NISTIR 6646 

Thermophysical Properties 

Measurements and Models for Rocket 

Propellant RP-1: Phase I 

Joseph W. Magee 

Thomas J. Bruno 

Daniel G. Friend 

Marcia L. Huber 

Arno Laesecke 

Eric W. Lemmon 

Mark O. McLinden 

Richard A. Perkins 

Jörg Baranski 

Jason A. Widegren 
ii

NISTIR 6646 

Thermophysical Properties 

Measurements and Models for Rocket 

Propellant RP-1: Phase I 

Joseph W. Magee 

Thomas J. Bruno 

Daniel G. Friend 

Marcia L. Huber 

Arno Laesecke 

Eric W. Lemmon 

Mark O. McLinden 

Richard A. Perkins 

Jörg Baranski 

Jason A. Widegren 

Physical and Chemical Properties Division 

Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory

February 2007 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

Technology Administration 

Robert C.Cresanti, Undersecretary for Technology 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

William A. Jeffrey, Director
iii 

CONTENTS 

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................2 

1.1 Objective..................................................................................................................2 

1.2 Scope........................................................................................................................2 

1.3 Organization.............................................................................................................3 

2. Property Modeling .....................................................................................................................4 

3. Chemical Characterization.......................................................................................................29 

4. Density .....................................................................................................................................33 

4.1 Density at Atmospheric Pressure...........................................................................33 

4.2 Density at Elevated Pressures ................................................................................37 

5. Heat Capacity...........................................................................................................................38 

6. Thermal Conductivity ..............................................................................................................39 

7. Viscosity ..................................................................................................................................58 

7.1 Viscosity at Atmospheric Pressure ........................................................................58 

7.2 Viscosity at Elevated Pressures .............................................................................63 

8. Project Workshop at NIST Boulder on December 11, 2003 ...................................................69 

9. Summary and Recommendations ............................................................................................74 

10. References................................................................................................................................75 

Appendix A. Discussion of Chemical Characterization ..............................................................104 

Appendix B. Computational Characterization of Surrogate Mixture Compounds......................109 
iv 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Bibliography for property modeling.................................................................................8 

Table 2. Surrogate mixture formulation........................................................................................28 

Table 3. Tier 1- Identification of constituents of 2 % (mass/mass) or higher .............................30 

Table 4. Tier 2-Identification of constituents of 1 % (mass/mass) or higher ..............................31 

Table 5. Light fraction-identification of constituents of lightest components .............................32 

Table 6. Heavy fraction-identification of constituents of heaviest components ..........................32 

Table 7. Thermal decomposition kinetics measurements on RP-1...............................................32 

Table 8. Experimental densities for RP-1 (original sample) under nitrogen ................................35 

Table 9. Experimental densities for RP-1 (ultra-low sulfur) under nitrogen................................35 

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1............................................................................47 

Table 11. Experimental kinematic viscosities for four RP-1 samples..........................................61 

Table 12. Experimental viscosity measurements at elevated pressures........................................66 

Table 13. Participants in NIST Rocket Propellant Workshop ......................................................70 
v 

List of Figures

Figure 1. Density of RP-1 at atmospheric pressure; (a) measured densities; (b) 

deviations of density from the simple polynomial correlation ....................................36 

Figure 2. Range of thermal conductivity measurements on liquid RP-1......................................44 

Figure 3. Thermal conductivity of RP-1 corrected for thermal radiation (pressure from 

0.1 MPa to 70 MPa .....................................................................................................45 

Figure 4. Empirical optical parameters for radiation correction of RP-1 data..............................45 

Figure 5. Solid deposits with diameters up to 8 times that of the 4 μm hot wires were 

found after measurements on RP-1 at 650 K...............................................................46 

Figure 6. Deviations between the radiation corrected thermal conductivity data and the 

corresponding-states model for RP-1 developed in this work.....................................46 

Figure 7. (a) Kinematic viscosity of the original sample of RP-1 as a function of 

temperature; (b) Arrhenius plot of the same data, solid curve is a 

correlation; (c) deviations of kinematic viscosity from the correlation.......................62 

Figure 8. Percent deviations of the kinematic viscosity of three rocket propellant 

samples compared to the correlation for the kinematic viscosity of the 

original sample of RP-1 ...............................................................................................63 

Figure 9. (Viscosity × density) product of RP-1 at elevated pressures measured in the 

torsional crystal viscometer at room temperature and at 400 K ..................................67 

Figure 10. Percent deviations of the measured viscosities of RP-1 at elevated pressures 

from the model for the surrogate mixture....................................................................68 

Figure 11. Molecular representation of 2,2-dimethylbutane ......................................................110 

Figure 12. Molecular representation of 3-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene ...................................110 

Figure 13. Molecular representation of cyclodecene..................................................................111 

Figure 14. Molecular representation of cis-decaline...................................................................111 

Figure 15. Molecular representation of 2-methylnonane............................................................112 

Figure 16. Molecular representation of 2-methylnaphthalene....................................................112 

Figure 17. Molecular representation of decahydro-2-methylnaphthalene..................................113 

Figure 18. Molecular representation of 3-methyldecane ............................................................113 
vi 

Figure 19. Molecular representation of 1-dodecene ...................................................................114 

Figure 20. Molecular representation of 1,11-dodecadiene .........................................................114 

Figure 21. Molecular representation of cyclododecane..............................................................115 

Figure 22. Molecular representation of heptylcyclohexane........................................................115 

Figure 23. Molecular representation of n-dodecane ...................................................................116 

Figure 24. Molecular representation of methylcyclododecane...................................................116 

Figure 25. Molecular representation of 1-tridecene....................................................................117 

Figure 26. Molecular representation of 2,10-dimethylundecane................................................117 

Figure 27. Molecular representation of 2,7,10-trimethyldodecane.............................................118 

Figure 28. Molecular representation of n-hexadecane................................................................118 
1

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS FOR ROCKET 

PROPELLANT RP-1: PHASE I 

Joseph W. Magee, Thomas J. Bruno, Daniel G. Friend, Marcia L. Huber, Arno Laesecke, 

Eric W. Lemmon, Mark O. McLinden, Richard A. Perkins, Jörg Baranski, and Jason A. Widegren 

Physical and Chemical Properties Division 

Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328 

Accurate knowledge of thermophysical properties is a prerequisite to the design of 

efficient and cost-effective rocket engine systems that use the kerosene rocket 

propellant designated RP-1. A robust properties model that is based on reliable 

experimental measurements is the best means to provide this information to 

designers. Thus, a combined experimental and modeling study was carried out to 

elucidate the behavior of key properties over wide ranges of temperature and 

pressure. As a first step in this study, an RP-1 sample provided by the U.S. Air 

Force Research Lab (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH) was chemically characterized, 

which established that this sample had anomalously high concentrations of 

unsaturated compounds. Then, thermophysical properties were measured for this 

sample. Those experimental results were used to develop a mixture model based on 

a representative surrogate mixture. The results of this study were presented for 

review and comments during a December 11, 2003 workshop attended by 

representatives of NASA, U.S. Air Force, and their contractors. 

Key words: chemical characterization; density; heat capacity; Helmholtz energy; 

hydrocarbons; mixture model; rocket propellant RP-1; surrogate mixture; thermal 

conductivity; viscosity 
2

1. Introduction 

1.1 Objective

Among the long-range objectives of research in thermophysical properties at the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the development of accurate predictive methods 

for calculating the properties of gaseous and liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons. The underlying 

models may play a key role in design of equipment that is used in the transportation and energy 

sectors and for optimization of materials and energy usage. The ongoing development and testing 

of these models relies heavily on benchmark experimental measurements. The purpose of this 

report is to provide design engineers, data analysts, and experimentalists with a compilation of 

recent studies of the thermophysical properties for rocket propellant RP-1, a real fuel that is a 

complex hydrocarbon mixture. It is a well established fact that thermophysical properties of a 

complex mixture can vary considerably with composition. This report is denoted as Phase I since it 

covers thermophysical properties of the first sample of this real fuel that was furnished to NIST, 

with an expectation that studies of other samples would follow in Phases II, III, etc., until NIST 

had developed a robust compositionally variable model that was based on the measurements. The 

studies were carried out, during calendar year 2003, by the staff of the Experimental Properties of 

Fluids Group, the Theory and Modeling of Fluids Group, and the Properties for Process 

Separations Project, all of which are units of the Physical and Chemical Properties Division of the 

Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory (CSTL) of NIST. We begin with a report of the 

modeling effort because, while the model was the end product, its discussion provides a 

framework for the rest of the work. Following the models section, we present details of the 

underlying experimental measurements of chemical character, density, heat capacity, thermal 

conductivity and viscosity. 

1.2 Scope 

Knowledge of thermophysical properties is essential when a detailed analysis of the design 
3

and performance of a rocket propulsion system is needed. Both thermodynamic and transport 

properties are required. The present work stemmed from NASA’s expressed need for accurate 

thermophysical properties that cover wide ranges of temperature and pressure. This property 

information is needed for a rational design of highly reliable reusable rocket engines for future 

launch vehicles in which the fuels are expected to encounter higher pressures and temperatures 

than in those previous designs. NASA’s sensitivity study had concluded that property uncertainties 

accounted for 70 % of the uncertainty in a portion of the propulsion system design. NASA had also 

noted that, prior to this project, experimental data covered only limited ranges of conditions and, 

furthermore, the differences in RP-1 properties from different sources amounted to as much as 

60 %. 

To meet NASA’s needs and expand knowledge in the field of kerosene-based fuels, a 

comprehensive program was planned and carried out. This program had both measurement and 

modeling components. Those results are the subject of this report. 

1.3 Organization

This report is arranged in nine sections and begins with a discussion of property models. 

The modeling results are followed by those of measured thermophysical properties: chemical 

characterization, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. The experimental 

measurements are presented in tables and graphs. The report concludes with a discussion of a 

NIST workshop, some impacts of this research program, and recommendations for further studies. 

Section 10 following this report lists references, Appendix A details procedures for chemical 

analyses, and Appendix B reports computational results for the compounds in a surrogate fuel 

mixture. 
4

2. Property Modeling 

Since RP-1 is a complex mixture of several hundred components, modeling its properties 

using equations for the constituents of the mixture is not a practical solution. An alternative 

approach is to model the fuel as a surrogate mixture of between 10 and 20 components that can 

represent the thermodynamic and transport properties of the actual RP-1 fluid. Both 

thermodynamic properties (such as density, heat capacity, and normal boiling point) and transport 

properties (including thermal conductivity and viscosity) may be used in model development. 

The first step in the modeling process was a chemical analysis (see Section 3) of a specific 

RP-1 fuel sample provided by the Fuels Branch of the Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson 

AFB, OH. The analysis used a gas-chromatography mass/ spectrometry method and provided 37 

constituent fluids. A detailed analysis shortened this list to 20 potential constituent fluids for a 

surrogate mixture. The lightest component identified was neohexane, and the heaviest was 

hexadecane. The list included linear and branched alkanes, mono and bicyclic paraffins, aromatics, 

and linear and branched olefins. For each of these fluids, we searched the open literature as well as 

databases such as TRC-SOURCE, DIPPR, Landolt-Bornstein, and NIST in-house databases for 

experimental physical property data. A bibliography of the results of these searches was 

constructed and is given in Table 1. In addition, we used predictive methods when data were not 

available. 

In order to model the thermodynamic properties of these fluids, an equation of state of 

some form was required. Because of the very limited amount of data available, a generalized 

method was selected to describe the attributes of the fluids. A short form of a Helmholtz energy 

equation of state was used as a starting point. The equation is expressed with reducing variables, 

with the critical temperature and critical density of the fluid as the primary reducing properties. 
5

The equation has 12 terms, and the coefficients of the equation are functions of the acentric factor. 

Experimental data for the normal alkanes from butane through hexatriacontane (C36) were fitted 

to determine the coefficients of the equation (48 in all, since each coefficient uses 4 parameters 

that are functions of the acentric factor). The experimental data included densities, vapor pressures, 

heat capacities, and sound speeds. Comparisons were made against data for both the normal 

alkanes as well as branched alkanes (which were not fitted) to determine that the final equation 

could successfully be applied to these hydrocarbons. 

The generalized equation was then used to make equations for each of the 20 fluids in the 

surrogate. Only the critical temperature, critical density, and acentric factor are required to set up 

an equation for each component. The critical temperatures were taken from the literature or 

estimated from prediction schemes. The critical density and acentric factor were fitted using 

experimental vapor pressures at the boiling point and saturated liquid densities near atmospheric 

conditions. For fluids with additional data at other state points, the values of the critical density and 

acentric factor could be more closely tuned to achieve lower overall uncertainties. Viscosity and 

thermal conductivity surfaces for each of the constituent fluids were developed from experimental 

data, predictive methods, and an extended corresponding states model from sources summarized 

in Table 1. 

The next step was to select a method for representing the properties of the RP-1 mixture. 

For the thermodynamic properties, we selected an excess Helmholtz energy mixture model used 

successfully at NIST for the representation of properties of natural gas and refrigerant mixtures 

[1,2]. The model uses the pure fluid equations of state with ideal mixing to account for most of the 

mixture properties. To account for the additional interaction between unlike molecules, an excess 

contribution can be used to account for the remainder of the mixture properties. However, 
6

experimental information for each binary system in the mixture is needed to determine the excess 

contribution. Since experimental data are not available, the excess part was set to zero. There are 

two additional parameters in the mixture model that can be adjusted to achieve better results. A 

general scheme had been developed in previous work at NIST to predict one of these parameters 

for systems where no data are available. This scheme was used here to improve the mixture 

calculations. 

For transport properties, we use an extended corresponding states model [3,4]. In this 

approach, the properties of the mixture are represented in a two-step process that involves mapping 

onto a reference fluid. The reference fluid may be any well characterized fluid, but it is best to 

select a reference fluid that is chemically similar to the constituents of the mixture of interest. For 

this work, we chose n-dodecane as a reference fluid. Since it is important to have a very good 

representation of both the thermodynamic and transport properties of the reference fluid, as part of 

this project we developed a dedicated equation of state for n-dodecane and correlations for the 

viscosity and thermal conductivity. The results of this work are available as two publications in the 

journal Energy and Fuels [5,6]. The correlations for n-dodecane are valid over a wide range of 

fluid states, from the triple point to the onset of decomposition, and for pressures to 200 MPa. 

Uncertainties of properties calculated using the equation are 0.2 % in density at pressures up to 200 

MPa, 0.5 % at higher pressures (up to 500 MPa), 1 % in heat capacities, 0.5 % in sound speeds, and 

0.2 % in vapor pressures. The viscosity correlation has an estimated uncertainty of 0.5 % along the 

saturation boundary in the liquid phase, 3 % in the compressed liquid region, and 2 % in the vapor. 

The thermal conductivity has an estimated uncertainty of 3 % along the liquid saturation boundary 

and in the compressed liquid phase, and 5 % in the vapor region. 

The final step in the modeling procedure was to determine the compositions of the 
7

constituent fluids that best represent the properties of the mixture. The properties that we selected 

for fitting were experimental densities, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, viscosities, and one 

boiling point that were measured as part of this work, described in separate sections of this report. 

Data at temperatures above 600 K were not used in the fitting process due to concerns about 

thermal decomposition during the measurements. A multi-property fitting routine was used to 

determine the compositions of the constituents of the surrogate mixture. The final mixture, 

summarized in Table 2, contains 14 constituent fluids, and represents the density to within 0.3 %, 

the heat capacity to within 7 %, the thermal conductivity to within 3 %, the viscosity to within 3 % 

at atmospheric pressures and 10 % at 60 MPa, and the boiling point at local atmospheric pressure 

to 0.5 %. It has an overall molar mass of 164.6, a hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C) of 1.95, and an 

approximate chemical formula of C11.8 H23.0. The overall composition is (by mole %) 27.4 % 

alkanes, 26.6 % alkenes, 18.5 % monocyclic paraffins, 22.4 % bicyclic paraffins, and 5.1 % 

aromatics. This mixture is a surrogate; it is not the actual mixture composition, but rather a mixture 

that approximates the behavior of the RP-1 sample that was investigated. 
8

Table 1. Bibliography for property modeling. 

Fuel Decomposition Studies 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Andresen et al. [7] Solids formation jet fuels

Balster and Jones [8] Formation of insolubles in aviation fuels

Batti [9] Thermal stability jet fuels

Behar et al. [10] Thermal decomposition of dodecylbenzene

Chin et al. [11] Thermal stability of four kerosine-type fuels

Chin and Lefebvre [12] For characterizing the thermal oxidative tendencies of 

aviation fuels

Chin and Lefebvre [13] Thermal stability characteristics of kerosine-type fuels

Chin and Lefebvre [14] Thermal stability characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels

Edwards and 

Zabarnick

[15] Surface deposition (fouling) of jet fuels

Giovanetti et al. [16] Thermal stability and heat-transfer characteristics of several 

hydrocarbon fuels

Goel and Boehman [17] Jet fuel degradation in flow reactors

Grinstead and 

Zabarnick

[18] Oxidn. and deposition data for jet fuels

Han-Ying [19] Thermal stability of kerosene

Heneghan et al. [20] Jet fuel thermal stability

Heneghan and 

Harrison

[21] development of an improved JP-8

Hines [22] Heat transfer to RP-1 kerosine

Kendall and Mills [23] Thermal stability of aviation kerosines

Lai and Song [24] Pyrolization of cyclohexane and seven n-alkylcyclohexanes

Liang et al. [25] Heat transfer characteristics of methane, propane, kerosene, 

aerokerosene and rocket kerosene

Ma [26] Thermal stability of kerosine

Marteney and 

Spadaccini

[27] Thermal stability of jet fuels

Pande and Hardy [28] Soluble copper and stability

Roback et al. [29] Deposit formation in hydrocarbon fuels

Savage et al. [30] Review of fundamental studies and applications of reactions 

at supercritical conditions

Stekhun [31] Effect of hydrofining on thermal stability of jet fuels

Stewart et al. [32] Supercritical pyrolysis of decalin, tetralin, n-decane

Stiegemeier [33] Thermal Stability and Heat Transfer Investigation of Five 

Hydrocarbon Fuels

Wang [34] Thermophysics characterization of kerosene combustion

Watkinson and 

Wilson

[35] Review of fouling of organic fluids

Wohlwend et al. [36] Thermal stability of RP-1, JP-10, and quadricyclane
9

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Yu and Eser [37] Critical points of jet fuels

Yu and Eser [38] Thermal decomposition C10-C14 normal alkanes

Yu and Eser [39] Kinetics of thermal decomposition of C10-C14 normal 

alkanes

Yu and Eser [40] n-butylbenzene and n-butylcyclohexane

Yu and Eser [41] Thermal decomposition of decalin, tetralin

Yu and Eser [42] Thermal decomposition of binary mixtures of jet fuel model 

compounds

Volokhova and 

Zhorov

[43] Pyrolysis of Russian kerosene

Surrogate Models 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Edwards and Maurice [44] JP-4, JP-8, JP-5, RP-1 surrogates

Edwards [45] Surrogates, general petroleum distillate fuels

Farmer et al. [46] RP-1 surrogate

Patterson et al. [47] Kerosene surrogate

Violi et al. [48] JP-8 surrogate

Wang [49] Kerosene/RP-1 surrogate

Wood et al. [50] JP-4 surrogate

RP-1/kerosene Properties 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Alexander et al. [51] Index of refraction

Blake and Sheard [52] Dielectric constant, kerosene

Chao [53] Isothermal compressibility

CPIA/M4 [54] Properties of RP-1 including vapor pressure, density, 

viscosity, boiling point, fractional distillation curve, specific 

heat, thermal conductivity, composition

Dubovkin et al. [55] Vapor pressure, critical parameters Russian fuels

Kopylov [56] Viscosity, Russian T-1 kerosene

Kozyokov [57] Thermal conductivity, Russian T-1 kerosene

Liang et al. [25] Heat transfer characteristics of kerosene

Mehta et al. [58] Specific Gravity, viscosity, boiling point, chemical analysis 

of Russian kerosene

Piatibratov [59] Density, Russian T-1 kerosene

Sharma et al. [60] Correlation for flash point of kerosene

Sokolov and Tarlakov [61] Heat capacity, Russian T-1 kerosene

Sokolov and Tarlakov [62] Vapor pressure, Russian T-1 kerosene 

Stiegemeier [63] RP-1, JP-7, JP-8, JP-8+100, JP-10 thermal stability
10

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Vinogradov [64] Density, sound speed, viscosity of kerosene

Volyak [65] Surface tension, Russian T-1 kerosene

Wohlwend et al. [36] Thermal stability measurements RP-1, JP-10, quadricyclane

Wucherer and Wilson [66] Density, thermal conductivity

Zaytseva [67] Thermal conductivity, Russian T-1 kerosene

 

Estimation methods 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

American Petroleum 

Institute

[68] viscosity, thermal conductivity

Baroncini et al. [69] Thermal conductivity

Chung et al. [70] Lennard-Jones parameters, viscosity, thermal conductivity

Constantinou and 

Gani

[71] Critical point, boiling point

Deppmeier et al. [72] Dipole moment, radius of gyration 

Ely and Hanley [73,74] Viscosity, thermal conductivity

Horvath [75] Critical point, boiling point, melting point, heat capacity, 

thermal conducitivty, viscosity

Joback [76] Critical point, boiling point, melting point

Marrero [77] Critical point, boiling point

Poling et al. [78] Critical point, boiling point, melting point, heat capacity, 

thermal conducitivy, viscosity

Quayle [79] Parachors

Rihani and 

Doraiswamy

[80] Heat capacity

Stein and Brown [81] Heat capacity

Wilson and Jasperson [82] Critical point, boiling point

Yan et al. [83] Critical point

Potential Components in the Surrogate Model 

Cyclododecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Coops et al. [84] Melting point

Drotloff and Moller [85] Melting point

Fischer and Weiss [86] Viscosity, density, melting point, boiling point, self-diffusion 

coefficient

Gollis et al. [87] Viscosity

Ladygin et al [88] Viscosity

Matteoli et al. [89] Density
11

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Meyer and Hotz [90] Density, vapor pressure

Mueller et al [91] Melting point

Ruzicka et al. [92] Density

Methylcyclododecane 

Estimated properties 

Cyclodecene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Allinger [93] Boiling point

Blomquist et al. [94] Density, boiling point

Cope et al. [95] Boiling point

Prelog et al. [96] Boiling point

2,10-dimethylundecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Gibbons [97] boiling point 

 

 

2,7,10-trimethyldodecane 

Estimated values 

3-methylundecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Levene and Harris [98] Density, boiling point

Mann et al. [99] Density

Marsh et al. [100] Heat capacity

Petrov et al. [101] Melting point, density, boiling point

Prout et al. [102] Boiling point

Smith [103] Boiling point

Terres et al. [104] Melting point

2,9-dimethyldecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Calingaert and Soroos [105] Density, boiling point
12

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Calingaert and Soroos [106] Density

Dyke and Jones [107] Boiling point

Eykman [108] Density

Geist and Cannon [109] Density, viscosity

Mears et al. [110] Density, boiling point, melting point

Moore et al. [111] Density

Parks et al. [112] Triple point, melting point

2-methylnonane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Calingaert and 

Hladky

[113] Density

Calingaert and Soroos [105] Boiling point, density

Eykman [108] Density

Geist and Cannon [109] Viscosity, density

Marsh et al. [100] Heat capacity

Mears et al. [110] Boiling point, freezing point

Moore et al [111] Density

Parks et al. [112] Triple point

3-methyldecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Marsh et al. [100] Heat capacity

 

3-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Howard et al. [114] Density, boiling point

4-methyl-4-undecene 

Estimated values 

2-methylnaphthalene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Ambrose [115] Critical temperature

Briggs [116] Thermal conductivity

Byers and Williams [117] Viscosity
13

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Camin and Rossini [118] Vapor pressure

Coulson [119] Boiling point 

Cullinane and Chard [120] Freezing point 

Cumper et al. [121] Freezing point 

Evans [122] Viscosity, density

Glaser and Ruland [123] Vapor pressure

Grodde [124] Density

Grosse and Ipatieff [125] Boiling point 

Hales and Townsend [126] Density 

Huffman et al. [127] Triple point

Koelbel [128] Viscosity, boiling point

Larsen et al. [129] Freezing point 

Luther and Wachter [130] Boiling point 

Mair and Streiff [131] Density, boiling point, melting point

Marsh et al. [100] Heat capacity

Neuhaus [132] Density

Parks and Huffman [133] Freezing point 

Rampolla and Smyth [134] Viscosity, density, freezing point

Salceanu [135] Density

Schiessler [136] Viscosity

Shreve and Lux [137] Density

Sirotenko, A.A. [138] Viscosity

Skvarchenko et al. [139] Boiling point, freezing point 

Smyth [140] Viscosity

Streiff et al. [141] Freezing point 

Szafranski [142] Freezing point 

Von Auwers and 

Fruhling

[143] Density

Wieczorek and 

Kobayashi

[144] Vapor pressure

Yokoyama et al. [145,146] Viscosity

 

 

 

Decahydro-2-methylnaphthalene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Adkins and Davis [147] boiling point 

Gollis et al. [87] viscosity, thermal conductivity 

Gudzinowicz et al. [148] density, viscosity 

Weissenberger et al. [149] boiling point, density 
14

Heptylcyclohexane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Baylaucq et al. [150] viscosity, density 

Luther [151] density 

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity 

Mokbel et al. [152] vapor pressure 

Schlenk [153] boiling point 

Schmidt [154] freezing point 

Schmidt and Grosser [155] boiling point, viscosity 

Cis-decahydronaphthalene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Allinger and Coke [156] boiling point 

Bird and Daly [157] viscosity 

Boord et al. [158] freezing point, boiling point, density 

Briggs [116] thermal conductivity 

Camin and Rossini [118] density, vapor pressure, surface tension 

Cheng et al. [159] boiling point, critical temperature 

Chylinksi and Stryjek [160] density 

Cooper et al. [161] boiling point 

Daubin et al. [162] boiling point, density 

Fenske et al. [164] density, vapor pressure 

Fischer and Weiss [86] viscosity 

Foehr and Fenske [165] boiling point, density 

Frezzotti et al. [166] thermal conductivity 

Glaser and Ruland [123] critical pressure, critical temperature 

Gudzinowicz et al. [167] density, thermal conductivity 

Guenthard et al. [168] density 

Hibbit and Linstead [169] boiling point, density 

Hogenboom et al. [170] viscosity, freezing point, density 

Huckel [171] boiling point, freezing point, density 

Huckel [172] density 

Huckel et al [173] density 

Ipatieff and Pines [174] boiling point 

Jasper [175] surface tension 

Korosi and Kovats [176] density, surface tension 

Kuss [177] density 

Lauer and King [178] density

Lozovoi et al. [179] density 

Lyusternik and Zhdanov [180] viscosity 

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity 
15

Author(s) Reference Topic 

McCullough et al. [181] triple point 

Nuzzi [182] viscosity 

Pak and Kay [183] critical pressure, critical temperature 

Parks and Hatton [184] freezing point 

Parthasarathy [185] density 

Petrov [186] freezing point 

Polenske and Eisenlohr [163] boiling point, density 

Prokopetz [187] boiling point, density 

Rank et al. [188] boiling point 

Ruzicka et al. [189] boiling point, density 

Schiessler et al. [190] viscosity 

Seyer and Barrow [191] freezing point, density 

Seyer and Leslie [192] viscosity, freezing point 

Seyer and Mann [193] freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure 

Seyer and Walker [194] density, surface tension 

Shiohama et al [195] density 

Shiohama et al [196] density 

Sohda et al. [197] vapor pressure, surface tension 

Stokkum [198] viscosity 

Streiff et al. [199] freezing point 

Timmermans [200] freezing point 

Zeberg-Mikkelsen et al. [201] viscosity, density 

Zelinskii [202] density 

 

1- dodecene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Asinger [203] density, boiling point

Baumgarten [204] boiling point

Boord et al. [205] density, boiling point, freezing point

Engler and Hofer [206] density

Evans [122] density, viscosity, boiling point

Forziati et al. [207] density, vapor pressure, boiling point

Geldof and Wibaut [208] boiling point

Gude et al. [209] critical pressure, critical temperature

Hunig and Kiesel [210] boiling point

Jasper [175] surface tension 

Jasper and Kerr [211] surface tension

Jasper and Kring [212] surface tension

Jeffery and Vogel [213] density, boiling point

Krafft [214] density, boiling point

Krassilchik [215] density

Labarre [216] density, boiling point
16

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Lenneman et al. [217] boiling point

Luther [151] density

Lyusternik and Zhdanov [180] viscosity

Maman [218] density

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity

McCullough et al. [219] triple point 

Mukhamedzyanov and 

Usmanov

[220] thermal conductivity

Petrov et al. [221] density, boiling point

Schiessler [136] viscosity 

Schiessler et al. [190] viscosity

Schmidt [154] density, freezing point

Schmidt et al. [222] density, boiling point, freezing point, viscosity 

Streiff et al. [199] freezing point

Tilicheev et al. [223] density, boiling point

Urry et al. [224] boiling point

Wibaut and Geldof [225] density

Zafiriadis and Mastagli [226] boiling point

 

1-tridecene 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Camin and Rossini [118] density, vapor pressure 

Jasper [175] surface tension 

Kozacik and Reid [227] density 

Lagemann et al. [228] density 

Luther [151] density 

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity 

Petrov et al. [221] density, boiling point 

Pictet and Potok [229] density, boiling point 

Scheissler [230] density 

Schiessler [136] viscosity 

Schiessler et al. [190] viscosity, density 

Schmidt [154] density, freezing point 

Schmidt et al. [222] density, freezing point, viscosity 

Streiff et al. [141] freezing point 

Tilicheev et al. [223] density, boiling point
17

2,2-dimethylbutane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Ambrose et al [231] critical temperature

Aucejo et al. [232] density, viscosity 

Avery and Ellis [233] boiling point 

Bazhulin et al. [234] density, boiling point 

Bishop et al. [235] density, boiling point 

Boord [236] boiling point

Brame and Hunter [237] density, boiling point 

Brazier and Freeman [238] viscosity, density 

Brewster et al. [239] boiling point

Brooks et al. [240] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Chavanne and van 

Risseghem

[241] density, boiling point, viscosity

Chavanne [242] density, boiling point 

Chen and Zwolinski [243] density, vapor pressure 

Compostizo et al. [244] density 

Cramer and Mulligan [245] density, boiling point 

Denyer et al. [246] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Derfer et al. [247] density, boiling point 

Desty and Whyman [248] boiling point

Dixon [249] density 

Douslin and Huffman [250] triple point 

Eicher and Zwolinski [251] viscosity 

Felsing and Watson [252] density, boiling point 

Fenske et al. [253] boiling point

Finke et al. [254] freezing point 

Fischer [255] melting point 

Foehr and Fenske [165] density, boiling point 

Fomin and Sochanski [256] density

Forziati [257] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Forziati et al. [258] density 

Funk et al. [259] vapor pressure 

Genco et al. [260] critical volume, critical temperature, critical pressure 

Glasgow and Rossini [261] freezing point 

Glasgow et al. [262] freezing point 

Griskey and Canjar [263] vapor pressure 

Griswold et al. [264] boiling point

Grummit et al. [265] density, boiling point 

Haensel and Ipatieff [266] boiling point

Hickman [267] boiling point

Hicks-Brunn et al. [268] density, triple point, boiling point 

Hoog et al. [269] density, boiling point 

Howard et al. [114] density, boiling point, freezing point 
18

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Jasper [175] surface tension 

