U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

ANNUAL INDEX

FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2022

NETL’S CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER

October 2021 – September 2022
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

This Annual Index is a compilation of the National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (NETL) monthly Carbon 

Transport and Storage Newsletters (CTSNs; formerly known as the Carbon Storage Newsletters) published from 

October 2021 to September 2022. The CTSN is produced by NETL to provide information on activities and 

publications related to carbon transport and storage. It covers domestic, international, public sector, and private 

sector news. Outdated information (e.g., conference dates, paper submittals, etc.) and duplicative stories have 

been removed. Content is included as-published from the respective monthly newsletter. 

Note that links were active at the time of publication.

A comprehensive archive of the CTSN is available on the NETL website.

NETL’S CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER

ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

CONTENTS

DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS....................................................................3

PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS .................................................7

LEGISLATION and POLICY........................................................................14

EMISSIONS TRADING.................................................................................17

SCIENCE ....................................................................................................20

PUBLICATIONS ...........................................................................................24

ANNOUNCEMENTS ...................................................................................48
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS

DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS

OCTOBER 2021

DOE Funding to Support Carbon Management Technologies.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 

Management (FECM) announced funding for four national public power 

associations to help increase regional- and state-level engagement in carbon 

management. In one award, the National Association of Regulatory Utility 

Commissioners will promote learning and discussion among its members 

on topics such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). In another 

award, the National Association of State Energy Officials will research, analyze, 

and develop educational information on topics such as new developments 

in carbon management, including CCUS. DOE’s National Energy Technology 

Laboratory (NETL) will serve as the contracting authority for the cooperative 

agreements issued with the awards. 

From FECM. September 2021.

NOVEMBER 2021

DOE Announces Intent to Fund Carbon Storage Projects.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 

Management (FECM) released a Notice of Intent (NOI) to fund cost-shared 

research and development (R&D) projects looking to accelerate wide-scale 

deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal 

(CDR). The potential projects will be selected under DOE’s Carbon Storage 

Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) Initiative, which focuses on 

developing geologic storage sites with capacities to store at least 50 million 

metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). 

From energy.gov. November 2021.

DOE Announces Funding to Deploy CCUS.

DOE announced funding for an initiative focused on accelerating the regional 

deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). The Regional 

Initiative to Accelerate CCUS Deployment is designed to identify and address 

regional storage and transportation challenges facing the commercial 

deployment of CCUS. The four Regional Initiatives, representing four regions 

of the United States, are partnerships with academia, non-governmental 

organizations, industry leaders, and local and state governments. The initiatives 

identify and promote carbon storage and transport projects by addressing 

key technical challenges; facilitating data collection, sharing, and analysis; 

evaluating regional storage and transport infrastructure; and promoting 

regional technology transfer. The Regional Initiatives continue the work of 

predecessors funded under DOE’s Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership 

(RCSP) Initiative, supporting efforts to validate geologic storage technologies 

and support the commercialization of carbon capture and storage (CCS). 

From energy.gov. October 2021.

DOE Invests to Decarbonize Using CCS.

DOE announced funding for 12 projects to advance point-source CCS 

technologies that can capture at least 95% of CO2 emissions generated from 

natural gas power and industrial facilities. The projects were selected by DOE’s 

FECM and will be managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory 

(NETL). The 12 front-end engineering design studies are part of DOE’s efforts 

to help achieve the administration’s goals of net-zero carbon emissions by 

2050 and a 100% clean electricity sector by 2035. 

From energy.gov. October 2021.

DECEMBER 2021

DOE Releases RFI on Deployment-Ready CO2 Reduction, Removal 

Tech.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released a Request for Information (RFI)

on demonstration-ready technologies that can reduce emissions and remove 

carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The RFI seeks feedback from 

industry, investors, developers, academia, research laboratories, government 

agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and potentially affected 

communities (including environmental justice, tribal, energy transition, and 

other communities). Information provided through the RFI, which follows the 

enactment of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, is expected to inform the design 

of successful projects as well as the effective, just, and sustainable deployment 

of technologies that will enable a safe climate future, with particular attention 

to including historically marginalized communities in the decision-making 

process. Responses are due by January 24, 2022. 

From energy.gov. December 2021.

DOE Funding to Support DAC and Carbon Storage.

DOE announced funding to leverage existing low-carbon energy to scale-up 

direct air capture (DAC) technology combined with carbon storage. DAC, a 

CO2-removal (CDR) approach, separates CO2 from ambient air for either 

underground storage or conversion into products. The Funding Opportunity 

Announcement (FOA) will facilitate engineering studies of advanced DAC 

systems capable of removing 5,000 metric tons of CO2 per year from the air. 

The studies will provide detailed information on the operation of these systems 

and potential investment costs that will enable DOE to accelerate research and 

development (R&D) for existing DAC technologies co-located with domestic 

low-carbon thermal energy sources, such as nuclear power plants, geothermal 

resources, and industrial plants. This FOA is a collaborative effort among DOE’s 

Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), Office of Nuclear 

Energy, and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Geothermal 

Technologies Office. 

From energy.gov. October 2021.

JANUARY 2022

DOE, USGS to Explore CCS.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 

Management (FECM) and the U.S. Department of Interior’s (DOI) U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) announced a partnership to explore global, regional, 

and national resources for the geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). Under 

the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), the agencies will collaborate with 

international governments, geologic surveys, and other organizations to provide 

technical assistance through a series of discussions, meetings, workshops, 

and research activities. The information will be used by government, academia, 

industry, research organizations, and other stakeholders to help identify 

potential investment opportunities for research, development, demonstration, 

and deployment to advance carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for 

application in power and industrial sectors. 

From energy.gov. December 2021.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS

DOE Releases RFI on Deployment-Ready CO2 Reduction, 

Removal Tech.

DOE released a Request for Information (RFI) on demonstration-ready 

technologies that can reduce emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. 

The RFI seeks feedback from industry, investors, developers, academia, 

research laboratories, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, 

and potentially affected communities (including environmental justice, tribal, 

energy transition, and other communities). Information provided through the 

RFI is expected to inform the design of successful projects, as well as the 

effective, just, and sustainable deployment of technologies that enable a safe 

climate future. 

From energy.gov. December 2021.

FEBRUARY 2022

DOE Announces Funding for CO2 Utilization.

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)

in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and the Office 

of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management’s (FECM) Carbon Utilization Program 

announced the availability of federal funding for the advancement of technologies 

that utilize waste carbon to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 

produce reliable feedstocks for biotechnologies. The Funding Opportunity 

Announcement (FOA), titled “Carbon Utilization Technology: Improving Efficient 

Systems for Algae,” specifically aims to increase the capability of algal systems 

to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and put it to productive use. Concept papers for 

the FOA are due March 18, 2022; applications are due May 27, 2022. 

From energy.gov. February 2022.

FECM’s 2021 Year in Review.

Dr. Jennifer Wilcox, the Acting Assistant Secretary for DOE’s FECM, shared 

highlights of FECM’s 2021. Achievements included adding “Carbon 

Management” to the office’s name; updating the mission to focus on minimizing 

impacts of fossil fuels to help the nation achieve net-zero GHG emissions; 

providing funding to 40 research projects to advance carbon management 

approaches (such as carbon capture and storage [CCS] and CO2 removal); and 

launching key carbon management initiatives. To keep up to date with future 

FECM announcements, blogs, and more, sign up for FECM’s news alerts. 

From energy.gov. December 2021.

MARCH 2022

NETL Releases Report on CCS.

A report authored by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) 

analyzed the buildout of America’s carbon capture and storage (CCS) 

technologies in terms of job growth potential and supply chain risks. NETL 

researchers conducted a supply chain risk analysis by comparing raw material 

estimates against domestic and global production to search for opportunities 

and vulnerabilities. The report, titled “Carbon Capture, Transport, and Storage, 

Supply Chain Review,” found that a major reason for the low risk to the supply 

chain is because CCS infrastructure can be supplied by components made in 

the United States. The report also concluded that a CCS industry buildout could 

create up to 1.8 million jobs through construction, operation, and maintenance 

of capture, pipeline, and storage sites.

From NETL News. February 2022.

DOE’s FOA to Develop Carbon-Free Fuel.

DOE’s FECM announced federal funding for research and development 

(R&D) and front-end engineering design (FEED) projects that will advance 

clean hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel. The FOA, titled “Fossil Energy Based 

Production, Storage, Transport and Utilization of Hydrogen Approaching NetZero or Net-Negative Carbon Emissions,” will leverage innovative approaches 

to produce clean hydrogen at lower costs from materials that include municipal 

solid waste, legacy coal waste, waste plastics, and biomass with CCS. These 

next-generation hydrogen technologies are expected to play a significant 

role in decarbonizing the U.S. economy and advancing the Biden-Harris 

administration’s goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. Responses are due 

March 23, 2022.

From energy.gov. February 2022.

APRIL 2022

DOE Announces Funding to Support CCUS.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced two funding opportunities for 

student training and research on remediating legacy pollution from coal-based 

electricity generation and using carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) 

to generate low-carbon power. The University Training and Research for Fossil 

Energy and Carbon Management—UCR Funding Opportunity Announcement 

(FOA) will support DOE’s University Coal Research (UCR) Program by 

providing research and development (R&D) grants to educate and train the 

next generation of engineers and scientists by supporting novel, early-stage 

research at U.S. colleges and universities. The University Training and Research 

for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management—Minority Serving Institutions 

(MSIs) FOA will support the Historically Black Colleges and Universities and 

Other Minority Institutions (HBCU-OMI) Program by providing R&D grants to 

educate and train the next generation of engineers and scientists by supporting 

novel, early-stage research at MSIs in the United States. Combined, the two 

FOAs will support approximately 20 student engineers and scientists working 

two to three years on research projects related to advancing the Biden-Harris 

administration’s goals of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. 

From energy.gov. February 2022.

MAY 2022

DOE Announces BIL Effort to Establish DAC Hubs.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released a Notice of Intent (NOI) to 

fund the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s (BIL) program to capture and store 

atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The Regional Direct Air Capture 

(DAC) Hubs Program will support four large-scale, regional DAC hubs that each 

comprise a network of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) projects to help address 

potential impacts of climate change while creating good-paying jobs and 

prioritizing community engagement and environmental justice. The widespread 

deployment of DAC technologies and CO2 transport and storage infrastructure 

plays a significant role in delivering on the Biden-Harris Administration’s goal 

of achieving an equitable transition to a net-zero economy by 2050. Each of 

the projects selected will demonstrate the delivery and storage or end-use 

of removed atmospheric CO2. The hubs will have the capacity to capture and 

store at least 1 million metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere annually, either 

from a single unit or from multiple interconnected units. In the development 

and deployment of the four regional DAC hubs, DOE will also emphasize 

environmental justice, community engagement, consent-based siting, equity 

and workforce development, and domestic supply chains and manufacturing. 

From energy.gov. May 2022.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS

FECM Releases Strategic Vision.

DOE’s FECM released its strategic vision, “The Role of Fossil Energy and 

Carbon Management in Achieving Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” 

FECM’s Strategic Vision will enable DOE to make strategic carbon management 

decisions and prioritize approaches that minimize the environmental impacts of 

fossil fuels and carbon-based feedstocks and help the nation achieve net-zero 

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Three strategic directions were outlined to 

help the U.S. government achieve a fully decarbonized power sector by 2035 

and net-zero emissions by 2050: Advancing Justice, Labor, and Engagement; 

Advancing Carbon Management Approaches Toward Deep Decarbonization; 

and Advancing Technologies that Lead to Sustainable Energy Resources. More 

information on FECM’s Strategic Vision is available via infographic.

From energy.gov. April 2022.

NETL Report Compares Cost and Performances of Hydrogen Plants 

With/Without CCS.

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) released a report that 

depicts the levelized cost of hydrogen, in real 2018 dollars, as well as the 

CO2-equivalent life cycle emissions of select hydrogen production plants. 

“Comparison of Commercial, State-of-the-Art, Fossil-Based Hydrogen 

Production Technologies” compares the cost, performance, and emissions 

profiles of hydrogen production plants that were selected to reflect the 

capabilities of current, commercial technologies within industrial-scale plant 

configurations, providing critical prospective for researchers, regulators, and 

policymakers. The report includes analyses of three natural gas reforming 

configurations: (1) natural gas steam methane reforming without carbon 

capture and storage (CCS), (2) natural gas steam methane reforming with CCS, 

and (3) autothermal reforming with CCS. The NETL team also analyzed three 

gasification configurations: (1) coal gasification without carbon capture, (2) 

coal gasification with carbon capture, and (3) coal plus biomass co-gasification 

with carbon capture. The full report is available on the NETL website.

From energy.gov. April 2022. 

DOE Invests in DAC and Storage Technology.

DOE announced the award of federal funding for five front-end engineering 

design (FEED) studies that will leverage existing zero- or low-carbon energy to 

supply DAC projects, combined with dedicated and reliable carbon storage. The 

studies aim to provide a better understanding of system costs, performance, 

and business case options for existing DAC technologies coupled to durable 

storage that are capable of removing a minimum of 5,000 metric tons per 

year net CO2 from the air, and which are co-located with domestic zero- or 

low-carbon thermal energy sourced from geothermal or nuclear power plants 

and low-grade heat from industrial facilities. The funding opportunity was a 

collaborative effort among DOE’s FECM, Office of Nuclear Energy, and Office 

of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Geothermal Technologies 

Office. The selected projects will be managed by NETL and support FECM’s 

Carbon Dioxide Removal and Conversion Programs. 

From energy.gov. April 2022.

JUNE 2022

DOE Investments to Accelerate CO2 Storage Projects and Increase 

CO2 Storage Sites.

DOE announced two Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) and one 

NOI to advance carbon storage projects that reduce CO2 emissions, address 

potential impacts of climate change, and create good-paying jobs while 

prioritizing community engagement and environmental justice. DOE first issued 

an FOA for “Carbon Management” to advance a variety of carbon management 

technologies, including assessments of rock and material resources for CO2

mineralization. DOE then issued an FOA for “CarbonSAFE: Phase II - Storage 

Complex Feasibility” to increase the number of available CO2 storage sites 

in the early developmental levels. The next investment has been announced 

through an NOI for “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law: Storage Validation and 

Testing (Section 40305): Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise 

(CarbonSAFE) Initiative: Phases III, III.5, and IV,” which would be funded 

through the BIL to accelerate commercial-scale geologic carbon storage 

projects toward operational readiness. CarbonSAFE projects must be capable 

of storing at least 50 million metric tons of CO2 within a 30-year operational 

period. Projects funded under these three opportunities will be managed by 

DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM). 

From energy.gov. May 2022.

JULY 2022

DOE Announces NOIs, Launches Online Resources.

The Biden-Harris Administration, through DOE, issued NOIs to fund two 

programs that will advance carbon capture demonstration projects and expand 

regional pipeline networks to transport CO2 for geologic storage or conversion. 

Funded by the BIL, the Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Program and 

the Carbon Dioxide Transport/Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) Program

help to advance the administration’s goal of a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) 

emissions economy by 2050. In addition, DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and 

Carbon Management (FECM) launched two new interactive tools to assist with 

advancing carbon management technologies and infrastructure in the United 

States. The Carbon Matchmaker Tool is an online information resource designed 

to increase awareness of carbon management funding opportunities; support 

private sector development of carbon capture, storage, and transportation 

infrastructure and CDR pathways; and facilitate regional business development 

opportunities and education. The Carbon Management Interactive Diagram is 

an online tool that highlights carbon management programs in the BIL and 

through other DOE funding opportunities, as well as educates users about 

resources that fall under each program. 

From energy.gov. July 2022.

AUGUST 2022

NETL, Partners Release Resource on Computational Tools 

to Complete CO2 Storage Permit Applications.

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) collaborated with the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other contributing national 

laboratories, and the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Regional Initiatives 

to Accelerate Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) on a report that 

identifies computational tools useful for addressing aspects of the dedicated 

carbon storage (Class VI) well permit application under EPA’s Underground 

Injection Control (UIC) Program. “Rules and Tools Crosswalk: A Compendium 

of Computational Tools to Support Geologic Carbon Storage Environmentally 

Protective UIC Class VI Permitting” is intended to serve as a resource for 

industry, regulatory, academic, and public stakeholders. The report will be 

periodically updated as new information on relevant computational tools 

becomes available.

From National Energy Technology Laboratory. July 2022.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 DOE/FECM/NETL HIGHLIGHTS

SEPTEMBER 2022

DOE Announces Set of FOAs to Manage and Store CO2.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced a nearly $4.9 billion set 

of funding opportunities to bolster investments in the carbon management 

industry and to significantly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released 

into the atmosphere through power generation and industrial operations. 

The three Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) will be supported by 

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) funding to help drive the demonstration 

and deployment of carbon capture systems, along with carbon transport 

and storage infrastructure. The Carbon Storage Validation and Testing FOA 

supports the Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) 

Initiative, managed by DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 

(FECM), and provides up to $2.25 billion to support the development of new 

and expanded large-scale, commercial carbon storage projects with capacities 

to store 50 or more million metric tons of CO2, along with associated CO2

transport infrastructure. The Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects Program

FOA provides up to $2.54 billion to develop six integrated carbon capture, 

transport, and storage demonstration projects that can be readily replicated 

and deployed at fossil energy power plants and major industrial sources of 

CO2 and certain types of chemical production facilities. The Carbon Dioxide 

Transport Engineering and Design FOA provides up to $100 million to design 

regional CO2 pipeline networks to safely transport captured CO2 from key 

sources to centralized locations.

From energy.gov. September 2022.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

OCTOBER 2021

CCS Drilling Study Investigates Feasibility of Storing CO2.

A carbon capture and storage (CCS) drilling study concluded that more than 2 

million metric tons of CO2 per year can be stored underground at two ethanol 

plants in California. Commissioned by Aemetis Inc. (a renewable natural gas 

and renewable fuels company) and conducted by Baker Hughes (a global 

energy services company), the study estimated that 1 million metric tons of 

CO2 per year can be stored in saline formations located at or near the Aemetis 

Keyes ethanol plant site, and that up to 1.4 million metric tons of CO2 per year 

could be injectable at or near the Aemetis Riverbank ethanol plant site. 

From Yahoo! Finance. August 2021.

Initial Phase of Carbon Storage and Soil Health Pilot Program 

Completed.

A group of U.S. farmers completed the initial benchmarking phase of a carbon 

storage and soil health pilot program. Rabo AgriFinance is facilitating the 

pilot program, which will see participating farmers receive compensation for 

implementing regenerative agricultural practices that enrich their fields’ soils 

while capturing CO2 from the air. Participants receive compensation based on 

the amount of carbon stored, measured, and monitored over time. The initial 

stage of the pilot is focused on learning which practices result in the best soil 

health and carbon capture in a variety of conditions and crops. 

From Business Wire. August 2021.

Companies Collaborate on CCS Project.

TGS, a global subsurface data company, and Magseis Renewables, a subsidiary 

of the surveying services company Magseis Fairfield, agreed to collaborate on a 

CCS pilot project in Norway. The project will employ high-resolution 3D seismic 

acquisition offshore Norway at a potential carbon storage area to demonstrate 

detailed imaging of the full section, from the seabed to the target storage 

reservoir. The imaging software and high-resolution acquisition configurations 

will be combined to determine the resolution needed by CCS developers. 

From Offshore Magazine. August 2021. 

CO2 Storage Project Planned in South Africa.

Geologic mapping at a CCS site in South Africa has begun, according to the 

Council for Geoscience (a National Science Council of South Africa). The project 

will be based around the town of Leandra, Mpumalanga province, in South 

Africa’s northeast. The project plans to link a pipeline transporting compressed 

CO2 from emitting sources to the injection point. According to researchers, 

South Africa has approximately 150 metric gigatons of potential storage 

capacity. 

From Reuters. August 2021.

Companies Sign Purchase Agreement for DAC and Storage of CO2.

Swiss Re, a reinsurance provider, and Climeworks, a CO2 air capture specialist, 

signed a partnership for a purchase agreement for direct air capture (DAC) 

and CO2 storage. The agreement also includes collaboration on developing risk 

management knowledge and risk transfer solutions. 

From Swiss Re News Release. August 2021.

Offshore CCS Project Launched in South China Sea.

The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) launched an offshore 

CCS project. According to CNOOC, the project is expected to store more than 

1.46 million metric tons of CO2. Located in the Pearl River Mouth basin of the 

South China Sea, the project is designed to reinject up to 300,000 metric tons 

of CO2 per year into seabed reservoirs. 

From Reuters. August 2021.

NOVEMBER 2021

Consortium to Evaluate, Develop CCS Projects on US Gulf Coast.

Carbon-Zero US LLC and international multi-energy company Repsol signed an 

agreement to evaluate opportunities to develop innovative CCS projects on the 

U.S. Gulf Coast. The consortium will share technical knowledge and resources 

to evaluate potential projects that would combine the offshore experience and 

operations of Cox Oil with Repsol’s technical knowledge and global experience 

with CCS projects. 

From GlobeNewswire. November 2021.

CCUS Project Proposed at Synfuels Plant in North Dakota.

Basin Electric Power Cooperative and the Dakota Gasification Company 

announced a proposed CCUS project at the Great Plains Synfuels Plant near 

Beulah, North Dakota. The proposed project is expected to enable the facility 

to capture up to 3.5 million tons of CO2 per year and be part of a CCUS project 

that utilizes both enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon storage. The Great 

Plains Synfuels Plant currently captures approximately 2 million tons of the 

plant’s CO2 emissions, which are piped to Saskatchewan, Canada, for EOR 

operations. 

From Devils Lake Journal. September 2021.

CCS Project Receives Funding.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) awarded funding to Red Tail Energy 

to build a carbon capture processing and storage facility at an existing ethanol 

manufacturing plant in Richardton, North Dakota. Funded through USDA’s 

Rural Development Program, the CO2 storage project would store the CO2 in 

the Broom Creek rock formation. 

From Williston Herald. September 2021. 

CCS Project Launched in Iceland.

Climeworks, a Swiss carbon capture company, announced the launch of 

Orca—a direct air capture (DAC) and storage plant in Iceland with the capacity 

to capture and store approximately 4,000 tons of CO2 per year. Carbfix will mix 

the air-captured CO2 with water and store it underground through a natural 

mineralization process that takes less than two years. 

From Power Engineering International. September 2021.

Carbon Storage Project Announced in Québec.

Questerre Energy Corporation completed the engineering and work program to 

test a carbon storage reservoir in Québec, Canada. The operation will include 

an injectivity test to estimate the optimal injection rate for CO2 into the storage 

reservoir and the volume that can be stored in the reservoir at a depth of 

approximately 3,280 feet below the surface in the Potsdam (a Cambrian age 

sandstone formation). 

From Carbon Capture Journal. September 2021.

Energy Companies Collaborate on Large-Scale CCS Project.

Energy companies Air Liquide and TotalEnergies announced a collaboration on 

a large-scale CCS project in Normandy, France. Air Liquide will use its carbon 

capture technology to help reduce the CO2 released by TotalEnergies’ hydrogen 

production unit, and TotalEnergies will manage the transportation and storage 

process through projects such Norway’s Northern Lights and the Dutch Aramis 

CCS project. Air Liquide’s technology has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions 

from the unit’s hydrogen production by approximately 650,000 metric tons per 

year by 2050. 

From gasworld. September 2021.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

DECEMBER 2021

North Dakota Approves CCS Project.

The North Dakota Industrial Commission approved a CCS project, marking the 

first time a CCS project in the United States has fallen under the authority 

of a state rather than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. North 

Dakota received primacy of Class VI wells in 2018, giving the state primary 

regulatory authority over the use of wells for underground CO2 injection. The 

project involves Red Trail Energy capturing CO2 from its ethanol facility near 

Richardton, North Dakota, with the intent to inject and store approximately 

180,000 metric tons of CO2 per year. 

From Upstream. October 2021.

Clean Energy Complex to Feature CCS.

Air Products plans to build, own, and operate a project that will produce more 

than 750 million standard cubic feet per day of blue hydrogen in Louisiana 

(USA). The “blue” products at the clean energy complex will be produced 

utilizing hydrocarbons as a feedstock, with the CO2 in the production process 

captured for storage. 

From Air Products. October 2021.

Partnership to Accelerate CCUS Technology.

Aker Carbon Capture and U.K. waste management company Viridor announced 

plans for a partnership for next-generation modular CCUS technology. Viridor 

plans to explore the installation of modular CCS plants on five of its waste-toenergy sites across the U.K. The modular plants enable the CCUS technology 

to be deployed more quickly following planning and permitting. 

From Aker Carbon Capture. October 2021.

Consortium to Explore CCS Opportunities in Australia.

Woodside, BP, and Japan Australia LNG formed a consortium to advance 

feasibility studies for a CCS project near Karratha in Western Australia. The 

consortium will assess the technical, regulatory, and commercial feasibility of 

capturing CO2 released by multiple industries located near Karratha on the 

Burrup Peninsula and storing it in offshore reservoirs in the Northern Carnarvon 

Basin. 

From Rigzone. November 2021.

Companies Agree on Full-Scale Pilot Retrofit of CCS System.

Wärtsilä Exhaust Treatment and Solvang ASA, a Norwegian shipping company, 

agreed on a full-scale pilot retrofit installation of a CCS system on one of 

Solvang’s ethylene carriers. Wärtsilä will design the retrofitted unit while it also 

completes a land-based, 1-megawatt (MW) test system. The land-based unit is 

planned for completion in 2021, and the companies project completion of the 

retrofit pilot system by 2023. 

From The Maritime Executive. October 2021.

Large-Scale Facility to Convert CO2 to Fuel.

Preliminary engineering and design has begun on a large-scale, commercial 

facility in British Columbia, Canada, that will capture CO2 and convert it to clean 

fuels. Clean energy company Huron Clean Energy will partner with The Upper 

Nicola Band, Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, and Carbon Engineering (CE) on the 

facility, which will combine atmospheric CO2 with hydrogen to produce fuels. 

The proposed facility is being designed to utilize CE’s technologies to capture 

atmospheric CO2 and deliver up to 100 million liters of carbon fuel each year.

From Carbon Engineering. October 2021.

JANUARY 2022

Partnership to Explore CCS Opportunities.

Malaysia state energy firm Petronas and ExxonMobil announced a partnership 

to explore opportunities in CCS technologies. According to the MOU, both 

companies plan to assess the viability of potential CCS projects in select 

locations offshore Peninsular Malaysia and identify suitable technology for 

potential application. In addition, the companies will share subsurface technical 

data to enable CO2 storage assessment and characterization. 

From Reuters. November 2021.

Companies Plan CCS Project on US Gulf Coast.

U.S.-based companies Talos Energy and Freeport LNG Development signed an 

LOI to develop a CCS project on the U.S. Gulf Coast. The Freeport LNG CCS 

project will be built next to Freeport LNG’s natural gas pre-treatment facilities 

near Freeport, Texas, which is within 25 miles of an industrial cluster that 

could provide up to 15 million metric tons per year of additional CO2. Talos will 

manage and operate the project with partner Storegga Geotechnologies, which 

signed an MOU with Talos earlier in 2021 to explore CCS opportunities in the 

Gulf region. 

From Upstream. November 2021.

MOU to Explore CO2 Liquefaction, Storage Facility.

Singapore LNG Corporation Pte Ltd and Linde Gas Singapore Pte Ltd signed 

an MOU to explore the feasibility and development of a CO2 liquefaction and 

storage facility in Singapore. The project will initially target the liquefaction, 

storage, and transport of CO2 for the project partners, but could potentially be 

scaled-up to handle CO2 from more sources, with an open-access, multi-user 

concept. 

From Singapore LNG Press Release. November 2021.

Project to Test Subsea Pipelines for CO2 Transport.

DNV, Wintershall Noordzee, and the OTH Regensburg University of Applied 

Sciences are exploring how existing natural gas pipelines in the southern North 

Sea can be used for the future transport of CO2. The large-scale CO2 pipeline 

testing includes a comparison of the pipe in a submerged (water) condition 

versus the pipe in open air. The aim of the tests is to better define the model 

parameters used for different backfill types. The large-scale testing of the CO2

pipelines will take place at DNV’s Testing and Research Facility at Spadeadam 

in the United Kingdom (UK). 

From DNV News. November 2021.

Summit Carbon Solutions Begins Test Well Drilling.

Summit Carbon Solutions has begun testing the potential for CO2 storage at a 

carbon storage hub in North Dakota, USA. In addition to drilling stratigraphic 

test wells, Summit received state and local permits to collect 3D seismic data 

on approximately 200 square miles of land in western North Dakota. The 

company will use the resulting data to create a 3D model that will provide the 

basis for simulation, design, and permitting of CO2 storage facilities. 

From Carbon Capture Journal. December 2021.

Companies Agree to Provide CO2 Transport, Storage Services.

Navigator CO2 Ventures will provide CO2 transportation and storage services to 

OCI’s Iowa Fertilizer Company facility under an agreement for up to 1,130,000 

metric tons of CO2 per year. The project will have two phases; start of operations 

for the first phase is projected for 2024. 

From Business Wire. December 2021.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

Danish Energy Agency Funds CCS Project.

The Danish Energy Agency will fund a CCS project in the North Sea. Project 

Greensand will transport CO2 by ship to the Nini West reservoir off Denmark 

and inject it via the offshore wellhead platform. The CO2 will be stored in 

depleted oil and gas sandstone reservoirs beneath the seabed, and existing 

infrastructure will be repurposed from oil and gas production to CO2 injection. 

From Offshore Engineer. December 2021.

FEBRUARY 2022

CarbonSAFE Project Drills Second Exploratory Well.

DOE’s Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) Wyoming 

team began drilling a second characterization test well near Basin Electric 

Power Cooperative’s Dry Fork Station (near Gillette, Wyoming). Adjacent to the 

first well (completed in 2019), the second well will allow researchers to gather 

data and more fully characterize the geologic layers of the subsurface site. 

CarbonSAFE Initiative projects focus on the development of geologic storage 

sites for the storage of 50+ million metric tons of CO2 from industrial sources. 

The Wyoming CarbonSAFE team is led by the University of Wyoming School of 

Energy Resources (SER). 

From University of Wyoming News Release. January 2022.

Dutch Energy Companies Sign Contract for CCUS Project.

Air Liquide, Air Products, ExxonMobil, and Shell signed contracts with the Port 

of Rotterdam CO2 Transport Hub and Offshore Storage (Porthos) project, which 

will store 2.5 million metric tons of CO2 as of 2024. The Porthos project will 

transport the CO2 to a depleted gas field approximately 12 miles off the coast; 

it will then be stored under the North Sea seabed. 

From Offshore Energy. December 2021.

Denmark Awards Grant to CCS Project.

The Danish Energy Agency awarded a grant to a consortium backing the 

Greensand CCS project in the North Sea. Greensand is located off the coast of 

Denmark and has a storage potential of up to 1.5 million metric tons of CO2 per 

year from 2025, increasing to 8 million metric tons per year by 2030. 

From Reuters. December 2021. 

CCS Project Supported with New Platforms.

Neptune Energy will develop new “digital twins” of two drilling and production 

platforms in support of its offshore CCS project. The global exploration and 

production company will use digitized versions of the area to reduce costs and 

environmental impacts by enabling engineers to work onshore. The digitized 

versions will allow engineers to conduct work from onshore locations and 

advance the CCS facilities. 

From Gas World. December 2021.

Partnership to Explore CCS in Malaysia.

Malaysia’s state oil firm Petronas and Royal Dutch Shell signed an agreement 

to collaborate on CCS in Malaysia. Under the agreement, Petronas and Shell 

will perform an integrated CCS development plan study at several locations 

offshore Sarawak. The scope of the agreement includes exploring the provision 

of decarbonization services to Shell’s local and cross-border facilities, as well 

as to other potential regional customers. 

From Reuters. January 2022.

EPA Approves CCS Project in Permian Basin.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Lucid Energy 

Group’s monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) plan to store CO2 in the 

Permian Basin. The MRV plan documents Lucid’s means of safely ensuring the 

capture and storage of CO2 from its Red Hills gas processing complex in Lea 

County, New Mexico (USA). Lucid Energy Group is a privately held natural gas 

processor in the Permian Basin servicing New Mexico and West Texas. 

From Lucid Energy Group News. January 2022.

ADM Signs CO2 Capture, Transport Deal.

Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) signed an LOI with Wolf Carbon Solutions to 

build a pipeline that would capture and transport CO2 from ADM’s ethanol 

facilities in Iowa (USA) to a storage site in Decatur, Illinois, USA. The 350-mile 

steel pipeline is expected to be capable of transporting 12 million metric tons 

of CO2 per year, according to ADM. 

From Reuters. January 2022.

Summit Carbon Solutions, Northern Plains Nitrogen, Partner on CCS 

Project.

Summit Carbon Solutions and Northern Plains Nitrogen (NPN) will partner on a 

CCS project focused on decarbonizing the agriculture and biofuels industries. 

NPN will capture 500,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year at a blue ammonia 

plant under development near Grand Forks, North Dakota, that will supply lowcarbon nitrogen-based fertilizer in the northern United States and Canada. 

Summit Carbon Solutions will transport and store the CO2 in central North 

Dakota. 

From Summit Carbon Solutions News. January 2022.

MARCH 2022

CCS Project Releases Finalized Datasets.

Complete datasets from the Illinois Basin–Decatur Project (IBDP), which 

concluded in 2021, are available through DOE’s Energy Data eXchange (EDX). 

Over three years, through this CCS R&D project, approximately 1 million metric 

tons of CO2 captured from the Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) ethanol production 

facility in Decatur, Illinois, were injected into the Mount Simon Sandstone in the 

Illinois Basin. The DOE/NETL project was carried out by the Midwest Geological 

Sequestration Consortium (MGSC). The Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) 

at the University of Illinois was the principal investigator for and manager of 

the IBDP, with partners including Indiana Geological Survey (now the Indiana 

Geological and Water Survey), the Kentucky Geological Survey, ADM, Trimeric 

Corporation, and Schlumberger. Curated datasets are also being released 

through CO2DataShare, an international open-access portal managed by 

SINTEF.

From The University of Illinois Prairie Research Institute. March 2022. 

CO2 Storage Hub Planned.

Denbury Carbon Solutions and a subsidiary of Natural Resource Partners 

(NRP) executed a CO2 storage agreement for the evaluation and potential 

development of a CO2 storage site located on Alabama’s Gulf Coast. Under the 

agreement, Denbury will look to develop a CO2 storage site on approximately 

75,000 acres of pore space controlled by NRP near Mobile, Alabama, USA. 

According to Denbury, the total CO2 storage potential of the site is estimated to 

be more than 300 million metric tons.

From Denbury Press Release. February 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

Indigenous Communities and Energy Infrastructure Company 

Advance CO2 Storage.

Energy infrastructure company Enbridge Inc. and the First National Capital 

Investment Partnership (FNCIP) reached an agreement to advance the proposed 

Open Access Wabamun Carbon Hub west of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 

The hub is being developed as a combination of CO2 transport and storage 

solutions. The FNCIP was formed by four Treaty 6 Nations (Alexander First 

Nation, Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, Enoch Cree Nation, and Paul First Nation) 

to pursue ownership in infrastructure projects with commercial partners who 

share Indigenous values. 

From Enbridge News Release. February 2022.

Australian LNG Company Secures CO2 Storage Reservoirs.

Australian gas producer Santos secured a network of depleted gas reservoirs 

that has the potential to store approximately 100 million metric tons of 

CO2, according to the company. The onshore storage reservoirs, located in 

northeastern South Australia, previously held natural gas, but have been 

repurposed for CO2, which Santos plans to capture in its future Moomba CCS 

project. The booking of storage resources was in accordance with the SPE 

CO2 Storage Resource Management System (SRMS). DOE/NETL’s foundational 

Site Characterization Best Practices Manual included a similar classification 

system.

From Financial Times. February 2022.

Wyoming Energy Authority Awards Grant for CCS Project.

The Wyoming Energy Authority (WEA) awarded a grant to Tallgrass Energy to 

fund the development of a commercial-scale CO2 storage hub in the DenverJulesburg Basin in eastern Wyoming, USA. The Eastern Wyoming Sequestration 

Hub project is designed to provide a means of capturing, transporting, and 

storing CO2 across multiple states. Tallgrass Energy expects to utilize the WEA 

grant this year to fund development activities and drill a characterization well in 

connection with its anticipated Class VI permit filing for the hub.

From Journal of Petroleum Technology. January 2022.

Rig to Drill Carbon Storage Well.

The semisubmersible rig “Transocean Enabler” will drill a new carbon injection 

well for the Northern Lights carbon storage project in the Norwegian North Sea. 

Northern Lights is the transport and storage component of a larger Norwegian 

project, Longship, for storing industrial CO2 emissions. The captured CO2 will 

be shipped from industrial capture sites to a terminal in Øygarden, Norway, for 

intermediate storage before being transported by pipeline for storage. 

From The Maritime Executive. January 2022. 

Norwegian CCS Project to Expand.

The European Union (EU) approved funding for an expansion of the Norwegian 

CCS project Northern Lights. According to the Northern Lights joint venture 

(owned by Equinor, TotalEnergies, and Shell), the funding is planned for FEED 

studies on the expansion of the project’s CO2 transport and storage capacity, 

including subsea facilities and capacity increase of the onshore receiving 

terminal in Øygarden, Norway; a second jetty to cater for additional volumes of 

imported CO2 from larger ships; additional intermediate storage for CO2 with 

additional volume; and additional CO2 export pumps.

