1

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN SUPREME COURT

A13-1388

Court of Appeals Stras, J.

State of Minnesota by its 

Attorney General, Lori Swanson,

Respondent,

vs. Filed: October 7, 2015

Office of Appellate Courts

Integrity Advance, LLC,

Appellant.

________________________

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Nathan Brennaman, Deputy Attorney General, Saint 

Paul, Minnesota, for respondent.

Mark J. Briol and Scott A. Benson, Briol & Assocs., PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and 

Claudia Callaway, Katten Muchin Rosenman, LLP, Washington, D.C., for appellant.

________________________

S Y L L A B U S

1. Minnesota’s payday-lending law, Minn. Stat. §§ 47.60, 47.601 (2014), is

constitutional under Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, because it does

not regulate commerce occurring wholly outside of Minnesota.

2. The commerce regulated by Minnesota’s payday-lending law in this case, 

which involved a Delaware company lending money to residents of Minnesota and
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making deposits and withdrawals through Minnesota banks, was not wholly 

extraterritorial.

Affirmed.

O P I N I O N

STRAS, Justice.

Appellant Integrity Advance, LLC (“Integrity”), a Delaware company, made 

short-term, high-interest payday loans to Minnesota residents over the Internet. The 

Minnesota Attorney General sued Integrity, alleging that it had violated Minnesota’s 

payday-lending law in a variety of ways. Integrity argued in response that, because it 

signed and executed the loans in Delaware, the application of Minnesota law to its loans 

violated the extraterritoriality principle of Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United 

States Constitution, which prohibits a state from regulating commerce that occurs 

“wholly outside the . . . [s]tate.” Healy v. Beer Inst., 491 U.S. 324, 336 (1989). The 

district court granted summary judgment to the State, and the court of appeals affirmed. 

For the reasons that follow, we also affirm.

I.

Payday loans, most often used by low-income or financially strapped consumers

who lack access to other forms of credit, are short-term, high-interest-rate loans. See 

Smith v. Steinkamp, 318 F.3d 775, 775-76 (7th Cir. 2003). The maturity date of these 

loans is typically less than one month and generally coincides with the date on which 

borrowers receive their next paycheck. See id. The benefit of payday loans is that they

allow borrowers to pay their basic living expenses in advance of their next paycheck. 
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However, many borrowers rely on payday loans as their main source of long-term credit 

and do not pay them back by their maturity date, which can result in extra fees and 

charges. See State ex rel. King v. B & B Inv. Grp., Inc., 329 P.3d 658, 663, 671 (N.M. 

2014).

Minnesota allows payday loans, but regulates their terms and conditions. Minn. 

Stat. §§ 47.60, 47.601 (2014). Among other things, Minnesota’s payday-lending law 

limits the interest rates and fees that payday lenders can charge, Minn. Stat. § 47.60, 

subd. 2(a); restricts the duration of payday loans to no greater than 30 days, id., subd. 

2(b); and requires payday lenders to be licensed by the Commissioner of Commerce, 

Minn. Stat. § 47.601, subd. 6(b)(1). The law also contains a provision addressing 

“jurisdiction,” which provides that “a consumer short-term loan transaction is deemed to 

take place in the state of Minnesota if the borrower is a Minnesota resident and the 

borrower completes the transaction, either personally or electronically, while physically 

located in the state of Minnesota.” Id., subd. 5.

Integrity is a Delaware limited liability company that operates as an online payday 

lender. It has never applied for, nor received, a license from the Minnesota 

Commissioner of Commerce to operate as a Minnesota lender. Yet Integrity has made 

1,269 payday loans to borrowers who indicated on their applications that they resided in 

Minnesota. In the process of extending those loans, Integrity called or sent e-mails to

borrowers, employers, and banks within Minnesota. Integrity also deposited loan 

proceeds and withdrew interest and principal through electronic funds transfers, also 

known as Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) transfers, with Minnesota banks. 
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Integrity concedes that its payday loans did not comply with several provisions of

Minnesota’s payday-lending law. For example, Integrity charged annual interest rates of 

up to 1,369% to Minnesota borrowers, a figure that far exceeded Minnesota’s ceiling for 

fees and interest rates on payday loans. See Minn. Stat. § 47.60, subd. 2(a). Integrity

also automatically “renewed” its loans, a practice that caused many of its loans to exceed 

the 30-day statutory time limit. See id., subd. 2(c). 

