Filed 3/7/19

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

DAVE SOUTHCOTT et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

JULIAN-CUYAMACA FIRE 

PROTECTION DISTRICT et al.,

Defendants and Respondents;

COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO et al.,

Real Parties in Interest and 

Respondents.

 D074324

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-0023393-

CU-WM-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kenneth J. 

Medel, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Office of Craig A. Sherman and Craig A. Sherman for Plaintiffs and 

Appellants.
2

McDougal, Love, Boehmer, Foley, Lyon & Canlas, Morgan L. Foley and Gena B. 

Burns for Defendants and Respondents Julian-Cuyamaca Fire Protection District, Jack 

Shelver and Marcia Spahr.

No appearance for Real Party in Interest and Respondent County of San Diego.

Colantuono, Highsmith & Whatley, Holly O. Whatley and Aleks R. Giragosian, 

for Real Party in Interest and Respondent San Diego County Local Agency Formation 

Commission.

Pursuant to the Cortese-Knox-Hertzberg Local Government Reorganization Act of 

2000 (Reorganization Act; Gov. Code, § 56000 et seq.), the board of directors of the 

Julian-Cuyamaca Fire Protection District (District) passed a resolution to apply to the San 

Diego Local Agency Formation Commission (Commission) to dissolve the District. A 

group of Julian residents (plaintiffs) sought to prevent the District's dissolution by 

presenting a referendum petition to the District board (see Elec. Code, §§ 9144, 9340). 

The District did not act on the referendum petition, and the trial court denied plaintiffs'

petition for writ of mandate to set an election on the District's resolution.

The issue presented in this appeal is whether the District's resolution to apply to 

the Commission for a dissolution may be challenged through the voter referendum 

process. We conclude the District's resolution is not subject to referendum because, 

among other reasons, the Reorganization Act prescribes the exclusive method for 

dissolving, and/or protesting the proposed dissolution of, a fire protection district (Health 

& Saf. Code, § 13812; Gov. Code, §§ 56100, 56021) and the resolution was 
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administrative in nature under the Reorganization Act. Accordingly, the trial court did 

not err, and the judgment is affirmed.

BACKGROUND

The District was formed pursuant to the Fire Protection District Law of 1987 (Fire 

District Law; Health & Saf. Code, § 13800 et seq.), to provide fire protection and 

emergency medical services to the unincorporated communities of Julian and Lake 

Cuyamaca. Plaintiffs consist of volunteer firefighters, voters, and/or residents of Julian.

On April 10, 2018, the board of directors of the District passed a "resolution of 

application" to dissolve the District (Resolution). The Resolution, which recites that it is 

made "pursuant to the . . . Reorganization Act," authorizes an application to the 

Commission for approval of a proposed dissolution plan wherein the territory served by 

the District would be served by the County of San Diego upon the District's dissolution. 

After adopting the Resolution, the District applied to the Commission to approve its

proposed dissolution plan, submitting the Resolution with its application materials. 

Within 30 days of adopting the Resolution, the District received a referendum 

petition to rescind the Resolution or have the Resolution set for an election under 

California's referendum process (Referendum Petition). The Referendum Petition 

ostensibly complied with voter signature requirements under the Elections Code.1 The 

District took no action to rescind or withdraw the Resolution or set the matter for 

election.

 

1 See Elections Code section 9141 et seq.
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In May 2018, plaintiffs filed a petition for writ of mandate in superior court to 

compel the District to either rescind the Resolution or set the matter for election. In June 

2018, following a hearing, the court denied plaintiffs' petition for writ of mandate. The 

court decided that the District's Resolution was "not subject to referendum" in light of the 

state's system of regulation over district dissolutions. Judgment was entered accordingly, 

and this appeal followed.2, 3

DISCUSSION

I. The Reorganization Act

A. Background and Legislative Intent

In the Reorganization Act, "the Legislature enacted a broad statutory scheme 

covering changes of organization of districts as well as cities." (Las Tunas Beach 

Geologic Hazard Abatement Dist. v. Superior Court (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1002, 1007

(Las Tunas Beach).) Government Code section 56100 states in pertinent part: "[T]his 

division provides the sole and exclusive authority and procedure for the initiation, 

 

2 In July 2018, plaintiffs also filed a petition for writ of mandate in this court to 

have the Resolution placed on the November 2018 general election ballot and to stay any 

further efforts to dissolve the District. Plaintiffs' petition for writ of mandate was denied. 

