EVAPORATION CONSIDERATIONS Significant Reduction of Evaporation for a Variety of Applications
Presenter: Ian Cameron, P.Eng.

March 30th , 2016 

### Agenda • The Problem: evaporation removing precious water in a variety of applications • The Physics: behind evaporation • The Solution: applying a liquid cover product greatly that reduces evaporation • Other properties of liquid covering • The Results: significant reduced evaporation • The $ avings • Applications • Q & A • Calculation program for specific operational configurations @ Booth #2

# The Problem Evaporation & Loss of Fluid  real example • Costs and logistics required to maintain desired fluid volumes • Mechanical lids are costly, inefficient and could create an unsafe situation • Wind speed is only a mild 3 mph (5 km/hr) • Storage tank outside diameter is 160 feet (48.8m) • Capacity = 41,000 barrels (6,500 m 3 ) of fluid (& frac temps)

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## • Calculations using common Engineering Toolbox formulas tell us: 

# The Math Behind the Problem The rate of 

### evaporated water can be expressed as : g = (25+19v)A( xs-x) g is amount of evaporated water in kg/hr v is velocity of air above the water surface in m/s A is water surface area in m2 xs is humidity ratio in saturated air at the same temp as the water surface

x is humidity ratio in air • Loss of water due to evaporation is 209 barrels/day (33.3 m 3 /day) • 10,558,212 btu/hr is the energy lost in this environment in keeping the water at a desired frac temperature of 68oF ( 20oC)

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### • Cold weather applications also incurs huge heating costs

# The Solution Visible Demonstration: • Heated water temp sustained at 114oF ( 45.5oC) • O utside air temp of


## - 4oF ( - 20.0oC) • Liquid covering stops 

## evaporation within seconds 4

# • Liquid product
– Easily applied in minutes with or without fluid present in the container (no audio) 56 

# • Liquid product
– It floats uniformly on top of the fluids
– Fluid levels are easily measured from outside the container w/ layer of covering as little as 0.01” (0.25mm )

# • Liquid product
– HydroShield is resilient in windy conditions

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### • Frac Fluid F riendly
– Does not impact any the performance of the frac fluid chemistry.
– Eg : 1⁄4 cup product added to 1cup frac fluid
– Then gel “crosslinker ” is added
– Fresh water or a brine fluid has no impact on this liquid cover’s performance 

### • Significantly reduces Aerobic Bacteria
– Reduces biocide requirements to maintain frac fluid compatibility
– Lessens concerns about injected fluids altering the reservoir fluid properties 8

# • Safety Features

– Does not create a “confined space” environment between tank fluid top and below mechanical cover for improved safety


### – No need to enter the tank thereby eliminating concerns of foot traffic causing the liner to be punctured or damaged
– Conforms to any shape of container or pit


### – No waste product to be “trimmed off” for disposal that would be associated with that of a mechanical cover 9

# • Liquid product

– No need to clean - after- use like a mechanical cover
– No residual moisture / mold with a mechanical cover resulting from evaporated H 2 

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– No on - site mixing costs
– If other fluids are added after this liquid cover is in place, they are simply pumped into the container and the cover 

### “re - heals” itself within seconds after the agitation has stopped 10

## • No freeze/thaw concerns
– Can be stored in cold outdoor environments


## – Freezing Point • - 20oF / - 29oC (unapplied)


## – Can be applied to fluids that 

## are already frozen, then it activates when the fluids are heated 11

# The Results After only 2 hours of applying the new liquid covering Evaporation was reduced by up to 95% Evaporation is influenced by: • relative humidity ratio (air to water) • wind speed • cross sectional area exposed

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# The Cost Savings Savings due to just reduction of frac water loss : • Evaporation of water is now only 10 barrels/day ( 1 .7 m 3 /day) 5% vs . 209 barrels/day ( 33.3 m 3/day)

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### 95% 5% 

## amount of evaporation after treatment (reduction by 95%)

# The Cost Savings Savings calculations due to just reduction of frac water loss: • Example @ $ 10.00/ bbl * fresh water costs, savings of ~ 200 barrels/day ( 31.6 m 3 /day) = $ 2,000 per day just due to water cost replacement • Reducing sub - contractor driving and HSE exposure risk • Time and mileage charges of ~ $150/hr x 80 miles* each way (3.2 hrs) + 1 hr to load x 2 loads / day** = $1,260 /day saved on time/mileage chgs * Actual operator quoted cost for water and mileages incurred from North Dakota ** “weight restrictions allow most trucks to haul around 115 bbls” – quote from http :// haulwater.com 14

# Applications • Frac Water Storage • Golf Courses 

### • Ponds • etc

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# Questions ?  Come to exhibitor booth #2 and let us calculate the savings for your configured operation

CANADA SALES Dave Godlien dave@ritec.ca 403-923-0949 Shawnda Hartley Pew Shawnda.hartley@yahoo.com 903-915-0066 USA SALES 16 Presenter: Ian Cameron ianc@cbweng.com 403-815-7662