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G R A Y I R O N F O U N D R I E S

I N D U S T R Y , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6

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B U L L E T I N 1 6 3 6

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NOVEMBER 1969

U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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G R A Y I R O N F O U N D R I E S 

IN D U S T R Y , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6

NOVEMBER 1969

B u lle t in 1 6 3 6

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U . S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R

G e o r g e P . S h u l t z , S e c r e t a r y

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Preface

T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s h a s b e e n p u b lis h in g

m e a s u r e s o f ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r fo r s e l e c t e d in d u s t r ie s

fo r m a n y y e a r s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a p p e a r in I n d e x e s o f

O u tp u t p e r M a n -H o u r , S e le c t e d I n d u s t r ie s , 19 3 9 a n d

1 9 4 7 - 6 7 , B L S B u lle t in 1 6 1 2 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 8 . T h is r e ­

p o r t p r e s e n t s in d e x e s fo r th e g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u s t r y

fo r th e f i r s t t im e .

T h e stu d y w a s p r e p a r e d in th e O f f ic e o f P r o d u c ­

t iv it y , T e c h n o lo g y and G r o w th . T h e a n a ly sis and th e

s t a t i s t i c a l m e a s u r e s w e r e d e v e lo p e d b y J o h n L . C a r e y in

th e D iv is io n o f In d u s tr y P r o d u c t iv it y S t u d ie s . R ic h a r d W.

L y o n in th e D iv is io n o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l S tu d ie s w r o te th e

s e c t io n on t e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts .

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Contents Page

r e n d s in o u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r , 1954—6 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

M a t e r ia ls h a n d lin g ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

M o ld in g an d c o r e m a k i n g ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13

M e ta l m e l t i n g -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

C le a n in g o f c a s t i n g s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

O u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r in d e x e s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

E m p lo y m e n t and m a n - h o u r i n d e x e s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

E m p lo y m e n t and p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r s ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18

A ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

T a b le s :

G r a y ir o n f o u n d r ie s in d u s tr y :

1. G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s e l e c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 -------------------------------------------------------- 3

2. O u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n t s , a n d r e la t e d

d a ta , a ll e m p l o y e e s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

3. O u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s , an d r e la t e d

d a ta , p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

4 . O u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s , and r e la t e d

d a ta , n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6---------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

5. W h o le s a le p r i c e in d e x an d p r o d u c t d e s c r i p t i o n s ----------------------------------------------------- 17

6. P r o d u c t g r o u p s an d w e i g h t s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

C h a r t s :

G r a y ir o n f o u n d r ie s in d u s tr y :

1. O u tp u t p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r , o u tp u t, and a ll e m p lo y e e

m a n - h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

2. O u tp u t p e r p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r , o u tp u t, and

p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3. O u tp u t p e r n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r , o u tp u t, an d

n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 -------------------------------------------------------------- 11

4 . O u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r f o r a l l e m p l o y e e s , p r o d u c t io n

w o r k e r s , and n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 ------------------------------------------------------- 12

A p p e n d ix e s :

A . F o u n d r y o p e r a t i o n s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

B . G l o s s a r y o f t e r m s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

C . A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e s o f c h a n g e ( p e r c e n t ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

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Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour: Gray Iron

Foundries Industry, 1954—66

Introduction

M ea su rin g p r o d u c tiv ity ch an ge is one w ay to d e te r m in e w h eth er r e s o u r c e s

a r e b ein g u se d e ffic ie n tly — a p r im a r y r e q u is ite fo r im p r o v in g a n a tio n 's e c o n o m ic

w e ll- b e in g . If output p e r m a n -h o u r is in c r e a s in g , th en m o r e go od s a r e b ein g p r o ­

d u ced p e r u n it o f lab o r input and the e c o n o m y is p o te n tia lly r ic h e r . T h u s, k n o w led ge o f the d e g r e e and d ir e c tio n of p r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts is e s s e n t ia l fo r th o se

r e s p o n s ib le fo r en co u ra g in g e c o n o m ic grow th .