Kay [270] vapor pressure, density, critical density, critical 

temperature, boiling point 

Kay and Young [271] critical temperature, critical pressure

Kilpatrick and Pitzer [272] vapor pressure, triple point

Kimura and Benson [273, 274, 

275]

density 

Kishner [276] density, boiling point 

Kuss and Pollmann [277] viscosity 

Lambert et al. [278] viscosity 

Liberman et al. [279] density, boiling point 

Lichtenfels et al. [280] boiling point

Maman [281, 282] density, boiling point 

Mann et al. [99] density 

Marker and Oakwood [283] density, boiling point

Markownikov [284] density, boiling point

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity 

McArdle and Robertson [285] density, boiling point 

Moldavskii and 

Nizovkina

[286] density 

Nicolini and Laffitte [287] density, vapor pressure 

Noller [288] density, boiling point 

Oberfell and Frey [289] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Paz Andrade [290] density 

Pichler et al. [291] density, boiling point 

Rank et al. [188] boiling point

Rodger et al. [292] density 

Sakiadis and Coates [293] thermal conductivity 

Sayegh and Ratcliff [294] vapor pressure 

Schmerling et al. [295] density, boiling point 

Serijan et al. [296] density 

Seubold [297] boiling point

Shen and Williamson [298] density 

Smittenberg at al. [299] triple point, boiling point 

Smutny and Bondi [300] viscosity 

Stull [301] vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point 

Timmermans [302] boiling point, freezing point

Tooke and Aston [303] freezing point 

Treszczanowicz et al. [304] density 

Van Risseghem [305] density, freezing point 

Van Wijk and Versteeg [306] density, viscosity 

Vilim [307] thermal conductivity 

Waddington and Douslin [308] density 

Westerdijk et al. [309] density, boiling point
19

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Wibaut and Gitsels [310] boiling point

Wibaut et al. [311] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Willingham et al. [312] vapor pressure, boiling point 

Wojciechowski [313] boiling point, freezing point 

Young [314] critical temperature, critical pressure 

Zhang et al. [315] density 

 

n-hexadecane

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Ait-Kaci and Merlin [316] melting point

Ambrose [115] critical temperature

Aminabhavi and 

Gopalkrishma

[317] density, viscosity

Anselme et al. [318] critical temperature, critical density

Aracil et al. [319, 320] density

Aralaguppi et al. [321] viscosity, density

Arenosa et al. [322] density 

Asfour et al. [323] density

Assael et al. [324] thermal conductivity

Aucejo et al. [232] viscosity

Aucejo et al. [325] viscosity, density

Awwad et al. [326] viscosity

Awwad and Allos [327] density

Awwad and Pethwick [328] density

Awwad and Salman [329, 330] density

Awwad et al. [331] viscosity, density

Awwad et al. [332, 333] density

Banipal et al. [334] density

Banos et al. [335] density

Barber and English [336] boiling point, melting point, density

Behrends and Kaatze [337] viscosity

Benson and Handa [338] density

Berger [339] boiling point

Bhattacharyya et al. [340] density

Boelhouwer [341] density

Bogatov et al. [342] thermal conductivity

Boord et al. [158] boiling point, melting point, density

Bradley and Shellard [343] density

Bridgman [344] vapor pressure

Bronsted and Koefoed [345] density

Calingaert et al. [346] density

Camin et al [347] vapor pressure, density
20

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Carey and Smith [348] melting point

Celda et al. [349] density

Chang et al. [350] density

Chawla et al. [351] density

Chevalier et al. [352] viscosity, density

Chylinski and Stryjek [353] viscosity

Chylinski and Stryjek [160] density

Cooper and Asfour [354] viscosity, density

Coursey and Heric [355] viscosity, density

Deanesly [356] density, melting point 

DeLorenzi et al. [357] density, viscosity

Dernini et al. [358] density

Diaz Pena and Menduina [359] density

Diaz Pena and Nunez 

Delgado

[360] density

Diaz-Pena and Tardajos [361] density

Dixon [249] density

Drahowzal [362] melting point

Ducooulombier et al. [363] viscosity

Dymond and Harris [364] density

Dymond and Young [365] viscosity, density

Dymond et al. [366] viscosity, density

Evans [122] viscosity, density

Evans [367] melting point 

Fenby et al. [368] density

Ferhat-Hamida and 

Philippe

[369] density

Fermeglia and Torriano [370] viscosity, density

Findenegg [371] density, melting point

Finke et al. [372] triple point

Foehr and Fenske [165] density, melting point

Fox et al. [373] surface tension

Francis and Wood [374] boiling point, vapor pressure

Gensler and Mahadevan [375] boiling point

Glaser et al. [376] density

Gollis et al. [87] thermal conductivity, melting point

Gouel [377] viscosity, density

Graaf et al. [378] density

Granovskaya [379] vapor pressure

Griot et al. [380, 381] density

Grolier et al. [382] density

Heric and Brewer [383] density, viscosity

Heric and Brewer [384] density

Heric and Coursey [385] density
21

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Holmes et al. [386] thermal conductivity

Holzapfel et al. [387, 388, 

389]

density

Ivanov et al. [390] boiling point

Jasper [175] surface tension

Jasper et al. [391] surface tension

Kemula et al. [392] boiling point, melting point

Klofutar et al. [393] density

Korosi and Kovats [176] surface tension

Krafft [394] melting point, boiling point, density

Krafft [395] density, melting point

Krafft [396] density, vapor pressure, melting point

Lagerlof [397] boiling point

Lainez and Rodrigo [398] density

Lainez et al. [399] density

Lal et al. [400] density, viscosity

Langedijk and 

Smithuysen

[401] density, melting point

Larkin et al. [402] melting point

Larsen et al. [129] boiling point, melting point

Lauer and King [178] density

Lee et al. [403] vapor pressure

Lenoir and Hipkin [404] density

Levene [405] boiling point

Levene et al. [406] boiling point, melting point

Lim and Williamson [407] density

Luther [151] density

Mabery [408] boiling point

Mabery [409] boiling point, density

Mansker et al. [410] density

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity

Marsh and Organ [411] density 

Matsui and Arakawa [412] boiling point, melting point, density

Matthews et al. [413] viscosity, density

McKinney [414] boiling point

McMakin and Van 

Winkle 

[415] density

Messow et al. [416] density

Mills and Fenton [417] vapor pressure

Mogollon et al. [418] critical temperature

Mukhamedzyanov et al. [419] thermal conductivity

Mumford and Phillips [420] density, melting point, boiling point, viscosity

Mustafaev [421] thermal conductivity

Myers [422] vapor pressure
22

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Myers and Clever [423] surface tension, density

Myers and Fenske [424] vapor pressure

Nederbragt and 

Boelhouwer 

[425] viscosity

Nhaesi and Asfour [426] density, viscosity

Oddo [427] boiling point, melting point

Orwoll and Flory [428] melting point

Parks et al. [429] vapor pressure, triple point

Perez et al. [430] vapor pressure

Petrov [186] melting point

Petrov and Kaplan [431] boiling point, density

Philippe and Delmas [432] density

Pilcher [433] triple point

Plebanski et al. [434] density

Powell and Groot [435] thermal conductivity

Prophete [436] melting point

Queimada et al. [437] density, viscosity

Ralston et al. [438] melting point

Rasskazov et al. [439] viscosity

Rastorguev and Keramidi [440] viscosity

Ratkovics et al. [441] viscosity

Richardson and Parks [442] density

Rolo et al. [443] surface tension

Rosenthal and Teja [444] critical pressure, critical temperature

Sakiadis and Coates [445] thermal conductivity

Sanin and Melent’eva [446] viscosity

Schiessler [136] viscosity

Schiessler et al. [190] vapor pressure, density

Schiessler [230] melting point

Seyer et al. [447] density

Shen and Williamson [298] density

Smith [448] melting point

Smith et al. [449, 450] critical temperature

Snow et al. [451] melting point

Snyder and Winnick [452] density

Sondheimer and Amiel [453] boiling point, melting point

Sorabji [454] boiling point, melting point

Streiff et al. [141] melting point

Suehnel et al. [455] density

Tanaka et al. [456] viscosity, density

Tardajos et al. [457, 458] density

Tarzimanov and 

Mashirov 

[459] thermal conductivity

Teja and Rice [460] density
23

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Teja et al. [461] critical temperature

Terhoff [462] density

Tilicheev and 

Kachmarchik 

[463] melting point, density

Tilicheev and 

Kachmarchik 

[464] density

Tilicheev et al. [465] boiling point, melting point, density

Trejo [466] density

Treszczanowicz et al. [467] density

Treszczanowicz et al. [468] density

Tuot and Guyard [469] boiling point, density

Ubbelohde [470] vapor pressure, melting point

Van Hook and Silver [471] density, melting point

Vavanellos et al. [472] viscosity

Vogel [473] boiling point, melting point, density

Wada et al. [474] thermal conductivity

Wakefield [475] viscosity, density

Wakefield and Marsh [476] viscosity, density

Wang et al. [477] density

Waterman et al. [478] boiling point, melting point, density

Whitmore et al. [479] viscosity

Wibaut et al. [311] density

Wilhelm et al. [480, 481] density

Witek et al. [482] density

Wu et al. [483] viscosity

Young [484] boiling point, vapor pressure

Zeinalov and Leikakh [485] density

Ziegler et al. [486] boiling point, melting point

 

 

n-dodecane 

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Aicart et al. [487] density 

Allemand et al. [488, 489] vapor pressure 

Ambrose and Townsend [490] critical pressure 

Ambrose et al. [231] critical temperature 

Aminabhavi and Banerjee [491] viscosity

Aminabhavi and 

Gopalkrishma

[317] viscosity, density 

Aminabhavi and Patil [492] viscosity, density 

Anselme et al. [318] critical density, critical temperature 

Aralaguppi et al. [321 493] viscosity, density 

Arenosa et al. [322] density 
24

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Asfour et al. [323] density 

Aucejo et al. [494, 495] density 

Aucejo et al. [496] viscosity 

Aucejo et al. [232] viscosity, density 

Awwad and Salman [329] viscosity, density 

Awwad et al. [331] viscosity 

Awwad and Allos [497] viscosity, density 

Awwad et al. [331, 332] density 

Beale and Docksey [498] critical pressure, critical temperature, boiling point 

Benson et al. [499] density 

Berger [339] boiling point 

Bessieres, D. et al. [500]

Bhattacharyya et al. [340] density 

Bidlack and Anderson [501] viscosity 

Bingham and Fornwalt [502] density, viscosity 

Boelhouwer [341] density 

Boord et al. [158] boiling point, density, freezing point 

Bridgman [344] vapor pressure 

Burgdorf et al. [503] viscosity, thermal conductivity, density 

Campbell et al. [504] boiling point 

Caudwell et al. [505] viscosity, density 

Celda et al. [349] density 

Celda et al. [506] viscosity 

Chawla et al. [351] density 

Chevalier et al. [352] viscosity, density 

Cooper et al. [161] boiling point 

Cooper and Asfour [354] viscosity, density 

Crawford and Harbourn [507] freezing point 

Cutler [508] density 

Cutler et al. [509] density, viscosity 

De Lorenzi et al. [357] viscosity, density 

Deanesly and Carleton [356] density, freezing point 

Dejoz et al. [510] density, boiling point, vapor pressure 

DeLorenzi et al. [357] density 

Dernini et al. [358] density 

Diaz Pena and Menduina [359] density 

Diaz Pena and Nunez 

Delgado

[360] density 

Diaz Pena and Tardajos [361] density 

Dixon [249] density 

Dornte and Smyth [511] density 

Drabek and Cibulka [512] density 

Ducoulombier et al. [363] viscosity 

Dymond et al. [366] viscosity 
25

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Dymond et al. [513] viscosity, density 

Dymond et al. [514, 515] density 

Evans [367] viscosity, density, boiling point 

Fenske et al. [253] boiling point 

Ferhat-Hamida and 

Philippe

[369] density 

Findenegg [371] density 

Finke et al. [372] triple point 

Francis [516] critical temperature, density 

Garcia et al. [517] viscosity 

Gensler et al. [518] boiling point 

Gierycz et al. [519] vapor pressure 

Giller and Drickamer [520] viscosity, freezing point 

Gollis et al. [87] thermal conductivity, freezing point 

Gomez-Ibanez and Liu [521] boiling point, density 

Gonzalez et al. [522] viscosity, density 

Gouel [377] viscosity 

Gouel [523] density 

Grigg et al. [524] density 

Griot et al. [381] density 

Grolier and Benson [525] density 

Grolier et al. [382] density 

Guieu et al. [526] freezing point 

Hamam et al. [527] density 

Hansen and Hansen [528] boiling point 

Hogenboom et al. [529] viscosity, freezing point 

Horie and Morikawa [530] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Houser and McLean [531] density, vapor pressure 

Huffman et al. [127] triple point 

Iwahashi et al. [532] viscosity 

Jasper et al. [391] surface tension 

Jessup and Stanley [533] boiling point, density, freezing point 

Jobst [534] thermal conductivity 

Kashiwagi and Makita [535] viscosity 

Kashiwagi et al. [536] thermal conductivity 

Keistler and Andrews [537] density, vapor pressure 

Keramidi and Rastorguev [538] viscosity 

Kharasch et al. [539] boiling point 

Kincannon and Manning [540] boiling point, density 

Knapstad et al. [541] viscosity 

Knapstad et al. [542] viscosity, density 

Korosi and Kovats [176] surface tension 

Krafft [396] density, freezing point, vapor pressure 

Kurtyka and Kurtyka [543] boiling point 
26

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Lainez et al. [399] density 

Landau and Wuerflinger [544] density 

Leslie and Heuer [545] freezing point 

Luther [151] density 

Lyusternik and Zhdanov [180] viscosity 

Lyvers and Belyanina [546] density 

Mair [547] freezing point 

Mair and Streiff [131] density, boiling point, freezing point 

Mallan et al. [548] thermal conductivity 

Maman [218] boiling point, density 

Mansker et al. [410] density 

Marsh et al. [100] heat capacity 

Mears et al. [549] boiling point, freezing point, density 

Messow et al. [416] density 

Mogollon et al. [418] critical temperature 

Moreiras et al. [550] viscosity, density 

Morse [551] boiling point 

Mukhamedzyanov et al. [552] thermal conductivity 

Mustafaev [553] thermal conductivity 

Nayak et al. [554] viscosity, density 

Neruchev et al. [555] density, boiling point 

Ortega et al. [556, 557, 

558]

density 

Ott and Goates [559] freezing point 

Pak and Kay [560] critical pressure, critical temperature 

Parks and Huffman [133] freezing point 

Petrov and Kaplan [431] density, boiling point 

Philippe and Delmas [432] density 

Powell and Groot [435] thermal conductivity 

Quayle et al. [561] density, boiling point 

Ralston et al. [438] freezing point 

Rosenthal and Teja [444] critical pressure, critical temperature 

Sahgal and Hayduk [562] density 

Sakiadis and Coates [445] thermal conductivity 

Schiessler [230] freezing point, vapor pressure 

Schiessler et al. [190] density 

Schmidt et al. [563] density, surface tension 

Seyer [564] freezing point 

Shen and Williamson [298] density 

Shen et al. [565] density 

Shepard et al. [566] density, freezing point, viscosity, boiling point 

Smith [567] thermal conductivity 

Smith et al. [450] critical temperature 

Snyder and Winnick [452] density 
27

Author(s) Reference Topic 

Sondheimer and Amiel [453] boiling point 

Sondheimer et al. [568] freezing point 

Streiff et al. [141] freezing point 

Suri [569] density 

Takagi and Teranishi [570] density 

Tanaka [456] viscosity, density 

Tanaka et al. [571] thermal conductivity 

Tardajos et al. [457, 458] density 

Teja et al. [461] critical temperature 

Terhoff [462] density 

Tilicheev et al. [223] boiling point, freezing point 

Tilicheev et al. [465] density 

Timmermans [572] freezing point 

Trejo [466] density 

Trenzado et al. [573] viscosity, density 

Treszczanowicz and Lu [574] vapor pressure 

Treszczanowicz et al. [468, 575] density 

Tsimering and Kertes [576] density 

Vogel [473] boiling point, density 

Vogel and Schuberth [577] density 

Wakefield and Marsh [476] viscosity 

Wakefield [475] viscosity, density 

Wang et al. [477, 578] density 

Weissler and Del Grosso [579] density 

Wilhelm et al. [480, 481] density 

Willingham et al. [312] vapor pressure 

Witek et al. [482] density 

Wu et al. [483] viscosity 

Yanes et al. [580] density 

Young [484] vapor pressure, boiling point 

Ziegler et al. [486] boiling point, freezing point 

Zook and Goldey [581] boiling point 

 
28

Table 2. Surrogate mixture formulation. 

Fluid CAS # Formula MW Mole% 

3-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 53907-59-8 C9H18 126.24 9.98 

Cyclodecene 3618-12-0 C10H18 138.25 2.11 

2-methylnonane 871-83-0 C10H22 142.28 2.32 

2-methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 C11H10 142.20 5.10 

2-methyldecalin 2958-76-1 C11H20 152.28 22.35 

3-methyldecane 13151-34-3 C11H24 156.31 10.84 

1-dodecene 112-41-4 C12H24 168.32 2.64 

Cyclododecane 294-62-2 C12H24 168.32 4.27 

4-methyl-4-undecene 61142-40-3 C12H24 168.32 10.45 

n-dodecane 112-40-3 C12H26 170.33 1.93 

Heptylcyclohexane 5617-41-4 C13H26 182.35 14.22 

1-tridecene 2437-56-1 C13H26 182.35 1.45 

2,7,10-trimethyldodecane 74645-98-0 C15H32 212.41 10.38 

n-hexadecane 544-76-3 C16H34 226.44 1.95 

 Σ = 99.99 % 
29

3. Chemical Characterization

 Rocket propellant RP-1 is a kerosene, a complex hydrocarbon mixture that may be 

thermally unstable at temperatures above 600 K. Thus, it was critical to the success of this project 

to characterize the components in RP-1, both before and after experimental properties studies. A 

discussion of the procedures, interpretation of results and identification of components are 

provided in Appendix B. Tables 3 to 7 provide the results of the chemical characterization of the 

RP-1 sample. 
30

Table 3. Tier 1 - Identification of constituents of 2 % (mass/mass) or higher. These constituents 

represent 59 % of the total mass in the sample. 

Peak Retention 

time, min 

Profile Corr. 

coef. 

Conf. Name CAS Reg. No. RMM % 

1 4.480 S 50 M 2,2-dimethylbutane 000075-83-2 86.11 2.375 

2 4.619 A 64 H 3-methyldecane 013151-34-3 156.19 3.985 

3 5.117 A 43 M 3-ethyl-4,4- 

dimethyl-2- 

pentene 

053907-59-8 126.14 2.726 

4 5.486 A 47 M 2,9-dimethyldecane 001002-17-1 170.2 6.280 

5 5.808 S 94 H 2-methyl-cisdecalin 1000152-47-3 152.16 3.970 

6 6.008 A 98 H decahydro-2- 

methyl 

naphthalene 

002958-76-1 152.16 2.574 

7 6.307 S 50 M cis-syn-1- 

methyldecalin 

1000158-89-1 152.16 4.652 

8a† 6.468 

6.537 

6.653 

S 

A 

S 

46 

43 

M 

M 

1-hexyl-3- 

methylcyclo 

pentane 

cyclo 

dodecane 

061142-68-5 

000294-62-2 

168.19 

168.19 

5.099 

9 7.443 S 43 M 1-dodecene 000112-41-4 168.19 

5.995 

10 7.789 S 78 H 2-methylundecane 007045-71-8 170.2 3.124 

11 7.996 S 59 M 3-methylundecane 001002-43-3 170.2 2.839 

12 8.150 A 56 M 2,2-dimethyldecadi-3,5- 

ene 

055638-50-1 166.17 2.735 

13 8.464 S NA M methylcyclododecane NA 182.22 3.580 

14 9.194 S 90 H dodecane 000112-40-3 170.20 5.327 

15 9.746 S 50 M 2,7,10- 

trimethyldodecane 

074645-98-0 212.25 3.765 

† This peak consists of two coeluting solutes. 
31

Table 4. Tier 2 - Identification of constituents of 1 % (mass/mass) or higher. These constituents 

represent 18.7 % of the total mass of the sample. 

Peak Retention 

time, min 

Profile Corr. 

coef. 

Conf. Name CAS Reg. No. RMM % 

a 3.144 A 50 

38 

M 

M 

2,7-dimethyl octane 

or 

2-methyl 

nonane 

001072-16-8 

000871-83-0 

142.17 

142.17 

1.329 

b 4.303 S 89 H cyclodecene 003717-12-0 138.14 1.610 

c 4.373 A 50 U cis-decahydro 

naphthalene 

108746-01-6 138.14 1.174 

d 6.944 A 14 M z-1,9- 

dodecadiene 

1000245-71-0 166.17 1.754 

e 7.075 S 15 M 4-methyl-4- 

uncecene 

061142-40-3 168.19 1.663 

f 9.846 S 20 M x-tridecene† NA 182.2 1.115 

g 10.230 A 30 M 1-tridecene 111270-56-1 182.2 1.241 

h 10.514 S 72 H heptylcyclohexane 005617-41-4 168.19 1.429 

i 10.698 S 43 M x-tridecene NA 182.2 1.305 

j 11.359 A 45 M x-tridecene NA 182.2 1.977 

k 11.881 S 58 M 2,10-dimethyl 

undecane 

017301-27-8 184.22 1.507 

l 12.349 A NA M x-methyl 

tridecane 

NA 197.2 1.494 

m 12.787 S 94 H 2-methyl 

naphthalene 

000091-57-6 142.08 1.249 

aa 13.623 S 97 H tridecane 000629-50-5 184.22 1.080 

† x signifies uncertainty in the location of the double bond or the methyl group. 
32

Table 5. Light fraction-identification of constituents of lightest components. These components 

represent 1.7 % of the total mass of the sample. 

Peak Retention 

time, min 

Profile Corr. 

coef. 

Conf. Name CAS Reg. No. RMM % 

laa 0.795 A 2 M methane 107902-82-8 16.03 trace 

la 1.924 A 50 H nonane 000111-84-2 128.16 0.179 

lb 2.615 A 90 H 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane 001795-26-2 126.14 0.654 

1d 3.551 A 52 H 2-methyldecane 006975-98-0 156.19 0.817 

Table 6. Heavy fraction-identification of constituents of heaviest components. These constituents 

are not tabulated for mass percent. 

Peak Retention 

time, min 

Profile Corr. 

coef. 

Conf. Name CAS Reg. No. RMM % 

ha 21.776 S 30 M 5-methyl-2-undecene 056851-34-4 168.19 

hb 22.010 A 86 H 2,6,10-trimethyldodecene†NA 210.25 

hc 22.433 A 59 

47 

U 3-methyl tridecane 

or 

tetradecane 

006418-41-3 

or 

000629-59-4 

198.24 

198.24 

hd 24.083 A 43 

22 

U hexadecane, 

or 

1-tetradecene 

000544-76-3 

or 

001120-36-1 

226.27 

196.22 

† The location of double bond is not clear. 

Table 7. Thermal decomposition kinetics measurements on RP-1. 

Temperature

(oC) 

k ± 1σ 

(s-1) 

t1/2

(min) 

375 

400 

425 

500 

(6.92 ± 0.75) x10-5

(2.00 ± 0.23) x10-4

(3.85 ± 0.53) x10-4

(1.07 ± 0.17) x10-3

167 

58 

30 

11 
33

4. Density 

4.1 Density at Atmospheric Pressure 

The density of RP-1 was measured with an Archimedes (buoyancy) technique over the 

temperature range 1 to 43  ̊C under a nitrogen blanket at the prevailing atmospheric pressure 

(approximately 83 kPa). These measurements provide a direct determination of the density. They 

were conducted to provide a consistency check on the wide-ranging measurements made at 

Azerbaijan State Oil Academy and to investigate the potential batch-to-batch variation in this 

property. 

The core of the experimental apparatus consists of a cylindrical aluminum “sinker” (m = 

11.54077 ± 0.00010 g; V = 4.2735 ± 0.0013 cm3

) that is housed in a test cell containing the fluid of 

interest. This sinker is suspended from a balance, and the experiment consists of weighing the 

(sinker + suspension device) and the suspension device alone (to give the “tare” weight). The 

density is given by 

( )

sinker

sinker sinker

V

m − W −Wtare ρ = , 

where Wsinker and Wtare are the balance readings, and msinker and Vsinker are the mass and volume of 

the sinker. The volume of the sinker is adjusted for temperature from literature values for the 

thermal expansion of aluminum. Each density determination comprises multiple tare and sinker 

weighings, and the balance is calibrated before each determination by use of a small brass 

calibration mass placed on an auxiliary pan located above the test cell. The total uncertainty in the 

density is estimated to be ±0.10 % (k = 2). 
34

Temperature is controlled by an external bath circulating a propylene gycol mixture 

through channels in a copper shield surrounding the test cell. The temperature of the fluid is 

measured with a standard platinum resistance thermometer located in a thermowell in the test cell; 

its resistance is read with a nanovolt-level multimeter. The uncertainty in the temperature is 

±0.010  ̊C. The standard deviation in the temperature over the 20 minutes needed to complete a 

single density determination averaged 0.004  ̊C. The atmospheric pressure was read with a 

vibrating quartz crystal type pressure transducer with an uncertainty of ±0.07 kPa. 

The results are presented in Table 8 and Figure 1(a) for the original sample of RP-1. Three 

repetitions were carried out at each temperature. The sample was held statically in the cell a total of 

10 days, and repeats of the 25  ̊C point taken nine days apart exhibited variations less than 0.15 % 

in density. This provides an indication that the sample did not undergo any gross degradation or 

fractionation during the tests. These data have been correlated by a second-order polynomial 

(given in the figure) to facilitate comparisons. 

Results for the ultra-low sulfur sample of RP-1 are given in Table 9. The percentage 

differences in density compared to the original RP-1 sample are shown in Figure 1(b) (where the 

baseline is the polynomial fit of the densities of the original sample). The differences between the 

two samples are seen to average 0.28 %, with the ultra-low sulfur sample having the higher 

densities. 
35

Table 8. Experimental densities for RP-1 (original sample) under nitrogen. 

_________________________________________________________ 

 Temperature,  ̊C Pressure, kPa Density, kg/m3

_________________________________________________________ 

 2.902 83.59 813.18 

 2.899 83.59 813.30 

 2.892 83.59 813.28 

 23.283 83.72 799.01 

 23.319 83.69 799.09 

 23.355 83.67 799.01 

 25.066 83.07 798.71 

 25.072 83.10 797.58 

 25.083 83.10 797.66 

 43.115 83.07 785.01 

 43.109 83.10 784.96 

 43.050 83.10 785.09 

_________________________________________________________ 

Table 9. Experimental densities for RP-1 (ultra-low sulfur) under nitrogen. 

_________________________________________________________ 

 Temperature,  ̊C Pressure, kPa Density, kg/m3

_________________________________________________________ 

 1.081 82.13 816.71 

 1.091 82.12 816.70 

 1.106 82.10 816.60 

 23.941 82.61 800.88 

 23.911 82.61 800.91 

 23.878 82.63 801.15 

 39.693 82.25 790.01 

 39.705 82.23 789.79 

 39.720 82.25 789.68 

_________________________________________________________ 
36

Figure 1. Density of RP-1 at atmospheric pressure; (a) measured densities; (b) deviations of 

density from the simple polynomial correlation. 
37

4.2 Density at Elevated Pressures

 Densities were measured with a constant-volume piezometer that operates at conditions up 

to 745 K and 60 MPa. This study was carried out under a contract to Prof. Ilmudin M. Abdulagatov 

(Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala) who set up a collaborative project with Prof. Nazim 

D. Azizov (Azerbaijan State Oil Academy (ASOA), Baku). The uncertainty estimated by ASOA 

for the density measurements is 0.5 kg·m-3 (for T<623 K) and 0.1 % (for T>623 K). Those 

experimental data were privately communicated to NIST and were used, in addition to NIST 

measurements, to develop the models discussed in Section 2. 
38

5. Heat Capacity

 Heat capacities are fundamental to our knowledge of the thermal properties of any 

substance or mixture. They may be regarded as a measure of the rate of change of energy storage in 

molecular systems. Heat capacity is defined by the operational path taken during an exchange of 

energy with the surroundings; the path may be at a constant pressure, at constant density, or along 

a phase saturation curve. In practice, we may measure a change in enthalpy at constant pressure Cp

or a change in internal energy at constant volume Cv. However, it is not possible to measure a heat 

capacity at a fixed pressure condition of vapor-liquid saturation. This is so because an addition of a 

small quantity of energy will evaporate a portion of the sample but will not raise its temperature, 

and thus an infinite heat capacity would be calculated. On the other hand, it is feasible to directly 

measure heat capacity in the vapor-liquid two-phase region, Cv

(2), and then calculate the saturated 

liquid heat capacity from well-established thermodynamic relations. 

 Heat capacities at constant pressure were measured with a flow calorimeter that operates at 

conditions up to 671 K and 60 MPa. This study was carried out under a contract to Prof. Ilmudin M. 

Abdulagatov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala) who set up a collaborative project 

with Prof. Nazim D. Azizov (Azerbaijan State Oil Academy (ASOA), Baku). The uncertainty 

estimated by ASOA for the heat capacity measurements is 2 % (for T<573 K) and 3 to 4 % (for 

T>573 K). Those experimental data were privately communicated to NIST and were used, in 

addition to NIST measurements, to develop the models discussed in Section 2. 
39

6. Thermal Conductivity 

Transient hot-wire measurements of the thermal conductivity of the RP-1 liquid sample 

were made along nine isotherms at temperatures from 300 to 700 K with pressures up to 70 MPa. 

Rapid decomposition was observed at 700 K. Only data up to 650 K (8 isotherms) are shown in 

Figure 2. The transient hot-wire instrument has been described in detail. The measurement cell is 

designed to closely approximate transient heating from a line source into an infinite fluid medium. 

The ideal (line source) temperature rise ∆Tid is given by, 

= T + T ,

r C

4a (t)+

4

q T = i

10

i=1

w

0

2 id δ

πλ

∆ ∑ 





























 ∆ ln (1) ln

where q is the power applied per unit length, λ is the thermal conductivity of the fluid, t is the elapsed 

time, a = λ/ρCp is the thermal diffusivity of the fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid, Cp is the isobaric 

specific heat capacity of the fluid, r0 is the radius of the hot wire, C = 1.781... is the exponential of 

Euler's constant, ∆Tw is the measured temperature rise of the wire, and δTi are corrections to account 

for deviations from ideal line-source conduction. The significant corrections for the RP-1 

measurements are for the finite wire diameter and thermal radiation from the IR absorbing fluid. A 

plot of ideal temperature rise versus logarithm of elapsed time should be linear, such that thermal 

conductivity can be found from the slope, and thermal diffusivity can be found from the intercept 

of a line fit to the data. 

At time zero, a fixed voltage is applied to heat a small-diameter wire that is immersed in the 

fluid of interest. The wire is used as an electrical heat source, while its resistance increase allows 

determination of the transient temperature rise as a function of elapsed time. Two tungsten wires 

that have different lengths but the same 4 μm diameter are connected such that the response of the 
40

short wire is subtracted from the response of the long wire to eliminate the effects of axial heat 

conduction. Short experiment times (nominally 1 s) and small temperature rises (nominally 1 to 3 

K) are selected to eliminate heat transfer by free convection. Experiments at several different 

heating powers (and temperature rises) allow verification that free convection is not significant. 

