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THE LOOK

OF OUR LAND

AN AIRPHOTO ATLAS

OF THE RURAL UNITED STATES

The East and South

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE AGRICULTURE HANDBOO^NO. 4 06

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ABSTRACT

Aîrpliotos illustrate land use patterns and lerraiii in five land resource

regioii§ in the Eastern and Southern United Stales. Portions of siiiall-scale

airphoto index sheet§ and a stereopair of airphotos aiconipanj the description of each area that is reprodueed from LJ.S. Departiiient of Agriculture,

Agriculture Handbook 296, "^Laiid Resource Itegions and Land Resource

Areas of the United States."

Key Words; Land re§ources, Land use patterns, Airphotos, Land resource regions. Land resource areas, North Central States,

Studies in the series on The Look of Our LandStates include:

-An Airphoto Atlas of the llural United

A, Northwestern Forest, Forage, and Specialty Crop Hegioii

B. Northwestern Wheat and Range Region

Ce California Subtropical Fruit, Truck, and Specialty Crop Region

D, Western Range and Irrigated Region

E, Rocky Mountain Range and Forest Region

F. Northern Great Plains Spring Wheat Region

G. Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region

H. Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Flange Regions

L Southwestern Plateaus and Plains Range and Cotton Region

J. Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region

K. Northern Lake Slates Forest and Forage Region

L. Lake States Fruit, Truck, and Dairy Region

M. Central Feed Cirains and Livestock Region

N. East and C^entral General Farming and Forest Flegion

O, Missiisippi Delta Cotton anrl Feed Grains Region

P, South Atlantic and Gulf Slope Cash Crop, Forest, and Livestock Region

R. Northeastern Forage and Forest Region

S, Northern Atlantic Slope Truck, Fruit, and Poultry Region

T. Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowlands Forest and Truck Crop Region

U. Florida Subtropical Fruit, Truck Crop, and Flange Region

This handbook, subtitled "The East and South/' includes regions N,0,P,R,S,T,and U

Washington, D.C. 20250 April 1971

For sale by the Süperinteiident of Poçuments, U.S. Government Friiiting Office

Washington, D,C. 20402 - Price $1.2S
The Look of Our Land—

An Airphoto Atlas of the Rural United States:

THE EAST AND SOUTH

Compiled by

SIMON BAKER and

HENRY W. DILL, JR.

BACKGROUND

The Economic Research Service has been conducting

studies on present and potential uses of land in the

United States. In connection with this activity, USDA

Agriculture Handbook 153 "Land Use and Its Patterns

in the United States," by F. J. Marschner, was published

in 1959. This landmark publication contained a color

map scaled at 1 : 5,000,000, entitled "Major Land Uses

in the United States." An unusual feature of the Handbook was 168 aerial photographs showing land use

patterns across the 48 contiguous States. The map,

text, and photos together showed the ways that our

land is used. This bulletin updates Agriculture Handbook 153, which is out of print and may be found only

in major libraries.

In 1965, another landmark publication appeared:

"Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource

Areas of the United States," USDA Agriculture Handbook 296, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. Morris E. Austin and many others in the Soil

Conservation Service compiled this classification and

systematic description of U.S. resource regions. Twenty

land resource regions were delineated, which were further subdivided into 156 land resource areas, with in-

^ Simon Baker, formerly with the Economic Research Service,

is now with Florida Atlantic University, Department of Geography, Boca Raton. Henry W. Dill, Jr., is a Physical Science

Analyst, ERS, Natural Resource Economics Division, Land

Resources Branch,

formation on land use, elevation and topography,

climate, water, and soils for each.

This atlas then brings together the text of Agriculture Handbook 296 with photos to show land use and

related information according to an established regional and area classification of U.S. land resources.

The airphotos in this handbook were selected to

show characteristics and land use in 42 resource areas

in the Eastern and Southern States. Accompanying the

photos of each area is a brief description of land use,

climate, soils, and topo^raphv for that area.

The ways we use our land are usually described

verbally or quantitatively, or are depicted on maps.

These presentations are informative but limited. There

is no substitute for seeing, and an aerial view is unsurpassed for observing certain phenomena on the surface of the earth. Aerial photographs, used with maps

and descriptions, provide a comprehensive idea of how

land is used. Such richly detailed photos can be viewed

stereoscopically for three-dimensional study of relationships between items on the earth's surface and man's

activities.

USE OF THE AIRPHOTO ATLAS

Two facing pages are devoted to each land resource

area. A stereopair, usually at a scale of 1: 20,000, shares

each right-hand page with a description of the area that

is reproduced from Agriculture Handbook 296. To locate and orient the terrain shown in the stereopair, the

reader should refer to the numbers on the photo index

sheet (described below) on the left-hand page. He will

note that the compass orientations of the stereopairs

vary, but the index sheet clarifies the orientation.

The area shown on a stereopair overlaps two points

on a flight line showing the same portion of the earth's

surface. When viewed through a simple pocket stereoscope the scene appears three-dimensional. Any text

on aerial photographic interpretation or photogrammetry describes how^ such photos are made and how to

use the stereoscope.

Each left-hand page shows an aerial photographic

index sheet that includes the area of the facing stereopair. Each index sheet was selected to match the land

use description for the given area. An index sheet is

an uncontrolled mosaic made up of many individual

airphotos. The photos are assembled with their identification numbers showing, matched by eye, and mounted

on a board. The group is rephotographed, reduced in

scale, and printed for use as a reference for locating

specific photographs. Most of the index sheets in this

bulletin are reproduced at their original scale of

1: 63,360. A caution about using the index sheets : Since

many individual photos were fitted together by eye, the

fit is not always precise, so measurements of distance

or area on index sheets are only approximate.

Each index sheet is oriented with north at the top.

In some cases, flight lines of the individual photos w^ere

other than north-south, so the page must be rotated to

read the number. To aid identification, the bottom label

of each index sheet gives the following identification:

Land resource area number, county, State, year and

month of photography, index sheet number and scale,

and agency for which the photography was flown. The

letter "P" on the label indicates only partial coverage

of the county.

Abbreviated sources shown on the photo index

sheets are: ASCS, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service; SCS, Soil Conservation Service; and

USES, Forest Service, of USDA.
EAST AND CENTRAL GENERAL FARMING

AND FOREST REGION

116 Ozark Highland

117 Boston Mountains

118 Arkansas Valley and Ridges

119 Ouachita Mountains

120 Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and

Shale Hills and Valleys

121 Kentucky Bluegrass

122 Highland Rim and Pennyroyal

123 Nashville Basin

124 Western Allegheny Plateau

125 Cumberland Plateau and Mountains

126 Central Allegheny Plateau

127 Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains

128 Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys

129 Sand Mountain

130 Blue Ridge
N—EAST AND CENTRAL GENERAL FARMING AND FOREST REGION

236,500 square miles

This borderland region between the North and the South includes the Appalachian mountains, valleys, and

dissected plateaus and the Ozarks. The annual precipitation is 40 to 50 inches over much of the region but ranges

from 35 inches along the western edge to 60 inches or more on some of the higher mountains in the east. The

freeze-free season is 180 to 200 days over a large part of the region but ranges from about 150 days in the northeast to as long as 240 days in some of the valleys in the south.

Sols Bruns Acides from sandstones and acid shales are the more extensive soils on the mountain slopes

and dissected plateaus. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are on limestones and more deeply weathered shales. ReddishBrown Lateritic soils are conspicuous in some limestone valleys and basins, but their total area is small. Alluvial

soils along the many streams are of small total extent, but they are cropped intensively throughout the region.

Small general farms are characteristic of much of the region, but there are large dairy and livestock farms in

areas of more favorable soils. Corn, small grains, and hay are the most extensive crops. Tobacco is an important

cash crop, especially in the eastern two-thirds of the region. The steeply sloping areas, amounting to nearly onehalf of the region, are mainly in forests, which are used for both recreation and timber production. A large part

of the Nation's coal is mined in this region.
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lió'—Ozark Highland

Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma

34,400 square miles

Land Use : About three-fifths of the area is in forest

or woodland, most of it in farm woodlots but some in

large holdings. About one-fifth of the area is cropland. Corn, feed grains, and hay for dairy cattle and

other livestock are the principal crops, and orchards,

vineyards, and truck crops are important on some of

the more friable deep soils. Pastures, mainly of tame

grasses and legumes, occupy most of the remaining

one-fifth of the area.

Elevation and Topography: 500 to 1,500 feet.

These sharply dissected limestone plateaus have narrow rolling ridgetops that break sharply to steep side

slopes. Valleys are narrow and have steep gradients,

especially in the upper reaches. There are some

gently sloping plateau remnants in the west. Local

relief is in several tens of feet to a few hundred feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 48

inches; highest in spring and early summer and low

in midsummer. Average annual temperature—55° to

60° F. Average freeze-free period—180 to 200 days.

Water : Crops and pasture depend upon the moderate

rainfall. Shallow wells or springs supply domestic

needs and water for livestock on most farms, but deep

wells are required to obtain large supplies. Water

from deep wells is of good quality but hard. Small

ponds on many individual farms provide some water

for livestock, and a few large reservoirs are used for

flood control and recreation.

Soil: Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Baxter, Clarksville,

Nixa, and Dickson, the latter two with fragipans)

from deeply weathered cherty limestone occupy much

of the area. Other members of this group are Talbott

and Colbert soils from clayey limestones. ReddishBrown Lateritic soils (Decatur) from relatively pure

limestones and Rendzinas (Gasconade) from shaly

limestones or calcareous clays are soils that are locally

conspicuous but of small total extent. Small areas of

soils like Brunizems are in small prairie outliers in

the west.
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Land Resource Area 117

Madison Co., Ark. October 1965.

Index Sheet 3 of 4. ASCS. 1: 63,360.

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117—Boston Mountains

Arkansas and Oklahoma

6^00 square miles

Land Use : About three-fourths of the area is in forest,

mainly in farm woodlots but some in Arkansas in

national forests. The remaining one-fourth of the

area is about evenly divided between cropland and

pasture. Corn, other grains, and hay for livestock

feed are the main crops, and peach and apple orchards

are important locally. Pastures are mostly of tame

grasses and legumes but of native grasses on the

prairie outliers in the west.

Elevation and Topography : 500 feet on the lowest

valley floors to 2,500 feet on the highest ridge crests.

Ridgetops of these deeply dissected sandstone and

shale plateaus are narrow and rolling ; valleys are narrow and steep sided and have steep gradients. Local

relief is in a few hundreds of feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—45 to 52

inches; highest in spring and fall and lowest in midsummer. Average annual temperature—55° to 60°

F. Average freeze-free period—180 to 205 days.

Water: The moderately high rainfall is adequate for

crops and pastures. Shallow wells are the principal

source of water for domestic use and livestock in the

uplands. Small ponds on individual farms provide

some water for livestock, and springs are numerous in

the valleys. Deep wells are needed to obtain large

supplies of ground water. Large reservoirs on several

of the major streams are a source of municipal water

and also provide flood control and recreation.

Soil: Lithosols (Montevallo, Ramsey, and Hector)

and rough stony land on hilly to steep slopes are

dominant in much of the area. Red-Yellow Podzolic

soils (Hartsells, Linker, Allen, and Jefferson) are on

the less sloping ridgetops, benches, and foot slopes;

Planosols (Johnsburg and Tyler) on some flats with

restricted drainage; and Reddish Prairie soils on

prairie outliers in the west.
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118—Arkansas Valley and Ridges

Arkansas and Oklahoma

7,000 square miles

Land Use: About one-half of the area is in forest;

about one-third of the wooded area is Federally owned

and most of the remainder is in farm woodlots. The

other half of the area is one-third cropland and twothirds pasture. Most of the cropland is on the less

sloping land in the valleys but some is on flat mountain tops. Corn, cotton, soybeans, other feed grains,

and hay are the major crops. Fruits and vegetables

are important locally on the deeper soils throughout

the area. Pastures are on the bottom land of small

streams and throughout cleared parts of the uplands;

they consist of mixtures of tame and native grasses

and legumes.

Elevation and Topography: 300 feet on the lowest

valley floors to 2,800 feet on some mountain tops.

These ridges and valleys are underlain by slightly

folded to level beds of sandstones and shales. Ridge

slopes are steep; most crests are narrow and rolling

but some are broad and flat. The intervening valleys

are broad and smooth. Local relief is in several tens

of feet in valleys and on the flat ridgetops. The ridges

and mountains rise sharply hundreds of feet above

adjacent valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—44 to 50

inches; highest in spring and autumn. Average annual temperature—60° to 63° F. Average freeze-free

period—200 to 240 days.

Water: The moderate rainfall is generally adequate

for crops and pasture. In the uplands, water for

domestic use is obtained mainly from shallow wells

and water for livestock from small ponds on individual farms. In the valleys, springs, shallow wells, small

ponds, and perennial streams provide water for most

uses. Deep wells yield large amounts of hard water

except in areas of shale bedrock where ground water

is scarce.

Soil: Lithosols (Hector, Ramsey, and Montevallo) are

dominant on hiUy to steep ridges. Red-Yellow Podzolic

soils (Linker, Hartsells, Enders, Monongahela, and

Waynesboro) are extensive on level to rolling uplands

and terraces. Planosols (Johnsburg and Wrightsville) are on level to gently rolling uplands and in

clayey old alluvial deposits. Alluvial soils (Pope,

Philo, and Stendal) on flood plains occupy about 10

percent of the area and are among the more important

soils for crops.