After receiving complaints about Integrity’s loan practices, the Attorney General 

filed a lawsuit against Integrity in 2011. See Minn. Stat. § 47.601, subd. 7 (permitting the 

Attorney General to enforce the payday-lending statutes). Integrity counterclaimed by 

requesting a declaratory judgment that Minnesota’s payday-lending law is

unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause, see U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3, and the 

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, see U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. On 

cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court rejected Integrity’s constitutional

challenges, concluded that Integrity had violated Minnesota’s payday-lending statutes 

“many thousands of times,” and awarded $7 million in damages and statutory penalties to

the State. The court of appeals affirmed. State ex rel. Swanson v. Integrity Advance, 

LLC, 846 N.W.2d 435 (Minn. App. 2014). We granted review to determine whether 

Minnesota’s payday-lending statutes violate Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United 

States Constitution.

II.

Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, more commonly

known as the Commerce Clause, grants Congress the power “[t]o regulate Commerce . . . 
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among the several States.” As a complement to the explicit grant of power to Congress,

the Supreme Court has held that “[t]he negative or dormant implication of the Commerce 

Clause prohibits state taxation or regulation that discriminates against or unduly burdens 

interstate commerce and thereby impedes free private trade in the national marketplace.” 

Gen. Motors Corp. v. Tracy, 519 U.S. 278, 287 (1997) (citations omitted). This 

principle, referred to by the Court as the “dormant Commerce Clause,” “is driven by a 

concern about ‘economic protectionism—that is, regulatory measures designed to benefit 

in-state economic interests by burdening out-of-state competitors.’ ” McBurney v. Young, 

___ U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 1709, 1719 (2013) (quoting New Energy Co. of Ind. v. 

Limbach, 486 U.S. 269, 273-74 (1988)).

A.

When a party challenges the constitutionality of a state statute under the “dormant 

Commerce Clause,” the first task is to determine “whether [the] challenged law 

discriminates against interstate commerce.” Dep’t of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis, 553 U.S. 

328, 338 (2008). If it does, the law is invalid unless it “advances a legitimate local 

purpose that cannot be adequately served by reasonable nondiscriminatory alternatives.” 

Id. (quoting Or. Waste Sys., Inc. v. Dep’t. of Envtl. Quality of Or., 511 U.S. 93, 101 

(1994)). But if the law “regulates even-handedly to effectuate a legitimate local public 

interest, and its effects on interstate commerce are only incidental, it will be upheld 

unless the burden imposed on such commerce is clearly excessive in relation to the 

putative local benefits.” Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S. 137, 142 (1970).
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An additional, related limitation on state regulation of commerce is that states may 

not enact laws that have a wholly “extraterritorial effect”—that is, laws that control 

“commercial activity occurring wholly outside the boundary of the State.” Healy v. Beer 

Inst., 491 U.S. 324, 337, 338 (1989); see also Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. N.Y. 

State Liquor Auth., 476 U.S. 573, 575 (1986) (holding that the Commerce Clause 

prohibits state statutes that “regulate[] out-of-state transactions”). The focus under the 

extraterritoriality doctrine is whether “the practical effect of the regulation is to control 

conduct beyond the boundaries of the [s]tate.” Healy, 491 U.S. at 336. To determine a 

statute’s “practical effect,” we must consider not only the effects of the challenged statute 

itself, but also how it “may interact with the legitimate regulatory regimes of other States 

and what effect would arise if not one, but many or every, State adopted similar 

legislation.” Id. 