Heat transfer due to thermal radiation is more difficult to detect and correct when the fluid can 

absorb and re-emit infrared radiation such as RP-1. Thermal radiative heat transfer will increase 

roughly in proportion to the absolute temperature cubed and can be characterized from an increase 

in the apparent thermal conductivity as experiment time increases because radiative emission from 

the fluid increases as the thermal wave diffuses outward. Measurements of argon gas made prior to 

the RP-1 measurements verified that the apparatus was performing correctly. 

The results of 465 transient hot-wire measurements are given in Table 10 for temperatures 

from 300 K to 650 K. Each experiment is characterized by the initial cell temperature T0 and the 

mean experiment temperature Te. There are generally five experiments at each initial cell 

temperature to verify that convection was not significant, since convection depends strongly on the 

temperature rise (∆T = Te − T0). The conditions of the fluid during each measurement are given by 

the experimental temperature Te, pressure Pe, and density ρe. Two values of measured thermal 

conductivity are reported. The thermal conductivity without correction for thermal radiation is 

given by λe, while the value corrected for thermal radiation is given by λc. The magnitude of the 

radiation correction can be found through comparison of these two values and varies from 0.1 % at 

300 K to 3.5 % at 550 K, increasing to 6.6 % at 650 K. Both values of thermal conductivity are 

provided for comparison with literature data where the radiation correction has often not been 

considered. Details of the thermal radiation correction and validation of its use with liquid toluene 

have been presented elsewhere. Measured thermal conductivity data for RP-1, corrected for 
41

thermal radiation, are shown in Figure 3. Empirical values for the product of the mean absorption 

coefficient times the refractive index squared (Kn2

) are provided in Figure 4 as a function of fluid 

density (temperatures range from 300 K to 650 K). The solid line is given by a cubic polynomial fit 

in terms of density; the fit was used to correct the transient hot-wire data for thermal radiation. 

Measurements were made at increasing temperatures on the original sample from 300 K to 

600 K. The sample was collected for chemical analysis and the cell was charged with fresh RP-1 

for measurements at 650 K. The 650 K sample was collected and the cell was charged again with 

fresh sample for the 700 K isotherm. Rapid decomposition of the RP-1 sample was observed at 

700 K. Measured thermal conductivity at 700 K was significantly higher and inconsistent with 

values obtained at lower temperatures. The 700 K sample was collected and the three samples 

were analyzed for decomposition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-infrared detection 

(GC-MS-IR). There is clear evidence in the 650 K sample of sample reactions and discoloration 

with a significant increase in aromatics, including heavier aromatics such as naphthalenic 

compounds. The 700 K sample shows the predominance of these reactions with a further 

significant increase in aromatic and napthalenic components. 

After significant reactions were observed at 700 K, a study of measured thermal 

conductivity as a function of residence time at 650 K was made. After filling and initial 

temperature equilibration at 650 K, there was a steady increase in cell pressure and decrease in cell 

temperature. While this would be characteristic of cracking reactions, which are endothermic and 

produce products of low molecular weight, chemical analysis suggests that other reactions are also 

responsible for the observed changes. The pressure increase was from 13.1 MPa to 14.8 MPa over 

a 9 h period. The thermal conductivity increased by 0.3 % over the same period, while the 

temperature decreased by 0.4 K. This thermal conductivity is 2.4 % smaller than expected based 
42

on the changes in temperature and pressure. Thus, the thermal conductivity changes by about 2 % 

due to changes in sample composition during this period at 650 K. This new isotherm agreed with 

the previous measurements at 650 K to within about 3 %. However, some of this disagreement is 

likely due to a solid coating that was present on the hot wires after exposure to the RP-1 sample at 

700 K. 

Figure 5 shows significant deposits of solid material that were found on the hot wires after 

measurements at 700 K. It appears that the material was molten but nonvolatile when the RP-1 

sample was flashed and removed at 700 K. Small diameter cylindrical sections that are only 

slightly larger than the wire diameter are seen between the larger “beads”. The spherical-bead 

shape of the deposits was likely due to minimization of interfacial forces at the molten film-wire 

and film-gas boundaries. Measurements were made on liquid toluene near 300 K after the 

measurements at 700 K and excellent agreement (0.3 % difference) was found with reference data 

for the thermal conductivity of toluene even with the presence of the solid material on the wire. 

Thus, the thermal conductivity of the solid deposit is likely close to that of toluene, an aromatic 

material, but slightly different from` that of the original RP-1 sample. The deposit was not soluble 

in toluene at 300 K. 

The uncertainty of the measured thermal conductivity data is less than 0.5 % for 

temperatures from 300 to 450 K where decomposition and thermal radiation were not significant. 

At higher temperatures, the uncertainty increases due to sample decomposition and increased 

thermal radiation heat transfer. This uncertainty is about 1.0 % at 550 K and increases significantly 

when the effects of decomposition are observable in the measured thermal conductivity as a 

function of sample residence time at 650 K. At 650 K the uncertainty is about 4 %, due largely to 

changes in sample composition. 
43

Deviations between the measured thermal conductivity data, corrected for thermal 

radiation, and the corresponding states model developed in this project for the thermal 

conductivity of RP-1 are shown in Figure 6. The deviations are generally within 3 % for 

temperatures between 300 K and 400 K, but the model is systematically higher than the data as the 

density decreases along an isotherm and as temperature increases. The model is systematically 4 % 

to 12 % higher than the data along the 650 K isotherm. The data for each isotherm are consistent 

within the uncertainties given above, both within the isotherm and among the eight isotherms. 

There are some “discontinuities” of the order of 1 % in the deviation plot along the higher 

temperature isotherms. These “discontinuities” are not present in the measured thermal 

conductivity data, as shown in Figure 3. This is likely a convergence issue in the corresponding 

states model that would have a small impact on designs based on this model for the thermal 

conductivity of RP-1. The corresponding states model is based on thermal conductivity data for 

pure components that typically have not been corrected for thermal radiation. Thus it is expected 

that the corresponding states model will predict higher thermal conductivities, more like the 

uncorrected thermal conductivity values for RP-1 measured in this work. The correction for 

thermal radiation was as large as 6.6 % at the lowest densities along the 650 K isotherm. Thermal 

radiation accounts for about half of the systematic deviations shown in Figure 6. A thorough 

development of the corresponding states model would need to consider the contribution of thermal 

radiation on the pure components used in the model. 
44

Bibliography for Thermal Conductivity 

Perkins, R. A.; Roder, H. M.; Nieto de Castro, C. A. A high-temperature transient hot-wire 

thermal conductivity apparatus for fluids. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Tech. 96: 247-269 (1991). 

Nieto de Castro, C. A.; Perkins, R. A.; Roder, H. M. Radiative heat transfer in transient hot-wire 

measurements of thermal conductivity. Int. J. Thermophys. 12: 985-997 (1991). 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

T e / K

P e / MPa

Figure 2. Range of thermal conductivity measurements on liquid RP-1. 
45

Figure 3. Measured thermal conductivity of RP-1 corrected for thermal radiation (pressure from 

0.1 MPa to 70 MPa). 

Figure 4. Empirical optical parameters for radiation correction of RP-1 data. 
46

Figure 5. Solid deposits with diameters up to eight times that of the 4 μm hot wires were found 

after measurements on RP-1 at 650 K. 

Figure 6. Deviations between the radiation corrected thermal conductivity data and the 