In d u stry p r o d u c tiv ity m e a s u r e s h a v e s e v e r a l v a lu a b le u s e s . By co m b in in g

th e s e m e a s u r e s w ith o th er in d u str y d a ta , one can stu d y th e e ffe c ts o f ch a n g es in

m a n p o w er u tiliz a tio n , p r o je c t fu tu re m a n p o w er r e q u ir e m e n ts , a n a ly z e tr e n d s in

lab o r c o s t s , c o m p a r e p r o d u c tiv ity p r o g r e s s am ong c o u n tr ie s , and ex a m in e the im ­ p a c t o f te c h n o lo g ic a l im p r o v e m e n ts on em p lo y m e n t.

T he m e a s u r e s p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t r e la te output to one input— m a n -h o u r s . T h ey do not m e a s u r e th e s p e c ific co n trib u tio n of la b o r , c a p ita l, or any o th e r sin g le fa c to r . R a th e r , th ey r e f le c t the jo in t e ffe c t o f a n u m b er o f in te r r e la te d in flu e n c e s ,

su ch as ch a n g es in te c h n o lo g y , c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t p e r w o r k e r , c a p a c ity u tiliz a tio n ,

lay o u t and flo w o f o p e r a tio n s, s k ill and e ffo r t o f th e w ork f o r c e , m a n a g e r ia l a b ility , and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t r e la tio n s .

T h e se m e a s u r e s a r e su b je c t to c e r ta in q u a lific a tio n s . B e c a u s e o f th e d if f ic u ltie s o f m e a su r in g q u a lity c h a n g e , of m a in ta in in g c o n s is te n t c o v e r a g e b e tw e e n o u tput and la b o r in p u t, of r e fle c tin g c h a n g es in th e d e g r e e o f p la n t in te g r a tio n and

s p e c ia liz a t io n and o th e r s t a t is t ic a l lim ita tio n s , p r o d u c tiv ity in d e x e s sh o u ld be r e ­

g a rd ed as g e n e r a l r a th e r than s p e c if ic in d ic a tio n s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r m o v e m e n ts .

T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n ts m e a s u r e s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r fo r the g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y . The in d e x e s fo r th is in d u str y b e g in w ith 1954 s in c e annual d ata on m a n -h o u r s w e r e n o t a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in a d d itio n , p r o d u c t d e ta il fo r e a r ­ lie r y e a r s w as n ot s t r ic t ly c o m p a r a b le w ith la te r y e a r s . The r e p o r t in c lu d e s so m e a n a ly sis o f tr e n d s in output p e r m a n -h o u r and r e la te d s e r i e s , as w e ll as a d e s c r ip ­

tio n of te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts th at h a v e o c c u r r e d in th e in d u str y . It a ls o c o n ­

ta in s a d e ta ile d te c h n ic a l n ote w h ich d e s c r ib e s th e d ata s o u r c e s and s t a t is t ic a l tech n iq u es u tiliz e d .

Coverage of Report

T he g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y in c lu d e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts th at p r im a r ily

m a n u fa ctu r e g r a y ir o n c a s t in g s , in clu d in g c a s t ir o n p r e s s u r e p ip e , s o il p ip e , and p ip e fittin g s . T h is in d u str y is d e sig n a te d In d u stry 3321 in the 1967 Standard

In d u str ia l C la s s ific a t io n M anual (SIC).

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Two ty p e s of e s ta b lish m e n ts m a k e up th e in d u stry : (1) C o m m e r c ia l (jobbing) fo u n d r ie s; and (2) ca p tiv e fo u n d r ie s o p e r a te d as s e p a r a te e s ta b lis h m e n ts . T h e se

tw o g ro u p s a cco u n t fo r about tw o -th ir d s of th e ton n age o f g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s m ad e

e a c h y e a r . The re m a in in g p r o d u c tio n o f g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s r e p r e s e n ts e ith e r s e c ­

o n d a ry p r o d u c ts o f e s ta b lish m e n ts c la s s if ie d in o th e r in d u s tr ie s o r in te r m e d ia te

p r o d u c ts o f c a p tiv e fo u n d r ies th at a r e in te g r a te d o p e r a tio n s o f o th e r m a n u fa ctu rin g

p la n ts. T h e se in te g r a te d c a p tiv e fo u n d r ie s p r o d u c e about 25 p e r c e n t o f th e annual

outp ut o f g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s . In te g r a te d c a p tiv e fo u n d r ie s and th e e s ta b lish m e n ts

w h ich p r o d u c e g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s a s s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts a r e n ot in clu d ed in th is r e ­

p o r t b e c a u s e th ey a r e not in clu d ed in th e S tan d ard In d u str ia l C la s s ific a t io n d e fin itio n .