From Offshore Engineer. January 2022.

Carbon Storage Project Being Considered Off Australian Coast.

Mitsubishi Corp. and Mitsui & Co. are studying the feasibility of commercializing 

a CCS project on the seabed off the coast of Australia. According to reports, 

the two Japanese companies will likely carry out the project, which is expected 

to take place off Western Australia, in cooperation with other resources 

companies. 

From Japan Today. January 2022.

Liquified CO2 Transport and Storage Company to be Developed.

Two shipping companies will collaborate on the development of a global liquified 

CO2 marine transportation and storage business. NYK (Japan) and Knutsen 

(Norway) formed the joint venture company Knutsen NYK Carbon Carriers, 

which will utilize Knutsen’s patented technology that enables transport of 

liquified CO2 at ambient temperatures. The liquified CO2 loading and offloading, 

both onshore and offshore, will be conducted through the company’s Knutsen 

NYK Offshore Tankers. 

From gasworld. January 2022.

APRIL 2022

Companies to Develop CO2 Capture, Transport, and Storage Service.

Talos Energy signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with EnLink 

Midstream to jointly develop an industrial-scale CO2 capture, transport, and 

storage service in Louisiana (USA). Portions of EnLink’s existing regional 

pipeline infrastructure will be used, as will Talos’ River Bend CCS site, which 

includes more than 26,000 acres of pore space and provides more than 500 

million metric tons of CO2 storage capacity.

From Journal of Petroleum Technology. February 2022.

CCS Projects to Be Developed in Australia.

Santos, SK E&S, K-CCUS Association, CO2CRC, and Korea Trade Insurance 

Corporation signed an MOU to support and collaborate on the development 

of CO2 storage facilities in the Australia region. CCS at Bayu-Undan has the 

potential capacity to store approximately 10 million metric tons of CO2 per 

year. In addition, Santos also announced the beginning of the FEED phase of a 

proposed Bayu-Undan CCS project.

From Santos Media Release. February 2022.

Collaboration to Accelerate CCS Projects Across Europe.

Aker Carbon Capture and Northern Lights JV—a CO2 reduction project 

developer—signed an MOU to collaborate on the acceleration of CCS projects 

in Norway and across Europe. The MOU builds on lessons learned from the 

Longship project—a Norwegian government effort to develop technology for 

full-scale CCS in Norway. Operations are expected to begin in 2024. 

From gasworld. February 2022.

Exxon Announces Plans for CCS Project.

ExxonMobil announced plans for a CCS project at its Baytown refinery near 

Houston, Texas (USA). Along with a planned hydrogen production plant, the 

complex would be part of the company’s effort to create a CCS zone along 

the Houston Ship Channel. A final investment decision is pending regulatory 

permits and engineering studies. In addition, Exxon also announced plans 

to expand CCS at its LaBarge, Wyoming, facility. The expansion project is 

expected to capture up to an additional 1.2 million metric tons of CO2 per year 

(approximately 6–7 million metric tons are currently captured at LaBarge each 

year).

From Reuters. March 2022.

Companies to Develop Flexible CO2 Transportation Solutions.

Aker Carbon Capture and Dan-Unity CO2—a Danish CCS-specific shipping 

entity—will collaborate on the development of CO2 transport solutions with 

the aim of establishing a full CCUS value chain. The companies will explore the 

development potential of future CCS value chains by collaborating on market 

analysis and insight and utilizing their industry expertise to identify technical 

and commercial risks across the CCS value chain, including capture and 

liquefaction technology, loading and offloading operations, offshore offloading, 

intermediate storage, and subsurface storage. 

From Aker Carbon Capture Press Release. February 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

MAY 2022

Equinor Awarded CO2 Licenses.

The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy awarded Equinor two 

licenses to develop CO2 storage in the North Sea and in the Barents Sea. 

The two licenses—referred to by Equinor as “Smeaheia” and “Polaris”—are 

considered building blocks for developing the Norwegian continental shelf. 

Through these two projects, Equinor aims to contribute to CO2 reductions 

equivalent to half of Norway’s annual emissions. 

From Equinor News. April 2022.

LOI to Develop Australia’s Offshore Carbon Storage.

Marine geophysics firm PGS ASA (PGS) and CCS project developer deepC 

Store (DCS) signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) to develop offshore carbon storage in 

Australia. As part of the collaboration, PGS will provide geologic and geophysics 

advice on projects developed and operated by DCS.

From gasworld. March 2022.

JUNE 2022

Companies Announce Partnership to Develop CCS Project.

Lapis Energy—an infrastructure investment firm—and LBS Industries—a 

chemical product manufacturer for the agricultural, mining, and industrial 

markets—entered into an agreement to develop a CCS project at LSB 

Industries’ El Dorado, Arkansas, facility (USA). Subject to the approval of a U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class VI permit, the project is projected 

to be completed by 2025, at which time CO2 injections would begin. Once 

operational, the project would have the potential to initially capture and store 

more than 450,000 metric tons of CO2 per year, with the potential to increase 

that amount, according to the companies. 

From Business Wire. April 2022.

Chevron Signs on to Joint Venture to Develop CCS Hub.

U.S. oil company Chevron signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with 

U.S. oil company Talos and CCS project development and finance company 

Carbonvert to join their joint venture to develop an offshore CCS hub. The Bayou 

Bend CCS project—a 2021 joint venture between Talos and Carbonvert—

encompasses more than 40,000 acres and, according to the preliminary 

estimates, has the potential to store 225–275 million metric tons of CO2 from 

industrial sources in the area (offshore Beaumont and Port Arthur, Texas). 

From Offshore Engineer. May 2022.

FEED Contract Awarded for CCS Project.

A FEED contract for a Malaysian CCS project was awarded to a consortium 

led by the National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC). Per the terms of 

the contract, consortium member Technip Energies—a provider of consulting, 

engineering services, and technologies for the low-carbon energy market—

will provide project management and technological capabilities, while NPCC 

will utilize its offshore installation experience and fabrication capabilities. The 

Kasawari CCS project is located off the coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and is 

expected to average 3.7 million metric tons of CO2 annually. 

From Construction Review Online. April 2022.

Summit Carbon Solutions Joins CO2 Storage Project.

Summit Carbon Solutions, an Iowa (USA) pipeline builder, announced plans to 

collaborate with Minnkota Power Cooperative to develop a CO2 storage facility. 

The project would include capturing and storing CO2 from Minnkota’s Milton R. 

Young Station near Center, North Dakota (USA). Summit has also proposed a 

pipeline across five states, including Iowa, that would capture CO2 at ethanol, 

fertilizer, and other industrial agriculture facilities, liquefy it under pressure, and 

then transport it via the pipeline to North Dakota for storage. 

From Des Moines Register. April 2022.

Carbon Storage Licenses Awarded in Southern North Sea.

Britain’s North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) awarded energy firms Equinor 

and BP two carbon storage licenses on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf 

off the coast of Humberside. Combined with existing nearby licenses held by 

the Northern Endurance Partnership (which includes Equinor and BP), the 

licenses have the potential to enable the storage of up to 23 million metric tons 

of CO2 per year, according to NSTA. 

From Reuters. May 2022.

CCS Venture Proposed for Texas Gulf Coast.

BP and industrial gas supplier Linde launched a CCS venture proposed for 

the Texas Gulf Coast. The offshore facility aims to collect up to 100 million 

metric tons of CO2 annually. The project, which targets a 2026 startup, will 

begin storing CO2 from Linde’s hydrogen gas plants. BP will develop and permit 

the venture’s subterranean sites, and Linde will provide gas compression 

technology. 

From Reuters. May 2022.

JULY 2022

Red Trail Energy Begins CCS Operations.

Red Trail Energy LLC (RTE) announced the start of CCS operations at its ethanol 

facility located near Richardton, North Dakota (USA). According to RTE officials, 

it is the first CCS project allowed under state primacy in the United States. In 

October 2021, the North Dakota Industrial Commission approved the EPA Class 

VI injection well and the reservoir space RTE needed to operate the facility. The 

RTE ethanol plant releases an average of 180,000 metric tons of CO2 per year 

from the fermentation process during ethanol production. With CCS, RTE will 

capture 100% of their CO2 emissions from the fermentation process and inject 

approximately 500 metric tons of CO2 per day. The CO2 will then be stored 

below the surface in the Broom Creek formation. 

From Ethanol Producer Magazine. July 2022.

Companies Reach Agreement to Transport, Store CO2.

Denbury Carbon Solutions and PCS Nitrogen Fertilizer (a subsidiary of Nutrien 

Ltd.) reached a term sheet agreement under which Denbury would transport 

and store CO2 captured from a potential clean ammonia project in Geismar, 

Louisiana. Nutrien is evaluating its ammonia facilities in the area as a potential 

site for the project, which is expected to capture approximately 1.8 million 

metric tons per year of CO2. Under the agreement, Denbury would transport 

and store the CO2 in Denbury’s storage sites. 

From Business Wire. May 2022.

Companies to Develop Louisiana Carbon Storage Project.

TotalEnergies, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sempra Infrastructure signed a 

participation agreement to develop the proposed Hackberry Carbon 

Sequestration (HCS) project in Southwest Louisiana (USA). Under the 

agreement, the combined Cameron Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Phase I and 

proposed Phase II export projects would potentially serve as the source for 

the capture and storage of CO2 by the HCS project. Last year, the HCS project 

applied for a Class VI Injection well permit from EPA for storage of up to 2 

million metric tons of CO2 per year. 

From Carbon Capture Journal. May 2022.

Energy Companies to Study CCUS in Oman.

Two development companies signed an agreement to study the potential for 

CCUS in Oman. Shell Development Oman and Petroleum Development Oman 

will explore key factors (i.e., technical matters, project time frame and cost, 

and support for a regulatory and fiscal framework) for CCUS in the country, 

with the aim of scaling-up Oman’s CCUS industry while also working toward 

net-zero emissions. 

From Gas World. May 2022.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

Loan Approved for Project Tundra.

Minnkota Power Cooperative received approval for a $100 million loan to help 

advance Project Tundra—an effort at the Milton R. Young Station in North 

Dakota (USA) to capture and store more than 90% of the CO2 emissions 

produced by the coal-based plant. Authorized by the North Dakota Industrial 

Commission, the loan was made available through the state’s Clean Sustainable 

Energy Authority. Project Tundra is in an advanced stage of development, which 

includes having a fully permitted CO2 storage facility and an EPA-approved 

monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) plan for CO2 storage. 

From Carbon Capture Magazine. May 2022.

Japanese Companies to Join CCS Project.

Three Japanese energy companies plan to join a CCS project in Australia. 

JERA, Tokyo Gas, and Inpex will look to transport, by sea, CO2 released during 

the production of LNG in Japan to Australia for storage. The CCS plant, led by 

oil and gas company Santos, could have the potential to store up to 10 million 

tons of CO2 per year. Planned for northern Australia, the plant is expected to be 

operational around 2025.

From Nikkei Asia. June 2022. 

Ethanol Plant to Transport CO2 to Wyoming for Storage.

An ethanol plant in Eastern Nebraska has agreed to transport its CO2 to a future 

storage plant in Wyoming (USA). According to company officials from Tallgrass, 

the system will be capable of capturing 10 million tons of CO2 annually from an 

Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) plant in Columbus, Nebraska. The CO2 will be 

transported through a former 400-mile natural gas pipeline to a storage hub 

in eastern Wyoming.

From Brownfield Ag News. May 2022.

Energy Producer Plans CCS Project.

Columbian energy producer Ecopetrol announced plans to start a pilot CCS 

project in 2023. According to company officials, the pilot aims to capture 1 

million metric tons of CO2 from its refineries and store it in a gas-depleted 

reservoir. 

From Reuters. May 2022.

Thai Company Looking to Develop CCS Project.

Thailand’s national oil and gas company PTT Exploration and Production 

(PTTEP) announced plans to develop the country’s first CCS project, as well 

as the initiation of CCS feasibility studies in other areas of Thailand. PTTEP 

concluded the feasibility study of its Pioneer CCS Project at the Arthit gas 

field, which covered the preliminary assessment of the carbon storage capacity 

of targeted geologic storage formations and a conceptual development plan. 

According to the company, the project is undergoing a pre-FEED study and is 

expected to start CCS operations by 2026. PTTEP signed a Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) with JGC Holdings and Inpex in April 2022 to study the 

potential development of CCS solutions to help industries reduce their CO2

emissions.

From Offshore Energy. June 2022.

AUGUST 2022

Shell to Build Ships to Carry More CO2 for CCS Hubs.

Shell announced plans to build larger vessels that can carry more CO2 over 

longer distances to offshore CCS hubs. As part of the Northern Lights project 

in Norway, Shell has a joint venture with Equinor and TotalEnergies to build 

two ships capable of carrying 7,500 cubic meters of CO2. Shell is leading the 

design and construction of the vessels, which will be powered by liquefied 

natural gas. The ships are expected to be ready for delivery in 2024.

From Reuters. June 2022.

C-Capture Awarded CCUS Innovation 2.0 Program Funding.

CDR firm C-Capture was awarded funding from the UK Department for 

Business, Energy, and Industrial Sector (BEIS) as part of the CCUS Innovation 

2.0 Program aimed at accelerating the deployment of next-generation CCUS 

technology in the UK. C-Capture’s project, called XLR8 CCS, uses a class of 

capture solvents that are free of amine and nitrogen and can be manufactured 

on a large scale. C-Capture also recently secured a grant from the UK 

government to advance its bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) 

project at Drax Power Station in North Yorkshire, England.

From The Chemical Engineer. June 2022.

Climeworks to Launch DAC Plant.

Swiss climate tech firm Climeworks broke ground on a large-scale direct air 

capture (DAC) plant in Iceland. The DAC facility, called “Mammoth,” will have 

the potential to capture 36,000 tons of CO2 per year when fully operational. 

Carbon storage firm CarbFix will store the CO2 and ON Power will supply the 

plant and the CO2 injection sites with renewable energy to run the DAC and 

storage process. Construction is expected to last 18–24 months.

From Reuters. June 2022.

Canadian CCUS Plant Announced.

Teck Resources Limited announced a CCUS pilot project at its Trail Operations 

metallurgical complex in southern British Columbia, Canada. The plant will 

capture CO2 from the acid plant flue gas at Trail Operations at a rate of 3 

metric tons per day. Expected to begin operation in 2023, the pilot project will 

also evaluate options for the utilization and/or storage of the captured CO2. If 

successful, the project could be scaled up to an industrial CCUS plant with the 

potential to capture more than 100,000 metric tons of CO2 per year at Trail 

Operations.

From Teck News Release. June 2022.

Lease Agreement for CCS Project in Louisiana Announced.

1PointFive, a CCUS platform and subsidiary of Occidental’s Low Carbon 

Ventures business, and Manulife Investment Management entered into a 

lease agreement for a CCS project in Louisiana, USA. The agreement provides 

1PointFive with access to subsurface pore space and surface rights to develop 

and operate a carbon storage hub on approximately 27,000 acres of timberland 

in western Louisiana. Two EPA Class VI injection permits have been filed for the 

site. The companies are also exploring other locations and projects with the 

potential to add additional acreage for CO2 removal and storage.

From GlobeNewswire. June 2022.

Collaborative Agrees to Progress CCS Project.

Neptune Energy, Rosewood Exploration Ltd, EBN Capital BV, and ExxonMobil 

subsidiary XTO Netherlands Ltd. signed a cooperation agreement to progress 

a large-scale, offshore CCS project in the Dutch North Sea. The agreement 

intends to have the project FEED-ready by the end of 2022, followed by a 

storage license application. This CCS project has the potential to store 4–5 

million tons of anthropogenic CO2 annually in the exhausted gas fields located 

in Neptune-operated L10-A, B, and E areas. The L10 area would be the first 

step in the development of CO2 storage.

From Pipeline Technology Journal. June 2022.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PROJECT and BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

Companies to Evaluate Potential CCS Hub in China.

ExxonMobil, Shell, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), and 

Guangdong Provincial Development & Reform Commission initiated a joint 

study to identify CCS opportunities. The companies and local authorities signed 

a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to evaluate a potential CCS hub 

project at the Dayawan Petrochemical Industrial Park in Huizhou, Guangdong 

Province, China. As part of the agreement, the companies will also evaluate 

the carbon policy systems in China and propose policies for consideration that 

would support the deployment of CCS in Dayawan Petrochemical Industrial 

Park. 

From Offshore Energy. June 2022.

SEPTEMBER 2022

Denbury Adds CCS Site in Louisiana.

Energy company Denbury announced the expansion of its CO2 storage 

portfolio with an additional storage site in Louisiana (USA). Denbury signed an 

agreement with a landowner to lease approximately 18,000 acres of land near 

Donaldsonville, Louisiana, for future CO2 storage. The site is located less than 

five miles from Denbury’s existing CO2 Green Pipeline and in close proximity 

to the Louisiana Industrial Corridor. Denbury estimates more than 50 million 

metric tons per year of existing stationary CO2 emissions are located within 30 

miles of the site.

From Denbury Press Release. July 2022.

CCUS MOU Signed in Midwest United States.

Chart Industries and Wolf Carbon Solutions signed a Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) focused on CCUS in the Midwest United States. The MOU 

will support refineries, cement, steel, and petrochemical companies to capture, 

transport, and store CO2 emissions from industrial facilities. Chart’s Sustainable 

Energy Solutions technology will be deployed at a number of host sites, where 

CO2 emissions will be captured and stored in Wolf Carbon Solutions’ Mt. Simon 

Hub pipeline (which will run from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to central Illinois).

From gasworld. July 2022.

Companies Collaborate to Reduce CCS Costs.

Global technology company ABB and CCS solutions company Captimise are 

collaborating to assist industrial CO2 emitters with incorporating CCS into 

their operations. The companies will work with operators to assess alternative 

technologies and plant configurations available to achieve CCS.

From Industry and Energy. July 2022.

Japanese Companies to Explore CCS in Malaysia.

A trio of Japanese energy companies agreed to explore the viability of CCS 

technology in Malaysia. Japan Petroleum Co. Ltd. (JAPEX), JGC Corporation, 

and Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. agreed to investigate suitable sites for CO2

storage and methods to capture and transport the CO2 from the Petronas 

liquified natural gas complex in Malaysia, in addition to the possibility of 

transporting it from outside the country. 

From gasworld. August 2022.

CCS Project to Be Developed in Thailand.

PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) announced plans to develop a CCS 

project at the Arthit offshore gas field in Thailand. Currently in the pre-FEED 

phase, the project is expected to store 1 million metric tons of CO2. A final 

investment decision is expected in 2023, with the CCS facility projected to be 

operating by 2026. PTTEP plans to carry out more feasibility studies for CCS 

projects in Thailand and is also collaborating to establish a Thailand CCUS 

consortium for the adoption of CCUS in the country’s industrial sector.

From Energy Voice. August 2022.

California Carbon Management Projects Net Investment.

A Canadian-based asset management firm agreed to invest in California 

Resources Corporation’s (CRC) plans to develop carbon management projects 

in California (USA). CRC’s joint venture, with a fund run by Brookfield Asset 

Management Inc., will provide $10 per metric ton of CO2 injected into a 

geologic formation in the Elk Hills oil field (proposing up to 5 million tons of 

CO2 per year).

From The Bakersfield Californian. August 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 LEGISLATION and POLICY

LEGISLATION and POLICY

OCTOBER 2021

Canada to Review Calls for CCUS Studies.

Natural Resources Canada sought expressions of interest to support CCUS 

across Canada. Funded under Canada’s Energy Innovation Program, the call 

supported front-end engineering and design studies that have the potential 

to reduce the impact of carbon emissions. Following the review process, 

successful applicants will be invited to submit full project proposals later 

this year. As part of their 2021 budget, the Canadian federal government 

is investing in research, development, and demonstrations to advance the 

commercial viability of CCUS technologies. From Natural Resources Canada 

News Release. August 2021.

Australian Government to Fund Carbon Storage Projects.

The Australian government plans to fund carbon storage activities in the 

southwest land division of Western Australia. The Western Australian Carbon 

Farming and Land Restoration Program will provide funding to projects that 

utilize agriculture’s potential to store carbon in the landscape and contribute to 

the growth of the Western Australian carbon farming market. Funding amounts 

will be determined after assessing the expressions of interest, which were 

accepted through September 2021. From business.gov.au. September 2021.

NOVEMBER 2021

Bill Contains Historic CCS Infrastructure Investment.

The U.S. House of Representatives passed the Infrastructure Investment and 

Jobs Act, which contains the largest appropriation of money for CCS in the 

history of the technology. The bill contains major provisions for CCS, including 

$2.5 billion appropriated for CCS demonstration projects, $1 billion for largescale CCS pilot projects, and $3.5 billion for regional DAC hubs over the next 

five years. The bill also contains the Storing CO2 And Lowering Emissions 

(SCALE) Act in its entirety, which will direct nearly $5 billion to support the 

development and financing of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure and 

sites. From Global CCS Institute. November 2021.

California to Set CO2 Storage Goals on State Lands.

Legislation intended to boost CO2 storage efforts on California state lands was 

signed into law. SB 27 will require the state Natural Resources Agency to (1) 

establish carbon storage goals for natural and working lands by July 2023 and 

(2) create a registry of projects for public and private investment and track the 

carbon benefits of each project. Under the bill, the California Air Resources 

Board (CARB) must establish a specific CO2 removal target for the state’s 

natural and working lands for 2030 and beyond. CARB will also establish the 

Natural and Working Lands Climate Smart Strategy to serve as a framework to 

advance the state’s goals. From Argus Media. September 2021.

Bill Aims to Store CO2.

A bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate that aims to increase the natural 

carbon storage capacity of forests and rangelands. The America’s Revegetation 

and Carbon Sequestration Act directs the U.S. Forest Service and Natural 

Forest Foundation to develop a carbon credit program for non-federal buyers. 

Under the current plan, revenue from the carbon market would be used to 

fund additional carbon storage and emissions mitigation efforts on U.S. Forest 

Service land. From Casper Star-Tribune. September 2021.

Australian Government Invests in CCUS Hubs.

The Australian government announced a program to increase the development 

of commercial-scale CCUS projects and hubs across the country. The 

CCUS Hubs and Technologies Program will operate across two streams: (1) 

supporting the design and construction of carbon capture hubs and shared 

infrastructure and (2) supporting the research and commercialization of carbon 

capture technologies and the identification of viable storage sites. From Carbon 

Capture Journal. September 2021. 

DECEMBER 2021

Australia Announces CCUS Initiatives.

The Australian government announced initiatives encouraging CCUS efforts. 

Among the initiatives is the CCUS Hubs and Technologies Program, which 

aims to deploy CCUS at scale by encouraging domestic and international 

research collaborations and lowering the cost of technology adoption. From 

The Chemical Engineer. October 2021.

Potential Tax Incentives Include CCS Modifications.

The U.S. House Ways and Means Committee released legislation that includes 

“Green Energy Provisions” that would incentivize cleaner, more efficient 

operations that focus on reducing emissions. In addition, the provisions contain 

several modifications to the development of the CCUS market. From Financial 

Executives International. October 2021.

Iowa Task Force to Review Carbon Storage Policy 

Recommendations.

The Iowa Carbon Sequestration Task Force (USA) met to discuss policy 

recommendations for lawmakers within the state. Announced in July 2021, 

the Carbon Sequestration Task Force is supported by two working groups: the 

Agriculture Working Group and the Energy Working Group. From Radio Iowa. 

October 2021.

UK Plan Includes CCS Funding.

The U.K. government unveiled its Net-Zero Strategy, which includes the 

funding of two CCS hubs. The East Coast Cluster project will look to develop 

offshore infrastructure to transport and store CO2 in the U.K.’s North Sea. The 

Hynet project plans to produce clean hydrogen and capture and store CO2 from 

industry. From Bloomberg. October 2021.

North Carolina Bill Calls for CO2 Reductions.

The Governor of North Carolina (USA) signed a bipartisan energy measure 

aimed at reducing the state’s greenhouse gas emissions in the coming 

decades. HB 951 requires the North Carolina Utilities Commission to take 

steps needed to achieve the goal of reducing energy producers’ CO2 emissions 

by 70% by 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. From Watauga 

Democrat. October 2021.

JANUARY 2022

US Government Establishes Goal to Achieve Net-Zero Carbon 

Emissions by 2050.

The President of the United States signed an Executive Order (EO) directing 

the U.S. federal government to achieve a goal of net-zero carbon emissions 

by 2050. In addition, the EO calls for the federal government to use 100% 

carbon-free electricity and to reduce its CO2 emissions by 65%, both by 2030. 

From The Hill. December 2021.

FEBRUARY 2022

UK Government Launches BECCS Program.

The United Kingdom (UK) government launched a program to support the 

development of technologies to produce hydrogen generated from biomass 

with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Applicants can bid for a share 

of government funding under Phase I of the Hydrogen BECCS Innovation 

Programme to help develop their project plans and demonstrate feasibility. A 

second phase will follow, providing more funding to the most promising Phase 

I projects. The program is funded through the UK Department for Business, 

Energy, and Industrial Strategy. 

From Renewable Energy Magazine. January 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 LEGISLATION and POLICY

MARCH 2022

North Dakota Commission Approves Carbon Storage Plans.

The North Dakota Industrial Commission approved storage plans for the 

Project Tundra carbon capture effort northwest of Bismarck, North Dakota. 

The project would capture emissions from the Milton R. Young Station power 

plant operated by Minnkota Power Cooperative. If the project moves forward, 

construction could start in 2022 and be completed by 2026.

From The Bismarck Tribune. January 2022. 

Indiana Lawmakers Advance CCS Bills.

The Indiana House Committee on Natural Resources (USA) passed a pair of 

CCS bills. House Bill 1249 gives a Vigo County CCS project special liability 

protections; House Bill 1209 sets the foundation for a state permitting process 

for CCS projects. Both bills will next be considered by the full House of 

Representatives.

From Indiana Environmental Reporter. January 2022.

Clean Fuel Standards Act Passes New Mexico Senate.

A bill that would require decreased carbon intensity requirements for 

transportation fuels in New Mexico, USA, as well as create a carbon credit 

market to help businesses achieve the requirements, passed the New Mexico 

Senate. If passed, the Clean Fuel Standards Act has the potential to reduce 

emissions by approximately 18.5 million metric tons of CO2, according to the a 

press release. Senate Bill 14 next goes to the House of Representatives.

From NM Political Report. January 2022.

APRIL 2022

West Virginia Legislature Approves Carbon Storage Bills.

Committees in both chambers of the West Virginia (USA) Legislature approved 

bills that would set up a regulatory program for the underground storage of CO2. 

Under House Bill (HB) 4491 and Senate Bill (SB) 622, the state Department of 

Environmental Protection would be responsible for setting rules for developing 

and approving underground CO2 storage facilities. In addition, the bills would 

require the storage operator to assess the migration of CO2 injected for 

storage. HB 622 was referred to the full Senate by the Senate Energy, Industry, 

and Mining Commission, and HB 4491 was referred to the House Judiciary 

Committee by the House Energy and Manufacturing Committee.

From Charleston Gazette-Mail. February 2022.

Wyoming Looks to Expand CO2 Storage Network.

Wyoming (USA) lawmakers have created two bills to expand the state’s legal 

and regulatory framework for advancing underground carbon storage and 

encouraging CCUS at existing coal-fired power plants. Senate File (SF) 47—

Carbon Storage and Sequestration Liability establishes a process for the state 

to assume ownership and liability for CO2 injected into geologic formations. 

SF 64—Carbon Capture and Sequestration addresses regulated utilities and 

retiring coal-fired power plants in favor of either retrofitting the plants with 

CCUS technology or selling them (to an owner who will install CCUS technology). 

From WyoFile. February 2022.

MAY 2022

PUK Government Invests in CCUS.

The UK government announced financial support for CCUS research. The 

investment follows the announcement of the “British energy security strategy,” 

which, according to the Carbon Capture and Storage Association, reaffirms the 

UK government’s commitment to deliver four CCUS clusters by 2030. The new 

investment includes funding for an international initiative among 14 countries 

aimed at accelerating CCUS technologies through funding research innovation 

projects.

From Carbon Capture Journal. April 2022.

Legislation Would Create Regulations for CCS Projects.

The Pennsylvania Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide Act would establish 

legislative intent to facilitate carbon capture in the state; designate property 

rights around storage sites in geologic formations; assign state regulatory 

authority to CCS facilities in the state; specify the regulatory and permitting 

process within the existing federal structure; and create a cash fund for 

sustaining regulatory operations. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

currently holds the regulatory authority over CCS projects; a Pennsylvaniaspecific statute will allow the state to facilitate CCS feasibility studies within 

its own borders. The legislation will next be introduced into the state Senate.

From Pennsylvania Business Report. March 2022.

Canadian Budget Proposes CCUS Tax Credit.

The 2022 Canadian Federal Budget released in April 2022 proposed a 

refundable investment tax credit for CCUS projects. Under the proposal, from 

2022 through 2030, the investment tax credit rates would be set at 60% for 

investment in equipment for DAC projects; 50% for equipment in other carbon 

capture projects; and 37.5% for transportation, storage, and use. These rates 

will be halved for the period from 2031 through 2040.

From Bloomberg. April 2022.

JUNE 2022

Legislative Changes to Carbon Storage Projects Proposed in 

Canada.

The Canadian Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources, 

and Forestry (NDMNRF) filed a proposal on the Environmental Registry of 

Ontario website to gather input from stakeholders on possible legislative 

changes related to carbon storage projects. The proposal aims to narrow 

prohibitions under the Oil, Gas, and Salt Resources Act and the Mining Act that 

relate to CO2 storage. Possible changes to the regulatory structure also include 

(1) allowing proponents to voluntarily enter into agreements with NDMNRF 

to use wells to explore, test, pilot, or demonstrate new technology, such as 

carbon storage, in areas where oil, gas, and salt resources are typically found; 

(2) enhancing protections by allowing the issuance of orders related to public 

or environmental risks; and (3) changing the Mining Act framework to allow 

the NDMNRF to grant authorizations to use Crown land for carbon storage 

activities. 

From Mondaq. April 2022.

Japan Plans Legal CCS Framework.

Japan’s industry ministry plans to create a legal framework for CCS to enable 

companies to begin storing CO2 underground or under the seabed by 2030. 

According to the ministry, Japan expects to store approximately 120–240 

million metric tons of CO2 per year in 2050. The Japanese government plans 

to submit (1) a draft bill to establish a new right to store CO2 in Japan and limit 

liability, and (2) a scheme in the legal framework to transport CO2 released in 

Japan to other countries for storage. 

From Reuters. April 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 LEGISLATION and POLICY

Ohio Legislation Seeks Primacy of Carbon Storage Injection Wells.

Legislation has been signed into law in Ohio (USA) that seeks primacy over EPA 

Class VI injection wells for carbon storage. House Bill 175 includes a provision 

that requires the Ohio Department of Natural Resources to begin the process 

of seeking primacy over Class VI injection wells for carbon storage from EPA 

no later than 90 days after the effective date of the bill (the legislation takes 

effect on July 19, 2022). 

From JD Supra. April 2022.

JULY 2022

Legislation to Accelerate CDR Introduced.

Legislation to reduce emissions by accelerating CDR technologies was 

introduced in the U.S. Senate. The Federal Carbon Dioxide Removal Leadership 

Act would leverage federal procurement to create a market for CDR by 

removing an increasing amount of CO2 using DAC or other technology-based 

removal solutions; setting aside 20% of funds for promoting newer, innovative 

technologies; and prioritizing the creation of jobs domestically, supporting 

American competitiveness in developing climate solutions, and maximizing the 

efficacy of CDR techniques. The full bill text is available for download.

From U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse News Release. May 2022.

AUGUST 2022

US BLM Issues Carbon Storage Policy for Public Lands.

The U.S. Department of Interior’s (DOI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 

issued a new policy related to geologic storage of CO2 on public lands. The new 

instruction memorandum provides a path for geologic carbon storage projects 

on BLM-managed lands by providing direction for authorizing rights-of-way 

(ROWs) for site characterization, transportation, injection, capture, and storage 

of CO2 at appropriately classified injection well locations. The instruction 

memorandum ensures consistent processing of ROW applications for carbon 

storage projects across BLM-managed lands.

From BLM Press Release. June 2022.

California (USA) Releases Draft Blueprint to Achieve Carbon 

Neutrality by 2045.

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) released a proposed plan for the 

state to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The draft 2022 Scoping Plan 

Update, developed after more than 15 public workshops and meetings, also 

assesses progress toward meeting the interim statutory mandate of reducing 

GHG emissions by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. This is the third 

update to CARB’s original 2008 Scoping Plan, which was the original blueprint 

for achieving the goals of the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 

(Assembly Bill 32). 

From Reuters. June 2022.

Government of Canada Enacts Offset Regulations.

The government of Canada enacted offset regulations that will enable projects 

governed by the Canadian federal Output-Based Pricing System (OBPS) to 

generate and sell carbon credits. The carbon credits can be used by facilities 

covered by the federal OBPS to meet GHG emissions compliance obligations. 

Requirements for projects registered under the Canadian Greenhouse Gas 

Offset Credit System Regulations are further set out in applicable Canadian 

federal offset protocols, which describe the approach for quantifying GHG 

reductions or removals for a given type of project.

From Lexology. June 2022.

SEPTEMBER 2022

New Bill on EPA CO2 Regulations.

A new bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives would require 

EPA to enforce new fuel carbon-intensity standards for ships—specifically 

commercial voyages, international and domestic, involving any “U.S ports of 

call.” The Clean Shipping Act of 2022 is modeled on the European Union’s (EU) 

Fit for 55 regulatory framework for shipping. Under the proposed bill, the GHG 

intensity would be reduced by 20% in 2027, 45% in 2030, 80% in 2035, and 

100% in 2040.

From The Maritime Executive. July 2022.

Government of Alberta Investing in CCUS.

The Government of Alberta (Canada), through non-profit Emissions Reduction 

Alberta (ERA), is investing in 11 projects focused on advancing CCUS in the 

province. If successful, the projects could lead to the reduction of approximately 

24 million metric tons of CO2 emissions annually. The projects selected under 

the Carbon Capture Kickstart: Design and Engineering funding opportunity 

represent industrial sectors such as power generation, cement, fertilizer, forest 

products, and oil and gas. Projects are expected to be operational by 2030. 

From Emissions Reduction Alberta. July 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 EMISSIONS TRADING

EMISSIONS TRADING

OCTOBER 2021

Québec and California Hold Joint GHG Auction.

Québec (Canada) and California held the 28th joint auction of greenhouse gas 

(GHG) emission units. In total, 71,261,536 current vintage emission units 

were sold at $23.30 and 8,306,250 2024 vintage emission units were sold 

at $23.69. The summary of the auction results is available on the Québec 

Ministry website. The next auction is scheduled for November 17, 2021. 

From Newswire. August 2021.

Carbon Credits Program Established on State Forest Land.

Michigan’s Department of Natural Resources and DTE Energy agreed to 

establish a carbon credits program on state forest land, leveraging the carbon 

storage capacity of their trees. The Bluesource/Michigan DNR Big Wild Forest 

Carbon Project offers a portfolio of carbon offset credits generated from 

sustainable forest management activities on more than 100,000 acres of the 

Pigeon River Country State Forest in the northern Lower Peninsula. 

From Midland Daily News. August 2021.

Six Carbon Credit Indices Launched.

S&P Global Platts, an information provider for the commodities and energy 

markets, announced the launching of six carbon credit indices with 

environmental technology company Viridios AI. The CARBEXTM carbon credit 

indices reflect the value of different types of voluntary carbon credits. 

From PR Newswire. August 2021.

NOVEMBER 2021

Results of 53rd RGGI Auction Released.

The RGGI-participating states announced the results of their 53rd auction of CO2

allowances. A total of 22,911,423 CO2 allowances were sold at a clearing price 

of $9.30, with bids ranging from $2.38 to $12.51 per allowance. In addition, 

none of the 11.98 million cost containment reserve (CCR) allowances made 

available were sold. (The CCR is a fixed additional supply of allowances made 

available if CO2 allowance prices exceed certain price levels [$13.00 in 2021].) 

None of the 11.31 million emissions containment reserve (ECR) allowances 

made available were sold. (The ECR is a designated quantity of allowances 

to be withheld if an auction’s interim clearing price is below an established 

price level [$6.00 in 2021]). Auction 53 generated $213 million for states to 

reinvest in strategic programs, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, 

and greenhouse gas abatement programs. Additional details are available in 

the Market Monitor Report for Auction 53. 

From RGGI News Release. September 2021.

Australia to Issue Credits for CCS.

The Australian government set rules to issue carbon credits for projects to 

capture and store CO2. Under the rules, CCS projects will earn one Australian 

Carbon Credit Unit (ACCU) for each metric ton of carbon emissions avoided. 

ACCUs can either be sold by auction to the Australian government’s Emissions 

Reduction Fund or on the private market. 

From Reuters. October 2021.

DECEMBER 2021

Western Australia Legislation to Enable Carbon Trading by Forest 

Products Commission.