corresponding-states model for RP-1 developed in this work. 
47

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

2001 299.998 301.798 63.3444 0.83331 0.12705 0.12695 

2002 299.998 302.036 63.3249 0.83316 0.12722 0.12712 

2003 300.003 302.302 63.3083 0.83299 0.12710 0.12700 

2004 300.004 302.559 63.2909 0.83283 0.12716 0.12706 

2005 300.002 302.834 63.2699 0.83266 0.12712 0.12702 

2006 299.985 301.802 60.5341 0.83192 0.12667 0.12656 

2007 299.991 302.041 60.5107 0.83177 0.12659 0.12649 

2008 300.002 302.302 60.4845 0.83160 0.12640 0.12633 

2009 300.006 302.571 60.4609 0.83143 0.12631 0.12620 

2010 300.003 302.844 60.4359 0.83125 0.12632 0.12621 

2011 300.002 301.837 53.6465 0.82842 0.12523 0.12508 

2012 300.018 302.092 53.6341 0.82825 0.12512 0.12499 

2013 300.016 302.343 53.6227 0.82809 0.12479 0.12467 

2014 300.025 302.616 53.6114 0.82792 0.12475 0.12462 

2015 300.037 302.909 53.5993 0.82774 0.12495 0.12483 

2016 300.021 301.875 46.0715 0.82440 0.12346 0.12332 

2017 300.028 302.121 46.0630 0.82424 0.12295 0.12283 

2018 300.030 302.383 46.0541 0.82408 0.12287 0.12274 

2019 300.026 302.648 46.0468 0.82391 0.12280 0.12265 

2020 300.036 302.946 46.0404 0.82372 0.12317 0.12295 

2021 300.002 301.892 37.7058 0.81977 0.12145 0.12129 

2022 300.000 302.132 37.7019 0.81961 0.12139 0.12122 

2023 300.011 302.401 37.6976 0.81944 0.12100 0.12080 

2024 300.008 302.674 37.6932 0.81926 0.12105 0.12088 

2025 300.021 302.976 37.6688 0.81905 0.12118 0.12102 

2026 299.999 301.908 31.0595 0.81591 0.11999 0.11981 

2027 299.996 302.152 31.0539 0.81574 0.11942 0.11924 

2028 300.011 302.427 31.0473 0.81556 0.11944 0.11926 

2029 300.006 302.702 31.0387 0.81537 0.11922 0.11903 

2030 300.016 303.006 31.0311 0.81517 0.11955 0.11936 

2031 300.043 301.953 29.6071 0.81501 0.11886 0.11867 

2032 300.056 302.217 29.5643 0.81481 0.11923 0.11905 

2033 300.052 302.479 29.5309 0.81462 0.11907 0.11889 

2034 300.062 302.767 29.5057 0.81441 0.11914 0.11895 

2035 300.051 303.052 29.5016 0.81422 0.11936 0.11916 

2036 300.011 301.954 23.3521 0.81119 0.11786 0.11759 

2037 300.022 302.214 23.3541 0.81101 0.11777 0.11753 

2038 300.028 302.486 23.3358 0.81081 0.11751 0.11731 

2039 300.030 302.771 23.3001 0.81060 0.11744 0.11723 

2040 300.039 303.078 23.2702 0.81037 0.11742 0.11721 

2041 300.011 301.986 15.4211 0.80605 0.11570 0.11548 

2042 300.012 302.240 15.4388 0.80588 0.11567 0.11544 
48

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

2043 300.027 302.526 15.4583 0.80569 0.11547 0.11525 

2044 300.010 302.795 15.4736 0.80551 0.11511 0.11488 

2045 300.025 303.113 15.4863 0.80530 0.11509 0.11486 

2046 299.997 301.983 12.0832 0.80380 0.11504 0.11481 

2047 300.016 302.262 12.0704 0.80359 0.11456 0.11432 

2048 300.007 302.526 12.0827 0.80341 0.11420 0.11393 

2049 300.022 302.828 12.1065 0.80321 0.11422 0.11395 

2050 300.011 303.123 12.1261 0.80301 0.11434 0.11410 

2051 299.987 302.001 6.2210 0.79967 0.11324 0.11299 

2052 299.995 302.270 6.2334 0.79948 0.11278 0.11253 

2053 300.013 302.565 6.2425 0.79927 0.11257 0.11232 

2054 300.012 302.857 6.2477 0.79906 0.11251 0.11225 

2055 300.015 303.168 6.2466 0.79883 0.11263 0.11238 

2056 299.988 302.028 0.2179 0.79520 0.11148 0.11122 

2057 299.999 302.308 0.1941 0.79497 0.11086 0.11060 

2058 300.003 302.594 0.1755 0.79474 0.11070 0.11043 

2059 300.003 302.892 0.1675 0.79450 0.11101 0.11067 

2060 300.001 303.204 0.1792 0.79428 0.11072 0.11045 

3001 351.854 353.436 66.4743 0.80567 0.12331 0.12296 

3002 351.854 353.659 66.4227 0.80551 0.12212 0.12177 

3003 351.870 353.904 66.3775 0.80535 0.12219 0.12184 

3004 351.861 354.161 66.3535 0.80520 0.12179 0.12144 

3005 351.865 354.379 66.3472 0.80508 0.12268 0.12236 

3006 351.845 353.439 66.2878 0.80556 0.12285 0.12250 

3007 351.847 353.706 66.2729 0.80540 0.12228 0.12189 

3008 351.865 353.900 66.2542 0.80529 0.12236 0.12197 

3009 351.846 354.127 66.2306 0.80515 0.12232 0.12196 

3010 351.858 354.367 66.1862 0.80499 0.12238 0.12202 

3011 351.847 353.444 65.9787 0.80538 0.12248 0.12212 

3012 351.846 353.647 65.9703 0.80526 0.12250 0.12214 

3013 351.849 353.872 65.9607 0.80513 0.12252 0.12216 

3014 351.850 354.104 65.9512 0.80500 0.12246 0.12211 

3015 351.856 354.356 65.9398 0.80486 0.12229 0.12193 

3016 351.828 353.438 58.4753 0.80097 0.12102 0.12064 

3017 351.825 353.652 58.4373 0.80083 0.12042 0.12004 

3018 351.843 353.889 58.4229 0.80069 0.12051 0.12013 

3019 351.839 354.120 58.4251 0.80056 0.12034 0.11995 

3020 351.832 354.361 58.4319 0.80043 0.12045 0.12006 

3021 351.823 353.454 53.0937 0.79767 0.11957 0.11917 

3022 351.827 353.671 53.0800 0.79753 0.11895 0.11856 

3023 351.836 353.904 53.0655 0.79739 0.11905 0.11865 

3024 351.834 354.140 53.0528 0.79725 0.11897 0.11857 

3025 351.839 354.396 53.0392 0.79709 0.11907 0.11866 
49

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

3026 351.829 353.484 45.9442 0.79308 0.11759 0.11716 

3027 351.823 353.698 45.9346 0.79295 0.11702 0.11660 

3028 351.833 353.936 45.9234 0.79280 0.11698 0.11655 

3029 351.838 354.184 45.9124 0.79265 0.11707 0.11664 

3030 351.823 354.424 45.9021 0.79250 0.11690 0.11647 

3031 351.816 353.500 38.1685 0.78782 0.11518 0.11472 

3032 351.816 353.724 38.1724 0.78769 0.11464 0.11419 

3033 351.830 353.969 38.1784 0.78754 0.11448 0.11403 

3034 351.829 354.213 38.1884 0.78740 0.11466 0.11421 

3035 351.826 354.471 38.1983 0.78725 0.11463 0.11417 

3036 351.808 353.523 30.8077 0.78253 0.11286 0.11238 

3037 351.817 353.757 30.8057 0.78238 0.11233 0.11189 

3038 351.833 354.008 30.8008 0.78222 0.11279 0.11231 

3039 351.831 354.258 30.7953 0.78206 0.11226 0.11178 

3040 351.837 354.528 30.7900 0.78189 0.11240 0.11192 

3041 351.816 353.568 23.0974 0.77660 0.11061 0.11011 

3042 351.825 353.808 23.0969 0.77645 0.11034 0.10983 

3043 351.823 354.045 23.0942 0.77629 0.11074 0.11023 

3044 351.835 354.313 23.0907 0.77611 0.10987 0.10936 

3045 351.827 354.573 23.0858 0.77594 0.11005 0.10954 

3046 351.849 353.609 21.2003 0.77506 0.10942 0.10891 

3047 351.849 353.840 21.2056 0.77491 0.10962 0.10911 

3048 351.868 354.104 21.2109 0.77474 0.10941 0.10890 

3049 351.873 354.364 21.2156 0.77457 0.10962 0.10911 

3050 351.864 354.629 21.2203 0.77440 0.10975 0.10923 

3051 351.845 353.642 15.1613 0.77001 0.10788 0.10735 

3052 351.848 353.875 15.1777 0.76986 0.10764 0.10711 

3053 351.861 354.135 15.1951 0.76970 0.10754 0.10701 

3054 351.853 354.390 15.2092 0.76954 0.10740 0.10687 

3055 351.846 354.657 15.2224 0.76936 0.10738 0.10684 

3056 351.832 353.645 11.9712 0.76722 0.10652 0.10598 

3057 351.859 353.905 11.9842 0.76704 0.10635 0.10581 

3058 351.868 354.163 11.9958 0.76687 0.10640 0.10585 

3059 351.864 354.424 12.0053 0.76670 0.10635 0.10580 

3060 351.862 354.700 12.0124 0.76651 0.10627 0.10573 

3061 351.813 353.659 6.1880 0.76188 0.10450 0.10394 

3062 351.828 353.909 6.1732 0.76168 0.10440 0.10383 

3063 351.840 354.178 6.1425 0.76146 0.10404 0.10348 

3064 351.840 354.448 6.1183 0.76124 0.10423 0.10367 

3065 351.845 354.737 6.0987 0.76101 0.10430 0.10374 

3066 351.818 353.696 0.6116 0.75633 0.10223 0.10165 

3067 351.845 353.967 0.6214 0.75614 0.10225 0.10167 

3068 351.847 354.228 0.6278 0.75594 0.10218 0.10159 
50

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

3069 351.851 354.505 0.6282 0.75573 0.10237 0.10179 

3070 351.852 354.794 0.6056 0.75549 0.10213 0.10155 

4001 400.446 402.270 67.8698 0.78064 0.11752 0.11682 

4002 400.474 402.512 67.8711 0.78051 0.11731 0.11661 

4003 400.464 402.724 67.8715 0.78041 0.11797 0.11668 

4004 400.463 402.954 67.8743 0.78029 0.11748 0.11678 

4005 400.466 403.201 67.8738 0.78016 0.11730 0.11659 

4006 400.434 402.289 60.7558 0.77582 0.11560 0.11482 

4007 400.435 402.506 60.7558 0.77570 0.11542 0.11474 

4008 400.450 402.745 60.7602 0.77558 0.11528 0.11455 

4009 400.453 402.986 60.7647 0.77545 0.11524 0.11450 

4010 400.453 403.233 60.7700 0.77532 0.11508 0.11435 

4011 400.424 402.304 53.4350 0.77058 0.11347 0.11270 

4012 400.436 402.542 53.4325 0.77045 0.11291 0.11215 

4013 400.446 402.778 53.4091 0.77030 0.11289 0.11212 

4014 400.441 403.017 53.3763 0.77015 0.11292 0.11215 

4015 400.447 403.274 53.3494 0.76999 0.11292 0.11215 

4016 400.417 402.341 45.7511 0.76474 0.11113 0.11033 

4017 400.428 402.573 45.7250 0.76459 0.11118 0.11038 

4018 400.437 402.819 45.7046 0.76443 0.11054 0.10972 

4019 400.449 403.074 45.7046 0.76429 0.11051 0.10976 

4020 400.436 403.322 45.7239 0.76416 0.11041 0.10961 

4021 400.410 402.368 38.3898 0.75877 0.10869 0.10787 

4022 400.420 402.610 38.3544 0.75860 0.10823 0.10741 

4023 400.440 402.868 38.3270 0.75842 0.10815 0.10732 

4024 400.443 403.124 38.3062 0.75825 0.10806 0.10723 

4025 400.440 403.385 38.2888 0.75809 0.10800 0.10717 

4026 400.440 402.404 38.3049 0.75868 0.10862 0.10780 

4027 400.444 402.635 38.2825 0.75852 0.10840 0.10757 

4028 400.452 402.883 38.2644 0.75836 0.10810 0.10727 

4029 400.455 403.138 38.2591 0.75821 0.10806 0.10724 

4030 400.449 403.396 38.2724 0.75807 0.10833 0.10749 

4031 400.420 402.438 29.9102 0.75132 0.10580 0.10494 

4032 400.446 402.697 29.8883 0.75114 0.10567 0.10480 

4033 400.437 402.929 29.8703 0.75098 0.10553 0.10467 

4034 400.435 403.183 29.8701 0.75082 0.10546 0.10459 

4035 400.441 403.461 29.8844 0.75066 0.10543 0.10456 

4036 400.422 402.481 23.1390 0.74487 0.10323 0.10235 

4037 400.439 402.738 23.1129 0.74468 0.10287 0.10199 

4038 400.445 402.992 23.0911 0.74449 0.10291 0.10202 

4039 400.448 403.263 23.0714 0.74430 0.10296 0.10207 

4040 400.440 403.532 23.0644 0.74412 0.10279 0.10194 

4041 400.421 402.543 15.2520 0.73665 0.10018 0.09926 
51

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

4042 400.409 402.774 15.2684 0.73651 0.10008 0.09916 

4043 400.434 403.053 15.2832 0.73633 0.09982 0.09890 

4044 400.432 403.324 15.2953 0.73616 0.09983 0.09891 

4045 400.447 403.626 15.3055 0.73597 0.09970 0.09877 

4046 400.428 402.578 11.7858 0.73274 0.09878 0.09785 

4047 400.433 402.827 11.7687 0.73254 0.09862 0.09769 

4048 400.443 403.097 11.7586 0.73234 0.09840 0.09746 

4049 400.437 403.369 11.7652 0.73216 0.09811 0.09718 

4050 400.441 403.661 11.7812 0.73197 0.09814 0.09721 

4051 400.415 402.618 5.9253 0.72564 0.09625 0.09530 

4052 400.417 402.870 5.9120 0.72544 0.09611 0.09516 

4053 400.430 403.150 5.9089 0.72523 0.09592 0.09496 

4054 400.423 403.423 5.9193 0.72504 0.09601 0.09506 

4055 400.429 403.726 5.9348 0.72483 0.09570 0.09469 

4056 400.407 402.659 0.5228 0.71842 0.09365 0.09268 

4057 400.420 402.929 0.5313 0.71822 0.09371 0.09274 

4058 400.419 403.200 0.5392 0.71802 0.09334 0.09237 

4059 400.419 403.490 0.5450 0.71780 0.09328 0.09231 

4060 400.435 403.808 0.5460 0.71755 0.09324 0.09227 

5001 447.986 449.670 68.6898 0.75732 0.11230 0.11117 

5002 447.991 449.870 68.6635 0.75721 0.11232 0.11118 

5003 447.993 450.077 68.6272 0.75708 0.11238 0.11119 

5004 447.983 450.283 68.5986 0.75695 0.11226 0.11112 

5005 447.989 450.514 68.5747 0.75682 0.11300 0.11184 

5006 447.928 449.652 59.8904 0.75048 0.11005 0.10887 

5007 447.966 449.886 59.9032 0.75037 0.10986 0.10868 

5008 447.944 450.075 59.9145 0.75029 0.10981 0.10863 

5009 447.939 450.291 59.9247 0.75018 0.10975 0.10856 

5010 447.935 450.518 59.9336 0.75008 0.10967 0.10848 

5011 447.904 449.679 49.9987 0.74213 0.10681 0.10558 

5012 447.905 449.882 50.0107 0.74203 0.10674 0.10551 

5013 447.907 450.099 50.0219 0.74192 0.10654 0.10531 

5014 447.911 450.330 50.0314 0.74180 0.10698 0.10574 

5015 447.919 450.575 50.0394 0.74168 0.10641 0.10517 

5016 447.906 449.729 41.2702 0.73404 0.10366 0.10239 

5017 447.904 449.937 41.2462 0.73390 0.10364 0.10237 

5018 447.911 450.166 41.2255 0.73375 0.10351 0.10223 

5019 447.919 450.409 41.2089 0.73360 0.10334 0.10206 

5020 447.907 450.637 41.2165 0.73348 0.10389 0.10260 

5021 447.889 449.755 34.3025 0.72703 0.10121 0.09991 

5022 447.895 449.974 34.3195 0.72691 0.10098 0.09968 

5023 447.899 450.200 34.3354 0.72680 0.10122 0.09991 

5024 447.923 450.468 34.3495 0.72665 0.10088 0.09957 
52

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

5025 447.917 450.714 34.3608 0.72652 0.10087 0.09956 

5026 447.899 449.807 27.8189 0.71992 0.09862 0.09730 

5027 447.903 450.031 27.7971 0.71975 0.09845 0.09712 

5028 447.905 450.265 27.7795 0.71959 0.09856 0.09722 

5029 447.913 450.520 27.7664 0.71942 0.09853 0.09720 

5030 447.905 450.769 27.7621 0.71926 0.09835 0.09702 

5031 447.893 449.857 20.7169 0.71137 0.09580 0.09445 

5032 447.895 450.087 20.6985 0.71119 0.09573 0.09437 

5033 447.905 450.333 20.6836 0.71101 0.09554 0.09418 

5034 447.906 450.587 20.6850 0.71085 0.09550 0.09414 

5035 447.905 450.851 20.6988 0.71069 0.09536 0.09400 

5036 447.883 449.890 15.3503 0.70424 0.09352 0.09215 

5037 447.889 450.128 15.3608 0.70409 0.09326 0.09188 

5038 447.886 450.367 15.3694 0.70393 0.09370 0.09231 

5039 447.898 450.640 15.3777 0.70376 0.09316 0.09178 

5040 447.906 450.915 15.3851 0.70358 0.09306 0.09168 

5041 447.888 449.937 11.1635 0.69816 0.09158 0.09019 

5042 447.899 450.182 11.1639 0.69798 0.09154 0.09014 

5043 447.919 450.449 11.1449 0.69776 0.09142 0.09002 

5044 447.913 450.710 11.1238 0.69754 0.09136 0.08996 

5045 447.910 450.983 11.1067 0.69731 0.09121 0.08981 

5046 447.869 449.998 3.6297 0.68575 0.08778 0.08637 

5047 447.889 450.267 3.6382 0.68555 0.08785 0.08643 

5048 447.893 450.528 3.6454 0.68536 0.08783 0.08636 

5049 447.889 450.798 3.6525 0.68515 0.08771 0.08629 

5050 447.896 451.088 3.6577 0.68493 0.08764 0.08621 

5051 447.882 450.059 0.1765 0.67919 0.08582 0.08440 

5052 447.890 450.318 0.1697 0.67896 0.08591 0.08449 

5053 447.908 450.599 0.1764 0.67873 0.08576 0.08434 

5054 447.886 450.854 0.1878 0.67854 0.08579 0.08436 

5055 447.902 451.159 0.1979 0.67830 0.08562 0.08419 

6001 501.556 503.108 68.6557 0.73147 0.10791 0.10614 

6002 501.565 503.294 68.6482 0.73138 0.10802 0.10624 

6003 501.579 503.499 68.6109 0.73125 0.10790 0.10613 

6004 501.561 503.682 68.5784 0.73113 0.10766 0.10583 

6005 501.554 503.878 68.5536 0.73102 0.10773 0.10596 

6006 501.492 503.091 58.5297 0.72228 0.10462 0.10279 

6007 501.488 503.271 58.5390 0.72220 0.10456 0.10273 

6008 501.503 503.479 58.5461 0.72211 0.10454 0.10271 

6009 501.505 503.684 58.5529 0.72201 0.10442 0.10260 

6010 501.506 503.900 58.5550 0.72191 0.10465 0.10282 

6011 501.485 503.138 48.2361 0.71189 0.10097 0.09909 

6012 501.491 503.336 48.2135 0.71177 0.10086 0.09898 
53

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

6013 501.500 503.542 48.1945 0.71164 0.10097 0.09909 

6014 501.493 503.749 48.1807 0.71151 0.10122 0.09933 

6015 501.487 503.966 48.1838 0.71140 0.10068 0.09885 

6016 501.454 503.160 39.1892 0.70169 0.09746 0.09555 

6017 501.471 503.375 39.1977 0.70158 0.09740 0.09548 

6018 501.486 503.596 39.2047 0.70146 0.09732 0.09540 

6019 501.497 503.826 39.2083 0.70134 0.09824 0.09629 

6020 501.480 504.039 39.2048 0.70121 0.09753 0.09560 

6021 501.469 503.232 30.9930 0.69126 0.09424 0.09228 

6022 501.475 503.441 30.9816 0.69112 0.09405 0.09209 

6023 501.475 503.657 30.9862 0.69099 0.09419 0.09222 

6024 501.488 503.893 31.0013 0.69087 0.09454 0.09221 

6025 501.501 504.142 31.0161 0.69074 0.09428 0.09231 

6026 501.470 503.297 22.7998 0.67936 0.09099 0.08900 

6027 501.487 503.526 22.8038 0.67921 0.09060 0.08861 

6028 501.493 503.753 22.8028 0.67906 0.09078 0.08879 

6029 501.506 504.000 22.7819 0.67887 0.09059 0.08859 

6030 501.516 504.254 22.7625 0.67868 0.09053 0.08853 

6031 501.487 503.385 15.4641 0.66692 0.08729 0.08528 

6032 501.492 503.609 15.4503 0.66673 0.08721 0.08520 

6033 501.506 503.854 15.4406 0.66654 0.08713 0.08511 

6034 501.506 504.098 15.4385 0.66636 0.08710 0.08508 

6035 501.507 504.354 15.4490 0.66620 0.08701 0.08499 

6036 501.489 503.429 11.7229 0.65968 0.08549 0.08347 

6037 501.498 503.660 11.7341 0.65953 0.08525 0.08323 

6038 501.497 503.893 11.7437 0.65937 0.08523 0.08321 

6039 501.488 504.135 11.7521 0.65921 0.08519 0.08317 

6040 501.506 504.407 11.7591 0.65902 0.08511 0.08309 

6041 501.473 503.483 5.7558 0.64636 0.08228 0.08025 

6042 501.484 503.723 5.7489 0.64614 0.08216 0.08013 

6043 501.475 503.961 5.7334 0.64590 0.08198 0.07995 

6044 501.501 504.244 5.7211 0.64563 0.08196 0.08021 

6045 501.499 504.508 5.7106 0.64538 0.08188 0.07984 

6046 501.489 503.584 0.2293 0.63093 0.07857 0.07654 

6047 501.497 503.834 0.2292 0.63069 0.07857 0.07654 

6048 501.482 504.069 0.2293 0.63046 0.07858 0.07655 

6049 501.500 504.352 0.2300 0.63019 0.07857 0.07653 

6050 501.482 504.618 0.2307 0.62993 0.07834 0.07630 

6051 501.361 503.455 0.2316 0.63107 0.07865 0.07663 

6052 501.373 503.707 0.2319 0.63082 0.07862 0.07659 

6053 501.380 503.969 0.2321 0.63057 0.07857 0.07654 

6054 501.361 504.216 0.2322 0.63033 0.07861 0.07657 

6055 501.365 504.503 0.2324 0.63005 0.07850 0.07646 
54

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

7001 545.383 546.851 67.4191 0.70986 0.10481 0.10239 

7002 545.381 547.018 67.4082 0.70977 0.10458 0.10217 

7003 545.381 547.197 67.4029 0.70968 0.10478 0.10236 

7004 545.388 547.394 67.3987 0.70959 0.10451 0.10209 

7005 545.383 547.581 67.3945 0.70950 0.10451 0.10209 

7006 545.396 546.916 56.9830 0.69905 0.10122 0.09880 

7007 545.399 547.094 56.9839 0.69896 0.10133 0.09884 

7008 545.415 547.292 56.9840 0.69886 0.10130 0.09882 

7009 545.421 547.490 56.9823 0.69876 0.10119 0.09870 

7010 545.424 547.695 56.9813 0.69866 0.10093 0.09845 

7011 545.430 546.986 50.3613 0.69148 0.09904 0.09652 

7012 545.456 547.191 50.3670 0.69138 0.09868 0.09617 

7013 545.449 547.372 50.3813 0.69131 0.09868 0.09617 

7014 545.452 547.570 50.3948 0.69122 0.09849 0.09597 

7015 545.465 547.792 50.4064 0.69112 0.09848 0.09596 

7016 545.436 547.031 43.2920 0.68268 0.09594 0.09340 

7017 545.441 547.220 43.2966 0.68258 0.09597 0.09342 

7018 545.459 547.431 43.2993 0.68247 0.09606 0.09351 

7019 545.453 547.630 43.2938 0.68236 0.09583 0.09328 

7020 545.467 547.860 43.2682 0.68220 0.09572 0.09316 

7021 545.442 547.089 36.1910 0.67288 0.09311 0.09053 

7022 545.438 547.270 36.1943 0.67278 0.09306 0.09048 

7023 545.459 547.493 36.1931 0.67265 0.09311 0.09053 

7024 545.476 547.716 36.1896 0.67252 0.09302 0.09043 

7025 545.475 547.936 36.1673 0.67236 0.09310 0.09051 

7026 545.426 547.138 27.3687 0.65893 0.08951 0.08689 

7027 545.457 547.363 27.3756 0.65880 0.08939 0.08677 

7028 545.461 547.573 27.3780 0.65867 0.08948 0.08685 

7029 545.461 547.790 27.3805 0.65854 0.08949 0.08686 

7030 545.451 548.008 27.3644 0.65838 0.08935 0.08672 

7031 545.426 547.197 20.5868 0.64631 0.08607 0.08344 

7032 545.435 547.411 20.5896 0.64617 0.08596 0.08333 

7033 545.445 547.635 20.5911 0.64602 0.08623 0.08359 

7034 545.458 547.874 20.5770 0.64583 0.08622 0.08357 

7035 545.464 548.116 20.5600 0.64563 0.08582 0.08318 

7036 545.430 547.256 14.7485 0.63351 0.08344 0.08078 

7037 545.419 547.460 14.7549 0.63337 0.08307 0.08042 

7038 545.421 547.681 14.7604 0.63322 0.08312 0.08047 

7039 545.443 547.939 14.7656 0.63304 0.08298 0.08033 

7040 545.454 548.197 14.7698 0.63286 0.08289 0.08024 

7041 545.420 547.317 9.6654 0.62017 0.08041 0.07776 

7042 545.436 547.555 9.6709 0.61999 0.08001 0.07736 

7043 545.429 547.775 9.6760 0.61982 0.08008 0.07743 
55

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

7044 545.443 548.028 9.6803 0.61962 0.08002 0.07737 

7045 545.431 548.272 9.6840 0.61943 0.07993 0.07728 

7046 545.426 547.321 9.6400 0.62009 0.08019 0.07754 

7047 545.444 547.557 9.6388 0.61989 0.08005 0.07741 

7048 545.450 547.789 9.6465 0.61972 0.08001 0.07736 

7049 545.441 548.021 9.6550 0.61955 0.07992 0.07727 

7050 545.443 548.279 9.6619 0.61936 0.07996 0.07731 

7051 545.412 547.356 6.0392 0.60874 0.07802 0.07537 

7052 545.410 547.578 6.0433 0.60855 0.07787 0.07523 

7053 545.435 547.836 6.0470 0.60832 0.07782 0.07518 

7054 545.447 548.093 6.0494 0.60810 0.07781 0.07516 

7055 545.437 548.348 6.0515 0.60787 0.07772 0.07507 

7056 545.420 547.422 2.8458 0.59656 0.07562 0.07300 

7057 545.406 547.635 2.8430 0.59633 0.07567 0.07304 

7058 545.436 547.907 2.8335 0.59601 0.07563 0.07300 

7059 545.426 548.151 2.8249 0.59572 0.07552 0.07289 

7060 545.435 548.429 2.8180 0.59541 0.07561 0.07297 

7061 544.931 546.966 1.0907 0.58916 0.07449 0.07188 

7062 544.952 547.222 1.0966 0.58891 0.07427 0.07167 

7063 544.962 547.477 1.1018 0.58864 0.07425 0.07164 

7064 544.946 547.716 1.1060 0.58840 0.07416 0.07155 

7065 544.966 548.006 1.1101 0.58809 0.07411 0.07150 

8001 605.887 608.009 15.0088 0.58786 0.08163 0.07782 

8002 605.896 608.232 15.0091 0.58769 0.08181 0.07800 

8003 605.889 608.454 15.0098 0.58751 0.08170 0.07789 

8004 605.885 608.687 15.0109 0.58733 0.08183 0.07800 

8005 605.901 608.954 15.0124 0.58713 0.08171 0.07788 

8006 605.901 607.571 68.9229 0.68401 0.10529 0.10169 

8007 605.902 607.754 68.9080 0.68391 0.10525 0.10165 

8008 605.908 607.937 68.9000 0.68382 0.10510 0.10151 

8009 605.907 608.117 68.9029 0.68375 0.10520 0.10160 

8010 605.919 608.329 68.9171 0.68367 0.10508 0.10147 

8011 605.970 607.725 54.3640 0.66635 0.10000 0.09631 

8012 605.986 607.920 54.3665 0.66626 0.09978 0.09610 

8013 605.988 608.114 54.3508 0.66614 0.09956 0.09588 

8014 606.003 608.325 54.3318 0.66602 0.09998 0.09592 

8015 606.015 608.541 54.3142 0.66589 0.09958 0.09588 

8016 605.989 607.838 41.3265 0.64724 0.09465 0.09090 

8017 605.993 608.034 41.3139 0.64711 0.09458 0.09082 

8018 606.000 608.237 41.3159 0.64701 0.09446 0.09071 

8019 606.011 608.454 41.3281 0.64691 0.09431 0.09056 

8020 606.012 608.674 41.3388 0.64681 0.09443 0.09067 

8021 605.989 607.926 30.8369 0.62830 0.08999 0.08619 
56

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

8022 605.992 608.130 30.8407 0.62819 0.08988 0.08609 

8023 605.990 608.336 30.8421 0.62807 0.08997 0.08617 

8024 606.013 608.574 30.8294 0.62790 0.08990 0.08609 

8025 606.003 608.792 30.8140 0.62774 0.08990 0.08609 

8026 605.958 607.983 22.9257 0.61062 0.08607 0.08226 

8027 605.969 608.201 22.9273 0.61048 0.08601 0.08220 

8028 605.985 608.430 22.9169 0.61030 0.08592 0.08211 

8029 606.005 608.681 22.9027 0.61010 0.08573 0.08192 

8030 606.010 608.922 22.8928 0.60991 0.08586 0.08204 

8031 605.986 608.109 15.2320 0.58853 0.08187 0.07806 

8032 605.986 608.326 15.2214 0.58832 0.08187 0.07805 

8033 605.996 608.564 15.2123 0.58811 0.08167 0.07785 

8034 606.009 608.814 15.2060 0.58789 0.08165 0.07783 

8035 606.007 609.062 15.2004 0.58768 0.08166 0.07783 

8036 605.901 608.103 10.2436 0.56965 0.07862 0.07483 

8037 605.927 608.356 10.2371 0.56939 0.07862 0.07482 

8038 605.918 608.579 10.2284 0.56915 0.07841 0.07462 

8039 605.931 608.846 10.2215 0.56888 0.07834 0.07455 

8040 605.961 609.137 10.2159 0.56859 0.07840 0.07459 

8041 605.890 608.158 6.9713 0.55351 0.07621 0.07245 

8042 605.923 608.426 6.9734 0.55324 0.07619 0.07242 

8043 605.937 608.680 6.9744 0.55298 0.07616 0.07239 

8044 605.936 608.936 6.9695 0.55269 0.07625 0.07247 

8045 605.944 609.210 6.9636 0.55237 0.07608 0.07230 

8046 605.898 608.242 4.1257 0.53490 0.07371 0.07000 

8047 605.903 608.483 4.1296 0.53463 0.07451 0.07076 

8048 605.907 608.736 4.1333 0.53434 0.07388 0.07016 

8049 605.881 608.974 4.1364 0.53406 0.07380 0.07007 

8050 605.915 609.279 4.1394 0.53370 0.07371 0.06998 

8051 605.854 608.251 2.1312 0.51694 0.07215 0.06849 

8052 605.878 608.520 2.1330 0.51655 0.07215 0.06849 

8053 605.885 608.783 2.1344 0.51616 0.07198 0.06832 

8054 605.881 609.047 2.1350 0.51575 0.07183 0.06817 

8055 605.889 609.336 2.1321 0.51527 0.07174 0.06809 

8056 605.824 608.259 1.1099 0.50456 0.07062 0.06705 

8057 605.825 608.509 1.1098 0.50411 0.07066 0.06708 

8058 605.858 608.804 1.1085 0.50355 0.07060 0.06701 

8059 605.832 609.047 1.1080 0.50310 0.07092 0.06731 

8060 605.839 609.340 1.1078 0.50256 0.07090 0.06729 

9006 647.900 649.976 12.5113 0.54280 0.07897 0.07423 

9007 647.882 650.176 12.5159 0.54265 0.07885 0.07411 

9008 647.875 650.394 12.5162 0.54246 0.07873 0.07400 

9009 647.888 650.643 12.5153 0.54223 0.07871 0.07398 
57

Table 10. Thermal conductivity of liquid RP-1.

Point ID T0

(K) 

Te

(K) 

Pe 

(MPa)

ρe 

(g·cm-3)

λe 

(W·m-1K-1)

λc 

(W·m-1K-1)

9010 647.862 650.862 12.5150 0.54204 0.07855 0.07381 

9011 647.288 648.869 68.7755 0.66590 0.10489 0.10039 

9012 647.299 649.038 68.7679 0.66582 0.10444 0.09990 

9013 647.277 649.189 68.7776 0.66577 0.10447 0.09998 

9014 647.275 649.365 68.7887 0.66570 0.10432 0.09977 

9015 647.279 649.550 68.7983 0.66564 0.10469 0.10013 

9016 647.084 648.793 47.5140 0.63622 0.09659 0.09192 

9017 647.119 649.006 47.5050 0.63610 0.09648 0.09180 

9018 647.120 649.193 47.4964 0.63599 0.09610 0.09144 

9019 647.125 649.390 47.4906 0.63588 0.09630 0.09162 

9020 647.138 649.601 47.4928 0.63578 0.09612 0.09145 

9021 646.936 648.790 30.9474 0.60426 0.08905 0.08433 

9022 646.946 648.983 30.9604 0.60417 0.08922 0.08448 

9023 646.931 649.165 30.9726 0.60410 0.08918 0.08444 

9024 646.923 649.366 30.9838 0.60400 0.08903 0.08429 

9025 646.936 649.599 30.9946 0.60389 0.08906 0.08431 

9026 646.823 648.804 19.8446 0.57356 0.08326 0.07853 

9027 646.825 649.005 19.8431 0.57341 0.08343 0.07869 

9028 646.832 649.225 19.8429 0.57326 0.08322 0.07848 

9029 646.832 649.447 19.8457 0.57311 0.08314 0.07841 

9030 646.839 649.688 19.8528 0.57296 0.08307 0.07834 

9031 646.565 648.662 12.4149 0.54348 0.07850 0.07382 

9032 646.581 648.893 12.4166 0.54328 0.07853 0.07385 

9033 646.586 649.124 12.4191 0.54309 0.07844 0.07375 

9034 646.575 649.349 12.4242 0.54292 0.07845 0.07376 

9035 646.551 649.569 12.4331 0.54277 0.07843 0.07374 

9036 646.212 648.432 7.3542 0.51194 0.07428 0.06971 

9037 646.207 648.654 7.3563 0.51170 0.07453 0.07018 

9038 646.206 648.890 7.3593 0.51145 0.07435 0.06978 

9039 646.211 649.144 7.3632 0.51119 0.07437 0.06978 

9040 646.201 649.394 7.3687 0.51095 0.07437 0.06978 

9041 645.805 648.101 4.6461 0.48546 0.07235 0.06785 

9042 645.818 648.348 4.6503 0.48514 0.07242 0.06791 

9043 645.846 648.627 4.6544 0.48477 0.07227 0.06777 

9044 645.856 648.894 4.6581 0.48442 0.07234 0.06783 

9045 645.875 649.180 4.6613 0.48403 0.07284 0.06828 
58

7. Viscosity 

7.1 Viscosity at Atmospheric Pressure 

The kinematic viscosities (ν) of the RP-1 samples were measured at atmospheric pressure 

(approximately 83 kPa) by open gravitational capillary viscometry. With this technique, the time 

(t) required for a given volume of the liquid to flow through a calibrated capillary under the 

influence of gravity was measured. The flow time is proportional to the kinematic viscosity: 

ν = C⋅t, 

where the proportionality constant, C, is determined by calibrating the capillary with standard 

reference liquids. The absolute viscosity (η) can be determined from the kinematic viscosity if the 

density (ρ) of the liquid is known: 

η = ν⋅ρ. 

For these measurements we used the procedure outlined in ASTM method D 445 – 03; 

however, instead of averaging two determinations of the kinematic viscosity, at least eight 

determinations were averaged for each entry in Table 11. Commercially obtained Ubbelohde 

capillary viscometers were used for all the measurements. The capillary viscometers were 

calibrated at NIST using commercially obtained standard reference liquids. The calibration 

constant, C, for each capillary was found to be within the stated uncertainty of the manufacturer’s 

calibration constant. During a measurement, the viscometers were immersed in an insulated, 

continuously stirred bath (ethylene glycol + water) whose temperature was maintained with a 

refrigerated circulator, an electric heater, and a precision temperature controller. The bath 

temperature was measured with an ITS-90 calibrated platinum resistance thermometer accurate to 

±0.01 K. Flow times were measured automatically. 
59

With this apparatus, the expanded uncertainty in the kinematic viscosity is estimated to be 

1 % (k = 2). The primary contribution to the uncertainty is the 0.5 % standard uncertainty in C, 

which results in a 0.5 % standard uncertainty in the kinematic viscosity. Including fluctuations and 

temperature gradients, the uncertainty in the temperature is estimated to be 0.02 K, which leads to 

a negligible standard uncertainty in the kinematic viscosity of ≤0.074 %. The Hagenbach (kinetic 

energy) correction was ≤0.13 %, so it was also neglected. The uncertainty in the flow time 

measurement also leads to a negligible standard uncertainty of about 0.01 % in the kinematic 

viscosity. Since the RP-1 samples are hydrocarbon-based, no correction was necessary to account 

for the difference in surface tension between the hydrocarbon-based calibration liquids and the test 

samples. 

Kinematic viscosities were measured as a function of temperature for four RP-1 samples. 

The first sample was the original sample of RP-1 (acquired May 2003, designated by batch number 

P000016660,) which has anomalously high olefin (unsaturated hydrocarbon) content. Viscosities 

were measured from 243.29 K to 333.15 K (approximately –30 oC to 60 oC). The kinematic 

viscosities of the other three samples—a second sample of normal grade RP-1 (acquired 

November 2004, designated 11/03), an ultra-low sulfur RP-1 (batch number not provided), and a 

TS-5 RP-1 (batch number not provided)—were measured only at 298.15 K (25 oC) and 313.15 K 

(40 oC). All of these data are collected in Table 11. At some temperatures the kinematic viscosity 

of the original sample of RP-1 was determined multiple times using different aliquots of that 

sample. Such independent determinations are listed separately in Table 11. 

Figure 7(a) shows a graph of the kinematic viscosity as a function of temperature for the 

original sample of RP-1. Figure 7(b) shows an Arrhenius plot of the same data with a correlation to 

a modified Arrhenius equation of the form, 
60

ln(ν) = A + B(1/T) + C(1/T)

2

 + D(1/T)

3

, (1) 

where A, B, C, and D are constants and T is the temperature in kelvins. A regression analysis gave 

the following values for the coefficients: A = −7.812, B = 5.530 × 103

, C = −1.503 × 106, and D = 

1.801 × 108

. Figure 7(c) shows the percent deviation of the measured kinematic viscosities from 

the correlation given in Eq. (1). All of the data points are within 1.1 % of Eq. (1). 

Figure 8 shows the percent deviation of the kinematic viscosities of the three other rocket 

propellant samples compared to the correlation of the data for the original sample of RP-1, Eq. (1). 

The error bars in Figure 8 correspond to the repeatability of the measurements at the 2-sigma level, 

not to the total uncertainty in the measurement. Figure 8 shows that the viscosities for the second 

RP-1 sample, the TS-5 sample and the ultra-low sulfur sample are all about 7 to 10 % higher than 

the correlation at 298.15 K and 313.15 K. Hence, capillary viscosity measurements easily 

distinguish all three of these samples from the original sample of RP-1. The second RP-1 sample is 

also distinguishable from the TS-5 and the ultra-low sulfur samples. However, the viscosities of 

the TS-5 and the ultra-low sulfur samples cannot be distinguished with this apparatus. 

These measurements show that the anomalous composition of the original sample of RP-1 

results in a significant change in the viscosity behavior of that sample compared to a “normal” 

RP-1 sample whose composition is on specification. Consequently, these data provide strong 

motivation for additional measurements on a “normal” RP-1 sample. These measurements also 

show that the two low-sulfur versions of RP-1 are significantly different from normal grade RP-1. 

Hence, accurate models of such low-sulfur rocket propellants will require separate viscosity 

measurements. 
61

Table 11. Experimental kinematic viscosities (ν) for four RP-1 samples. 

Temperature / K ν / (mm2

·s−1) Capillary used 

Original sample of RP-1 

(acquired 05/03, P000016660) 

243.29 

243.93 

248.15 

248.16 

253.15 

258.15 

263.15 

263.15 

268.15 

273.15 

278.15 

283.15 

288.15 

288.15 

293.15 

293.15 

298.15 

298.15 

298.15 

298.15 

298.15 

298.15 

298.15 

303.15 

308.15 

313.15 

323.15 

333.15 

7.667 

7.431 

6.530 

6.368 

5.369 

4.601 

4.027 

3.990 

3.496 

3.093 

2.758 

2.479 

2.242 

2.255 

2.053 

2.040 

1.867 

1.870 

1.867 

1.875 

1.878 

1.880 

1.865 

1.723 

1.591 

1.475 

1.282 

1.126 

I 

I

*

I 

I

*

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

0b 

0b 

I 

I 

I 

I 

0b 

0b 

0b 

I

*

0b 

0b 

0b 

0b 

0b 

Second sample of RP-1 

(acquired 11/03) 

298.15 

313.15 

2.0214 

1.5768 

0b 

0b 

Ultra-low sulfur RP-1 298.15 

313.15 

2.0491 

1.5968 

0b 

0b 

TS-5 RP-1 298.15 

313.15 

2.0581 

1.6021 

0b 

0b 

* These values were determined with a second capillary viscometer of size I. 
62

0

2

4

6

8

240 260 280 300 320 340

Temperature / K

ν / mm2·s−1

0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

0.0028 0.0031 0.0034 0.0037 0.004 0.0043

1/T

ln(

ν ) -1.2

-0.6

0

0.6

1.2

0.0028 0.0031 0.0034 0.0037 0.004 0.0043

1/T

100(

ν -ν corr)/ν corr

Figure 7. (a) Kinematic viscosity of the original sample of RP-1 as a function of temperature; (b) 

Arrhenius plot of the same data; solid curve is correlation; (c) deviations of kinematic viscosity 

from the correlation. 

(a) 

(c) 

(b) 
63

6

7

8

9

10

11

290 300 310 320

Temperature / K

100(

ν -ν corr)/ν corr

TS-5 RP-1

Ultra Low Sulfur RP-1

Second Sample of RP-1

Figure 8. Percent deviations of the kinematic viscosities of three rocket propellant samples 

compared to the correlation of the kinematic viscosities for the original sample of RP-1.

7.2 Viscosity at Elevated Pressures

The viscosity of RP-1 kerosene was measured at elevated pressures up to 65.7 MPa with a 

torsional crystal viscometer by mechanical spectroscopy in the frequency domain. Three 

isotherms were measured, two of which were near room temperature to validate the repeatability 

of the instrument, and one was at 400 K. Table 12 presents the results of the measurements 

numerically, while the pressure dependence is shown in Figure 9. 

Before introducing the sample fluid with a pressure generator, the viscometer was 

evacuated for three days. The internal damping of the torsional crystal transducer was measured in 

vacuo at room temperature prior to the RP-1 measurements. The transducer performance was 

consistent with the long-term results measured during the last decade. The pressure generator was 

cleaned with toluene and evacuated for 24 h before it was filled with RP-1. 
64

After charging the cell with RP-1, the quartz crystal viscosity transducer indicated no 

increase of the measured conductance. The susceptance rose by about 6 microsiemens (μS) over 

its vacuum level. This is a typical increase for dense hydrocarbons. It is much lower than values 

observed with hydrofluorocarbons. These observations indicate the presence of no polar 

impurities in the sample fluid that might have caused electroviscous contributions in the measured 

viscosity data. 

Each line in Table 12 represents an average of four measurements, except the line at 5.5 

MPa, which is based on only three measurements. The columns with the experimental data are 

followed by columns with their absolute and relative standard deviations. Included are columns 

with the averaged resonance frequencies f* and bandwidths ∆f, which are the original 

experimental information. The product (viscosity × density) rather than the absolute viscosity is 

shown because measurements with this viscometer yield this product and the density needs to be 

supplied either from other measurements or from correlations or equations of state to obtain the 

viscosity. The pressure dependence of the measured (viscosity × density) results is illustrated in 

Figure 9. 

The uncertainty of the pressure transducer is estimated at 0.01 MPa, while the uncertainty 

of the measured temperatures is estimated to be 0.05 K. The typical uncertainty of the (viscosity ×

density) results measured with this instrument is 2 %. However, the RP-1 measurements were 

conducted at the resolution limit of the impedance analyzer, so that higher uncertainties were 

incurred. These will be discussed below. The internal damping of the vibrating crystal was not 

accounted for in the data analysis at room temperature because the bandwidth in vacuo (0.08 Hz) is 

at most only 0.01 % of the bandwidths of the resonances in the kerosene sample. The internal 

damping was included in the analysis of the data at 400 K. 
65

Figure 10 compares the viscosities derived from Table 12 with viscosities calculated with 

the model that was developed in this project. The figure displays percent deviations of the 

experimental viscosities relative to those calculated with the model as a function of pressure. The 

deviations range between −3.5 % at 400 K and 0.1 MPa and −11.7 % at 295 K and 41.5 MPa. 

Consequently, the model predicts higher viscosities than those measured. Given the complexity of 

the surrogate mixture, the agreement between the model and the measured data can be considered 

satisfactory. This is supported by a consideration of the uncertainties of the experimental data. 

They were assessed by calculating the change in the viscosity due to a change in the measured 

bandwidth ∆f resulting from the resolution of the impedance analyzer of ±0.01 Hz. The 

uncertainties are indicated in Figure 10 by horizontal bars above and below the data points at the 

highest and at the lowest pressure. The highest uncertainties of the viscosity data occur at the 

highest pressures due to the flatness of the resonance curves at high external damping of the 

torsionally vibrating crystal. While the measurement at the highest pressure of Series 2 at 296 K is 

9.2 % lower than the viscosity predicted by the model, the uncertainty of the measurement due to 

the impedance analyzer resolution of ±0.1 Hz results in a deviation interval from −15 % to −0.3 %. 

This puts the deviations between the experimental and the calculated model data in perspective. 

Bibliography for Viscosity 

Hafer, R. F.; Laesecke, A. Extension of the torsional crystal viscometer to measurements in the 

time domain. Meas. Sci. Technol. 14: 663-673 (2003). 

Laesecke, A. Viscosity measurements and model comparisons for the refrigerant blends R-410A 

and R-507A. ASHRAE Trans. Symp. 110 (part 2): 503-521 (2004). 
66

Table 12. Results of viscosity measurements at elevated pressures. _____________________________________________________________________________________

Pexp Texp f* sf* ∆f s∆f η×ρ sη·ρ sη/ η

MPa K Hz Hz Hz Hz kg2

·m-4·s Hz % 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

65.7032 295.23 39479.7920 1.5476 91.0156 0.8436 2.5287 0.047 1.85 

63.6221 295.37 39480.1843 1.8560 90.1313 2.0625 2.4804 0.115 4.62 

51.1380 295.57 39481.1876 1.0860 84.1500 0.7194 2.1606 0.037 1.71 

41.5231 295.68 39486.1139 1.2056 78.2529 0.6358 1.8676 0.030 1.63 

31.5127 295.78 39486.6795 0.6816 74.3371 1.1402 1.6851 0.052 3.07 

21.5319 295.91 39489.3690 1.0328 70.5069 0.2671 1.5151 0.011 0.76 

11.3880 297.23 39491.8394 0.6729 64.9280 0.0320 1.2843 0.001 0.10 

5.54529 297.22 39491.4181 0.9675 62.9383 0.3212 1.2066 0.012 1.02 

1.16686 297.30 39493.5601 0.3737 61.0921 0.8900 1.1368 0.033 2.91 

0.1190 297.31 39491.6728 0.6652 60.6646 0.4787 1.1209 0.018 1.58 

67.3416 296.12 39479.8022 2.7331 90.4688 0.8398 2.4985 0.046 1.86 

60.7903 296.22 39481.3354 2.1428 87.7083 0.4166 2.3477 0.022 0.95 

49.5042 296.27 39483.3182 0.8905 82.9125 1.1698 2.0974 0.059 2.83 

40.0488 297.12 39485.5269 1.4492 77.4432 0.6889 1.8290 0.032 1.77 

29.8420 297.14 39489.1896 1.5698 72.6040 0.2903 1.6069 0.013 0.80 

20.1337 297.25 39490.8163 0.9642 68.7578 0.9207 1.4408 0.039 2.69 

10.1259 297.29 39490.7615 1.5726 64.4845 0.7253 1.2669 0.029 2.25 

5.0746 297.36 39490.9510 1.3958 62.7792 0.2912 1.2005 0.011 0.93 

1.2191 297.38 39493.5878 1.4182 61.1579 0.5500 1.1392 0.020 1.79 

0.1984 297.42 39493.9507 1.3361 60.6076 0.3710 1.1187 0.014 1.23 

68.1731 400.08 39508.6993 1.1045 45.1800 0.2298 0.6202 0.006 1.01 

60.0641 400.06 39510.1366 0.6027 43.8570 0.3088 0.5842 0.008 1.41 

50.2712 400.07 39509.5068 0.6400 42.1027 0.1064 0.5383 0.003 0.50 

39.8690 400.04 39510.9737 0.5615 39.9416 0.2524 0.4843 0.006 1.26 

29.4055 400.06 39511.1211 0.2013 37.7958 0.1313 0.4335 0.003 0.69 

19.4202 400.06 39511.9547 0.2073 35.9434 0.2801 0.3919 0.006 1.56 

10.1350 400.06 39512.9821 0.0000 33.6950 0.0272 0.3443 0.001 0.16 

5.0553 400.04 39513.4951 0.0008 32.6561 0.0621 0.3234 0.001 0.38 

1.0233 400.06 39512.7072 1.0937 31.8197 0.1076 0.3070 0.002 0.68 

0.1008 399.07 39512.7240 1.0627 31.7850 0.1672 0.3063 0.003 1.05 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 
67

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

_ 

_ _ / kg2·m-4·sSeries 1 at 295 K

Series 2 at 296 K

Series 3 at 400 K

Figure 9. (Viscosity × density) product of RP-1 at elevated pressures measured in the torsional 

crystal viscometer at room temperature and at 400 K. 

Pressure p / MPa

η×ρ / kg2 m-4·s-1
68

Figure 10. Percent deviations of the measured viscosities of RP-1 at elevated pressures from the 

model for the surrogate mixture. 

100 (

ηexp/ηmodel - 1) 

Pressure p / MPa
69

8. Project Workshop at NIST Boulder on December 11, 2003

On December 11, 2003, the Physical and Chemical Properties Division of CSTL hosted a 

project workshop at the Boulder campus of NIST on the thermophysical properties of the rocket 

propellant designated RP-1. Specialists in rocket fuels (from NASA, the U.S. Air Force, 

commercial rocket engine manufacturers, and academia) convened with NIST researchers to hear 

about recent NIST work conducted to help better define the properties of this fuel and to plan 

future activities required to achieve consensus standards for the properties of fuels over the broad 

ranges of conditions encountered in their use. 

NIST researchers reported new, high sensitivity compositional characterizations of RP-1 

fuels and new metrological quality property results for density, viscosity, heat capacity, and 

thermal conductivity with temperatures extending beyond a decomposition limit (near 600 K) and 

pressures to about 70 MPa. These data were used to establish accurate preliminary property 

surfaces for this complex fluid. A software implementation of the preliminary models was 

delivered to NASA engineers and their contractors for testing and to assist in the resolution of 

current engine design problems. Participants in the workshop, listed in Table 13, were eager to use 

the current results, and were very interested in continued NIST efforts to explore the effects of 

sample-to-sample variation and refined processing methods on fuel properties, to help establish 

new protocols for fuel characterization, and to expand the range of conditions and properties. 
70

Table 13. Participants in NIST Rocket Propellant Workshop. 