3 While the appeal was pending, plaintiffs notified this court that they and the 

District had agreed to a tentative settlement that might obviate the need for our decision. 

None of the parties contend this case is moot, i.e., that no practical relief may be provided

by a decision. Moreover, even when a case is technically moot, the court has inherent 

power to decide it where the issue presented is important and of continuing 

interest. (San Diego Housing Com. v. Public Employment Relations Bd. (2016) 

246 Cal.App.4th 1, 7 fn. 4.) We find this case appropriate for us to retain and decide

regardless of the parties' settlement status.
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conduct, and completion of changes of organization and reorganization for cities and 

districts." A change of organization is defined to include any of the following: city 

incorporation and disincorporation, district formation and dissolution, annexation to or

detachment from a city or district, consolidation of cities or special districts, and a merger 

or establishment of a subsidiary district. (Gov. Code, § 56021.) District dissolution is 

defined as "the disincorporation, extinguishment, or termination of the existence of a 

district and the cessation of all its corporate powers, except as the commission may 

otherwise provide . . . or for the purpose of winding up the affairs of the district." 

(Gov. Code, § 56035.) 

The "Legislature has occupied the field with respect to changes of organizations of 

districts, thereby preempting local law[.]" (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1009, italics omitted.) Preemption is based on "the policy of the state to encourage 

orderly growth and development which are essential to the social, fiscal, and economic 

well-being of the state." (Gov. Code, § 56001.) The Reorganization Act was designed to 

halt the proliferation of special districts, contain urban sprawl, deal with annexations, and 

"guard against wasteful duplication of services." (Friends of Mount Diablo v. County of 

Contra Costa (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 1006, 1011 (Friends of Mount Diablo).) 

Under the Reorganization Act, a local agency formation commission (LAFCO) 

exists within each county. (Gov. Code, §§ 56027, 56325.) It is LAFCO's duty to "review 

and approve with or without amendment, wholly, partially, or conditionally, or 

disapprove proposals for changes of organization or reorganization . . . ." (Gov. Code, 

§ 56375, subd. (a)(1); see Fallbrook Sanitary Dist. v. San Diego Local Agency Formation 
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Com. (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 753, 760 [LAFCO may make both additions and deletions 

to proposals so long as the general nature of subject matter is unchanged].)

Proceedings before LAFCO "for a change of organization or a reorganization may 

be initiated by petition or by resolution of application . . . ." (Gov. Code, § 56650.) A 

resolution of application is a resolution adopted by the legislative body of an affected 

local agency proposing a change of organization. (Gov. Code, § 56654.)

After approving a proposed change of organization, LAFCO conducts further 

proceedings on the proposal, such as holding a noticed hearing. (Gov. Code, § 57000

et seq.) At the hearing, LAFCO receives any protests, objections, or evidence on the 

proposal. (Gov. Code, § 57050, subd. (b).) 

In the case of a proposed dissolution, LAFCO determines the value of written

protests that may have been filed, and if the protests are not in the majority, LAFCO, by

resolution, orders the dissolution, with or without the confirmation of voters depending 

on whether certain requirements are met. (Gov. Code, §§ 57052, 57077.1, 57078.)