In a d d itio n , s e p a r a te e m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r d ata d ir e c tly r e la te d to th e p r o d u c ­

tio n o f g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s in th e s e o th er e s ta b lis h m e n ts a r e n ot a v a ila b le .

General Characteristics

O ver 1,100 e s ta b lish m e n ts w e r e o p e r a tin g in the g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y

in 1963. (S ee ta b le 1 .) M o st w e r e o f in te r m e d ia te s iz e — th e 255 e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o se em p lo y m e n t ra n g ed fr o m 100 to 1 ,0 0 0 a cco u n ted fo r m o r e than h a lf o f in d u s ­

tr y e m p lo y m e n t and v a lu e add ed. O nly 14 e s ta b lis h m e n ts had m o r e than 1 ,0 0 0 e m ­

p lo y e e s ; th is grou p , h o w e v e r , r e p r e s e n te d m o r e than a fou rth o f in d u str y e m p lo y ­

m e n t and v a lu e added. S in c e 1 9 58 , e s ta b lis h m e n t s iz e h a s grow n — th e a v e r a g e n u m b er o f e m p lo y e e s p e r e s ta b lish m e n t w a s 106 in 1 9 63 , 86 in 1958.

E m p lo y m e n t in g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s to ta le d 1 4 0 ,7 0 9 in 1966 and m a k e s up a m a jo r p a r t o f em p lo y m e n t in a ll ir o n and s t e e l fo u n d r ie s— n e a r ly 60 p e r c e n t in

1966. P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r e m p lo y m e n t in g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s h a s b e e n c o n s is te n t ly

h igh as a p e r c e n ta g e o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t, ra n g in g b e tw e e n 85 and 90 p e r c e n t th r o u g h ­

out th e p e r io d . (The r a tio fo r a ll m a n u fa ctu r in g w as 76 p e r c e n t in 1966; fo r p r im a r y m e t a ls , it w as 82 p e r c e n t .)

T he in d u str y 's to ta l sh ip m e n ts c lim b e d to $ 2 .7 b illio n in 1966 fr o m l e s s

than $ 1 .5 b illio n in 1958. P a r t o f th is grow th r e f le c t s p r ic e in c r e a s e s . A bout

tw o -fifth s o f th e v a lu e o f sh ip m e n ts r e p r e s e n ts th e c o s t o f m a te r ia ls ; th e o th e r t h r e e -fifth s is v a lu e add ed. In tu rn , w a g e s and s a la r ie s m a k e up about t h r e e - fifth s o f v a lu e add ed.

F o r t y - f iv e S ta te s had e s ta b lis h m e n ts c la s s if ie d in the g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y in 1 9 63 , but m o s t o f th e e m p lo y e e s w o rk ed in g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s lo c a te d

e a s t o f th e M is s is s ip p i R iv e r . M ich ig a n and O hio to g e th e r had about 33 p e r c e n t of th e e m p lo y m e n t and 39 p e r c e n t of the v a lu e added in 1963. T h e se S ta te s to g e th e r w ith I llin o is , In d ian a, and W isc o n sin a cco u n ted fo r o v e r h a lf o f th e in d u s tr y 's e m ­ p lo y m e n t and v a lu e added.

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T ab le 1. G ray Iron F o u n d r ie s In d u stry: G e n e r a l C h a r a c te r istic s , S e le c te d Y e a r s , 1954—66