In the two leading cases on the extraterritoriality doctrine, the Supreme Court 

struck down price-affirmation statutes, which required regulated entities—specifically, 

alcohol distributors and distillers—to certify that the prices they charged to in-state 

customers matched the prices they charged to customers in other states. See Healy, 491 

U.S. at 335-40; Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 582-84. The constitutional problem with 

these laws, the Court concluded, was that they effectively “regulat[ed] the price to be 

paid for liquor” in other states, Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 583, due to their effect of 

importing pricing decisions from other markets “regardless of local competitive 

conditions,” Healy, 491 U.S. at 339. 
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B.

The question presented by this case is whether Minnesota’s payday-lending law

has an analogous, impermissible extraterritorial effect by regulating “commercial activity 

occurring wholly outside the boundar[ies] of” Minnesota. Id. at 337. This question, 

which requires us to determine the constitutionality of Minnesota statutes, is one of law 

that we review de novo. See Rew v. Bergstrom, 845 N.W.2d 764, 776 (Minn. 2014).

Ordinarily in addressing a dormant Commerce Clause challenge, we would first

determine whether the challenged law discriminates against interstate commerce, Davis, 

553 U.S. at 338, and if not, whether the law excessively burdens interstate commerce 

under the Pike balancing test. Pike, 397 U.S. at 142. In this case, however, Integrity 

does not argue that Minnesota’s payday-lending law is discriminatory or that it

excessively burdens interstate commerce. In fact, it arguably concedes both points when 

it states in its reply brief that “Minnesota may apply its state lending regulations to 

commerce that occurs within Minnesota.” 

Instead, the parties’ arguments focus on the extraterritoriality doctrine. In 

Integrity’s view, Minnesota’s payday-lending statutes regulate wholly out-of-state 

commerce because the company consummates its loan transactions in Delaware, its 

principal place of business and the location where it signs every loan agreement. The 

State responds that the site of contract formation is only one factor among many in 

determining the “location” of commerce. The State’s position is more consistent with 

how the extraterritoriality doctrine functions. 
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Integrity’s argument about the site of contract formation focuses on Healy’s 

prohibition of state regulation of “commerce that takes place wholly outside of the State’s 

borders, whether or not the commerce has effects within the State.” Healy, 491 U.S. at 

336 (quoting Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 642-43 (1982) (plurality opinion)). In 

determining the location of the “commerce” being regulated, Integrity argues we should 

limit our analysis to the place where it signs the contract, not to the location where 

Integrity directs its contacts or to where its borrowers receive their money. Integrity’s 

view of what qualifies as “commerce” is unjustifiably narrow. 

In addressing the scope of the Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court has made 

clear that commerce is “economic activity,” United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 

610-13 (2000), which includes, for example, “the production, distribution, and 

consumption of commodities,” Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 25-26 (2005) (quoting 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 720 (1966)). In this case, the “economic 

activity” regulated by Minnesota’s payday-lending law involved more than just 

Integrity’s signature; the law governed the entire transaction between Integrity and 

borrowers. The law regulated the payment of funds to and from Minnesota borrowers, 

which for most of these loan transactions included electronic transfers into and out of

Minnesota banks, activities that certainly qualify as commerce. See Quik Payday, Inc. v. 

Stork, 549 F.3d 1302, 1308 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting, in upholding the constitutionality of

Kansas’s lending law, as applied to an out-of-state payday lender, that “the transfer of 

loan funds . . . would naturally be to a bank in Kansas”). It also regulated the 
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approximately 28,000 calls and emails between Integrity and prospective borrowers in 

Minnesota by prescribing the terms and conditions of the loans Integrity could offer. 

Notably, Minnesota’s payday-lending law also includes a jurisdictional provision 

that restricts its regulatory scope to only transactions involving Minnesota residents who 

“complete[] the transaction . . . while physically located in the state of Minnesota.” 

Minn. Stat. § 47.601, subd. 5. The existence of this provision distinguishes Minnesota’s 

payday-lending law from the Indiana statute invalidated in Midwest Title Loans, Inc. v. 