B. Reconciling the Reorganization Act with Other Statutory Schemes That 

Address Particular Types of Districts

The Reorganization Act "is not the sole statutory scheme pertaining to district 

formation. It shares the field with other such statutory schemes applicable to particular 

types of districts." (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at p. 1009; id. at pp. 1009-

1010 [discussing statutory scheme found in Public Resources Code that authorizes the 

formation of geologic hazard abatement districts].) When a statutory scheme contains its 

own more specific district formation procedures, then, based on settled rules of statutory 
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construction, the special provisions control over the more general provisions of the 

Reorganization Act relating to district formation. (Id. at pp. 1010-1011; but see 

Gov. Code, § 56100, subd. (b) [if there is a conflict in procedural requirements, then the 

Reorganization Act requirements prevail].) The Reorganization Act "co-exists with other 

statutory schemes which specifically address the formation of particular types of 

districts." (Las Tunas Beach, at p. 1011 [providing as examples, mosquito abatement and

vector control districts and sanitary districts].) Conversely, when a specified statutory 

scheme does not contain its own dissolution provisions, "the dissolution procedures of 

[the Reorganization Act], which pertain to districts generally, control . . . ." (Id.

at p. 1012.)

II. The Fire District Law Mandates Compliance with the Reorganization Act for any

Change of Organization, Including Dissolutions

The Fire District Law authorizes the formation of fire protection districts to 

provide for fire protection services on a local level. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 13801, 

13815 et seq.) The statute contains certain formation procedures that complement

procedures of the Reorganization Act. (See, e.g., Health & Saf. Code, §§ 13815 et seq., 

13819 [signed petition shall be filed with LAFCO], 13821 [resolution of application to 

form a fire district shall be filed with LAFCO].)

However, the Fire District Law does not contain any specific provisions covering 

dissolutions of fire protection districts, except to mandate compliance with the 

Reorganization Act. Health and Safety Code section 13812 provides as follows:

"The . . . Reorganization Act . . . shall govern any change of organization or 
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reorganization of a district." As we have noted, a change of organization is defined to 

include the dissolution of a district. (Gov. Code, § 56021.) The Legislature has thus 

evidenced its intention that the Reorganization Act provides the exclusive method for 

dissolving a fire protection district. (See Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1012.)

III. The Right of Referendum

The California Constitution, article 2, section 9, subdivision (a) provides: "The 

referendum is the power of the electors to approve or reject statutes or parts of statutes 

except urgency statutes, statutes calling elections, and statutes providing for tax levies or 

appropriations for usual current expenses of the State." Article 2, section 11, 

subdivision (a) of the Constitution provides: "Initiative and referendum powers may be 

exercised by the electors of each city or county under procedures that the Legislature 

shall provide."

"It is the 'duty of the courts to jealously guard' the people's rights of initiative and 

referendum. [Citation.] But a fundamental principle of referendum law is that a 

referendum may be used to review only legislative acts and not executive or 

administrative acts of a local government. [Citations.] 'Legislative acts . . . which 

establish general policies and objectives, and the ways and means of accomplishing them, 

are subject to the referendum process.' [Citation.]" (Worthington v. City Council of 

Rohnert Park (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1132, 1140 (Worthington).)

Generally, an act is legislative in nature if it prescribes a new policy or plan; it is 

administrative in nature if it merely pursues a plan already adopted by the legislative 
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body itself, or some power superior to it. (Worthington, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 1140-1141; Ferrini v. City of San Luis Obispo (1983) 150 Cal.App.3d 239, 249

(Ferrini) [decision to annex land to city could not be challenged by initiative process].)

"When implementing a plan adopted by a superior power, a city acts in an 

administrative capacity. 'Acts of a local governing body which, in a purely local context, 

would otherwise be legislative and subject to referendum may, however, become 

administrative "in a situation in which the state's system of regulation over a matter of 

statewide concern is so pervasive as to convert the local legislative body into an 

administrative agent of the state." ' (Yost v. Thomas (1984) 36 Cal.3d 561, 570.) When a 

local governments [sic] discretion is 'largely preempted' by statutory mandate its action is 

administrative and not subject to referendum." (Worthington, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1141; Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1010-1011.)

IV. The District's Resolution of Application to Dissolve the Julian-Cuyamaca Fire 

Protection District Is Not Subject to the Referendum Process

Based on the foregoing principles, we conclude the District's "resolution of 

application" (Gov. Code, § 56650), which proposed a plan of dissolution for the 

Commission to consider, is not subject to the referendum process. 