Item U nit 1954 1958 1963 1964 1965 1966

E s t a b lis h m e n t s--------------------- N u m b er 1 ,4 1 4 1 ,3 1 0 1 ,1 3 9 (l ) (M (M T o ta l e m p lo y m e n t ---------------- - - d o - - 1 3 3 ,9 1 4 1 1 2 ,6 7 0 1 2 0 ,5 2 8 1 2 6 ,3 2 9 1 3 4 ,8 9 4 1 4 0 ,7 0 9 E m p lo y e e s p e r e s ta b -

lis h m e n t------------------------ - - d o - - 95 86 106 (M (M O

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r e m -

p lo y m e n t ----------------------------- - -d o - - 1 1 8 ,2 8 8 9 6 ,4 1 4 1 0 4 ,2 3 9 1 0 9 ,8 2 8 1 1 7 ,1 0 9 1 2 2 ,1 4 2 P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s p er

e s t a b lis h m e n t----------------

R atio of p r o d u c tio n

- -d o - - 84 74 92 (M (M (l )

w o r k e r s to a ll e m -

p lo y e e s ---------------------------- P e r c e n t 88. 3 85. 6 86. 5 86. 9 86. 8 86. 8 N o n p ro d u ction w o rk e r

e m p lo y m e n t ------------------------ N u m b er 1 5 ,6 2 6 1 6 ,2 5 6 1 6 ,2 8 9 1 6 ,5 0 1 1 7 ,7 8 5 1 8 ,5 6 7

C ap ital e x p e n d itu r e s (new )— $ M illio n s 49. 9 32. 6 64. 8 75. 9 171. 5 221. 3

C ap ital e x p e n d itu r e s p e r

e m p lo y e e------------------------ D o lla r s 373 289 538 601 1 ,2 7 1 1 ,5 7 3

V alu e o f sh ip m e n ts 2 ------------ $ M illio n s 1 ,4 4 2 1 ,4 3 5 1 ,9 8 5 2, 286 2, 603 2 ,7 2 8

C o st o f m a te r ia ls (in clu d in g e le c t r ic it y )-------------------------- - - d o - - 593 623 814 954 1 ,0 5 8 1 ,0 9 7

V alu e added by m a n u - fa c tu r e --------------------------------- - - d o - - 847 811 1 ,1 6 8 1 ,3 5 4 1 ,5 5 9 1 ,6 4 6 W ages and s a l a r i e s---------- - - d o - - 558 531 7 30 825 922 978 W a g e s -------------------------------- - - d o - - 459 419 596 680 760 80 3

1 N ot a v a ila b le .

2 In clu d es r e s a le s and o th e r m is c e lla n e o u s r e c e ip ts .

SO URCE: B u rea u of the C e n su s, U. S. D e p a r tm e n t of C o m m e r c e .

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Trends in Output Per Man-Hour, 1954—66

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Output p e r m a n -h o u r of a ll e m p lo y e e s in th e g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y

g r e w 32 p e r c e n t b e tw e e n 1954 and 1966— in c r e a s in g at an a v e r a g e r a te o f 2. 2 p e r ­

c e n t a y e a r . (S ee c h a r t 1 and ap p en d ix C .) 1 O v er th e sa m e p e r io d , output p e r

m a n -h o u r in a ll m a n u fa ctu r in g w en t up at an a v e r a g e r a te o f 3. 1 p e r c e n t.

P r o d u c tiv ity in g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s g r e w u n ev en ly b e tw een 1954 and 1966.

The la r g e s t annual ch an ge w as an in c r e a s e of 7 .8 p e r c e n t in 1 955, w h ich m a rk e d

the in d u s tr y 's r e c o v e r y fro m the 1954 r e c e s s io n . Y e a r - t o - y e a r in c r e a s e s ran ged

fro m 2. 1 to 5. 6 p e r c e n t in m o s t su b se q u en t y e a r s w h ile th e r e w e r e s m a ll d e ­ c r e a s e s in 4 y e a r s — o n ly one d e c lin e (2. 8 p e r c e n t in 1957) w a s o f s ig n ific a n t s iz e .

G ray ir o n fo u n d r ie s output r o s e an a v e r a g e of 2. 4 p e r c e n t a y e a r o v e r th e

sa m e p e r io d . The y e a r - t o - y e a r ch a n g e s in g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s output ran ged fro m

a 1 7 -p e r c e n t d e c r e a s e to a 2 3 -p e r c e n t in c r e a s e .

The slo w o v e r a ll grow th in output w as m a tch ed w ith a c o m p a r a b le m o d e s t

gro w th in output p e r m a n -h o u r r e s u ltin g in a s lig h t in c r e a s e in m a n -h o u r s — about 0. 1 p e r c e n t a y e a r d u rin g the 1 9 5 4 -6 6 p e r io d .

