAU 

Bolivia ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $1,750,327 

 Adventist Development and Relief Agency Enterprise Development $68,878 

 CARE Enterprise Development $209,048 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $2,132,538 

 Conservation International Enterprise Development $185,840 

 Food for the Hungry International Enterprise Development $378,300 

 

Fundacion para el Desarrollo de 

Tecnologia Agropecuaria Enterprise Development $206,000 

 Save the Children Federation, Inc. Enterprise Development $204,050 

 World Council of Credit Unions, Inc. Financial Services $784,000 

 Total Bolivia $5,918,981 

Brazil TransFair USA Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Total Brazil $200,000 

Colombia 

Associates in Rural Development, 

Inc./ADAM Enterprise Development $27,643,000 

 

Associates in Rural Development, 

Inc./ADAM Financial Services $2,147,224 

 

Associates in Rural Development, 

Inc./MIDAS Program Enterprise Development $4,119,375 

 

Associates in Rural Development, 

Inc./MIDAS Program Financial Services $1,800,000 

 

Associates in Rural Development, 

Inc./MIDAS Program Policy for Financial Services $470,000 

 Panamerican Development Foundation Enterprise Development $3,752,401 

 Total Colombia $39,932,000 

CRP North-South Institute Inc. Enterprise Development $106,000 

 Total CRP $106,000 

Ecuador 

ACDI/VOCA Academy for Educational 

Development Joint Venture Enterprise Development $1,806,000 

 Carana Corporation Enterprise Development $373,000 

 Total Ecuador $2,179,000 

El Salvador Aid to Artisans Enterprise Development $405,000 

 Fintrac Inc. Enterprise Development $1,831,349 

 Total El Salvador $2,236,349 

Guatemala Catholic Relief Services Enterprise Development $53,712 

 Save the Children Federation, Inc. Enterprise Development $26,602 

 Save the Children Federation, Inc. Financial Services $17,725 

 SHARE Enterprise Development $274,267 

 Total Guatemala $372,306 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 26 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

Guyana Carana Corporation Enterprise Development $245,000 

 Carana Corporation 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $10,000 

 Total Guyana $255,000 

Haiti Development Alternatives, Inc./MSME Financial Services $2,384,000 

 Total Haiti $2,384,000 

Jamaica Citizens Development Corps Enterprise Development $400,000 

 Management Systems International Inc. Enterprise Development $699,000 

 Microenterprise Support Enterprise Development $266,000 

 

USDA Forest Service International 

Programs Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Total Jamaica $1,565,000 

Mexico Abt Associates Inc. Policy for Financial Services $225,878 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Financial Services $1,961,366 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $367,756 

 Microenterprise Support Financial Services $400,000 

 Total Mexico $2,955,000 

Nicaragua Catholic Relief Services Financial Services $240,367 

 Total Nicaragua $240,367 

Panama 

International Resources Group/ TETRA 

TECH Joint Venture Enterprise Development $401,201 

 Total Panama $401,201 

Paraguay Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $700,000 

 Total Paraguay $700,000 

Peru Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $4,700,000 

 Total Peru $4,700,000 

 

 

Total Latin America & Caribbean 

Bureau $64,145,204 

 

MIDDLE EAST BUREAU 

Egypt Chemonics International, Inc. Financial Services $2,268,000 

 First Microfinance Foundation Financial Services $1,115,000 

 Total Egypt $3,383,000 

Iraq 

Louis Berger Group / The Services Group 

Joint Venture Financial Services $6,250,000 

 Total Iraq $6,250,000 

Jordan AECOM International Development Enterprise Development $100,000 

 Total Jordan $100,000 

Lebanon Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $4,494,932 

 Relief International Enterprise Development $990,000 

 Relief International Financial Services $530,000 

 Total Lebanon $6,014,932 

West Bank /Gaza Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $2,000,000 

 Academy for Educational Development Financial Services $4,750,000 

 Carana Corporation Enterprise Development $3,000,000 

 Total West Bank/Gaza $9,750,000 

 

 Total Middle East Bureau $25,497,932 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 27 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

 

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BUREAU 

Angola Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs Enterprise Development $419,061 