NASA

Dr. Kendall Brown 

NASA/MSFC/TD51 

Liquid Engine Systems 

Mail Code TD51 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: kendall.k.brown@nasa.gov 

Phone: (256) 544-5938 

Fax: (256) 544-5876 

Mr. Larry de Quay 

NASA/SSC/VA305 

Propulsion Test Division, Systems Analysis 

Branch 

Mail Code VA305 

Stennis Space Center, MS 

Email: larry.dequay-1@nasa.gov 

Phone: (228) 688-1956 

Fax: (228) 688-1485 

Mr. Darrell Gaddy 

NASA/MSFC/ED25 

Thermal Analysis 

Mail Code ED25 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: Darrell.E.Gaddy@nasa.gov 

Phone: (256) 544-0198 

Fax: 

Mr. Van Loung 

NASA/MSFC/ED25 

Thermal Analysis 

Mail Code ED25 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: Van.Luong-1@nasa.gov 

Phone: (256) 544-3070 

Fax: 

Mr. Mike Martin 

NASA/MSFC/TD53 

Performance Modeling 

Mail Code TD53 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: michael.a.martin@nasa.gov 

Phone: (256) 544-4478 

Fax: 

Mr. Mike Meyer 

NASA/GRC 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

Email: michael.l.meyer@nasa.gov 

Phone: (216) 977-7492 

Fax: 

Mr. Joe Sims 

NASA/MSFC/TD61 

Combustion Devices 

Mail Code TD61 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: Joseph.D.Sims@nasa.gov 

Phone: (256) 544-4650 

Fax: 

Dr. Jeff West 

NASA/MSFC/TD64 

CFD 

Mail Code TD64 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Email: 

Phone: (256) 544-6309 

Fax: 

Industry Partners 

Mr. Tom Crofoot 

Northrop Grumman Space Technology 

Chemistry Technology Department 

One Space Park/BldO1 Rm2020/ 

Redondo Beach, CA 90278 

Email: tom.crofoot@ngc.com 

Phone: (310) 813-4623 

Fax: 

Mr. Dave Ewing 

Rocketdyne 

Performance Modeling 

6633 Canoga Park Ave.; P.O. Box 7922 

Canoga Park, CA 91309-7922 

Email: 

Phone: (818) 586-0350 

Fax: 
71

Dr. He Huang 

United Technologies Research Center 

Thermal Mgt 

MS 129-29, 411 Silver Lane, 

East Hartford, CT 06108 

Email: HuangH@utrc.utc.com 

Phone: (860) 610-7594 

Fax: (880) 660-1178 

Mr. Mike Krene 

Rocketdyne 

TCA IPT Lead 

6633 Canoga Park Ave.; P.O. Box 7922 

Canoga Park, CA 91309-7922 

Email: 

Phone: (818) 360-2321 

Fax: 

Mr. Herb Lander 

Rocketdyne 

Hydrocarbon Fuel Analyst 

1964 W. Wide River Dr. 

St. George, UT 84790 

Email: JP10fuel@aol.com 

Phone: (435) 673-4323 

Fax: 

Mr. Buzz Laning 

Lockheed Martin Corporation 

Vehicle MPS 

DC3006; P.O. Box 179 

Denver, Colorado 80201 

Email: buzz.lanning@lmco.com 

Phone: 303) 971-9390 

Fax: 

Mr. Dennis Lim 

Rocketdyne 

TCA Design 

6633 Canoga Park Ave.; P.O. Box 7922 

Canoga Park, CA 91309-7922 

Email: 

Phone: (818) 586-0422 

Fax: 

Mr. Skip Urquhart 

Pratt & Whitney 

RBCC 

P.O. Box 109600, M/S 712-67 

West Palm Beach, Fl. 33410-9600 

Email: james.urquhart@pw.utc.com 

Phone: (561) 796-9706 

Fax: 

Mr. Brian Wherley 

Rocketdyne 

TCA IPT Sub-lead 

6633 Canoga Park Ave., P.O. Box 7922 

Canoga Park, CA 91309-7922 

Email: 

Phone: (818) 586-1785 

Fax: 

Mr. Peter Zeender 

Chemical Propulsion Information Agency 

Properties Documentation 

10630 Little Patuxent Parkway, Suite 202 

Columbia, MD 21044 

Email: pzeender@cpia.jhu.edu 

Phone: (410) 992-9950 x205 

Fax:

University Partners 

Dr. Brian Landrum 

University of Alabama Huntsville 

Professor 

Technology Hall, S-227, Univ of Alabama in 

Huntsville 

Huntsville, Al 35899 

Email: landrum@mae.uah.edu 

Phone: (256) 824-7207 

Fax: 

Mr. Ben Stiegemeier 

University of Toledo 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

Email: ben.steigemeier@grc.nasa.gov 

Phone: (216) 433-8242 

Fax: 
72

Military Partners 

Dr. Tim Edwards 

Air Force Research Laboratory 

Propulsion Directorate 

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 

Email: james.edwards@wpafb.af.mil 

Phone: (937) 255-3524 

Fax: 

NIST Staff 

Dr. Thomas Bruno 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.00 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: bruno@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5158 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Rob Chirico 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.00 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: chirico@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-4126 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Michael Frenkel 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: frenkel@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3952 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Daniel Friend 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: dfriend@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5424 

Fax: (303) 497-5044 

Dr. Marcia Huber 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.08 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: huber@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5252 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Arno Laesecke 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: laesecke@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3197 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Eric Lemmon 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.08 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: ericl@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-7939 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Joseph Magee 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: magee@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3298 

Fax: (303) 497-3441 

Dr. Jeffrey Manion 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8381 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8381 

Email: jeffrey.manion@nist.gov 

Phone: (301) 975-3188 

Fax: 

Dr. Mark McLinden 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: mclinden@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3580 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 
73

Dr. Richard Perkins 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: perkins@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5499 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Jason Widegren 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: widegren@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5207 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

NIST Guests 

Mr. Aziz Abdulagatov 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: aziz@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3716 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Ilmutdin Abdulagatov 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: Ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-4027 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Peter Andersen 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: panderse@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-5614 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Jörg Baranski 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: baranski@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-3522 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Dr. Jesus Sanchez Ochoa 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838.07 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: jsanchez@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-4167 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 

Mr. Hong-Wei Xiang 

NIST Physical & Chemical Properties Division 

325 Broadway, MC 838 

Boulder, CO 80305-3328 

Email: hwxiang@boulder.nist.gov 

Phone: (303) 497-7752 

Fax: (303) 497-5224 
74

9. Summary and Recommendations

A combined experimental and modeling study was carried out to elucidate the behavior of key 

properties over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. An RP-1 sample provided by the Air 

Force Research Lab (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH) was chemically characterized. Thermophysical 

properties were then measured for this sample. The experimental results were used to develop a 

mixture model based on a representative surrogate mixture. The results of this study were 

presented for review and comments in the December 11, 2003 workshop attended by 

representatives of NASA, the U.S. Air Force and their contractors. 

 The anticipated impact of the knowledge of thermophysical properties developed in this 

study will be more efficient and cost-effective rocket engine systems that use the kerosene rocket 

propellant designated RP-1. For future work, it is recommend that the variation of RP-1 properties 

be systematically explored based on studies of RP-1 samples from different lots. This will help 

design engineers to better understand the effects of batch-to-batch variability on the 

thermophysical properties of RP-1, and thus to lead to a more flexible engine design that performs 

equally well with RP-1 from various distillation batches or vendors. In the longer term, it is 

recommended that the mixture property model developed here, and the approach used to obtain the 

model from accurate experimental measurements, be applied to other kerosene-type fuels that are 

widely used in jet aviation. This information is expected to enhance the design and performance 

characterization of jet engines, especially those that will see applications in supersonic flight 

where fuels encounter both high temperatures and pressures. 

_________________ 

Financial support for this project was provided by the NASA John H. Glenn Research 

Center. 
75

10. References

[1] Lemmon, E. W.; McLinden, M. O.; Huber, M. L. REFPROP, reference fluid 

thermodynamic and transport properties. NIST Standard Reference Database 23; Version 7 

ed. (2002). 

[2] Lemmon, E. W.; Jacobsen, R. T. A generalized thermodynamic model for the 

thermodynamic properties of mixtures. Int. J. Thermophys. 20: 825-835 (1999). 

[3] Huber, M. L.; Ely, J. F. Prediction of the viscosity of refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures. 

Fluid Phase Equilib. 80: 239-248 (1992). 

[4] Huber, M. L.; Ely, J. F. Prediction of the thermal conductivity of refrigerants and 

refrigerant mixtures. Fluid Phase Equilib. 1992; 80: 249-261. 

[5] Lemmon, E. W.; Huber, M. L. Thermodynamic properties of n-dodecane. Energy and 

Fuels 18: 960-967 (2004). 

[6] Huber, M. L.; Laesecke, A.; Perkins, R. A. Transport properties of n-dodecane. Energy and 

Fuels 18: 968-975 (2004). 

[7] Andresen, J. M.; Strohm, J. J.; Sun, L. Relationship between the formation of aromatic 

compounds and solid deposition during thermal degradation of jet fuels in the pyrolytic 

regime. Energy Fuels 15: 714-723 (2001). 

[8] Balster, W. J.; Jones, E. G. Effects of temperature on formation of insolubles in aviation 

fuels. J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power, Trans. ASME 120: 289-293 (1998). 

[9] Batti, F. Thermal stability of jet fuels. Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas 24: 18-22 (1990). 

[10] Behar, F.; Lorant, F.; Budzinski, H.; Desavis, E. Thermal stability of alkylaromatics in 

natural systems: kinetics of thermal decomposition of dodecylbenzene. Energy Fuels 16: 

831-841 (2002). 

[11] Chin, J. S.; Lefebvre, A. H.; Sun, F. T. Y. Temperature effects on fuel thermal-stability. j. 

eng. gas. turbines power, Trans. ASME 114: 353-358 (1992). 

[12] Chin, J. S.; Lefebvre, A. H. Experimental techniques for the assessment of fuel thermal 

stability. J. Propul. Power 8: 1152-1156 (1992). 

[13] Chin, J. S.; Lefebvre, A. H. Experimental study on hydrocarbon fuel thermal stability. J. 

Thermal Sci. 1: 70-74 (1992). 

[14] Chin, J. S.; Lefebvre, A. H. Influence of flow conditions on deposits from heated 

hydrocarbon fuels. J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power, Trans. ASME 115: 433-438 (1993). 

[15] Edwards, T.; Zabarnick, S. Supercritical fuel deposition mechanisms. Indust. Eng. Chem. 

Res. 32: 3117-3122 (1993). 

[16] Giovanetti, A. J.; Spadaccini, L. J.; Szetela, E. J. Deposit formation and heat-transfer 

characteristics of hydrocarbon rocket fuels. J. Spacecraft Rockets 22: 574-580, (1985). 

[17] Goel, P.; Boehman, A. L. Numerical simulation of jet fuel degradation in flow reactors. 

Energy Fuels 14: 953-962 (2000). 

[18] Grinstead, B.; Zabarnick, S. Studies of jet fuel thermal stability, oxidation, and additives 

using an isothermal oxidation apparatus equipped with an oxygen sensor. Energy Fuels 13: 

756-760 (1999). 

[19] Han-Ying, M. A Study on Thermal Stability and its improvement of hydrocarbon fuel. 

Energetic Materials--Insensitivity and Environment Awareness International Annual 

Conf.; Karlsruhe, Germany, 88.81 -88.12 (1993). 

[20] Heneghan, S. P.; Martel, C. R.; Williams, T. F.; Ballal, D. R. Studies of jet fuel thermal 

stability in a flowing system. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 115: 480-485 (1993). 
76

[21] Heneghan, S. P.; Harrison, W. E.; III. JP-8+100: the development of high thermal stability 

jet fuel. Proc.; 6th Intl. Conf. on Stability and Handling of Liquid Fuels, Oct. 13-17, 1997, 

Vancouver, B.C. 1: 271-283 (1998). 

[22] Hines, W. S. Heat transfer to RP-1 kerosine in turbulent flow under asymmetric heating 

conditions. Chemical Engineering Progress, Symp. Series 59: 193-200 (1963). 

[23] Kendall, D. R.; Mills, J. S. Thermal stability of aviation kerosines: Techniques to 

characterize their oxidation properties. Indust. Eng. Chem. Product Res. Devel. 25: 

360-367 (1986). 

[24] Lai, W. C.; Song, C. S. Pyrolysis of alkylcyclohexanes in or near the supercritical phase. 

Product distribution and reaction pathways. Fuel Process. Technol.; 48: 1-27 (1996). 

[25] Liang, K.; Yang, B.; Zhang, Z. Investigation of heat transfer and coking characteristics of 

hydrocarbons fuels. J. Propul. Power 14: 789-796 (1998). 

[26] Ma, H. A study on thermal stability and its improvement of hydrocarbon fuel. 24th Intl. 

Ann. Conf. of ICT 88/81-12 (1993). 

[27] Marteney, P. J.; Spadaccini, L. J. Thermal decomposition of aircraft fuel. J. Eng. Gas 

Turbines Power 108: 648-653 (1986). 

[28] Pande, S. G.; Hardy, D. R. Comparison of the effects of storage conditions, type of soluble 

copper, and MDA on JP-5 fuel thermal stability. Proc.; 6th Intl. Conf. on Stability and 

Handling of Liquid Fuels, Oct. 13-17, 1997, Vancouver, B.C. 1: 211-230 (1998). 

[29] Roback, R.; Szetela, E. J.; Spadaccini, L. J. Deposit formation in hydrocarbon fuels. J. Eng. 

Power 105: 59-65 (1983). 

[30] Savage, P. E.; Gopalan, S.; Mizan, T. I.; Martino, C. J.; Brock, E. E. Reactions at 

supercritical conditions: Applications and fundamentals. AIChE J. 41: 1723-1778 (1995). 

[31] Stekhun, A. I. Effect of hydrofining on thermal stability of jet fuels. Ekspluat. Svoistva 

Aviats. Topliv 3:180-186 (1972). 

[32] Stewart, J.; Brezinsky, K.; Glassman, I. Supercritical pyrolysis of decalin, tetralin, and 

n-decane at 700-800 K. Product distribution and reaction mechanism. Combust. Sci. 

Technol. 136: 373-390 (1998). 

[33] Stiegemeier, B. A thermal stability and heat transfer investigation of five hydrocarbon 

fuels; 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. and Exhibit, Indianapolis, IN, 

AIAA Paper 3873 (2002). 

[34] Wang, T.-S. Thermophysics characterization of kerosene combustion. J. Thermophys. Ht. 

Trans. 15: 140-147 (2001). 

[35] Watkinson, A. P.; Wilson, D. I. Chemical reaction fouling: A review. Exp. Thermal Fluid 

Sci. 14: 361-374 (1997). 

[36] Wohlwend, K.; Maurice, L. Q.; Edwards, T. Thermal stability of energetic hydrocarbon 

fuels for use in combined cycle engines. J. Propul. Power 17: 1258-1262 (2001). 

[37] Yu, J.; Eser, S. Determination of critical properties (T-C, P-C) of some jet fuels. Indust. 

Eng. Chem. Res. 34: 404-409 (1995). 

[38] Yu, J.; Eser, S. Thermal decomposition of c10-c14 normal akanes in near-critical and 

supercritical conditions: Product distributions and reaction mechanisms. Ind. Eng. Chem. 

36: 574-584 (1997). 

[39] Yu, J.; Eser, S. Kinetics of supercritical-phase thermal decomposition of C10-C14 normal 

alkanes and their mixtures. Ind. Eng. Chem. 36: 585-591 (1997). 

[40] Yu, J. A.; Eser, S. Thermal decomposition of jet fuel model compounds under near-critical 

and supercritical conditions. 1. n-butylbenzene and n-butylcyclohexane. Indust. Eng. 
77

Chem. Res. 37: 4591-4600 (1998). 

[41] Yu, J.; Eser, S. Thermal decomposition of jet fuel model compounds under near-critical 

and supercritical conditions. 2. Decalin and tetralin. Ind. Eng. Chem. 37: 4601-4608 

(1998). 

[42] Yu, J.; Eser, S. Supercritical-phase thermal decomposition of binary mixtures of jet fuel 

model compounds. Fuel 79: 759-768 (2000). 

[43] Volokhova, G. S.; Zhorov, Y. M. Composiiton of aromatic hydrocarbons in 

kerosine-gasoil cuts (in Russian). Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Masel 12: 33-35 (1980). 

[44] Edwards, T.; Maurice, L. Q. Surrogate mixtures to represent complex aviation and rocket 

fuels. J. Propul. Power 17: 461-466 (2001). 

[45] Edwards, T. "Kerosene" fuels for aerospace propulsion: Composition and properties. Proc. 

38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf.; July 7-10, 2002, Paper No. 

2002-3874 (2002) 

 [46] Farmer, R. C.; Anderson, P. G.; Cheng, G. C.; Myruski, B. L.; Pike, R. W. Propulsion 

chemistry for CFD applications, SECA, Inc.; Huntsville, AL (1997). 

[47] Patterson, P. M.; Kyne, A. G.; Pourkashanian, M.; Williams, A. Combustion of kerosene in 

counterflow diffusion flames. J. Propul. Power 16: 453-460 (2000). 

[48] Violi, A.; Yan, S.; Eddings, E. G.; Sarofim, A. F.; Granata, S.; Faravelli, T.; Ranzi, E. 

Experimental formulation and kinetic model for JP-8 surrogate mixtures. Combust. Sci. 

Technol. 174: 399-417 (2002). 

[49] Wang, T.-S. Thermo-kinetics characterization of kerosine/RP-1 combustion; 32nd 

AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf.; Lake Buena Vista, FL, 10 (1996). 

[50] Wood, C. P.; McDonell, V. G.; Smith, R. A.; Samuelson, G. S. Development and 

application of a surrogate distillate fuel. J. Propul. Power 5: 399-405 (1989). 

[51] Alexander D. R.; Kalwala, R.; Kubik, R. D.; Schaub, S. A. Complex index-of-refraction 

measurements for RP-1 liquid rocket fuel. Opt. Eng. 34: 913-921 (1995). 

[52] Blake, F. C.; Sheard, C. On the dielectric constant of kerosene and water for high 

frequency currents. Phys. Rev. 15: 148-149 (1920). 

[53] Chao, G. T. Y. Isothermal compressibility of liquid oxygen and RP-1. ARS J. 29: 199-203 

(1959). 

[54] CPIA/M4 Liquid propellant manual, Unit 20a. Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, 

Johns Hopkins University, Columbia, MD (2002). 

[55] Dubovkin, N. F.; Tararyshkin, M. E.; Abashina, L. D. Vapor pressure and critical 

parameters of jet fuels (in Russian). Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Masel 4: 34-37 (1981). 

[56] Kopylov, N. I. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. Moscow Aviation 

Inst.) 132: 45-56 (1961). 

[57] Kozyukov, A. V. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. Moscow Aviation 

Inst.) 132: 94-108 (1961). 

[58] Mehta, G.; Stone, W.; Ingram, C.; Bai, S.; Sanders, T. Comparative testing of Russian 

kerosene and RP-1. 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. and Exhibit, 

San Diego, CA, AIAA 95-2962, 11 (1995). 

[59] Piatibratov, S. N. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. Moscow Aviation 

Inst.) 132: 31-44 (1961). 

[60] Sharma, R. L.; Tewari, G. B.; Singh, J. A new equation for predicting flash point of 

kerosine. Indian J. Technol. 31: 882-884 (1993). 

[61] Sokolov, S. N.; Tarlakov, Y. V. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. 
78

Moscow Aviation Inst.) 132: 15-30 (1961). 

[62] Sokolov, S. N.; Tarlakov, Y. V. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. 

Moscow Aviation Inst.) 132: 116-122 (1961). 

[63] Stiegemeier, B. A Thermal stability and heat transfer investigation of five hydrocarbon 

fuels: JP-7, JP-8, JP-8+100, JP-10 and RP-1. B.S.; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 

(1998). 

[64] Vinogradov, A. N. Physicochemical properties and composition of a magnetic 

kerosene-based fluid. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 74: 1192-1195 (2000). 

[65] Volyak, L. D. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. Moscow Aviation 

Inst.) 132: 63-76 (1961). 

[66] Wucherer, E. J.; Wilson, A. Chemical, physical and hazards properties of quadricyclane. 

AFRL/PRS, Edwards AFB, CA (1998). 

[67] Zaytseva, L. S. Trudy Moskovskogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta (Trans. Moscow Aviation 

Inst.) 132: 79-93 (1961). 

[68] Technical data book: Petroleum refining, 4th ed. American Petroleum Inst.; Vol. II (1983). 

[69] Baroncini, C.; Di Filippo, P.; Latini, G.; Pacetti, M. Organic liquid thermal conductivity: A 

prediction method in the reduced temperature range 0.3 to 0.8. Int. J. Thermophys. 2: 21-38 

(1981). 

[70] Chung, T. H.; Ajlan, L.; Lee, L. L.; Starling, K. E. Generalized multiparameter correlation 

for nonpolar and polar fluid transport properties. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27: 671-679 (1988). 

[71] Constantinou, L.; Gani, R. New group-contribution method for estimating properties of 

pure compounds. AIChE J. 40: 1697-1710 (1994). 

[72] Deppmeier, B. J.; Driessen, A. J.; Hehre, W. J.; Klunzinger, P. E.; Le, T.; Yu, J. PC Spartan 

Plus 2.0.0, March 2000 ed.; Wavefunction, Inc.: Irvine, CA (2000). 

[73] Ely, J. F.; Hanley, H. J. M. Prediction of transport properties. 1. Viscosity of fluids and 

mixtures. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 20: 323-332 (1981). 

[74] Ely, J. F.; Hanley, H. J. M. Prediction of transport properties. 2. Thermal conductivity of 

pure fluids and mixtures. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 22: 90-97 (1983). 

[75] Horvath, A. L. Molecular design: Chemical structure generation from the properties of 

pure organic compounds. Elsevier: New York, NY (1992). 

[76] Joback, K. J. A unified approach to physical property estimation using multivariate 

statistical techniques. S.M.; Mass. Inst. Technol.; Cambridge, MA (1984). 

[77] Marrero, J.; Gani, R. Group-contribution based estimation of pure component properties. 

Fluid Phase Equilib. 183: 183-208 (2001). 

[78] Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; O'Connell, J. P. The properties of gases and liquids, 5th ed.; 

McGraw-Hill: New York, NY (2001). 

[79] Quayle, O. R. The parachors of organic compounds. An interpretation and catalogue. 

Chem. Rev. 53: 439-589 (1953). 

[80] Rihani, D. N.; Doraiswamy, L. K. Estimation of the heat capacity of organic compounds 

from group contributions. Ind. Eng. Chem. 4: 17-21 (1965). 

[81] Stein, S. E.; Brown, R. L. Structures and Properties Group additivity model. NIST 

Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 

(http://webbook.nist.gov). March 2003 ed. (2003). 

[82] Wilson, G. M.; Jasperson, L. V. Critical Tc, Pc estimation based on zero, first, 

second-order methods; AIChE Meeting New Orleans, LA (1996). 

[83] Yan, X.; Dong, Q.; Hong, X. Reliability analysis of group-contribution methods in 
79

predicting critical temperatures of organic compounds. J. Chem. Eng. Data 48: 374-380 

(2003). 

[84] Coops, J.; van Kamp, H.; Lambregts, W. A.; Visser, B. J.; Dekker, H. Thermal properties 

of cycloparaffins, IV. Heats of combustion of cycloparaffins with 10-17C at. Recl. Trav. 

Chim. Pays-Bas 79: 1226 (1960). 

[85] Drotloff, H.; Moller, M. On the phase transitions of cycloalkanes. Thermochim. Acta 112: 

57-62 (1987). 

[86] Fischer, J.; Weiss, A. Transport properties of liquids. V. Self diffusion, viscosity, and mass 

density of ellipsoidal shaped molecules in the pure liquid phase. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. 

Chem. 90: 896-905 (1986). 

[87] Gollis, M. H.; Belenyessy, L. I.; Gudzinowicz, B. J.; Koch, S. D.; Smith, J. O.; Wineman, 

R. J. Evaluation of pure hydrocarbons as jet fuels. J. Chem. Eng. Data 7: 311-316 (1962). 

[88] Ladygin, B. Y.; Zinina, G. M.; Vannikov, A. V. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya 

Khimicheskaya 1018 (1984). 

[89] Matteoli, E.; Lepori, L.; Spanedda, A. Volumetric properties of cyclic hydrocarbons in 

tetrachloromethane at 25C. J. Solution Chem. 23: 619-638 (1994). 

[90] Meyer, E. F.; Hotz, C. A. Cohesive energies in polar organic liquids. 3. Cyclic ketones. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 21: 274-279 (1976). 

[91] Mueller, E.; Padeken, H. G.; Salamon, M.; Fiedler, G. Direct photooxidation of 

cycloalkanes. Chem. Ber. 98: 1893-1909 (1965). 

[92] Ruzicka, L.; Stoll, M.; Huyser, H.; Boekenoogen, H. A. Zur Kenntnis des 

Kohlenstoffringes XV uber die Herstellung und einige physikalische Daten verschiedener 

Kohlenstoffringe bis zum 32-Ring. Helv. Chim. Acta 13: 1152-1185 (1930). 

[93] Allinger, N. L. The relative stabilities of cis and trans isomers: III. The cyclodecenes. J. 

Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 3443-3446 (1957). 

[94] Blomquist, A. T.; Burge, R. E.; Sucsy, A. C. Many-Membered Carbon Rings V. 

Cyclodecyne, cis- and trans-cyclodecene, and related compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74: 

3636-3642 (1952). 

[95] Cope, A. C.; Mclean, D. C.; Nelson, N. A. Cyclic Polyolefins XXXVI. Trans-cyclononene 

and trans-cyclodecene from cyclononyldimethylamine oxide and 

cyclodecyldimethylamine oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77: 1628-1631 (1955). 

[96] Prelog, V.; Schenker, K.; Guenthard, H. H. Carbon rings, LX. The ten-membered ring. 

Helv. Chim. Acta 35: 1598-1615 (1952). 

[97] Gibbons, L. C. PhD, Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH (1941). 

[98] Levene, P. A.; Harris, S. A. Configurational relationships of methylphenyl- and 

methylhexylacetic acids and an attempt at the correlation of the configurations of 

2-hydroxy acids with those of disubstituted acetic acids containing a methyl group. J. Biol. 

Chem. 112: 195-208 (1935). 

[99] Mann, G.; Muehlstaedt, M.; Braband, J. Conformation and physical data of alkanes and 

cyclanes. II. Single- and double-branched alkanes. Tetrahedron 23: 3393-3401 (1967). 

[100] Marsh, K. N.; Wilhoit, R. C.; Frenkel, M.; Yin, D. TRC Thermodynamic properties of 

substances in the ideal gas state; 1.0M ed.; Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) 

(1994). 

[101] Petrov, A. A.; Sergienko, S. R.; Nechitailo, N. A.; Tsedilina, A. L. Izvestiya Akademii 

Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya 1091-1097 (1959). 

[102] Prout, F. S.; Cason, J.; Ingersoll, A. W. Branched-Chain Fatty Acids V. The synthesis of 
80

optically active 10-methyloctadecanoic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70: 298 (1948). 

[103] Smith, D. C. Infrared spectra of pure hydrocarbons, Nav. Res. Lab. Rep. (U.S.) C-3274 

(1948). 

[104] Terres, E.; Gebert, F.; Fischer, D.; Modak, G. Brennst.-Chem. 35: 263-269 (1954). 

[105] Calingaert, G.; Soroos, H. The methyl nonanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58: 635-636 (1936). 

[106] Calingaert, G.; Soroos, H. A method of comparison and critical analysis of the physical 

properties of homologs and isomers. The Molecular Volume of Alkanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 

58: 153-157 (1936). 

[107] Dyke, W. J. C.; Jones, W. J. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 2426 (1930). 

[108] Eykman, J. F. Natuurkd. Verh. Hollandsche Maatschappij Wet. Haarlem 8: 438-555 

(1919). 

[109] Geist, J. M.; Cannon, M. R. Viscosities of pure hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. An. Ed. 18: 

611-613 (1946). 

[110] Mears, T. W.; Fookson, A.; Pomerantz, P.; Rich, E. H.; Dussinger, C. S.; Howard, F. L. 

Syntheses and properties of two olefins, six paraffins, and their intermediates. Nat. Bur. 

Stand (U.S.) J. Res. 44: 299 (1950). 

[111] Moore, G. E.; Renquist, M. L.; Parks, G. S. Thermal data on organic compounds. XX. 

Modern combustion data for two methylnonanes, methyl ethyl ketone, thiophene and six 

cycloparaffins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62: 1505-1507 (1940). 

[112] Parks, G. S.; West, T. J.; Moore, G. E. Thermal data on organic compounds. XXI. Some 

heat capacity, entropy and free energy data form the four methylnonanes. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 63: 1133-1135 (1941). 

[113] Calingaert, G.; Hladky, J. W. A method of comparison and critical analysiss of the physical 

properties of homologs and isomers. The molecular volume of alkanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 

58: 153 (1936). 

[114] Howard, F. L.; Mears, T. W.; Fookson, A.; Pomerantz, P.; Brooks, D. B. Preparation and 

physical properties of several aliphatic hydrocarbons and intermediates. Nat. Bur. Stand. 

(U.S.) J. Res. 38: 365 (1947). 

[115] Ambrose, D. Critical temperatures of some phenols and other organic compounds. Trans. 

Farad. Soc. 59: 1988 (1963). 

[116] Briggs, D. K. H. Thermal conductivity of liquids. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49: 418-421 (1957). 

[117] Byers, C. H.; Williams, D.F. Viscosities of pure polyaromatic hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. 

Data 32: 344-348 (1987). 

[118] Camin, D. L.; Rossini, F. D. Physical properties of 14 American Petroleum Institute 

research hydrocarbons, C9 to C15. J. Phys. Chem. 59: 1173-1179 (1955). 

[119] Coulson, E. A. Preparation of alpha- and beta-methylnaphthalene from tar-oil fractions: I 

beta-methylnaphthalene. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 60: 123 (1941). 

[120] Cullinane, N. M.; Chard, S. J. Action of methanol on naphthalene in the presence of 

catalysts of the auliman-silica type. formation of 2-methylnaphthalene. J. Chem. Soc. 

(London) 804 (1948). 

[121] Cumper, C. W. N.; Redford, D. G.; Vogel, A. I. Physical properties and chemical 

constitution. The eletric dipole moments of methylquinolines. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 

1176 (1962). 

[122] Evans, E. B. The viscosities of hydrocarbons. J. Inst. Petroleum Tech. 24: 321-337 (1938). 

[123] Glaser, F.; Ruland, H. Vapor pressure curves and critical data for several technically 

important organic substances (in German). Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 29: 772-775 (1957). 
81

[124] Grodde, K. H. Phys. Z. 39: 772 (1938). 

[125] Grosse, A. V.; Ipatieff, V. N. The reaction of cycloparaffins with aromatic hydrocarbons: 

decycloalkylation. J. Org. Chem. 2: 447-458 (1937). 

[126] Hales, J. L.; Townsend, R. Liquid densities from 293 to 490 K of nine aromatic 

hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 4: 763-772 (1972). 

[127] Huffman, H. M.; Parks, G. S.; Barmore, M. Thermal data on organic compounds X. 

Further studies on the heat capacities, entropies, and free energies of hydrocarbons. J. Am. 

Chem. Soc. 53: 3876-3888 (1931). 

[128] Koelbel, H. Alkylnaphthalenes as lubricating-oil models. Brennst.-Chem. 30: 73-80 

(1949). 

[129] Larsen, R. G.; Thorpe, R. E.; Armfield, F. A. Oxidation characteristics of pure 

hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 34: 183-193 (1942). 

[130] Luther, H.; Wachter, G. Preparation and physical properties of alkyl substituted 

naphthalene. Chem. Ber. 82: 161-176 (1949). 

[131] Mair, B. J.; Streiff, A. J. Separation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, and the isolation of 

n-dodecane, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene from the 

kerosene fraction of petroleum. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 24: 395-414 (1940). 

[132] Neuhaus, A. Z. Kristallogr. 101: 177 (1939). 

[133] Parks, G. S.; Huffman, H. M. Some fusion and transition data for hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. 

Chem. 23: 1138-1139 (1931). 

[134] Rampolla, R. W.; Smyth, C. P. Microwave absorption and molecular structure in liquids. 

XXI. Relaxation times, viscosities and molecular shapes of substituted pyridines, 

quinolines and naphthalenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80: 1057-1061 (1958). 

[135] Salceanu, C. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 193: 161 (1931). 

[136] Schiessler, R. W. American Doc. Inst. Doc. No. 4597 (1945). 

[137] Shreve, R. N.; Lux, J. H. Monosulfonation of 2-methylnaphthalene. Ind. Eng. Chem. 35: 

306-311 (1943). 

[138] Sirotenko, A. A. Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad) 71: 1047 (1998). 

[139] Skvarchenko, V. R.; Levina, R. Y.; Chervoneva, L. A. Synthesis of Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons VIII. Alkyltetrahydronaphthalenes. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Ser. 

Mat.; Mekh.; Astron.; Fiz.; Khim-. 13: 187 (1958). 

[140] Smyth, C. P. Microwave absorption and molecular structure in liquids. XVII Dielectric 

relaxation times and shapes of rigid molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 42: 234-239 

(1956). 

[141] Streiff, A. J.; Hulme, A. R.; Cowie, P. A.; Krouskop, N. C.; Rossini, F. D. Purification, 

purity, and freezing points of sixty-four American Petroleum Institute Standard and 

Research Hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem. 27: 411-415 (1955). 

[142] Szafranski, A. M. Solid-liquid equlibrium. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 

40-50 (1984). 

[143] Von Auwers, K.; Fruhling, A. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 422: 196 (1921). 