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Land Resource Area 119

Hot Spring Co., Ark. December 1965.

Index Sheet 2 of 4. ASCS. 1: 63,360.

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119—Ouachita Mountains

Arkansas and Oklahoma

11,700 square miles

Land Use: Slightly more than four-fifths of the area

is forested. Of this about one-fourth, mainly in

Arkansas, is Federally owned. Some of the remainder

is in large holdings, but much of it is in farm woodlots. Lumbering, wood-using industries, and recreational uses are important throughout the area. About

15 percent of the area is cropped or in pasture; the

pasture acreage isa little larger than cropland acreage. Corn, oats, other feed grains, and hay for livestock feed are the main crops. Pastures are largely

mixtures of tame grasses and legumes except on some

small prairie outliers in the west where pastures are

in native grasses.

Elevation and Topography : 300 feet on the lowest

valley floors to 2,700 feet on the highest mountain

peaks. These steep mountains are underlain by

folded and faulted shales, slates, quartzites, sandstones, and novaculite. Most of the stream valleys

are narrow and have steep gradients, but wide terraces and flood plains border the Ouachita River in

western Arkansas. Local relief isa few hundred feet

to more than 1,000 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—Mainly 48

to 56 inches, decreasing to 35 inches along the western

edge; fairly evenly distributed through the year but

higher in spring and early autumn. Average annual

temperature—60° to 62° F. Average freeze-free perio¿—200 to 240 days.

Water: The high rainfall and many perennial streams

provide abundant water. Several large reservoirs for

water storage and flood control are used also for recreation. In the valleys spring and shallow wells are

the main sources of water for domestic use and for

livestock.

Soil: Lithosols (Goldston, Hector, Ramsey, and Montevallo) and rough stony land occupy most of the

steep slopes throughout the area. Red-Yellow Podzolic

soils (Georgeville, Herndon, Enders, and Wickham)

are on the gentle slopes of ridgetops, benches, foot

slopes, and old stream terraces and Planosols (Conway) on the gentle slopes of valleys underlain by

shale. Alluvial soils (Congaree, Chewacla, and Pope)

are on flood plains in some of the broader valleys and

are among the most important agricultural soils.

11

120—Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and

Shale Hills and Valleys

Kentucky and Indiana

11^00 square miles

Land Use: Nearly all the area is in farms but about

5 percent is urban or in other uses. Strip mining for

coal is an important industry. Slightly more than

one-third of the area as a whole is cropland but the

proportion is much higher in western Kentucky than

elsewhere. Corn, soybeans, other feed grains, and

hay for dairy cattle and other livestock are the principal crops. Tobacco is a major cash crop in places

and apple and peach orchards are important on some

farms, but the total acreage in these crops is small.

About one-sixth of the area is in permanent pasture

of tame and native grasses. About one-third is in

forest, almost all in small and medium-sized farm

woodlots.

Elevation and Topography: 400 feet on the lowest

valley floors to about 800 feet on the highest ridgetops. The smoother parts of the gently rolling to hilly

dissected sandstone and shale plateau have a thin to

moderately thick loess cap. Valleys of the small

streams are narrow, but the larger tributaries of the

Ohio and Mississippi Rivers have wide flood plains.

Local relief is mainly 100 to 200 feet, but some of

the deeper valleys are several hundred feet below

adjacent ridgetops. Strip mines, both operating and

abandoned, are conspicuous features in many parts

of the area.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 48

inches; fairly evenly distributed but slightly higher

in spring and early summer and lowest from midsummer through autumn. Average annual temperature—55° to 58° F. Average freeze-free period—180

to 195 days.

Water: Rainfall is adequate for crops in most years

but yields are reduced by drought in some years.

Shallow wells provide water for domestic and livestock use on most farms but supplies are limited.

Small farm ponds are an important source of livestock

water. Deep wells yield large amounts of water, but

the water is usually highly mineralized. The many

perennial streams are potential water sources but they

are not much used at present.

Soil: Gray-Brown Fodzolic soils (Loring, Hosmer,

and Grenada) from a thin to a moderately thick loess

mantle over residuum from acid sandstones and

shales are the dominant soils on the smooth flats and

low hills in the northwest. In more dissected areas

Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Zanesville, Tilsit, and

Christian) occupy level to rolling ridgetops; Zanesville and Tilsit soils have strongly expressed fragipans

and some features of Gray-Brown Podzolic soils. On

ridge slopes Sols Bruns Acides (Muskingum and

Dekalb) and thin Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Litz)

are most extensive but rough stony land and stripmine spoil are conspicuous in many places. Alluvial

soils (Wakeland, Sharon, Falaya, and Huntington)

are on broad flood plains, especially in western Kentucky, and are highly important to agriculture.

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Land Resource Area 121

Bourbon Co., Ky. June 1966.

Index Sheet 3 of 4. ASCS. 1:63,360.

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121—Kentucky Bluegrass

Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio

11,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms but slightly

less than one-third is cropland. Corn, other feed

grains, and hay for livestock occupy the most acreage,

but tobacco is an important cash crop in most of the

area. About two-fifths of the area is in pasture,

mainly bluegrass although some other tame grasses

are also grown. Beef cattle are the principal livestock and race horsas and sheep are important locally.

About one-sixth of the area is in farm woodlots in

poor condition. The remainder is in urban and

miscellaneous uses.

Elevation and Topography: 800 to 900 feet in the

central part and from 500 feet on valley floors to as

much as 1,000 feet on the highest ridgetops in the

shale and limestone hills. An undulating to rolling

central limestone plain is surrounded by shale and

limestone hills having narrow tops and steep sides. In

the central part, local relief is mainly ina few feet to

a few tens of feet. In the surrounding hills, relief is

commonly 100 to 200 feet and in places as much as

500 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—About 45

inches; highest in early spring, gradually decreasing

through summer and autumn. Average annual temperature—About 55°F. Average freeze-free period—

180 to 190 days.

Water: The moderate rainfall is adequate for crops

in normal years, but yields are reduced by drought

in some years. Cisterns and springs are important

sources of water for domestic and livestock use. In

some places deep wells supply large amounts of highly

mineralized water. Recently small farm ponds have become an important source of water for livestock and

other farm uses.A few large streams are potential

sources of water but are not much used at present.

Soil: Gray-Brown Podzolic soils (Lowell, Shelbyville,

Switzerland, Eden, Nicholson, Salvisa, and Hampshire) on rolling to hilly uplands underlain by calcareous rocks are the dominant soils. Reddish-Brown

Lateritic soils (Maury) are important in deeply weathered phosphatic limestones. Rendzinas (Fairmontand

Otway) are conspicuous on steep slopes underlain by

soft limestone or highly calcareous shales.

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Land Resource Area 122 (M j^'*

Lawrence Co., Tenn. May 1963. B3-~

Index Sheet 3 of 4. ASCS. 1:63,360. »^'^
122—Highland Rim and Pennyroyal

Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Alabama

22,700 square miles

Land Use : Most of the area is in farms; about5 percent Í3 Federally owned, and a small part is urban

or in miscellaneous uses. About two-fifths is cropland. Corn, other feed grains, and hay for livestock

feed occupy the largest acreage. Tobacco is an

important cash crop and small acreages are used to

grow vegetables and fruit, largely for home consumption. About one-sixth is in pasture of tame and native

grasses and legumes. About one-third is in forest,

mainly in farm woodlots but in large commercial

holdings on the steeper land.

Elevation and Topography: 350 feet on valley

floors to about 1,000 feet on the highest ridgetops.

This isa dissected limestone plateau. There are some

smooth sections in the central and eastern parts, but

much of the area, particularly in the west, consists

of narrow rolling ridgetops, hilly and steep ridge

slopes, and narrow valleys. The smooth parts have

relief of onlya few feet to one or two tens of feet,

but the dissected areas have relief of one to several

hundred feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—45 to 54

inches; highest in midwinter and early spring, gradually decreasing from spring to midautumn. Average

annual temperature—55° to 60° F. Average freezefree period—180 to 200 days.

Water: Rainfall is adequate for crops in many years,

but yields are reduced in the occasional years of

drought. Shallow wells, streams, and springs are the

principal sources of water for livestock and domestic

use in the more dissected parts, and ponds and cisterns are important sources in the smoother uplands.

Wells supply an abundance of highly mineralized

ground water. Multipurpose dams on the Tennessee

and Cumberland Rivers provide flood control and

electric power. The reservoirs also serve as waterways for transportation and recreation.

Soil: Red-Yellow Podzolic soils, are dominant throughout the area. In thinly loess mantled residuum from

limestone Pembroke, Crider, Mountview, Russellville, Dickson, and Bedford (the latter three having

fragipans) are representative soils. On rolling to

hilly slopes Baxter and Frankstown soils from cherty

limestone residuum and Christian soils from mixed

sandstone, limestone, and shale are the major soils.

Regosols (Bodine) from very cherty limestone and

Lithosols (Montevallo and Colyer) from acid shales,

mostly along the northern and eastern border, are the

principal soils on steep slopes. Alluvial soils (Ennis,

Lindside, and Huntington) are of small total extent

but are among the most important agricultural soils,

especially in the more dissected parts of the area.

417-490O- 71

17
yf..-^. ' r

If^'*

^Êgàgmf^ *
123—Nashville Basin

Tennessee

5,700 square miles

L>and Use: Nearly all the area is in farms and about

two-fifths is cropland. Grain and hay for livestock

are the principal crops. Beef cattle are the major

livestock, but dairying is important near the larger

towns and cities. About one-third of the area is in

pasture of tame grasses and legumes. About onefourth is in forest, nearly all in farm woodlots.

Elevation and Topography: 400 feet on valley

floors to 1,000 feet in the hills. The central part of

the area isa gently rolling to hilly limestone plain,

but the outer margins are deeply dissected and have

steep slopes. In the central part relief is ina few tens

of feet to about 100 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—^About 50

inches; highest in midwinter, decreasing from midspring to midautumn. Average annual temperature—

58° to 60° F. Average freeze-free period—180 to

200 days.

Water: The moderately high rainfall provides water

for crops and pasture, but frequent summer droughts

damage pastures and lower crop yields. Ground

water from springs and wells is the main source of

water for domestic and livestock use. Yields from

wells vary and the water is highly mineralized. Farm

ponds provide water for livestock in many places.

The small streams fluctuate in flow and many of them

are dry in summer.A few large perennial streams

are important water sources, and the Cumberland

River has dams for flood control, power production,

and navigation.

Soil: Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils. (Maury and

Decatur) and associated Red-Yellow Podzolic soils

(Talbott, Pembroke, and Colbert) afl from limestone

materials are extensive. Many of the soils in this

area have somewhat darker colored surface layers

than are considered normal for these great soil groups.

Associated with them are Lithosols (Inman) and

large areas of limestone rockland. Gray-Brown

Podzolic soils (Mimosa, Armour, and Dellrose) from

phosphatic and argillaceous limestone are extensive

on the dissected outer borders of the area. Alluvial

soils (Lindside and Huntington) on flood plains are

of smaU total extent but are highly important to

agriculture.

19

124—Western Allegheny Plateau

Ohio

8,200 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms but about

one-fourth is in other uses. About one-fifth is cropland. Hay and feed grains for livestock are the principal crops, and fruits and vegetables are important

locally. About one-fifth is in pasture and tame

grasses and legumes. Two-fifths is in forest, about

half of which is in farm woodlots and about half in

State and National forests and large commercial holdings. Strip mining of coal is important in the north,

but onlya small part of the total area is in this use.

Elevation and Topography: 650 feet on the lowest

valley floors to 1,300 feet at the highest ridgetops.

The dissected sandstone plateau has narrow level valley floors, rolling ridgetops, and hilly to steep ridge

slopes. Local relief is one to several hundred feet.

Oimate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 45

inches; evenly distributed except fora slight maximum in late spring and a minimum in late autumn.

Average annual temperature—48° to 55° F. Average freeze-free period—Mainly 140 to 160 days but

180 days along the southern edge.

Water: The moderate rainfall and many perennial

streams supply an abundance of water. Shallow wells

and springs are the principal water sources for domestic and livestock use. Deep ground water is abundant but is highly mineralized. Reservoirs on many

streams provide water for industrial and municipal

use for most of the cities within the area and also for

some cities in adjoining areas.

Soil: Gray-Brown Podzolic soils (Gilpin, Hanover,

Keene, and Wellston) are the principal soils on rolling ridgetops and Sols Bruns Acides (Muskingum) on

the somewhat less extensive strongly rolling to steep

slopes. Alluvial soils (Chagrin and Lobdell) on narrow flood plains are of small total extent but are the

best agricultural soils of the area.

21
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Land Resource Area 125

Bledsoe Co., Tenn. October 1964.

Index Sheet 3 of 4. ASCS. 1: 63,360.

*S(WI^*'..
125—Cumberland Plateau and Mountains

Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia

25,900 square miles

Land Use: Almost all the forest, which covers about

four-fifths of the area, is privately owned, mainly in

small individual holdings but partly in large tracts

owned by mining and timber companies. A small

part is in Cumberland National Forest. Coal mining,

both strip mining and shaft mining, is the major industry in the area. About 5 percent of the area is

cropland and a slightly smaller amount is in pasture.