The Western Australia Forestry Minister introduced a bill that would allow the 

state’s Forest Products Commission (FPC) to own and trade carbon assets. 

The bill would amend the Forest Products Act 2000, under which the FPC was 

limited to dealing with “forest products.” (Forest products are defined to mean 

trees, parts of trees, and similar products.) The amendments would also allow 

the FPC to obtain and trade Australian Carbon Credit Units. 

From Government of Western Australia. October 2021.

JANUARY 2022

Results of 54th RGGI Auction Released.

The RGGI-participating states announced the results of their 54th auction of 

CO2 allowances. A total of 27,041,000 CO2 allowances were sold at a clearing 

price of $13.00, with bids ranging from $2.38 to $17.00 per allowance. The 

emissions sold included the initial offering of 23,121,518 allowances, as well 

as 3,919,482 of the 11.98 million cost containment reserve (CCR) allowances 

available for sale. (The CCR is a fixed additional supply of allowances that 

is made available for sale if an auction’s interim clearing price exceeds a 

certain price level [$13.00 in 2021].) None of the 11.31 million emissions 

containment reserve (ECR) allowances made available were sold. (The ECR 

is a designated quantity of allowances to be withheld if an auction’s interim 

clearing price is below an established price level [$6.00 in 2021].) Auction 54 

generated $351 million for states to reinvest in strategic programs, including 

energy efficiency, renewable energy, and GHG abatement programs. Additional 

details are available in the Market Monitor Report for Auction 54. 

From RGGI News Release. December 2021.

FEBRUARY 2022

Vietnam to Pilot Carbon Trade Exchange.

Vietnam plans to set up and pilot a carbon trade exchange beginning in 2025, 

according to a government decree on GHG emissions. From now until the end 

of 2027, according to the document, the country will put forward regulations 

on the management of carbon credits, the exchange of GHG emissions quotas 

and carbon credits, and the operation of a carbon credit exchange. The carbon 

trade exchange is expected to be put into official operation in 2028. 

From The Star. January 2022.

Carbon Permit Trades Up in 2021.

The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) saw a record number of carbon allowance 

trades in 2021, up almost 30% from the previous year, according to the 

company. A total of 18.3 billion tons of carbon allowances were traded on the 

exchange in 2021 (up from 14.3 billion in 2020). Approximately 15.2 billion 

tons were trades of European Union allowances (up from 12.17 in 2020); 2.4 

billion were California carbon allowances (up from 1.87 billion in 2020); 255 

million were from Britain’s emission trading system, which launched in 2021; 

and approximately 346 million were RGGI allowances (up from 231.5 in 2020). 

From Reuters. January 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 EMISSIONS TRADING

Global Carbon Emissions Reduction Contract to Launch.

Net Zero Markets, through signed agreements with the European Energy 

Exchange (EEX) and AirCarbon Exchange (ACX), will launch Global Emission 

Reduction (GER)®, a product that will address potential issues in the Voluntary 

Carbon Market (VCM). Net Zero expects the GER to be progressively listed on 

the exchanges and commence trading in early 2022. 

From Yahoo! Finance. January 2022.

MARCH 2022

Europe’s Carbon Price Rises.

The price of permits in the EU’s carbon market closed at a record high in 

February 2022, ending the day (February 4, 2022) at 96.43 euros ($109.40 

USD), which is the highest closing price since the carbon market launched in 

2005. The EU Emissions Trading System requires companies to pay for each 

metric ton of CO2 released, providing a financial incentive to reduce emissions 

and invest in green technologies.

From Reuters. February 2022.

APRIL 2022

Results of RGGI Auction Announced.

The 11 states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) 

announced the results of their 55th auction of CO2 allowances, during which 

21,761269 CO2 allowances were sold at a clearing price of $13.50. According 

to the “Market Monitor Report for Auction 55,” the auction generated $294 

million for states to reinvest in strategic programs, including those focused on 

energy efficiency, renewable energy, and GHG abatement.

From RGGI News Release. March 2022.

RGGI Reports Made Available.

The independent market monitor for RGGI released a report on the secondary 

market for RGGI CO2 allowances, including future prices, market activity, and 

allowance holdings. Potomac Economics’ “Report on the Secondary Market 

for RGGI CO2 Allowances: Fourth Quarter 2021” addressed the period from 

October through December 2021. In addition, RGGI’s “2021 Interim Compliance 

Summary Report” was also made available; the report contains data regarding 

CO2 allowances provided by CO2 budget sources to meet their 2021 interim 

control period compliance obligation. (RGGI’s fifth three-year control period 

took effect on January 1, 2021, and extends through December 31, 2023.) 

From RGGI News Release. February 2022.

MAY 2022

Report on EU Carbon Market.

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published its “Final 

Report on the European Union Carbon Market.” Based on key findings and indepth analysis, the report also formulated policy recommendations to improve 

transparency and monitoring; identified courses of action for consideration by 

the European Commission (EC); and provided next steps for the EC, Council of 

the European Union (EU), and the European Parliament to consider to further 

regulate the carbon market.

From ESMA. March 2022.

JUNE 2022

EU Proposal Aims to Unify Carbon Removal Processes.

The European Commission plans to present a proposal to unify the European 

Union’s (EU) carbon-removal measurement, reporting, and verification 

processes by the end of 2022, according to EU officials. The proposal aims 

to regulate the bloc’s carbon-removal market and will be based on existing 

verification and certification schemes. The commission’s proposal will apply to 

carbon credits generated in the EU and not to international credits. 

From EURACTIV. May 2022.

JULY 2022

RGGI Report Tracks Investment of Auction Proceeds.

The states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) 

released a report tracking the investment of proceeds generated from their 

regional CO2 allowance auctions in 2020. According to Investment of RGGI 

Proceeds in 2020, which also provides state-specific success stories and 

program highlights, $196 million in RGGI proceeds were invested in 2020 in 

programs such as energy efficiency, clean and renewable energy, and GHG 

abatement. Over their lifetime, these 2020 investments are projected to help 

households and businesses avoid the emissions of approximately 6.6 million 

short tons of CO2. 

From RGGI Press Release. May 2022. 

Indian State to Set Up Carbon Market.

The Gujarat government signed an MOU with the Energy Policy Institute, 

the University of Chicago, and JPal of South Asia to set up a carbon market. 

The MOU is in line with the government’s commitment to achieving net-zero 

emissions by 2070.

From India Today. May 2022.

Results of 56th RGGI Auction Released.

The RGGI-participating states announced the results of their 56th auction of 

CO2 allowances. A total of 22,280,473 CO2 allowances were sold at a clearing 

price of $13.90, with bids ranging from $2.44 to $27.00 per allowance. None 

of the 11.61 million cost containment reserve (CCR) allowances made available 

were sold, and none of the 10.96 million emissions containment reserve (ECR) 

allowances made available for withholding were withheld. (The CCR is a fixed 

additional supply of allowances made available for sale if the auction’s interim 

clearing price exceeds $13.91. The ECR is a designated quantity of allowances 

to be withheld if the auction’s interim clearing price is below $6.42.) Auction 56 

generated $309.7 million for states to reinvest in strategic programs, including 

energy efficiency, renewable energy, and GHG abatement programs. Additional 

details are available in the Market Monitor Report for Auction 56.

From RGGI Press Release. June 2022.

AUGUST 2022

Parliament Groups Reach Compromise on EU ETS Reform.

The European Parliament reached a deal on the reform of the European Union’s 

(EU) emissions trading scheme (ETS). The main elements of the agreement 

include the following: emissions reductions from industries covered by the ETS, 

which will reach 63% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels; a phase-out of free 

ETS allowances for industry from 2027 to 2032; initiation of the EU’s new 

carbon border adjustment mechanism in 2033; the Linear Reduction Factor, 

which defines the annual cap on CO2 allowances available for auction, will 

reach 4.6% by 2029 (it will be reduced by 4.4% annually from 2024 to 2026 

and by 4.5% from 2026 to 2029); and an agreement on a gradual “rebasing” 

of the overall level of allowances.

From EUROACTIV. June 2022.
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October 2021 – September 2022 EMISSIONS TRADING

EU Votes to Expand Carbon Market.

EU government ministers voted on an expansion of the EU’s carbon market 

to include shipping and road transport. Shipping emitters will have to pay for 

CO2 produced when sailing within the EU and 50% of voyages outside the bloc 

until 2027. After 2027, the scope of the carbon market will be automatically 

extended to 100% of ships entering and leaving European ports. EU ministers 

also agreed to a carbon market for road transport and heating (proposed for 

these emissions to be regulated from 2027). 

From European Federation for Transport and Environment. June 2022.

SEPTEMBER 2022

International Soil Carbon Credit Issued in UK.

BCarbon, a Houston-based (USA) carbon credit registry, issued an international 

soil credit to Future Food Solutions in the UK, which created the Futures Carbon 

Bank to sell credits on the voluntary carbon market. Under the carbon bank 

program, farmers are encouraged to grow cover crops that store atmospheric 

CO2 in the soil while employing no-till practices. 

From British Consulate General Houston. July 2022.

Cambodia Successfully Sells Carbon Credits.

According to a state official, Cambodia sold carbon credits in the voluntary 

carbon market, earning ~$11 million from 2016–2020. The kingdom sold 

three carbon credit projects at the Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary in Mondulkiri 

province, the REDD+ Project at the Southern Cardamom National Park in Koh 

Kong province, and the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary in Stung Treng province.

From The Manila Times. July 2022.
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October 2021 – September 2022 SCIENCE

SCIENCE

OCTOBER 2021

DOT Partnering with Port of San Diego in Carbon Storage Study.

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Port of San Diego 

announced a partnership to study bay wide eelgrass carbon storage. According 

to the port and DOT’s Maritime Administration (MARAD), eelgrass can capture 

and store large amounts of CO2 in the plants and soils. MARAD awarded the 

port a cooperative agreement for a study to assess how much CO2 is stored in 

San Diego Bay’s eelgrass, as well as how much CO2 eelgrass could continue 

to capture in the future. 

From Times of San Diego. August 2021. 

Researchers to Study Feasibility of Using Quantum Gravity Sensors 

to Monitor CCS Sites.

A research project will consider the feasibility of using quantum gravity sensors 

to monitor CCS sites. With funding from the UKCCSRC, researchers at the 

Quantum Technology Hub will research how the sensors can contribute to 

detecting and monitoring CO2. The project will model the gravity gradient 

signals of the CO2 to determine the ability of the cold atom sensors to detect 

and monitor its migration. The work will investigate how an existing portable 

cold atom gravity gradiometer could be used to monitor a planned injection 

of CO2 at the GeoEnergy Test Bed at the University of Nottingham’s Sutton 

Bonington campus, a facility with multi-sensor technology for CO2 monitoring 

research. 

From Carbon Capture Journal. August 2021. 

Study Finds Volcanoes Play Role in Atmospheric CO2.

Using machine learning (ML) to model Earth’s systems, scientists studied the 

role of volcanoes in the Earth’s carbon life cycle. Researchers from the University 

of Southampton, the University of Sydney, Australian National University, the 

University of Ottawa, and the University of Leeds used ML algorithms and plate 

tectonic reconstructions to model interactions within the Earth and how they 

may have changed over time. Their findings, published in the journal Nature 

Geoscience, found that when fragments of these volcanoes break off and reach 

the oceans, they trap CO2 in the atmosphere. According to their research, this 

means that volcanoes play a balancing act between emitting large amounts of 

CO2 while also removing CO2 through erosion processes. 

From Siliconrepublic.com. August 2021.

Researchers Develop Fuel Tank to Capture, Store CO2 on Ships.

Researchers from Northwestern University developed a CO2-capturing solid 

oxide fuel cell that captures traditional carbon-based fuels for storage or 

recycling into renewable hydrocarbon fuel. To store and reuse this CO2, the 

researchers invented a patent-pending dual-chamber storage tank. After the 

carbon emissions are captured by the tank, they would then be offloaded as 

carbon to be stored at each destination port. 

From Interesting Engineering. August 2021.

NOVEMBER 2021

Shell Collaborating on Technology for CCS Applications.

Shell and BASF are collaborating to evaluate and deploy BASF’s Sorbead®

Adsorption Technology for pre- and post-combustion CCS applications. The 

technology is used to dehydrate CO2 gas after it has been captured by Shell’s 

carbon capture technologies. According to the companies, the technology 

treats the CO2 gas to meet pipeline and underground storage specifications. 

From BASF News Release. September 2021.

Researchers Find Catalyst to Convert CO2 to Fuel.

Researchers used a supercomputer to identify a group of “single-atom” 

catalysts that has the potential to convert CO2 into fuel. Led by Queensland 

University of Technology’s Centre for Materials Science in Australia, the 

researchers used theoretical modeling to identify six metals that would be 

effective in a reaction that can convert CO2 into sustainable and clean energy 

sources. The study was published in the journal Nature Communications. 

From ScienceDaily. October 2021.

Study Measures Reaction of Trees to Elevated Levels of CO2.

Researchers from the University of Birmingham found that mature oak trees 

have the potential to increase their rate of photosynthesis by up to one-third. 

The results, published in the journal Tree Physiology, are derived from an 

outdoor experiment in which an old oak forest was exposed to elevated levels 

of CO2. The researchers found, through the first three years of the 10-year 

project, that the 175-year-old oak trees consistently increased their rate of 

photosynthesis. The researchers will next measure leaves, wood, roots, and 

soil to determine where and for how long the extra carbon captured is stored. 

From ScienceDaily. October 2021.

DECEMBER 2021

New Research Findings Could Help Inform How Zeolites Used in 

CCS.

Researchers from Northwestern University analyzed ancient zeolite specimens 

collected from the edges of East Iceland and discovered that zeolites separate 

calcium isotopes differently than previously thought. The findings could help 

quantify temperatures in both modern and ancient geologic systems, as well 

as inform CCS efforts. The results of the study were published in the journal 

Communications Earth and Environment. 

From Science Daily. October 2021.

Researchers Study Effects of Antibiotics, Temperature 

on Carbon Sinks.

Ecologists from Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (New York, USA) 

investigated the effects of rising temperatures and a common livestock 

antibiotic on soil microbes. The research team found that heat and antibiotics 

disrupt soil microbial communities—degrading soil microbe efficiency, 

resilience to future stress, and ability to store CO2. The study, published in the 

journal Soil Biology and Biochemistry, found that rising temperatures alone 

increased soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon, which could reduce 

long-term carbon storage capacity. 

From Science Daily. November 2021.

JANUARY 2022

Researchers Use Physics to Assess CO2 Storage Sites.

A team of researchers used physics-informed deep learning to study 

hypothetical CO2 storage sites. The work was completed as part of DOE’s 

Science-informed Machine learning to Accelerate Real-Time (SMART)

Decisions for Carbon Storage Initiative. Led by Penn State University (PSU), 

the research team combined artificial intelligence and physics to develop a 

predictive modeling approach that avoided the cost and time commitment 

required with normal numerical simulations. In the study, published in the 

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, the team trained deep-learning algorithms 

to make accurate predictions across a variety of scenarios. By simulating CO2

in a 7,500-foot-deep reservoir, the algorithms were able to predict how CO2

saturation and pressure would behave in new simulated systems. 

From PSU News. November 2021. 
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October 2021 – September 2022 SCIENCE

Study Examines Behavior of Salty Water Under Different Conditions.

Researchers from the University of Bath (UK) studied the way salty water acts 

in deep geologic formations, paving the way for future research into the CO2

storage potential beneath the seabed. In the study, published in the Journal of 

Chemical Physics, the researchers observed saline solutions under conditions 

of pressure and temperatures that mimic the conditions found in the deep 

geologic formations. Using a technique that allowed them to examine saline 

solutions in extreme conditions, they studied different versions of sodium 

chloride, providing new insight into the way salty water behaves under different 

sets of pressure and temperature conditions. 

From Carbon Capture Journal. December 2021. 

Report Assess Ocean-Based Carbon Storage.

A report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 

assessed the potential risks and benefits of using ocean-based approaches 

to store CO2. Six specific approaches were studied, each evaluated for 

their efficacy, durability, scalability, potential environmental risks, and social 

considerations, among other factors. The results led the report committee to 

recommend the United States undertake a research program to learn more 

about how these methods could be utilized. 

From National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine News Release. 

December 2021.

FEBRUARY 2022

Company Tests CO2 Monitoring Technology.

Carbon Management Canada (CMC) and UK-based TenzorGEO Ltd. are testing 

the use of passive seismic data to monitor CO2 storage at CMC’s Field Research 

Station (FRS) in Alberta, Canada. According to TenzorGEO, their technology can 

continuously monitor reservoir integrity while tracking fluid velocity-related 

changes when it comes to CCS. TenzorGEO’s partnership with CMC allows 

them to test their technology by utilizing already acquired passive seismic data 

from the FRS and deploying the technology at the FRS to further validate its 

capability. 

From Carbon Capture Journal. December 2021.

Researchers Study CO2 Conversions, Failures.

Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) studied 

potential reasons for failure(s) in CO2 conversion, identifying possible solutions 

in the process. The study identified, quantified, and modeled CO2 conversion 

systems, finding that a local depletion of the CO2 gas next to the electrodes 

being used to catalyze the conversion could lead to potential poor performance. 

According to the findings, published in the journal Langmuir, a potential solution 

resides in pulsing the current off and on at specific intervals, allowing time for 

the gas to build back up to the needed levels next to the electrode. 

From Science Daily. January 2022.

Ecologists Study Carbon Cycles.

Ecologists from Colorado State University (CSU) are studying how co-occurring 

droughts and deluges impact carbon cycling. The CSU researchers are 

combining field experiments and computer modeling to assess the impact on 

carbon cycling across the vast grasslands of the continental United States. 

The region of interest will be a 174,000-mi2

, semi-arid shortgrass steppe 

located at the western edge of the U.S. Great Plains; however, the research 

will be conducted within the Central Plains Experimental Range, a 15,500-acre 

area managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research 

Service. 

From Colorado State University College of Natural Sciences. January 2022.

MARCH 2022

Researchers Study Brine Concentration for CO2 Storage.

A study published in the journal Sustainability analyzes the influence of four 

varieties of brine at varying salt concentrations on CO2 storage. The study 

investigates a broad array of brine contents for various salt varieties to obtain 

the optimum saline percentage for CO2 storage.

From AZo Materials. January 2022.

Scientists Study Cultivation Methods for Improving Soil’s CO2

Storage Capacity.

Scientists studied the conversion of savannas into oil palm plantations as a 

deforestation-free way of growing the plantations, which has the potential to 

enhance the net-carbon balance. By measuring how methods used to cultivate 

oil palms affect soil carbon levels, the team of scientists from Switzerland 

public research university EPFL and Switzerland’s WSL Research Institute 

found that cultivation methods can improve soil’s capacity for carbon storage.

From Phys.org. January 2022.

“Mechanical Trees” Could Help Store CO2.

According to experts, the production of “mechanical trees” might be a viable 

method of storing CO2. The mechanical tree is a vertical column of discs coated 

with a chemical resin. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the discs’ surfaces when 

the air passes over them. After approximately 20 minutes, the discs fill up 

and begin to sink into a barrel below, where the CO2 is released into a sealed 

environment by using water and steam. 

From Nature World News. January 2022.

APRIL 2022

Researchers Identify CCS Factors.

A researcher from the University of Texas at Austin’s Bureau of Economic 

Geology used supercomputers to understand how CO2 storage works within 

the micrometer-wide pores in rock, as well as to determine the characteristics 

and factors that can help optimize the amount of CO2 that can be stored. 

The study, published in the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 

explored the trapping efficiency of CO2 through dissolving the gas into the 

resident brine in saline aquifers. The results showed that two factors improve 

the amount of CO2 that could be stored in the spaces within rocks: wettability 

and injection rate.

From Phys.Org. February 2022.

Scientists Study CO2 Storage Potential of Deep-Ocean Creatures.

According to a study published in the journal Science Advances, scientists have 

learned that seafloor sediments are home to vast populations of previously 

unknown organisms that may have an impact on carbon storage. By analyzing 

DNA sequences detected in ocean floor sediments, researchers were able to 

determine that the biodiversity of tiny marine organisms in seabed sediments 

was at least three times greater than in the ocean above. Their conclusions 

were reached by generating a database of DNA sequences from 418 samples 

of deep ocean sediments collected from 2010 to 2016. Those sequences 

were then compared to DNA taken from organisms residing at different ocean 

depths, allowing the scientists to determine which organisms live in seafloor 

sediments and which had come to rest there after descending from upper 

zones of the ocean. 

From The Japan Times. February 2022.
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October 2021 – September 2022 SCIENCE

MAY 2022

Carbon Storage Using Green Hybrid Concrete.

Scientists from Colorado State University’s Systems Engineering Department 

investigated the use of sustainable concrete with the ability store CO2. The 

study, “Toward Carbon-Neutral Concrete through Biochar-Cement-Calcium 

Carbonate Composites: A Critical Review,” focuses on the interaction between 

biochar and calcium carbonate in sustainable concrete and high-density 

CO2 storage possibilities. The paper, published in the journal Sustainability, 

provides a review of current literature and identifies and explains new research 

opportunities that will help identify the amounts of these additives and 

amendments for cement.

From AZoMaterials. April 2022.

JUNE 2022

Researchers Study Subsurface CO2 Storage Monitoring System.

Researchers from Texas A&M University are studying machine-learning 

methods to analyze sensor-gathered data from geologic carbon storage sites 

to rapidly depict underground CO2 plume locations and movements over time. 

The research, which looks to help reduce the risk of an unregistered release of 

CO2, was published in the journal Expert Systems with Applications. 

From Texas A&M Today. April 2022.

Researchers Study Carbon-Storing Microbes in Ocean.

Two recent studies examined the impact of ocean temperatures and the ocean’s 

ability to store CO2. The first study, published in Nature Communications and 

conducted by researchers at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine 

(USA), analyzed 30 years of data and found that phytoplankton, which live 

on the surface of the ocean and store atmospheric CO2, may become more 

efficient as the ocean warms. In the second study, also published in Nature 

Communications, oceanographers from the University of Technology Sydney 

in Australia reported the discovery of a new, widely distributed ocean microbe 

species that also has the potential to store CO2. 

From Eos. May 2022.

JULY 2022

Battery-Like Device Could Help Power CCS Technologies.

Researchers from the University of Cambridge designed a battery-like device 

that could help power CCS technologies. The supercapacitor device is about the 

size of a coin and consists of two electrodes of positive and negative charge. 

By alternating from a negative to a positive voltage to extend the charging time 

from previous experiments, the research team found they could capture twice 

the amount of CO2. The results were published in the journal Nanoscale. 

From SciTechDaily. May 2022.

Study: Thinning Forests Improve CO2 Storage Potential.

According to a study conducted by scientists from the Agricultural and 

Forestry Systems Evaluation and Restoration (ERSAF) group at the University of 

Córdoba (Andalusia, Spain), decreasing the number of trees in a forest helps 

to increase the forest’s CO2 storage potential. ESRAF scientists coordinated a 

global study by performing forest “thinning” trials, with the help of Silvadapt 

project’s Adaptive Silviculture Plot Network, during which both light and 

heavy reforestations of three Mediterranean pine species were performed. By 

gathering measurements such as soil organic carbon data and biomass, the 

researchers found that plots subject to a larger reduction in forest thickness 

stored more carbon. The results were published in the journal Forests. 

From AZoCleantech. June 2022.

CCS Project to be Developed in Egypt.

The Egyptian government and the Italian oil and gas company Eni will develop 

a multi-phased CCS project in the Melehia field in northern Egypt. In the first 

phase, algae oil will be extracted for biofuel production, leading to the reduction 

of up to 1.2 million tons of CO2 per year. In the second phase, 75,000 tons of 

biodegradable plastics will be produced, targeting the reduction of 45,000 tons 

of CO2 annually. The third and final phase will focus on converting plastic waste 

into oil to be used as raw material in polyethylene production, aiming to reduce 

63,000 tons of CO2 annually.

From Energy Capital and Power. May 2022.

AUGUST 2022

Paper Shows Potential of Offshore Storage.

Scientists conducted an experiment in the North Sea, northeast of Aberdeen, 

Scotland, where they simulated a release of CO2 below the seabed over 

a period of 12 days to test whether new technologies were able to detect 

releases of CO2. The pilot study, led by the National Oceanography Centre 

(NOC), demonstrated that the releases were detectable and quantifiable 

through new technologies. NOC is a marine science research and technology 

institution based in the UK.

From KeyFacts Energy. June 2022.

Companies to Develop Forest Management Model Incorporating 

Carbon Storage.

TotalEnergies is partnering with Compagnie des Bois du Gabon (CBG) to develop 

a forest management model that combines long-term storage, sustainable 

harvesting, and biodiversity conservation. The forest management model will 

make it possible to develop a balance between the harvesting and processing 

of wood combined with carbon storage and the production of related carbon 

credits. 

From TotalEnergies Press Release. June 2022.

Researchers Look to Engineer Crops that Absorb CO2 Faster, Longer.

The Innovation Genomics Institute (IGI) is researching genetically engineering 

plants to absorb more atmospheric CO2 and hold on to it longer. The IGI 

research project relies on a gene-editing tool called CRISPR to give plants 

and soil microbes traits that improve their ability to capture and store CO2. The 

project will be carried out by three research groups that will study commercial 

crops: the first group will focus on rice crops, the photosynthesis process, 

and root development to encourage carbon storage; the second group will 

study a biomass crop for genome-editing techniques that spur CDR; and the 

third group will develop ways of tracing the captured CO2 and study the soil 

microbial communities that help CO2 storage.

From S&P Global. June 2022.

Researchers Use Remote Sensing to Track Carbon Storage in 

Mangroves.

Researchers from the Institute of Industrial Science at the University of Tokyo 

developed a model that uses remote sensing of environmental conditions 

to determine how much carbon is stored in mangrove forests. Published 

in Scientific Reports, the study used satellite data to develop a productivity 

model appropriate for mangroves. The researchers developed a model that 

considered the effects of tidal inundation and then combined the model with 

satellite data on photosynthetically active radiation to estimate the productivity 

of mangrove forests along the coastline of China.

From Phys.org. June 2022.
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October 2021 – September 2022 SCIENCE

SEPTEMBER 2022

Researchers Study Plankton’s Ability to Store CO2.

According to researchers at the University of Bristol and the National 

Oceanography Centre, the amount of CO2 stored by microscopic plankton 

may increase in the coming century. Published in the journal Proceedings 

of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers’ findings suggest the 

“biological pump”—a process where phytoplankton take up carbon and then 

die and sink into the deep ocean where carbon is stored for hundreds of 

years—may account for 5–17% of the total increase in carbon uptake by the 

oceans by 2100. 

From Phys.org. July 2022.

LLNL Leads Research on Soil Carbon Storage Capacity.

A team of researchers led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) 

studied the potential of carbon storage in soils. Published in the journal Nature 

Communications, the study found that regions under agricultural management 

and having deeper soil layers contain the largest undersaturation of mineralassociated carbon; the degree of undersaturation can help inform storage 

efficiency over years to decades. The team showed that across 103 carbon 

accrual measurements spanning management interventions globally, soils 

furthest from their mineralogical capacity are more effective at accruing 

carbon. Storage rates average three times higher in soils at one-tenth of their 

capacity compared to soils at one-half of their capacity. 

From LLNL News. July 2022. 

Data Shows UK Forests Not Storing as Much CO2.

According to data collected by researchers, the amount of CO2 captured and 

stored annually by trees in the UK peaked in 2009, and has fallen every year 

since. Official projections, which are based on the forestry stocks and policies 

in place in 2019, forecast the carbon they absorb will fall by 25% a year by 

2025. In the absence of any further forests being planted, that could fall by half 

by 2038, the forecasts show.

From The Guardian. July 2022.

Lab Chip Developed to Accelerate Carbon Storage Efforts.

Scientists at Stanford University (USA) developed a device that enables 

assessments of sites for underground storage of CO2, hydrogen, and industrial 

waste. To demonstrate the microfluidics device, the researchers used eight 

rock samples from the Marcellus shale in West Virginia and the Wolfcamp 

shale in Texas. They then cut and polished the slivers of rock to bits no bigger 

than a few grains of sand, with each one containing varying amounts and 

arrangements of reactive carbonate minerals. The researchers placed the 

samples into a polymer chamber sealed in glass, with two tiny inlets left open 

for injections of acid solutions. High-speed cameras and microscopes enabled 

them to study how chemical reactions caused individual mineral grains in the 

samples to dissolve and rearrange. 

From Stanford News. August 2022.
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October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

PUBLICATIONS

OCTOBER 2021

Technoeconomic and Life Cycle Analysis of Bio-Energy with Carbon 

Capture and Storage (BECCS) Baseline.

The following is from the product description of this NETL document: “BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is an attractive option from 

an environmental standpoint, as biomass regrowth removes CO2 from the 

atmosphere, which offsets the emissions produced by burning the biomass. 

When combined with carbon capture, this produces a system that is capable 

of zero or even negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study examines 

the performance, environmental impact, and economics of co-firing biomass 

in pulverized coal (PC) power plants. The analysis is based on various plant 

configurations (with and without carbon dioxide [CO2] capture) using hybrid 

poplar biomass at three levels of co-fire (20, 35, and 49 weight percent) with 

Illinois No. 6 coal. This study is an analysis of the overall performance and 

economics of the plant, which was used to determine the levelized cost of 

electricity (LCOE) and to perform a full environmental life cycle analysis (LCA) 

of greenfield PC plants co-firing biomass.”

Global Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2021–2025. 

The following is from a summary of this market research: “The analyst has 

been monitoring the carbon capture and storage market and it is poised to 

grow by 64.05 mn tons during 2021-2025, progressing at a CAGR of almost 

21% during the forecast period. [The authors’] report on the carbon capture 

and storage market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, 

trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering 

around 25 vendors. The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the 

current global market scenario, latest trends and drivers, and the overall 

market environment. The market is driven by the dependence on fossil fuels 

for generation of electricity and the need to adhere to stringent environmental 

regulations. In addition, the dependence on fossil fuels for generation of 

electricity is anticipated to boost the growth of the market as well. The carbon 

capture and storage market analysis includes application, technology, and enduser segments and geographic landscape.” 

Risk-based monitoring designs for detecting CO2 leakage through 

abandoned wellbores: An application of NRAP’s WLAT and DREAM 

tools.

The following is from abstract of this article: “As geologic CO2 storage (GCS) 

moves towards industrial-scale deployment, strategies must be developed 

to ensure long-term environmental risks related to potential leakage are 

managed. One approach to is to perform risk-based subsurface monitoring 

targeting early leak detection. Early detection is particularly important to 

address the risk associated with leakage along legacy wells. The challenge 

in risk-based monitoring is that leakage impacts are expected to be small 

in comparison with the footprint of the stored CO2 plume and could occur 

over considerable depths, ranging from the storage formation up to surficial 

aquifers. Here [the authors] demonstrate the application workflow of two of 

the National Risk Assessment Partnership’s (NRAP) computational tools, WLAT 

(Wellbore Leakage Analysis Tool) and DREAM (Designs for Risk Evaluation and 

Management), to a hypothetical CO2 storage site based on a study area in 

the Midwestern United States. By incorporating site specific wellbore integrity 

analyses, results show how fluid leakage may be estimated, evaluated, and 

monitored in terms of risk. For the selected site, three monitoring wells were 

ultimately needed to detect all possible CO2 leaks and six monitoring wells were 

needed to minimize time to leak detection. Such analyses inform stakeholders 

about long-term liability and monitoring costs of GCS projects.” 

C. Yonkofski, G. Tartakovskly, N. Huerta, and A. Wentworth,

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be 

required.)

A comprehensive thermodynamic performance assessment of 

CO2 liquefaction and pressurization system using a heat pump for 

carbon capture and storage (CCS) process.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “CO2 compression process 

significantly contributes to the overall efficiency penalty resulting from carbon 

capture and storage (CCS) process. In this study, heat-pump (HP)-assisted 

CO2 compression configurations are examined using first and second laws 

of thermodynamics to reduce power consumption during CO2 compression. 

The performance is quantified in terms of net electric power consumption and 

compared with the conventional multi-stage compression. The input boundary 

conditions required for the proposed configurations modeling such as captured 

CO2 pressure, CO2 required pressure, the number of stages or the pressure 

ratio during CO2 compression, and cooling temperature depend on the plant 

configuration, location, and compression chain characteristics. This study 

emphasizes that the variability in boundary conditions can significantly impact 

the optimum thermodynamic route of CO2 pressurization. A thorough parametric 

investigation is thus performed to clarify the impact of these parameters on 

the overall power consumption. CO2 pumping or compression near the critical 

point was shown to play a key role in optimizing CO2 pressurization routes. 

Additionally, a high CO2 captured pressure and a low target pressure, number of 

stages, and cooling temperature were shown to enhance system performance. 

Furthermore, the second law analysis illustrated that the point of minimum net 

power consumption corresponds to the minimum exergy destruction. Finally, 

the optimization of the proposed system using a genetic algorithm allowed 

for a 7.77% electric power saving and 68.02% exergetic efficiency using the 

proposed system.” 

Hafiz Ali Muhammad, Chulwoo Roh, Jongjae Cho, Zabdur Rehman, 

Haider Sultan, Young-Jin Baik, and Beomjoon Lee, Energy Conversion 

and Management. (Subscription may be required.)

Modeling and economic evaluation of carbon capture and storage 

technologies integrated into synthetic natural gas and power-to-gas 

plants.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The production of synthetic 

natural gas from coal and biomass gasification made it possible to obtain a 

product that can be used to replace easily the standard natural gas in the 

existing infrastructures. This paper follows and presents a study that was 

conducted on a synthetic natural gas plant integrated with carbon capture 

and storage technologies. The recent growth in the use of energy coming from 

renewable sources requires that balancing measures be taken for electricity 

grids, which, as can be easily imagined, is best accomplished by using multiple 

energy storage technologies. In particular, the power-to-gas technology allows 

renewable electrical energy to be transformed into methane via electrolysis 

and subsequent methanation. Moreover, the production of synthetic natural 

gas can be enhanced by using concentrated CO2 emitted by synthetic natural 

gas plants, coupling the coal gasification and methanation processes within 

the same plant. This paper compares and evaluates two distinct process 

configurations and their implementation with power-to-gas technology in 

Aspen Plus v.8. During the study, it was analyzed how the introduction of 

carbon capture and storage technologies affect the overall energy balance, 

as well as the individual performances of each configuration. The two cases 

proved to have similar efficiency; it was also observed that the integration 

of and carbon capture and storage technologies resulted in a negligible 

reduction in the efficiency of the system (approximately 1%). The integration 

of power-to-gas technologies led to a decrease in the efficiency of the system 

up to 30%. Based on the current emission allowances specified in the rules 

of the regulated market of CO2, it was also assessed how such technologies 

would be sustainable in terms of costs derived from the production of gas. An 

analysis was in fact performed to estimate the costs associated with this type 

of plant and the results showed that the introduction of carbon capture and 

storage technologies in synthetic natural gas plants had a lower impact on the 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

costs related to both the plant and the synthetic natural gas. In this respect, 

a sensitivity analysis of the most influent factors was performed as well. The 

results showed that, when it comes to the production of gas in in the power-togas process, the specific cost strongly depends on the price of electricity and 

the operating hours.” 

Claudia Bassano, Paolo Deiana, Giorgio Vilardi, and Nicola Verdone,

Applied Energy. (Subscription may be required.)

Geomechanical properties will constrain CO2 injection into the lower 

Ordovician Rose Run sandstone deep saline reservoir, Appalachian 

Basin, Kentucky, USA.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The Kentucky Geological 

Survey (KGS) 1 Hanson Aggregates stratigraphic research well, Carter County, 

Kentucky, USA, was drilled to a total depth of 1474 m as a field-scale test of 

potential CO2 storage reservoir properties in the Central Appalachian Basin. 

Geomechanical properties of the Rose Run sandstone (upper Ordovician Knox 

group) were tested for its suitability as a storage reservoir. A 9.8-m thick 

section of the Rose Run was penetrated at 1000 m drilled depth and a wholediameter core and rotary sidewall cores were taken. Average porosity and 

permeability measured in core plugs were 9.1% and 44.6 mD, respectively. 

Maximum vertical stress gradient calculated in the wellbore was 26 MPa/km. 

Wellbore fractures in dolomites underlying and overlying the Rose Run follow 

the contemporary N53°E Appalachian Basin stress field. The Rose Run elastic 

geomechanical properties were calibrated to values measured in core plugs to 

evaluate its fracturing risk as a CO2 storage reservoir. Mean Young’s modulus 

and Poisson’s ratio values of the Rose Run were 45 GPa and 0.23, respectively, 

whereas Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio values were 77.1 GPa and 0.28, 

respectively, in the overlying Beekmantown dolomite, suggesting the Rose 

Run may fracture if overpressured during CO2 injection but be confined by the 

Beekmantown. Triaxial compressive strength measured in core plugs found 

the Rose Run and Beekmantown fractured at mean axial stresses of 156.5 

MPa and 282.2 MPa, respectively, confirming the Beekmantown as suitable 

for confining CO2 injected into the Rose Run. A step-rate test was conducted in 

a mechanically-isolated 18.6-m interval bracketing the Rose Run. Static Rose 

Run reservoir pressure was 9.3 MPa, and fracture gradient under injection 

was 13.6 MPa/km, suggesting step-rate testing before CO2 injection, and 

subsequent pressure monitoring to ensure confinement. As the region around 

the KGS 1 Hanson Aggregates well is underpressured and adjacent to faulted 

Precambrian basement, further research is needed to evaluate its induced 

seismicity risk during CO2 injection.” 