The g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s' e x p e r ie n c e d iffe r e d sh a r p ly b e tw een the f ir s t and

se c o n d h a lv e s of the p e r io d . B e tw e e n 1954 and 1 9 61 , output d e c lin e d at an annual

r a te o f 2. 4 p e r c e n t d e sp ite a su b sta n tia l g a in b e tw e e n 1954 and 1955. The annual

r a te of g a in in output p e r m a n -h o u r w as o n ly 1 .4 p e r c e n t. In 1 9 55 , output r o s e

23 p e r c e n t fr o m the r e c e s s io n le v e l o f 1 954, o n ly to drop by 1958 to 13 p e r c e n t

b e lo w th e le v e l o f 1954. O utput in c r e a s e d 23 p e r c e n t a g ain in 1959; su b se q u en t

d e c r e a s e s w e r e su b sta n tia l but le s s s e v e r e than th o se of p r e v io u s y e a r s . T o ta l

m a n -h o u r s a ls o d e c lin e d d u rin g 1 9 5 4 -6 1 , a v e r a g in g 3 .7 p e r c e n t a y e a r . Sharp d e ­

c lin e s b e tw e e n 1956 and 1958 and in I960 and 1961 m o r e than o ffs e t in c r e a s e s in

1955 and 1959.

The d e c lin e in th e in d u s tr y 's output d u rin g th e 1 9 5 5 -6 1 p e r io d w a s , fo r the

m o s t p a r t, r e la te d to the g e n e r a l b u s in e s s c y c le . F r o m 1955 to 1 9 58 , the p e r io d

in w h ich the m o s t s e v e r e drop in output o c c u r r e d , th e output o f fo u r m a jo r g ra y ir o n co n su m in g in d u s tr ie s — m a c h in e r y , c o n s tr u c tio n , s t e e l, and a u to m o b ile s— fe ll s u b sta n tia lly . F o r e x a m p le , th e n u m b er o f p a s s e n g e r c a r s p r o d u c ed in 1958 w as 47 p e r c e n t b e lo w the 1955 le v e l. The d e c lin e in th e output o f th e s e in d u s tr ie s no doubt a ffe c te d the p r o d u c tio n of g ra y ir o n c a s tin g s . T he d e c r e a s e in r e s id e n tia l c o n ­

s tr u c tio n in I960 co n trib u ted to th e d e c r e a s e in the output o f g ra y ir o n c a s tin g s

d u rin g th at y e a r , w h ile dow n tu rn s in s t e e l, a u to s, r e s id e n tia l and n o n r e s id e n tia l

c o n s tr u c tio n , and m a c h in e r y in 1961 h e lp ed to co n tin u e the d e c lin e in the p r o d u c tio n o f g r a y ir o n c a s tin g s . R e la tiv e ly low c a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s w e r e a ls o a fa c to r c o n ­ trib u tin g to the low p r o d u c tiv ity gain . C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s p e r g r a y ir o n fou n d ry

e m p lo y e e w e r e l e s s than th e a v e r a g e p e r m a n u fa ctu r in g e m p lo y e e in e v e r y y e a r

fr o m 1954 to 1961.

1

Average annual rates in this report are based on the least squares trend line fitted to logarithms of the index numbers.

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In sh a rp c o n tr a st to th e e a r lie r h a lf o f th e p e r io d , g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s output in c r e a s e d at an a v e r a g e ann ual r a te o f 10. 3 p e r c e n t b e tw e e n 1961 and 1966. A t the

sa m e t im e , output p e r m a n -h o u r r o s e at an a v e r a g e ann ual r a te o f 3 .4 p e r c e n t— m o r e than tw ic e th e e a r lie r r a te . M a n -h o u rs w en t up at the ra te o f 6. 7 p e r c e n t. The

in c r e a s e in g r a y ir o n output r e f le c t s the ex ten d ed e c o n o m ic b o o m , p a r tic u la r ly in p r o d u c e r s ' d u ra b le eq u ip m en t. Output fo r th is co m p o n en t o f G r o ss N a tio n a l P r o d u c t

in c r e a s e d c o n s id e r a b ly fa s te r than fo r th e ec o n o m y as a w h o le . The fo u r m a jo r

g ra y ir o n co n su m in g in d u s tr ie s m e n tio n ed p r e v io u s ly a ll en jo yed la r g e in c r e a s e s in

output. (T h e n u m b er o f p a s s e n g e r c a r s p r o d u c ed in c r e a s e d 56 p e r c e n t fro m 1961

to 1 9 6 6 .)