Most of the farmland is on the undulating to rolling

plateau top but there is a little in the narrow valleys.

Corn, other grains, and hay for livestock feed are the

principal crops ; many vegetables and fruits are grown

for home use. Tobacco is an important cash crop on

many farms, mainly in Kentucky. Commercial potato and vegetable production is locally important in

Tennessee. Most farms are part-time enterprises, and

the operators obtain much of their livelihood from

off-farm employment.

Elevation and Topography: 1,000 feet at the base

of escarpments that border the plateau to 2,000 feet

on the plateau top, some mountains along the eastern

margin 2,500 feet and a few 3,500 feet. The deeply

dissected sandstone and shale plateau has steep and

very steep slopes separated by narrow level valleys;

ridgetops are narrow and rolling. In the south there

are some flat plateau remnants and some mountain

ranges that rise above the general plateau level. Local

relief is mostly in several hundreds of feet and in

places more than a thousand feet. Broader plateau

remnants in the south have relief of only a few tens

of feet to 100 or 200 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—42 to 56

inches, increasing from north to south; highest in

winter and early spring and lowest in autumn. Average annual temperature—55° to 60° F. Average

freeze-free period—170 to 200 days, increasing from

north to south.

Water; Water is abundant in the area. Water for

domestic and livestock use is obtained from wells,

springs, and cisterns. Deep ground water is generally

highly mineralized. The large perennial streams are

potential water sources that are not much used at

present, but a few reservoirs provide water for municipal and industrial use. The small streams flow intermittently, and most of them are dry during summer

and autumn.

Soil: Sols Bruns Acides (Muskingum and Dekalb) and

Lithosols (Ramsey, Weikert, and Montevallo) are the

principal soils on hilly and steep slopes throughout the

area. Closely associated with them are many small

areas of rough stony land and rock outcrop. GrayBrown Podzolic soils (Willston and Gilpin) are on the

undulating and rolling plateau slopes in the north and

Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Hartsells, Clymer, and

Jefferson) on smooth plateau tops and on foot slopes

in valleys, mostly in the south. The total area of these

soils is not large, but they are important to agriculture. Alluvial soils (Pope and Philo) on flood plains

in narrow valleys are other important agricultural

soils.

23

126—Central Allegheny Plateau

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio

19,400 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms; about 10

percent is urban or in other uses. Recently much

farmland along the Ohio River has been diverted to

industrial uses. About one-sixth of the area is cropland and about one-fifth is in pasture. Hay and some

grain for dairy cattle and other livestock are the major

crops, but locally many fruits and vegetables are

grown in small areas for home consumption. Nearly

half the area is in forest, and the sale of timber is an

important source of income on some farms. Leasing

land for strip mining of coal is another important

source of income for many farm owners.

Elevation and Topography : 600 feet on the lowest

valley floors to 1,300 feet at the highest ridgetops and

higher in many places in the southeast. The dissected

plateau is underlain by sandstones and shales and

some layers of calcareous rocks. Level narrow valleys and narrow rolling ridgetops are separated by

long steep ridge slopes. Local relief is in hundreds of

feet.

Oimate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 45

inches; somewhat unevenly distributed; highest in

midsummer and lowest in autumn and early winter.

Average annual temperature—50° to 55° F. Average freeze-free period—160 days.

Water: Water is plentiful in the area. Water for

domestic and livestock use is obtained from springs,

shallow wells, small farm ponds, and cisterns. A

large amount of ground water can be obtained from

deep wells, but drilling is expensive and the water

is highly mineralized. The Ohio River and its major

tributaries have been developed for navigation by low

dams and locks. The smaller streams have been little

used as a water resource. Pollution of streams by

wastes from coal mines is a serious problem.

417-490 O - 71 - 4

Ä

Soil: Sols Bruns Acides (Muskingum) and GrayBrown Podzolic soils (Gilpin), both derived from

interbedded sandstones and shales and mainly on

steep slopes, are the dominant soils of the area.

Associated with them on steep slopes underlain by

calcareous shales and limestones are Gray-Brown

Podzolic sßils (Upshur, Belmont, Westmoreland, and

Guernsey). Upshur soils occur in complexes with

Gilpin and Muskingum soils over much of the area.

Another Gray-Brown Podzolic soil (Wheeling) on terraces of the Ohio River is an important agricultural

soil now being converted rapidly to urban and industrial uses. On gently sloping to rolling ridgetops

underlain by clay shales Red-Yellow Podzolic soils

(Cavode and Wharton) are conspicuous but of small

total extent. Alluvial soils (Huntington and Lindside) occupy the broad flood plains of the Ohio River

and its larger tributaries and are important agricultural soils. Along many of the smaller tributary

streams Pope and Philo soils, also Alluvial soils, are

extensive.

25
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Land Resource Area 127

Garrett Co., Md. September 1962.

Index Sheet lof 4. ASCS. 1:63,360.
127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and

Mountains

Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland

15,900 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms; about 15

percent is in other uses. About three-fourths is in

forest, mainly in small privately owned holdings, but

about one-tenth is in national forest and additional

areas are in large holdings. Lumbering and woodusing industries are important. The oldest gas and

oil fields in the United States are in the area, and coal

mining is an important industry in places. About

one-tenth of the area is cropland and an even smaller

percentage is in pasture. Hay and other feed for

dairy cattle are the major crops; small acreages are

in fruits and vegetables, grown mainly for home

consumption.

Elevation and Topography: 1,000 feet in the lowest valleys to 2,000 to 2,500 feet over much of the

plateau top, mountains in the southeast 3,500 to

4,500 feet. This deeply dissected plateau terminates

ina high escarpment on the east. Steep slopes are

dominant but level to gently rolling plateau remnants are conspicuous in the north. Local relief is

mainly in hundreds of feet, but some mountain peaks

in the south rise 1,000 feet or more above the plateau

or adjacent valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 60

inches, increasing from north to south ; highest from

early spring through late summer and lowest in

autumn and early winter. Average annual temperature—47° to 50° F. Average freeze-free period—

120 to 170 days, increasing from north to south.

Water: Water is abundant. Domestic and Uvestock

needs are supplied from shallow wells, springs, cisterns, and farm ponds. Ground water is scarce in

the areas underlain mostly by shales; elsewhere it is

plentiful but highly mineralized. The many perennial streams are potential water sources that are little

used at present.

Soil: Sols Bruns Acides (Dekalb, Calvin, and Lehew)

from acid gray sandstones and red shales are the dominant soils on the extensive steep slopes. Associated

with them are Gray-Brown Podzolic soils (Gilpin and

Belmont) also from shales, those under Belmont being

red and calcareous. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Clymer, Cookport, Wharton, and Cavode) from acid

sandstone and shale materials are on level to rolling

ridgetops and Alluvial soils (Pope and Philo) and

Low-Humic Gley soils (Atkins) on flood plains of

the larger streams.

27
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Land

gusta Co., Va.

Resource

Octobe:

Area 128

1966.

Sheet 5 of 6. P. ASCS. 1:63,360.
128—Southern Appalachian Ridges and

Valleys

Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama

28,600 square miles

Land Use: About three-fourths of the area is in

farms, about one-twelfth is owned by the Federal

Government, 1 or 2 percent is urban, and the remainder is in other uses. About one-half of the area is in

forest, mainly small to medium-sized farm woodlots.

Most of the Federally owned land is in national forests

or national parks that are also wooded or in watershed-protection areas bordering Tennessee Valley Authority lakes and other reservoirs. About one-sixth is

cropland and an equal amount is in pasture. Feed

and forage crops for livestock occupy the largest

acreage, but cotton in Georgia and Alabama and

tobacco in the remainder of the area are important

cash crops. Many vegetables and fruits are grown

for home consumption throughout the area. Beef

cattle are the principal livestock but dairying is important near the larger cities. Many of the farms

in the area are small and give only part-time employment to the occupants.

Elevation and Topography: In valleys 600 feet in

the southwest to more than 1,000 feet in the north;

highest ridgetops 2,000 to 3,000 feet, rising gradually

from south to north, and a few mountains in the north

4,000 feet or more. Northeast-southwest-trending

valleys underlain mainly by limestones and shales are

separated by steep ridges or mountains underlain

mainly by sandstones and shales. Valleys are undulating to strongly rolling or hilly with local relief of a

few tens to a few hundreds of feet. Ridges and

mountains are mainly steep and rise several hundred

to more than a thousand feet above adjacent valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 55

inches, increasing from north to south; highest in

midwinter and midsummer and least in autumn.

Average annual temperature—50° to 60° F., decreasing from south to north. Average freeze-free

period—160 to 220 days, decreasing from south to

north.

Water: Crops and pasture depend almost entirely on

rainfall for moisture, and reduced yields due to late

summer and autumn droughts are common. Domestic and livestock needs are supplied by shallow wells,

springs, ponds, and cisterns. In most areas underlain by limestone ground water is abundant but highly

mineralized. Shale areas have small ground-water

supplies and depend mainly on surface water and

rainfall. Small streams vary in flow and most of

them are dry in summer and autumn except immediately after storms. Major rivers have many dams

for flood control, navigation, and power production

and also provide recreation.

Soil: Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (FuUerton, Clarksville, Dunmore, Talbott, Colbert, Dewey, Sequoia, and

Jeff'erson) are dominant in valleys throughout the

area. Associated with them, mainly in materials from

noncherty limestone, are Reddish-Brown Lateritic

sous (Decatur, Cumberland, Tellico, and Neubert).

On steeply sloping sandstone and shale ridges Sols

Bruns Acides (Muskingum, Berks, and Lehew) and

Lithosols (Ramsey, Montevallo, and Dandridge) are

the principal soils. Alluvial soils (Huntington, Lindside, Newark, Pope, Stendal, and Philo) on narrow

flood plains are of small total extent but are highly

important to agriculture.

29
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a. October 19

5. ASCS. 1

Area 129 |

54. \

: 63,360.

àï w
-1EÍ-173

129—Sand Mountain

Alabama

8,700 square miles

Land Use: Most of this area is in farms; about 10

percent is urban or in other uses. About three-fifths

is in forest, mainly in farm woodlots or other small

holdings but some in large commercial holdings.

Less than one-fifth of the area is cropland. Cash

cropping of cotton and corn is the main farm enterprise but vegetables, fruits, and potatoes are grown

also. Less than one-tenth of the area is in pasture.

Onlya few livestock are raised and most of the livestock products are consumed on the home farm.

Elevation and Topography : 500 feet at the base of

plateau escarpments to 1,000 feet at the plateau top,

one or two mountain peaks 1,500 feet. The sandstone

plateau has an undulating to rolling top but it is

deeply dissected and steep along the margin. Local

relief is in several tens of feet to one or two hundred

feet on the plateau top, but the adjoining lowlands are

several hundred feet below the plateau summit.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—About 54

inches; somewhat unevenly distributed; highest in

midwinter, decreasing gradually from spring to autumn except slightly higher in midsummer. Average

annual temperature—60° to 62° F. Average freezefree perioi/—Mainly 200 to 210 days and 240 days

in some valleys.

Water: The plentiful rainfall is adequate for crops

and pasture in most years. Droughts are less frequent

and of shorter duration than in adjoining valleys.

Water for livestock is available from streams, springs,

and ponds. Shallow wells yield only small and uncertain amounts of water but deep wells yield large

amounts and are dependable. Most streams flow

intermittently and are dry in summer and autumn

except after storms.

Soil: Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Hartsells and Albertville) are the principal soils on the smooth plateau

top. Associated with them are Sols Bruns Acides

(Crossville). Lithosols (Ramsey) occupy steep mountain sides and valley walls.

31
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130—Blue Ridge

North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina,

and Maryland

18,900 square miles

Land Use : Two-thirds or more of the area is in forest,

much of which is privately owned. Abouta fifth of

the area is in national parks and forests, but the proportion is much higher in Georgia and Tennessee.

About one-tenth of the area, mainly on small farms

in valleys and coves, is cropland and one-sixth is in

pasture. Corn and hay are the most extensive crops;

small grains, potatoes, and many kinds of fruits and

vegetables are grown also. Tobacco is an important

crop in some places. Most of the farms are part-time

enterprises, and the occupants earna large part of

their livelihood elsewhere.

Elevation and Topography : 1,000 feet in the lower

valleys and foot slopes to more than 6,500 feet in the

mountains along the Tennessee-North Carolina boundary, decreasing gradually both north and south from

this high point. The rugged mountains have steep

slopes and sharp crests, and they are dissected by

steep narrow valleys. Local relief is in several hundreds to a few thousands of feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—Mainly 40

to 50 inches but as much as 80 inches on highest

peaks in the south; somewhat unevenly distributed;

highest in midsummer and midwinter and least in

autumn. Average annual temperature—50° to 60°

F. Average freeze-free period—150 to 220 days,

decreasing in length with increasing elevation and

from south to north.

Water; Springs and shallow wells provide domestic

water, but the ground-water yield from wells is generally small. Water for livestock comes largely from

springs and perennial streams though some farm

ponds have been built recently. In the southern

two-thirds of the area the major rivers have many

dams for flood control and electric-power production

and are used for recreation.