John Richard Bowersox, Stephen F. Greb, Junfeng Zhu, and David 

C. Harris, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 

(Subscription may be required.)

A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for simulating leakoffdominated hydraulic fracturing with application to geologic carbon 

storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “A potential risk of injecting CO2

into storage reservoirs with marginal permeability (≲ 10 mD (1 mD = 10−15

m2)) is that commercial injection rates could induce fracturing of the reservoir 

and/or the caprock. Such fracturing is essentially fluid-driven fracturing in 

the leakoff-dominated regime. Recent studies suggested that fracturing, if 

contained within the lower portion of the caprock complex, could substantially 

improve the injectivity without compromising the overall seal integrity. 

Modeling this phenomenon entails complex coupled interactions among the 

fluids, the fracture, the reservoir, and the caprock. [The authors] develop a 

simple method to capture all these interplays in high fidelity by sequentially 

coupling a hydraulic fracturing module with a coupled thermal-hydrologicalmechanical (THM) model for nonisothermal multiphase flow. The model was 

made numerically tractable by taking advantage of self-stabilizing features of 

leakoff-dominated fracturing. The model is validated against the PKN solution 

in the leakoff-dominated regime. Moreover, [the authors] employ the model to 

study thermo-poromechanical responses of a fluid-driven fracture in a fieldscale carbon storage reservoir that is loosely based on the In Salah project’s 

Krechba reservoir. The model reveals complex yet intriguing behaviors of the 

reservoir-caprock-fluid system with fracturing induced by cold CO2 injection. 

[The authors] also study the effects of the in situ stress contrast between the 

reservoir and caprock and thermal contraction on the vertical containment 

of the fracture. The proposed model proves effective in simulating practical 

problems on length and time scales relevant to geological carbon storage.” 

Xin Ju, Pengcheng Fu, Randolph R. Settegast, and Joseph P. Morris,

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be 

required.)

A hard-to-keep promise: Vegetation use and aboveground carbon 

storage in silvopastures of the Dry Chaco.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In dry woodland regions, 

silvopastures have emerged as a promising option to balance cattle production, 

carbon storage and biodiversity. However, one of the major challenges in these 

systems, particularly when implemented in a matrix of natural vegetation, 

is the preservation of tree populations in the face of management actions 

implemented by ranchers to control woody encroachment. Here, [the authors] 

investigate the extent of that tradeoff by analyzing the impact of woody 

encroachment control practices on carbon storage in silvopastures of the 

Argentine Dry Chaco. First, [the authors] analyze tree density and carbon 

storage in aboveground woody biomass for silvopastures and woodlands at 

24 sites in five properties across the Argentine Dry Chaco. Then, [the authors] 

characterize vegetation management goals and actions of ranchers who have 

adopted silvopastures in that same region, combining field assessments, highresolution imagery analysis, characterization of site history, and surveys. [The 

authors] find that woody biomass in silvopastures retains an average of 64 % 

of the carbon present in aboveground biomass in intact woodlands (28.8 Mg 

C ha−1). However, [the authors] also find that this storage capacity decreases 

by 12 % with each woody encroachment control intervention, due to these 

interventions’ negative effects on tree density. Ranchers expressed concern 

about tree mortality, but also indicated low profitability of wood products and 

highlighted woody encroachment as a major issue for livestock production. 

Therefore, ranchers feel they have no choice but to continue preventing woody 

encroachment, even if this implies the gradual depletion of tree populations. 

Understanding how ranchers manage silvopastures, and how that management 

affects the provision of ecosystem services, is essential and will require 

more careful long-term monitoring and evaluation. This is particularly true in 

agricultural frontiers such as the Argentine Dry Chaco, where silvopastoral 

systems have the potential to mitigate the seemingly irremediable conflict 

between commodity production and nature conservation.” 

Pedro D. Fernández, Yann le Polain de Waroux, Estéban G.Jobbágy, 

Dante E. Loto, and N. Ignacio Gasparri, Agriculture, Ecosystems $ 

Environment. (Subscription may be required.)

Application of computed tomography (CT) in geologic CO2 utilization 

and storage research: A critical review.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Computed tomography (CT) is 

a useful sample characterization and analysis technique to better understand 

complicated reactive transport processes in geologic CO2 utilization and 

storage (GCUS) conditions. According to previous studies, [the authors] have 

identified four major challenges that hinder the application of CT scanning in 

GCUS-related sample characterization: (1) lack of registration, segmentation, 

noise/artifact-reducing and model selection algorithms; (2) great uncertainty 

in mineral composition characterization; (3) low resolution to characterize 

caprock with nanopores, and (4) limited real-time CT imaging capacity. To 

tackle these challenges, future R&D directions regarding CT applications in 

GCUS research are proposed.” 

Manguang Gan, Liwei Zhang, Xiuxiu Miao, Sergey Oladyshkin, Xiaowei 

Cheng, Yan Wang, Yutong Shu, Xuebin Su, and Xiaochun Li, Journal of 

Natural Gas Science and Engineering. (Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

NOVEMBER 2021

Carbon Capture and Storage - Global Market Trajectory & Analytics.

The following is from the abstract of this market study published by Global 

Industry Analysts Inc.: “Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Carbon 

Capture and Storage estimated at US$2.8 Billion in the year 2020, is projected 

to reach a revised size of US$4.9 Billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 9.9% 

over the analysis period. Pre-Combustion, one of the segments analyzed in 

the report, is projected to grow at a 10.1% CAGR to reach US$4.1 Billion 

by the end of the analysis period. After a thorough analysis of the business 

implications of the pandemic and its induced economic crisis, growth in the 

Post Combustion segment is readjusted to a revised 11.2% CAGR for the next 

7-year period. This segment currently accounts for a 11.3% share of the global 

Carbon Capture and Storage market. Post-combustion capture process involves 

extraction of carbon dioxide from low-pressure flue gases at conventional 

power plants and other large point sources after the combustion of fossil fuels 

or other carbonaceous materials such as biomass. This technology has been 

widely used for capturing carbon dioxide in the food and beverage sector. 

Pre-combustion capture technology is more beneficial than post-combustion 

technology as separating carbon dioxide from hydrogen is much easier than 

from flue gas due to the fact that the partial pressure and concentration of 

carbon dioxide is much higher than in flue gases. The technology expands 

options for various gas separation methodologies, which previously were not 

possible in post-combustion capture processes.” 

Influence of capillary threshold pressure and injection well location 

on the dynamic CO2 and H2 storage capacity for the deep geological 

structure.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The subject of this study 

is the analysis of influence of capillary threshold pressure and injection well 

location on the dynamic CO2 and H2 storage capacity for the Lower Jurassic 

reservoir of the Sierpc structure from central Poland. The results of injection 

modeling allowed [the authors] to compare the amount of CO2 and H2 that the 

considered structure can store safely over a given time interval. The modeling 

was performed using a single well for 30 different locations, considering that 

the minimum capillary pressure of the cap rock and the fracturing pressure 

should not be exceeded for each gas separately. Other values of capillary 

threshold pressure for CO2 and H2 significantly affect the amount of a given 

gas that can be injected into the reservoir. The structure under consideration 

can store approximately 1 Mt CO2 in 31 years, while in the case of H2 it is 

slightly above 4000 tons. The determined CO2 storage capacity is limited; 

the structure seems to be more prospective for underground H2 storage. 

The CO2 and H2 dynamic storage capacity maps are an important element 

of the analysis of the use of gas storage structures. A much higher fingering 

effect was observed for H2 than for CO2, which may affect the withdrawal 

of hydrogen. It is recommended to determine the optimum storage depth, 

particularly for hydrogen. The presented results, important for the assessment 

of the capacity of geological structures, also relate to the safety of use of CO2

and H2 underground storage space.” 

Katarzyna Luboń and Radosław Tarkowski, International Journal of 

Hydrogen Energy. (Subscription may be required.)

Recovery of calcium and magnesium bearing phases from iron– 

and steelmaking slag for CO2 sequestration.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Large amounts of iron– and 

steelmaking slag and greenhouse gas are annually produced by the steel 

industry worldwide. Using Ca/Mg in the slag to capture and store the CO2

via mineral carbonation is a promising approach to the reduction of waste 

emissions. Since iron– and steelmaking slags are a mixture of numerous 

types of minerals, understanding the dissolution behavior of various phases in 

solution system is of critical importance for Ca/Mg recovery. In this work, seven 

Ca/Mg–bearing phases and four typical solutions were prepared and studied. 

Theoretical results indicated that the order of mineral solubility in aqueous 

solution is as follows: (CaO and Ca2SiO4) > (Ca3MgSi2O8, Ca2MgSi2O7, and 

MgO) > Ca2Al2SiO7 > MgCr2O4. A batch of leaching tests was conducted at 

room temperature, and the recovery yield of Ca/Mg was investigated. It was 

found that minerals show different dissolution behavior in various systems, 

and the metallic oxide phases exhibited a relatively higher solubility than 

silicate phases. The solubility of minerals in various systems was illustrated by 

radar plots. Moreover, leaching tests for silicate briquettes were performed to 

investigate the transformation mechanism. On the basis of the results, it was 

proposed that a silicic acid layer generated on the surface of briquettes in the 

leaching process, and could transform into porous silica phase via dehydration 

process. The formed Si–rich layer obstructed the dissolution of inner mineral 

leading to a low recovery efficiency of Ca/Mg.” 

Qing Zhao, Jingyu Li, Kaiwen You, and Chengjun Liu, Process Safety and 

Environmental Protection. (Subscription may be required.)

Is hydrothermal treatment coupled with carbon capture and storage 

an energy-producing negative emissions technology?

The following is from the abstract of this article: “This paper evaluates the 

feasibility of hydrothermal treatment (HTT) with carbon capture and storage 

(CCS) as an energy producing negative emissions technology (NET) and 

compares such system with a conventional bioenergy with carbon capture and 

sequestration (BECCS) system. Machine learning models were developed to 

predict product yields and characteristics from HTT of various feedstocks. The 

model results were then integrated into a life cycle assessment (LCA) model 

to compute two metrics: energy return on investment (EROI) and net global 

warming potential (GWP). Results showed random forest models had better 

prediction accuracy than regression tree and multiple linear regression to 

model HTT of feedstocks (e.g., microalgae, crops/forest residues, energy crops, 

and biodegradable organic wastes) and predicted the mass yields of multiple 

products (biocrude, hydrochar, gas, and aqueous co product) as well as the 

energy and carbon contents of biocrude and hydrochar. LCA results revealed 

that the proposed HTT-CCS system constituted a net-energy producing NET 

for some combinations of feedstock characteristics and reaction conditions. 

Best overall energy and GWP performance was achieved for HTT-CCS of 

lignocellulosic biomass at low temperature. Compared with the conventional 

BECCS system, HTT-CCS generally exhibited higher EROI but higher net GWP, 

depending on processing conditions and the feedstock types.” 

Fangwei Cheng, Michael D. Porter, and Lisa M. Colosi, Energy 

Conversion and Management. (Subscription may be required.) 

Chitosan-based zeolite-Y and ZSM-5 porous biocomposites 

for H2 and CO2 storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Sustainable energy is the 

most valuable clean and renewable energy for the future. A simple, robust, and 

inexpensive ecofriendly method has been developed here to prepare chitosanbased zeolite porous biocomposites via solvent exchange followed by calcination. 

The resulting chitosan-based zeolite biocomposites were characterized using 

advanced technologies including attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATRIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric 

analysis (TGA), high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy 

(HR-FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), 

and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 

(BET) surface area of the ZeY@CS composite (795 m2 g−1) was greater 

than those of ZSM-5@CS (444 m2 g−1), pure chitosan, pure zeolite Y, and 

ZSM-5. The chitosan-based zeolite biocomposites show enhanced gas storage 

for small molecule like CO2 and hydrogen. Therefore, chitosan-based zeolite 

biocomposites should be suitable for energy storage, carbon capture, and 

sequestration (CCS) applications.” 

Santosh Kumar, Ranajit Bera, Neeladri Das, and Joonseok Koh,

Carbohydrate Polymers. (Subscription may be required.) 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

3D grid based screening process for large-scale CO2 geological 

storage in Gunsan Basin, Yellow Sea, Korea.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “This study presents an approach 

to screen sedimentary basins for their CO2 geological storage potential based 

on a 3D grid with geological data. The 3D grid-based screening was applied 

to the Gunsan Basin, offshore Korea, for selecting potential sub-basins. Six 

sub-basins were recognized and prioritized using a set of quantifiable criteria, 

reflecting storage capacity, geological risk, and socio-economic aspects. 

Nine criteria were defined and weighed to reflect local priority and geological 

characteristics. Every grid cell was populated with geological and geometrical 

properties, scored and ranked for each criterion. Typically, the storage capacity 

is used for evaluating the storage potential of a basin, which, however, was not 

estimated here due to the low quantity of available data. Instead, the capacity 

potential was quantified by combining the pore volume and Gravitational 

Number for each grid cell. Mean score values for each sub-basin indicate that 

the East Sub-basin is the most promising region, containing a suitable aquifer 

with an estimated storage capacity of a few hundreds of MtCO2. Therefore, [the 

authors] suggest that the Gunsan Basin is suitable for implementing a CCS 

program with an injection rate of 4 MtCO2/year for 30 years. Moreover, [the 

authors] suggest that the 3D grid-based screening process could be used to 

quickly screen different sub-basins or potential aquifers by depth.” 

Young Jae Shinn, Hyun Suk Lee, Youngmin Lee, Insun Song, and 

Myong-HoPark, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 

(Subscription may be required.) 

A carbon price floor in the reformed EU ETS: Design matters!

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Despite the reform of 

the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), discussions about 

complementing it with a carbon price floor (CPF) are ongoing. This paper 

analyzes the effect of a European CPF in the reformed EU ETS using a Hotelling 

model of the EU ETS, amended by the market stability reserve (MSR), and 

the cancellation mechanism. Two CPF designs are compared: (1) a buyback 

program and (2) a top-up tax. The buyback program sets a minimum price for 

the allowances from the implementation year onwards. After the announcement, 

firms anticipate the CPF, which immediately increases the carbon price to the 

discounted CPF level. Therefore, firms emit less and bank more allowances, 

leading to more intake into the MSR, and more cancellation of allowances. 

The top-up tax imposes a tax on emissions, which enhances the market price 

of allowances to the CPF level from the implementation year onwards. Firms 

increase their short-run emissions in anticipation of the upcoming tax. Only 

after the implementation year firms start to lower their emissions. Thus, the 

effect on aggregate cancellation is ambiguous. Despite being equivalent in a 

static setting, the design choice for the CPF matters in a dynamic context, such 

as the EU ETS.”

Martin Hintermayer, Energy Policy. (Subscription may be required.)

Evaluation of the carbon sequestration capacity of arid mangroves 

along nutrient availability and salinity gradients along the Red Sea 

coastline of Saudi Arabia.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In the present work, [the 

authors] assessed the carbon sequestration capacity of mangrove forests 

(Avicennia marina) in relation to nutrient availability and salinity gradients 

along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. This was achieved through 

estimating the sediment bulk density (SBD), sediment organic carbon (SOC) 

concentration, SOC density, SOC pool, carbon sequestration rate (CSR) and 

carbon sequestration potential (CSP). The present study was conducted at 

3 locations (northern, middle and southern), using 7 sites and 21 stands of 

mangrove forests (A. marina) along ~1134 km of the Red Sea coastline of 

Saudi Arabia (from Duba in the north to Jazan in the south), all of which are in 

an arid climate. The correlation coefficients between the water characteristics 

and the first two Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) axes indicated that 

the separation of the sediment parameters along the first axis were positively 

influenced by TDS (total dissolved solids) and EC (electric conductivity) and 

were negatively influenced by total N and total P. On the other hand, the second 

axis was negatively correlated with total N, total P, EC and TDS. The SOC pools 

at the northern (10.5 kg C m−2) and southern locations (10.4 kg C m−2) were 

significantly higher than the SOC pool at the middle location (6.7 kg C m−2). 

In addition, the average CSR of the northern (5.9 g C m−2 yr−1) and southern 

locations (6.0 g C m−2 yr−1) were significantly higher than they were in the 

middle location (5.0 g C m−2 yr−1).” 

Kamal H. Shaltout, Mohamed T. Ahmed, Sulaiman A. Alrumman, 

Dalia A. Ahmed, and Ebrahem M. Eid, Oceanologia. (Subscription may be 

required.)

Performance evaluation and carbon assessment of IGCC power 

plant with coal quality.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Techno-economic and 

environmental impacts of coal type were evaluated using a 500 MW-class 

integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC), including reheat combined 

cycle process with three-pressure level based on higher than 99.9% sulfur 

removal and 90% carbon capture. Efficiency and cost of electricity (COE) of four 

different coals in the IGCC power plant were compared: two bituminous and 

two sub-bituminous coals. As coal with higher heating value per unit weight 

was fed into a gasifier, higher cold gas efficiency of the gasifier and greater 

net overall plant efficiency was achieved. The highest overall plant efficiency of 

31.62% could be achieved by using bituminous. Raw water consumption was 

also affected by the moisture content of the as-received coal. The as-received 

coal with the highest moisture content consumed the least amount of water. 

The exergy flow and destruction were presented in Grassmann diagrams to 

provide more detailed information on main units. However, according to the 

sensitivity test, the COE was mainly influenced by fuel prices and costs of CO2

transport and storage. If the price difference between bituminous coals and 

sub-bituminous coals is reduced, the utilization of bituminous coals becomes 

more competitive in terms of COE and capital cost.” 

Hyun-Taek Oh, Woo-Sung Lee, Youngsan Ju, and Chang-Ha Lee, 

Energy. (Subscription may be required.)

Research trends in carbon capture and storage: A comparison of 

China with Canada.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In order to effectively 

address climate change, academia and industry have paid much attention 

to the development trend of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). However, 

there is no mature CCS research trend monitoring system. China is likely to 

be the largest market for CCS technology in the future, while Canada is the 

first country to start the research and development of CCS. Existing studies 

have discussed the CCS research trends at the global level, in China, Canada, 

and in other countries. However, few comparative studies have been carried 

out in key countries. In this study, an integrated method of bibliometrics and 

S-Curve is proposed with the purpose of comparing CCS research trends 

between China and Canada. Firstly, the bibliometrics method was used to 

compare the conceptual structure and research route of CCS research in 

China and in Canada. Secondly, the key collaborators were [identified] through 

the comparison of collaboration relationships. Finally, the S-Curve model was 

employed to forecast the CCS research output trend in China and Canada. This 

study found that China’s CCS research had the advantage of pre-combustion 

carbon capture, while Canada’s advantage lied in the ecosystem carbon 

sequestration. It was also shown that Canada’s CCS cumulative publication 

may reach saturation 15 years later than that in China. This paper provides 

insight into the CCS research and development optimization for China, Canada 

and globally. The CCS research trends comparison tools proposed in this study 

can benefit to monitor the CCS research by governments and enterprises.”

Jin-Wei Wang, Jia-Ning Kang, Lan-Cui Liu, Ioan Nistor, and Yi-Ming 

Wei, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be 

required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

DECEMBER 2021

Financing CCS in Developing Countries.

The following is from the Introduction of this Global CCS Institute report: “CCS is 

vital to solving the climate crisis, which experts believe will require the world’s 

emissions to reach net-zero by 2050. To this, the IEA’s Sustainable Development 

Scenario (SDS) estimates that ±9% of the world’s emissions reductions must 

come as a result of deployment of CCS across numerous sectors. It is one of the 

few technologies that can substantially reduce emissions from hard-to-abate 

sectors as well as in decarbonising fossil fuel powered electricity generation. 

It is also one of the few technologies that can be used to create negative 

emissions through bioenergy with CCS or Direct Air Capture (DAC). To ensure 

that CCS can meet the SDS’ requisites, its deployment must occur in all parts 

of the world where opportunities exist for its application. This means that CCS 

must be deployed in both developed and developing countries. Given the long 

lead times associated with developing CCS projects, the steps taken between 

now and 2030 will determine whether CCS technology will be deployed at the 

scale necessary to meet net-zero emissions by 2050. It must, therefore, be 

the case that between 2030 and 2050 the rate of deployment of CCS must 

increase by more than a factor of 100. This implies that a rapidly growing 

demand for CCS projects emerges from debt and capital markets by 2030, and 

for this to happen, investments in CCS must be significantly derisked during 

the intervening years. Some parts of the world will lend themselves better 

to the challenge of early deployment than others, specifically the difference 

in levels of deployment in developed countries versus developing countries. 

Developing countries represent high-risk environments for investments in CCS, 

which create funding gaps for CCS projects. This in turn poses a significant risk 

to the timely deployment of this vital technology. It is the role of climate finance 

to help close such funding gaps. This report examines how CCS projects can 

be structured so as to avail themselves to the different climate finance options 

currently available to support their deployment around the world.” 

Waste Incineration and Carbon Capture and Storage.

The following is a segment of this Bellona Europa Position Paper: “In 2019, 

the European Union (EU) generated 224 Mt of municipal waste. Out of these 

224 Mt, 53 Mt were landfilled, 60 Mt incinerated and 107 Mt recycled. Export 

of hazardous and non-hazardous waste had tripled between 2001 and 2020, 

growing from 6.3 million tonnes to 32.7 million tonnes respectively. With a 3% 

share of EU greenhouse gas emissions in 2017, the municipal waste sector is 

the fourth largest contributor to emissions in the EU. In 2017, the emissions 

registered for the waste sector amounted to approximately 138 million tonnes 

of greenhouse gases. That number grows even larger when emissions from 

waste to energy plants, currently covered by emission accounting in the power 

sector, are included. Emissions from waste incineration in Europe grew from 

5,373kt3

 CO2 in 1990 to 95,628kt of CO2 and are now approximately equivalent 

to emissions coming from landfills. Other than its impact on the climate, waste 

disposal has significant impacts on biodiversity and public health. Reducing 

waste, retaining the value of resources and minimising the overall impact of 

the products we use and dispose of is essential to reduce the environmental 

pressures created by the growing amount of waste we create. To do so, 

we need to establish a set of integrated waste reduction and management 

measures. Waste management conditions vary from region to region; due 

to these differences, waste management measures must be tailored to local 

waste management systems. Within the EU the amount of generated waste 

per capita varies from 280 kg in Romania to 844 kg in Denmark (per person, 

per year).” 

Achieving negative emissions through oceanic sequestration of 

vegetation carbon as Black Pellets.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Natural processes and 

human activities produce vast amounts of dead vegetation which return CO2

to the atmosphere through decay and combustion. If such vegetation could 

be converted into biocoal and sequestered on the ocean floor, it could reduce 

the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 without involving sequestration in the 

form of CO2. Given that raw vegetation is unsuitable for large-scale energy 

applications, a process was developed to convert raw vegetation into a 

form of biocoal, termed Black Pellets, that solves the logistical and energy 

conversion problems of using raw vegetation for power generation. Seemingly 

overlooked is that properties of Black Pellets—higher density than seawater 

and resistance to microbial decay—may offer an environmentally safe way 

of sequestering vegetation carbon on the sea floor. Sequestering vegetation 

carbon by depositing biocoal as Black Pellets in the deep ocean (oceanic 

sequestration of biocoal—OSB) would be a means of achieving long-lasting 

negative emissions. Sacrificing the energy content of the deposited pellets 

would require substituting energy from other sources. If the substitute energy 

could be from lower-carbon natural gas or carbon-free sources, the effects 

would be less accumulation of atmospheric CO2 compared to using the 

pellets for energy and a nearly 60 to 100% reduction in the need for geologic 

sequestration compared to bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). 

If confirmed by research, OSB would be an addition to the sparse toolbox of 

negative emission technologies (NETs) which would give humankind more 

flexibility in meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.” 

Leonard A. Miller and Philip M. Orton, Climatic Change. 

(Subscription may be required.)

A real options approach to production and injection timing under 

uncertainty for CO2 sequestration in depleted shale gas reservoirs.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Depleted shale gas reservoirs 

may be candidates for conversion to injection wells for the long-term geologic 

storage of CO2, but the decision to transition from production to injection 

depends on economic and policy factors that may be uncertain. This paper 

aims to comprehend the uncertainty inherent to the underlying assumptions 

of CO2 sequestration and their impact on the injection decision. [The authors] 

view and analyze the production to injection transition decision as a kind of 

options problem, where the owner of a producing well can choose to exercise 

the option to stop producing natural gas and start injecting CO2. [The authors’] 

approach integrates a detailed reservoir model for shale-gas production and 

CO2 injection in the Marcellus shale formation with a multi-period decision 

problem under uncertainty in future prices for CO2 and produced natural gas. 

With no uncertainty, the modeling framework is able to identify the optimal 

timing of the transition to CO2 injection as a function of natural gas prices and 

a hypothetical CO2 price. [The authors] find that a CO2 price of approximately 

$15 per tonne to be needed in order to incentivize a producer to transition to 

CO2 injection earlier. If these prices are uncertain, [the authors] find that the 

option to delay CO2 injection has value even when CO2 prices are relatively high 

and natural gas prices are low, although the option value is highly sensitive to 

the choice of discount rate and the option value to delay injection is generally 

very low when CO2 prices are $20/tonne or higher. [The authors’] modeling 

suggests that commitment in carbon pricing regimes is of equal importance to 

the choice of the price level.” 

Farid Tayari and Seth Blumsack, Applied Energy. (

Subscription may be required.)
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Assessing the influence of injection temperature on CO2 storage 

efficiency and capacity in the sloping formation with fault.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Complex factors can affect 

carbon dioxide (CO2) geological storage efficiency and capacity. In this paper, a 

three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model of the Shiqianfeng formation in the 

Ordos basin was established (a total of 16 sets of schemes) to study the influence 

of injection temperature on CO2 storage efficiency and migration safety in the 

sloping formation with a fault. In addition, storage capacity is investigated for 

CO2 storage site selection. The results show that injection temperature and 

formation slope have a significant effect on CO2 storage efficiency. Faulting 

provides a possible channel for CO2 leakage. High injection temperature is 

more likely to cause CO2 leakage in the sloping formation. When the injection 

temperatures are 11, 31.5, 51 and 71°C in the 15° slope formation, the time 

points of CO2 leakage are 200, 170, 150 and 140 years, respectively. The lower 

injection temperature results in a higher CO2 concentration near the injection 

well and a closer migration distance of dissolved CO2. The larger the formation 

slope is, the farther the dissolved CO2 migration distance will be. The higher 

injection temperature results in a greater gas phase, dissolved phase, and total 

CO2 storage amount in the whole formation. The larger the formation slope is, 

the smaller the CO2 storage capacity will be for CO2 injected over 20 years. 

However, the larger formation slope resulted in a smaller gas phase and larger 

storage amount of the dissolved phase CO2 for CO2 migration after 140 years. 

The influence of the formation slope on the dissolved CO2 migration safety is 

more obvious than that of injection temperature. However, the influence of the 

injection temperature on CO2 storage capacity is more obvious than that of the 

formation slope.” 

Jing Jing, Yanlin Yang, and Zhonghua Tang, Energy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

A guideline for appropriate application of vertically-integrated 

modeling approaches for geologic carbon storage modeling.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Mathematical modeling is 

an essential tool for answering questions related to geologic carbon storage 

(GCS). The choice of modeling approach depends on the type of questions 

being asked. In this paper [the authors] discuss a series of approaches with 

a hierarchical complexity including vertically-integrated single-phase flow 

approaches, vertically-integrated multi-phase flow approaches (with and 

without vertical equilibrium assumption), three-dimensional multi-phase flow 

approaches, and fully-coupled multi-phase flow approaches that couple 

flow with geochemistry and/or geomechanics. Three spatial scales are used 

to categorize the questions to be addressed by modeling: regional scale 

(encompasses CO2 plume extent and majority of area of pressure impact of 

one or more injection operations), site scale (includes the CO2 plume extent and 

some of the area impacted by the pressure increase of a single injection site), 

and well scale (the immediate vicinity of an injection well). A set of guidelines is 

developed to help modelers choose the most appropriate modeling approach, 

and show when simpler modeling approaches may be the better choice. 

Vertically-integrated single-phase flow models are the most appropriate choice 

at both the site and regional scales, if the pressure impact outside of the CO2

plume is of interest. Vertically-integrated multi-phase flow models should be 

chosen at the regional scale, if the locations of CO2 plumes are of interest, 

and at the site scale if vertical segregation of CO2 and brine is fast or vertical 

heterogeneity in properties can be presented by distinct, continuous layers. 

Three-dimensional multi-phase flow models are the appropriate choice at the 

well and site scales for cases with significant vertical flow components of CO2

and brine. Fully-coupled multi-phase flow models should only be chosen if 

pore-space alteration through geochemistry or geomechanics feeds back to 

fluid flow.” 

Karl W. Bandilla, Bo Guo, and Michael A. Celia, International Journal of 

Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)

Co-optimizing water-alternating-carbon dioxide injection projects 

using a machine learning assisted computational framework.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In this article, a robust 

machine-learning-based computational framework that couples multi-layer 

neural network (MLNN) proxies and a multi-objective particle swarm optimizer 

(MOPSO) to design water-alternating-carbon dioxide injection (CO2-WAG) 

projects is presented. The proposed optimization protocol considers various 

objectives, including oil recovery and CO2 storage volume. Expert MLNN 

systems are trained and employed as surrogate models of the high-fidelity 

compositional simulator in the optimization workflow. When multiple objective 

functions are considered, two approaches are employed to treat the objectives: 

the weighted sum method and the Pareto-front-based scheme. A field-scale 

implementation focusing on tertiary recovery in the Morrow B formation at 

Farnsworth Unit (FWU) is presented. The developed Pareto-optimal solutions 

indicate the maximal available oil production can be 1.64 × 107 barrels 

and maximal carbon storage can achieve 2.35 × 107 tons. Trade-offs factor 

is defined to divide the constructed Pareto front into 4 sections with the 

trade-off factors’ value ranges from 0.35 to 49.9. This work also compares 

the optimum solution found by the aggregative objective function and the 

solution repository covered by the Pareto front that considers the physical 

and operational constraints and reduces uncertainties involved by the multiobjective optimization process. [The authors’] comparison indicates multiple 

solutions exist to satisfy the objective criteria of the WAG design, and these 

results cannot be found using the traditional weighted sum method. The Pareto 

front solution can provide more options for project designers, but decisions 

regarding necessary trade-offs must be made using the solution repository to 

balance the project economics and CO2 storage amount.” 

Junyu You, William Ampomah, and Qian Sun, Applied Energy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Using socio-technical analogues as an additional experience 

horizon for nuclear waste management A comparison of wind 

farms, fracking, carbon capture and storage (CCS) with a deepgeological nuclear waste disposal (DGD).

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Energy technologies can be 

described as socio-technical ensembles, in which social, political, economic 

and technical dimensions are embedded. Based on this concept as well as 

other theoretical approaches dealing with the deployment and development of 

technologies (e.g. the multi-level perspective of Geels (2002)) this contribution 

investigates the dynamics and interactions that can occur within the sociotechnical ensemble of a deep geological disposal (DGD) for high-level 

radioactive waste (HLRW). [The authors] compare socio-technical analogues 

and relate findings of three energy technologies with large-scale infrastructures 

to a DGD. The analysis is based on a systematic literature review and aims to 

gain indirect knowledge for nuclear waste management (NWM) deduced from 

the dynamics within the socio-technical ensembles of wind farms, fracking 

and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). The analysis is based on a 

systematic literature review along four central dimensions with eight respective 

criteria e.g. public participation, conflicts, role of science, etc.” 

DörteThemann and Achim Brunnengräber, Utilities Policy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

High-resolution 3D marine seismic acquisition in the overburden at 

the Tomakomai CO2 storage project, offshore Hokkaido, Japan.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Monitoring injected CO2 is 

an important part of assuring permanence of long term storage to mitigate 

atmospheric emissions. Three-dimensional (3D) seismic has been shown 

to be an effective technology for visualizing and quantifying subsurface 

geology and fluids. In this study, [the authors] demonstrate the successful 

acquisition, processing, and initial interpretation of a first-of-its-kind highresolution 3D (HR3D) marine seismic survey above an active CO2 injection 

site offshore Tomakomai, Japan. An initial sensitivity study indicated generally 

favorable subsurface conditions for imaging subsurface pore fluid changes. A 

unique processing workflow incorporating multiple data processing software 

packages has been tailored to the short-offset and low-fold HR3D acquisition. 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

The final 3D volume shows generally flat and laterally-continuous stratigraphy 

in the overburden above the injection zone without identifiable faults, indicating 

coherent overburden above the CO2 injection site and low associated risk 

of vertical CO2 migration. The successful deployment of this novel marine 

seismic monitoring technology in the overburden at a small-scale (100 kt/yr) 

demonstration project suggests HR3D will also be a useful characterization 

and monitoring tool for larger demonstration and commercial-scale ( ̃10 MT) 

offshore Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) sites.” 

T.A. Meckel, Y.E. Feng, R.H. Treviño, and D. Sava, International Journal of 

Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)

JANUARY 2022

Digital Monitoring of CO2 Storage Projects (Digimon).

The following is from the abstract of this article: “With an overall objective to 

‘accelerate the implementation of CCS by developing and demonstrating an 

affordable, flexible, societally embedded and smart Digital Monitoring earlywarning system’, the DigiMon project aims to combine different technologies 

for monitoring CO2 storage into a uniform system. The project includes 

qualification of critical system components, integration of the components and 

embedding the system in a societal context.” 

Arvid Nøttvedt, Kirsti Midttømme, Martha Lien, Hanneke Puts, and 

Anna Stork, Proceedings of the 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 

Conference 15-18 March 2021. (Subscription may be required.)

Application of Active Reservoir Management to Enable Geologic CO2

Storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Active reservoir management 

(ARM) can enhance geologic CO2 storage activities via strategic extraction of 

formation water and can provide site operators with a means of managing 

risks and costs associated with carbon capture, utilization, and storage 

(CCUS) projects. Implementation of ARM strategies for CCUS can provide 

several advantages to a project, including 1) reducing stress on sealing 

formations and separating pressure from the CO2 footprint; 2) geosteering 

of injected fluids away from hazards or permitted storage facility boundaries; 

3) reducing area of review (AOR) and/or amalgamated lease area; and 4) 

improving injectivity, capacity, and storage efficiency to reduce infrastructure 

and operating requirements. The Energy & Environmental Research Center 

(EERC) is conducting field tests of ARM strategies for CCUS at a commercial 

saltwater disposal facility in western North Dakota, USA. Ongoing commercial 

injection of oilfield produced brine serves as a proxy for CO2 injection at the 

site. Initial interference testing has substantiated connectivity between project 

wells and that extraction response should be observable in the injection wells. 

A water treatment development and test facility has also been established 

at the North Dakota Brine Extraction and Storage Test (BEST) site to enable 

the development and demonstration of new and emerging water treatment 

technologies on produced or extracted waters. The test bed facility enables 

pilot testing, demonstration, and performance monitoring of novel water 

treatment technologies capable of treating high-salinity (average of 180,000 

mg/L total dissolved solids [TDS]) fluids associated with CO2 storage in deep 

saline formations (DSFs).” 

John Hamling, Ryan J. Klapperich, Marc D. Kurz, Tao Jiang, Agustinus 

Zandy, and Lonny Jacobson, Proceedings of the 15th Greenhouse Gas 

Control Technologies Conference 15-18 March 2021. (Subscription may be 

required.)

What Does It Take to Go Net-zero-CO2? A Life Cycle Assessment 

on Long-term Storage of Intermittent Renewables With Chemical 

Energy Carriers.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The concept of net-zeroCO2 power systems has gained increased attention by the EU goal to be a 

climate neutral continent by 2050. As potential pathways towards a netzero-power system, this work analyzes future power systems based on 

intermittent renewable electricity with long-term storage through chemical 

energy carriers, so called Power-to-Fuel-to-Power systems, and a system 

based on the combustion of natural gas with 100% carbon capture and 

storage. The chemical energy carriers selected for electricity storage are 

hydrogen, methane and ammonia. Using life cycle assessment, [the authors] 

determine and compare the environmental impacts of 1 kWh of dispatchable 

electricity produced by the two pathways on seven impact categories. There 

was not one single pathway that had the most environmental benefits on all 

seven impact categories. Of the Power-to-Fuel-to-Power systems assessed 

the use of hydrogen for storage has the lowest environmental impact in all 

categories. Additionally, all the Power-to-Fuel-to-Power systems have a lower 

environmental impact on climate change, photochemical ozone formation 

and fossil resource depletion compared with the natural gas with carbon 

capture and storage system. The natural gas with carbon capture and storage 

system has a lower environmental impact on particulate matter formation, 

marine eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity. [The authors’] work is 

complemented by an analysis of pathways from a net-zero-direct-CO2 to a 

life-cycle net-zero-CO2-equivalent power system which is actually climate 

neutral, achieved by direct air capture of the residual CO2 from the atmosphere. 