[144] Wieczorek, S. A.; Kobayashi, R. Vapor pressure measurements of 1-methylnaphthalene, 

2-methylnaphthalene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene at elevated temperatures. J. Chem. 

Eng. Data 26: 8-11 (1981). 

[145] Yokoyama, C.; Takei, J.; Kumagai, A. Viscosity of mixtures of indole containing 

2-methylnaphthalene and isoquinoline under pressure. High Temp. - High Pressures 32: 

97-102 (2000). 
82

[146] Yokoyama, C.; Takei, J.; Kumagai, A. Viscosity of mixtures of indole containing 

2-methylnaphthalene and isoquinoline under pressure, Erratum. High Temp. - High 

Pressures 33: 345-346 (2001). 

[147] Adkins, H.; Davis, J. W. Catalytic dehydrogenation of hydroaromatic compounds in 

benzene II. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 2955-2957 (1949). 

[148] Gudzinowicz, B. J.; Campbell, R. H.; Adams, J. S. Thermal conductivity measurements of 

complex saturated hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 9: 79-82 (1964). 

[149] Weissenberger, G.; Henke, R.; Katschinka, H. Binary liquid mixtures: XX Systems with 

substituting hydronaphthalenes. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 153: 33 (1926). 

[150] Baylaucq, A.; Zeberg-Mikkelsen, C. K.; Dauge, P.; Boned, C. Dynamic viscosity and 

density of heptylbenzene and heptylcyclohexane up to 100 MPa. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2002; 

47: 997-1002. 

[151] Luther, H. Brennst.-Chem. 30: 258-266 (1949). 

[152] Mokbel, I.; Rauzy, E.; Loiseleur, H.; Berro, C.; Jose, J. Vapor pressure of 12 

alkylcyclohexanes, cyclopentane, butylcyclopentane and trans-decahydronaphthalene 

down to 0.5 Pa. Fluid Phase Equilib. 108: 103-120 (1995). 

[153] Schlenk, W. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 573: 142-162 (1951). 

[154] Schmidt, A. W. Physical properties of aliphatic compounds. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B75: 

1399 (1942). 

[155] Schmidt, A. W.; Grosser, A. Physical data of alkyl cyclohexanes. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 

A 73: 930 (1940). 

[156] Allinger, N. L.; Coke, J. L. The relative stabilities of cis and trans isomers. 6. The decalins. 

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81: 4080-4082 (1959). 

[157] Bird, L. H.; Daly, E. F. Trans. Farad. Soc. 35: 588 (1939). 

[158] Boord, C. E.; Greenlee, K. W.; Perilstein, W. L.; Derfer, J. M. The synthesis, purification 

and prop. of hydrocarbons of low mol. wt.; Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 45,Eleventh Annu. 

Rep.; Ohio State Univ. (1949). 

[159] Cheng, D. C. H.; McCoubrey, J. C.; Phillips, D. G. Critical temperatures of some organic 

cyclic compounds. Trans. Farad. Soc. 58: 224 (1962). 

[160] Chylinski, K.; Stryjek, R. Excess volumes of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene+trans-,and 

+cis -bicyclo[4.4.4]decane and of quinoline +trans- and +cis-bicyclo[4.4.0] decane, 

+1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and +n-hexadecane at. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 14: 1115 

(1982). 

[161] Cooper, A. R.; Crowne, C. W. P.; Farrell, P. G. Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of 

electron-donor-acceptor systems. Trans. Farad. Soc. 63: 447 (1967). 

[162] Dauben, W. G.; Hiskey, C. F.; Markhart, A. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73: 1393 (1951). 

[163] Polenske, R.; Eisenlohr, F. Chem. Ber. 57: 1639 (1924). 

[164] Fenske, M. R.; Myers, H. S.; Quiggle, D. n-Decane-trans-decahydronaphthalene. Binary 

mixture for determining efficiencies of fractioning columns operating at reduced pressures. 

Ind. Eng. Chem. 42: 649 (1950). 

[165] Foehr, E. G.; Fenske, M. R. Magneto-optic rotation of hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41: 

1956 (1949). 

[166] Frezzotti, D.; Goffredi, G.; Bencini, E. Thermal conductivity measurements of cis- and 

trans-decahydronaphthalene isomers using a steady-state coaxial cylinders method. 

Thermochim. Acta 265: 119-128 (1995). 

[167] Gudzinowicz, B. J.; Campbell, R. H.; Adams, J. S. Specific heat measurements of complex 
83

saturated hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 8: 201 (1963). 

[168] Guenthard, H. H.; Suess, R.; Marti, L.; Furst, A.; Plattner, P. A. Helv. Chim. Acta 34: 959 

(1951). 

[169] Hibbit, D. C.; Linstead, R. P. Fused carbon rings, Part VII. The preparation of cyclic 

hydrocarbons from unsaturated tertiary alcohols. The synthesis of cis-9-methyloctalin and 

-decalin and a proof of the presence of angular methyl. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 470 (1936). 

[170] Hogenboom, D. L.; Webb, W.; Dixon, J. A. The low-temperature thermodynamic 

properties of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 

1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, trans-decahydronaphthalene and 

cis-decahydronaphthalene. J. Chem. Phys. 46: 2586 (1967). 

[171] Huckel, W. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 441: 1 (1925). 

[172] Huckel, W. Suom. Kemistil. B 17: 7 (1944). 

[173] Huckel, W.; Kumetat, K.; Severin, H. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 518: 184 (1935). 

[174] Ipatieff, V. N.; Pines, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59: 56 (1937). 

[175] Jasper, J. J. The surface tension of pure liquid compounds. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1: 

841-1009 (1972). 

[176] Korosi, G.; Kovats, E. Density and surface tension of 83 organic liquids. J. Chem. Eng. 

Data 26: 323 (1981). 

[177] Kuss, E. Some physical properties of crude oils at high pressure. Erdoel Kohle 6: 266 

(1953). 

[178] Lauer, J. L.; King, R. W. Anal. Chem. 28: 1697 (1956). 

[179] Lozovoi, A. V.; D'yakova, M. K.; Stepantseva, T. G. Some physical constants of 

hydrocarbon mixtures: II. Zhurnal Obshchei Chim 9: 540-546 (1939). 

[180] Lyusternik, V. E.; Zhdanov, A. G. Viscosity of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes in gaseous 

phase. Teplofiz. Svoistva Veshchestv Mater.; Rabinovich, V. A.; Ed.; Standards Publ.: 

Moscow 7 (1973). 

[181] McCullough, J. P.; Finke, H. L.; Messerly, J. F.; Todd, S. S.; Kincheloe, T. C.; Waddington, 

G. The low-temperature thermodynamic properties of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 

2-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- naphthalene, trans-decahydronaphthalene and 

cis-decahydronaphthalene. J. Phys. Chem. 61: 1105-1116 (1957). 

[182] Nuzzi, M. Riv. Combust. 38: 211 (1984). 

[183] Pak, S. C.; Kay, W. B. Gas-liquid critical temperatures of mixtures. benzene + n-alkanes 

and hexafluorobenzene + n-alkanes. Ind. Eng. Chem. 11: 255 (1972). 

[184] Parks, G. S.; Hatton, J. A. Thermal data on organic compounds. XXIV. The heat capacities, 

entropies and free energies of cis- and trans-decahydronapthalene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 

2773-2775 (1949). 

[185] Parthasarathy, P. S. Ultrasonic velocities in organic liquids. Proceedings - Indian Academy 

of Sciences, Section A 4: 59 (1936). 

[186] Petrov, A. D. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya 533 (1941). 

[187] Prokopetz, E. I. Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad) 8: 1214 (1935). 

[188] Rank, D. H.; Scott, R. W.; Fenske, M. R. Qualitive and quantitative analysis of 

hydrocarbon mixtures. Anal. Chem. 14: 816 (1942). 

[189] Ruzicka, L.; Koolhaas, D. R.; Wind, A. H. Helv. Chim. Acta 14: 1151 (1931). 

[190] Schiessler, R. W.; Herr, C. H.; Rytina, A. W.; Weisel, C. A.; Fischl. F.; McLaughlin, R. L.; 

Kuehner, H. H. The synthesis and properties of hydrocarbons of high molecular weight-IV. 

Proc., American Petroleum Inst. 26: 254-302 (1946). 
84

[191] Seyer, W. F.; Barrow, G. M. The dielectric properties of solid and liquid cis- and transdecahydronaphthalene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70: 802-805 (1948). 

[192] Seyer, W. F.; Leslie, J. D. The viscosity of cis and trans decahydronaphthalene. J. Am. 

Chem. Soc. 64: 1912-1916 (1942). 

[193] Seyer, W. F.; Mann, C. W. The vapor pressures of cis- and trans-decahydronaphthalene. J. 

Am. Chem. Soc. 67: 328 (1945). 

[194] Seyer, W. F.; Walker, R. D. The densities and surface tensions of cis-and 

trans-decahydronaphthalene between −30 and 180 K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63: 2425 (1941). 

[195] Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S. Molar excess enthalpies of cis-decalin + benzene, 

+ toluene, + isooctane and + heptane at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 32: 249 (1987). 

[196] Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I. Excess molar isobaric heat capacities 

and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or isooctane 

or n-heptane) at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 20: 1183 (1988). 

[197] Sohda, M.; Iwai, Y.; Arai, Y.; Sakoguchi, A.; Ueoka, R.; Kato, Y. Vapor Pressure of cisand trans-Decalins. Netsu Sokutei 17: 131 (1990). 

[198] Stokkum, I. H. M. V.; Scherer, T.; Brouwer, A. M.; Verhoeven, J. W. Conformational 

dynamics of flexibly and semirigidly bridged electron donor-acceptor systems as revealed 

by spectrotemporal parameterization of fluorescence. J. Phys. Chem. 98: 852-866 (1994). 

[199] Streiff, A. J.; Soule, L. F.; Kennedy, C. M.; Janes, M. E.; Sedlak, V. A.; Willingham, C. B.; 

Rossini, F. D. Purification, purity, and freezing points of twenty-nine hydrocarbons of the 

API-standard and API-NBS series. Nat. Bur. Stand (U.S.) J. Res. 45: 173 (1950). 

[200] Timmermans, J. Freezing points of organic compounds. VVI New determinations. Bull. 

Soc. Chim. Belg. 61: 393 (1952). 

[201] Zeberg-Mikkelsen, C. K.; Baylaucq, A.; Barrouhou, M.; Boned, C. The effect of 

stereoisomerism on dynamic viscosity: A study of cis-decalin and trans-decalin versus 

pressure and temperature. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5: 1547-1551 (2003). 

[202] Zelinskii, N. D.; Titz, I. N.; Fateev, L. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 59: 2580 (1926). 

[203] Asinger, F. Chem. Ber. 77: 73 (1944). 

[204] Baumgarten, P. Chem. Ber. 75: 977 (1942). 

[205] Boord, C. E.; Greenlee, K. W.; Derfer, J. M. The synthesis, purification and prop. of 

hydrocarbons of low mol. wt.; Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 45, Twelfth Annu. Rep.; Ohio State 

Univ. (1950). 

[206] Engler, C.; Hofer, H. Das Erdols, Hirtzel Co. Leipzig, Ger 1: 268 (1913). 

[207] Forziati, A. F.; Camin, D. L.; Rossini, F. D. Density, refractive index, boiling point, and 

vapor pressure of eight monoolefin (l-alkene), six pentadiene, and two cyclomonoolefin 

hydrocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 45: 406 (1950). 

[208] Geldof, H.; Wibaut, J. P. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 67: 105 (1948). 

[209] Gude, M. T.; Rosenthal, D. J.; Teja, A. S. The critical properties of 1-alkenes from 

1-pentene to 1-dodecene. Fluid Phase Equilib. 70: 55 (1991). 

[210] Hunig, S.; Kiessel, M. Chem. Ber. 91: 380 (1958). 

[211] Jasper, J. J.; Kerr, E. R. The othobaric surface tensions and thermodynamic properties of 

the liquid surfaces of a series of 1-alkenes, c6 to c16, and of decylcyclopentane, 

decylcyclohexane, and decylbenzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76: 2659 (1954). 

[212] Jasper, J. J.; Kring, E. V. The isobaric surface tensions and thermodynamic properties of 

the surfaces of a series of n-alkanes, c5 to c18, 1-alkenes, c6 to c16, and of 

n-decylcyclopentane, n-decylcyclohexane and n-decylbenz. J. Phys. Chem. 59: 1019 
85

(1955). 

[213] Jeffery, G. H.; Vogel, A. I. Physical properties and chemical constitution: xvi ethylenic 

compounds. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 658-673 (1948). 

[214] Krafft, F. Preparation of higher olefins, especially dodecene c(12)h(24), tetradecene 

c(14)h(28), cetene or hexadecene c(16)h(32) and octadecene c(18)h(36). Ber. Dtsch. Chem. 

Ges. 16: 3018-3024 (1883). 

[215] Krassilchik, A. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. Ann. Combust. Liq. 10: 923 (1935). 

[216] Labarre, J. F. Contribution to the study of magneto-optics of bonds between atoms in 

aliphatic hydrocarbons. Ann. Chim. (Paris) 8: 45-83 (1963). 

[217] Lenneman, W. L.; Hites, R. D.; Komarewsky, V. I. Sulfuric acid-catalyzed alkylation of 

benzene with high-molecular 1-alkenes. J. Org. Chem. 19: 463 (1954). 

[218] Maman, A. Publ. Sci. Tech. Minist. Air (Fr.) 66: 32 (1935). 

[219] McCullough, J. P.; Finke, H. L.; Gross, M. E.; Messerly, J. F.; Waddington, G. Low 

temperature calorimetric studies of seven 1-olefins: Effect of orientational disorder in the 

solid state. J. Phys. Chem. 61: 289 (1957). 

[220] Mukhamedzyanov, G. K.; Usmanov, A. G. Thermal conductivity of liquid organic 

compounds. Teplo i Massoperenos 7: 518 (1968). 

[221] Petrov, A. A.; Sergienko, S. R.; Tsedilina, A. L.; Egorov, Y. P. Isomeric conversions of 

unsaturated hydrocarbons, c(12)-c(16). Khim. Tech. Topliv Masel 1: 26-32 (1956). 

[222] Schmidt, A. W.; Schoeller, V.; Eberlein, K. Uber physikalische Daten von 1-Olefinen und 

n-Paraffinen. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Geseilschaft 74B: 1313-1324 (1941). 

[223] Tilicheev, M. D.; Peshkov, V. P.; Yuganova, S. A. Determination of the purity and 

identification of 1-alkenes by means of a thermal method. Zh. Anal. Khim. 4: 298 (1949). 

[224] Urry, W. H.; Stacey, F. W.; Huyser, E. S.; Juveland, O. O. The peroxide- and light-induced 

additions of alcohols to olefins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76: 450 (1954). 

[225] Wibaut, J. P.; Geldof, H. Accurate values of the specific gravities and the refractive indices 

of a series of alkenes with terminal double bond. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 65: 125 

(1946). 

[226] Zafiriadis, Z.; Mastagli, P. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 238: 821 (1954). 

[227] Kozacik, A. P.; Reid, E. E. Lengthening carbon chains by three units assay of primary 

bromides from the addition of hydrogen bromide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60: 2436-2438 

(1938). 

[228] Lagemann, R. T.; McMillan, D. R.; Woolsey, M. Ultrasonic velocity in a series of 1-olefins. 

J. Chem. Phys. 16: 247 (1948). 

[229] Pictet, A.; Potok, J. The distillation of sodium stearate and oleate under reduced pressure 

and the origin of petroleum. Helv. Chim. Acta 2: 501 (1919). 

[230] Schiessler, R. W. Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 42, Twelfth Meeting (1947). 

[231] Ambrose, D.; Cox, J. D.; Townsend, R. The critical temperatures of forty organic 

compounds. Trans. Farad. Soc. 56: 1452 (1960). 

[232] Aucejo, A.; Cruz Burguet, M.; Muñoz, R.; Marques, J. L. Densities, viscosities, and 

refractive indices of the binary liquid systems n-alkanes + isomers of hexane at 298.15 K. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 40: 871-874 (1995). 

[233] Avery, W. H.; Ellis, C. F. J. Chem. Phys. 10: 10 (1942). 

[234] Bazhulin, P. A.; Bokstein, M. L.; Liberman, A. L.; Lukina, M. Y.; Margolis, E. I.; 

Solovova, O. P.; Kazanskii, B. A. Optical methods for studying hydrocarbons, III. The 

combined scattering spectrum of paraffins. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya 
86

Khimicheskaya 198 (1943). 

[235] Bishop, J. W.; Burk, R. E.; Lankelma, H. P. The action of aluminum bromide on paraffin 

hydrocarbons, II. Branched chain hexanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67: 914 (1945). 

[236] Boord, C. E. Oil Gas J. 41: 188 (1942). 

[237] Brame, J. S. S.; Hunter, T. G. Composition of cracked distillates. J. Inst. Petroleum Tech. 

13: 794 (1927). 

[238] Brazier, D. W.; Freeman, G. R. The effects of pressure on the density, dielectric constant, 

and viscosity of several hydrocarbons and other organic liquids. Can. J. Chem. 47: 893-899 

(1969). 

[239] Brewster, J. H.; Patterson, J. W.; Fidler, D. A. Reductions at metal surfaces, III. Clemensen 

reduction of some sterically-hindered ketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76: 6368 (1954). 

[240] Brooks, D. B.; Howard, F. L.; Crafton, H. C. Physical Properties of some purified aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 24: 33 (1940). 

[241] Chavanne, G.; van Risseghem, H. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 31: 87 (1922). 

[242] Chavanne, G. The constituents of the fraction of a Borneo petroleum which distills 

between 37 and 81 degrees. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 31: 331 (1922). 

[243] Chen, S. S.; Zwolinski, B. J. Excess thermodynamic functions of binary mixtures of 

normal and isomeric alkanes (C5 and C6). J. Chem. Soc.; Faraday Trans. 2 70: 1133-1142 

(1974). 

[244] Compostizo, A.; Crespo Colin, A.; Rubio, R. G.; Diaz Pena, M. Thermodynamics of 

mixtures with a hexane isomer: excess volumes of 1- chlorohexane with a hexane isomer at 

298.15 K. J. Chem. Soc.; Faraday Trans. 1 83: 819 (1987). 

[245] Cramer, P. L.; Mulligan, M. J. The preparation of the isomeric hexanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 

58: 373 (1936). 

[246] Denyer, R. L.; Fidler, F. A.; Lowry, R. A. Azeotrope formation between thiols and 

hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41: 2727-2737 (1949). 

[247] Derfer, J. M.; Greenlee, K. W.; Boord, C. E. A New synthesis of monoalkylcyclobutanes: 

reduction of neopentyl type tribromides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 175 (1949). 

[248] Desty, D. H.; Whyman, B. H. F. Anal. Chem. 29: 320 (1957). 

[249] Dixon, J. A. Binary solutions of saturated hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 4: 289 (1959). 

[250] Douslin, D. R.; Huffman, H. M. Low-temperature thermal data on the five isomeric 

hexanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68: 1704 (1946). 

[251] Eicher, L. D.; Zwolinski, B.J. Molecular structure and shear viscosity. Isomeric hexanes. J. 

Phys. Chem. 76: 3295-3300 (1972). 

[252] Felsing, W. A.; Watson, G. M. The pressure-volume-temperature relations of 

2,2-dimethylbutane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65: 1889-1891 (1943). 

[253] Fenske, M. R.; Braun, W. G.; Wiegand, R. V.; Quiggle, D.; McCormick, R. H.; Rank, D. H. 

Raman spectra of hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem. 19: 700-765 (1947). 

[254] Finke, H. L. C.; M. R.; Frey, F. E.; and Aston, J. G. Solid solution studies i. equilibria in the 

binary systems 2,2-dimethyl butane-2,3-dimethylbutane and 

2,2-dimethylbutane-cyclopentane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69: 1501 (1947). 

[255] Fischer, L. O. Research in stoichiometry: IV the heat of fusion and the polymorphism of 

organic compounds. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 49: 129 (1940). 

[256] Fomin, W.; Sochanski, N. Chem. Ber. 46: 244 (1913). 

[257] Forziati, A. F. Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 6, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) (1943). 

[258] Forziati, A. F.; Glasgow, A. R.; Willingham, C. B.; Rossini, F. D. Specification and 
87

properties of 29 paraffin, 4 alkylcyclopentanes, 10 alkylcyclohexanes and 8 alkylbenzene 

hydrocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 36: 129 (1946). 

[259] Funk, E. W.; Chai, F.-C.; Prausnitz, J. M. Thermodynamic properties of binary liquid 

mixtures containing aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 17: 24-27 

(1972). 

[260] Genco, J. M.; Teja, A. S.; Kay, W. B. Study of the critical and azeotropic behavior of 

binary mixtures I critical states of perfluoromethylcyclohexane + isomeric hexane systems. 

J. Chem. Eng. Data 25: 350 (1980). 

[261] Glasgow, A. R.; Rossini, F. D. Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 6 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) (1943). 

[262] Glasgow, A. R.; Murphy, E. T.; Willingham, C. B.; Rossini, F. D. Purification, purity, and 

freezing points of 31 hydrocarbons of the api- nbs series. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 37: 

141 (1946). 

[263] Griskey, R. G.; Canjar, L. N. Compressibilities of 2-methylpentane and 

2,2-dimethylbutane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 9: 271 (1964). 

[264] Griswold, J.; van Berg, C. F.; Kasch, J. E. Ind. Eng. Chem. 35: 854 (1943). 

[265] Grummitt, O.; Sensel, E. E.; Smith, W. R.; Burk, R. E.; Lankelma, H. P. The action of 

aluminum bromide on paraffin hydrocarbons I. n-hexane and n-heptane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 

67: 910 (1945). 

[266] Haensel, V.; Ipatieff, W. Selective demethylation of paraffin hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 68: 345 (1946). 

[267] Hickman, J. B. Solubility of isomeric hexanes in perfluoroheptane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 

6154-6156 (1955). 

[268] Hicks-Brunn, M. M.; Bruun, J. H.; Faulconer, W. B. M. Isolation of 2,2-dimethylbutane 

from natural gas and determination of its physical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 

3099-3101 (1939). 

[269] Hoog, H.; Smittenberg, J.; Visser, G. H. Composition of the primary polymerization prod. 

of propene and butenes. Ile Congr. Mondial Pet 2.;Phys Chem. Raffin-age 489 (1937). 

[270] Kay, W. B. The vapor pressures and saturated liquid and vapor densities of the isomeric 

hexanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68: 1336 (1946). 

[271] Kay, W. B.; Young, C. L. Gas-liquid critical properties. 

Tetradecafluoro-methylcyclohexane( perfluoromethylcyclohexane)-2,2-dimethylbutane. 

Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 58 (1974). 

[272] Kilpatrick, J. E.; Pitzer, K. S. The thermodynamics of 2,2-dimethylbutane, including the 

heat capacity, heat of transitions, fusion and vaporization and the entropy. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 68: 1066 (1946). 

[273] Kimura, F.; Benson, G. C. Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 1-hexanol with hexane 

isomers at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 26: 317-318 (1981). 

[274] Kimura, F.; Benson, G. C. Excess volume of binary mixtures of 1-hexanol with hexane 

isomers at 298.15 5 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 28: 157-160 (1983). 

[275] Kimura, F.; Benson, G. C. Excess volumes of binary mixtures of 2-ethyl-1-butanol with 

hexane isomers at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 16: 77-86 (1984). 

[276] Kishner, N. Trimethylethylmethane from pinacolin. Zhurnal Russ. Fiz.-Khim. O.-va, 

Chast Khim. 47: 1111 (1915). 

[277] Kuss, E.; Pollman, P. Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 68: 205 (1969). 

[278] Lambert, J. D.; Cotton, K. J.; Pailthorpe, M. W.; Robinson, A. M.; Scrivins, J.; Vale, W. R. 

F.; Young, R. M. Transport properties of gaseous hydrocarbons. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. 
88

A 231: 280-290 (1955). 

[279] Liberman, A. L.; Lukina, M. Y.; Solovova, O. P.; Kazanskii, B. A. The synth. of paraffins 

containing a quaternary c atom by means of Z alkyls. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 40: 

70 (1943). 

[280] Lichtenfels, D. H.; Fleck, S. A.; Burow, F. H. Anal. Chem. 27: 1510 (1955). 

[281] Maman, A. The preparation and several physicochemical properties of hexane and its 

isomers. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 198: 1323 (1934). 

[282] Maman, A. The hexanes and some related hydrocarbons. Publ. Sci. Tech. Minist. Air (Fr.) 

66: 55 (1935). 

[283] Marker, R. E.; Oakwood, T. S. Hexamethylethane and tetraalkylmethanes. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 60: 2598 (1938). 

[284] Markownikov, W. Trimethylethylmethane. Chem. Zentr. ii: 472 (1899). 

[285] McArdle, E. H.; Robertson, A. E. Solvent properties of isomeric paraffins. Ind. Eng. Chem. 

34: 1005 (1942). 

[286] Moldavskii, L.; Nizovkina, T. V. Hydrogenation of oxygent-contining compounds, III. 

Preparation of 2,3-dimethylbutane from pinacalone. Zhurnal Obshchei Khim 10: 1183 

(1940). 

[287] Nicolini, E.; Laffitte, P. Vapor densities and latent heats of vaporization of pure org. liquids. 

C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 229: 935-936 (1949). 

[288] Noller, C. R. The prep. of zinc alkyls and their use in the synthesis of hydrocarbons. J. Am. 

Chem. Soc. 594 (1929). 

[289] Oberfell, G. G.; Frey, F. E. Oil Gas J. 38: 70 (1939). 

[290] Paz Andrade, M. I. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 2: 103 (1973). 

[291] Pichler, H.; Ziesecke, K. H.; Titzenthaler, E. The composition of hydrocarbons from 

isosynthesis. Brennst.-Chem. 30: 333 (1949). 

[292] Rodger, A. J.; Hsu, C. C.; Furter, W. F. Vapor-liquid equilibria for 23 carbon 

tetrachloride-hydrocarbon syst. J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 362 (1969). 

[293] Sakiadis, B. C.; Coates, J. Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids, Parts I and II. AIChE 

J. 1: 275-288 (1955). 

[294] Sayegh, S. G.; Ratcliff, G. A. Excess Gibbs energies of binary systems of isopentanol and 

n-pentanol with hexane isomers at 25 deg. C: Measurement and prediction by analytical 

group solution model. J. Chem. Eng. Data 21: 71 (1976). 

[295] Schmerling, L.; Friedman, B. S.; Ipatieff, V. N. Notes on preparation and properties of 

some aliphatic hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62: 2446-2449 (1940). 

[296] Serijan, K. T.; Spurr, R. A.; Gibbons, L. C. The system cyclopentane-neohexane-aniline. J. 

Am. Chem. Soc. 68: 1763-1764 (1946). 

[297] Seubold, F. H. The cyclohexyl and cyclopentylmethyl radicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76: 

3732 (1954). 

[298] Shen, W.-G.; Williamson, A. G. Enthalpies of mixing of ternary alkane mixtures with 

branched chain components. Can. J. Chem. 66: 904-907 (1988). 

[299] Smittenberg, J.; Hoog, H.; Henkes, R. A. Freezing points of a number of pure 

hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range and of some of their binary mixtures. J. Am. 

Chem. Soc. 60: 17 (1938). 

[300] Smutny, E. J.; Bondi, A. Di-t-Butyl ether: Strain energy and physical properties. J. Phys. 

Chem. 65: 546-550 (1961). 

[301] Stull, D. R. A Semi-micro calorimeter for measuring heat capacities at low temp. J. Am. 
89

Chem. Soc. 59: 2726 (1937). 

[302] Timmermans, J. Investigation of the freezing point of organic substances VII. Bull. Soc. 

Chim. Belg. 31: 389 (1922). 

[303] Tooke, J. W.; Aston, J. G. Solid solutions in hydrocarbon systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67: 

2275 (1945). 

[304] Tsvetkov, O. B. Thermal conductivity of freon C318 along the saturation boundary. Khol. 

Tekh. 44: 61 (1967). 

[305] Van Risseghem, H. Synthesis of trimethylethylmethane. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 31: 62-66 

(1922). 

[306] Van Wijk, W. R.; Versteeg, J. M. Viscosity of pure hydrocarbons. Ile Congr. Mondial Pet 

2.;Phys Chem. Raffin-age 955 (1937). 

[307] Vilim, O. Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons. Collection Czechoslov, Chem. Commun. 

25: 993-999 (1960). 

[308] Waddington, G.; Douslin, D. R. Experimental vapor heat capacities and heats of 

vaporization of n-hexane and 2,2-dimethylbutane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69: 2275 (1947). 

[309] Westerdijk, J. B.; Waterman, H. I.; Span, H. F. O.; Booij, H.; van Nes, K. J. Inst. Pet. 36: 

(1950) 281. 

[310] Wibaut, J. P.; Gitsels, H. P. L. Refractometric constants of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene. Recl. 

Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 60: 241 (1941). 

[311] Wibaut, J. P.; Hoog, H.; Langedijk, S. L.; Overhoff, J.; Smittenberg, J.; Benninga, N.; 

Bouman, G. P.; van Dijk, H.; Gaade, W.; Geldof, H.; Hackmann, J. T.; Jonker, E. W.; Paap, 

T.; Zuiderweg, F. J. Study on the preparation and the physical constants of a number of 

alkanes and cycloalkanes. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 58: 329 (1939). 

[312] Willingham, C. B.; Taylor, W. J.; Pignocco, J. M.; Rossini, F. D. Vapor pressures and 

boiling points of some paraffin, alkylcyclopentane, alkylcyclohexane and alkylbenzene 

hydrocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 35: 219 (1945). 

[313] Wojciechowski, M. Some physical constants of a few hydrocarbons and their structural 

isomers. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci 73: 361 (1940). 

[314] Young, C. L. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 48 (1974). 

[315] Zhang, D.; Benson, G. C.; Lu, B. C. Y. Excess volume of n-decane + a hexane isomer) at 

298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18: 619 (1986). 

[316] Ait-Kaci, A.; Merlin, J. C. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 70 (1979). 

[317] Aminabhavi, T. M.; Gopalkrishma, B. Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and speeds 

of sound of the binary mixtures of bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether with nonane, decane, 

dodecane, tetradecane, and hexadecane at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. 

Data 39: 529-534 (1994). 

[318] Anselme, M. J.; Gude, M.; Teja, A. S. The critical temperatures and densities of the 

n-alkanes from pentane to octadecane. Fluid Phase Equilib. 57: 317-326 (1990). 

[319] Aracil, J.; Rubio, R. G.; Caceres, M.; Diaz Pena, M.; Renuncio, J. A. R. Excess properties 

of the hexafluorobenzene-n-hexadecane and hexafluorobenzene-benzene-n-hexadecane 

systems at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 31: 71-87 (1986). 

[320] Aracil, J.; Rubio, R. G.; Renuncio, J. A. R.; Diaz Pena, M. Vapour-liquid equilibrium of 

n-tetradecane and of n-hexadecane with hexafluorobenzene and with hexafluorobenzene + 

benzene at 323.15 K. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91: 603-611 (1987). 

[321] Aralaguppi, M. I.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Balundgi, R. H.; Joshi, S. S. Thermodynamic 

interactions in mixtures of bromoform with hydrocarbons. J. Phys. Chem. 95: 5299-5308 
90

(1991). 