Soil: On steep mountain slopes Lithosols (Talladega,

Chandler, and Ramsey) and Sols Bruns Acides (Ashe

and Ranger) are the principal soils. Gray-Brown

Podzolic soils (Porters) are in the more deeply

weathered material on some of the less sloping mountain sides. Rough stony land and rock outcrops are

conspicuous on mountain slopes but their total area

is small. In more deeply weathered residuum and in

colluvium, especially at lower elevations, Red-Yellow

Podzolic soils (Hayesville, Balfour, Tusquitee, and

Täte) are extensive; associated with them on basic

rocks are Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils (Rabun and

Clifton). Alluvial soils (Congaree and Chewacla)

are on narrow flood plains of the many stream valleys.

417-490O- 71-5

33
MISSISSIPPI DELTA COTTON AND FEED

GRAINS REGION

131 Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium

132 Eastern Arkansas Prairies
o—MISSISSIPPI DELTA COTTON AND FEED GRAINS REGION

45,600 square miles

This region consists of the flood plains and terraces of the Mississippi River south of its confluence with the

Ohio River. The average annual precipitation ranges from 45 to 65 inches. Average annual temperatures are

58"^ to 70° F., and the freeze-free season is 200 to 280 days.

Low-Humic Gley soils, Humic Gley soils, Alluvial soils, and Grumusols are the extensive soils on flood plains

and low terraces. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are important on the higher silt-mantled terraces.

The soils throughout much of the region are naturally poorly drained and poorly suited to crops, but if they are

artificially drained, they are highly productive of many crops. Cotton, soybeans, corn, and hay are grown throughout the region. Rioe in Arkansas and Louisiana and sugarcane in Louisiana are important crops locally. The

wettest areas that are not artificially drained remain in forests, which are important for hardwood-timber

production.

35
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131—Southern Mississippi Valley

Alluvium

Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, and Tennessee

36,600 square miles

Land Use: Nearly all the area is in farms. For the

area asa whole, about 10 percent is in woodland and

the remainder is evenly divided between cropland

and pasture. But the proportion of cropland is nearly

three-fourths in the north and less than one-fourth in

the south. The amount of land in forest varies inversely with that in crops ; the amount in pasture is a

little higher in the south. This is an important cashcrop area. Cotton, corn, and soybeans grown by

highly mechanized methods are major crops throughout the area. Rice is an important crop in Arkansas

and Louisiana and sugarcane in southern Louisiana.

Elevation and Topography : Sea level in the south,

increasing gradually to about 500 feet in the north.

The area consists of nearly level to gently sloping

broad flood plains and low terraces. Most of the area

is flat. The only noticeable slopes are sharp terrace

scarps and natural levees that rise sharplya few feet

to several tens of feet above adjacent bottom lands

or stream channels.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—45 to 65

inches, increasing from north to south; over most of

the area highest in winter and early spring, decreasing gradually to a minimum in autumn; along the

Gulf Coast highest in midsummer and early autumn.

Average annual temperature—58° to 70° F., increasing from north to south. Average freeze-free period

—200 to 280 days, increasing from north to south.

Water: Rainfall, streamflow, and ground water supply an abundance of water. Surplus water is a serious

problem on many of the soils, and artificial drainage

is required before they can be used successfully for

crops. The Mississippi River crosses the area from

north to south and many of its tributaries also cross

the area. Oxbow lakes and bayous are extensive

throughout.

Soil: Grumusols (Sharkey, Alligator, Tunica, and

Perry) formed in clayey alluvium are the most extensive. Alluvial soils (Commerce, Mhoon, and

Robinsonville) are also important, and Adler soils

from local alluvium lie at the foot of the adjoining

bluffs in many places. Low-Humic Gley soils (Forestdale and Waverly) and Humic Gley soils (Jeanerette) are conspicuous on low terraces. On some of

the older terraces Gray-Brown Podzolic soils

(Dundee, Dubbs, and Bosket) are the major soils.

37
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Land Resource Area 132

Arkansas Co., Ark. January 1964.

Index Sheet 5 of 6. P. ASCS. 1:63,360,
CCß-2EE-257 ICCB-21^-253

132—Eastern Arkansas Prairies

Arkansas

7,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms, but about

10 percent is urban or in other uses. About one-half

is cropland and only a small amount is in pasture.

Rice is the major crop in this cash-crop area. Cotton,

corn, and soybeans are other important crops. About

one-third of the area is in forest.

Elevation and Topography: 150 to 300 feet. Nearly level broad terraces are crossed by meandering

streams having shallow valleys. The terraces terminate in short steep escarpments, and natural levees

one to several tens of feet high border the stream

channels. Elsewhere local relief is in only a few feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—About 50

inches; highest in winter and spring, decreasing

through summer to a minimum in autumn. Average annual temperature—About 63° F. Average

freeze-free period—About 220 days.

Water: Rainfall, ground water, and streamflow provide an abundance of water. Water for rice irrigation is stored in many artificial ponds and reservoirs,

and water from wells is also used for this purpose.

Except for rice, artificial drainage is required for the

successful production of most crops. The many lakes

and ponds, both natural and artificial, provide excellent hunting and fishing.

Soil: Planosols (Crowley) from fine-textured sediments on level terraces are the dominant soils. On

better drained and less clayey materials Gray-Broivn

Podzolic soils having a fragipan (Grenada) are the

major soils.

39
SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF SLOPE CASH CROP,

FOREST, AND LIVESTOCK REGION

133 Southern Coastal Plain

134 Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands

135 Alabama and Mississippi Blackland Prairies

136 Southern Piedmont

137 Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills

138 North - Central Florida Ridge
P—SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF SLOPE CASH CROP,

FOREST, AND LIVESTOCK REGION

250,200 square miles

This cotton-growing region consists of the gently sloping to rolling southern Piedmont and upper Coastal

Plain. The average annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 inches; rainfall is considerably higher in midsummer than in the rest of the year. Average annual temperatures are 60° to 68° F. over most of the area

but are as low as 57^ F, in some of the higher parts and as high as 71° F. in the extreme southeast. The freezefree season is 200 days or more in most of the region and as long as 300 days in the southernmost part.

Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are dominant throughout the region. Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils from basic

rocks are conspicuous locally as are Grumusols from marls or soft Hmestones. Alluvial soils on flood plains of the

major streams are among the better soils for crops.

Cotton is the main cash crop throughout the region, but cotton acreage has been declining for many years.

Peanuts and tobacco are also important, especially in the northeast. The acreage in improved pasture has been

increasing, and much of the more sloping land is being returned to forest.

417-490 O - 71 - 6

41

133—Southern Coastal Plain

Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas,

Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia,

and Florida

145,300 square miles

Land Use: Nearly all the area is in farms. A small

acreage is owned by the Federal Government, and

additional small areas are urban or in other uses.

Between one-half and three-fourths is woodland,

nearly all in small holdings but some in large tracts.

The proportion of woodland is greatest in the west.

Lumber, pulpwood, and naval stores are the major

forest products. Between one-tenth and one-third

is cropland; the largest acreage is in the east. Less

than one-tenth is in pasture. This is a cash-crop area,

and cotton is a major crop. Peanuts, tobacco, melons,

various vegetable crops, and corn are important also.

The trend recently is to more pasture and woodland

and less cropland.

Elevation and Topography: 100 to 600 feet, increasing gradually from the lower Coastal Plain to

the Piedmont. The gently to strongly sloping dissected coastal plain is underlain by unconsolidated

sands, silts, and clays. In their upper reaches stream

valleys are narrow, but the lower parts of the valleys

are broad and have widely meandering stream channels. Local relief is mainly in a few tens of feet, but

some of the more deeply dissected parts have relief

of 100 to 200 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 60

inches; lowest in autumn throughout the area and

highest in midsummer in the east and in winter and

spring in the west. Average annual temperature—

60° to 68° F., increasing from north to south. Average freeze-free period—200 to 280 days, increasing

from north to south.

Water: Rainfall, many perennial streams, and ground

water provide an abundance of water. Even though

summer rainfall is fairly high, droughts are common

and then good returns are obtained from irrigation

on all but the wettest soils. Drainage is necessary

before the wet lowlands can be used for crops. Domestic water supplies are obtained mainly from shallow wells and water for livestock from perennial

streams and small farm ponds. The many perennial

streams are potential water sources that have been

little used in most of the area.

Soil; Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are dominant

throughout (Ruston, Norfolk, Orangeburg, Saffell,

and Lexington from sandy or gravelly materials;

Marlboro, Bowie, Savannah, Shubuta, Kirvin, and

Silerton from medium to moderately fine textured

materials; and Boswell, Susquehanna, Sawyer, and

Cuthbert in fine-textured materials). Associated

with them on wet lowlands are Low-Humic Gley

soils (Plummer, Bladen, Bibb, Falaya, and Coxville)

and Humic Gley soils (Portsmouth, Bayboro, Weeksville, and Johnston). Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils

(Greenville, Red Bay, and Nacogdoches) are important locally, mainly in the south, but are of small

total extent. Regosols. (Eustis, Lakeland, and Kershaw) are on gently rolling to steeply sloping areas

underlain by sands. Alluvial soils (Mantachie and

luka) on narrow bottom lands are important to

agriculture locally ; in Texas and Louisiana, where the

alluvium contains a large amount of material from

red rocks. Miller and Yahola are important soils.

43
m^f>4
-2GG-179

134—Southern Mississippi Valley

Silty Uplands

Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky

24,000 square miles

Louisiana and Arkansas

2,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the land is in farms, a small

amount is Federally owned, and other small areas are

urban or in other uses. About a third of the whole

area is cropland but the amount of cropland varies

greatly from county to county, depending on soils

and topography. This is largely a cash-crop area.

Cotton, corn, and soybeans are major crops, but rice

is important locally in Arkansas and strawberries in

Louisiana. Feed grains and forage are grown on

dairy farms, mainly near the larger towns and cities.

Only about a tenth of the area is in pasture, but the

present trend is to a moderate increase in land in

pasture. About one-fourth is in forest. Lumber is

the major forest product and some pulpwood is harvested.

Elevation and Topography : 100 to 600 feet. The

sharply dissected plains have a thick loess mantle,

which is underlain by unconsolidated sands, silts, and

clays, mainly of marine origin. Valley sides are hilly

to steep, especially in the west. The intervening

ridges are mostly narrow and rolling, but some of the

interfluves between the upper reaches of the valleys

are broad and flat. Stream valleys are narrow in

their upper reaches but broaden rapidly downstream

and have wide flat flood plains and meandering

stream channels. Local relief is mainly in several

tens of feet to 100 or 200 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—46 to 60

inches, increasing from north to south; highest in

winter and spring, decreasing gradually through

summer to autumn except for a moderate increase

in midsummer. Average annual temperature—60°

to 68° F., increasing from north to south. Average

freeze-free period—200 to 280 days, increasing from

north to south.

Water : Rainfall and ground water are abundant. In

the uplands shallow wells, cisterns, and ponds are

the main water sources for domestic use and livestock. Shallow wells provide only small amounts

of water but deep wells in the underlying sands and

gravels yield large amounts. Most streams in the

area are small and flow intermittently. They flow

most of the time in winter and spring but only during

and immediately after storms in summer and autumn.

Soil: Gray-Brown Fodzolic soils (Memphis, Loring,

and Grenada) that formed in thick loess on gently

rolling to hilly uplands and terraces are the dominant soils. On associated level areas Planosols (Galloway and Henry) are conspicuous. All these soils

except Memphis have a strongly expressed fragipan.

In the east, where the loess mantle thins, Red-Yellow

Podzolic soils (Lexington, Brandon, Providence,

Lax, and Silerton) are the major soils. Alluvial soils

(Vicksburg, Collins, and Mantachie) and Low-Humic

Gley soils (Waverly, Falaya, and Bibb) on the broad

flood plains in the west are some of the most important agricultural soils. Small areas of Solonetz soils

(Lafe, Foley, and Verdun) are conspicuous, especially in Louisiana.

45
10-18-65

»-ÍGG-102.

.'^•^

tH-lGG-138'

'•^SCS-l -20000 Í 11

i\.2ab' ^7

I'SSfe u¿¡uaÉm ^ ^Wm' \i^
135—Alabama and Mississippi

Blackland Prairies

Alabama and Mississippi

9,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the land is in farms buta small

amount is urban or in other uses. Slightly less than

one-fifth is cropland. This isa cash-crop area; cotton, soybeans, and corn are the main crops. Some

hay and small grains are grown also.A little more

than one-fourth of the area is in pasture grazed mostly

by beef cattle. The trend recently is to an increase

in pasture acreage anda decrease in cropland. About

two-fifths is in forest, nearly all in farm woodlots.

Elevation and Topography: 100 to 300 feet,a few

hills 500 feet. The dissected uplands are underlain

by clays, marls, and chalk. Slopes are nearly level

to gently rolling. Local relief is mainly ina few

feet toa few tens of feet. Large streams have broad

level relatively shallow valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—48 to 56

inches; highest in early winter, spring, and midsummer, lower in early summer, and least in autumn.

Average annual temperature—60° to 65° F., decreasing from south to north. Average freeze-free

period—230 to 260 days.