However, this leads to an increase in all other impact categories of 11% for the 

Power-to-Fuel-to-Power systems and 21% in the natural gas combustion with 

carbon capture and storage system. A system sizing study also highlights the 

very low capacity factors of the capital employed for electricity storage, raising 

the point of economic feasibility.” 

Jan Bernard Wevers, Li Shen, and Mijndert Van der Spek, Proceedings 

of the 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 15-18 March 

2021. (Subscription may be required.)

The spatial spillover effect of fossil fuel energy trade on CO2

emissions.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “[The authors] diagnose CO2

emission changes and determine the driving mechanisms and spatial spillover 

effect worldwide using spatial econometric techniques embedded within 

energy trade in the period 2000–2014. [The authors] focus on fossil fuel 

import, taking it as the medium through which to examine the spatial spillover 

effect on CO2 emissions, and compare the spatial influence between developed 

and developing countries. [The authors] propose different hypotheses 

considering the magnitude of spatial influence through fossil fuel trade 

between developed countries, between developing countries, and between 

developed and developing countries. These hypotheses are manifested in the 

multiple spatial econometric model. Results revealed general heterogeneity 

of CO2 emissions among different countries alongside fluctuations and wavy 

increments in the analyzed groups of countries. However, the convergence of 

emissions was predictable because the growth rate of CO2 emissions was low 

in countries with high levels of CO2 emission and converged rapidly with that 

of developed countries. The spatial autocorrelation phenomenon and spatial 

spillover effects generated from energy trade have previously only been verified 

worldwide rather than solely in developed countries or developing countries. 

Urbanization, industrial development, deforestation and GDP growth all drive 

the increase in CO2 emissions whereas renewable energy options can help to 

mitigate emission increases.” 

Chen Zeng, Lindsay C. Stringer, and Tianyu Lv, Energy. (Subscription may 

be required.) 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Zero-energy penalty carbon capture and utilization for liquid fuel 

and power cogeneration with chemical looping combustion.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The utilization of captured CO2

for fuel, chemicals and materials is currently a focus of significant research 

effort as a method that can simultaneously mitigate greenhouse gas effect while 

reduce fossil fuel depletion. In this work, CO2 source is provided by a desirable 

three-stage Fe-based chemical looping combustion power system that can 

achieve zero-energy-penalty CO2 capture while simultaneously obtain pure H2

source. The aim of this study is to present this designed process for the first 

time with demonstrating it as an energy-efficient and environmental-friendly 

CO2-to-liquid fuel pathway. Within this context, the liquid fuels energy output 

and carbon emissions are compared with different CO2 utilization ratios to the 

thermodynamic assessment, intending to disclose the insufficiency location 

within system. With conceivable improvements in an optimum condition, the 

fuel energy saving ratio and CO2 emission ratio of this process are projected 

to be 12.19% and 98.46%, respectively in relative to separate production 

system. The maximal exergy destruction, though projected to be located in 

chemical looping hydrogen generation unit (as represented by 37.56% of total 

exergy destruction), still has opportunities to reduce in some extent by elevating 

oxygen carries high-temperature resistance along with future research needs. 

Finally the sensitivity analysis is also projected to assess the strong influencing 

parameters that affect the system performance.” 

Yangdong He, Lin Zhu, Luling Li, and Ling Sun, Journal of Cleaner 

Production. (Subscription may be required.)

Energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analysis of an 

integrated process combining CO2 capture and storage, an organic 

Rankine cycle and an absorption refrigeration cycle.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In order to reduce the cost 

of CO2 capture and storage, and promote the application of this technology 

in the coal chemical industry, [the authors] propose an integrated process 

combining an organic Rankine cycle, an absorption refrigeration cycle, and 

the purification of syngas from coal. Its purpose is to make efficient use of the 

waste heat produced in the manufacture of natural gas from coal, converting 

it into available energy, such as electric energy and cold energy, so as to save 

energy and reduce emissions. At the same time, the integration process can 

effectively improve the efficiency of energy use. Based on an accurate model, 

a simulation of the entire process is established, and the process is then 

analyzed from the aspects of energy, exergy, economy, and the environment. 

The thermal efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle, and the coefficient of 

performance of the absorption refrigeration cycle, are 0.148 and 0.1058, 

respectively. The result of an exergy analysis shows that the exergy efficiency 

of the waste heat utilization system is 42.88%. The integration process can 

greatly reduce the operational cost of CO2 capture and storage, making it 81% 

lower than that of the basic process. The results of a life-cycle assessment 

show that the integration process has good environmental benefits, with a 

total equivalent CO2 emission of 2.03 kg CO2-eq/t. The integration process is 

of great significance for CO2 capture and storage in the coal chemical industry, 

and for the optimization and improvement of other processes by making use 

of low grade waste heat.” 

Xiaobin Liu, Xiao Yang, Mengxiao Yu, Wanxiang Zhang, Yinglong Wang, 

Peizhe Cui, Zhaoyou Zhu, Yixin Ma, and Jun Gao, Energy Conversion and 

Management. (Subscription may be required.)

A Hybrid Optimization Methodology Identifying Optimal Operating 

Conditions for Carbon Dioxide Injection in Geologic Carbon 

Sequestration.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Prior to determining the 

optimal operating parameters for CO2 injection, conditions for both injection 

wellbore and storage formation should be evaluated; the build-up pressure 

induced by the CO2 injection could promote fractures in the storage formation, 

even collapsing the wellbore. In this study, a hybrid optimization methodology, 

which combined the proxy modeling and multi-objective optimization, was 

engaged in searching appropriate operating conditions for CO2 injection. The 

study utilized a fully coupled wellbore-reservoir (WR) model to simulate the 

CO2 injection scenarios. Three responses, such as pressure, temperature, and 

CO2 mass flow rate at the bottom-hole of injection wellbore, were investigated. 

To reduce the computational cost, the statistical proxy models were developed 

for approximating three responses. The developed fine-tuned proxy models 

revealed four influential factors; wellhead pressure, injected CO2 temperature, 

wellbore diameter, and permeability of a storage formation were significant in 

predicting three responses. Among these four influential factors, permeability 

was treated to be an uncertainty factor, while the other three factors were 

treated as tuning factors. According to acquired optimal solution sets, the 

optimum values for wellhead pressure and injected CO2 temperature were 

distributed around 10.0 MPa and 35°C, respectively. For the wellbore 

diameter, its mean of optimal solutions was 0.1 m, and more solutions were 

concentrated at this mean value with a decrease in permeability.” 

Jize Piao, Weon Shik Han, Peter K. Kang, Baehyun Min, Kue-Young 

Kim, Gidon Han, and Jong Gil Park, International Journal of Greenhouse 

Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)

The determinants of CO2 prices in the EU emission trading system.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In 2005, the European Union 

launched its Emissions Trading System (ETS), the first and one of the largest 

international carbon markets aimed at reducing member states’ CO2 emissions. 

Policymakers tend to use the carbon price as an indicator of the ‘health’ and 

effectiveness of the ETS mechanism, although this measure is influenced by 

many other energy and climate policies, energy market fundamentals, and 

speculative shocks. This paper develops a model that links the energy sector 

(oil, natural gas, coal, electricity prices, and the share of fossil fuels in electricity 

generation), economic activity, and the carbon price. The model can be used as 

a monitoring tool for carbon price dynamics. [The authors] represent the model 

empirically through a Structural Vector Autoregression and use frequencydomain analysis to distinguish the effects of changes in fundamental factors 

from shocks to market microstructure. [The authors’] empirical results show 

that up to 90% (65% on average) of the fluctuations in the carbon price, 

adjusted for supply effects, are explained by fluctuations in fundamental 

market variables; however, the individual contributions are not stable. Overall, 

[the authors’] results suggest that the ETS has started to work well.” 

Yuliya Lovcha, Alejandro Perez-Laborda, and Iryna Sikora, Applied 

Energy. (Subscription may be required.)

FEBRUARY 2022

A Trans-European CO2 Transportation Infrastructure 

for CCUS: Opportunities & Challenges.

The following is from a description of this Zero Emissions Platform report: 

“This report looks at the challenges and opportunities for CO2 transport in 

Europe, including pipelines and other modes of transport. It provides an 

overview of CO2 transportation, particularly in industrial clusters, and highlights 

the importance of developing dedicated business models, as well as enabling 

policy framework, for CO2 transportation. This report is particularly relevant 

in the context of the European Green Deal, as CO2 infrastructure is crucial to 

deliver large-scale decarbonisation across industry and energy sectors, which 

will be necessary to achieve climate-neutrality.”
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

32

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

The $2 Trillion Transition: Canada’s Road to Net Zero.

The following is from the Executive Summary of this report: “To get on a more 

serious path to Net Zero, the [Canadian] federal government committed to 

getting Canada back to around 500 million tonnes by the end of this decade—

and eliminating or offsetting the rest by 2050, using new technologies like 

electric vehicles, new heat sources for homes, and new processes to capture 

and store some of the emissions that [continue to be produced to power the 

planet]. This report aims to map out some of those pathways, as well as the 

investments and policies needed to achieve Net Zero. [The authors] use a range 

of established modelling on the emissions of major sectors, and the potential 

of breakthrough technologies, behavioural changes and improvements in 

industrial and agriculture processes. [The authors’] research aims to project 

out, over 30 years, what the estimated long-term costs and benefits could be, 

understanding that many uncertainties exist around climate, technology and 

behavioural trends and such forecasts will continue to evolve.”

Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage via alkaline thermal 

Treatment: Production of high purity H2 from wet wheat straw grass 

with CO2 capture.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Biomass has a unique 

potential for “negative emissions” of CO2 if carbon capture and storage are 

integrated into the biomass conversion. While a large body of research has 

explored biomass conversion, challenges such as low energy density and 

high moisture content persist. This study proposes and investigates a novel 

single-step reaction scheme called Alkaline Thermal Treatment (ATT) to convert 

a real biomass feedstock (e.g. wet wheat straw grass) into high purity H2 in 

the presence of alkali (e.g., NaOH) at a moderate temperature of 500°C and 

ambient pressure. Importantly, negligible CO and a very low percentage of 

CO2 (0.3%) were detected in the product gas stream, thus rendering gas 

products from the ATT reaction usable in various applications including fuel 

cells without further gas purification steps. The solid residue contained a very 

high percentage of carbonate, confirming the in-situ carbon capture effect.” 

Hui Zhou and Ah-Hyung Alissa Park, Applied Energy. (Subscription may be 

required.)

The CO2 cost pass-through and environmental effectiveness in 

emission trading schemes.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In this paper, [the authors] 

theoretically investigate the issues of CO2 cost pass-through and environmental 

effectiveness in emission trading schemes by virtue of a Stackelberg 

equilibrium. [The authors] characterize the equilibrium output and price of 

energy product, and construct analytical derivations of CO2 cost pass-through 

rates. [The authors’] findings indicate that after the introduction of emission 

trading scheme, CO2 costs of energy firms are not over-shifted to energy 

consumers, energy supplies and demands are not excessive distortion as well. 

Compared to some known results, [The authors] prove that the environment 

effectiveness of emission trading scheme can be improved by the Stackelberg 

equilibrium under mild conditions. [The authors’] main results add to the theory 

of emission trading scheme by developing a framework where [the authors] 

allow for multi-stage games with observed actions, and present an optimal 

competition mechanism to optimize CO2 costs and CO2 emissions in emission 

trading schemes as well. More importantly, the optimal competition mechanism 

provides regulators and policy makers important information that can be used 

to design efficient and effective energy policies to trad off energy production, 

consumption and environmental objectives in emission trading schemes.” 

Shiyong Yu, Yuke Chen, Linchang Pu, and Zhe Chen, Energy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Integration of hydrothermal liquefaction and carbon capture and 

storage for the production of advanced liquid biofuels with negative 

CO2 emissions.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The technical and economic 

feasibility to deliver sustainable liquid biocrude through hydrothermal 

liquefaction (HTL) while enabling negative carbon dioxide emissions is 

evaluated in this paper, looking into the potential of the process in the context 

of negative emission technologies (NETs) for climate change mitigation. In the 

HTL process, a gas phase consisting mainly of carbon dioxide is obtained as 

a side product driving a potential for the implementation of carbon capture 

and storage in the process (BECCS) that has not been explored yet in the 

existing literature and is undertaken in this study. To this end, the process 

is divided in a ‘standard’ HTL base and a carbon capture add-on, having 

forestry residues as feedstock. The SelexolTM technology is adapted in a novel 

scheme to simultaneously separate the CO2 from the HTL gas and recover the 

excess hydrogen for biocrude upgrading. The cost evaluation indicates that 

the additional cost of the carbon capture can be compensated by revenues 

from the excess process heat and the European carbon allowance market. 

The impact in the MFSP of the HTL base case ranges from −7% to 3%, 

with −15% in the most favorable scenario, with a GHG emissions reduction 

potential of 102–113% compared to the fossil baseline. These results show 

that the implementation of CCS in the HTL process is a promising alternative 

from technical, economic and environmental perspective in future scenarios 

in which advanced liquid biofuels and NETs are expected to play a role in the 

decarbonization of the energy system.” 

E.M. Lozano, T.H. Pedersen, and L.A. Rosendahl, Applied Energy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Operating flexibility of natural gas combined cycle power plant 

integrated with post-combustion capture.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Highly flexible, low-carbon 

electricity generation with gas-fired power stations with CO2 capture addresses 

the challenges of balancing variable renewable electricity supply in low carbon 

electricity systems. This detailed technical assessment of flexible CO2 capture 

plant operation at natural gas combined cycle power stations with postcombustion CO2 capture examines the operating strategies of capture plant 

by-pass and interim solvent storage. [The authors] show that solvent storage 

allows expanding the operating envelope of gas fired CCS power stations by 

+/-10%. Further [the authors] demonstrate that electricity and CO2 output 

can be decoupled for up to 3 h with approx. 6000 m3 of additional solvent 

inventory for the purpose of reducing the CO2 flow variability in downstream 

transportation and storage systems, mitigating potentially deleterious injection 

well effects. 1 h of solvent storage operation at full load can be regenerated 

in as fast as 2.1 h during continuous operation of the CCS power plant by 

choosing a controlled steam extraction strategy from the combined cycle 

and thus throttling the low pressure turbine. The electricity output penalty 

associated with the delayed regeneration of solvent ranges from 420–450 

kWh/tCO2 with this strategy, which compares to 380 kWh/tCO2 for immediate 

regeneration at full load design conditions. By deploying a novel variable 

speed drive integrally geared compressor model, [the authors] find that, unlike 

previously thought, an uncontrolled steam extraction strategy, referred as a 

floating steam extraction strategy, can lead to choking of the CO2 compressor 

during additional solvent regeneration. A pre-compression stage would be 

necessary under this extraction strategy to restore feasible operation of the 

main CO2 compressor, and makes this strategy more complex to implement. 

When decreasing the desorber pressure at part-load care must, therefore, be 

taken to respect the operating limits of the compressor. To assist with the 

use of rigorous plant performance data in wider electricity system models, 

correlations for key performance parameters of NGCC-CCS power plants at 

varying load, with capture by-pass and additional solvent regeneration are 

provided.” 

Thomas Spitz, Abigail González Díaz, Hannah Chalmers, and Mathieu 

Lucquiaud, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription 

may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

33

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Impact of formation slope and fault on CO2 storage efficiency and 

containment at the Shenhua CO2 geological storage site in the 

Ordos Basin, China.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage 

security is a key issue in CO2 geological storage (CGS). A three-dimensional 

(3D) conceptual reservoir model of the Shenhua CO2 geological storage 

site in the Ordos Basin has been used to investigate the impact of reservoir 

formation dip and the influence of enhanced permeability fault zones on CO2

storage and migration security. A total of 8 simulations were carried out using 

the TOUGH2 integral finite difference modelling code with the ECO2N fluid 

property module. The simulation results showed that the dip of the reservoir 

formation and fault had a significant impact on CO2 migration and storage 

security. Increasing the dip of the reservoir increased CO2 migration distance, 

decreased the total volume of CO2 safely stored in the formation and resulted 

in increased maximum gas saturation and liquid mass fraction of dissolved 

CO2. The presence of fault provided a channel for CO2 leakage and caused an 

irregular distribution of formation pressure. The onset time of leakage through 

the fault proved to be a function of formation dip, occurring at 465, 230, and 

160 years following commencement of CO2 injection for dips of 5°, 10°, and 

15° respectively. The lateral extent of both the high saturation CO2 plume and 

the plume of dissolved CO2 was greater in the steeply dipping faulted reservoir 

model, suggesting that gently dipping un-faulted reservoir formations should 

be selected for future CGS projects in the Ordos Basin.” 

Jing Jing, Zhonghua Tang, Yanlin Yang, and Liangzhe Ma, International 

Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)

Estimating in-use wood-based materials carbon stocks in 

Indonesia: Towards a contribution to the national climate mitigation 

effort.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The carbon sequestered in 

harvested wood products (HWP) can contribute to climate change mitigation. 

As a fast-growing country with abundant forest resources, Indonesia potentially 

has vast HWP carbon stocks that need to be accurately assessed as a first 

step towards understanding the extent of their potential contribution in climate 

change mitigation. In this study, a dynamic materials stock and flow analysis 

for carbon in wood-based products in Indonesia was conducted, covering six 

end-use sectors. In general, only around 30.3% of the harvested wood (carbon 

mass) was converted into end-use materials in 2014, indicating a significantly 

low harvested wood conversion rate in Indonesia. There was a significant 

increase of wood-based products’ carbon stocks in Indonesia from 1961 to 

2016. There were 72 (-17/+15) Mt-C of wood stocks in Indonesian society 

in 2016, or equivalent to 0.28 t-C/capita. Buildings (42%) and infrastructure 

(31%) were the largest contributors to in-use carbon stocks. The product 

lifetime uncertainty had a significant influence on the estimate of total society’s 

wood-based carbon stock. Indonesia’s in-use stock of wood-based products 

in 2008 was below its stock level of steel (1.2 times smaller) and cement 

(5.3 times smaller). Both wood-steel and wood-cement stock ratios showed 

declining trends, indicating a shifting trend to non-renewable materials use 

over the past decades. This is the first study that accounts for the in-use 

wood-based carbon stocks in a developing country. Its results can facilitate 

further quantitative environmental assessments of non-renewable materials 

substitution and could help framing materials use policies for climate change 

mitigation.” 

Rio Aryapratama and Stefan Pauliuk, Resources, Conservation and 

Recycling. (Subscription may be required.)

The effects of environmental innovations on CO2 emissions: 

Empirical evidence from Europe.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Environmental innovations 

are key enablers of transition towards greener economies. Despite their 

importance, empirical studies examining the effect of green technologies on 

CO2 emissions are still limited. Using an autoregressive distributed-lag model 

(ARDL), [the authors] analyze the impact of environmental innovations, the 

consumption of renewable energies, GDP per capita, and degree of economic 

openness on CO2 emissions for 15 European countries over 23 years. [The 

authors’] results indicate that, in the long-term, environmental innovations tend 

to lower CO2 emissions, whereas in the short-term the observed effect is the 

opposite, suggesting the existence of a rebound effect. This study recommends 

introducing new policies that combine tools of environmental economics with 

those of ecological economy to integrate economic incentives with regulatory 

changes and encourage individuals to consume differently by favouring 

products and/or services with a less negative impact on the environment.” 

Michelle Mongo, Fateh Belaïd, and Boumediene Ramdani,

Environmental Science & Policy. (Subscription may be required.)

MARCH 2022

Computed Tomography Scanning and Petrophysical Measurements 

of the Wellington KGS 2-32 Core.

The following is from the abstract of this DOE/NETL report: “The computed 

tomography (CT) facilities and the Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) at the 

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, West Virginia 

were used to characterize core from the Wellington KGS 2-32 well (API 15-

191-22770). Core from the well was obtained as part of the Small-Scale Field 

Test Demonstrating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration in Arbuckle Saline 

Aquifer and by CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery at Wellington Field, Sumner County, 

Kansas (DE-FE0006821). The primary impetus of this work was to capture [a 

detailed digital representation] of the core from the Wellington KGS 2-32 well 

(Sumner County, Kansas). The collaboration between the U.S. Department of 

Energy’s (DOE) NETL and the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) at the University 

of Kansas enables other research entities to access information about this 

potential carbon storage location and formations. The resultant datasets 

are presented in this report and can be accessed from NETL’s Energy Data 

eXchange (EDX) online system.” 

Innovative method for CO2 fixation and storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The concentration of CO2

in Earth’s atmosphere has been gradually increasing since the Industrial 

Revolution, primarily as a result of the use of fossil fuels as energy sources. 

Although coal and oil have been vital to the development of modern civilization, 

it is now recognized that atmospheric CO2 levels must be reduced to avoid the 

serious effects of climate change, including natural disasters. Consequently, 

there is currently significant interest in developing suitable methods for the 

fixation of CO2 in the air and in exhaust gases. The present work demonstrates 

a simple yet innovative approach to the chemical fixation of extremely low 

and very high CO2 concentrations in air, such as might result from industrial 

sources. This process is based on the use of aqueous solutions of the watersoluble compounds NaOH and CaCl2, which react with CO2 to produce the 

harmless solids CaCO3 (limestone) and NaCl (salt) via intermediates such as 

NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. The NaCl generated in this process can be converted 

back to NaOH via electrolysis, during which H2 (which can be used as a 

clean energy source) and Cl2 are produced simultaneously. Additionally, sea 

water contains both NaCl and CaCl2 and so could provide a ready supply of 

these two compounds. This system provides a safe, inexpensive approach to 

simultaneous CO2 fixation and storage.” 

Kenji Sorimachi, Scientific Reports. (Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

34

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Integration of hydrothermal liquefaction and carbon capture and 

storage for the production of advanced liquid biofuels with negative 

CO2 emissions.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The technical and economic 

feasibility to deliver sustainable liquid biocrude through hydrothermal 

liquefaction (HTL) while enabling negative carbon dioxide emissions is 

evaluated in this paper, looking into the potential of the process in the context 

of negative emission technologies (NETs) for climate change mitigation. In the 

HTL process, a gas phase consisting mainly of carbon dioxide is obtained as 

a side product driving a potential for the implementation of carbon capture 

and storage in the process (BECCS) that has not been explored yet in the 

existing literature and is undertaken in this study. To this end, the process 

is divided in a ‘standard’ HTL base and a carbon capture add-on, having 

forestry residues as feedstock. The SelexolTM technology is adapted in a novel 

scheme to simultaneously separate the CO2 from the HTL gas and recover the 

excess hydrogen for biocrude upgrading. The cost evaluation indicates that 

the additional cost of the carbon capture can be compensated by revenues 

from the excess process heat and the European carbon allowance market. 

The impact in the MFSP of the HTL base case ranges from −7% to 3%, 

with −15% in the most favorable scenario, with a GHG emissions reduction 

potential of 102–113% compared to the fossil baseline. These results show 

that the implementation of CCS in the HTL process is a promising alternative 

from technical, economic and environmental perspective in future scenarios 

in which advanced liquid biofuels and NETs are expected to play a role in the 

decarbonization of the energy system.” 

E.M. Lozano, T.H. Pedersen, and L.A. Rosendahl, Applied Energy. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Basalt powder as a supplementary cementitious material in cement 

paste for CCS wells: chemical and mechanical resistance of cement 

formulations for CO2 geological storage sites.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “This study proposes the 

application of basalt powder (BP) as a supplementary cementitious material 

(SCM) in cement formulations for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) wells. 

From experimental results, [the authors] identified that the BP can be 

characterized as a filled-pozzolanic SCM, presenting low pozzolanic activity, 

large inert fraction, and particle size significantly smaller than class G cement. 

Formulations with low basalt powder (≤ 0.5 wt.%) content presented the 

greatest potential for application in CCS wells since they are more resistant 

to CO2 degradation, showing low porosity and suitable mechanical properties, 

as evidenced in carbonation tests. Due to basalt powder characteristics, [the 

authors] conclude that the increase in the chemical resistance of the cement 

formulation with low BP content is due to the reduction of both the porosity 

and permeability as a result of filling of empty spaces and the refinement of 

the porous cement network, allied to the low reduction of the alkaline reserve 

of portlandite. The combination of these features increases the material’s 

resistance to fluid intrusion, reduces the progress of the CO2 degradation front, 

and preserves the cement matrix’s ability to delay the reaction of acid gases.” 

Gabriela Gonçalves Dias Ponzi, Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes dos Santos, 

Renan Bordulis Martel, Darlan Pontin, Amanda Sofia de Guimarães 

e Stepanha, Marta Kerber Schütz, Sonia C. Menezes, Sandra M.O. 

Einloft, and Felipe Dalla Vecchia, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas 

Control. (Subscription may be required.)

Gas adsorption characteristics changes in shale after supercritical 

CO2-water exposure at different pressures and temperatures.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The supercritical CO2 (ScCO2)-

water-shale interaction and its influence on adsorption characteristics of shale 

have significant impact on the estimation of the CO2 storage capacity. In this 

study, the influence of ScCO2-water exposure pressures and temperatures (P

= 0, 10, 15, 20 MPa, T = 308, 323, 338, 353 K) on shale CH4 and CO2

adsorption characteristics were investigated. CH4 and CO2 adsorption tests, 

X-ray diffraction analysis, low-pressure N2 adsorption measurement were 

carried out on the shale samples before and after exposure. The results shown 

that after ScCO2-water exposure, the CH4 and CO2 adsorption capacity were 

decreased gradually with the increase of exposure pressure and the decrease 

of exposure temperature, due to the alterations of mineral composition and 

pore structure in shale. After ScCO2-water exposure, the contents of shale 

clay minerals, organic matter and carbonate were decreased, resulting 

in the decrease of specific surface area and micropore volume. With the 

increase of exposure pressure and the decrease of exposure temperature, 

the solubility and extraction ability of ScCO2-water were increased, then more 

significant mineral composition and pore structure alterations, as well as more 

significant changes on the gas adsorption capacities of shale were expected. 

The selectivity factor of CO2 to CH4 of shale shown a gradually decreased 

trend with the increase of exposure pressure and the decrease of exposure 

temperature, respectively, and were all greater than 1 for both the untreated 

and ScCO2-water treated shale samples at different exposure conditions, 

indicating that CO2 enhanced shale gas recovery and sequestration is feasible 

even after ScCO2-water exposure. To predict the CO2 storage capacity in shale 

gas reservoirs, the combined effects of exposure pressure and temperature on 

the adsorption characteristics of shale should be considered at the reservoir 

conditions.” 

Kang Yang, Junping Zhou, Xuefu Xian, Yongdong Jiang, Chengpeng 

Zhang, Zhaohui Lu, and Hong Yin, Fuel. (Subscription may be required.)

Optimization of dynamic incentive for the deployment of carbon 

dioxide removal technology: A nonlinear dynamic approach 

combined with real options.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Due to the high adoption 

cost, large uncertainty, and ignorance of the positive externalities for private 

entities, additional incentives are needed for the development of carbon dioxide 

removal (CDR) technology. And there is a trade-off between the government 

and investors on how to ensure the effectiveness of the incentive policy 

and optimally allocate subsidized capital. This paper proposes a nonlinear 

dynamic programming model that combines real options method to study the 

optimization of dynamic subsidies for CDR technology. Using the endogenous 

learning effect, technological advance, and technology applicability, [the 

authors] modeled the investor decisions under uncertainty, as well as the 

government’s effective use of incentive policies. [The authors’] model is 

available for deriving the development path of CDR technology with optimized 

subsidies and research and development (R&D) input across multiple periods. 

[The authors] use China’s carbon capture and storage (CCS) development as a 

case study. The results show that, unlike other kinds of low-carbon technology 

such as renewable energy, the subsidy level of CCS may not decrease in the 

future because of rising trend of fuel costs and worse technology applicability in 

large-scale deployment. The achievement of large-scale CCS development will 

rely more on second-generation CCS. The levelized policy cost of incentivizing 

CCS technology in China can be high, and thus the target should be prudently 

set based on an evaluation of its socioeconomic burden. A supplementary 

measure that caps the CCS installation in each period is recommended to 

prevent excessive development.” 

Xing Yao, Ying Fan, Lei Zhu, and Xian Zhang, Energy Economics. 

(Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

35

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

From CO2 sources to sinks: Regulatory challenges for transboundary trade, shipment and storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon Capture and 

Storage (CCS) technologies have been hailed as a solution to climate change 

with capacity not only to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) but also 

to achieve net-zero emission by the mid-21st century. CO2 captured (either 

directly from the atmosphere or from large point sources), is compressed 

and transported to storage sites, either via pipelines or through shipping. 

Often, the CCS projects are deployed nationally where capture, transport and 

storage take place within the jurisdiction of one State. However, wide scale 

deployment of CCS projects is imperative for global matching of CO2 sources 

to sinks. To that end, the outreach of CCS technology needs to go beyond the 

developed world. Studies have indicated that developing countries have vast 

storage resource potential. Internationalization of CCS projects where CO2 is 

captured in one State and is then transported to another State for storage 

raises a number of challenges particularly in terms of trans-boundary transport 

and storage. This paper explores some of these challenges particularly in 

terms of international trade law, liability framework for shipping and storage 

and potential of insurance to act as a stop-gap arrangement until a regulatory 

regime is in place. It examines questions such as: whether CO2 and CCS 

technologies are environmental goods and services under trade law; are there 

any regulatory frameworks in place to ensure liability against long-term health 

and safety as well environmental risks and what role can insurance industry 

play in promoting global deployment of CCS projects?” 

Swati Gola and Kyriaki Noussia, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 

(Subscription may be required.)

The role of storage technologies throughout the decarbonisation of 

the sector-coupled European energy system.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “[The authors] use an open, 

hourly-resolved, networked model of the European energy system to investigate 

the storage requirements under decreasing CO2 emissions targets and 

several sector-coupling scenarios. For the power system, significant storage 

capacities only emerge for CO2 reductions higher than 80% of 1990 level 

in that sector. For 95% CO2 reductions, the optimal system includes electric 

batteries and hydrogen storage energy capacities equivalent to 1.4 and 19.4 

times the average hourly electricity demand. Coupling heating and transport 

sectors enables deeper global CO2 reductions before the required storage 

capacities become significant, which highlights the importance of sector 

coupling strategies in the transition to low carbon energy systems. A binary 

selection of storage technologies is consistently found, i.e., electric batteries 

act as short-term storage to counterbalance solar photovoltaic generation 

while hydrogen storage smooths wind fluctuations. Flexibility from the electric 

vehicle batteries provided by coupling the transport sector avoid the need for 

additional stationary batteries and reduce the usage of pumped hydro storage. 

Coupling the heating sector brings to the system large capacities of thermal 

energy storage to compensate for the significant seasonal variation in heating 

demand.” 

Marta Victoria, Kun Zhu, Tom Brown, Gorm B. Andresen, and Martin 

Greiner, Energy Conversion and Management. (Subscription may be 

required.)

Terrestrial organic carbon storage modes based on relationship 

between soil and lake carbon, China.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Terrestrial ecosystems have 

received considerable attention as a significant sink for organic carbon at 

regional to global scales. Previous studies were focused on assessment and 

quantification of carbon sinks for one ecotype, and few have worked on the 

interconnection of terrestrial sinks. In this paper, [the authors] synthesized 

the data from China’s second national soil survey and direct measurements 

from 54 lakes. Meanwhile, [the authors] investigated the controlling factors 

of carbon accumulation dynamics in soils and lakes. Results showed varied 

spatial distribution of soil and lake organic carbon in different regions, and 

three storage modes were found. The storage mode of watershed collection 

was observed in the region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, while the northeast 

China and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau revealed another storage mode of 

autochthonous deposition, and the mode of human activities affection was 

represented by the East Plain and Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau. The spatial 

difference throughout China was regulated by various climate patterns, 

geological conditions and anthropogenic interference. [The authors’] results 

provide insights into carbon storage modes in various regions, and also inform 

strategies for enhancing global carbon sequestration and future mitigation 

policies towards global climate change.” 

Lingmei Xu, Yu Li, Wangting Ye, and Xinzhong Zhang, Journal of 

Environmental Management. (Subscription may be required.)

A carbon-sink in a sacred forest: Biologically-driven calcite 

formation in highly weathered soils in Northern Togo (West Africa).

The following is from the abstract of this article: “...In the OM rich soils under 

forest, bio-calcification takes place in the form of CaCO3 needles, micrite 

hypocoatings around biopores and calcified cells. Oribatid excrements are 

associated with calcite and organic matter in the sacred forest soil, indicating 

that litter recycling has played an important role in the formation of calcite. 

[The authors] hypothesize that the high biological activity releasing CO2, 

formation of HCO3–

 and precipitation of CaCO3 due to the Ca2+ released by 

the recycled organic matter and weathering of plagioclases, lead to different 

forms of secondary calcium carbonate in the sacred forest soils. The high 

oxalate content of the vegetation in the sacred forest suggests that calcium 

carbonate formation, possibly via the oxalate-carbonate pathway, may also 

have played a role in calcite precipitation in these in organic matter rich soils. 

The parent material of these soils is not calcareous, meaning that these are 

not lithogenic carbonates, thus making them an important carbon sink. The 

soil characteristics indicate a high potential for development of the soils of the 

area in both agricultural yields and in potential carbon sequestration relevant 

to global change policies.” 

Hafeez Ur Rehman, Rosa M. Poch, Fabio Scarciglia, and Michele L. 

Francis, CATENA. (Subscription may be required.)

African Continental Free Trade Area treaty and CO2: A volatilitydriven CO2 mitigation pathways model for ratified countries.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The African Continental 

Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement is expected to boost continental trade 

volume, but the effects of the expected increase in trade volumes on carbon 

dioxide (CO2) emissions has not been explored. In addition, although attempts 

are being made towards providing a reliable CO2 forecasting and mitigation 

values, existing mitigation pathways have been found to be illusory, misleading, 

and largely irrelevant due to their inability to inculcate observed volatilities in 

the core modeling. This study considers 25 countries that have ratified the 

AfCFTA agreement investigates their CO2 determinants, and proposes relevant 

and representative mitigation roadmaps for each country. A novel model that 

considers growth, maximum and minimum volatilities for all the variables 

is constructed to propose these roadmaps. The empirical results on causal 

relationships find that whiles trade openness, urbanization, and economic 

activities are positive determinants of CO2, renewable energy, human capital, 

and financial development are negative drivers. Among the factors examined, 

trade openness has been identified as the most significant long-term driver of 

CO2 within AfCFTA countries. The results from [the authors’] prediction model 

show that the 25 ratified countries will collectively increase their emissions by 

17% relative to their 2015 emissions level if no measures are taken. However, 

if these countries follow our proposed radical roadmaps, they will collectively 

emit zero carbon emissions by 2028. In order to achieve a massive reduction in 

CO2 emissions, policymakers within the AfCFTA should adopt radical mitigation 

roadmaps as proposed. Future studies should focus on developing models to 

identify the cost and highlight the feasibility of our strategy.” 

Evans Opoku-Mensah, Yuming Yin, Amos Oppong, Peter Adjei 

Darko, Rockson Sai, and PriscillaTuffour, Journal of Cleaner Production. 

(Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

36

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

APRIL 2022

User’s Manual for Seal_Flux: A Seal Barrier Reduced-Order Model.

The following is from the Executive Summary of this National Risk Assessment 

Partnership (NRAP) report: “This report provides a brief description on the use 

of the Seal_Flux computer program developed as part of the effort to quantify 

the risk of geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) under the U.S. Department 

of Energy’s (DOE) National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP). The Seal_Flux

code simulates the flow of CO2 through a low permeability rock horizon or 

seal formation overlying the storage reservoir into which CO2 is injected. A 

two-phase, relative permeability approach with Darcy’s law is used for onedimensional (1D) flow computations of CO2 through the horizon in the vertical 

direction. The code also allows the simulation of time-dependent processes 

that can influence such flow. However, as part of its design, Seal_Flux is what 

can be termed a ‘reduced-order model’ (ROM) and is not intended as a fullfunctioning flow code. The theory and simulation in the code is stream-lined 

and directed towards the implementation of Monte Carlo risk analyses of CO2

transport or as termed in this context as ‘leakage.’ While presented in this 

report as a stand-alone tool, the Seal_Flux code is intended to function in the 

future as one of several models as part of an integrated, systems-level model 

of CO2 storage performance. Finally, the code is written in Python 3.8 to provide 

an open framework for further development by others and to assist in linking 

the code with other modules in an integrated assessment model.”

Distilling data to drive carbon storage insights.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Wide-spread implementation 

of carbon capture and storage has the potential to decrease carbon emissions 

and aid in meeting global climate change mitigation goals. Data availability 

is one of the biggest challenges faced by the carbon capture and storage 

(CCS) community for modeling risks associated with CCS, necessary for widespread implementation in coming years. Collecting, integrating, and intuitively 

managing data is a time-consuming process, but one which is fundamental 

to establishing necessary access to carbon storage data. The US Department 

of Energy (US DOE) has been a major supporter of energy research in the US, 

including significant investment into carbon capture and storage research and 

technology development over the last ten years. The US DOE investments into 

the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships, the National Risk Assessment 

Partnership, and other CCS related research has resulted in a large volume 

of data, of which much has been made public through the National Energy 

Technology Laboratories data repository, the Energy Data eXchange (EDX). 

