United States District Court 

for the 

Southern District of Florida 

Cassandra Gautier, Plaintiff,

v. 

Martin Monta, and others, 

Defendants. 

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Civil Action No. 22-23296-Civ-Scola 

Order on Motions in Limine 

This matter is before the Court on the Defendants’ motion in limine (ECF 

No. 64), to which the Plaintiff responded (ECF No. 66) and the Defendants 

replied (ECF No. 70). After review of the briefing, the record, and the relevant 

legal authorities, the Court grants in part and denies in part the Defendants’ 

motion. (ECF No. 64.) The Plaintiff also moved to exclude the Defendants’ 

billing/coding expert, L. Neal Freedman, M.D. (ECF No. 63.) The Defendants 

did not respond, and the motion is therefore granted by default. (ECF No. 63.) 

1. Background 

The facts of this case are relatively simple. According to the complaint, 

on May 29, 2021, Defendant Martin1 was driving an auto transport truck in a 

center lane of a Florida highway. The Plaintiff, whose vehicle was ahead of the 

Defendant’s, slowed down significantly in an attempt to change lanes before 

colliding with the Defendant’s vehicle. These events were caught on the 

dashboard camera in Defendant Martin’s vehicle. The Plaintiff alleges 

negligence against Defendant Martin and his employer. (Compl., ECF No. 1-2.) 

2. Analysis 

A. The Defendants’ motion in limine 

The Defendants have moved to exclude 1) “Golden Rule” and “Reptile 

Strategy” arguments, 2) the speed indicator captured by the dashboard camera 

located in Defendant Martin’s truck at the time of the accident, and 3) 

argumentation from the Plaintiff’s counsel “commenting on or suggesting a 

lump sum figure” or “per diem amount” with respect to the Plaintiff’s noneconomic damages. (Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 64.) 

1 The Defendants note that although the Plaintiff named “Martin D. Monta” in the complaint, the 

Defendant’s correct name is “Darrin Monta Martin.” The Court encourages the parties to move 

to amend the case caption to make this correction and avoid any future confusion.

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A motion in limine is made before a trial has begun for the purpose of 

excluding or including certain evidence. See 20 Am. Jur. Trials 441 § 2 (1973). 

In limine rulings are not binding on a trial court and remain subject to 

reconsideration during trial. Stewart v. Hooters of Am., Inc., 04-cv-40-T-17, 

2007 WL 1752873, at *1 (M.D. Fla. June 18, 2007). The purpose of a motion in 

limine is to give the trial judge notice of the movant’s position in order to avoid 

the introduction of damaging evidence, which may irretrievably affect the 

fairness of the trial. Id. Courts only have the power to exclude evidence in 

limine if that evidence is “clearly inadmissible on all potential grounds.” Id.

The Plaintiff agrees to the exclusion of the “Golden Rule” and “Reptile 

Strategy” arguments as well as the exclusion of any argumentation regarding 

lump sum or per diem amounts of non-economic damages. (See Pl.’s Resp., 

ECF No. 64.) Therefore, the Court grants the Defendants’ motion with respect 

to those requests. 

However, the Court denies the Defendants’ third request and declines to 

exclude the speed indicator captured by the dashboard camera. The 

Defendants argue that “the speed indicator included in the top right frame of 

the dash camera footage” should be excluded because “no evidence has been 

brought forward establishing [its] re[]liability . . . or how it calculates a vehicle’s 

speed.” (Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 64 at 9.) They further claim that the indicator is 

unreliable because it appears to display the speed of the vehicle on a delay and 

would “mislead the jury and be unduly prejudicial to Defendants” under 

Federal Rule of Evidence 403. (Id.) The Plaintiff responds that the Defendants 

(who have been in possession of the dashboard camera since the accident took 

place) have not offered any reason that the speed indicator may be unreliable

and that the delay in the indicator’s reading is insufficient to exclude the 

evidence. (Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 66 at 3.) 