Water: Rainfall and perennial streams are important

water sources, but ground water from moderately

deep and deep wells is the principal source for both

domestic and municipal uses. Many ponds provide

water for livestock and also serve for recreation.

Some of the perennial streams are potential water

sources but are not much used at present.

Soil: Red-Yellmv Podzolic soils (Oktibbeha and

Vaiden) from acid clays are the dominant soils at

the highest elevations. Grumusols (Houston and

Brooksville) are on the smooth parts of uplands underlain by marl and chalk and Rendzinas (Binnsville and Sumter) are on the more sloping parts.

Alluvial soils (Leeper, Catalpa, and Kaufman) are

on broad flood plains and Low-Humic Gley soils

(Tuscumbia and Una) and wet Grumusols. (West

Point and Eutaw) on poorly drained flats of both

uplands and flood plains.

r""-* •-. •• • . %k mi' ^* «-Í

47
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Land Resource Area 136

Newberry Co., S.C. November 1964.

Index Shpet 4 of 5. ASCS. 1: 63,360.
136—Southern Piedmont

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama

59,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the land is in farms,a small

amount is Federally owned, and other small areas

are urban or in other uses. Only abouta fifth of

the area is cropland. This isa cash-crop area ; cotton

is the major crop although tobacco is important in

the northern one-third. Corn, grain sorghum, small

grains, and hay are other important crops. Less

thana tenth of the area is in pasture. The trend

recently has been to an inc.rease in livestock farming

and dairying, accompanied by an increase in pasture

acreage anda decrease in cropland. About threefifths is in forest, mostly in farm woodlots, but a few

large areas are in national forests and other large

holdings. Pulpwood is the major forest product, but

hardwood and pine lumber is also important.

Elevation and Topography: 300 to 1,000 feet, increasing gradually from east to west. This dissected

plateau is underlain mostly by schists, gneisses, and

granites and by some basic crystalline rocks, sandstones, and slates. Topography is gently rolling to

hilly and stream valleys are narrow. Local relief

is mainly in several tens of feet to 100 or 200 feet,

but some foothills in the west have relief of several

hundred feet.

Oimate: Average annual precipitation—45 to 55

inches; evenly distributed through the year except

slightly higher in midsummer. Average annual temperature—57° to 65° F. Average freeze-free period

—200 to 250 days, decreasing from south to north

and with elevation.

Water: Rainfall and perennial streams are the major

sources of water. Ground-water supplies are small,

but shallow and deep wells are the principal water

sources for domestic use. Streams, springs, and

many small ponds are the important sources of livestock water. The potentially large water supplies

from perennial streams are not much exploited at

present. Small streams are dry during most of summer and autumn except immediately after storms.

Soil; Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are dominant (Cecil,

Appling, and Madison from acid crystalline rocks;

Lloyd and Enon from less acid crystalline rocks;

Georgeville, Herndon, and Alamance from slates;

and Mayodan, Wadesboro, and Granville from Triassic sandstones and shales). Reddish-Brown Lateritic

soils (Davidson and Mecklenburg) are on uplands

underlain by basic crystalline rocks and Planosols

(Iredell and Elbert) are associated with them on foot

slopes or wet upland flats. Shallow Sols Bruns Acides

(Louisa, Louisburg, Brandywine, and Wilkes) are on

strongly rolling to steep slopes throughout the area.

417-490O- 71

49

137—Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills

Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina

8,200 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms; about onesixth is owned by the Federal Government and is

used for mihtary posts and training areas. Additional small parts are urban or in other uses. Nearly

three-fifths of the area is in forest of scrub oak and

pine. Pulpwood and some lumber are the principal

forest products. About one-fifth of the area is cropland and only a very small amount is in pasture.

Corn and cotton are the principal crops. Most of the

farms are part-time or subsistence farms.

Elevation arid Topography: 200 to 500 feet, increasing gradually from south to north. The area is a

dissected rolling to hilly upland. In many of the

more dissected areas there are stabilized dunes, resulting in very irregular slopes. Local relief is mainly

in tens of feet, buta few hills are 100 or 200 feet

above adjacent areas.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—45 to 50

inches; highest in midsummer and least in autumn.

Average annual temperature—62° to 65° F. Average freeze-free period—220 to 240 days.

Water : Rainfall, perennial streams, and ground water

supply an abundance of water. The kind and amount

of plant growth is severely limited by low moisture

in the rapidly permeable soils that are dominant in

this area.

Soil: Regosols in deep sands and gravels (Lakeland,

Eustis, and Kershaw) on rolling to hilly slopes are

dominant. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Gilead, Vaucluse, Norfolk, Cuthbert, and Hoffman) occur where

the upper sandy strata are underlain by more clayey

material and are the soils used from crops.

51
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138—North Central Horida Ridge

Florida

4,000 square miles

Land Use: Most of the land is in farms but some

large holdings are used' for grazing and forestry.

About one-fourth of the area is cropland and an additional 5 to 10 percent is in pasture. Corn, peanuts,

tobacco, vegetables, and melons are major crops.

Tung orchards are important in places. Some hay

and feed grains are grown for livestock, and the

trend is to an increase in these crops and in pasture.

More than one-half of the area is in forest,a large

part of which is used as range for cattle. Lumber,

pulpwood, and naval stores are other forest products.

Elevation and Topography: 50 to 200 feet. The

sand-mantled limestone upland has irregular gently

rolling topography. Many limestone sinks, some

filled with water, dot the area. There area few

streams. Local relief is ina few feet toa few tens

of feet.

Oimate: Average annual precipitation—50 to 55

inches; lowest in winter, increasing slightly in

spring, and highest in summer and early autumn.

Average annual temperature—68° to 71° F. Average freeze-free period—280 to 300 days.

Water: The abundant rainfall and ground water are

the principal water sources. Shallow and deep wells

provide water for domestic and livestock use and are

also used asa source of irrigation water. The many

lakes and ponds are used for recreation.

Soil: Regosols. (Fort Meade, Eustis, Blanton, Lakeland, Orlando, and Gainesville) from deep sands are

the dominant soils over much of the area. In some

places, mainly in the south, where sands are underlain by more clayey materials Red-Yellow Podzolic

soils (Ruston, Zuber, Blichton, and Hernando) are

extensive. On the wettest areas Humic Gley soils

(Fellowship, Rutlege, and Pocomoke) are conspicuous but their total area is small. Of greater extent

on broad flats and in depressions are Low-Humic

Gley soils (Plummer, Rains, and Weston).

53
^146

NORTHEASTERN FORAGE AND FOREST REGION

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

Eastern Ohio Till Plain

Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and Catskill Mountains

Tughill Plateau

St. Lawrence - Champlain Plain

Northeastern Mountains

New England and Eastern New York Upland

Connecticut Valley

Aroostook Area
R—NORTHEASTERN FORAGE AND FOREST REGION

121,600 square miles

This cool, humid region consists of plateaus, plains, and mountains. The annual precipitation ranges from

30 to 50 inches ; more than one-half occurs during the freeze-free season in most of the region. Average annual

temperatures are 37° to 50° F. The freeze-free season is 120 to 160 days over most of the region but is less

than 120 days in the higher mountains and as long as 180 days in a narrow belt along the Atlantic Coast.

Sols Bruns Acides and Podzols, both commonly having a fragipan, are the dominant soils of the region. Humic

Gley soils, Low-Humic Gley soils, and Bog soils occupy the lowlands and depressions. Stoniness imposes serious

restrictions on the use of many of the soils.

The production of forage for dairy cattle is the principal use of much of the farmland in the region. Where

markets, climate, and soils are favorable, fruits, tobacco, potatoes, and various vegetable crops are important locally.

The steeper land is mainly in forests, which produce significant amounts of timber ; their use for recreation is probably more important in this highly urbanized region.

55
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Land Resource Area 139

Wayne Co., Ohio. August 1965.

Index Sheet 2 of 4. ASCS. 1: 63,360.

la.
139—Eastern Ohio Till Plain

Ohio

6,500 square miles

Land Use: About three-fourths of the area is in

farms, one-fifth is urban, and the remainder is in

other uses. About one-third is cropland. Feed grains

and forage for dairy cattle are the main crops in the

west. Similar crops are grown in the east, where there

are many part-time farms and many rural residences.

Slightly more than 10 percent is in pasture. About

one-fifth is in hardwood forest, mainly farm woodlots.

Some large holdings are used for watershed protection.

Elevation and Topography: 800 to 1,000 feet, increasing gradually from north to south. The gently

to strongly rolling dissected glaciated plateau is underlain by limestone and sandstone. Stream valleys are

narrow and not deeply incised. In places the interfluves are broad and nearly level. Local relief is in a

few feet toa few tens of feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 40

inches; fairly evenly distributed through the year

although slightly higher in spring and early summer

and lowest in winter; winter precipitation is mostly

snow. Average annual temperature—About 50° F.

Average freeze-free period—About 160 days.

Water : Rainfall, perennial streams, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. Shallow and deep

wells are the main sources of water for domestic use

and municipal supplies. On many farms small artificial ponds provide water for livestock and supplemental irrigation and are used for recreation. Large

reservoirs on perennial streams provide water for

several of the large cities.

Soil : Gray-Brown Podzolic soils, many havingafragipan, are dominant (Wooster, Canfield, Mahoning,

Ellsworth, and Rittman from medium- to fine-textured

glacial till; imperfectly drained Ravenna and Wadsworth; and Chili from coarse-textured glacial outwash). Other soils are Low-Humic Gley soils (TrumbuU) and where parent materials are less clayey and

more acid, Sols Bruns Acides (Venango).

Ml I I LZ±..

57
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Land Resource Area 140 1

Steuben Co., N.Y. October 1964. 1

Index Sheet 4 of 8. ASCS. 1:63,360. ! flTP^-
140—Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and

Catskill Mountains

New York and Pennsylvania

27,400 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms buta large

acreage is in cutover forests of mixed hardwoods.

The Catskills are used mainly for recreation. Hay,

pasture, and some grain for dairy cattle are the principal crops. Potatoes are important locally on the

plateau top, and poultry, fruits, and truck crops are

produced in many of the narrow valleys. Abandoned

or idle areas are in poverty grass, weeds, and shrubs.

Elevation and Topography: Valley floors 500 to

1,000 feet, plateau tops 1,700 to 2,000 feet, and parts

of the Catskills 3,500 feet or more. The tops of the

dissected plateau are broad and nearly level to moderately sloping. The narrow valleys have steep walls

and smooth floors. The Catskills in the east have

steep slopes.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—30 to 40

inches; half or more falls during the growing season;

winter precipitation is mostly snow. Average annual

temperature—47° to 50° F. Average freeze-free

period—110 to 160 day.

Water : Rainfall and perennial streams and lakes provide an abundance of water. The Finger Lakes are a conspicuous feature along the northern border.

Soils with fragipans have extremes of moisture.

They are too wet in winter and spring and deficient

in moisture during much of the growing season.

Soil : Most of the soils are Sols Bruns Acides—moderately deep to deep, somewhat stony, medium-textured,

moderately to somewhat poorly drained, acid soils

with fragipans (Mardin, Volusia, and Morris) on the

nearly level to moderately sloping till-mantled uplands; shallower and more stony soils (Lordstown

and Oquaga) on the steeper slopes; and deep loamy

well-drained soils (Chenango) from outwash in valleys. Alluvial soils (Tioga, Chagrin, Genesee, and

Barbour) are in the younger stream deposits on valley

floors. Podzols at higher elevations (Catskill) and

Gray-Brown Podzolic soils from limy outwash materials (Howard and Palmyra) are conspicuous locally

but of small total extent.

59

HÍé.5AM2l8lEHF.-5AA2l9

141—^Tughill Plateau

New York

1,500 square miles

Land Use: Nearly 90 percent of the area is in farms

or other private holdings ; the remainder is Federally

owned or urban or in other uses. More than one-half

of the area is in forest, mainly of northern hardwoods; spruce and balsam grow at higher elevations

and on some wet sites. Part of the forested land is

abandoned farmland that has been reforested and

additional land is now being reforested. Lumber,

pulpwood, and maple sirup are the principal forest

products. Less than one-tenth of the area is cropland.

Forage and some feed grains for dairy cattle are the

major crops. Slightly less than one-tenth of the area

is in pasture.

Elevation and Topography: LOOO feet along the

lower margins to 2,000 feet at the plateau top. This

level to gently sloping sandstone plateau has hilly to

steep margins. Local relief is mainly in a few feet

to a few tens of feet, but the bordering lowlands are

several hundred feet below the plateau top.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 40

inches; evenly distributed; precipitation from late

autumn to early spring is mainly snow and as much

as 140 inches falls in some places. Average annual

temperature—40° to 45° F. Average freeze-free

period—120 to 140 days.

Water: Ground water, perennial streams, and rainfall provide an abundance of water. Shallow and

deep wells provide water for domestic and livestock

use. The water resources available in perennial

streams are little used at present.

Soil: Podzols from acid glacial till (Worth, Empeyville, Pinckney, Camroden, and Westbury) are the

dominant soils. Most of them have a slowly permeable lower subsoil (fragipan), and all are stony to some

extent. Low-Humic Gley soils (Dannemora) are

extensive on poorly drained flats and in depressions

and Bog soils are in the wettest depressions.