[322] Arenosa, R. L.; Rubio, R. G.; Menduina, C.; Diaz Pena, M. Excess enthalpies of binary 

mixtures of ethylbenzene + n-alkanes. J. Chem. Eng. Data 30: 24-26 (1985). 

[323] Asfour, A.-F. A.; Siddique, M. H.; Vavanellos, T. D. Density-composition data for eight 

binary systems containing toluene or ethylbenzene and C(8)-C(16) n-alkanes at 293.15, 

298.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 35: 192-198 (1990). 

[324] Assael, M. J.; Charitidou, E.; Karagiannidis, L. The thermal conductivity of n-hexadecane 

+ ethanol and n-decane + butanol mixtures. Int. J. Thermophys. 12: 491-500 (1991). 

[325] Aucejo, A.; Cruz Burguet, M.; Muñoz, R.; Marques, J. L. Densities, viscosities, and 

refractive indices of some n-alkane binary liquid systems at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 

40: 141-147 (1995). 

[326] Awwad, A. M.; North, A. M.; Pethrick, R. A. J. Chem. Soc.; Faraday Trans. 1 79: 2333 

(1983). 

[327] Awwad, A. M.; Allos, E. I. Volumes of mixing and the isomeric effect. Part 1. Nonane 

isomers with n-nonane and n-hexadecane. J. Solution Chem. 16: 465-474 (1987). 

[328] Awwad, A. M.; Pethrick, R. A. Isentropic compressibilities of hydrocarbons and their 

mixtures. Mixtures of linear and branched-chain alkanes. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 16: 

131-136 (1984). 

[329] Awwad, A. M.; Salman, M.A. Excess Molar Volumes and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures 

of Cyclohexanes and n-Alkane at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 25: 195-208 (1986). 

[330] Awwad, A. M.; Salman, M. A. Volume of mixtures of nonane isomers with normal nonane 

and normal hexadecane at 298.15 K; an interpretation in terms of the Flory-Patterson 

theory. Fluid Phase Equilib. 31: 105-115 (1986). 

[331] Awwad, A. M.; Al-Azzawi, S. F.; Salman, M. A. Volumes and viscosities of benzene + 

n-alkane mixtures. Fluid Phase Equilib. 31: 171-182 (1986). 

[332] Awwad, A. M.; Al-Nidawy, N. K.; Salman, M. A.; Hassan, F. A. Molar excess volumes of 

binary mixtures of ethylbenzene with n-alkanes at 298.15 k; an interpretation in termos of 

the prigogin-flory- patterson model. Thermochim. Acta 114: 337 (1987). 

[333] Awwad, A. M.; Jbara, K. A.; Al-Dujaili, A. H. Excess volumes of n-pentylacetate with 

alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics at 303.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 46: 259-265 (1989). 

[334] Banipal, T. S.; Garg, S. K.; C.; A. J. Heat capacities and densities of liquid n-octane, 

n-nonane, n-decane, and n-hexadecane at temperatures from 318.15 K to 373.15 K and at 

pressures up to 10 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 23: 923-931 (1991). 

[335] Banos, I.; Sanchez, F.; Perez, P.; Valero, J.; Gracia, M. Vapor pressures of 1-butanol with 

n-hexadecane between 293.18 and 323.18 K. Description of 1-butanol + n-alkane systems 

by ERAS model. Fluid Phase Equilib. 81: 165-174 (1992). 

[336] Barber, G. W.; English, J. Reaction of 3,5-Dibromocyclopentene with Grignard reagents. J. 

Am. Chem. Soc. 73: 746-749 (1951). 

[337] Behrends, R.; Kaatze, U. Structural isomerization and molecular motions of liquid 

n-alkanes. Ultrsonic and high-frequency shear viscosity relaxation. J. Phys. Chem. A104: 

3269-3275 (2000). 

[338] Benson, G. C.; Handa, Y. P. Ultrasonic speeds and isentropic compressibilities for 

(decan-1-ol + n-alkane) at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 13: 887-896 (1981). 

[339] Berger, G. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 57: 1029 (1938). 

[340] Bhattacharyya, S. N.; Trejo Rodriguez, A.; Andreoli-Ball, L.; Patterson, D. Int. DATA 

Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 47 (1982). 
91

[341] Boelhouwer, J. W. M. PVT Relations of five liquid n-alkanes. Physica (Amsterdam) 

(1960) 26: 1021-1028. 

[342] Bogatov, G. F.; Rastorguev, Y. L.; Grigor'ev, B. A. Thermal conductivity of normal 

hydrocarbons at high pressures and temperatures (in Russian). Khim. Tech. Topliv Masel 

(1969) 9: 31-33. 

[343] Bradley, R. S.; Shellard, A. D. The rate of evaporation of droplets. III. Vapour pressures 

and rates of evaporation of straight-chain paraffin hydrocarbons. Proc. R. Soc. London, A 

(1949) 198: 239. 

[344] Bridgman, P. W. Further rough compressions to 40,000 kg/sq. cm, especially certain 

liquids. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 77: 129-146 (1949). 

[345] Bronsted, J. N.; Koefoed, J. Mat.-Fiz. Me. -K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. 22: 32 (1946). 

[346] Calingaert, G.; Beatty, H. A.; Kuder, R. C.; Thomson, G. W. Homologous series of alkanes 

density and its temperature coefficient. Ind. Eng. Chem. 33: 103 (1941). 

[347] Camin, D. L.; Forziati, A. F.; Rossini, F. D. Physical properties of n-hexadecane, 

n-decylcyclopentane, n-decylcyclohexane, 1-hexadecene and n-decylbenzene. J. Chem. 

Phys. 58: 440 (1954). 

[348] Carey, P. C.; Smith, J. C. Higher aliphatic compounds: Part III. The preparation of 

paraffins. J. Chem. Soc. 346-347 (1933). 

[349] Celda, B.; Campos, A.; Figueruelo, J. E.; Horta, A. Excess Gibbs function and excess 

volume of n-alkane (1) + 2-butanone (2) systems at 20 °C. J. Phys. Chem. 90: 1137-1143 

(1986). 

[350] Chang, J. S.; Lee, M. J.; Lin, H.-M. Densities of binary mixtures of hexadecane with 

m-xylene and tetralin from 333 K to 413 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. J. Chem. Eng. Data 

43: 233-237 (1998). 

[351] Chawla, B.; Parkash, R.; Suri, S. K. A systematic study on volumetric interactions of 

cyclohexanone with various aliphatic hydrocarbons. Can. J. Chem. 61: 1647 (1983). 

[352] Chevalier, J. L. E.; Petrino, P. J.; Gaston-Bonhomme, Y. H. Viscosity and density of some 

aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons binary liquid mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 

35: 206-212 (1990). 

[353] Chylinski, K.; Stryjek, R. Viscosity of binary bicyclic compounds - hexadecane systems. 

Pol. J. Chem. 54: 1797-1804 (1980). 

[354] Cooper, E. F.; Asfour, A. A. Densities and kinematic viscosities of some c6-c16 n-alkane 

binary liquid systems at 293.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 36: 285-288 (1991). 

[355] Coursey, B. M.; Heric, E. L. Viscosity of some binary systems of hexadecane and normal 

chloroalkanes. J. Chem. Eng. Data 14: 426-430 (1969). 

[356] Deanesly, R. M.; Carleton, L. T. Physical constants of the normal paraffin hydrocarbons. J. 

Phys. Chem. 45: 1104 (1941). 

[357] DeLorenzi, L.; Fermeglia, M.; Torriano, G. Densities and viscosities of 

1,1,1-trichloroethane + paraffins and + cycloparaffins at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 39: 

483-487 (1994). 

[358] Dernini, S.; Polcaro, A. M.; Ricci, P. F.; Marongiu, B. Thermodynamic properties of 

binary mixtures containing cycloalkanones. 2. Excess volumes of cycloalkanones + 

n-alkanes. J. Chem. Eng. Data 32: 194-195 (1987). 

[359] Diaz Pena, M.; Menduina, C. Excess enthalpies at 298.15k of binary mixtures of benzene 

with n-alkanes. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 6: 387 (1974). 

[360] Diaz Pena, M.; Nunez Delgado, J. Excess volumes at 323.15 K of binary mixtures of 
92

benzene with n-alkanes. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 7: 201 (1975). 

[361] Diaz Pena, M.; Tardajos, G. Isothermal compressibilities of n-alkanes and benzene. J. 

Chem. Thermodyn. 10: 19-24 (1978). 

[362] Drahowzal, F. Monatsh. Chem. 82: 767 (1951). 

[363] Ducoulombier, D.; Zhou, H.; Boned, C.; Peyrelasse, J.; Saint-Guirons, H.; Xans, P. 

Pressure (1-1000 bars) and temperature (20-100C) dependence of the viscosity of liquid 

hydrocarbons. J. Phys. Chem. 90: 1692-1700 (1986). 

[364] Dymond, J. H.; Harris, K. R. The temperature and density dependence of the self-diffusion 

coefficient of n-hexadecane. Mol. Phys. 75: 461-466 (1992). 

[365] Dymond, J. H.; Young, K. J. Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures- i. 

viscosity coefficients for n-alkane mixtures at saturation pressure from 283 to 378K. Int. J. 

Thermophysics 1: 331-344 (1980). 

[366] Dymond, J. H.; Young, K. J.; Isdale, J. D. Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid 

mixtures-ii. viscosity coefficients for the n-hexane + n-hexadecane system at temperatures 

from 25 to 100 C at pressures up to the freezing pressure or 500 MPa. Int. J. Thermophys. 

1: 345-373 (1980). 

[367] Evans, E. B. The viscosities of hydrocarbons. Parts I-III. J. Inst. Petroleum Tech. 24: 38 

(1938). 

[368] Fenby, D. V.; Khurma, J. R.; Konner, Z. S.; Block, T. E.; Knobler, C. M.; Reeder, J.; Scott, 

R. L. Isomer effects in mixtures of hydrocarbons: Some experimental excess volumes and 

enthalpies. Aust. J. Chem. 33: 1927 (1980). 

[369] Ferhat-Hamida, Z.; Philippe, R. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1979; 1: 17. 

[370] Fermeglia, M.; Torriano, G. Density, viscosity, and refractive index for binary systems of 

n0C16 and four nonliner alkanes at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 44: 965-969 (1999). 

[371] Findenegg, G. H. Density and expansion coefficient of some liquid alkanes. Monatsh. 

Chem. 101: 1081-1088 (1970). 

[372] Finke, H. L.; Gross, M. E.; Waddington, G.; Huffman, H. M. Low-temperature thermal 

data for the nine normal paraffin hydrocarbons from octane to hexadecane. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 76: 333-341 (1954). 

[373] Fox, H. W.; Hare, E. F.; Zisman, W. A. Wetting properties of organic liquids on 

high-energy surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. 59: 1097 (1955). 

[374] Francis, F.; Wood, N. E. The boiling points of some higher aliphatic n-hydrocarbons. J. 

Chem. Soc. (London) 1420-1423 (1926). 

[375] Gensler, W. J.; Mahadevan, A. P. Hexadecatriyne-5,8,11. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78: 167 

(1956). 

[376] Glaser, M.; Peters, C. J.; van der Kooi, H. J.; Lichtenthaler, R. N. Phase equilibria of 

(methane + n-hexadecane) and (p, V(m), T) of n-hexadecane. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 17: 

(1985) 803-815. 

[377] Gouel, P. Correlations entre la composition des melanges d'hydrocarbures et leurs 

proprietes thermodynamiques. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production 

Alf-Aquitaine 2: 419-467 (1978). 

[378] Graaf, G. H.; Smit, H. J.; Stamhuis, E. J.; Beenackers, A. A. C. M. Gas-liquid solubilities 

of the methanol synthesis components in various solvents. J. Chem. Eng. Data 37: 146 

(1992). 

[379] Granovskaya, A. A. Determination of the vapor pressure of normal hydrocarbons 

(pentadecane and hexadecane). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Ser. Fiz.-Mat. 
93

Estestv.Nauk 7: 47 (1952). 

[380] Griot, A.; Philippe, R.; Merlin, J. C. Thermal compression coeff. and expansion coeff. at 

298.15K for a series of pyridine derivatives. J. Chim. Phys.- Chim. Biol. 79: 671 (1982). 

[381] Griot, A.; Philippe, R.; Merlin, J. C. Thermal pressure and expansion coefficients and 

derived thermodynamic properties at 298.15 K of binary mixtures of methylcyclohexane 

and linear alkanes. J. Chim. Phys.- Chim. Biol. 80: 507 (1983). 

[382] Grolier, J.-P. E.; Inglese, A.; Roux, A. H.; Wilhelm, E. Thermodynamics of 

(1-chloronaphthalene + n-alkane): excess enthalpies, excess volumes and excess heat 

capacities. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 85: 768-772 (1981). 

[383] Heric, E. L.; Brewer, J. G. Viscosity of some binary liquid nonelectrolyte mixtures. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 12: 574-583 (1967). 

[384] Heric, E. L.; Brewer, J. G. Refraction in some binary liquid nonelectrolyte mixtures. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 16: 313-316 (1971). 

[385] Heric, E. L.; Coursey, B. M. Densities and refraction in some binary systems of 

hexadecane and normal chloroalkanes at 25 °C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 16: 185-187 (1971). 

[386] Holmen, R.; Lamvik, M.; Melhus, O. Measurements of the thermal conductivitites of solid 

and liquid unbranched alkanes in the c-16-to c-19 range during phase transition. Int. J. 

Thermophys. 23: 27-39 (2002). 

[387] Holzapfel, K.; Gotze, G.; Kohler, F. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 43 

(1986). 

[388] Holzapfel, K.; Goetze, G.; Kohler, F. Volume and isothermal compressibility of oxolane + 

some normal alkane (C5 - C16). Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 4: 263-268 

(1987). 

[389] Holzapfel, K.; Goetze, G.; Demiriz, A. M.; Kohler, F. Volume and isothermal 

compressibility of some normal alkanes (C5-C16) + 2,3 -dimethylbutane, + 

methylcyclopentane, + butylcyclohexane, + benzene, + 2- propanone, or + 

tetrachloromethane. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 30-56 (1987). 

[390] Ivanov, D.; Ivanov, C.; Stoianova-Ivanova, B. Composition of stearoptene from Bulgarian 

rose oil. II. Saturated hydrocarbons other than eicosane. Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk 7: 17-20 

(1954). 

[391] Jasper, J. J.; Kerr, E. R.; Gregorich, F. The orthobaric surface tensions and thermodynamic 

properties of the liquid surfaces of the n-alkanes, C(5) to C(28). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75: 

5252-5254 (1953). 

[392] Kemula, W.; Buchowski, H.; Pawlowski, W. Effect of the position of substituents in an 

aromatic ring on R(f) and partition coefficients: II. Aromatic amines. Rocz. Chem. 42: 

1951-1965 (1968). 

[393] Klofutar, C.; Paljk, S.; Domanska, U. Heats of solution of 1-nonanol and 1-undecanol in 

n-hexane, n-heptane, n-decane and n-hexadecane at 298.15 K. Thermochim. Acta 158: 

301 (1990). 

[394] Krafft, F. A few higher normal paraffins. Chem. Ber. 19: 2218 (1886). 

[395] Krafft, F. Nineteen higher normal paraffins CnH2n+2 and a simple volume law for the 

saturated liquid state. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 15: 1711 (1882). 

[396] Krafft, F. On nineteen higher normal paraffins and a simple volume law for liquids that 

form drops I. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 15: 1687-1711 (1882). 

[397] Lagerlof, D. Thermodynamic research: reduced formulas for simplified calculations of 

latent molar heat of evaporation. J. Prakt. Chem. 98: 136 (1918). 
94

[398] Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M. M. Excess vol. and excess heat cap. of pyridine or piperidine + 

n-alkane(c7-c16). Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 2: 109-126 (1992). 

[399] Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.-M.; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P. E. Excess volumes and excess heat 

capacities of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15 K. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 34: 332-335 (1989). 

[400] Lal, K.; Tripathi, N.; Dubey, G. P. Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of binary 

liquid mixtures of hexane, decane, hexadecane, and squalane with benzene at 298.15 K. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 45: 961-964 (2000). 

[401] Langedijk, S. L.; Smithuysen, W. C. B. The freezing point diagram of the system 

n-hexadecane + n-hexadecene-1 ( cetene). Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 57: 1050 (1938). 

[402] Larkin, J. A.; Fenby, D. V.; Gilman, T. S.; Scott, R. L. Heats of mixing of nonelectrolyte 

solutions, III. Solutions of the five hexane isomers with hexadecane. J. Phys. Chem. 70: 

(1966) 1959. 

[403] Lee, C. H.; Dempsey, D. M.; Mohamed, R. S.; Holder, G. D. Vapor-liquid equilibria in the 

systems of n-decane/tetralin, n-hexadecane/ tetralin, n-decane/1-methylnaphthalene, and 

1-methylnaphthalene/tetralin. J. Chem. Eng. Data 37: 183-186 (1992). 

[404] Lenoir, J. M.; Hipkin, H. G. Enthalpies of mixtures of n-hexadecane and n-pentane. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 15: 368-371 (1970). 

[405] Levene, P. A. Org. Synth. 15: 27 (1935). 

[406] Levene, P. A.; West, C. J.; Van der Scheer, J. J. Biol. Chem. 20: 521 (1915). 

[407] Lim, C. B.; Williamson, A. G. Excess volumes of ternary and quaternary mixtures of 

n-alkanes. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 12: 65-70 (1980). 

[408] Mabery, C. F. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 19: 502 (1900). 

[409] Mabery, C. F. Am. Chem. J. 28: 174 (1902). 

[410] Mansker, L. D.; Criser, A. C.; Jangkamolkulchai, A.; Luks, K. D. The isothermal 

compressibility of n-paraffin liquids at low pressures. Chem. Eng. Commun. 57: 87 (1987). 

[411] Marsh, K. N.; Organ, P. P. Excess molar enthalpies and excess molar volumes for threeand four-component n-alkane mixtures simulating (n-hexane + n-hexadecane). J. Chem. 

Thermodyn. 17: 835-841 (1985). 

[412] Matsui, M.; Arakawa, S. Mem. Coll. Sci.; Univ. Kyoto, Ser. A. 15: 189 (1932). 

[413] Matthews, M. A.; Rodden, J. B.; Akgerman, A. High-temperature diffusion, viscosity and 

density measurements in n-hexadecane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 32: 317-319 (1987). 

[414] McKinney, J. W. The constitution of kerogen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 968-979 (1924). 

[415] McMakin, L. E. J.; Van Winkle, M. Vapor-liquid equilibrium of 

n-hexadecane-bibenzyl-phenanthrene system at 100 mm. of mercury absolute. J. Chem. 

Eng. Data 7: 9-12 (1962). 

[416] Messow, U.; Doye, U.; Kuntzsch, S. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 2: 156 

(1980). 

[417] Mills, P. L.; Fenton, R. L. Vapor pressures, liquid densities, liquid heat capacities, and 

ideal gas thermodynamic properties for 3-methylhexanal and 3,4-dimethylpentanal. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 32: 266-273 (1987). 

[418] Mogollon, E.; Kay, W. B.; Teja, A. S. Modified sealed-tube method for the determination 

of critical temperature. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 21: 173-175 (1982). 

[419] Mukhamedzyanov, G. K.; Usmanov, A. G.; Tarzimanov, A. A. determination of the 

thermal conductivity of liquid saturated hydrocarbons. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedenii, Neft Gaz 6: 75-79 (1963). 
95

[420] Mumford, S. A.; Phillips, J.W.C. The physical properties of some aliphatic compounds. J. 

Chem. Soc. (London) 75-84 (1950). 

[421] Mustafaev, R. A. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh. 24: 663-668 (1973). 

[422] Myers, H. S. Volatility characteristics of high-boiling hydrocarbons. PhD, Pennsylvania 

State University, College Park, PA (1952). 

[423] Myers, R. S.; Clever, H. L. Surface tension of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and 

hexamethyldisilazane and their solutions with carbon tetrachloride and n-hexadecane. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 14: 161-164 (1969). 

[424] Myers, H. S.; Fenske, M. R. Measurement and correlation of vapor pressures data for high 

boiling hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47: 1652 (1955). 

[425] Nederbragt, G. W.; Boelhouwer, J. W. M. Physica 305 (1947). 

[426] Nhaesi, A. H.; Asfour, A. F. A. Densities and kinematic viscosities of ten regular liquid 

systems at 293.15 and 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 45: 991-995 (2000). 

[427] Oddo, G. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 31 (1901). 

[428] Orwoll, R. A.; Flory, P. J. Equation-of-state parameters for normal alkanes. Correlation 

with chain length thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of n-alkanes. J. Am. Chem. 

Soc. 89: 6814-6822 (1967). 

[429] Parks, G. S.; Moore, G. E.; Renquist, M. L.; Naylor, B. F.; McClaine, L. A.; Fujii, P. S.; 

Hatton, J. A. Thermal data on organic compounds. XXV. Some heat capacity, entropy and 

free energy data for nine hydrocarbons of high molecular weight. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 

3386 (1949). 

[430] Perez, P.; Valero, J.; Gracia, M.; Gutierrez Losa, C. G(E)(m) (298.15 K) of mixtures 

containing 1,2-dichloropropane or 1,3-dichloropropane. J. Chem. Thermdyn. 21: 259-264 

(1989). 

[431] Petrov, A. D.; Kaplan, E. P. Zhurnal Obshchei Khim 12: 99 (1942). 

[432] Philippe, R.; Delmas, G. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 69 (1982). 

[433] Pilcher, G. Anal. Chim. Acta 17: 144 (1957). 

[434] Plebanski, T.; Wozniak, M.; Wilanowska, K. A dilatometric method for measuring the 

density of organic liquids at elevated temperatures. Nauchn. Appar. 1: 47-59 (1986). 

[435] Powell, R. W.; Groot, H. Use of thermal comparator method for thermal conductivity 

measurements on liquids: values for three organic series: normal alcohols, acids and 

saturated hydrocarbons. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 15: 360-366 (1972). 

[436] Prophete, H. Contribution to the study of flowers. Wax from roses. C. R. Hebd. Seances 

Acad. Sci. 183 (1926). 

[437] Queimada, A. J.; Quinones-Cisneros, S. E.; Marrucho, I. M.; Coutinho, J. A. P.; Stenby, E. 

H. Viscosity and liquid density of asymmetric hydrocarbon mixtures. Int. J. Thermophys. 

24: 1221-1239 (2003). 

[438] Ralston, A. W.; Crews, L. T.; Hoerr, C. W. Solubilities of some normal saturated aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. J. Org. Chem. 9: 319-327 (1944). 

[439] Rasskazov, D. S.; Babikov, Y. M.; Filatov, N. Y. Tr. Mosk. Energ. Inst. 179: 62 (1974). 

[440] Rastorguev, Y. I.; Keramidi, A. S. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Neft Gaz 

(1972) 15: 61. 

[441] Ratkovics, F.; Salamon, T.; Domonkos, L. Magy. Kem. Foly. 80: 264 (1974). 

[442] Richardson, J. W.; Parks, G. S. Thermal data on organic compounds XIX. Modern 

combustion data for some non-volatile compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and 

oxygen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 3543 (1939). 
96

[443] Rolo, L. I.; Caco, A. I.; Queimada, A. J.; Marrucho, I. M.; Coutinho, J. A. P. Surface 

tension of heptane, decane, hexadecane, eicosane, and some of their binary mixtures. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 47: 1442-1445 (2002). 

[444] Rosenthal, D. J.; Teja, A. S. The critical properties of n-alkanes using a low-residence time 

flow apparatus. AIChE J. 35: 1829 (1989). 

[445] Sakiadis, B. C.; Coates, J. Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids, Part III. AIChE J. 3: 

121-126 (1957). 

[446] Sanin, P. I.; Melent'eva, N. V. Tr. Inst. Nefti. Akad. Nauk SSSR 13: 58 (1959). 

[447] Seyer, W. F.; Patterson, R. F.; Keays, J. L. The density and transition points of the 

n-paraffin hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 179-182 (1944). 

[448] Smith, J. C. J. Chem. Soc. 737 (1932). 

[449] Smith, R. L.; Anselme, M.; Teja, A. S. World Congress III Chem. Eng., Tokyo, II, 135 

(1986). 

[450] Smith, R. L.; Teja, A. S.; Kay, W. B. Measurement of critical temperatures of thermally 

unstable n-alkanes. AIChE J. 33: 232 (1989). 

[451] Snow, R. L.; Ott, J. B.; Goates, J. R.; Marsh, K. N.; O'Shea, S.; Stokes, R. H. (Solid + 

liquid) and (vapor + liquid) phase equilibria and excess enthalpies for (benzene + 

n-tetradecane), (benzene + n-hexadecane), (cyclohexane + n-tetradecane), and 

(cyclohexane + n-hexadecane) at 293.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K. Comparison of G(E)(m) 

calculated from (vapor + liquid) and (solid + liquid) equilibria. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18: 

107-130 (1986). 

[452] Snyder, P. S.; Winnick, J. The pressure, volume and temperature properties of liquid 

n-alkanes at elevated pressures. Proc. Symp. Thermophys. Prop. 5: 115-129 (1970). 

[453] Sondheimer, F.; Amiel, Y. Unsaturated macrocyclic compounds III. Synthesios of 

cyclohexadeca-1,3,9,11 -tetrayne by a novel cyclization reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 

5817 (1957). 

[454] Sorabji, K. B. B. J. Chem. Soc. 47: 37-41 (1885). 

[455] Suehnel, K.; Geidel, E.; Kaden, R. Excess volumes of binary systems from ketones and 

n-alkanes. Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 267: 593 (1986). 

[456] Tanaka, Y.; Hosokawa, H.; Kubota, H.; Makita, T. Viscosity and density of binary 

mixtures of cyclohexane with n-octane, n-dodecane, and n-hexadecane under high 

pressures. Int. J. Thermophysics 12: 245-264 (1991). 

[457] Tardajos, G.; Pena, M. D.; Aicart, E. Speed of sound in pure liquids by a 

pulse-echo-overlap method. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18: 683-689 (1986). 

[458] Tardajos, G.; Aicart, E.; Costas, M.; Patterson, D. Liquid structure and second-order 

mixing functions for benzene, toluene and p-xylene with n-alkanes. J. Chem. Soc.; Faraday 

Trans. 1 82: 2977-2987 (1986). 

[459] Tarzimanov, A. A.; Mashirov, V. E. Experimental investigation of the thermal 

conductivity of vapours of normal saturated hydrocarbons at temperatures up to 450 deg C. 

Teploenergetika (Moscow) 14: 67 (1967). 

[460] Teja, A. S.; Rice, P. Densities of benzene-n-alkane mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 21: 

173-175 (1976). 

[461] Teja, A. S.; Gude, M.; Rosenthal, D. J. Novel methods for the measurement of the critical 

properties of thermally unstable fluids. Fluid Phase Equilib. 52: 193 (1989). 

[462] Terhoff, W. Recovery of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane). Brauwissenschaft 28: 52 

(1975). 
97

[463] Tilicheev, M. D.; Kachmarchik, Y. M. Neft. Khoz. 25: 45 (1947). 

[464] Tilicheev, M. D.; Kachmarchik, Y. M. Basic physico-chemical constants of n-alkanes 

c(13)-c(19). Zhurnal Obshchei Khim 21: 78-85 (1951). 

[465] Tilicheev, M. D.; Peshkov, V. P.; Yuganova, S. A. Cryoscopic constants and transition 

temperatures of normal alkanes. Zhurnal Obshchei Khim 21: 1229-1237 (1951). 

[466] Trejo, L. M. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 14 (1991). 

[467] Treszczanowicz, A. J.; Kiyohara, O.; Benson, G. C. Excess volumes for n-alkanols + 

n-alkanes. IV. Binary mixtures of decan-1-ol + n-pentane, + n-hexane, + n-octane, + 

n-decane, and + n-hexadecane. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 13: 253-260 (1981). 

[468] Treszczanowicz, T.; Benson, G. C.; Lu, B. C. Y. Excess volumes for binary mixtures 

formed by 2,5,8,11- tetraoxadodecane or 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane with 

homologous n-alkanes. Thermochim. Acta 168: 95-102 (1990). 

[469] Tuot, M.; Guyard, M. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1086-1096 (1947). 

[470] Ubbelohde, A. R. Structure and thermodynamic properties of long-chain compounds. 

Trans. Farad. Soc. 34: 282 (1938). 

[471] Van Hook, A.; Silver, L. Premelting anomalies of some long-chain normal paraffin 

hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys. 10: 686-690 (1942). 

[472] Vavanellos, T. D.; Asfour, A.-F.; Siddique, M. H. Kinematic viscosity-composition data 

for eight binary systems containing toluene or ethylbenzene and c8-c16 n-alkanes at 

308.15 and 313.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 36: 281-284 (1991). 

[473] Vogel, A. I. Physical properties and chemical constitution. Part IX. Aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

J. Chem. Soc. 1946: 133-139 (1946). 

[474] Wada, Y.; Nagasaka, Y.; Nagashima, A. Measurements and correlation of the thermal 

conductivity of liquid n-paraffin hydrocarbons and their binary and ternary mixtures. Int. J. 

Thermophys. 6: 251-265 (1985). 

[475] Wakefield, D. L. Viscosities of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. III. Selected binary and 

quaternary mixtures. Int. J. Thermophysics 1988; 9: 365-381. 

[476] Wakefield, D. L.; Marsh, K. N. Viscosities of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. I. 

n-hexadecane + n-octane. Int. J. Thermophys. 8: 649-662 (1987). 

[477] Wang, L.; Benson, G. C.; Lu, B. C.-Y. Excess volumes for binary mixtures of n-butyl 

methyl ether with n-alkanes at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 35: 242-244 (1990). 

[478] Waterman, H. I.; Leendertse, J. J.; Van Krevelen, D. W. Preparation of some pure 

hydrocarbons for the purpose of testing physical methods in use for the examination of 

hydrocarbon mixtures. Rev. Pet. Technol. (London) 25 (1939). 

[479] Whitmore, F. C.; Sommer, L. H.; DiGiorgio, P. A.; Strong, W. A.; Van Strein, R. E.; 

Bailey, D. L.; Hall, H. K.; Pietrusza, E. W.; Kerr, G. T. Organo-silicon compounds, i. 

synthesis and properties of n-alkyltrimethyl-and n-alkyltriethyl-silanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 

68: 475-481 (1946). 

[480] Wilhelm, E.; Lainez, A.; Roux, A. H.; Grolier, J.-P. E. Excess molar volumes and heat 

capacities of (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene + an n-alkane) and (1-chloronpahthalene + an 

n-alkane). Thermochim. Acta 105: 101 (1986). 

[481] Wilhelm, E.; Inglese, A.; Roux, A. H.; Grolier, J.-P. E. Excess enthalpy, excess heat 

capacity and excess volume of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene +, and 1-methylnaphthalene + an 

n-alkane. Fluid Phase Equilib. 34: 49-67 (1987). 

[482] Witek, M.; Goldon, A.; Hofman, T.; Domanska, U. Densities and excess volumes of 

methyl 1,1-dimethylpropyl ether + benzene, or cyclohexane, or an alkane (C6-C16) at 
98

298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 42: 60-63 (1997). 

[483] Wu, J.; Shan, Z.; Asfour, A. A. Viscometric properties of multicomponent liquid n-alkanes. 

Fluid Phase Equilib. 143: 263-274 (1998). 

[484] Young, S. On the boiling points of the normal paraffins at different pressures; Proc. Roy. 

Irish Acad. 38B, 65-92 (1928). 

[485] Zeinalov, B. K.; Leikakh, V. S. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Az. SSR 10: 3 (1954). 