As recognized many years ago in Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d 

at pages 1010-1011, state regulation over district dissolutions is pervasive. Although the 

District's Resolution might be characterized as a legislative act in a purely local context, 

it is not legislative when viewed in the context of the state's regulation over the 

dissolution of districts. The District must apply to the Commission with a proposed 
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dissolution plan and cannot alter the plan without Commission approval. The 

Commission—not the District—holds the power to "review and approve with or without 

amendment, wholly, partially, or conditionally, or disapprove" the District's proposal. 

(Gov. Code, § 56375, subd. (a)(1).) The Commission may itself initiate the dissolution of 

a district. (Gov. Code, § 56375, subd. (a)(2)(B).) When viewed in context, the

Resolution is not a legislative act subject to referendum. (Friends of Mount Diablo, 

supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1010 [the Reorganization Act is "an encompassing regulation 

over a matter of such statewide concern as to convert the local legislative body into an 

administrative agent of the state"].)

Moreover, the Reorganization Act contains detailed provisions regarding the 

method of protesting a proposed dissolution of a district and when elections are required. 

(See, e.g., Gov. Code, §§ 57051, 57077.1, 57078.) "Where the Legislature has enacted a 

comprehensive regulatory system with express provisions for elections under limited 

conditions we may infer a negation of election under all other circumstances." (Ferrini, 

supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 247.) If a district's resolution of application were subject to 

referendum, opponents could thwart the Reorganization Act's method for considering and 

challenging dissolution proposals. Use of the referendum process in the manner 

proposed by plaintiffs "interferes with and frustrates state [dissolution] procedures and 

cannot [be] sustained." (L.I.F.E. Committee v. City of Lodi (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 1139, 

1148 [local attempt to require a vote before commencement of annexation interfered with 

state-established process for considerations of annexations].)
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Plaintiffs argue that the District's "initial" decision to apply to the Commission for 

dissolution is distinct from the process of applying to the Commission for dissolution and 

that the initial decision should be subject to referendum. We are not persuaded by 

plaintiffs' argument. A "resolution of application," like the one passed here by the 

District, is one of two ways to initiate a proceeding before LAFCO (Gov. Code, § 56650)

and is included with the application filed with LAFCO (Gov. Code, § 56652, subd. (a)). 

A resolution of application is thus part of LAFCO's process. (Gov. Code, § 56654.) 

Even if it is theoretically possible to separate the District's "initial decision" to apply to 

the Commission from the subsequent application, subjecting the "initial decision" to 

referendum creates a dueling process that manifestly interferes with the Commission's 

ability to act. (Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1013 [allowing 

referendum would "destroy the efficient administration of government"].) Additionally, 

although plaintiffs claim they are merely challenging the decision to apply to the 

Commission for dissolution, they plainly seek to halt the actual dissolution. Yet the "sole 

and exclusive" method for challenging a proposed dissolution is through the 

Reorganization Act. (Gov. Code, § 56100.) Plaintiffs' use of the referendum process 

would undermine the state's regulation over this field.

Plaintiffs also assert that "all doubts" as to whether the District exercised a 

legislative act in passing the Resolution must be resolved in favor of the referendum 

process. However, we have no doubt as to the Legislature's intention. Fire protection 

districts are purely creatures of statute, from which they derive all of their rights and 

powers. (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at p. 1012.) With respect to 
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dissolving a fire protection district, the Legislature was clear—the Reorganization Act 

"shall govern[.]" (Health & Saf. Code, § 13812; see City of Morgan Hill v. Bushey

(2018) 5 Cal.5th 1068, 1079-1080 [referendum is preempted if there is a " 'definite 

indication' " or " ' "clear showing" ' " that Legislature intended to restrict the right].) 

Under the Reorganization Act, a resolution of application is administrative in nature—a 

prerequisite to obtaining a decision from the Commission, which holds the power to 

approve or disapprove the proposed dissolution. (Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 

72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1012.) Accordingly, the District's Resolution is not subject to the 

referendum process.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.