O th er fa c to r s a s s o c ia te d w ith the grow th in output and p r o d u c tiv ity in g ra y

ir o n fo u n d r ie s w e r e q u a lity im p r o v e m e n ts and in c r e a s e d a tten tio n to th e s p e c ific

n e ed s o f the c u s t o m e r s . In a d d itio n , m o r e r e s o u r c e s w e r e a llo c a te d to r e s e a r c h ,

m a r k e t d e v e lo p m e n t, a d v e r tis in g , and p r o m o tio n . C a p ita l ex p e n d itu r e s p e r e m p lo y e e

m o r e than tr ip le d b e tw e e n 1961 and 1966 and s u r p a s s e d the m a n u fa ctu rin g a v e r a g e

fo r th e f ir s t tim e in 1965. B e c a u s e o f the u s u a l la g b e tw e e n c a p ita l ex p e n d itu r e s and

r e s u lta n t p r o d u c tiv ity in c r e a s e s , th is rap id in c r e a s e in e x p e n d itu r e s m a y le a d to

fu rth e r g a in s in p r o d u c tiv ity . The tren d tow ard fe w e r but la r g e r and m o r e m e c h ­

a n ized fo u n d r ie s un d ou b ted ly h a s had a p o s itiv e e ffe c t on p r o d u c tiv ity .

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T able 2. G ray Iro n F o u n d rie s In d u stry : O utput P e r M an -H o u r, U nit L ab o r R e q u ire m e n ts, and R e la te d D ata, A ll E m p lo y e e s, 1954—66

(Indexes 1957—59 = 100)

Y ear

O utput p e r— U nit la b o r r e q u ir e ­ m e n ts in te r m s of— R e la te d data

All em ployee

A ll em ployee m a n -h o u r

A ll em p lo y ees

All em ployee m a n -h o u rs O utput A ll em p lo y ees

A ll em ployee m a n -h o u rs

Indexes

1954______ 94.0 92. 8 106. 3 107. 7 100. 9 107. 3 108. 7

1955______ 107. 2 100. 1 93. 3 99. 9 124. 2 115. 9 124. 1

1956______ 103. 8 9 9 .4 96. 4 100. 6 118. 6 114. 3 119. 3 1957______ 96. 4 96. 6 103. 7 103. 5 105. 1 109. 0 108. 8 1958______ 96. 9 100. 1 103. 2 99. 9 87. 4 90. 2 87. 3

1959------- 106. 6 103.4 93. 8 96. 7 107. 5 100. 8 104. 0

I960______ 102. 5 102. 8 97. 6 97. 3 99. 7 97. 3 97. 0

1961______ 103. 7 105.4 96. 4 94. 9 94. 5 91. 1 89. 7 1962............ 112. 7 109. 5 88. 8 9 1 .4 107. 6 95. 5 98. 3

1963______ 118. 8 111. 8 84. 2 89. 4 114. 6 96. 5 102. 5

1964 _____ 130. 1 118. 0 76. 8 84. 7 131. 7 101. 2 111.6

1965______ 136. 6 123. 0 73. 2 81. 3 147. 5 108. 0 119. 9 1966............ 134. 4 122. 9 74. 4 81. 4 151. 5 112. 7 123. 3

S o u rce: O utput, em p lo y m en t, and h o u rs b a s e d on d ata fro m the B u re a u of the C en su s, U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e ; and the B u re a u of L ab o r S ta tis tic s , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L abor.

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C h a r t 1 . G r a y I r o n F o u n d r i e s I n d u s t r y :

O u t p u t P e r A l l E m p l o y e e M a n - H o u r :

O u t p u t , a n d A l l E m p l o y e e M a n - H o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6

INDEX (1957-59=100) RATIO SCALE

1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting from all employees and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees.