61

142—St. Lawrence-Champlain Plain

New York and Vermont

7,000 square miles

Land Use: Nearly all the area is in farms, but about 5 percent is urban or in other uses. About 70 percent

is evenly divided between cropland and pasture. Hay

meadows occupy by far the largest acreage, but some

oats are grown as well as corn for silage. Grain, hay,

and silage are fed to dairy cattle. Potatoes are an

important cash crop anda few large apple orchards

are on the slopes along Lake Champlain, but the total

acreage in these crops is small. Most pastures are

mixtures of tame and native grasses and shrubs and

havea low carrying capacity. About one-fourth of

the area is in forest. Native hardwoods grow on the

better drained sites and conifers on most of the wet

sites. Gray birch is the dominant tree on cutover

land and on abandoned farmland with very sandy

soils. Lumber is the main forest product, and cedar

oil, Christmas trees, and maple sirup are produced on

some farms.

Elevation and Topography: 100 feet to 1,300 feet,

increasing gradually from the St. Lawrence River

southward and from Lake Champlain to both the east

and west.A few large rivers have cut deep but very

narrow valleys across this smooth lacustrine and glacial plain. Local relief is mainly in only a few feet,

but some outwash terraces rise sharply several tens of

feet above the adjacent plains.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—About 35

inches; evenly distributed through the year; snowfall

is heavy from late autumn to early spring. Average

annual temperature—40° to 45° F. Average freezefree period—120 to 140 days but 160 days in a narrow belt along Lake Champlain.

Water: Rainfall, many perennial streams, and ground

water provide an abundance of water over most of

the area. Although shallow wells are undependable,

deep wells in glacial drift yield large amounts of

water. The ground water in areas underlain by

limestone is highly mineralized. The St. Lawrence

Seaway, which is the northern border in New York,

and Lake Champlain in the east are important transportation arteries and are used extensively for

recreation.

Soil: Low-Humic Gley soils (Panton, Swanton, and

Coveytown) and Humic Gley soils (Livingston and

Cook) in fine- to coarse-textured lacustrine and

marine sediments are dominant at the lowest elevations. Associated with them on narrow low ridges of

highly calcareous glacial till are Brown Forest soils

(Grenville and Nellis) and Podzols (Empeyville,

Worth, Moira, Westbury, and Adams) on the higher

till plains and outwash plains underlain by acid drift

derived largely from sandstone. The extensive rock

outcrops on low hills area prominent feature in the

west.

63
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EKC-3CC.iXa

'6-27-62-EKC-4CC-I20I

<EKC-3CC.3S

Land Resource Area 14H

f:ssex Co., N.Y. June 1962.

Index Sheet 4 of 6. P. ASCS. 1:63,360.

l'^'r

1*»^.^

"l
143—Northeastern Mountains

New York, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts

36,900 square miles

Land Use: More than 90 percent of the area is in

forest of northern hardwoods, spruce, and fir. Most

of the Adirondacks are iná State park.A few fairly

large areas in New England are in National and State

forests, but much of the area is privately owned.

Lumbering is important except in the Adirondacks.

Christmas trees and maple sirup are other forest

products. The area is widely used for recreation and

there are many summer and winter resorts. Less

than5 percent of the area is cropland or in pasture.

Farming isa part-time enterprise and most farm

operators earna major part of their living at other

occupations.

Elevation and Topography: 1,000 to 4,000 feet,a

few isolated peaks more than 5,000 feet. Rounded

mountains are underlain by granite, anorthosite,

schists, and slate and are thinly mantled by glacial

till. Many glacially broadened valleys are deeply

filled with outwash and contain many swamps and

lakes. Mountain slopes are strongly rolling to steep

but valley floors are level. Local relief ranges from

100 to 200 feet on the lower foot slopes to more than

1,000 feet in the central mountain masses.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 50

inches, highest in the Adirondacks; evenly distributed

through the year although slightly lower in midwinter; heavy snowfalls are common in winter. Average

annual temperature—Less than 40° F. in northern

Maine, 40° to 45° F. elsewhere. Average freeze-free

period—Mostly less than 120 days but as long as 140

days in the foothills.

Water: Rainfall, perennial streams, and lakes provide

an abundance of water. Ground water is abundant

in deep outwash in valleys but is scarce in the tillmantled uplands. The many lakes provide extensive

recreational facilities.

Soil: Podzols are the dominant soils (Hermon,

Becket, and Canaan in glacial till from granite rocks ;

Plaisted, Thorndike, Lyman, Berkshire, and Marlow

in till from slates and schists ; and Adams, Au Gres,

AUagash, Colton, and Duane from acid sandy and

gravelly outwash). Many of the soils from glacial till

are stony, and rough stony land or rockland on the

steepest mountain slopes occupy5 to 10 percent of

the area. Peat is extensive in the wet lowlands as are

Humic Gley soils (Whitman and Scarboro) in many

places.

65
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f
144—New England and Eastern New York

Upland

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,

Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey

38,100 square miles

Land Use: About two-thirds of the area is in forest,

mainly of hardwoods and white pine and, in the north,

some fir and spruce. Most of the forest is in small

holdings in farm woodlots, but some is in State forests

or other large holdings. Lumber is the principal

product and maple sirup and Christmas trees are pro^

duced on some farms. The woodland of this area is

used widely for hunting and other recreation. About

one-fifth of the area is in crops and pastures; the

amount of land in crops is somewhat greater than

that in pasture. Most of the cropland is in forage

crops for dairy cattle. Potatoes, other vegetables, and

apples are grown on some farms, mainly near the

larger towns and cities. Much of the farming is on

a part-time basis. Many farmsteads are used as rural

residences and the occupants earn their living from

nonfarm occupations. About one-tenth of the area is

urban and the amount is increasing rapidly, especially

in the south.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to 1,000 feet

over much of the area, some hills 2,000 feet, and a

few isolated peaks 3,000 feet. The till-mantled rolling to hilly uplands are broken by many level to

gently sloping valleys that terminate in coastal lowlands. These valleys and coastal plains are covered

by glacio-lacustrine and marine sediments and outwash. Relief is mostly in a few feet to a few tens

of feet in the valleys and in several tens of feet to a

few hundred feet in the uplands.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 45

inches, decreasing to 35 inches in the northwest;

evenly distributed through the year except slightly

lower in spring and summer near the coast and

slightly higher in spring and summer inland. Average

annual temperature—40° to 50° F., increasing from

north to south. Average freeze-free period—120 to

160 days, increasing from north to south; 180 days

or more in a narrow belt along the coast in Massachusetts and southward.

Water: The abundant rainfall, many perennial

streams, and many natural lakes and ponds are the

important water sources. Many large and small reservoirs provide municipal and industrial water supplies. Ground water is scarce in the till-mantled

uplands but is abundant in the deep outwash deposits

in the valleys.

Soil: This area has a complex soil pattern. Podzols

(Hermon, Becket, Bangor, Colton, and Adams) are

dominant on the higher hills that have a thin till

mantle and the associated areas of sandy glacial outwash in northern New England. On lower areas in

northern New England and in much of southern New

England, where the parent materials are deeper drift

and lacustrine sediments, Brotvn Podzolic soils

(Charlton, Gloucester, Paxton, Hollis, Merrimac,

Hinckley, Suffield, Buxton, and Agawam) are dominant. In the uplands bordering the Hudson Valley

of New York, Sols Bruns Acides (Nassau, Troy,

Cossayuna, Stockbridge, Rockaway, and Chatfield)

are most extensive. Brown Forest soils (Nellis, Dover,

Benson, and Amenia) in highly calcareous shallow

till underlain by limestone are conspicuous locally but

are of small total extent. Alluvial soils (Ondawa,

Podunk, Hadley, and Winooski) on narrow flood

plains are highly important to agriculture even though

their total acreage is small.

67
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Hampshire Co., Mass

Resource

September 1958.

Index Sheet 2 of 5. ASCS. 1:63,360.

DPB -;i0KI3

; .iMJt M7.

*»•
145—Connecticut Valley

Connecticut and Massachusetts

1,700 square miles

Land Use: About four-fifths of the area is in farms;

most of the remainder is urban or in built-up areas.

About one-fourth of the land is cleared and used for

crops but some is in pasture. Tobacco, vegetables,

potatoes, fruits, and nursery stock are major crops.

Forage crops for dairy cattle occupya substantial

acreage on many farms. Poultry farming is also

important in some places. About one-half of the

area is in forest of hardwoods and white pine, mainly

in farm woodlots. Firewood and fence posts are the

principal forest products, and some lumber is produced. Maple sirup and Christmas trees are impor^

tant forest products ona few farms.

Elevation and Topography : Sea level to 300 feet in

lowlands, ridge crests 500 to 1,000 feet. Nearly level

to sloping lowlands mantled by glacio-lacustrine and

marine sediments, glacial till, and outwash are broken

by isolated north-south-trending traprock ridges that

have hilly and steep slopes. Lowlands have local

relief ofa few feet toa few tens of feet; the ridges

are several hundred feet above the lowlands.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—About 45

inches; fairly evenly distributed through the year

except slightly higher in spring and summer. Average

annual temperature—45° to 50° F. Average freezefree period—160 to 180 days.

Water : Rainfall, perennial streams, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. Water for municipal

and industrial needs is stored in reservoirs in this

area and in adjoining areas.

Soil: Brown Podzolic soils (Buxton, Hartland, and

Whippany in glacio-lacustrine or marine sediments;

Agawam, Merrimac, Enfield, and Hinckley from outwash; Cheshire and Wethersfield from red glacial

till; and Holyoke from traprock) are dominant.

Alluvial soils (Hadley, Winooski, and Ondawa) on

narrow flood plains and Low-Humic Gley soils

(Scantic) in glacio-lacustrine or marine sediments

are the other principal soils and are widely used for

agriculture.

69
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146—Aroostook Area

Maine

2,500 square miles

Land Use : Nearly all the land is in farms and between

one-half and three-fourths is cleared and in crops.

Potatoes are the major crop, but some land is in oats

and hay meadow in support of dairying. Most of the

remaining part is in farm woodlots. Firewood and

fence posts are the principal forest products; some

lumber, maple sirup, and Christmas trees are produced.

Elevation and Topography: 300 to 500 feet,a few

hills 1,000 feet. This isa nearly level to rolling glaciated plain cut by narrow valleys. Thin to thick till

mantles the uplands, and the valleys are deeply filled

with outwash and alluvium. Local relief is ina few

feet toa few tens of feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—36 to 40

inches; fairly evenly distributed through the year;

snowfall is heavy in winter. Average annual temperature—37° to 41° F. Average freeze-free period—

110 to 125 days.

Water: Rainfall and the many perennial streams provide an abundance of water. Ground water is plentiful in the outwash and alluvium in the valleys but is

scarce in the till and bedrock in the uplands.

Soil: Podzols are dominant throughout the area

(Thorndike and Mapleton, shallow soils over acid and

calcareous bedrock; Caribou from glacial till over

limestone ; Plaisted and Rowland from mixed or acid

rocks; and Allagash and Stetson from outwash).

Low-Humic Gley soils (Monarda and Easton) are the

major soils on the associated wet areas. Alluvial soils

(Hadley and Winooski) on flood plains are highly

important to agriculture but their total area is small.

71
NORTHERN ATLANTIC SLOPE TRUCK, FRUIT,

AND POULTRY REGION

147 Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys

148 Northern Piedmont

149 Northern Coastal Plain
S~NORTHERN ATLANTIC SLOPE TRUCK, FRUIT, AND POULTRY REGION

44,100 square miles

This region consists of three resource areas—gently to steeply sloping Northern Coastal Plain, Northern

Piedmont, and Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys. The average annual precipitation is 40 to 50 inches

over most of the region but only 32 to 36 inches in the ridges and valleys in western Maryland and West Virginia.

Precipitation is slightly higher in midsummer than during the remainder of the year. Average annual temperatures are 50° to 57° F. The freeze-free season ranges from 140 days in the mountains to 210 days along the shore

of the Chesapeake Bay but is 180 to 200 days in much of the region.

Soils on the steep slopes are mainly Sols Bruns Acides. On the gentle slopes Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are

dominant but some soils, mainly on limestone materials, are in the Gray-Brown Podzolic group.

Poultry and dairy farming are the leading agricultural enterprises in the region; fruit and truck crops are

also important in many places. Many farms are operated on a part-time basis by people who earn most of their

living in the cities, and rural residences occupy some areas where the land is less favorable for farming. The

encroachment of urban areas on farmland is a problem throughout the region. Steep slopes are largely in forests,

which are used for both timber production and recreation.

73
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^JF^^.

Land Resource Area 147

Perry Co., Pa. July 1963.

Index Sheet 1 of 5. ASCS. 1: 63,360.
147—^Northern Appalachian Ridges and

Valleys

Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia

15,700 square miles

Land Use : Most of the area is in farms, about 5 percent is urban, and an additional 10 percent is in other

uses. Between one-fourth and one-third is cropland.

The wide variety of agricultural enterprises and crops

is characteristic of the area. On many farms forage

and feed grains for dairy cattle are the principal

crops; tobacco, apple orchards, and truck and canning

crops are also important throughout the area. Poultry farming is important, especially in the north. Less

than 10 percent of the area is in permanent pasture.