[486] Ziegler, K.; Dersch, F.; Wollthan, H. Alkali organic compounds XI. Mechanism of 

polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons by alkali metal and alkali alkyls. Justus 

Liebigs Ann. Chem. 511: 13-44 (1934). 

[487] Aicart, E.; Tardajos, G.; Diaz Pena, M. Isothermal compressibility of 

cyclohexane-n-decane, cyclohexane-n-dodecane, and cyclohexane-n-tetradecane. J. Chem. 

Eng. Data 26: 22-26 (1981). 

[488] Allemand, N.; Jose, J.; Michou-Saucet, C. An instrument for the measurement of vapor 

pressure (range: 3-1000 Pa). Thermochim. Acta 98: 237-253 (1986). 

[489] Allemand, N.; Jose, J.; Merlin, J. C. Measurement of the vapor pressure of hydrocarbons 

c10 to c18 n-alkanes and n-alkylbenzenes in the range 3-1000 Pascal. Thermochim. Acta 

105: 79-90 (1986). 

[490] Ambrose, D.; Townsend, R. Critical temperatures and pressures of some alkanes. Trans. 

Faraday Soc. 64: 2622-2631 (1968). 

[491] Aminabhavi, T. M.; Banerjee, K. Thermodynamic interactions in binary mixtures of 

1-chloronaphthalene with n-alkanes. Ind. J. Chem. 40A: 53-64 (2001). 

[492] Aminabhavi, T. M.; Patil, V. B. Density, refractive index, viscosity, and speed of sound in 

binary mixtures of ethylbenzene with hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, and 

dodecane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 42: 641-646 (1997). 

[493] Aralaguppi, M. I.; Jadar, C. V.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Density, Refractive index, viscosity, 

and speed of sound in binary mixtures of cyclohexanone with hexane, heptane, octane, 

nonane, decane, dodecane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 44: 435-440 

(1999). 

[494] Aucejo, A.; Part, E.; Medina, P.; Sancho-Tello, M. Viscosity of some 

n-alkane/1-chloroalkane binary liquid mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 31: 143-145 (1986). 

[495] Aucejo, A.; Burguet, M. C.; Munoz, R.; Marques, J. L. Densities, viscosities, and refractive 

indices of some n-alkane binary liquid systems at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 40: 

141-147 (1995). 

[496] Aucejo, A.; Part, E.; Medina, P.; Sancho-Tello, M. Viscosity of some 

n-alkane/1-chloroalkane binary liquid mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 31: 143-145 (1986). 

[497] Awwad, A. M.; Allos, E.I. Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of isooctane and 

n-alkane at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 22: 353-365 (1985). 

[498] Beale, E. S. L.; Docksey, P. A Wide Range Boiling-point conversion chart for 

hydrocarbons and petroleum products. J. Inst. Petrol. Tech. 21: 860-870 (1935). 

[499] Benson, G. C.; Kumaran, M. K.; Treszczanowicz, A. J.; D'Arcy, P. J.; Halpin, C. J. 

Thermodynamic properties for 2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecane + n-dodecane mixtures at 

298.15 K. Thermochim. Acta 95: 59 (1985). 

[500] Bessieres, D.; Saint-Guirons, H.; Daridon, J.-L. High pressure measurement of n-doceane 

heat capacity up to 100 MPa. Calculation from equations of state. High Pressure Research 

18: 279-284 (2000). 

[501] Bidlack, D. L.; Anderson, D. K. Mutual diffusion in nonideal, nonassociating liquid 
99

systems. J. Phys. Chem. 68: 3790-3794 (1964). 

[502] Bingham, E. C.; Fornwalt, H. J. Chemical constitution and association. J. Rheol. 1: 

372-417 (1930). 

[503] Burgdorf, R.; Zocholl, A.; Arlt, W.; Knapp, H. Thermophysical properties of binary liquid 

mixtures of polyether and n-alkane at 298.15 and 323.15 K: Heat of mixing, heat capacity, 

viscosity, density and thermal conductivity. Fluid Phase Equilib. 164: 225-255 (1999). 

[504] Campbell, T. W.; Burney, W.; Jacobs, T. L. The reaction of Gignard reagents with 

d-t-butyl peroxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72: 2735 (1950). 

[505] Caudwell, D. R.; Trusler, J. P. M.; Vesovic, V.; Wakeham, W. A. The viscosity and density 

of n-dodecane and n-octadecane at pressures up to 473 K. 15th Intl. Symp. on 

Thermophysical Properties, Boulder, CO (2003). 

[506] Celda, B.; Gavara, R.; Tejero, R.; Figueruelo, J. E. Dynamic viscosities of n-alkanes and 

2-butanone mixtures at 20 deg. C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 32: 31-33 (1987). 

[507] Crawford, W.; Harbourn, C. L. A. Anal. Chem. 27: 1449 (1955). 

[508] Cutler, W. G. A study of the compressions of several high molecular weight hydrocarbons. 

Ph.D.; Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (1955). 

[509] Cutler, W. G.; McMickle, R.H.; Webb, W.; Schiessler, R.W. Study of the compressions of 

several high molecular weight hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys. 29: 727-740 (1958). 

[510] Dejoz, A.; Gonzalez-Alfaro, V.; Miguel, P. J.; Vazquez, M. I. Isobaric vapor-liquid 

equilibria for binary systems composed of octane, decane and dodecane at 20 kPa. J. Chem. 

Eng. Data 41: 93-96 (1996). 

[511] Dornte, R. W.; Smyth, C. P. The dielectric polarization of liquids. X. The polarization and 

refraction of the normal paraffins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52: 3546-3552 (1930). 

[512] Drabek, O.; Cibulka, I. Excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of acetic acid and 

propionic acid with some members of homologous series of alkanes. Collection 

Czechoslov, Chem. Commun. 56: 736-744 (1991). 

[513] Dymond, J. H.; Robertson, J.; Isdale, J. D. Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid 

mixtures. III. Viscosity coefficients for n-octane, n-dodecane, and equimolar mixtures of 

n-octane + n-dodecane from 25 to 100 C at pressures up to the freezing pressure of 500 

MPa. Int. J. Thermophys. 2: 133-154 (1981). 

[514] Dymond, J. H.; Robertson, J.; Isdale, J. D. (p, Rho, T) of some pure n-alkanes and binary 

mixtures of n-alkanes in the range 298 to 373 K and 0.1 to 500 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 

14: 51-59 (1982). 

[515] Dymond, J. H.; Glen, N. F.; Isdale, J. D. Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid 

mixtures - VII. Viscosity coefficients for isooctane and for equimolar mixtures of 

isooctane + n-octane and isooctane + n-dodecane from 25 to 100 °C at pressures up to 500 

MPa or to the freezing pressure. Int. J. Thermophys. 6: 233-250 (1985). 

[516] Francis, A. W. Pressure-temperature-liquid density relations of pure hydrocarbons. Ind. 

Eng. Chem. 1779-1786 (1957). 

[517] Garcia, B.; Alcalde, R.; Aparicio, S.; Leal, J. M. Thermophysical behavior of 

methylbenzoate + n-alkanes mixed solvents. application of cubic equations of state and 

viscosity models. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41: 4399-4408 (2002). 

[518] Gensler, W. J.; Mahadevan, A. P.; Casella, J. Preparation and constitution of 

nonadiyne-1,4. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78: 163 (1956). 

[519] Gierycz, P.; Rogalski, M.; Malanowski, S. Vapour-liquid equilibria in binary systems 

formed by n-methylpyrrolidone with hydrocarbons and hydroxyl derivatives. Fluid Phase 
100

Equilib. 22: 107-122 (1985). 

[520] Giller, E. B.; Drickamer, H. G. Viscosity of normal paraffins near the freezing point. Ind. 

Eng. Chem. 41: 2067-2069 (1949). 

[521] Gomez-Ibanez, J.; Liu, C.-T. The excess volume of mixtures of cyclohexane and some 

normal alkanes. J. Phys. Chem. 65: 2148-2151 (1961). 

[522] Gonzalez, B.; Dominguez, A.; Tojo, J. Viscosities, densities and speeds of sound of the 

binary systems: 2-propanol with octane, or decane, or dodecane at T=(293.15, 298.15, and 

303.15)K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 35: 939-953 (2003). 

[523] Gouel, P. Density of alkanes (C6 to C16) cyclics and alkyl-benzenes. Bull. Cent. Rech. 

Explor.-Prod. Elf-Aquitaine 2: 211-225 (1978). 

[524] Grigg, R. B.; Goates, J. R.; Ott, J. B. Excess volumes and excess enthalpies for 

(n-dodecane + n-octane) and excess volumes for (n-dodecane + cyclohexane) at 298.15 K. 

J. Chem. Thermodyn. 14: 101-102 (1982). 

[525] Grolier, J.-P.; Benson, G. C. Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures containing 

ketones. VIII. Heat capacities and volumes of some n-alkanone + n-alkane mixtures at 

298.15 K. Can. J. Chem. 62: 949-953 (1984). 

[526] Guieu, R.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Carbonnel, L. Int. DATA Ser.; Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1: 50 

(1980). 

[527] Hamam, S. E. M.; Kumaran, M. K.; Zhang, D.; Benson, G. C. Excess enthalpies of binary 

mixtures of 2,4-dimethylpentane with n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and n-dodecane. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 30: 222-224 (1985). 

[528] Hansen, R. S.; Hansen, R. D. J. Phys. Chem. 59: 496 (1955). 

[529] Hogenboom, D. L.; Webb, W.; Dixon, J. A. Viscosity of several liquid hydrocarbons as a 

function of temperature, pressure, and free volume. J. Chem. Phys. 46: 2586-2598 (1967). 

[530] Horie, H.; Morikawa, K. Research on compostion of fushun shale oil. XIV. Properties and 

paraffin hydrocarbons of the cuts distilling at 200-240 deg. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 41: 

401-403 (1938). 

[531] Houser, H. F.; McLean, A. M. Vapor-liquid equilibria of naphthalene-n-dodecane, 

n-dodecane-butyl carbitol, and naphthalene-butyl carbitol systems at subatmospheric press. 

Chem. Eng. Data Series 2: 12-16 (1957). 

[532] Iwahashi, M.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Ogura, Y.; Suzuki, M. Dynamical structures of normal 

alkanes, alcohols, and fatty acids in the liquid state as determined by viscosity, 

self-diffusion coefficient, infrared spectra, and 13CNMR spin-lattice relaxation time 

measurements. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 63: 2154-2158 (1990). 

[533] Jessup, R. S.; Stanley, C. L. Heats and volumes of mixing in several c12 hydrocarbon 

systems. J. Chem. Eng. Data 6: 368-371 (1961). 

[534] Jobst, W. Measurement of thermal conductivitites of organic aliphatic liquids by an 

absolute unsteady-state method. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 7: 725-732 (1964). 

[535] Kashiwagi, H.; Makita, T. Viscosity of twelve hydrocarbon liquids in the temperature 

range 298-348 K at pressures up to 110 MPa. Int. J. Thermophysics 3: 289-305 (1982). 

[536] Kashiwagi, H.; Oishi, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Kubota, H.; Makita, T. Thermal conductivity of 

fourteen liquids in the temperature range 298-373 K. Int. J. Thermophys. 3: 101-116 

(1982). 

[537] Keistler, J. R.; Andrews, L. J. Vapor-liquid equlibria at subatmospheric pressures. 

hexadecene. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44: 622-624 (1952). 

[538] Keramidi, A. S.; Rastorguev, Ya. L. Viscosity of n-dodecane. Izvestiya Vysshikh 
101

Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Neft Gaz 13: 113-114 (1970). 

[539] Kharasch, M. S.; Holton, P. G.; Nudenberg, W. J. Org. Chem. 19: 1600 (1954). 

[540] Kincannon, C. B.; Manning, E. Purification of normal paraffins. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47: 149 

(1955). 

[541] Knapstad, B.; Skjolsvik, P. A.; Oye, H. A. Viscosity of pure hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. 

Data 34: 37-43 (1989). 

[542] Knapstad, B.; Skjolsvik, P. A.; Oye, H. A. Viscosity of three binary hydrocarbon mixtures. 

J. Chem. Eng. Data 36: 84-88 (1991). 

[543] Kurtyka, Z. M.; Kurtyka, E. A. Vapor-liquid equilibria in the systems 

aniline-pseudocumene, o-toluidine-n-decane, and m-xylidine-n-dodecane at atmos. press. 

J. Chem. Eng. Data 24: 15 (1979). 

[544] Landau, R.; Wuerflinger, A. PVT data of acetonitrile, undecane and dodecane to 3 kbar and 

−50 C pressure dependence and change of volume, enthalpy and entropy. Ber. Bunsenges. 

Phys. Chem. 84: 895-902 (1980). 

[545] Leslie, R. T.; Heuer, W. W. Study of the crystal behavior of hydrocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. 

(U.S.) J. Res. 18: 639 (1937). 

[546] Lyvers, H. I.; Belyanina, E. T. Vapor-liquid equilibria of the naphthalene-n-dodecane and 

naphthalene -dipropylene glycol systems at 100 Mm of mercury. J. Chem. Eng. Data 3: 60 

(1958). 

[547] Mair, B. J. The synthesis, purification, and certain physical constants of the normal 

hydrocarbons from pentane to dodecane, of n-amyl bromide and of n-nonyl bromide. Nat. 

Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 9: 457 (1932). 

[548] Mallan, G. M.; Michaelian, M. S.; Lockhart, F. J. Liquid thermal conductivities of organic 

compounds and petroleum fractions. J. Chem. Eng. Data 17: 412-414 (1972). 

[549] Mears, T. W.; Stanley, C. L.; Compere, E. L.; Howard, F. L. Synthesis, purification, and 

physical properties of seven twelve-carbon hyd rocarbons. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) J. Res. 

67: 475 (1963). 

[550] Moreiras, A. F.; Garcia, J.; Lugo, L.; Comunas, M. J. P.; Lopez, E. R.; Fernandez, J. 

Experimental densities and dynamic viscosities of organic carbonate + n-alkane or 

p-xylene systems at 298.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 204: 233-243 (2003). 

[551] Morse, B. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957; 79: 3375. 

[552] Mukhamedzyanov, I. K.; Mukhamedzyanov, G. Kh.; Usamov, A.G. Thermal conductivity 

of liquid saturated hydrocarbons from 1 to 2250 bar (in Russian). Trudy Kazanskogo 

Khimoco Tekhnol. Inst. 47: 22-28 (1971). 

[553] Mustafaev, R. A. Thermal conductivity of the vapors of normal saturated hydrocarbons at 

high temperatures. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Neft Gaz 16: 71-74 (1973). 

[554] Nayak, J. N.; Aralaguppi, M. I.; Aminanbhavi, T. M. Density, viscosity, refractive index, 

and speed of sound for the binary mixtures of ethyl chloroacetate with n-alkanes (C6 to 

C12) at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 46: 891-896 (2001). 

[555] Neruchev, Y. A.; Zotov, V. V.; Otpushchennikov, N. F. Velocity of sound in the 

homologous series of n-alkanes. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 43: 1597-1599 (1969). 

[556] Ortega, J.; Paz-Andrade, M. I.; Rodriguez-Nunez, E.; Jimenez, E. Excess molar volumes of 

binary mixtures of 2-hexanone with n-alkane at 298.15 K. Can. J. Chem. 63: 3354-3356 

(1985). 

[557] Ortega, J.; Paz-Andrade, M. I.; Rodriguez, E. Excess molar volumes of the mixtures 

hexan-2-ol + n-alkane at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 31: 336-338 (1986). 
102

[558] Ortega, J.; Matos, J. S.; Pena, J. A.; Paz Andrade, M. I.; Pias, L.; Fernandez, J. Isobaric 

expansivities of the binary mixtures C3H7(OH)+CnH2n+2 (n=11,12) between 288.15 and 

318.15 K. Thermochim. Acta 131: 57 (1988). 

[559] Ott, J. B.; Goates, J. R. (Solid + liquid) phase equilibria in binary mixtures containing 

benzene, a cycloalkane, an n-alkane, or tetrachloromethane. An equation for representing 

(solid + liquid) phase equilibria. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 15: 267-278 (1983). 

[560] Pak, S. C.; Kay, W. B. The critical properties of binary hydrocarbon systems. Ind. Eng. 

Chem. Fundam. 11: 255-267 (1972). 

[561] Quayle, O. R.; Day, R. A.; Brown, G. M. A study of organic parachors. VII. A series of 

saturated hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 938-941 (1944). 

[562] Sahgal, A.; Hayduk, W. Ethylene solubility and diffusivity in hexane-dodecane and 

ethylene glycol-butanol solutions. J. Chem. Eng. Data 24: 222-227 (1979). 

[563] Schmidt, R. L.; Randall, J. C.; Clever, H. L. The surface tension and density of binary 

hydrocarbon mixtures: benzene-n-hexane and benzene-n-dodecane. J. Phys. Chem. 70: 

3912-3916 (1966). 

[564] Seyer, W. F. Mutual solubilities of hydrocarbons, II. The freezing point curves of 

dotricontane (dicetyl) in dodecane, decane, octane, hexane, cyclohexane and benzene. J. 

Am. Chem. Soc. 60: 827-830 (1938). 

[565] Shen, S.; Wang, Y.; Feng, H.; Shi, J. Measurement of excess enthalpies for alkane-ketone 

systems. Nanjing Huagong Xueyuan Xuebao 13: 50-52 (1991). 

[566] Shepard, A. F.; Henne, A.L.; Midgley, T. Physical properties of the normal paraffin 

hydrocarbons, pentane to dodecane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53: 1948-1958 (1931). 

[567] Smith, J. F. D. The thermal conductivity of liquids. Trans. ASME 58: 719-725 (1936). 

[568] Sondheimer, F.; Amiel, Y.; Wolovsky, R. Unsaturated macrocyclic compounds iv. the 

oxidation of terminal diacetylenes to macrocyclic tetraacetaylenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 

6263 (1957). 

[569] Suri, S. K. Thermodynamic properties of solutions containing an aliphatic amine. 2. 

excess volumes of binary mixtures of triethylamine with 12 hydrocarbons at 313.15 K. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 25: 390-393 (1980). 

[570] Takagi, T.; Teranishi, H. Ultrasonic speeds and thermodynamics for binary solutions of 

n-alkanes under high pressures. Fluid Phase Equilib. 20: 315-320 (1985). 

[571] Tanaka, Y.; Itani, Y.; Kubota, H.; Makita, T. Thermal conductivity of five normal alkanes 

in the temperature range 283-373 K at pressures up to 250 MPa. Int. J. Thermophysics 9: 

331-350 (1988). 

[572] Timmermans, J. Researches in stoichiometry. I. The heat of fusion of organic compounds. 

Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 44: 17-40 (1935). 

[573] Trenzado, J. L.; Matos, J. S.; Segade, L.; Carballo, E. Densities, viscosities, and related 

properties of some (methyl ester + alkane) binary mixtures in the temperature range from 

283.15 to 313.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 46: 974-983 (2001). 

[574] Treszczanowicz, T.; Lu, B. C.-Y. Isothermal vapour-liquid equilibria for 11 examples of 

(an ether + a hydrocarbon). J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18: 213-220 (1986). 

[575] Treszczanowicz, T.; Benson, G. C.; Lu, B. C.-Y. Excess enthalpies for binary mixtures of 2, 

5,8-trioxanonane or 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane with n-alkanes at 298.15 K. J. Chem. 

Eng. Data 33: 379-381 (1988). 

[576] Tsimering, L.; Kertes, A. S. Excess enthalpies of tri-n-butylphosphate + hydrocarbons. J. 

Chem. Thermodyn. 6: 411-415 (1974). 
103

[577] Vogel, L.; Schuberth, H. Some thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic data of the system 

n-hexane/n-dodecane. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Univ. 

Halle-Wittenberg, Math.--Naturwiss. Reihe 38: 153-156 (1989). 

[578] Wang, L.; Benson, G. C.; Lu, B. C.-Y. Excess enthalpies for (di-n-propyl ether + n-alkane) 

at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 20: 975-979 (1988). 

[579] Weissler, A.; Del Grosso, V. A. Ultrasonic investigation of liquids. VI. Acetylene 

derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72: 4209-4210 (1950). 

[580] Yanes, C.; Maestre, A.; Perez-Tejeda, P.; Calvente, J. J. Excess molar volumes and 

refractive indices of Cis-9-octadecenoic acid + n-alkanes or alkan-1-Ols at 298.15 K. J. 

Chem. Eng. Data 38: 512-515 (1993). 

[581] Zook, H. D.; Goldey, R. N. Coupling of lithium alkyls and alkyl halides. Metal-halogen 

exchange reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75: 3975 (1953). 
104

Appendix A. Discussion of Chemical Characterization

A.1. Procedures 

A sample of RP-1 kerosene-based rocket propellant was presented for analysis. The 

sample was drawn with a disposable pipette from a 5-gallon steel pail supplied by the Air Force 

Research Lab (designated P000016660). The liquid sample had a pale-red cast provided by a dying 

agent, and appeared to have the viscosity of a typical kerosene. The liquid had the characteristic 

kerosene odor. 

The sample was analyzed with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. A 30 m 

capillary column with a 0.1 μm coating of 5 % phenyl polydimethyl siloxane was chosen as the 

stationary phase. This phase provides separations based upon boiling temperature and also the 

polarity of the solute. In this context, polarity also includes points of unsaturation or aromaticity on 

the solute molecule. The sample was injected via a syringe into a split/splitless injector set with a 

100 to 1 split ratio. The injector was operated at 350 °C and a constant head pressure of 69 kPa (10 

psig). The sample residence time in the injector was very short, thus the effect of sample exposure 

to this high temperature is expected to be minimal. The column was temperature programmed to 

provide complete and rapid elution with minimal loss of peak shape. Initially, the temperature was 

maintained isothermally at 60 °C for 2 min, followed by a 2 °C /min ramp to 90 °C, followed by a 

10 °C /min ramp to 250 °C. Although the analysis was allowed to run for 40 min, all peaks were 

eluted after approximately 27 min. Mass spectra were collected for each peak from 15 to 550 

RMM (relative molecular mass) units. The areas under each peak were integrated with a 

commercial algorithm optimized to identify peaks that were at least an order of magnitude larger 

than the noise level. 
105

A.2. Results 

Approximately 250 peaks can be discerned on the total ion chromatogram. Not all of these were 

chosen for integration, however. The integration protocol mentioned above selected only 70 peaks 

as exceeding the threshold peak width and intensity established for recognition. Of these, a subset 

was chosen for examination. These were divided into four groups: 

First tier: Peaks representing 2 % (mass/mass) or higher 

Second tier: Peaks representing 1 % or higher 

Lights: Peaks that elute very early 

Heavies: Peaks that elute very late 

A few comments about the above categories are in order. First, the mass percents referred 

to are based on the assumption that all peaks have identical response factors. Thus, the mass 

percents obtained from the total ion chromatogram were recorded without calibration. To apply a 

calibration to the mass, one would have to make standard mixtures of each of the components of 

RP-1. Since we do not have all of the pure components to make up calibration mixtures, or the time 

and resources to do so, the only practical alternative was the assumption of equal response. What is 

the consequence of this assumption? 

In general, the total ion current, and therefore the intensity of the peaks on a total ion 

chromatogram, depends upon the number and intensity of the fragments produced by the 

constituents. A greater ion current will be produced by species that produce more fragments. Thus 

larger heavier species that produce a richer fragmentation pattern will tend to be over-represented 

in intensity on the total ion chromatogram. On the other hand, smaller, lighter species, which will 

produce a less rich fragmentation pattern, will be more efficiently carried into the source. The 

larger heavier ones will be more likely to adsorb on surfaces along the way, despite efforts to 
106

prevent that. These two effects will cancel to some extent. In the case of RP-1, even the smaller 

molecules are reasonably rich in fragments. Therefore, the assumption of equal response factor is 

unlikely to be a major source of uncertainty. 

The terms heavy and light need some explanation. In this context, they refer only to the 

time that is required for the components producing the peaks to emerge from the column. Note 

however that the column is not a pure boiling point column. Thus, the last component out is not 

necessarily the heaviest in terms of RMM. Unsaturation will play a role in this as well. Thus, if 

components of lighter RMM emerge after components of heavier RMM, this is not a concern. 

Rather, this is expected. 

The constituents in the heavy category were not integrated for mass percent. This is 

because as the chromatogram proceeds, the peaks broaden and are less amenable to integration. 

Thus, to integrate these peaks, one needs a protocol different from that used with the earlier peaks. 

While this could have been done, there was no reason to do so for the purpose of this study. 

The components that have been identified represent 70 % of the total constituents of the 

RP-1 sample. Note that the dye is not among those materials identified. 

A.3. Identification of Components 

The ability to view the mass spectrum of each peak provides a great deal of insight into the 

identity of the constituent that produced it. It must be understood that it is not necessarily 

unequivocal, however. Not all peaks on a mass spectrum are created equally. Some are very 

instructive, some are ubiquitous, and some are distractions. The automated search routines that are 

available seek to match mass spectra with library file spectra. In all of these routines, match quality 

is determined by the intensity of a peak and also the m/e, or RMM value, of the fragment that the 

peak represents. Once a database routine finds a "match," it provides a quality factor based upon 
107

the match up of these two parameters: intensity and m/e. A higher quality factor results from the 

match of a heavier and more intense m/e peak. An unfortunate consequence of the procedure is 

that very often, the highest quality factor matches are nonsense, and that the slate of matches that is 

produced is of matches unrelated chemically. For this reason, it is very rare for one to be able to 

have "the computer" find the matches for you. Rather, each mass spectrum will have to be 

interpreted individually, by hand. 

It is critical to correctly identify the parent ion packet on the mass spectrum, and make sure 

that the computer has done so properly. If the computer has failed to do so, it is time to ignore the 

computer and to start analyzing the mass spectrum. In 80 % of the spectra analyzed here, the 

software failed to properly identify the parent ion packet. In the tables shown in the text of this 

report, the quality factor is normalized to 100 and is referred to as the correlation coefficient. 

Sometimes a high number is obtained for this, sometimes not. Occasionally, the software will 

"identify" a compound and assign it a correlation coefficient of 90 (very high). Then, upon looking 

at the spectrum, it is apparent that the match is 200 m/e units heavier than the compound being 

matched. The parent ion packed was misidentified by the computer, leading the operator "down the 

garden path." It is always possible to calculate the correlation coefficient, however, even if it is 

meaningless. In these instances, one must scroll through the spectrum until the correct pattern is 

recognized. Thus, even when a relatively low quality factor is obtained, the identification may be 

very certain. It becomes a matter of ignoring the m/e peaks that the computer weighted too heavily. 

In the tables of results, the correlation coefficient is given, as well as a confidence 

indication. These range from U,S (uncertain and/or speculative) to M (confident) to H (highly 

confident). The purpose of the foregoing discussion on mass spectral interpretation, while by no 

means complete, was to give proper context for interpretation of the correlation coefficient and 
108

confidence columns in the tables of results. 

In all cases, the chromatographic peaks were examined for mass spectral purity. What is 

meant by this is that each peak was examined to determine whether the beginning, centroid, and 

end of the peak represented the mass spectrum of the same compound. When two peaks closely 

elute, there is inevitably some chemical impurity of the overlapping tails of the peak. Examining 

the peak for mass spectral purity ensures that the most reliable region will be chosen for the 

identification. 

The peaks are listed in the tables by retention time on the total ion chromatogram. This is 

determined at the peak apex. Usually, well shaped Gaussian-like peaks were obtained, consistent 

with high efficiency and high selectivity. Nearly all resolved peaks were resolved to baseline. In 

some cases, the mass spectra were determined from the spectrum taken at the peak apex, while in 

other cases, an average over just part or all of the chromatographic peak was used. This is denoted 

in the profile column in each table as a S(ingle) or A(verage). We conclude that the RP-1 sample 

used in this work is unusual because it has a surprising number of unsaturated compounds present. 

A.4. Thermal Decomposition

 The global decomposition kinetics of RP-1 was investigated at elevated temperatures and a 

function of time. From these experiments, a global pseudo-first-order rate constant was derived 

that describes the overall decomposition of the RP-1 sample. Those results are presented in Table 

7. 

Bibliography for Chemical Characterization 

Bruno, T. J.; Svoronos, P. D. N. CRC handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis, CRC 

Press: Boca Raton, 1989. 

Bruno, T. J.; Svoronos, P. D. N. CRC handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis, 2nd. ed., 

CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2004. 

Andersen, P. C.; Bruno, T. J. Thermal decomposition kinetics of RP-1 rocket propellant. Ind. 

Eng. Chem. Res. 44: 1670-1676 (2005). 
109

Appendix B. Computational Characterization of Surrogate Mixture Compounds 

The following four steps were taken to computationally characterize the compounds that 

were selected for the surrogate fuel mixture: 

(a) Obtain equilibrium geometries from ab initio molecular orbital calculations. 

Use Hartree-Fock approximation as theory level with 6-31G* basis sets (low level 

approximation, sufficient for visualization purposes). 

(b) Calculate isosurfaces for two electron density values: 

• Isosurface of electron density 0.002 e-/au3 contains approx. 98% of a 

molecule. Rendered as a mesh; 

• Isosurface of electron density 0.08 e-/au3 rendered as a solid surface to 

illustrate the core of the molecule; 

• 1 au (atomic unit) = 5.292 nm. 

(c) Color-map the electrostatic potential onto the electron density isosurfaces. 

The electrostatic potential is defined as the energy of interaction of a point positive 

charge with the nuclei and electrons of a molecule. The color-mapping indicates 

electron-rich regions in red and electron-poor regions in blue. 

(d) Combining this information leads to molecular representations that comprise four 

dimensions: 

• three dimensions conveying structure, and; 

• one dimension conveying intramolecular charge distribution as a function of 

location. 

The still images illustrated below were created with PC Spartan for Windows, version 

‘02.*

Bibliography for Computational Characterization 

Shusterman, G. P.; Shusterman, A. J. Teaching chemistry with electron density models. J. 

Chem. Educ. 74: 771-776 (1997). 

Gillespie, R. J. Electron densities, atomic charges, and ionic, covalent, and polar bonds. J. 

Chem. Educ. 78: 1688-1690 (2001). 

Gillespie, R. J.; Popelier, P. L. A. Chemical bonding and molecular geometry: from Lewis to 

electron densities, Oxford University Press: New York, 2001. 

*Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept 

adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor 

is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 
110

Figure 11. Molecular representation of 2,2-dimethylbutane. 

Figure 12. Molecular representation of 3-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene. 
111

Figure 13. Molecular representation of cyclodecene.

Figure 14. Molecular representation of cis-decaline. 
112

Figure 15. Molecular representation of 2-methylnonane. 

Figure 16. Molecular representation of 2-methylnaphthalene. 
113

Figure 17. Molecular representation of decahydro-2-methylnaphthalene. 

Figure 18. Molecular representation of 3-methyldecane. 
114

Figure 19. Molecular representation of 1-dodecene. 

Figure 20. Molecular representation of 1,11-dodecadiene. 
115

Figure 21. Molecular representation of cyclododecane. 

Figure 22. Molecular representation of heptylcyclohexane. 
116

Figure 23. Molecular representation of n-dodecane. 

Figure 24. Molecular representation of methylcyclododecane. 
117

Figure 25. Molecular representation of 1-tridecene. 

Figure 26. Molecular representation of 2,10-dimethylundecane. 
118

Figure 27. Molecular representation of 2,7,10-trimethyldodecane. 

Figure 28. Molecular representation of n-hexadecane.