 Cooperative League of the United States Enterprise Development $250,000 

 Total Angola $669,061 

Democratic Republic 

of the Congo 

International Institute of Tropical 

Agriculture Enterprise Development $1,383,979 

 Partners Acting Together Financial Services $150,000 

 Total DR Congo $1,533,979 

Ethiopia Abt Associates (Formerly IBM) Financial Services $100,000 

 Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $500,000 

 CARE Enterprise Development $141,488 

 Land O'Lakes Enterprise Development $132,000 

 Save the Children Federation Inc. Enterprise Development $892,784 

 Total Ethiopia $1,766,272 

Ghana Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $2,650,000 

 TechnoServe Enterprise Development $2,392,000 

 Total Ghana $5,042,000 

Kenya Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $1,120,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $700,000 

 Land O`Lakes, Inc. Enterprise Development $430,000 

 Total Kenya $2,250,000 

Liberia Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $1,880,000 

 Total Liberia $1,880,000 

Madagascar Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $100,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Total Madagascar $300,000 

Malawi Catholic Relief Services Enterprise Development $485,000 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Financial Services $352,000 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $352,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $600,000 

 Land O’Lakes, Inc. Enterprise Development $100,000 

 Project Concern International Enterprise Development $98,000 

 Total Malawi $1,987,000 

Mali Abt Associates Inc. Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Trickle Up Enterprise Development $300,000 

 Total Mali $500,000 

Mozambique Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $800,000 

 Agreement Pending Financial Services $150,000 

 

Confederation of Business Associations of 

Mozambique Policy for Financial Services $50,000 

 Total Mozambique $1,000,000 

Namibia Project HOPE Financial Services $1,585,140 

 Total Namibia $1,585,140 

Nigeria Abt Associates Inc. Enterprise Development $141,010 

 Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $129,990 

 Agreement Pending Policy for Enterprise $675,000 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 28 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

Development 

 Chemonics International, Inc. Enterprise Development $750,000 

 Microenterprise Support Enterprise Development $75,000 

 Total Nigeria $1,771,000 

Rwanda ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $100,000 

 International Resources Group Enterprise Development $50,000 

 Total Rwanda $150,000 

Senegal Counterpart International Enterprise Development $22,700 

 International Resources Group Enterprise Development $1,600,000 

 Total Senegal $1,622,700 

Sierra Leone ACDI/VOCA Financial Services $50,000 

 Total Sierra Leone $50,000 

South Africa Corporate Council on Africa Enterprise Development $500,000 

 Total South Africa $500,000 

Sudan Academy for Educational Development Financial Services $4,615,000 

 Total Sudan $4,615,000 

Tanzania ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $816,348 

 

Africare/Ugalla Community Conservation 

Project Enterprise Development $166,000 

 African Wildlife Foundation Enterprise Development $200,000 

 Catholic Relief Services Enterprise Development $50,000 

 Enterprise Works Enterprise Development $150,000 

 Fintrac, Inc. Enterprise Development $370,000 

 Microenterprise Support Enterprise Development $217,652 

 Microenterprise Support 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $30,000 

 Total Tanzania $2,000,000 

Uganda Agreement Pending Enterprise Development $23,000 

 Associates in Rural Development Enterprise Development $1,050,000 

 Heifer Project International Enterprise Development $500,000 

 Total Uganda $1,573,000 

USAID/East Africa Catholic Relief Services Enterprise Development $95,755 

 Total USAID/East Africa $95,755 

Zambia Cooperative League of the United States Enterprise Development $600,000 

 Cooperative League of the United States Financial Services $140,000 

 Total Zambia $740,000 

 

 Total Sub-Saharan Africa Bureau $31,630,907 

 

CENTRAL FUNDING 

Office of Democracy 

and Governance Handicap International Enterprise Development $518,750 

 Mercy Corps International Enterprise Development $210,000 

 

Total - Office of Democracy and 

Governance $728,750 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 29 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

Office of Private 

Voluntary 

Cooperation ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $420,300 

 Cooperative Housing Foundation Enterprise Development $303,180 

 

National Cooperative Business 

Association/Communications Cooperative 

International Enterprise Development $58,713 

 National Cooperative Business Association Enterprise Development $17,500 

 

The Americas Association of 

Cooperative/Mutual Insurance Societies Enterprise Development $664,864 

 

The Americas Association of 

Cooperative/Mutual Insurance Societies Policy for Financial Services $45,000 

 World Council of Credit Unions, Inc. Enterprise Development $359,642 

 World Council of Credit Unions, Inc. Financial Services $155,806 

 World Council of Credit Unions, Inc. Policy for Financial Services $32,927 

 

