{"id":27451,"date":"2022-02-17T18:54:51","date_gmt":"2022-02-17T23:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/?page_id=27451"},"modified":"2022-02-18T12:31:37","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T17:31:37","slug":"23-comparing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/guidance\/adrguide-home\/23-comparing\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparing ADR Processes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\"><\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:31px;margin-left:0px;\"><h2 class=\"title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">Comparing ADR Processes<\/h2><span class=\"awb-title-spacer\"><\/span><div class=\"title-sep-container\"><div class=\"title-sep sep-double sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#e0dede;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27390 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/ADR-Spectrum.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The picture at the right shows dispute resolution processes ordered by the degree of control that is vested in the parties. \u00a0Unassisted negotiation is on the left side.\u00a0 As the label implies, this process does not use any kind of third party, whether it is a judge, arbitrator, mediator, or whatever. \u00a0In unassisted negotiation, the parties control all aspects of their interaction:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The information exchanged<\/li>\n<li>The methods of communication<\/li>\n<li>The factual conclusions<\/li>\n<li>The legal conclusions<\/li>\n<li>The outcome (including no resolution)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On the other end of the spectrum is litigation. \u00a0Here, the parties have very little control and rely on the government to solve their problems. \u00a0In litigation, the court or administrative forum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Controls the information exchange (usually using discovery or later at a trial or hearing)<\/li>\n<li>Orders communication through subpoenas, summons, rulings on admission of evidence and briefing orders<\/li>\n<li>Either the judge or a jury decides factual questions<\/li>\n<li>The judge makes the legal conclusions<\/li>\n<li>The judge decides the outcome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ADR processes lie between these extremes. \u00a0The table below gives some general details regarding the degree control retained or surrendered for each process.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" width=\"25%\">ADR Process<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" width=\"25%\"><strong>\u00a0Powers the Parties Retain<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" width=\"25%\"><strong>\u00a0Powers the Parties Surrender<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" width=\"25%\"><strong>\u00a0Observations<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Facilitated Partnering<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Decisions and assessments about facts, law, outcome.\u00a0 Unilateral action is discouraged, however.<\/p>\n<p>Unless otherwise provided by contract, the parties retain the power to end the process at any time.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Some degree of the communication process. \u00a0The neutral can raise issues, and press for answers.<\/p>\n<p>The power of unilateral action is surrendered. \u00a0An effective partner acts collaboratively to help the other partners satisfy their interests.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">This is a very good method to assure that disputes are addressed early, and at the lowest level. \u00a0<em>See<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/adr.gov\/guidance\/adrguide-home\/ch06\/\">Ch.06, Partnering<\/a>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Facilitative Mediation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Decisions and assessments about the facts, law and outcome.<\/p>\n<p>The parties retain the power to end the mediation at any time.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">The mediator has authority to control the communication process. \u00a0The mediator may also make suggestions regarding possible solutions.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">This is also good very early in a dispute, before the parties have built a high level of distrust.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Evaluative Mediation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Decisions about the fact, law, and outcome.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">The mediator controls the communications process, and is given freedom to assess the strengths and weaknesses of factual and legal issues.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Evaluative mediation is often the most effective form of ADR when contract performance is over. \u00a0In such cases, the dispute is often about money or time, with little opportunity for creative solutions. \u00a0<em>See<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/adr.gov\/guidance\/adrguide-home\/ch28\/\">Ch.28, Creative Resolutions<\/a>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Non-binding Arbitration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">They define the extent of information exchange procedures in the Arbitration Agreement.<\/p>\n<p>They retain the decision about ultimate outcome.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">The arbitrator enforces the information exchange process that the parties outlined in the Arbitration Agreement.<\/p>\n<p>The arbitrator has the power to make findings about the facts and law.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Arbitration comes in many forms. \u00a0The degree of latitude to accept or reject the arbitrator’s award may be adjusted in the Arbitration Agreement. \u00a0The parties could do pure reject or accept, or they could establish parameters for the decision to reject.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong> Binding Arbitration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">The parties define the procedures in their Arbitration Agreement, but then retain little more.<\/p>\n<p>The parties have limited rights to have the matter reviewed by a court.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">The arbitrator has the power to make findings of fact, law, and decide the outcome.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Binding arbitration is good when further negotiation will be fruitless, and where the parties want either a faster, simpler, or less costly process than litigation. \u00a0It is also good if the parties want a subject matter expert (like an engineer) decide the case. \u00a0<em>See<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/adr.gov\/guidance\/adrguide-home\/ch21\/\">Ch.21, Arbitration.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>With a firm understanding the differences between the processes, the next question becomes how to select a process. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/adr.gov\/guidance\/adrguide-home\/23-pcs\/\">Continue<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":27194,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27451"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27451"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27451\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/adr.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}