Researchers at the National Energy Technology Laboratory have developed 

workflows, tools, and other methods that leverage EDX, open-source software, 

machine learning, and natural language processing to discover, curate, label, 

organize and visualize available data. This paper describes the available data 

on EDX for carbon storage applications, describes the results of a spatial 

and temporal analysis of the data, describes where it is most geographically 

available, makes a general assessment of the quality of the available data, and 

discusses visualization tools and natural language processing tools developed 

for understanding, discovering and reusing the data.” 

Paige Morkner, Jennifer Bauer, C. Gabriel Creason, Michael Sabbatino, 

Patrick Wingo, Randall Greenburg, Samuel Walker, David Yeates, and 

Kelly Rose, Computers & Geosciences. (Subscription may be required.) [Click 

here to access NETL’s EDX.]

Numerical analysis of fracture deformation and instability during 

CO2 geological sequestration using a THM-XFEM coupled model.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Fracture deformation and 

instability during long-term CO2 geological sequestration in abandon reservoirs 

is simulated with a thermal-hydro-mechanical model. The two-phase in nonisothermal condition is used both in matrix and fracture, and thermoelastic and 

poroelastic deformation are all taken into account. The extended finite element 

method is employed to solve the strong discontinuity problem involving thermalhydro-mechanical coupling. The S-W equation of state and transport equation 

are chosen to characterize CO2 phase change. CO2 geological sequestration 

in abandoned-fractured reservoir with high water-cut is discussed with a 

two-dimensional model. The analysis of fracture deformation shows that 

CO2 geological sequestration has a great effect on fracture deformation and 

instability. Fracture aperture, deformation and the effective fluid pressure 

in fracture are highly affected by the water residual saturation and injected 

temperature difference. The analysis of fracture instability presents that mode I 

mainly appears in the fracture propagation, and propagation prefers to occur in 

fracture near the injection wellbore. The higher CO2 phase pressure when cold 

CO2 injection into reservoirs with low water residual saturation can promote 

fracture propagation 1–2 years in advance. Fracture aperture is enhanced but 

fracture instability time would be delayed due to the thermal stress.” 

Long Cheng, Zhifeng Luo, Liqiang Zhao, and Yaozeng Xie, Computers 

and Geotechnics. (Subscription may be required.)

Analytical and numerical modeling for the assessment of CO2

storage in the Pariñas geological formation - Talara, Peru.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “This research evaluates the 

CO2 storage capacity of the Pariñas Formation belonging to the Talara basin 

in Peru through analytical modeling based on mass balance equations and 

numerical modeling using IMEX CMG. Pariñas Formation has several depleted 

hydrocarbon reservoirs that presents favorable conditions for CO2 geological 

storage. It has an average porosity of 17.6% and a permeability of 640 mD in 

the horizontal direction consisting of sandstones with interspersed lutites layers. 

The study evaluates the depleted Bellavista oil deposits involving CO2 storage 

capacity estimation with CO2 and reservoir fluid (oil and water) interaction. 

It involves numerical modeling based on the reservoirs properties and CO2

injection simulation not exceeding the fracture pressure of the reservoir rock. 

This approach is the first one carried out in Peru and provides the chance to 

evaluate the CO2 storage capacity in a hydrocarbon reservoir in this part of 

the world, as a strategy to mitigate future global change impacts. The results 

indicate a storage capacity of 35.37 million tons of CO2, approximately. Besides, 

the sandstone reservoir of the Pariñas geological formation has adequate 

characteristics to serve as a CO2 storage reservoir. C30+ pseudo component 

shows greater sensitivity in its properties (temperature and critical pressure) 

adjusting the fluid properties with the experimental data (saturation pressure, 

viscosity and minimum miscibility pressure).” 

Rafu Pomar-Castromonte, Eusebio Ingol-Blanco, Jose Santos, and 

Sandra Santa-Cruz, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Effects of long-term (70 years) nitrogen fertilization and liming on 

carbon storage in water-stable aggregates of a semi-arid grassland 

soil.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Grasslands cover up to 

40.5% of the world’s landmass and store 30% terrestrial carbon (C). Various 

practices, including mineral fertilization and liming, are used to manage these 

ecosystems with potential long-term effects on the size and distribution of soil 

aggregates and inevitably carbon dynamics. The objective of this study was to 

examine the long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization and liming on soil carbon 

storage and its dynamics in water-stable aggregates of a semi-arid grassland. 

Soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected from Ukulinga long-term grassland trial 

in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa where nitrogen fertilizers have been applied 

annually and lime every five years for 70 years. Ten treatments were studied: 

the control (0 kgN/ha and unlimited), lime at 2250 kg/ha (L), ammonium 

sulphate at 70 kg/ha (AS70) and 211 kg/ha (AS211); ammonium nitrate at 70 

kg/ha (AN70) and 211 kg/ha (AN211); AS70 + lime (AS70L); AS211 + lime 

(AS211L); AN70 + lime (AN70L) and AN211 + lime (AN211L) ...” 

Kwenama Buthelezi and Nkosinomusa Buthelezi-Dube, Heliyon. 

(Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

37

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Dynamics of plantation forest development and ecosystem carbon 

storage change in coastal Bangladesh.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Plantation forest has an 

immense potential for significantly contributing to the global carbon cycle 

for regulating climate change. Assessing the spatio-temporal distribution of 

plantation forest vegetation by analyzing Landsat land use/land cover (LULC) 

data can provide a logical basis for developing ecological and environmental 

policies to effectively manage ecosystem carbon storage in the future. The 

study aimed at assessing and predicting dynamics of plantation forest 

development and ecosystem carbon storage change in coastal Bangladesh 

over 1988–2041 under three future land management scenarios: businessas-usual (BAU), economic development (ED), and ecological protectionafforestation (EPA) by linking CA-Markov and InVEST models. Findings from 

LULC change analysis revealed that during 1988–2018, plantation forest 

increased by 984.9 km2 (68.34%) leading to an overall increase in regional 

carbon storage, of 3.30 Tg C. Over 2018–2041, plantation forest land could be 

increased by 249.90, 361.24, and 472.14 km2 under the BAU, ED, and EPA 

scenarios, respectively, that may potentially increase future carbon storage by 

0.64 Tg C, 0.91 Tg C, and 3.77 Tg C, respectively. However, the three future 

land management scenarios may lead to shortages of regional food supply, of 

5.96%, 13.69%, and 11.06% respectively. The suitability maps of different 

LULC types created in this study could be useful to find out the potential areas 

of plantation forest development in the future and would provide a scientific 

basis for further discussion by policymakers on future land use planning, to 

minimize the trade-offs between food security and climate change adaptation.” 

Muhammad Ziaul Hoque, Shenghui Cui, Imranul Islam, Lilai Xu, and 

Shengping Ding, Ecological Indicators. (Subscription may be required.)

Analysis of the effect of environmental protected areas on land-use 

and carbon storage in a megalopolis.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon storage in terrestrial 

ecosystems plays a vital role in climate control. However, urban expansion 

and damage to natural areas, especially the rise of megalopolises, have 

affected carbon storage. To mitigate this damage, various policies have been 

established by international, domestic, and local governments. This study 

focuses on the establishment and management of environmental protection 

areas and analyzes their impact on carbon storage. The study targets the 

cities of Gyeonggi-do province, South Korea, which make up a representative 

megalopolis, and the effectiveness of protected areas was analyzed by 

typifying the cities based on the proportion of available development areas and 

environmentally protected areas. In this study, the SLEUTH (Slope, Land-use, 

Excluded Area, Urban, Transportation, Hillshade) land-use change model was 

used to predict future land-use changes, and carbon storage was estimated 

using the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) 

Carbon model. When operating the model, [the authors] tested a control 

group scenario that only preserves the water zone, a scenario that preserves 

the legally protected areas, and a scenario that protects the areas with high 

environmental value. There are two significant effects of setting up protected 

areas: First, the ‘development inhibition effect’ of reducing the development 

area itself. Second, the ‘development replacement effect’ of moving 

development to relatively low environmental value areas. These two effects 

differ depending on the availability of development areas, with ‘development 

replacement effects’ prominent in areas with high development availability and 

‘development inhibition effects’ predominant in areas with low development 

availability. Future policies for setting up and managing protected areas can 

be used in megalopolis in conjunction with policies focusing on securing the 

area of carbon sinks.” 

Jinhoo Hwang, Yuyoung Choi, Yoonji Kim, Lim No Ol, Young-Jae Yoo, 

Hyo Jin Cho, Zhemin Sun, and Seongwoo Jeon, Ecological Indicators. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Spatial distribution characteristics of carbon storage density in 

typical mixed fir and broadleaf forests.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “In order to further improve 

the vegetation utilization rate of typical Chinese fir and broad-leaved mixed 

forest, increase the carbon storage in the ecological environment, protect and 

improve the ecological environment, the spatial distribution characteristics 

of carbon storage in typical Chinese fir broad-leaved mixed forest were 

analyzed. The weight set of subjective estimation of carbon storage density 

of vegetation carbon storage factor was modified, and the fuzzy evaluation 

matrix of vegetation carbon storage was obtained. The evaluation vector of the 

matrix was calculated to evaluate the carbon storage density, and the spatial 

distribution characteristics of carbon storage density of typical mixed fir and 

broad-leaved forest were obtained. The carbon content in tree layer, shrub 

layer, herb layer and litter layer was detected through the sample investigation 

in Ganzhou City, Ji’an City, Jiujiang City, Yichun City and Shangrao City of 

Jiangxi Province under the same climate environment. At the same time, the 

soil samples of each layer were collected for analysis. The results showed 

that under the same age, density and site conditions, there were significant 

differences in the carbon storage of vegetation layer and litter layer between 

Chinese fir mixed forest and Chinese fir pure forest, and the carbon fixation 

capacity of Chinese fir mixed forest was greater than that of Chinese fir pure 

forest. In order to enhance the carbon storage in the ecological environment, 

[the authors] can consider a variety of Chinese fir mixed forest, which is of 

great significance to the maintenance of the ecosystem environment.” 

Tianyao Lan, Jiancai Gu, and Zhehua Wen, Energy Reports. (Subscription 

may be required.)

MAY 2022

Dimensionally Reduced Model for Rapid and Accurate Prediction 

of Gas Saturation, Pressure, and Brine Production in a CO2 Storage 

Application: Case Study Using the SACROC Field as Part of SMART 

Task 5.

The following is from the description of this product developed by the Strategic 

Systems Analysis and Engineering (SSAE) group at NETL for Task 5 of SMART 

Phase 1: “This study involved the development of deep learning models for CO2

geologic storage that are capable of accurate prediction of spatio-temporal 

outputs of CO2 saturation, pressure, and brine production in three dimensional 

space over a storage operation’s injection and post-injection timeframes. The 

model framework involves [assembling] multi-layer encoder networks that 

provide [dimensionality] reduction of geologic inputs with fully connected 

long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks that generate time-series 

prediction This approach offers a means to maximize training time efficiency, 

reduce computational memory burden, and minimize prediction turnaround.”

Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage.

The following is from the description of this book: “Storing carbon dioxide in 

underground geological formations is emerging as a promising technology to 

reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. A range of geophysical 

techniques can be deployed to remotely track carbon dioxide plumes and 

monitor changes in the subsurface, which is critical for ensuring for safe, longterm storage. Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage provides 

a comprehensive review of different geophysical techniques currently in use 

and being developed, assessing their advantages and limitations. Volume 

highlights include: Geodetic and surface monitoring techniques; Subsurface 

monitoring using seismic techniques; Subsurface monitoring using nonseismic techniques; Case studies of geophysical monitoring at different 

geologic carbon storage sites.” (Purchase may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

38

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Policy Brief: EU ETS Directive Review: A focus on the Article 29a.

The following is from a summary of this European Roundtable on Climate 

Change and Sustainable Transition policy brief: “The EU ETS Directive, as 

currently designed, provides two instruments to act when EUA prices fall 

outside what is perceived as acceptable boundaries: the Market Stability 

Reserve (MSR), and the Art 29 of the EU ETS Directive addressing price 

imbalances. So far these instruments are not interlinked, being different from 

other jurisdictions under ETS regime. Before any modifications to the current 

rules are implemented, the role of the EU policy maker is to understand the 

reasons why some sectors of the society are concerned about the current 

carbon price escalation. Being able to answer fundamental questions about the 

role of carbon prices, the right definition of market abuse, when intervention in 

the carbon market is justified, and the role of financial institutions in the carbon 

market and its impact on contributing or destroying decarbonisation value are 

a must if we are to come up with the best fit-for purpose design.” 

Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with 

carbon capture and storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Low-carbon hydrogen is an 

essential element in the transition to net-zero emissions by 2050. Hydrogen 

production from biomass is a promising bio-energy with carbon capture 

and storage (BECCS) scheme that could produce low-carbon hydrogen and 

generate the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) envisioned to be required to 

offset hard-to-abate emissions. Here, [the authors] design a BECCS supply 

chain for hydrogen production from biomass with carbon capture and storage 

and quantify, at high spatial resolution, the technical potential for hydrogen 

production and CDR in Europe. [The authors] consider sustainable biomass 

feedstocks that have minimal impacts on food security and biodiversity, 

namely agricultural residues and waste. [The authors] find that this BECCS 

supply chain can produce up to 12.5 [million tons (Mtons)] of H2 per year 

(currently ~10 Mtons of H2 per year are used in Europe) and remove up to 133 

Mtons CO2 per year from the atmosphere (or 3% of European total greenhouse 

gas emissions). [The authors] then perform a geospatial analysis to quantify 

transportation distances between where biomass feedstocks are located and 

potential hydrogen users, and find that 20% of hydrogen potential is located 

within 25 km from hard-to-electrify industries. [The authors] conclude that 

BECCS supply chains for hydrogen production from biomass represent an 

overlooked near-term opportunity to generate carbon dioxide removal and lowcarbon hydrogen.” 

Lorenzo Rosa and Marco Mazzotti, Renewable and Sustainable Energy 

Reviews. (Subscription may be required.)

The importance of biogenic carbon storage in the greenhouse 

gas footprint of medium density fiberboard from poplar wood and 

bagasse.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon storage in long-lived 

bio-based products is typically ignored or accounted for in a simplistic way 

in greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint calculations. [The authors] quantified the 

GHG footprint of medium density fiberboard (MDF) in Iran from poplar wood 

and bagasse, a by-product from sugarcane production. Inventory data was 

collected from sugarcane and poplar wood plantations and MDF factories in 

Iran during 2017–2019 to calculate cradle-to-grave footprints for 1 m3 of 

MDF. [The authors] quantify the effect of carbon storage, which depends on 

the crop rotation time and the economic lifetime of the product, with shorter 

rotation times and longer storage periods leading to lower footprints. Cradleto-grave GHG footprints of poplar and bagasse-based MDF without accounting 

for biogenic carbon storage are 6.8·102 kg CO2-eq/m3 and 8.5·102 kg CO2-

eq/m3, respectively. Footprints are higher for bagasse-based MDF than for 

poplar-based MDF because of a higher electricity use, higher resin use and 

larger transport distances in Iran. Taking into account carbon storage periods 

of 10–60 years decreases the footprints to 345–655 kg CO2-eq/m3 for poplarbased MDF and 292–771 kg CO2-eq/m3 for bagasse-based MDF. These 

results emphasize the importance of appropriately accounting for biogenic 

carbon storage in GHG footprint calculations of long-lived bio based products.” 

Seyedeh Masoumeh Hafezi, Hamid Zarea-Hosseinabadi, Mark A.J. 

Huijbregts, and Zoran J.N. Steinmann, Cleaner Environmental Systems. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Analyzing how forest-based amenity values and carbon storage 

benefits affect spatial targeting for conservation investment.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “[The authors] analyze how two 

different ecosystem services: forest-based amenity values and carbon storage 

benefits, affect spatial targeting for conservation investment for protected 

area acquisition using selected forest clusters in Knox County, Tennessee in 

the United States. [The authors] determine return-on-investment (ROI) for 

these two different forest-based ecosystem services by estimating amenity 

values and carbon storage amounts using hedonic price model and dynamic 

Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), respectively, and corresponding acquisition 

costs at the forest cluster level. [The authors’] findings of the optimal protected 

area acquisition in the form of forest clusters serve as an empirically informed 

knowledge base to help both the conservation and planning agencies in 

prioritizing acquisition of potential protected areas depending on their 

preferences. By using carbon and amenity ROIs in spatial targeting of forest 

clusters within the multi-objective optimization set up, [the authors] not 

only addressed the spatial heterogeneity in the carbon storage benefits and 

amenity values but also the spatial heterogeneity in cluster acquisition costs. 

[The authors] also found that selection decisions were dictated by the weakly 

negative correlation (−0.16) between the carbon and amenity ROIs instead of 

weakly positive correlation (0.14) between carbon storage benefits and amenity 

values. Since the spatial distribution of carbon and amenity ROIs were weakly 

negatively correlated, there were apparent conflicts between the objectives of 

maximizing forest carbon storage and amenity value. This resulted in concave 

frontiers with tradeoffs between the objectives implying variation in spatial 

distribution of the selected forest clusters letting the conservation and planning 

agencies decide combination of strategies which best fit their preferences.” 

Bijay P. Sharma and Seong-Hoon Cho, Forest Policy and Economics. 

(Subscription may be required.)

What is different about different net-zero carbon 

electricity systems?

The following is from the abstract of the article: “In deeply decarbonized 

electricity systems with significant shares of variable renewable energy, the 

additional availability of at least one firm electricity generating technology can 

overcome reliability challenges and substantially reduce electricity costs. Firm 

resources can operate at any time of the year and for as long as needed to 

maintain electricity system reliability. Low- and zero-carbon firm technologies 

include flexible resources with high variable and low capital costs, such as 

biogas or hydrogen combustion, capital-intensive resources with low or zero 

variable cost, including nuclear and geothermal, as well as intermediate 

resources such as natural gas plants with carbon capture and sequestration 

(CCS). This paper explains the distinct roles of nuclear, CCS, and combustion 

of zero-carbon fuels in decarbonized electricity systems as examples of each 

class of firm resources. [The authors] analyze and compare results from three 

long-term electricity system capacity expansion models for California and 

the U.S. Western Interconnection, demonstrating robustness of [the authors’] 

conclusions to different model assumptions and domains. Individually, each 

firm technology delivers substantial cost reductions relative to portfolios 

restricted to wind, solar, and energy storage alone. Additionally, because each 

technology occupies a distinctive functional niche in the electricity system, 

having all of these technologies available optimizes the utilization rate of each 

resource and reduces system costs by up to 10% relative to cases with just 

one class of firm resource. The analysis highlights the benefits of an expansive 

range of technology options to meet emissions reductions goals for the power 

sector while maintaining operational reliability and affordability.” 

Ejeong Baik, Kiran P. Chawla, Jesse D. Jenkins, Clea Kolster, Neha S. 

Patankar, Arne Olson, Sally M. Benson, and Jane C.S. Long, Energy and 

Climate Change. (Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

39

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Filter Cake Removal during the Cementing and Completion Stages 

in CO2 Storage Wells: Current Developments, Challenges, and 

Prospects.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon capture and storage 

(CCS) technology has become one of the most cost-effective and promising 

ways to achieve global climate change mitigation goals. The CO2 storage 

capacity in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is currently the safest and most 

economical option. The long-term sealing of the cement–formation interface 

in CO2 storage wells (CSW) is essential to avoid CO2 leakage. The filter cake 

easily affects the interfacial sealing ability, which is a thin impermeable layer 

formed by drilling fluid residue or solid particles remaining on the borehole 

wall due to permeable formation. Filter cake removal is essential for favorable 

cementation and production efficiency. This study highlights the current 

developments and the main challenges for oil- and water-based mud filter 

cake removal during the cementing and completion process. Moreover, 

research ideas and recommendations for various types of filter cake removal 

are proposed to provide a reference for future work. This information helps 

deepen understanding with respect to the different filter cake removal options 

available in the CCS industry and provides a knowledge base that can facilitate 

the improvement of the cementing quality and production efficiency of existing 

systems to combat battle CSW safety and production efficiency problems.” 

Jin Li, Sheng Huang, Zao-Yuan Li, Jian Liu, Xu-Ning Wu, Dong-Hua Su, 

and Wei-Tao Song, Energy Technology. (Subscription may be required.)

An Advanced Discrete Fracture Methodology for Fast, Robust, and 

Accurate Simulation of Energy Production from Complex Fracture 

Networks.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Fracture networks are 

abundant in subsurface applications (e.g., geothermal energy production, 

CO2 sequestration). Fractured reservoirs often have a very complex structure, 

making modeling flow and transport in such networks slow and unstable. 

Consequently, this limits [the] ability to perform uncertainty quantification and 

increases development costs and environmental risks. This study provides 

an advanced methodology for simulation based on Discrete Fracture Model 

(DFM) approach. The preprocessing framework results in a fully conformal, 

uniformly distributed grid for realistic 2D fracture networks at a required level 

of precision. The simplified geometry and topology of the resulting network 

are compared with input (i.e., unchanged) data to evaluate the preprocessing 

influence. The resulting mesh-related parameters, such as volume distributions 

and orthogonality of control volume connections, are analyzed. Furthermore, 

changes in fluid-flow response related to preprocessing are evaluated 

using a high-enthalpy two-phase flow geothermal simulator. The simplified 

topology directly improves meshing results and, consequently, the accuracy 

and efficiency of numerical simulation. The main novelty of this work is the 

introduction of an automatic preprocessing framework allowing [the authors] to 

simplify the fracture network down to required level of complexity and addition 

of a fracture aperture correction capable of handling heterogeneous aperture 

distributions, low connectivity fracture networks, and sealing fractures. The 

graph-based framework is fully open-source and explicitly resolves smallangle intersections within the fracture network. A rigorous analysis of changes 

in the static and dynamic impact of the preprocessing algorithm demonstrates 

that explicit fracture representation can be computationally efficient, enabling 

their use in large-scale uncertainty quantification studies.” 

S. de Hoop, D. V. Voskov, G. Bertotti, and A. Barnhoorn, Water Resources 

Research. (Subscription may be required.)

JUNE 2022

Computed Tomography Scanning and Geophysical Measurements of 

Core from the Boggess 17H Well.

The following is from the abstract of this DOE/NETL report: “The computed 

tomography (CT) facilities and the Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) at the 

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, West Virginia 

were used to characterize the Marcellus Shale and underlying formations. The 

core is from a vertical pilot well (Boggess 17H) drilled in western Monongalia 

County near Core, West Virginia by Northeast Natural Energy for the second 

Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory (MSEEL). MSEEL is 

a joint venture between NETL, Northeast Natural Energy, and West Virginia 

University. The primary impetus for this report is to characterize the core to better 

understand the structure and variation of the Marcellus Shale and surrounding 

formations. This report, and the associated scans, provide detailed datasets 

not typically available from unconventional shales for analysis. The resultant 

datasets are presented as part of this report and can be accessed from NETL’s 

Energy Data eXchange (EDX) online system using the following link: https://

edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/boggess-17h-well. All equipment and techniques 

used were non-destructive, enabling future examinations to be performed on 

these cores. None of the equipment used was suitable for direct visualization 

of the shale pore space, although fractures and discontinuities were detectable 

with the methods tested. CT imagery with the NETL medical CT scanner was 

performed on the entire core. Qualitative analysis of the medical CT images, 

coupled with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), P-wave, and magnetic susceptibility 

measurements from the MSCL were useful in identifying zones of interest 

for more detailed analysis and locating fractured zones. The ability to quickly 

identify key areas for more detailed study with higher resolution will save time 

and resources in future studies. The combination of all methods used provides 

a multi-scale analysis of the core; the resulting macro and micro descriptions 

of the core are relevant for many subsurface energy related examinations of 

core that have traditionally been performed at NETL.” [Click here to access 

NETL’s EDX.]

State of the Art: CCS Technologies 2022.

The following is from the Foreword of this Global CCS Institute technical report: 

“Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has emerged as an indispensable tool 

in humanity’s efforts to combat climate change and reach its goal of netzero emissions. Industries as diverse as cement, iron and steel, chemicals, 

natural gas and electricity generation can benefit from the ability of CCS to cut 

industrial CO2 emissions deeply. CCS is also moving into carbon dioxide removal 

(CDR) in applications such as Direct Air Capture (DAC) and Bioenergy with CCS 

(BECCS), drawing down historical CO2 emissions from the atmosphere. The 

CCS sector has been growing at an unprecedented rate in recent years, and 

that growth is only accelerating. The increased dependence of global plans for 

net-zero on CCS means that the economic performance of CCS is becoming 

increasingly important. Technology development will be a significant driver 

of improved economics for CCS. Higher energy efficiency, reduced variable 

operating costs, capital cost reductions, and plant performance improvements, 

enabled by new technologies, are meeting the demand for improved CO2

capture system performance, transport system costs, and CO2 storage options. 

CCS is happening now, and the technology is ready to purchase today. This 

inaugural Technology Compendium is intended to showcase the breadth and 

depth of commercially-available CCS technologies worldwide.”
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

40

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Policy Brief: Unlocking the governance challenges of Just Transition 

in the EU.

The following is from a summary of this European Roundtable on Climate 

Change and Sustainable Transition (ERCST) Policy Brief: “This brief looks into 

the European Just Transition process, with a specific focus on the Just Transition 

Fund (JTF) and its underpinning Territorial Just Transition Plans (TJTPs). It 

examines the governance challenges identified from the consultations and 

literature review and injects some ideas for strengthening the Just Transition 

governance process both at EU and Member State level. [Key messages:] 

While in certain Member States and regions of the EU [the ERCST] see strong 

Just Transition governance frameworks in place, in some others accountability, 

clarity on implementation plans, inclusive dialogue and transparency are 

lacking. Establishing a long-term vision and a detailed transition plan will 

prove crucial for the socio-economic success of regions in transition in the 

following decades. Looking beyond the JTF and the TJTPs, in the longer term, 

political and economic decisions will have to be made in this context and [the 

ERCST] believe that the basic principle to be followed should be to make Just 

Transition self-sustainable and cost-efficient beyond grant-based instruments 

as the JTF. One example would be to strengthen the InvestEU component of the 

JTM. Social and environmental objectives throughout the EU decarbonisation 

process will only be reached by a well-proportioned mix of market approaches, 

standards, and regulations in conjunction with a strong political vision.”

Immediate and long-term effects of tillage practices with crop 

residue on soil water and organic carbon storage changes under a 

wheat-maize cropping system.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Reasonable tillage 

management benefits soil structure optimization and agricultural sustainability. 

However, the differences of immediate (i.e. changes between post- and pretillage) and long-term effects (i.e. changes between treatments after certain 

years) under different tillage practices is often neglected. This study involved 

a 16-year field experiment including three tillage practices (plow tillage, PT; 

subsoiling tillage, ST and rotary tillage, RT) and two crop residue management 

practices (no residue return and all residue return). Those immediate and 

long-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic carbon were 

investigated. For the immediate effects after tillage, the soil water storage under 

PT, ST, and RT decreased by 5.8%, 4.0%, and 3.2%, respectively; while those 

under residue return and no residue return decreased by 3.9% and 4.6%, 

respectively. Under the same conditions, ST was more beneficial to reduce soil 

penetration resistance. The soil bulk density post-tillage was significantly lower 

than that pre-tillage at 0–10 cm soil depth, meanwhile the soil bulk density 

at 10–40 cm soil depth was generally decreased after tillage practice under 

ST treatment. For the long-term effects, the penetration resistance at 10–50 

cm soil depth and the soil bulk density at 10–30 cm soil depth were lower 

under the ST treatment than those under PT and RT treatments. Additionally, 

residue return was beneficial for soil water storage, soil bulk density, and soil 

organic carbon storage. Overall, both for the immediate and long-term effects, 

subsoiling tillage with residue return significantly increased soil water storage, 

total porosity, soil organic carbon storage and crop yields, while decreased soil 

bulk density and penetration resistance.”

Hongxiang Zhao, Jihao Qin, Tianping Gao, Mengkun Zhang, Hongchang 

Sun, Shuwei Zhu, Cailong Xu, and Tangyuan Ning, Soil and Tillage 

Research. (Subscription may be required.)

A storage-driven CO2 EOR for a net-zero emission target.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Stabilizing global climate 

change to within 1.5°C requires a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 

with a primary focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. CO2 flooding in 

oilfields has recently been recognized as an important way to reduce CO2

emissions by storing CO2 in oil reservoirs. This work proposes an advanced 

CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method—namely, storage-driven CO2 EOR—

whose main target is to realize net-zero or even negative CO2 emissions by 

sequestrating the maximum possible amount of CO2 in oil reservoirs while 

accomplishing the maximum possible oil recovery. Here, dimethyl ether (DME) 

is employed as an efficient agent in assisting conventional CO2 EOR for oil 

recovery while enhancing CO2 sequestration in reservoirs. The results show 

that DME improves the solubility of CO2 in in situ oil, which is beneficial for the 

solubility trapping of CO2 storage; furthermore, the presence of DME inhibits 

the ‘escape’ of lighter hydrocarbons from crude oil due to the CO2 extraction 

effect, which is critical for sustainable oil recovery. Storage-driven CO2 EOR is 

superior to conventional CO2 EOR in improving sweeping efficiency, especially 

during the late oil production period. This work demonstrates that storagedriven CO2 EOR exhibits higher oil-in-place (OIP) recovery than conventional 

CO2 EOR. Moreover, the amount of sequestrated CO2 in storage-driven CO2

EOR exceeds the amount of emissions from burning the produced oil; that 

is, the sequestrated CO2 offsets not only current emissions but also past 

CO2 emissions. By altering developing scenarios, such as water alternating 

storage-driven CO2 EOR, more CO2 sequestration and higher oil recovery can 

be achieved. This work demonstrates the potential utilization of DME as an 

efficient additive to CO2 for enhancing oil recovery while improving CO2 storage 

in oil reservoirs.” 

Yueliang Liu and Zhenhua Rui, Engineering. (Subscription may be required.)

Carbon capture: Prospects and policy agenda for CO2-neutral power 

generation.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “By mid-century, global mean 

temperature increase from pre-industrial levels must remain below 1.5°C to 

resist the forces of climate chaos. Recent studies emphasize the central role 

that the electricity system must play in achieving 100% carbon-free generation, 

particularly through greater reliance on zero-carbon, firm output. Major firm 

power options that emit little or no carbon include hydro, nuclear, geothermal, 

and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This article examines the status of CCS, 

now applied at coal-fired power plants and under consideration at natural gas 

plants in North America and certain European nations. [The authors] identify 

key developments: (i) CCS can eliminate and permanently store virtually all 

fossil-fired CO2 emissions from power plants; (ii) following targeted policies, 

doing so would be cost-competitive with other strategies to generate zerocarbon, firm electricity; and (iii) combining aggressive upstream greenhouse 

gas emissions mitigation with near-100% carbon capture at the power plant 

can create significant benefits on par with the lifecycle emissions of other 

renewable and clean generation resources. Finally, [the authors] examine the 

policy pathways, infrastructure, and jurisdictions central to CCS expansion—

particularly in the U.S. and its subdivisions. Also discussed is the critical need 

to export CCS technology to all parts of the globe, especially areas like China 

and Southeast Asia that are likely to depend on fossil electricity for decades.”

Deepika Nagabhushan, R.H. Russell, Kurt Waltzer, John Thompson, 

Lee Beck, and Marc Jaruzel, The Electricity Journal. (Subscription may be 

required.)

What are the potential paths for carbon capture and storage 

in Sweden? A multi-level assessment of historical and current 

developments.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon capture and storage 

(CCS), including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), could 

contribute to climate change mitigation strategies. However, the 2020s is 

not the first time that CCS is high on the agenda. This study explores the 

differences between the past and current developments of CCS and discusses 

how incumbent actors’ experiences can inform the understanding of potential 

future energy system transitions in Sweden. For this purpose, a multi-level 

perspective (MLP) analysis was conducted based on documents, interviews 

and focus groups with key actors. Since the 2000s, increased urgency of 

climate change has further pushed policy makers into action. In addition, there 

is a new framing of CCS that underscores the potential of BECCS to provide 

negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as prospects for offshore 

storage of CO2 in Norway and other territories. As such, this study shows that 

Sweden could be on a transformation pathway towards implementing CCS 

alongside other mitigation measure.” 

Adrian Lefvert, Emily Rodriguez, Mathias Fridahl, Stefan Grönkvist, 

Simon Haikola, and Anders Hansson, Energy Research & Social Science. 

(Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Bamboo construction materials: Carbon storage and potential 

to reduce associated CO2 emissions.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The construction industry is 

one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions. To achieve the goal of carbon 

peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, China needs to develop 

carbon reduction pathways for the construction industry. Bamboo is believed 

to be one of the most appropriate candidates for afforestation to reduce CO2

concentration and alleviate the effects of climate change. It is also an ideal 

building material with high tensile and compressive strengths. However, the 

carbon emissions and storage of bamboo building materials have not been 

well understood. This study aims to quantify the CO2 emissions and carbon 

storage of bamboo building materials and to analyse the potential to reduce 

these carbon emissions. Results show that the planting phase contributes 

the largest amount of carbon uptake whilst the production phase contributes 

the largest amount of carbon emissions. ‘Carbonisation’ is found to be the 

production process with the highest carbon emissions, followed by ‘antimould, 

anticorrosion and drying treatment’ and ‘glue application’. Three strategies that 

are useful in reducing carbon emissions are proposed and validated. After the 

implementation of the proposed strategies, the average and median amount 

of carbon emissions changed from 1291.63 and 1290.75 kg to 1088.36 

and 1090.29 kg. Taking all phases into account, one cubic meter of bamboo 

assembled components can reduce 249.92 kg CO2 from the atmosphere. 

Compared to dimensioned lumber, engineered lumber, cement, steel, timber, 

hempcrete, bamboo building materials have the highest CO2 emissions and 

carbon storage. The carbon storage of bamboo assembled components per 

tonne is around 140 kg more than that of timber per tonne. This study is 

expected to assist not only researchers in understanding the carbon reduction 

potential of bamboo building materials but also practitioners in promoting 

bamboo building-based carbon reduction pathways.” 

Xiaoxiao Xu, Peiyu Xu, Jianjun Zhu, Haitao Li, and Zhenhua Xiong,

Science of The Total Environment. (Subscription may be required.)

Technical Perspective of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the 

primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which 

is associated with human activities. The majority of CO2 emissions are results 

of the burning of fossil fuels for energy, as well as industrial processes such as 

steel and cement production. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) 

is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO2 emissions 

that would otherwise contribute to climate change. From this perspective, the 

discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology, 

primarily due to its commercialization potential. The CO2 absorptive capacity 

and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized. The 

carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO2

into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in 

recent years. The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO2 reduction 

products are used to describe efficiency improvements. For carbon storage, 

successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics, 

geomechanics, and reactive transport, which are discussed in details.” 

Qingyang Lin , Xiao Zhang, Tao Wang, Chenghang Zheng, and Xiang 

Gao, Engineering. (Subscription may be required.)

Temporal dynamics of carbon storage in a Mediterranean mountain 

scrubland managed by prescribed fire.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Farmland abandonment and 

reduction of grazing activity, mainly in mountain areas with remote access 

and ageing population, have been contributing to shrub encroachment in 

such territories and, consequently, to increase fuel load available for triggering 

wildfires. Accordingly, it is necessary to use vegetation management practices 

in order to reduce wildfire risk, prescribed fire being one of the most common 

techniques used in the Mediterranean region. This research focused in the 

effects of a prescribed fire (PF) applied in Montesinho Natural Park (PNM), NE 

Portugal, on the temporal dynamics of carbon storage in mineral soil, litter layer 

(organic horizon), and shrub biomass. Before PF and thirty-six months after 

PF, aboveground shrub biomass was collected in areas of 1 m2 in 11 plots 

randomly distributed in the experimental shrub area. Also, in the same plots, 

litter thickness was measured and soil samples were collected before, two, six 

and thirty-six months after PF, in order to assess carbon concentration, bulk 

density and coarse elements content. Despite low to moderate fire intensity, 

carbon storage changes were observed in all compartments evaluated. Thirtysix months after PF, carbon storage in aboveground biomass of shrub species 

(7.4 Mg C ha−1) was roughly two-thirds of that recorded prior to PF, and in 

litter layer (1.6 Mg C ha−1) it was about half of that in the original situation 

(before PF). In contrast, the mineral soil showed a 10% carbon increase (6.4 

Mg C ha−1). Based on the balance between losses (shrub species and litter 

layer) and gains (mineral soil), at the end of the monitoring period (36 months), 

there was an annual positive rate of carbon storage, equivalent to 0.2 Mg C 

ha−1 year−1. Even after anthropogenic disturbances, such as prescribed fire, 

shrub communities constitute important terrestrial carbon pools; hence, these 

ecosystems might play an important role in mitigating climate change.” 

Felícia Fonseca, Diego Silva, Paulo Bueno, Zulimar Hernández, Ana 

Caroline Royer, and Tomás de Figueiredo, CATENA. (Subscription may be 

required.)