The Court agrees with the Plaintiff. Rule 403 is an “extraordinary remedy

whose major function is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative 

probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect” and 

carries a strong presumption in favor of admissibility. United States v. Grant, 

256 F.3d 1146, 1155 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting United States v. Utter, 97 F.3d 

509, 514-15 (11th Cir.1996), United States v. Cross, 928 F.2d 1030, 1048 (11th 

Cir.1991), and United States v. Church, 955 F.2d 688, 703 (11th Cir.1992)) 

(cleaned up). The Defendants concede that the speed indicator is relevant to 

the Plaintiff’s negligence claims. (See Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 64 at 9.) And the 

Defendants offer little reason to believe that the indicator will prejudice the jury

at all, let alone to such an extent that the evidence should be excluded 

completely. United States v. Saintil, 753 F.2d 984, 989 n.7 (11th Cir. 1985) 

(under Rule 403, prejudice “relates to the likelihood of inciting the jury to an 

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irrational decision based on an improper basis.”) As the Plaintiff points out, the 

jury can weigh the utility of the indicator based upon the obvious few-second 

delay between the movement of the vehicle and the corresponding speed 

reading, and may choose to give it little or no weight on that basis. (Pl.’s Resp., 

ECF No. 66 at 3-4.) However, the evidence need not be excluded at this time. 

B. The Plaintiff’s motion to exclude the Defendants’ expert, L. Neal 

Freeman, M.D. 

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, 

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: 

(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will 

help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in 

issue; 

(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; 

(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and 

(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts 

of the case. Fed. R. Evid. 702. 

The threshold question in determining the admissibility of an expert’s 

testimony is whether the testimony helps the fact finder resolve an ultimate 

issue in the case. See Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory Committee’s Note; accord Fed. 

R. Evid. 704 Advisory Committee’s Note. While an opinion is not objectionable 

just because it embraces an ultimate issue, testimony that offers nothing more 

than what lawyers for the parties can argue in closing arguments is not 

helpful. Fed. R. Evid. 704(a); United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1262-63 

(11th Cir. 2004). “If the witness is relying solely or primarily on experience, 

then the witness must explain how that experience leads to the conclusion 

reached, why that experience is a sufficient basis for the opinion, and how that 

experience is reliably applied to the facts.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory 

Committee’s Note. 

Even if proposed expert testimony is admissible under Rule 702, the 

evidence may nonetheless still be excluded if it is irrelevant or if “its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, 

confusing the issues, [or] misleading the jury.” Fed. R. Evid. 403; accord Allison 

v. McGhan Med. Corp., 184 F.3d 1300, 1309-10 (11th Cir. 1999). Because 

“expert testimony may be assigned talismanic significance in the eyes of lay 

jurors, . . . courts must take care to weigh the value of such evidence against 

its potential to mislead or confuse.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1263. 

The Plaintiff argues that L. Neal Freeman, M.D., the Defendants’ “medical 

billing expert,” should be excluded under Federal Rule of 702 and Daubert v. 

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals’ progeny because “he is not qualified to testify as 

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to the reasonableness of Plaintiff’s medical bills, he failed to rely on sufficient 

facts or data, and his methodology was not reliably applied.” 509 U.S. 579 

(1993). (Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 63 at 2.) According to the Plaintiff, Dr. Freeman is 

an ophthalmologist who is unqualified to opine on cervical spine treatment, 

improperly relies on averages of reimbursable costs used by private insurers 

and Medicare, and relies on flawed data in reaching his conclusions on the 

unreasonableness of the Plaintiff’s medical bills. (See Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 63 at 

4-9.) The Defendants have not filed a response to the Plaintiff’s motion. 

Under Local Rule of the United States District Court for the Southern 

District of Florida 7.1(c), the failure to timely “serve an opposing memorandum 

of law no later than fourteen . . . days after service of the motion[,] may be 

deemed sufficient cause for granting the motion by default.” S.D. Fla. L.R. 

7.1(c). 

The Defendants have failed to respond to the Plaintiff’s motion to exclude 

the expert. This failure presents a sufficient basis for the Court to strike the 

expert by default under the Local Rule. The Court notes the motion also 

appears due to be granted on the merits. The Court thus precludes Dr. 

Freeman from testifying as a witness in this matter. 

3. Conclusion 

For the foregoing reasons, the Defendants’ motion in limine is granted in 

part and denied in part (ECF No. 64) and the Plaintiff’s motion to exclude the 

expert is granted (ECF No. 63). 

Done and Ordered in Miami, Florida, on November 2, 2023. 

 ________________________________ 

 Robert N. Scola, Jr. 

 United States District Judge 

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