Mills, which involved a lender from Illinois that made loans to Indiana residents at its 

Illinois offices. 593 F.3d 660, 661-62 (7th Cir. 2010). The predatory-lending law in 

Mills placed a variety of restrictions on lenders that advertised in Indiana, and Midwest 

Title, a lender that advertised in Indiana, received a notice that its loans were subject to

the Indiana law. See id. at 662-63. Midwest Title challenged the law, asserting that it 

was unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause. See id. at 662. The Seventh Circuit 

agreed with Midwest Title, but emphasized that the impermissible extraterritorial effect 

of the law was its interference with commercial activity that occurred exclusively in 

another state. See id. at 669 (noting that the loan agreement was signed in Illinois, the 

check was drawn on an Illinois bank, the check was given to a borrower at one of 

Midwest Title’s Illinois offices “and could be cashed there,” and the conditional transfer 

of collateral occurred in Illinois). In this case, by contrast, Minnesota’s payday-lending 

law would not apply, under its jurisdictional provision, to any transaction the borrower 

completes, whether personally or electronically, while physically located in another state. 
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See Quik Payday, 549 F.3d at 1308 (noting that a Kansas statute applied only to loans

involving borrowers who were physically present in Kansas). 

The negligible “practical effect” of Minnesota’s payday-lending law on the 

commerce in other states confirms that the law does not violate the extraterritoriality 

doctrine.1 Healy, 491 U.S. at 336. Although some loans subject to Minnesota’s paydaylending law may be “interstate” in the sense that they involve an entity from another state 

lending to a Minnesota resident, mere regulation of interstate commerce is not the type of 

extraterritoriality with which Healy and Brown-Forman were concerned. Rather, a state 

law violates the extraterritoriality doctrine when it controls commerce occurring entirely 

within another state. Here, the payday-lending law does not control the terms on which 

companies lend money in other states. See Healy, 491 U.S. at 337-39. Nor does it

require out-of-state companies to seek regulatory approval from Minnesota before they 

lend to borrowers in other states. See Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 582; see also Pharm. 

Research and Mfrs. of Am. v. Walsh (PhRMA), 538 U.S. 644, 669-70 (2003) (holding that 

the extraterritoriality rule was “not applicable” to a Maine drug-rebate law because the 

law did not regulate the price of any out-of-state transactions or tie in-state prices to outof-state prices).

 

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Integrity’s facial challenge fails because it cannot show that all applications of the 

payday-lending law are unconstitutional. See, e.g., McCaughtry v. City of Red Wing, 831 

N.W.2d 518, 522 (Minn. 2013) (describing the standard for facial challenges). The 

statutes have no (or at most, de minimis) extraterritorial effects when applied to loans 

made by Minnesota lenders to Minnesota borrowers.
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As Brown-Forman recognized, nothing prevents a state from seeking “lower 

prices for its consumers” through regulation. 476 U.S. at 580. However, when a state 

attempts to procure that lower price by tying the intrastate price of a good to the prices 

charged for that good in other states, it violates the extraterritoriality doctrine. See Healy, 

491 U.S. at 337-38; Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 580-82. It is true that Minnesota’s 

payday-lending law requires payday lenders to provide more favorable “prices” for 

Minnesota residents—which, in the context of a loan, includes lower interest rates and 

fees—than those offered to borrowers from other states. However, unlike the laws 

invalidated in Healy and Brown-Forman, Minnesota’s payday-lending law does not tie 

the requisite terms and prices for loans to the business conducted by Integrity or other 

payday lenders in other states. See, e.g., PhRMA, 538 U.S. at 669-70; Freedom Holdings 

Inc. v. Spitzer, 357 F.3d 205, 221 (2nd Cir. 2004) (“While the out-of-state wholesale 

prices of cigarettes may be affected by the Contraband Statutes, . . . out-of-state actors 

such as appellants remain free to conduct commerce on their own terms, without either 

scrutiny or control by New York State.”). Accordingly, Minnesota’s payday-lending law 

does not “control conduct beyond the boundaries of the State,” Healy, 491 U.S. at 336, in 

the way those laws did.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals and hold 

that Minnesota’s payday-lending law does not violate the Commerce Clause of the 

United States Constitution.

Affirmed.