JULY 2022

Cost Impacts of Risk-Based Methods for Defining AoR and 

PISC Duration of a CO2 Storage Project Using NRAP Tools and FE/

NETL CO2 Saline Storage Cost Model.

The following is from the Executive Summary of this DOE/NETL report: “The 

purpose of this analysis is to assess the fiscal impact of using risk-based 

methods to define the area of review (AoR) and post-injection site care (PISC) 

duration for a geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage project. The Office of Fossil 

Energy (FE)/National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) CO2 Saline Storage 

Cost Model (“cost model”) was utilized to evaluate CO2 storage economics 

in this study. The cost model is a widely used tool for evaluating CO2 storage 

costs in geologic settings. It estimates costs for storage operations conducted 

under compliance to the United States Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI regulations. This analysis 

evaluates and compares the costs of storage (on a first-year break-even dollar 

per tonne [2018$] basis) at the proposed FutureGen 2.0 site as a case-study 

storage location by implementing different approaches to determine AoR and 

PISC given the prevailing geologic conditions and injection volume and duration 

considerations. The approaches include the use of 1) risk-based methods to 

define AoR and PISC duration, 2) an EPA-approved AoR and PISC documented 

in the FutureGen 2.0 UIC Class VI permit applications, and 3) cost model 

default settings that utilize uncertainty multipliers to estimate CO2 plume and 

pressure front extent as part of AoR determination, as well as a 50-year PISC 

default. From all three sources, the AoR and PISC specified in the Class VI 

permit applications for FutureGen 2.0 were the largest and longest relative to 

the other two sources...”

Treatments of Exports in the EU CBAM.

The following from a description of this European Roundtable on Climate 

Change and Sustainable Transition (ERCST) report: “This new report examines 

one of the most critical issues in the current political debate on the EU’s Carbon 

Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): the treatment of exports. Exports are 

currently not covered by the European Commission’s CBAM proposal. However, 

there are concerns that the exclusion of exports will open-up an export-related 

carbon leakage channel, thereby harming EU competitiveness and climate 

ambition. In this report, ERCST presents its recommendations on how to 

address exports in the EU CBAM.”
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Basin Management of Geologic CO2 Storage: Effect of Well Spacing 

on CO2 Plume and Pressure Interference.

The following is from the abstract of this paper: “Large-scale deployment 

of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key decarbonization approach to 

achieve drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emission levels. The United 

States Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, through 

the Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise Initiative projects, defines a 

commercial-scale CO2 saline storage project as one in which at least 50 million 

tonnes of CO2 are injected over the course of 20 to 30 years. Large-scale 

decarbonization through CCS may likely involve many commercial-scale CO2

storage projects located in close proximity. Nearby injection operations may 

result in CO2 plume commingling and create pressure buildup over time, which 

could cause pressure interference and may require preventative strategies to 

avoid exceedance of fracture pressure threshold. This study employs numerical 

modeling to analyze the evolution of the extent of CO2 and pressure plumes 

in which the commercial-scale CO2 storage projects inject simultaneously 

into a common storage formation from multiple projects located in proximity. 

Injection operations target an extensive saline formation with formation top 

of 1 km below ground surface, thickness of 200 m, horizontal and vertical 

permeabilities of 50 and 15 mD, porosity of 10%, and all external boundaries 

closed to fluid flow (i.e., top, bottom and all sides). The injection occurs at 1 

million tonnes/year per well for 30 years, followed by a 50-year post-injection 

period (PISC). The effect of well spacing and resulting pressure buildup and 

CO2 plume migration is explicitly evaluated...” 

Nur Wijaya, Derek Vikara, David Morgan, Timothy Grant, and Donald 

Remson, SPE Western Regional Meeting (April 26–28, 2022; Bakersfield, 

California, USA). (Subscription may be required.)

A bacteria-based carbon sequestration and waste recycling system.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Achieving carbon neutrality 

requires a variety of technological approaches. In the present study, [the 

authors] confirmed the applicability of a carbon cycle system in several 

industrial fields using sulphur-oxidising bacteria. This system produces a 

nitrogen fertiliser, which decreases carbon emissions by recycling H2S and 

NH3 pollutants discharged into the atmosphere or wastewater. It should be 

considered in industrial fields as a carbon reduction strategy.” 

Yeon Hwa La, Ki-Sung Lee, Tae-Wan Kim, and Jae Yang Song, Nature. 

(Subscription may be required.)

A multi-criteria CCUS screening evaluation 

of the Gulf of Mexico, USA.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Continued research 

into reservoir characterization along with offshore carbon dioxide (CO2) 

transportation and infrastructure assets is needed to facilitate development of 

safe and successful carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects. 

This paper outlines a multi-criteria evaluation methodology that incorporates 

disparate sets of quantitative, spatially variable data into a decision-making 

framework for screening the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) outer continental shelf (OCS) 

for potentially viable CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) sites. Criteria 

categories include favorable geologic characteristics, logistics, and potential 

risks. Data compiled for 14 criteria from several publicly available geographic 

information system (GIS) layers was aggregated over 2559 spatially balanced 

points across the study area using the National Energy Technology Laboratory 

(NETL)-developed Cumulative Spatial Impact LayersTM (CSIL) GIS tool. Criteria are 

weighted by qualitative expert opinion relative to their perceived importance to 

given scenarios— the output of combined criteria values and weights enables 

regional CO2 storage suitability differentiation. The methodology considers 

both technical and non-technical factors impacting CCUS decision-making. 

The flexible methodology enables a systematic approach to regional ranking at 

high spatial resolution over a large study domain. Additionally, the framework 

enables high-grading of priority sites that warrant further characterization 

and follow-on analysis. Areas along the Louisiana coast and Mississippi River 

Delta consistently rank high for all scenarios largely a result of the favorable 

geology with the potential for stacked storage, as well as the density of existing 

pipelines and platforms, and proximity to several onshore CO2 sources. Highgraded regions for the CO2 EOR-related scenarios are typically located further 

offshore towards the middle and edge of the OCS compared to higher priority 

regions for the geologic storage scenarios which fall closer to the Louisiana 

coastline.” 

Anna Wendt, Alana Sheriff, Chung Yan Shih, Derek Vikara, and Tim 

Grant, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be 

required.)

Thermodynamic loss analysis of a liquid-sorbent direct air carbon 

capture plant.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Direct air capture of CO2 is often 

presented as a promising technology to help mitigate climate change, although 

proposed processes are highly energy intensive. [The authors] analyze Carbon 

Engineering’s 1 Mt-CO2/year natural-gas-powered direct air capture (DAC) 

process, which requires 273.2 MW per plant, where [they] find that 252 MW 

are irreversibly lost, corresponding to a second-law efficiency of 7.8%. [The 

authors’] component-level analysis details the mechanisms by which these 

losses of thermodynamic work potential occur in the most energy-intensive 

plant segments. Here, [the authors] emphasize the effects of chemical exergy 

dissipation in the air contactor, where stored chemical exergy is released as 

low-grade heat into the environment. Other major losses occur in the calciner 

and its preheat cyclones due to the high temperature demanded by its internal 

chemical reaction, as well as in the water knockout system, CO2 compression 

system, and power island. Finally, [the authors] illustrate the issues arising 

from the use of natural gas as a feedstock for heat and power, and suggest 

directions to pursue for further analysis and process improvements, which [the 

authors] consider imperative to make this DAC process a viable option for 

large-scale CO2 removal toward IPCC targets.” 

Ryan Long-Innes and Henning Struchtrup, Cell Report Physical Science. 

(Subscription may be required.)

More sustainable vegetable oil: Balancing productivity with carbon 

storage opportunities.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Intensive cultivation and postharvest vegetable oil production stages are major sources of greenhouse gas 

(GHG) emissions. Variation between production systems and reporting disparity 

have resulted in discordance in previous emissions estimates. The aim of 

this study was to assess global systems-wide variation in GHG emissions 

resulting from palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower oil production. Such an 

analysis is critical to understand the implications of meeting increasing edible 

oil demand. To achieve this, [the authors] performed a unified re-analysis of 

life cycle input data from diverse palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower 

oil production systems, from a saturating search of published literature. The 

resulting dataset reflects almost 6000 producers in 38 countries, and is 

representative of over 71% of global vegetable oil production. Across all oil 

crop systems, median GHG emissions were 3.81 kg CO2e per kg refined oil. 

Crop specific median emissions ranged from 2.49 kg CO2e for rapeseed oil to 

4.25 kg CO2e for soybean oil per kg refined oil. Determination of the carbon 

cost of agricultural land occupation revealed that carbon storage potential in 

native compared to agricultural land cover drives variation in production GHG 

emissions, and indicates that expansion of production in low carbon storage 

potential land, whilst reforesting areas of high carbon storage potential, could 

reduce net GHG emissions whilst boosting productivity. Nevertheless, there 

remains considerable scope to improve sustainability within current production 

systems, including through increasing yields whilst limiting application of 

inputs with high carbon footprints, and in the case of palm oil through more 

widespread adoption of methane capture technologies in processing stages.” 

Thomas D. Alcock, David E. Salt, Paul Wilson, and Stephen J. 

Ramsden, Science of The Total Environment. (Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Carbon storage potential of Avicennia marina as influenced by soil 

factors in National Park Nayband, South Coast of Iran.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The carbon storage potential 

varies according to plant species, locations, and soil parameters. This 

study conducted to calculate amounts of carbon storage and effects of soil 

factors on C storage Avicennia marina in the coastal area of Bradkhon-Mal 

Gonzeh in National Park Nayband, of Bushehr province. To conduct research, 

aboveground and belowground biomass, and a distance of 1.5 m in two depths 

(0–60 and 60–100 cm) in 5 sample plots in the habitat zone and control site in 

March 2019, samples of biomass and soil were taken. The aboveground and 

belowground biomass were estimated using the allometric equation. The soil 

factors in each sample point were done by laboratory methods. The relations 

between soil factors and C storage in above and below-ground biomass were 

determined using cluster analysis. The result showed that the amount of C 

storage in above and belowground biomass is 12.7 ± 1.08 and 5.7 ± 0.4 g/

m2, respectively. The amount of carbon stored at the first depth of the soil 

was more than the second depth, this is due to the expansion of roots on 

the surface of the soil. The most important parameters influencing soil carbon 

storage is electrical conductivity (EC), total neutralizing value (TNV), percentage 

of sand, silt and clay, organic matter and nitrogen.” 

Fazel Amiri, Acta Ecologica Sinica. (Subscription may be required.)

Assessing the effects of ecological engineering on spatiotemporal 

dynamics of carbon storage from 2000 to 2016 in the Loess Plateau 

area using the InVEST model: A case study in Huining County, China.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Implementation of the Grain 

for Green program (GGP) resulted in great changes in land use and cover in 

northwest China, and presumably in the region’s carbon. However, accurate 

assessment of the effects of the GGP on carbon storage remains a challenge. 

The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model 

can map and evaluate natural goods and services that sustain life and quantify 

their impact from the changes in the ecosystem. Taking Huining County in 

China’s Loess Plateau region as a case, the land use and land cover changes 

(LUCC) following the GGP were quantified, and their effects on carbon storage 

between 2000 and 2016 were evaluated using the InVEST model. The results 

showed that, a total area of about 3996.13 km2 underwent changes following 

the GGP in Huining County during the study period, accounting roughly for 74% 

of the county. The total carbon storage increased from 6470.72 Gg in 2000 to 

7335.07 Gg in 2016. Spatially, carbon density in the south of this county was 

greater than the northern part. Directly induced by the GGP (conversions of 

farmlands to forests and grasslands), the carbon storage increased by 786.84 

Gg in total, with a rate of 46.28 Gg per year, the majority of which occurred 

during the first stage of the study period (from 2000 to 2008). The increase of 

carbon storage was mostly attributable to the increases in vegetation pool and 

the carbon density showed a strong spatial correlation with the growing season 

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The similarities between carbon 

density and NDVI spatial patterns during the study period may have been 

shaped by the county’s climate patterns, but not to any significant extent by 

climate change during the study period. This county-scale study allows for a 

deeper understanding of the links between LUCC induced by environmental 

restoration programs and carbon storage changes, and contributes to a greater 

accuracy in the estimation of carbon storage at the provincial (or larger) scale.” 

Kongming Li, Jianjun Cao, Jan F. Adamowski, Asim Biswas, Junju 

Zhou, Yujia Liu, Yongkai Zhang, Chunfang Liu, Xiaogang Dong, and Yuli 

Qin, Environmental Development. (Subscription may be required.)

Experiment study on CO2 adsorption performance of thermal treated 

coal: Inspiration for CO2 storage after underground coal thermal 

treatment.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Underground coal thermal 

treatment is a clean method of coal utilisation. Pyrolytic semi-coke provides 

a good storage vehicle for CO2 geological storage, but there are few studies 

on the CO2 adsorption capacity of pyrolytic semi-coke. To investigate the CO2

storage potential of thermal treated coals, scanning electron microscopy, 

low temperature nitrogen adsorption, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance 

and thermogravimetric analysis were used in this paper to analyze the 

differences and the influence mechanisms of different thermal treated 

coals for CO2 adsorption. The results showed the CO2 maximum adsorption 

amount of different thermal treated coals decreased and then increased as 

the thermal treatment temperature increased, reaching a minimum at 773.15 

K. Although the maximum adsorption amount of 773.15 K thermal treated 

raw coal was disadvantageous, the gas pressure <4.49 MPa showed superior 

adsorption advantage over the 303.15 K thermal treated coal. However, the 

KCl-impregnated coal showed an overall low adsorption capacity attributed to 

crystal blocking effects and catalysis. Although the adsorption pores of the high 

temperature thermal treated coals were substantially reduced, their ability to 

adsorb CO2 was significantly higher than that of the low temperature thermal 

treated coals. Furthermore, the number of adsorption pores was closely related 

to CO2 adsorption.” 

Qingmin Shi, Shidong Cui, Shuangming Wang, Yichen Mi, Qiang Sun, 

Shengquan Wang, Chenyu Shi, and Jizhou Yu, Energy. (Subscription may 

be required.) 

AUGUST 2022

Benefit Analysis of CO2 Delivery Options for Offshore Storage 

or Enhanced Oil Recovery.

The following is a description of this DOE/NETL product: “The analysis 

presented in this report evaluates the benefits of CO2 offshore transport 

via pipeline or ship within the [Gulf of Mexico (GOM)]. It takes a top-down 

framework to estimate the costs. First, this analysis designed a reduced-order 

model (ROM) based on the cash flows in the FECM/NETL CO2 Transport Cost 

Model (also known as CO2_T_COM). The ROM takes capital expenses (CAPEX) 

and operating expenses (OPEX) to calculate the CO2 breakeven price based on 

the cash flows. Second, this analysis developed regression models utilizing 

published data from other analyses to estimate CAPEX and OPEX. Since the 

ROM is a simplified cash flow calculation, it is easy to exchange the core 

regression models to estimate various costs. The ROM and regression models 

provided a framework that can be easily used by other researchers, decisionmakers, operators, and regulators. The objective of this analysis is to assess 

the CO2 breakeven cost range for pipeline and ship transport of captured CO2

given the CO2 source and storage reservoir located in the GOM.”

Role of heterogeneous surface wettability on dynamic immiscible 

displacement, capillary pressure, and relative permeability in a CO2-

water-rock system.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Surface wettability is one of 

the major factors that regulate immiscible fluid displacement in porous media. 

However, the role of pore-scale wettability heterogeneity on dynamic immiscible 

displacement is rarely investigated. This study investigated the impact of porescale wettability heterogeneity on immiscible two-fluid displacement and the 

resulting macroscopic constitutive relations, including the capillary pressurewater saturation (Pc-Sw) and relative permeability curves. A digital Bentheimer 

sandstone model was obtained from X-ray micro-computed tomography 

(micro-CT) scanning and the rock surface wettability fields were generated 

based on in-situ measurements of contact angles. A graphics processing unitaccelerated lattice Boltzmann model was employed to simulate the immiscible 

displacement processes through the primary drainage, imbibition, and second 

drainage stages in a CO2-water-rock system. [The authors] found that porescale surface wettability heterogeneity caused noticeable local supercritical 

CO2 (scCO2) and water redistribution under less water-wet conditions. At the 

continuum scale, the Pc-Sw curves under the heterogeneous wetting condition 

were overall similar to those under the homogeneous wetting condition. This 

is because the impact of local wettability heterogeneity on the large-scale 

Pc-Sw curve was statistically averaged out at the entire-sample scale. The 

only difference was that heterogeneous wettability led to a negative entry 

pressure at the primary drainage stage under the intermediate-wet condition, 

which was caused by local, scCO2-wet surfaces. The impact of pore-scale 

wettability heterogeneity was more noticeable on the relative permeability 

curves. Particularly, the variation of the scCO2 relative permeability curve in 

the heterogeneous wettability scenario was more significant than that in the 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

homogenous wettability scenario. This suggests that pore-scale wettability 

heterogeneity enhances the coalescence and snap-off behaviors of scCO2

blobs. This is the first study that systematically investigated the role of porescale wettability heterogeneity on dynamic immiscible displacement and 

associated Pc-Sw curves in complicated, three-dimensional porous media.” 

Ruichang Guo, Laura Dalton, Dustin Crandall, James McClure, 

Hongsheng Wang, Zhe Li, and Cheng Chen, Advances in Water 

Resources. (Subscription may be required.)

Screening for Geologic Sequestration of CO2: A Comparison 

Between SCO2TPRO and the FE/NETL CO2 Saline Storage Cost 

Model.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Meeting greenhouse gas 

emission reduction targets will likely require identifying and assessing 

subsurface storage space for sequestering billions of tonnes of CO2 each 

year. Accomplishing this feat could include estimating the cost and capacity 

for thousands to hundreds-of-thousands of potential geologic CO2 storage 

sites with CO2 storage screening tools. In this study, [the authors] introduce 

a screening tool, SCO2TPRO, and compare and contrast it to the FE/NETL CO2

Saline Storage Cost model (CSSC) using publicly available databases of saline 

reservoir properties in the United States. [The authors] find that the two tools 

use different methodologies to execute site-screening: SCO2TPRO calculates 

dynamic CO2 injection rates and plume evolution that are used to estimate 

operationally-realistic well spacing designs and CO2 storage capacities, 

whereas CSSC combines a volumetric storage estimation approach with 

geology-engineering well injectivity equations that can lead to an unrealistically 

high number of wells. These methodological differences translate into CSSC 

cost estimates that are several times higher than the SCO2TPRO estimates and 

around double for the capacity estimates. SCO2TPRO can also screen thousands 

of potential storage sites in seconds, which is thousands of times faster than 

CSSC. Lastly, [the authors] also find there is no single publicly available dataset 

of saline formation properties that can be used for screening across the United 

States.” 

Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand, Ryan M. Kammer, Jeffrey A. Bennett, Kevin 

M. Ellett, and Richard S. Middleton, International Journal of Greenhouse 

Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)

The role of carbon capture, utilization, and storage for economic 

pathways that limit global warming to below 1.5°C.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The 2021 Intergovernmental 

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, for the first time, stated that CO2

removal will be necessary to meet [...] climate goals. However, there is a cost 

to accomplish CO2 removal or mitigation that varies by source. Accordingly, 

a sensible strategy to prevent climate change begins by mitigating emission 

sources requiring the least energy and capital investment per ton of CO2, such 

as new emitters and long-term stationary sources. The production of CO2-

derived products should also start by favoring processes that bring to market 

high-value products with sufficient margin to tolerate a higher cost of goods.” 

Jenny G. Vitillo, Matthew D. Eisaman, Edda S.P. Aradóttir, Fabrizio 

Passarini, Tao Wang, and Stafford W. Sheehan, iScience. (Subscription 

may be required.)

Carbon mineralization and geological storage of CO2 in basalt: 

Mechanisms and technical challenges.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Climate change is taking 

place due to significant emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. 

CO2 storage in geological formations is a promising approach that can help 

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from large emitters such as the steel 

and cement industries. However, effective storage in underground formations 

requires active trapping mechanisms to reduce the likelihood of leakage. 

Carbon mineralization is a trapping technique that can permanently store CO2

in reactive rocks such as basalt. Although this method has been known for a 

long time, only two pilot projects in Iceland and the USA practiced CO2 injection 

into basalts. This could be mainly due to the complexity of the interactions, the 

rapid carbon mineralization, and the difficulty to estimate the storage capacity 

in the long term. In this paper, [the authors] discuss different mechanisms 

and technical challenges of CO2 storage in igneous rocks and propose a 

selection criterion based on laboratory and field-scale experience. It appears 

that basalt is a suitable rock for rapid carbon mineralization given its worldwide 

distribution, vesicular texture, and favourable mineral composition, but the 

lack of effective monitoring techniques and the amount of water required for 

injection are two major challenges that need to be addressed.” 

Arshad Raza, Guenther Glatz, Raoof Gholami, Mohamed Mahmoud, 

and Saad Alafnan, Earth-Science Reviews. (Subscription may be required.)

Characterisation of UK Industrial Clusters and Techno-Economic 

Cost Assessment for Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage 

Implementation.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The UK Government and 

British industries are making important efforts for the development and 

implementation of carbon capture, transport and storage (CCTS). Critical to this 

will be an understanding of the composition and characteristics of the industrial 

clusters and of the costs for the CCTS systems. However, the available literature 

presents a wide range of cost values and many of the studies do not tend to 

consider all of the carbon transport and storage elements together. Moreover, 

there are a very limited number of UK specific analyses and in some cases the 

studies are considered to be too historical. In this paper, [the authors] present 

a review and characterisation of the main UK industrial clusters, in terms of 

geographical limits, available infrastructure, industries present and level of 

emissions. [The authors] then provide a brief review of carbon transport and 

storage (T&S) cost models and costing information before conducting a technoeconomic assessment of the potential T&S system costs for the UK industrial 

clusters. To the best of [the authors’] knowledge, this integrated analysis has 

not been conducted for the UK context, and this is key for policy development 

and to assess the wider economic impacts of CCTS. From [the authors’] 

cluster characterisation and techno-economic analysis, [they] found that there 

is important potential for CCTS for industrial decarbonisation in the UK. Also, 

the creation of a CO2 shipping industry will allow for industrial clusters that 

do not have an adequate storage sites nearby to use the CCTS infrastructure 

in other sites. The development of a CO2 shipping infrastructure also enables 

carbon management and storage services to be exported to polluters overseas, 

potentially creating and maintaining jobs and economic growth.” 

Christian Calvillo, Julia Race, Enrong Chang, Karen Turner, and 

Antonios Katris, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 

(Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

3D micro-structural changes of an artificial flow channel in 

wellbore cement under geologic CO2 storage conditions: Combined 

effect of effective stress and flow.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Understanding CO2-induced 

micro-structural changes at the imperfections in wellbore cement is vital for 

assessing the risk of CO2 leakage through wellbore cement under geologic CO2

storage (GCS) conditions. To investigate the evolution of a flow channel width 

in cement under GCS conditions and the influence of effective stress and flow 

on the micro-structural changes of the flow channel in cement, [the authors] 

carried out a set of experiments in which the flow condition (flow-through 

v.s. static) and the effective stress (3 MPa effective stress v.s. no effective 

stress) were varied. Micro-structural changes of an artificial flow channel 

were investigated by X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT). CT images 

revealed a clear micro-structural change of the flow channel and distributions 

of Ca(OH)2/C-S-H dissolution and calcite precipitation zones near the channel 

after reacting with CO2-saturated brine. CT results showed that a flow rate of 

0.01 mL/min through the channel turned channel self-sealing (as observed 

in the static scenario) into channel opening. Effective stress accelerated the 

dominant chemical reaction, i.e., enhancement of Ca(OH)2/C-S-H dissolution 

around the channel in a flow-through scenario and enhancement of calcite 

precipitation around the channel in a static scenario. It seems that effective 

stress and flow have a combined contribution to micro-structural change of the 

flow channel in hydrated Portland cement, which may increase the risk of CO2

leakage through wellbore cement when exposed to high concentration CO2.” 

Manguang Gan, Liwei Zhang, Yan Wang, Kaiyuan Mei, Xiaojuan Fu, 

Xiaowei Cheng, Mingxing Bai, Hejuan Liu, and Xiaochun Li, Construction 

and Building Materials. (Subscription may be required.)

From CO2 sources to sinks: Regulatory challenges for transboundary trade, shipment and storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Carbon Capture and Storage 

(CCS) technologies have been hailed as a solution to climate change with 

capacity not only to reduce atmospheric carbon di-oxide (CO2) but also 

to achieve net-zero emission by the mid-21st century. CO2 captured (either 

directly from the atmosphere or from large point sources), is compressed 

and transported to storage sites, either via pipelines or through shipping. 

Often, the CCS projects are deployed nationally where capture, transport and 

storage take place within the jurisdiction of one State. However, wide scale 

deployment of CCS projects is imperative for global matching of CO2 sources 

to sinks. To that end, the outreach of CCS technology needs to go beyond the 

developed world. Studies have indicated that developing countries have vast 

storage resource potential. Internationalization of CCS projects where CO2 is 

captured in one State and is then transported to another State for storage 

raises a number of challenges particularly in terms of trans-boundary transport 

and storage. This paper explores some of these challenges particularly in 

terms of international trade law, liability framework for shipping and storage 

and potential of insurance to act as a stop-gap arrangement until a regulatory 

regime is in place. It examines questions such as: whether CO2 and CCS 

technologies are environmental goods and services under trade law; are there 

any regulatory frameworks in place to ensure liability against long-term health 

and safety as well environmental risks, and; what role can insurance industry 

play in promoting global deployment of CCS projects?” 

Swati Gola and Kyriaki Noussia, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 

(Subscription may be required.)

SEPTEMBER 2022

Best Practices for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Direct Air Capture 

with Storage (DACS).

The following is from the Executive Summary of this DOE report: “As the one 

of the performance elements of the Carbon Negative Shot, robust life cycle 

greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting is a critical element for Carbon Dioxide 

Removal (CDR). Life Cycle Analysis/Assessment (LCA) is an existing framework 

that is well suited to evaluate the environmental implications of CDR. By design, 

LCA provides a holistic perspective of the potential environmental impacts of 

a product or process across the different life cycle phases. Not only can LCA 

be used to help determine the net CO2e removal of a CDR approach, but it can 

also help with the assessment of potential tradeoffs with other environmental 

impacts. Even though the approaches for LCA are codified in the ISO 

14040/14044 standards, [the authors] recognize the need to establish specific 

best practices for the subjective elements in those standards to harmonize 

data and methods to allow for consistent assessments of CDR approaches...”

A scoping study for a deep geological carbon dioxide storage 

research facility.

The following is from a description of this British Geological Survey (BGS) 

report: “A new report from a carbon storage scoping study demonstrates 

the importance of community engagement to define the research agenda 

to achieve the UK national climate change targets. Carbon capture and 

storage is ‘a necessity, not an option, in meeting net-zero’, according to the 

UK Committee on Climate Change. A NERC-funded carbon storage scoping 

study, commissioned in October 2020, identifies a strategic need for a national 

research infrastructure in carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and developed the key 

research and innovation challenges it could address...”

Dawsonite as a Temporary but Effective Sink for Geological Carbon 

Storage.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “The possibility of using 

dawsonite mineral trapping as a carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategy 

intrigues many. In this study, [the authors] used a dawsonite-rich (~10%) CO2

gas reservoir in the Hailar basin in northern China as a natural analogue of a 

CO2 storage site, along with numerical modeling, to demonstrate that a large 

amount of dawsonite can be generated in sandstone formations, provided 

sufficient Na-rich feldspar and CO2 gas are available. While precipitated 

dawsonite can be preserved only in a hydrodynamically-closed system in the 

long term under high CO2 fugacity and log((Na+)/(H+)) activities in solution, 

short-term trapping of CO2 in dawsonite (on the order of 10 kyr) is possible and 

lowers CO2 pressure, which mitigates the risk of CO2 leakage to the ground 

surface or overlying drinking water aquifers. The re-dissolution of dawsonite 

after a few thousand years facilitates progressive dissipation of the gas phase 

CO2 over time. Consideration of reservoirs or saline aquifers with minerals 

or formation water that can provide a high abundance of dissolved sodium, 

significantly increases the number of potential CCS sites globally. Furthermore, 

alternating water-and-gas injection regimens could enhance the precipitation 

of dawsonite in Na-rich aquifers. Future editions of the Carbon Storage Atlas 

should consider aquifer geochemistry in the site selection for secure longterm carbon storage in addition to the volumetric considerations for short-term 

operation.” 

Peng Lu, Guanru Zhang, Yi Huang, John Apps, and Chen Zhu,

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be 

required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

46

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Effects of Hydrogeological Heterogeneity on CO2 Migration and 

Mineral Trapping: 3D Reactive Transport Modeling of Geological CO2

Storage in the Mt. Simon Sandstone, Indiana, USA.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “[The authors] used threedimensional (3D), high-resolution simulations facilitated by parallel computation 

to assess the effect of hydrogeological heterogeneity in the Mt. Simon 

Sandstone on CO2 plume evolution and storage and geochemical reactions in a 

portion of the Illinois Basin, Indiana. Two scenarios were selected to investigate 

the effects of the hydrogeological heterogeneity in 3D reactive transport 

simulations: a heterogeneous case with variable porosity and permeability, 

and a homogenous case with constant porosity and permeability. The initial 

pressure, temperature, and mineralogical distributions are consistently applied 

in both the heterogeneous case and the homogeneous case. Results indicate 

that including hydrogeological heterogeneity in 3D reservoir simulations 

for geological CO2 storage significantly impacts modeling results for plume 

migration patterns, CO2-water-mineral interaction, reservoir quality, and CO2

plume containment. In particular, results indicate that (1) the CO2 plume 

reached the top of the Mt. Simon Sandstone in the homogeneous case, but was 

restrained to the lower third of the formation when hydrogeologic heterogeneity 

was considered; (2) the dominant trapping mechanism in the heterogeneous 

case was mineral trapping (43%), while it was solubility trapping (47%) in the 

homogeneous case (at 10,000 years); (3) incorporating reservoir heterogeneity 

in the model leads to a higher likelihood of long-term containment.”

Babak Shabani, Peng Lu, Ryan Krammer, and Chen Zhu, Energies. 

(Subscription may be required.)

Assessment of chemo-mechanical impacts of CO2 sequestration 

on the caprock formation in Farnsworth oil field, Texas.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “This study evaluates the 

chemo-mechanical influence of injected CO2 on the Morrow B sandstone 

reservoir and the upper Morrow shale caprock utilizing data from the inverted 

5-spot pattern centered on Well 13-10A within the Farnsworth unit (FWU). This 

study also seeks to evaluate the integrity of the caprock and the long-term CO2

storage capability of the FWU. The inverted 5-spot pattern was extracted from 

the field-scale model and tuned with the available field observed data before 

the modeling work. Two coupled numerical simulation models were utilized to 

continue the study. First, a coupled hydro-geochemical model was constructed 

to simulate the dissolution and precipitation of formation minerals by modeling 

three intra-aqueous and six mineral reactions. In addition, a coupled hydrogeomechanical model was constructed and employed to study the effects 

of stress changes on the caprock’s porosity, permeability, and ground 

displacement. The Mohr–Coulomb circle and failure envelope were used to 

determine caprock failure. In this work, the CO2-WAG injection is followed by 

the historical field-observed strategy. During the forecasting period, a Water 

Alternating Gas (WAG) injection ratio of 1:3 was utilized with a baseline bottomhole pressure constraint of 5500 psi for 20 years. A post-injection period of 

1000 years was simulated to monitor the CO2 plume and its effects on the CO2

storage reservoir and caprock integrity. The simulation results indicated that 

the impacts of the geochemical reactions on the porosity of the caprock were 

insignificant as it experienced a decrease of about 0.0003% at the end of the 

1000-year post-injection monitoring. On the other hand, the maximum stressinduced porosity change was about a 1.4% increase, resulting in about 4% 

in permeability change. It was estimated that about 3.3% of the sequestered 

CO2 in the formation interacted with the caprock. Despite these petrophysical 

property alterations and CO2 interactions in the caprock, the caprock still 

maintained its elastic properties and was determined to be far from its failure.” 

Benjamin Adu-Gyamfi, William Ampomah, Jiawei Tu, Qian Sun, Samuel 

Erzuah, and Samuel Acheampong, Scientific Reports. (Subscription may 

be required.)

Cost–benefit analysis of Gencos market trading with carbon-tax 

and cap-and-trade policies.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Environmental issues have 

made reducing carbon emissions a consensus among all countries. The 

electricity market provides a competitive environment and at the same time 

makes it possible to reduce the carbon emissions of the electricity system 

through market-oriented means. Firstly, this paper focuses on carbon-tax 

and cap-and-trade market policies and introduces the quotation models of 

power generation companies with the two market policies. Then, in a specific 

market scenario, the bidding strategies, cost-benefit changes, and the carbon 

emission changes of the power system are analyzed when the Gencos are 

affected by carbon-tax policies with different tax rates or cap-and-trade 

policies with different carbon quota allocation methods. The results show 

that with the increase of the carbon-tax rate, the market-clearing price rises; 

except for the coal-fired power plants with high carbon emissions, the profits 

of other Gencos increase, and the carbon emissions in the system decrease 

significantly. Using the baseline method, historical emission method, and 

carbon emission reduction intensity method to allocate carbon allowances 

among Gencos can all achieve carbon emission reduction effects, and the 

carbon emission reduction intensity method has the best effect. Finally, the 

trading strategy of coal-fired Gencos with the cap-and-trade policy is proposed 

to increase their profits.” 

Jingrong Guo and Yue Xiang, Energy Reports. (Subscription may be 

required.)

Dynamic estimates of extreme-case CO2 storage capacity for basinscale heterogeneous systems under geological uncertainty.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Geological CO2 storage is 

expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades to meet global climate 

targets. Assessment of worldwide storage resources using static methods 

indicates significant theoretical potential for large-scale deployment. Dynamic 

capacity estimates are needed at the basin-scale that fully capture the impact 

of geological uncertainty and account for regional limits on pressure buildup. 

Accurate quantification of the risk of low or critically low capacity under 

extreme occurrences of heterogeneity will be increasingly important. There are 

significant challenges associated with efficient computation of low probability 

capacity within Monte Carlo frameworks at these scales. In this paper, [the 

authors] propose a workflow for uncertainty quantification that is able to 

efficiently estimate increasingly outer percentiles of dynamic capacity such as 

P1, P0.1, or even lower probability events. [The authors’] approach is based 

on the rare-event methodology that uses a subset simulation approach to 

concentrate sampling of the parameter space in the tail regions of the capacity 

distributions. This approach greatly speeds up uncertainty quantification for 

very small probabilities compared to standard Monte Carlo. [The authors] 

demonstrate the method by introducing a correlated heterogeneity field to a 

highly prospective basin-scale system that can support regional injection rates 

of 100 million tons annually. [The authors] find that the outer quantiles are 

more sensitive to the underlying geostatistical model compared to the median 

P50 capacity. This implies that for large-scale systems, well characterized 

heterogeneity is essential to identify the likelihood of very rare yet still relevant 

dynamic estimates of storage capacity.” 

Per Pettersson, Svenn Tveit, and Sarah E. Gasda, International Journal of 

Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

47

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 PUBLICATIONS

Carbon capture penetration in Mexico’s 2050 horizon: 

A sustainability assessment of Mexican CCS policy.

The following is from the abstract of this article: “Mexico is expected to become 

the 6th largest economy in 2050. According to EDGAR database, in 2019 it 

was the largest polluting country in Latin America and the 13th in the world, 

regarding Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Lately, the new Administration 

has shifted its energy strategy from a renewable path into the reinforcement of 

conventional energy sources. In this context, new policies have to be deployed 

to meet the Paris Agreement goals. In such scenario, carbon capture and 

storage (CCS) technology may contribute reducing CO2 emissions as a way to 

transform Mexico into a low-carbon economy in the long term. However, the 

construction and operation and maintenance phases will embody environmental 

impacts that should be considered. This paper assesses the carbon capture 

investments required for the expected increasing capacity of natural gas power 

plants up to 2050 and their impact on production, value added, employment, 

climate change, acidification, water consumption and human health effects. 

An environmentally extended multi-regional the input-output analysis (EMRIO) 

is used to address Mexican policies for the period 2020–2050. Results show 

that the investment in capture technologies in Mexico allows a net reduction 

of the carbon emissions in Mexico that is pursued at a low cost (33 EUR/tCO2). 

This mitigation policy has important additional co-benefits in terms of domestic 

value added and employment creation of medium and high qualification. As for 

the environmental impacts, most of them are produced in the power plant due 

to the burning of the natural gas consumed.”

Santacruz Banacloche, Yolanda Lechon, and Antonio RodríguezMartínez, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. (Subscription 

may be required.)
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

48

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

ANNOUNCEMENTS

OCTOBER 2021

2021 DOE/NETL Carbon Management and Oil and Gas Research 

Project Review Meeting Conference Proceedings Available.

Conference proceedings are available for the DOE/NETL 2021 Carbon 

Management and Oil and Gas Research Project Review Meeting, which was 

held in August 2021 through a series of virtual meetings. The project review 

meeting enabled researchers to present results from more than 250 projects 

funded through a variety of program areas, including carbon storage and 

utilization. 