About one-half is in hardwood forest, mainly in small

to medium-sized holdings and some in State and

National forests and parks.

Elevation and Topography: 400 to 1,000 feet in

valleys and 1,200 to 2,500 feet on ridges and mountains, some mountain crests 3,000 feet. Parallel sandstone and shale ridges are separated by narrow to

moderately broad limestone and shale valleys. Ridges

have hilly to steep slopes and narrow rolling crests;

valleys are mainly undulating to rolling but are hilly

locally. Local relief in the valleys is in several tens

of feet to 100 or 200 feet; ridges rise several hundred

feet above adjoining valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—32 to 45

inches; highest in spring and summer and least in

autumn. Average annual temperature—50° to 55° F.

Average freeze-free period—140 to 180 days.

Water: The favorably distributed abundant rainfall

is adequate for crops in most years, but summer

droughts reduce yields in some years. Springs and

shallow wells are the principal sources of water for

domestic and livestock use in the limestone valleys,

but ground water is scarce in areas underlain by shale

and sandstone. Recently small ponds have become an

important source of water on many farms. Many

small and large perennial streams are potential water

sources that are not much used at present.

Soil: Soil patterns in this area are complex. RedYellow Podzolic soils (Duifield, Frederick, Frankstown, and Dunmore from limestone; Murrill and

Laidig in coUuvium; and AUenwood and Driften

from old glacial drift in the north) are dominant in

most of the less sloping valleys. Reddish-Brown

Lateritic soils having some features of Gray-Brown

Podzolic soils and also formed in limestone materials

(Hagerstown) are extensive soils important to agriculture. Gray-Brown Podzolic soils (Edom and

Corydon from limestone residuum and Washington

from old glacial drift) are important locally but of

small total extent. On the slopes of ridges underlain

by acid sandstone and shale Sols Bruns Acides

(Dekalb, Calvin, Lehew, and Berks) are most extensive and Lithosols (Montevallo) are also important.

Alluvial soils (Huntington, Lindside, Pope, and Philo)

on flood plains are among the most important soils

for crops but their total acreage is small.

75

148—Northern Piedmont

Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware

15,200 square miles

Land Use: More than four-fifths of the area is in

farms, one-tenth is urban, and the remainder is in

other uses. Slightly more than one-third of the entire

area is cropland, but the proportion of cropland is

somewhat higher in Pennsylvania and lower in Virginia. Forage crops and grain for dairy cattle occupy

by far the largest acreage of cropland, but tobacco,

canning and truck crops, and orchards are grown

under high management levels on many of the better

soils. Poultry farming is important in places. About

one-eighth of the area is in pasture and one-third in

forest, mainly in farm woodlots but some in large

holdings.

Elevation and Topography: 300 to 1,000 feet,

some ridges and isolated peaks 1,500 feet or more.

This dissected plain or plateau underlain mainly by

gneisses, schists, and related rocks is broken by narrow ridges that are underlain by traprock and by

Triassic lowlands that are underlain by sandstones,

shales, and limestones. Topography is mainly gently

to strongly rolling and local relief is in a few tens of

feet to 100 or 200 feet.

Qimate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 45

inches; highest in spring and late summer and least

in autumn. Average annual temperature—50° to 57"

F. Average freeze-free period—160 to 200 days.

Water: The abundant rainfall and many perennial

streams are important water sources. Shallow wells,

cisterns, and a few springs are the major water

sources on farms; recently small ponds have been

built on many farms. Ground-water supplies are

small in areas underlain by crystalline rocks but are

somewhat larger in limestone and sandstone areas.

Reservoirs on the larger streams are the principal

sources of water for municipal and industrial uses in

the large urban centers.

Soil : Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Elioak, Nason, Tatum,

and Eubanks) from schists and gneisses are dominant

in the south ; Duffield in limestone basins is extensive,

mainly in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Associated

with them are Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils having

some properties of Gray-Brown Podzolic soils (Hagerstown). In the north soils having characteristics intermediate between Red-Yellow Podzolic soils and GrayBrown Podzolic soils are most extensive (Chester,

Glenelg, and Glenville from schists; Bucks, Penn, and

Readington from Triassic sandstones and shales;

Edgemont from quartzite; and Montalto from traprock). On hills and steep slopes Sols Bruns Acides

(Manor, Brandywine, Louisburg, and Lewisberry)

and Lithosols (Klinesville) are the major soils. Of

small total extent but conspicuous locally are Pianosols (Iredell and Crotón) on wet flats or foot slopes

and Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils (Davidson) on

narrow traprock ridges in the south.

77
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^

Cumberland Co., N.J. May 1963.

Index Sheet 2 of 4.

CM»- 3DJ)-

HW- 30D-Ï1»
149—^Northern Coastal Plain

New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, New York, Massachusetts,

and Delaware

13,200 square miles

Land Use : About three-fourths of the area is in farms,

one-tenth is urban, and the remainder is in other

uses. Recently the amount of urban land has increased rapidly. A narrow band along the coast in

New Jersey and States to the north is intensively

developed for resorts and recreation. Nearly threefifths is in forest, mainly in farm woodlots but partly

in large holdings. Lumber and some pulpwood are

the principal forest products. About one-fifth is in

crops, mainly cash crops, and less than 5 percent is

in pasture. Fruits, vegetables, tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grains are the major crops. Forage

crops and grain for dairy cattle are important on

some farms. Poultry farming is a major enterprise

in some places.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to 300 feet

but less than 200 feet in most of the area. This

undulating to rolling dissected coastal plain is underlain by unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays. Local

relief is mostly in a few feet to a few tens of feet but

is 100 feet or more in a few places.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—35 to 50

inches; highest near the coast and in midsummer and

late summer. Average annual temperature—50° to

55° F. Average freeze-free period—170 to 210 days,

decreasing from south to north and from the coast

inland.

Water : Rainfall, perennial streams, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. Domestic supplies

are obtained mainly from shallow wells, but large supplies must be obtained from deep wells. In the coarsetextured well-drained soils, moisture is deficient in

some years and supplemental irrigation from wells

and ponds is used for high-value crops.

Soil : Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Beltsville, Aura, Keyport, Sunnyside, Caroline, Christiana, and Kempsville) on the higher gently sloping to rolling uplands

are the dominant soils over much of the area. Several

of these soils have a strongly expressed fragipan. In

lower areas soils having properties intermediate

between those of Gray-Brown Podzolic soils and RedYellow Podzolic soils (Sassafras, Matapeake, Mattapex, and Woodstown) are most extensive. On associated wet lowlands are Low-Humic Gley soils (Othello,

Elkton, and Fallsington ). Regosols (Evesboro and

Galestown) are in deep sands of undulating to rolling old dunes and beaches and Sols Bruns Acides

(Croom) in gravel of rolling to hilly old beaches and

terraces. Gray-Brown Podzolic soils having some

properties of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Collington,

Monmouth, and Adelphia) are the principal soils in

glauconitic sands in Maryland and New Jersey.

Podzols (Lakewood and Lakehurst) are in rapidly

drained deep acid sands in New Jersey and GroundWater Podzols (Leon and St. Johns) on associated wet

lowlands. Bog soils occur on small to medium-sized

flats in New Jersey, and tidal marsh of unclassified

organic and mineral soils is in relatively narrow bands

bordering all coasts.

79
ATLANTIC AND GULF COAST LOWLAND FOREST

AND TRUCK CROP REGION

150 Gulf Coast Prairies

151 Gulf Coast Marsh

152 Gulf Coast Flatwoods

153 Atlantic Coast Flatwoods
T—ATLANTIC AND GULF COAST LOWLANDS FOREST

AND TRUCK CROP REGION

77,200 square miles

This region consists of the nearly level low parts of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains.

The annual precipitation is 40 to 60 inches over most of the region but decreases sharply to about 25 inches

in the extreme western part. The Mississippi River Delta, however, receives as much as 65 inches. Average annual

temperatures are 65° to 70° over much of the region but decrease to 55° F. in the north. The freeze-free season

ranges from 200 days in the north to 320 days in the south.

Low-Humic Gley soils, Ground-Water Podzols, and Bog soils are dominant along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts

east of the Mississippi River Delta. West of the delta, Grumusols and Planosols are the principal soil groups.

Most of the soils are too wet to be used for crops without artificial drainage. Drained areas are used mainly

for truck crops and cotton and to some extent for improved pastures. Sugarcane and rice are important crops in

Louisiana and east Texas. Undrained areas to the east of the Mississippi River Delta remain in forest.

81

CJY-3CC-30

150—Gulf Coast Prairies

Texas and Louisiana

15,900 square miles

Land Use: Nearly all the area is in farms. Rice,

cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and alfalfa and other

hay are the major crops; a large acreage is in pasture

or range of native grasses, tame grasses, and legumes.

Bottom-land hardwood forests border several streams

that cross the area.

Elevation and Topography : Sea level to about 200

feet along the interior margin. The level low coastal

plain has local relief of only a few feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—25 to 55

inches, increasing from west to east; evenly distributed except somewhat higher in midsummer and late

summer. Average annual temperature—68° to 70° F.

Average freeze-free period—280 to 320 days.

Water: The moderate to high rainfall and many

perennial streams provide abundant water. Water

for irrigating rice is obtained from streams. Ground

water is abundant. Much of the land must be drained

before it can be successfully used for the general farm

crops.

Soil: Dark-colored Grumusols, (Beaumont, Lake

Charles, and Victoria) ; Planosols (Edna, Crowley,

Katy, and Orelia) ; and Low-Humic Gley soils (Midland) all from calcareous clays and marls are the

dominant soils. Some Reddisji Prairie soils (Bernard

and Hockley) are on the somewhat better drained

sites. Alluvial soils (Miller, Yahola, Trinity, and

Navasota) occur in broad bands bordering a few of

the larger streams. Regos.ols (Galveston) are on

dunes and beaches and there are narrow strips of

marshland along the coast.

83
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Land Resource Area 151

Cameron Parish, La. April 1957.

Index Sheet 5 of 5. P. ASCS. 1:63,360.

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151—Gulf Coast Marsh

Te\as and Louisiana

8,000 square miles

Land Use: Onlya small part of the area is in farms

and little or none is cropped. The drier parts are

grazed seasonally, but hunting, fishing, and trapping

are the principal uses. Oil wells and sulfur wells are

important in some places. Reeds, cattails, bulrush,

fresh-water marsh grasses, and salt grasses occupy

most of the area. Mangrove is prominent in places

near the coast, and forests of cypress, túpelo gum, and

other wetland hardwoods border the area on the

landward side.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to less than 5 feet above sea level. Marshes and swamps are

broken by shallow lakes and bayous and are crossed

by many stream channels. Except for narrow bands

of gentle slopes on natural levees, the area is flat.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—55 to 65

inches ; highest in midsummer and early autumn and

lowest in midautumn. Average annual temperature—

About 70° F. Average freeze-free period—280 days

to more than 300 days.

Water : Much of the area is periodically covered either

by tide flow or by stream overflow. Flooding and

salinity preclude use of most of the area for agriculture.

Soil: Peat deposits mainly from herbaceous plants

cover most of the area toa depth of several feet except

in the west where clays are predominant. In the

swamps along the northern fringe, the peat is largely

from woody materials and contains less salt than the

peats near the coast. Along stream channels and

natural levees, there are narrow bands of recently

deposited silts and clays at the surface.

85

152—Gulf Coast Fiatwoods

Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi

10,500 square miles

Land Use : Very little of this area is in farms. Much

of it is in large holdings owned by pulp and paper

companies; part is in State and National forests, game

refuges, and military training areas. Nearly ninetenths of the area is forested ; lumber, pulpwood, and

naval stores are the principal forest products. Part of

the woodland is grazed seasonally. Only1 or2 percent of the area is cropped and a like amount is in

pasture. Fruits, vegetables, and livestock are produced, mainly for home consumption. Some corn,

peanuts, and tobacco are grown for sale.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to 50 feet

and locally to 100 feet. This nearly level low coastal

plain is crossed by many large streams. The areas

in Florida have many lakes and ponds. Local relief

isa few feet to 10 or 20 feet.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—52 to 64

inches; lowest in midautumn, increasing moderately

in winter through early summer, and highest in midsummer and early autumn. Average anniud tempera^

ture—67° to 70°F Average freeze-free period—

270 to 310 days

Water: The abundant rainfall and many perennial

streams are important water sources. Ground water

is plentiful but is affected by salt in many places near

the coast.

Soil:A very large part of the area has soils with

restricted drainage. Humic Gley soils (Portsmouth,

Bayboro, and Pocomoke) and Ground-Water Podzols

(Leon, Immokalee, and St. Johns) associated ina

complex pattern in sandy and clayey sediments and

Low-Humic Gley soils (Plummer, Bladen, Rains, and

Parkwood) are the major soils. Regosols (Lakeland,

Blanton, and Orlando) on old sand dunes and beach

ridges are the other principal soils. Some Red-Yellow

Podzolic soils (Goldsboro and Lynchburg) are on the

better drained uplands. There are narrow bands of

beaches and dunes along the coast. Small to fairly

large areas of tidal marsh, fresh-water marshes, and

swamps border the dunes on the landward side.