Total - Office of Private Voluntary 

Cooperation $2,057,932 

Office of 

Microenterprise 

Development ACDI/VOCA Enterprise Development $750,000 

 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $350,000 

 

Center for Institutional Reform and the 

Informal Sector Financial Services $350,000 

 

Center for Institutional Reform and the 

Informal Sector 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $50,000 

 

Center for Institutional Reform and the 

Informal Sector Policy for Financial Services $79,878 

 Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest Policy for Financial Services $300,000 

 Institute for Liberty and Democracy 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $3,379,000 

 Microenterprise Support Enterprise Development $412,795 

 Microenterprise Support Financial Services $687,992 

 Microenterprise Support 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $137,598 

 Microenterprise Support Policy for Financial Services $137,598 

 The QED Group, LLC Financial Services $2,295,363 

 The QED Group, LLC 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $1,002,000 

 The QED Group, LLC Policy for Financial Services $2,582,443 

 

Total - Office of Microenterprise 

Development $12,514,667 

Office of Natural 

Resources 

Management Academy for Educational Development Enterprise Development $100,000 

 Associates in Rural Development 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $341,000 

 Development Alternatives, Inc. Enterprise Development $43,000 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 30 
MISSION OR OBLIGATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TECHNICAL AREA OFFICE AMOUNT

 Microenterprise Support Enterprise Development $186,000 

 Wildlife Conservation Society Enterprise Development $50,000 

 Wildlife Conservation Society Policy for Financial Services $115,000 

 World Wildlife Fund Enterprise Development $175,000 

 

Total - Office of Natural Resources 

Management $1,010,000 

Women in 

Development Agreement Pending 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $39,680 

 Development & Training Services, Inc. 

Policy for Enterprise 

Development $144,687 

 Total - Women in Development $184,367 

Office of Population 

and Reproductive 

Health Abt Associates (Formerly IBM) Financial Services $1,370,000 

 

Total - Office of Population and 

Reproductive Health $1,370,000 

 

 Total - Central Funding $17,865,716 

 

 TOTAL FY08 FUNDING $259,379,997

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 31 
ANNEX B: MICROENTERPRISE 

FUNDING BY USAID BUREAU, 

FY 2008 

Annex B was generated from the MRR database with data current as of June 2009. 

MRR is a live system that can be updated by missions at any time. 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 32 
Annex B: MICROENTERPRISE FUNDING BY USAID BUREAU, FY 2008

MISSION OR 

OFFICE 

ENTERPRISE 

DEVELOPMENT 

FINANCIAL 

SERVICES

POLICY FOR 

ENTERPRISE 

DEVELOPMENT

POLICY FOR 

FINANCIAL 

SERVICES 

OBLIGATION 

AMOUNT

ASIA BUREAU 

Afghanistan $19,785,258 $41,994,588 $61,779,846

Cambodia $5,000,000 $1,301,565 $6,301,565

East Timor $750,000 $250,000 $1,000,000

India $195,000 $805,000 $1,000,000

Indonesia $800,000 $780,000 $1,580,000

Kazakhstan $490,500 $82,000 $223,000 $795,500

Kyrgyzstan $161,754 $448,000 $208,950 $818,704

Mongolia $2,000,000 $1,425,000 $3,425,000

Nepal $1,250,000 $2,822,000 $4,072,000

Pakistan $2,500,000 $2,500,000

Philippines $700,000 $700,000

RDM/A $1,794,000 $1,794,000

Tajikistan $811,639 $105,670 $25,100 $942,409

Uzbekistan $323,100 $323,100

Total Asia $33,361,251 $49,269,588 $3,373,185 $1,028,100 $87,032,124

 

EUROPE & EURASIA BUREAU 

Albania $1,600,000 $1,600,000

Armenia $1,400,000 $400,000 $1,800,000

Azerbaijan $2,696,000 $500,000 $1,024,406 $4,220,406

Belarus $76,500 $50,000 $126,500

Bosnia $2,900,000 $2,900,000

Croatia $90,000 $90,000

EE Bureau $160,000 $160,000

Georgia $2,829,700 $25,000 $48,092 $4,308 $2,907,100

Kosovo $6,275,000 $6,275,000

Macedonia $507,000 $71,000 $739,580 $1,317,580

Moldova $975,000 $625,000 $1,600,000

Montenegro $1,000,000 $1,000,000

Russia $1,059,963 $1,100,000 $2,159,963

Serbia $4,381,000 $202,000 $4,583,000

Ukraine $633,846 $750,000 $78,300 $1,006,419 $2,468,565

Total Europe 

& Eurasia $23,684,009 $2,446,000 $5,465,378 $1,612,727 $33,208,114

 

LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN BUREAU 

Bolivia $5,134,981 $784,000 $5,918,981

Brazil $200,000 $200,000

Colombia $35,514,776 $3,947,224 $470,000 $39,932,000

CRP $106,000 $106,000

Ecuador $2,179,000 $2,179,000

El Salvador $2,236,349 $2,236,349

Guatemala $354,581 $17,725 $372,306

Guyana $245,000 $10,000 $255,000

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 33 
MISSION OR 

OFFICE 

ENTERPRISE 

DEVELOPMENT 

FINANCIAL 

SERVICES

POLICY FOR POLICY FOR OBLIGATION ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL AMOUNT DEVELOPMENT SERVICES 

Haiti $2,384,000 $2,384,000

Jamaica $1,565,000 $1,565,000

Mexico $2,361,366 $593,634 $2,955,000

Nicaragua $240,367 $240,367

Panama $401,201 $401,201

Paraguay $700,000 $700,000

Peru $4,700,000 $4,700,000

Total Latin 

America & 

Caribbean $53,336,888 $9,734,682 $10,000 $1,063,634 $64,145,204

 

MIDDLE EAST BUREAU 

Egypt $3,383,000 $3,383,000

Iraq $6,250,000 $6,250,000

Jordan $100,000 $100,000

Lebanon $5,484,932 $530,000 $6,014,932

West Bank /Gaza $5,000,000 $4,750,000 $9,750,000

Total Middle 

East $10,584,932 $14,913,000 $0 $0 $25,497,932

 

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BUREAU 

Angola $669,061 $669,061

DR Congo $1,383,979 $150,000 $1,533,979

Ethiopia $1,666,272 $100,000 $1,766,272

Ghana $5,042,000 $5,042,000

Kenya $1,550,000 $700,000 $2,250,000

Liberia $1,880,000 $1,880,000

Madagascar $300,000 $300,000

Malawi $1,283,000 $352,000 $352,000 $1,987,000

Mali $500,000 $500,000

Mozambique $800,000 $150,000 $50,000 $1,000,000

Namibia $1,585,140 $1,585,140

Nigeria $1,096,000 $675,000 $1,771,000

Rwanda $150,000 $150,000

Senegal $1,622,700 $1,622,700

Sierra Leone $50,000 $50,000

South Africa $500,000 $500,000

Sudan $4,615,000 $4,615,000

Tanzania $1,970,000 $30,000 $2,000,000

Uganda $1,573,000 $1,573,000

USAID/East 

Africa $95,755 $95,755

Zambia $600,000 $140,000 $740,000

Total SubSaharan Africa $22,681,767 $7,142,140 $705,000 $1,102,000 $31,630,907

 

 

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 34 
MISSION OR 

OFFICE 

ENTERPRISE 

DEVELOPMENT 

FINANCIAL 

SERVICES

POLICY FOR POLICY FOR OBLIGATION ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL AMOUNT DEVELOPMENT SERVICES 

CENTRAL FUNDING 

Democracy and 

Governance $728,750 $728,750

Private Voluntary 

Cooperation $1,824,199 $155,806 $77,927 $2,057,932

Microenterprise 

Development $1,162,795 $3,333,355 $4,918,598 $3,099,919 $12,514,667

Natural 

Resources 

Management $554,000 $341,000 $115,000 $1,010,000

Women in 

Development $184,367 $184,367

Population and 

Reproductive 

Health $1,370,000 $1,370,000

Total Central 

Funding $4,269,744 $4,859,161 $5,443,965 $3,292,846 $17,865,716

 

TOTAL 

FUNDING $147,918,591 $88,364,571 $14,997,528 $8,099,307 $259,379,997

MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 35 
MICROENTERPRISE RESULTS REPORTING: ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FISCAL YEAR 2008 36 

U.S. Agency for International Development 

1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20523 

Tel: (202) 712-0000 

Fax: (202) 216-3524 

www.usaid.gov