Consortium Backs CO2 Storage Project.

The Greensand carbon dioxide (CO2) storage project will continue to Phase 

II of the pilot project. A grant application will be filed with Denmark’s Energy 

Technology Development and Demonstration Program; if the application is 

successful, work on the project could begin as soon as late-2021, with the 

offshore injection pilot starting in late-2022.

Publication Highlights CCUS in Wyoming.

The Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute published a StoryMap highlighting CCUS 

in Wyoming. “Wyoming is CCUS Ready!” highlights the state’s infrastructure, 

geology, and tax incentives as they relate to CCUS, as well as the financial and 

environmental benefits. 

RGGI Releases Report on Secondary Market.

The states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) 

released the “Report on the Secondary Market for RGGI CO2 Allowances: 

Second Quarter 2021.” Prepared by independent market monitor Potomac 

Economics, the report found no evidence of anticompetitive conduct in the 

RGGI CO2 allowance secondary market.

NASA’s CO2 Conversion Challenge Winners Announced.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) CO2 Conversion 

Challenge sought the development of novel synthesis technologies that use 

CO2 as the sole carbon source to generate molecules that can be used to 

manufacture a variety of products for use in microbial bioreactors. The three 

teams that received awards demonstrated prototype systems capable of 

converting CO2 from the air into glucose and other useful sugars.

NOVEMBER 2021

DOE Funding to Support Carbon Management Technologies.

DOE’s FECM announced funding for four national public power associations to 

help increase regional- and state-level engagement in carbon management. 

In one award, the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners 

will promote learning and discussion of CCUS among its members. In another 

award, the National Association of State Energy Officials will research, 

analyze, and develop educational information on new developments in carbon 

management, including CCUS.

FY 2021 Carbon Storage Newsletter Annual Index Available.

The FY 2021 Carbon Storage Newsletter Annual Index is available. The 

document is a compilation of NETL’s Carbon Storage Newsletters published 

from October 2020 through September 2021.

MRCI Virtual Stakeholder Meeting.

The Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative (MRCI) held their Fall 2021 MRCI Virtual 

Stakeholder Meeting on November 9, 2021. MRCI is one of four individual 

Regional Initiatives that support FECM and build upon advancements made by 

the RCSP Initiative by identifying and addressing challenges to the widespread, 

commercial deployment of CCUS.

Partnership Launched to Study CCS.

Louisville Gas and Electric Company, Kentucky Utilities, and the University of 

Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) launched a partnership 

to study CCS for gas-powered systems. The partnership will look to develop 

a flexible, net-negative CO2 emissions technology that will be applicable to 

natural gas combined cycle power plants while minimizing the associated 

capital costs of installation. 

CO2 Capture Collaboration Includes Bio-CCS.

Petrofac and CO2 Capsol signed an agreement to collaborate on carbon 

capture projects. The companies are currently collaborating on a bio-energy 

carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS) plant in Europe. 

FECM Infographic Available.

DOE’s FECM released an infographic providing facts and information on its 

vision and goals. “10 Things You Should Know About FECM” is available for 

download. 

CCS to be Studied in Western Australia.

Mitsui and Metals National Corporation will conduct a joint feasibility study 

on CCS in Western Australia. In addition, Mitsui and Wesfarmers Chemicals, 

Energy, and Fertilisers Limited will jointly study the viability of building a lowcarbon ammonia production plant with CCS in Western Australia. 

Companies Sign MOU on CCS in Australia.

Santos, an Australian natural gas supplier, signed a Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) to advance CCS at the Bayu-Undan shallow-water 

field in the Timor Sea. The MOU details the areas in which the Bayu-Undan 

Joint Venture (operated by Santos) and Autoridade Nacional do Petróleo e 

Minerais (ANPM; the Timor-Leste regulator) will collaborate to test the viability 

of repurposing the existing Bayu-Undan facilities and use the Bayu-Undan 

reservoir for CCS. 

Companies Agree to Collaborate on Carbon Management.

Equinor and Rosneft signed an agreement to share experiences and explore 

low-carbon opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions from joint projects. The 

companies will also evaluate potential cooperation opportunities regarding 

CCUS.

DECEMBER 2021

DOE Announces Intent to Fund Carbon Storage Projects.

DOE’s FECM released a Notice of Intent (NOI) to fund cost-shared R&D projects 

to accelerate wide-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and 

CDR. CDR technologies remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere, and CCS 

technologies reduce CO2 emissions from power plants and industrial facilities 

by capturing the CO2 they produce. The potential projects will be selected under 

DOE’s Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) Initiative, 

which focuses on developing geologic storage sites with capacities to store at 

least 50 million metric tons of CO2. 

DOE Announces New CO2 Removal, Storage Goal.

U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm announced DOE’s new goal to 

remove gigatons of CO2 from the atmosphere and store it for less than $100/

ton of net CO2-equivalent. The “Carbon Negative Shot,” the third target within 

DOE’s Energy Earthshots Initiative, is a call for innovation in the expanding field 

of CDR. CDR is defined as a wide array of approaches that capture CO2 directly 

from the atmosphere and durably store it in geological, bio-based, and ocean 

reservoirs or in value-added products to create negative emissions.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

49

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

DOE Releases Joint Mission Statement on Carbon Dioxide 

Removal Mission.

The Carbon Dioxide Removal Mission will seek to enable CDR technologies to 

achieve net reduction of 100 million metric tons of CO2 per year globally by 

2030. The focus of the mission is to enhance the systems that lead to negative 

emissions through an emphasis on secure CO2 storage and conversion into 

long-lived products. Co-leads of the mission include DOE, the Ministry of 

Energy (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), and Natural Resources Canada. 

DOE Announces Funding to Deploy CCUS.

DOE announced funding for an initiative focused on accelerating the regional 

deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). The Regional 

Initiative to Accelerate CCUS Deployment is designed to identify and address 

regional storage and transportation challenges facing the commercial 

deployment of CCUS. The four Regional Initiatives, which represent four 

regions of the United States, continue the work of predecessor projects funded 

under DOE’s Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (RCSP) Initiative, 

supporting efforts to validate geologic storage technologies and support the 

commercialization of CCS. 

DOE Invests to Decarbonize Using CCS.

DOE announced funding for 12 projects to advance point-source CCS 

technologies that can capture at least 95% of CO2 emissions generated from 

natural gas power and industrial facilities. The projects were selected by DOE’s 

FECM and will be managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory 

(NETL). The 12 R&D front-end engineering design and engineering-scale 

projects are part of DOE’s efforts to help achieve the administration’s goals 

of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 and a 100% clean electricity sector by 

2035. 

SMART Team Develops Reservoir Models for Depositional 

Environments.

The Science-informed Machine Learning for Accelerating Real-Time Decisions 

in Subsurface Applications (SMART) Team has developed machine learningbased predictive models for geologic CO2 storage. The SMART Initiative is 

funded by DOE/NETL’s Carbon Storage and Upstream Oil and Gas Programs.

Alliance to Develop Technical, Commercial Solutions to CCS 

Projects.

Technology provider TechnipFMC and offshore energy company Talos Energy

entered into a partnership to develop technical and commercial solutions for 

CCS projects along the U.S. Gulf Coast. The companies will collaborate to 

advance CCS opportunities through the full life cycle.

UK Awards CO2 Storage License.

The United Kingdom’s (U.K.) Oil and Gas Authority awarded a CO2 appraisal and 

storage license to Harbour Energy, who proposes to reuse depleted gas fields 

to store CO2. Injection is targeted in 2026. 

Carbon Zero Grand Challenge Seeks CCUS Solutions.

Singapore’s national water agency launched the Carbon Zero Grand Challenge, 

seeking CCUS and removal solutions for its water treatment facilities to achieve 

net-zero emissions by 2050. Proposals are being accepted through February 

2022.

Canada Co-Op Plans CCS Facilities.

Canada’s Federated Co-Operatives signed a Memorandum of Understanding 

with Whitecap Resources Inc. to store 500,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent 

annually at Whitecap’s Weyburn, Saskatchewan, carbon storage site. 

UK Government Issues Response to Climate Change 

Committee Report.

The U.K. government released its response to a Climate Change 

Committee report on the progress made in adapting to climate change and 

recommendations moving forward. The U.K. government’s Net-Zero Strategy 

is available.

JANUARY 2022

DOE to Fund Decarbonization Projects.

In December 2021, DOE’s FECM announced intent to fund projects through its 

University Training and Research Program, which is comprised of the University 

Coal Research (UCR) and the Historically Black Colleges and Universities and 

Other Minority Institutions (HBCU-OMI) Programs. The projects would be 

funded to conduct early-stage R&D of decarbonization approaches, such as 

exploring biomass feedstocks blended with waste coal and coupled with CCS 

to advance net-zero energy production. 

RGGI Releases Report on Secondary Market.

The states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) 

released the “Report on the Secondary Market for RGGI CO2 Allowances: Third 

Quarter 2021.” Prepared by independent market monitor Potomac Economics, 

the report found no evidence of anticompetitive conduct in the RGGI CO2

allowance secondary market.

Companies to Develop Roadmap to Decarbonize.

Emirates Global Aluminum (EGA) and GE signed an MOU to develop a roadmap 

to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by exploring hydrogen as a fuel 

and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). The decarbonization 

roadmap will explore the potential to integrate CCUS into EGA’s power plants 

and implement changes to the auxiliary and balance of plant systems. 

ARI Releases Report on CO2-EOR.

Advanced Resources International (ARI) released a report updating enhanced 

oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 supplies for CO2-EOR projects for the end of the 

year 2020. The report found a decrease in oil production from CO2-EOR in 

2020, which was comparable to the overall decline in U.S. crude production.

Australian Govt Releases GHG Storage Acreage.

The Australian Minister for Resources and Water announced the availability of 

five new areas in Australian Commonwealth waters for the exploration of GHG 

storage opportunities. Maps for the 2021 Offshore Greenhouse Gas Acreage 

Release, public consultation comments, and information on the bidding process 

are available on the Australian Government’s Department of Industry, Science, 

Energy, and Resources website.

Canadian Company Signs LOI, MOU for CCS.

SpectrumH2 signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) to assess the feasibility of a largescale carbon capture facility and associated CO2 storage project in Alberta, 

Canada. The company also announced an MOU with an intermediate natural 

gas producer to help establish the production, marketing, and distribution of 

zero-emission blue hydrogen with associated CCS at a hydrogen production 

plant in Alberta.

Cooperative Agreement to Explore CCS.

The United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) 

signed an agreement with French company TotalEnergies to explore 

collaboration in CCS. ADNOC currently has the capacity to capture 800,000 

tons of CO2 annually and plans to expand the capacity sixfold, with the aim of 

reaching 5 million tons of CO2 captured each year by 2030.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative Newsletter.

The MRCInfo Newsletter is available via mailing list to share updates on 

events and progress on various projects and their impact to the region and 

overall environment. The Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative (MRCI) is led 

by the Battelle Memorial Institute and Illinois Geologic Survey and aims to 

advance CCUS research by addressing key technical challenges, obtaining 

and sharing data to support CCUS, facilitating regional infrastructure planning, 

and performing regional technology transfer. Additional information on FECM’s 

Regional Initiatives is available via the NETL website.

MHI CO2 Capture System Ordered for Use in Commercial Plant.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering—a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Heavy 

Industries (MHI)—will incorporate its CO2 capture system into a biomass power 

plant within Hiroshima City, Japan, for Taihei Dengyo Kaisha, Ltd, a provider of 

plant construction, maintenance, and auxiliary services.

FEBRUARY 2022

DOE, USGS to Explore CCS.

DOE’s FECM and the U.S. Department of Interior’s U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

announced a partnership to explore global, regional, and national resources for 

the geologic storage of CO2. Under the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 

the agencies will collaborate with international governments, geologic surveys, 

and other organizations to provide technical assistance through a series of 

discussions, meetings, workshops, and research activities. The information will 

be used by government, academia, industry, research organizations, and other 

stakeholders to help identify potential investment opportunities for research, 

development, demonstration, and deployment to advance CCS technologies 

for application in power and industrial sectors. 

Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Legislation Digest Available.

The Southern States Energy Board released a publication focused on fossil 

energy and carbon management legislation in the United States. The Fossil 

Energy and Carbon Management Legislative Digest covers regulatory 

measures affecting fossil energy generation; carbon capture, utilization, and 

storage (CCUS); and decarbonization bills. 

PCOR Partnership Atlas Available.

The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Initiative, one of four FECM 

Regional Initiative projects, released the PCOR Partnership Atlas, 6th Edition. The 

atlas provides a regional profile of CO2 sources and potential storage locations 

across the PCOR Partnership region (approximately 2.4 million square miles 

from Missouri to Alaska, including 10 U.S. states and four Canadian provinces).

NRAP Report Recommends Practices for Carbon Storage Induced 

Seismicity Risk Management.

Researchers collaborating through DOE’s National Risk Assessment 

Partnership (NRAP) released a technical report that presents a framework 

and steps to systemically evaluate, manage, communicate, and mitigate the 

risk of induced seismicity at geologic carbon storage sites. “Recommended 

Practices for Managing Induced Seismicity Risk Associated with Geologic 

Carbon Storage” builds on earlier work from DOE’s Geothermal Technologies 

Office, incorporating new insights, and is adapted to cover a carbon storage 

project’s life cycle.

Honeywell, University of Texas at Austin, to Develop CCS Technology.

Honeywell announced an agreement with the University of Texas at Austin (UT 

Austin) that will enable the capture of CO2 emissions from power plants and 

industry. Under the licensing agreement, Honeywell will leverage UT Austin’s 

proprietary advanced solvent technology to provide heavy industrial plants an 

additional tool to help meet regulatory requirements and sustainability goals. 

CCUS-Focused Magazine Launched.

BBI International, a producer of bioenergy trade magazines, announced the 

launch of Carbon Capture Magazine. There will be one print issue in 2022, as 

well as a carbon capture industry directory and a map of storage and capture 

facilities. The magazine will also produce weekly online stories and distribute 

a bi-weekly newsletter. 

Companies Seek to Develop CO2 Storage Off Norway.

Five companies applied to develop CO2 storage technology on the Norwegian 

continental shelf. The Norwegian government is seeking to promote the 

development of CCS technology to help reach climate goals. The country’s oil 

and energy ministry said plans call for the allocation of the offshore acreage 

for CO2 storage in 2022.

CCUS Partnership to Implement Roadmap.

The Technical University of Denmark entered a CCUS partnership with 

representatives from universities, public sector research, industry, and 

approved technological service institutes. The partnership, INNO-CCUS, will 

implement a Danish CCUS roadmap focused on short-term, medium-term, 

and long-term climate solutions. 

Company Signs LOI for CCUS Deployment.

McDermott—a U.S. offshore engineering and construction company—and 

the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 

(CSIRO) signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) to evaluate technical and commercial 

opportunities for the deployment of CSIRO’s carbon capture technologies for 

energy and heavy industry applications.

MARCH 2022

NETL FY 2021 S&T Accomplishments Book Available.

NETL’s FY 2021 Science and Technology (S&T) Accomplishments book is 

available online. The document contains nearly 40 poster presentations that 

showcase significant accomplishments made by NETL, industries, academia, 

and other entities, with many projects making progress to meet the Biden 

administration’s clean energy goals calling for a net-zero carbon emissions 

electricity sector by 2035 and economy-wide net-zero emissions by 2050. 

Accomplishments in the document include efforts to increase the efficiency 

and lower the cost to capture CO2 for permanent storage in the subsurface. A 

significant portion of the NETL research portfolio includes collaborative efforts 

conducted through partnerships, cooperative research and development 

agreements, financial assistance, and contractual arrangements with 

universities, research organizations, the private sector, and other national 

laboratories. Together, coupled with NETL’s research, these efforts serve 

to focus the nation’s wealth of scientific and engineering talent to create 

commercially viable solutions to help solve national and global energy and 

environmental challenges.

White House Issues CCUS Guidance.

The White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) delivered new 

guidance to federal agencies to help ensure that the advancement of carbon 

capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies is done responsibly, 

incorporates community input, and reflects the best available science. The 

guidance builds on CEQ’s June 2021 CCUS report and identifies measures 

to facilitate sound and transparent environmental reviews for CCUS projects. 

CEQ extended the public comment period in the Federal Register through April 

18, 2022.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

DOE Announces Funding to Advance Carbon Capture Technologies.

DOE’s FECM announced the availability of federal funding for projects that will 

develop point-source carbon capture technologies for natural gas power plant 

and industrial applications capable of capturing at least 95% of CO2 emissions 

generated. FECM’s support for advancing carbon capture technology for coalfired power plants has led to more than 20 successful pilot-scale projects, 

as well as a demonstration-scale project capable of capturing and storing 

approximately 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year.

PCOR Partnership Highlights Reports.

The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, one of four Regional Initiative 

Projects established through DOE’s FECM, highlighted 2021 work products, 

including the PCOR Partnership Atlas (6th Edition); CCUS Business Models in 

the PCOR Partnership Region; Technical Approaches to Stacked Storage; and 

Risk-Based Area of Review (AoR) Estimation to Support Injection Well Storage 

Facility Permit Requirements for CO2 Storage Projects.

Explaining DAC Technology.

An Arizona State University professor discussed direct air capture (DAC) 

technology, CO2 removal, and carbon storage in an interview.

Developments from NETL’s SMART Initiative.

NETL’s Science-informed Machine Learning for Accelerating Real-Time 

Decisions in Subsurface Applications (SMART) Initiative released two updates: 

Development of a data-driven reduced order model to estimate the stimulated 

reservoir volume (SRV) from microseismic data in near real time and Multilevel Fracture Analysis and Visualization Workflow Improves Unconventional 

Reservoir Management. Funded by DOE’s Carbon Storage and Upstream Oil 

and Gas Programs, the SMART Initiative is a multi-organizational effort to 

transform understanding of the subsurface through real-time visualization, 

forecasting, and virtual learning.

Climate Research Initiative Launched.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative launched a research 

consortium to address potential climate issues. The Future Energy Systems 

Center will provide insights into the complex multi-sectorial transformations 

needed to alter energy-consuming sectors of the economy in conjunction with 

decarbonization-enabling technologies.

Survey for Offshore CCS Project Awarded.

PGS, a marine geophysics company, was awarded a survey contract from 

Equinor on behalf of the Northern Lights joint venture project offshore Norway. 

The survey is set to start in 2022.

Italian Company Signs Agreements to Capture, Store CO2.

Italian energy group Eni signed a total of 19 agreements with companies to 

capture and store their CO2 emissions as part of its HyNet North West project in 

the United Kingdom. HyNet North West is an industrial decarbonization project 

aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and providing low-carbon power for industry. 

Companies Sign CCUS MOU.

Lehigh Cement and energy infrastructure company Enbridge signed a 

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to collaborate on a carbon solution 

for Lehigh’s cement manufacturing facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 

Lehigh is developing a full-scale CCUS solution for the cement industry at its 

Edmonton plant, with the captured emissions being transported via pipeline 

and stored by Enbridge. 

MOU Part of CCUS Value Chain.

Malaysian energy company Petronas and shipping company Misui O.S.K. Lines 

signed an MOU to explore opportunities for liquified CO2 transport as part of the 

CCUS value chain in the Asia Pacific and Oceania regions.

APRIL 2022

NETL Releases CCS Report.

A report authored by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) 

analyzed the buildout of America’s carbon capture and storage (CCS) 

technologies in terms of job growth potential and supply chain risks. NETL 

researchers conducted a supply chain risk analysis by comparing raw material 

estimates against domestic and global production to search for opportunities 

and vulnerabilities. The report, titled “Carbon Capture, Transport, and Storage, 

Supply Chain Review,” found that one reason for the low risk to the supply 

chain is because CCS infrastructure can be supplied by components made in 

the United States. The report also concluded that a CCS industry buildout could 

create up to 1.8 million jobs through construction, operation, and maintenance 

of capture, pipeline, and storage sites.

DOE FOA to Develop Carbon-Free Fuel.

DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) announced 

federal funding for R&D and front-end engineering design (FEED) projects 

that will advance clean hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel. The FOA, titled “Fossil 

Energy Based Production, Storage, Transport and Utilization of Hydrogen 

Approaching Net-Zero or Net-Negative Carbon Emissions,” will leverage 

innovative approaches to produce clean hydrogen at lower costs from 

materials that include municipal solid waste, legacy coal waste, waste plastics, 

and biomass with CCS. 

FECM/NETL Releases New Version of CCUS Model.

A new, updated version of a CCUS model developed by FECM/NETL has been 

released. The FECM/NETL CO2 Transport Cost Model (also known as CO2_T_

COM) is an Excel-based tool that estimates revenues, capital, and operating 

and financing costs, as well as calculates the break-even cost (in $/tonne) 

for transporting liquid-phase CO2 by pipeline. A user’s manual and overview 

presentation were also released. Model updates include real (and nominal) 

dollar cost estimate capability, an update to the CO2 equation of state, and 

a refined booster pump determination algorithm. The CO2_T_COM can help 

evaluate integrated CCUS networks (i.e., connecting a CO2 source to a storage 

site) and costs of large-diameter trunklines or shorter, smaller pipelines (e.g., 

gathering/distribution). 

An Atlas of Carbon and Hydrogen Hubs.

The Great Plains Institute published an atlas of carbon and hydrogen hubs 

based on analysis of U.S. industrial activity, emissions, and fuel combustion. 

The atlas considers geologic storage potential, current hydrogen production, 

industrial concentration, and other factors that provide opportunities for siting 

CO2 removal, as well as carbon capture retrofit and zero-carbon hydrogen 

production.

An Analysis of Government, Corporate CCS Investment.

Economic and financial analysts at ING’s THINK discussed how governments 

are shaping CCS support mechanisms for corporate investment. Included in 

their analysis is a breakdown of CCS tax credits in the United States and how, 

globally, CCS has the potential to become a $200 billion market annually.

Public Offset Registry for Engineered CO2 Removals Launched.

Puro.earth, a business-to-business marketplace focused on carbon removal, 

launched Puro Registry, a public registry dedicated to carbon removal and CO2

Removal Certificates (CORCs). Puro Registry enables beneficiaries of CORCs to 

make their retirements public. According to Puro.earth, the registry is designed 

to meet industry comments from the 2021 United Nations Climate Change 

Conference (COP26) and is intended to align with the Paris Agreement’s Article 

6 rules on corresponding adjustments. 
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

IPCC Releases New Report.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released “Climate 

Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability,” the second installment 

of its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). IPCC is producing AR6 with contributions 

by its three Working Groups, as well as a Synthesis Report, three Special 

Reports, and a refinement to its latest Methodology Report. The Working 

Group I contribution, “Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis,” was 

released in August 2021; the Working Group III contribution, as well as the 

Synthesis Report, are expected to be released later this year.

MAY 2022

DOE’s Supply Chain Assessments.

DOE’s report “America’s Strategy to Secure the Supply Chain for a Robust 

Clean Energy Transition” includes 13 deep-dive supply chain assessments, 

including the “Carbon Capture, Transport, and Storage Supply Chain Deep Dive 

Assessment.” The assessment found that developing CCS can support the U.S. 

government in achieving its net-zero goals. 

Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative Newsletter Released.

The Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative (MRCI) released the latest edition of 

the MRCInfo newsletter, which focuses on news in the field of CCUS. MRCI, 

led by the Battelle Memorial Institute and Illinois Geologic Survey, is one of four 

individual Regional Initiatives that support FECM by identifying and addressing 

challenges to the widespread, commercial deployment of CCUS.

Report: CCS Spending Could Quadruple Through 2025.

According to energy research company Rystad Energy, service sector spending 

on CCS developments has the potential to quadruple from 2022 to 2025. 

The research found that there are 56 commercial CCS projects in operation 

globally. Based on already announced projects, nearly 140 CCS plants could 

be operational by 2025, capturing at least 150 million metric tons of CO2 per 

year if the projects move ahead as scheduled. These projects are currently in 

various stages of development, including feasibility, concept, and construction.

CarbonCure Enters Carbon Credit Agreement.

CarbonCure Technologies signed a 10-year carbon credit purchase agreement 

supported by its process of mineralizing and storing CO2 in concrete. CarbonCure 

measures and tracks CO2 from the point of capture to mineralization, allowing 

credit buyers to trace deployment dates and points of the CO2 they pay to store.

JUNE 2022

DOE Funding to Develop Hydrogen Turbines and Production with 

CCS.

DOE announced funding for six research and development projects to develop 

technologies for more efficient hydrogen turbines and production with carbon 

capture and storage (CCS). DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory 

(NETL), under the purview of FECM, will manage the projects.

DOE Invests in DAC and Storage Technology.

DOE announced the award of federal funding for five front-end engineering 

design (FEED) studies that will leverage existing zero- or low-carbon energy to 

supply DAC projects, combined with dedicated and reliable carbon storage. The 

studies aim to provide a better understanding of system costs, performance, 

and business case options for existing DAC technologies coupled with durable 

storage that can remove a minimum of 5,000 metric tons per year of net 

CO2 from the air, and which are co-located with domestic zero- or low-carbon 

thermal energy sourced from geothermal or nuclear power plants and lowgrade heat from industrial facilities. 

DOE Welcomes DOT’s CO2 Pipeline Safety Measures.

DOE released a statement welcoming the CO2 pipeline safety measures 

announced by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Pipeline and 

Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). The new guidance 

will be incorporated into DOE’s research, development, demonstration, and 

deployment portfolio to ensure safe operations of commercial CO2 pipelines in 

the United States. PHMSA establishes pipeline safety regulations at the federal 

level. DOE does not have regulatory oversight of CO2 pipeline safety.

Report on Future Market Growth of CCS Industry.

According to a recent study, the global CCS market is expected to reach $15.2 

billion by 2029. The report, “Carbon Capture and Storage Market Share, Size, 

Trends, Industry Analysis Report By Application; By Capture Type; By Region, 

Segments & Forecast, 2022 - 2029,” provides insight into the current market 

dynamics and offers an analysis of future market growth. (Purchase required.)

RGGI Reports Made Available.

Potomac Economics, the independent market monitor for the Regional 

Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) CO2 allowance market, released their annual 

report evaluating activity in the market for RGGI CO2 allowances in 2021. 

The Annual Report on the Market for RGGI CO2 Allowances: 2021 focuses on 

allowance prices, trading and acquisition of allowances in the auctions and the 

secondary market, participation in the market by individual firms, and market 

monitoring. Potomac also released the Report on the Secondary Market for 

RGGI CO2 Allowances: First Quarter 2022, which addresses the period from 

January through March 2022.

Joint Venture Aims to Increase Carbon Storage Access.

Caracara Services and a subsidiary of Battalion Oil Corporation entered into a 

joint venture to develop and fund a gas treatment and carbon storage facility in 

the Delaware Basin of West Texas (USA). Caracara Services constructs, owns, 

and operates carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) infrastructure.

JULY 2022

Virtual Carbon Negative Shot Summit Hosted by DOE.

DOE hosted the virtual Carbon Negative Shot Summit on July 20, 2022. 

DOE launched the Carbon Negative Shot, the third target within the Energy 

Earthshots Initiative, to advance the development of the emerging CDR 

industry. More information about Carbon Negative Shot is available via video

and infographic.

FECM Welcomes New Assistant Secretary.

DOE’s FECM welcomed new Assistant Secretary Brad Crabtree, who has 

nearly three decades of experience in energy and climate policy. The Assistant 

Secretary will lead and direct FECM’s research and development (R&D) 

programs that support the Biden Administration’s goals of achieving net-zero 

GHG emissions by 2050.

DOE Funding to Develop Hydrogen Turbines and Production with 

CCS.

DOE announced funding for six R&D projects to develop technologies for more 

efficient hydrogen turbines and production with carbon capture and storage 

(CCS). DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), under the purview 

of FECM, will manage the projects.

U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on EPA Climate Standards. 

The U.S. Supreme Court released a decision on the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA) authority to set climate standards for power plants. 

The opinion of the court is available online.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

Report Calls for Scottish CCS Cluster.

An energy transition report recommended the United Kingdom (UK) government 

move forward with the Scottish CCS cluster. Energy Transition 35 was produced 

by the Aberdeen & Grampian Chamber of Commerce, alongside KPMG and 

ETZ. 

Global Businesses Test Voluntary Carbon Market.

Global businesses were invited to test a Provisional Claims Code of Practice

for corporate claims made regarding the voluntary use of carbon credits. 

The benchmarks within the Provisional Code, which were unveiled at an 

event co-hosted by the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative and 

the UK government, set claims in the context of progress made against the 

achievement of a company’s long-term, net-zero commitment.

Canada Launches System to Support Domestic Carbon Offset 

Trading Market.

The Canadian government launched a credit system for GHG offsets as part 

of its overall plan to reduce carbon emissions. The GHG offset credit system is 

intended to support a domestic carbon offset trading market.

Partnership Aims to Spur CO2 Storage Investment.

Singapore’s Climate Impact X and Finland’s Puro.earth announced a 

partnership aimed at increasing the availability of nature- and technologybased carbon-removal credits. Through the partnership, the companies intend 

to spur investment in CCS projects by providing a choice of offsets to reduce 

emissions.

CCUS-Focused Roundtable Held.

Experts and decision-makers convened in Doha, Qatar, to discuss the current 

and future role of CCUS. The “CEO Roundtable” was hosted by the Al-Attiyah 

Foundation—a non-profit global energy and sustainable development 

organization.

AUGUST 2022

DOE Announces NOIs, Launches Online Resources.

DOE issued Notices of Intent (NOIs) to fund two programs funded by the 

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL)—the Carbon Capture Demonstration 

Projects Program and the Carbon Dioxide Transport/Front-End Engineering 

Design (FEED) Program. Together, these programs help to advance the 

administration’s goal of a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions economy 

by 2050. In addition, DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 

(FECM) launched two new interactive tools. The Carbon Matchmaker Tool is 

an online information resource designed to increase awareness of carbon 

management funding opportunities; support private sector development 

of carbon capture, storage, and transportation infrastructure and carbon 

dioxide removal (CDR) pathways; and facilitate regional business development 

opportunities and education. The Carbon Management Interactive Diagram is 

an online tool that highlights carbon management programs in the BIL and 

through other DOE funding opportunities, as well as educates users about 

resources that fall under each program. 

White House Seeking Nominations for CCUS Task Forces.

The White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is seeking 

nominations for two task forces that will provide input to inform the responsible 

development of CCUS. The task forces will provide recommendations to the 

federal government on how to ensure that CCUS projects are permitted in an 

efficient manner, reflect the input and needs of a wide range of stakeholders, 

and deliver benefits rather than harms to local communities. 

DOE Issues NOI for Carbon Storage FOA.

DOE issued an NOI for a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) titled 

“Regional Initiative to Accelerate Carbon Management Deployment: Technical 

Assistance for Large-Scale Storage Facilities and Regional Carbon Management 

Hubs.” The objective of the planned FOA is to establish a consistent, effective 

mechanism for providing technical assistance to develop multiple large-scale 

carbon storage facilities and regional carbon management hubs that could 

store hundreds of millions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and inject more than 

5 million metric tons of CO2 per year. 

Consortium Wins FEED Contract for UK CCS Station.

A consortium of Aker Solutions, Siemens Energy, and Doosan Babcock was 

awarded a FEED contract for a proposed power station with CCS. The consortium 

will deliver the engineering design for SSE Thermal and Equinor’s proposed Keadby 

3 Carbon Capture Power Station in North Lincolnshire, United Kingdom (UK). The 

plant is expected to be capable of capturing up to 1.5 million metric tons of CO2

a year. 

Report Offers Insights on CCUS Global Market to 2027.

According to a new report, the global CCUS market is estimated to be $2.84 

billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $9.43 billion by 2027 (growing at 

a compound annual growth rate of 27.14%). The “Global Carbon Capture, 

Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Market (2022-2027) by Service, Technology, 

End-Use Industry, Geography, Competitive Analysis, and the Impact of 

Covid-19 with Ansoff Analysis” report includes qualitative analysis, verifiable 

data from authentic sources, and projections about market size. (Purchase 

may be required.)

SEPTEMBER 2022

DOE/NETL Hosts 2022 Carbon Management Project Review 

Meeting.

For the first time since 2019, DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory 

(NETL) hosted their annual carbon management project review meeting as 

an in-person event. The 2022 Carbon Management Project Review Meeting 

was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA), August 15–19, 2022. The meeting 

included a mixture of plenary and parallel sessions and poster presentations 

providing updates on DOE/NETL-funded carbon capture, utilization, and storage 

(CCUS) research projects being conducted to advance carbon management 

technologies and ensure a sustainable clean energy future for the nation. 

NETL, Partners Release Resource on Computational Tools 

to Complete CO2 Storage Permit Applications.

NETL collaborated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other 

contributing national laboratories, and DOE’s Regional Initiatives to Accelerate 

CCUS on a report that identifies computational tools useful for addressing 

aspects of the dedicated carbon storage (Class VI) well permit application 

under EPA’s Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program. “Rules and Tools 

Crosswalk: A Compendium of Computational Tools to Support Geologic Carbon 

Storage Environmentally Protective UIC Class VI Permitting” is intended to 

serve as a resource for industry, regulatory, academic, and public stakeholders. 

Carbon Negative Shot Summit Recap.

DOE’s Carbon Negative Shot Summit was attended by more than 1,700 people 

from 39 countries. A two-minute recap video of key moments from the summit 

is available, as is the full recording. 

Report on Transition to Low-Carbon Energy Sources.

Zenon Research released a report on transitioning to low-carbon energy 

sources. Although focused on mature technologies, such as solar and wind 

energy, the report also calls for investment in other transition areas, such as 

mobility, electrified heat, storage, and carbon capture and storage (CCS).
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54

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

October 2021 – September 2022 ANNOUNCEMENTS

Public Consultation on Core Carbon Principles Completed.

The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market held a 60-day public 

consultation on draft Core Carbon Principles (CCPs), which propose 

fundamental, interlinked criteria for carbon credits that create verifiable 

climate impact with social and environmental safeguards. The draft CCPs, 

and accompanying draft Assessment Framework, are designed to build an 

understanding of carbon-crediting programs and credit types and establish a 

pathway for improvement. The public consultation was overseen by the British 

Standards Institute.

UK CCS Supply Chain Report Released.

A report commissioned by the United Kingdom’s (UK) Department for Business, 

Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) found that CCS in the UK could be 

worth ~$120 billion to local manufacturing employers. Produced by Offshore 

Energies UK through the North Sea Transition Deal, the report identified 13 

actions for the UK government and industry to undertake to help meet net-zero 

goals and benefit UK jobs and economy.

New York DEC Announces Grants to Safeguard Carbon Storage.

The New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) announced 

nearly $1 million in awards to establish community forests in western and 

central New York (USA). The inaugural round of the Community Forest 

Conservation Program grants is expected to help safeguard ecosystem benefits 

forests provide, including carbon storage.

Update on Japanese Government’s Carbon Credit Report.

The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) established the 

“Study Group on the Preparation of an Operational Environment to Ensure the 

Proper Use of Carbon Credits to Achieve Carbon Neutrality” in 2021. The study 

group provided an update on their carbon credit report.
CARBON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NEWSLETTER ANNUAL INDEX – FY 2022

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY | OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

About DOE’S CARBON 

TRANSPORT and STORAGE 

PROGRAM

The Carbon Transport and Storage Program at the National Energy Technology 

Laboratory (NETL) is focused on developing and advancing technologies to 

enable safe, cost-effective, permanent geologic storage of CO2, both onshore 

and offshore, in different depositional environments. The technologies being 

developed will benefit both industrial and power sector facilities that will need 

to mitigate future CO2 emissions. The program also serves to increase the 

understanding of the effectiveness of advanced technologies in different 

geologic reservoirs appropriate for CO2 storage—including saline formations, 

oil reservoirs, natural gas reservoirs, unmineable coal, basalt formations, and 

organic-rich shale basins—and to improve the understanding of how CO2

behaves in the subsurface. These objectives are key to increasing confidence 

in safe, effective, and permanent geologic CO2 storage.

The Carbon Transport and Storage Program Overview webpage provides 

detailed information of the program’s structure, as well as links to the 

webpages that summarize the program’s key elements.

Carbon Transport and Storage 

Program Resources

Newsletters, program fact sheets, best practices manuals, roadmaps, 

educational resources, presentations, and more information related to the 

Carbon Transport and Storage Program is available on DOE’s Energy Data 

eXchange (EDX) website.

About NETL’S CARBON 

TRANSPORT and STORAGE 

NEWSLETTER

Compiled by the National Energy Technology Laboratory, this newsletter is a 

monthly summary of public and private sector carbon transport and storage 

news from around the world. The article titles are links to the full text for those 

who would like to read more (note that all links were active at the time of 

publication).

Click here to manage your NETL Carbon Transport and Storage Newsletter 

subscription options or to unsubscribe.

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), part of DOE’s national 

laboratory system, is owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE). NETL supports DOE’s mission to advance the national, economic, and 

energy security of the United States. 

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Disclaimer

This Newsletter was prepared under contract for the United States Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory. Neither the United States Government nor any agency 

thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, 

product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade 

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thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

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William Aljoe

Technology Manager 

Carbon Storage Infrastructure

412-386-6569

William.Aljoe@netl.doe.gov