87
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153—Atlantic Coast Fiatwoods

Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia, and Florida

42,800 square miles

Land Use: Most of the area is in farms but some is

in national forests, game refuges, and related uses.

More than two-thirds is in forest, partly in farm woodlots but much in large holdings. Pulpwood is the

main wood product; lumber and naval stores are

other sources of income from forests. About oneeighth of the area is cropland and only 1 or 2 percent

is in pasture. The proportion of cropland is somewhat higher in the north and nearly two-fifths of theDelmarva Peninsula is cropland. Vegetable crops,

fruits, melons, sweetpotatoes, and Irish potatoes are

highly important; corn, soybeans, wheat, and barley

occupy large acreages, especially in the north. Some

peanuts are grown on the better drained soils in

Virginia and Georgia. Poultry farming is important

in the north. Only a few other livestock are raised

although recently the number of beef and dairy cattle

has increased.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to 100 feet;

several low escarpments break the gradual increase

from the coast inland. The nearly level coastal plain

is crossed by many broad shallow valleys with widely

meandering stream channels. Most of these valleys

terminate in estuaries along the coast. Local relief

is mainly a few feet to 10 or 20 feet. Some short

steep slopes border the stream valleys.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—40 to 50

inches; highest in summer and lowest in autumn.

Average annual temperature—55° to 70° F. Average

freeze-free period—200 to 260 days, 280 days in a

narrow belt along the coast, and 300 days in the

extreme south.

Water : Rainfall, perennial streams, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. Water for domestic,

municipal, and industrial use is obtained mainly from

wells. Although many soils require artificial drainage

before they can be used for crops, crops grown on

some of the sandy soils need irrigation during

droughts.

Soil: Soils having restricted drainage are dominant

throughout the area. Most extensive are Low-Humic

Gley soils (Plummer, Fallsington, and Rains in sandy

sediments and Othello, Weston, Bertie, and Edisto in

materials of finer texture). The associated wetter

areas have Humic Gley soils (Pocomoke, Portsmouth,

and Bayboro). Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Lynchburg, Goldsboro, Keyport, Craven, and Eulonia) are

on higher areas having somewhat better but still

restricted drainage. On better drained sites in the

north Gray-Brown Podzolic soils that have some properties of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Matapeake and

Mattapex in silts and Sassafras and Woodstown in

sands) are the major soils. Other locally important

soils are Ground-Water Podzols (Leon and St. Johns)

in wet sands and Regosols (Lakeland, Evesboro, Blanton, and Eustis) on old beach ridges and dunes. Large

areas of tidal marsh of unclassified organic and

mineral soils are along the coast and extend up the

estuaries of most of the large streams. Bog soils also

occupy fairly large areas, especially in the Dismal

Swamp of Virginia and the Okefenokee Swamp of

Georgia and Florida.

89
FLORIDA SUBTROPICAL FRUIT, TRUCK CROP,

AND RANGE REGION

154 South - Central Florida Ridge

155 Southern Florida Flatwoods

156 Florida Everglades and Associated Areas

156
U—FLORIDA SUBTROPICAL FRUIT, TRUCK CROP, AND RANGE REGION

33,600 squares miles

This region consists of the southern two-thirds of the Florida peninsula. The average annual precipitation is

50 to 64 inches. Average annual temperatures are 70° to 75*^ F., and the freeze-free season ranges from 300 days

in the north to 365 days in the south. A large part of the region lies south of the southern limit of annual frost.

Ground-Water Podzols, Low-Humic Gley soils, and Bog soils are the dominant soils on flat lands, but RedYellow Podzolic soils and sandy Regosois are dominant on the higher, more sloping ridges. There are large areas

of Lithosols underlain by coral limestones in the south.

Citrus fruits, other subtropical fruits, and winter vegetables are the major crops throughout the region, but the

acreage in pasture is somewhat larger than that in crops. More than two-thirds of the region is in forest or other

native vegetation, much of which is grazed. Beef cattle are the principal livestock, and dairying is important near

the larger cities. Sugarcane is a major crop locally in the south, and recently its acreage has been increasing

rapidly.

91

154—South-Central Florida Ridge

Florida

8,500 square miles

Land Us.e: About four-fifths of the area is privately

owned, but onlya small part is organized into farms.

About two-fifths is in forest, partly in national forests

and game refuges but mostly in other large holdings.

Pulpwood and naval stores are the chief forest products. The forests are grazed extensively. About

one-tenth of the area is in crops. This is the major

citrus-producing area of Florida. Other subtropical

fruits and many kinds of winter vegetables are grown

also. More than one-fourth of the area is in pasture.

About one-fifth of the pasture is improved and is

intensively managed ; the trend is to more pastures of

this kind. Beef cattle are the principal livestock and

dairying is important near some of the large cities.

Phosphate mines area prominent feature in the northern part of the area and in a few places they are

encroaching on farmland.

Elevation and Topography: 50 to 150 feet, some

hills 250 feet, anda narrow strip along the western

edge at sea level. The nearly level to gently rolling

coastal plain hasa sandy mantle of varying thickness

over limestone. The land surface is very irregular

because of the many sinkholes that dot the area.

Local relief is mainly ina few feet toa few tens of

feet but in places is 100 feet or more.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—50 to 57

inches; highest in summer and early autumn and

lowest in late autumn and winter. Average annual

temperature—70° to 74° F. Average freeze-free

period—300 to 350 days.

Water: Rainfall and ground water supply an abundance of water. Wells in the cavernous limestone that

underlies much of the area yield large amounts of

water that is highly mineralized but of good quality

otherwise. There are many lakes in the sinkholes

throughout the area but few perennial streams.

Soil: Regosols (Lakeland and Blanton formed in

acid sands and Arredondo, Fort Meade, and Gainesville formed in phosphatic sands) are the dominant

soils of the area. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils (Blichton and Zuber) formed in moderately fine and fine

textured phosphatic parent materials are also important.

93
DSL-2CC- I"»
155—Southern Florida Fiatwoods

Florida

17,900 square miles

Land Use: About nine-tenths of the area is privately

owned. Most of the remainder is in State and National forests, parks, game refuges, and military facilities. Most of the privately owned land is in large

holdings and onlya small part is organized into

operating farm units. Slightly more than one-fourth

of the total area is in forest, mostly of longleaf and

slash pine and also some hardwoods. The forests

are grazed extensively. About one-half of the area

is in pasture. One-fourth to one-fifth of the pastures

have adequate water-control systems and havea high

carrying capacity. The remaining rangeland, consisting of mixed tame and native vegetation, has a

low carrying capacity. Recently, the trend is to

more improved pastures. About5 percent is cropped,

principally to many kinds of winter vegetables.

Citrus fruits and some other subtropical fruits are

increasing in importance.

Elevation and Topography: Sea level to 100 feet,

increasing gradually from the coast inland. The

nearly level coastal plain is mantled by sand of varying thickness over limestone. The many swamps,

marshes, lakes, and streams are prominent landscape

features. Most of the area is flat but some hammocks

risea few feet above the general level.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—50 to 60

inches ; highest in summer through early autumn and

much lower in late autumn and winter. Average

annual temperature—70° to 75° F. Average freezefree period—300 to 365 days.

Water: Rainfall, surface water, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. On much of the

cropland ground-water levels are controlled by canals

and ditches. Excess water is pumped out during the

rainy season and irrigation is provided during the

growing season. Domestic and municipal water supplies are obtained mainly from wells in the underlying limestone. Water from this source is highly

mineralized.

Soil: Ground-Water Podzols (Leon, Immokalee, and

Pomello) from deep sands are the dominant soils.

On wetter flats and depressions Humic Gley soils

(Rutlege, Delray, and Manatee) and Low-Humic

Gley soils (Pompano and Plummer) are the major

soils. Locally, narrow to broad bands of tidal marsh

occur along the coast. Inland, fresh-water marshes

and swamps are common. Regosols (Blanton, Lakeland, and Adamsville) are conspicuous on low old

beach ridges and dunes. They are of small total

extent but are important to agriculture.

95
it

,.fUP,'50D

BUP-5DD- 60

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156——Florida Everglades and

Associated Areas

Florida

7^00 square miles

Land Use: Slightly more than one-half of the area

is in Indian reservations, national parks, game refuges, and other large holdings. About one-fifth is

forested. Cypress forests are most extensive but

mangrove is widespread along the eastern and southern coasts. A large part of the area is open marsh

covered by water-loving grasses, reeds, sedges, and

other aquatic herbaceous plants. Hunting, fishing,

and other recreational activities are major uses of

much of the area. Only 5 percent is cropland and

about 15 percent is in pasture. Winter vegetables

constitute the main crop but some citrus fruits, avocado, and papaya are grown on better drained sites.

Recently sugarcane has become increasingly important on the Bog soils south of Lake Okeechobee. The

acreage of improved pasture has been increasing.

Beef cattle are the principal livestock and dairying is

important locally.

Elevation and Topography; Sea level to 25 feet.

The level low coastal plain contains large areas of

swamps and marshes. Poorly defined broad streams,

canals, and ditches drain the area to the ocean. Most

of the area is flat, but in the interior hammocks rise

a few feet above the general level. Low beach ridges

and dunes, mainly in the east, rise several feet above

the adjoining swamps and marshes.

Climate: Average annual precipitation—50 to 64

inches ; highest from late spring through midautumn

and much lower in late autumn and winter. Average

annual temperature—72° to 75° F. Average freezefree period—335 to 365 days.

Water: Rainfall, surface water, and ground water

provide an abundance of water. Near the coast both

surface water and ground water may contain salts.

A large part of the area is flooded during the rainy

season. Canals and ditches are used to control the

ground-water level for crops and pasture. Excess

water is removed by pumping during the rainy season and irrigation water is applied during the dry

season. Domestic and municipal water supplies are

obtained from wells in the underlying limestones.

The water is highly mineralized.

Soil: Bog soils (Loxahatchee, Everglades, and Gandy

and large areas of unclassified muck and peat in

swamps and marshes) are the principal soils in the

area. In areas slightly less wet Humic Gley soils

(Ochopee) and Low-Humic Gley soils (Perrine,

Charlotte, Keri, Pompano, and Arzell) are also extensive. Ground-Water Podzols ' {\vaïno\iuee) on

sandy flats and Regosols (Palm Beach, Lakewood,

and St. Lucie) on old beaches and dunes are conspicuous in places but of small extent. Lithosols

(Rockdale) and rockland occupy large areas in the

southeastern part of the Everglades.

97
SELECTED REFERENCES

American Society of Photogrammetry. 1960. Manual

of Photographic Interpretation. Washington.

American Society of Photogrammetry. 1956. Manual

of Photogrammetry. 2d Ed. Washington.

Austin, Morris E. 1965. Major Land Resource

Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the

United States. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook No. 296.

Avery, T. E. 1962. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs^ an Introductory College Textbook and SelfInstruction Manual. Minneapolis: Burgess.

Bogue, Donald J., and Beale, Calvin L. 1961.

Economic Areas of the United States. (Scripps

Foundation for Research in Population Problems.

Studies in Population Distribution, No. 15) New

York: Free Press of Glencoe.

Clawson, Marion, and Held, Burnell. 1957. Federal

Lands: Their Use and Management. Baltimore:

Resources for the Future, by Johns Hopkins Press.

Clawson, Marion and others. 1960. Land for the

Future. Resources for the Future. Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins Press.

Clawson, Marion. 1963. Land and Water for Recreation: Opportunities, Problems, and Policies.

(Policy Background Series) > Chicago: Rand

McNally.

Clawson, Marion, with Stewart, Charles L. 1965.

Land Use Information: A Critical Survey of U.S.

Statistics Including Possibilities for Greater Uniformity. Baltimore: Resources for the Future, by

Johns Hopkins Press.

Davis, Jeanne M. 1966. Uses of Airphotos for Rural

and Urban Planning. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook

No. 315.

Dill, Henry W., Jr. 1967. Worldwide Use of Airphotos in Agriculture. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook

No. 344.

Fenneman, Nevin M. 1931. Physiography of Western United States. McGraw-Hill, New York and

London. 534 pp.

Fenneman, Nevin M. 1938. Physiography of Eastern

United States. McGraw-Hill, New York and

London. 714 pp.

Flint, Richard F., and others. 1945. Glacial Map of

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Frey, H. Thomas. 1967. Agricultural Application of

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Higbee, Edward C. 1957. The American Oasis: The

Land and its Uses. New York : Knopf.

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Wiley.

Krause, Orville E, 1969. Airphoto Use in Resource

Management—A Survey of Non-Federal Purchasers

of ASCS Airphotos. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Inform.

Bui. 336. 26 pp.

Küchler, A. W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation

of the Conterminous United States (map and manual). Amer. Geog. Soc. Spec. Pub. 36. 116 pp.

Marschner, F. J. 1959. Land Use and Its Patterns

in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook No.

153. 277 pp.

Meinzer, Oscar E. 1948. Ground Water in the United

States, a Summary. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 836-D. 232 pp.

St. Joseph, J. K. S. 1966. The Uses of Air Photography: Nature and Man in a New Perspective.

London: John Baker.

Spurr, Stephen H. 1960. Photogrammetry and Photointerpretation; With a Section on Application to

Forestry. 2d Ed. New York : Ronald Press.

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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 417-490

99