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T able 3. G ra y Iro n F o u n d rie s In d u stry : O utput P e r M an -H o u r U nit L ab o r R e q u ire m e n ts, and R elated D ata, P ro d u c tio n W o rk e rs, 1954r-66

(Indexes 1957—59 = 100)

O utput p e r— U nit la b o r r e q u ir e ­ m e n ts in te r m s of— R e la te d data

Y ear P ro d u c tio n P ro d u c tio n P ro d u c tio n P ro d u c tio n P ro d u c tio n P ro d u c tio n

w o rk e r w o rk e r w orke rs w o rk e r O utput 1 w o rk e rs w o rk e r m a n -h o u r m a n -h o u rs m a n -h o u rs

Indexes

1954______ 92. 1 90. 9 108. 5 110. 0 100. 9 109. 5 111. 0 1955______ 104. 8 97. 0 95. 4 103. 1 124. 2 118. 5 128. 0 1956______ 102. 2 97. 5 97. 8 102. 6 118. 6 116. 0 121. 7 1957______ 95. 7 96. 0 104. 5 104. 2 105. 1 109. 8 109. 5 1958______ 98. 0 101. 9 102. 1 98. 2 87. 4 89. 2 85. 8

1959--------- 106.4 102. 7 94. 0 97. 4 107. 5 101. 0 104. 7

I960______ 103. 2 103. 6 96. 9 96. 5 99. 7 9 6 .6 96. 2 1961____ 104. 8 106. 7 95. 4 93. 8 94. 5 90. 2 88. 6 1962______ 113. 0 109. 3 88. 5 91. 4 107. 6 95. 2 98. 4

1963______ 118. 8 110. 9 84. 2 90. 1 114. 6 96. 5 103. 3

1964--------- 129. 6 115. 9 77. 1 86. 3 131.7 101.6 113.6 1965______ 136. 1 121. 0 73. 5 82. 6 147. 5 108. 4 121. 9 1966______ 134. 1 121. 0 74. 6 82. 6 151. 5 113. 0 125. 2

1 The m e a s u r e s of output u se d in th is tab le r e p r e s e n t the to ta l p ro d u c tio n of th

in d u s try re su ltin g fro m a ll em p lo y ees and do not r e p r e s e n t the sp e c ific output of any sin g le grou p of e m p lo y e e s.

S o u rc e : O utput, em p lo y m en t, and h o u rs b a s e d on d ata fro m the B u re a u of the C e n su s, U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e ; and the B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , U.S. D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r.

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C h a r t 2 . G r a y I r o n F o u n d r i e s I n d u s t r y :

O u t p u t P e r P r o d u c t i o n W o r k e r M a n - H o u r , O u t p u t

a n d P r o d u c t i o n W o r k e r M a n - H o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6

9

INDEX (1957-59=100) RATIO SCALE

1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting from all employees and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees.

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T able 4. G ray Iro n F o u n d rie s In d u stry : O utput P e r M an -H o u r, U nit L ab o r R e q u ire m e n ts, and R elated D ata, N o np ro ductio n W o rk e rs , 1954—66

l

(ind exes 1957—59 - 100)

Y ear

O utput p e r— U nit la b o r r e q u ir e ­ m en ts in te r m s of— R e la te d data

N on­ p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r

N on­ p ro d u ctio n w o rk e r m a n -h o u r1

N on­ p ro d u ctio n w o rk e rs

N on­ p ro d u ctio n 

w o rk e r m a n -h o u rs 1 O utput 2

N on­ p ro d u ctio n w o rk e rs

N on­ p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r m a n -h o u rs 1

Indexes

1954______ 108. 5 (108. 0) 92. 2 (92.6) 100. 9 93. 0 (93.4)

1955______ 126. 0 (126. 1) 79. 4 (79. 3) 124. 2 98. 6 (98.5) 1956______ 114. 6 (114 .4) 87. 3 (87.4) 118. 6 103. 5 (103 .7) 1957______ 101.4 (101. 3) 98. 7 (98. 8) 105. 1 103. 7 (103 .8) 1958______ 90. 4 (90.4) 110. 6 (110.6) 87. 4 96. 7 (96.7)

1959--------- 107. 9 (108. 0) 92. 7 (9 2 . 6 ) 107. 5 99. 6 (99. 5) I960______ 97. 5 (97.5) 102. 6 (102 .6) 99. 7 102. 3 (102. 3) 1961______ 97. 9 (98. 0) 102. 1 (102 .0) 94. 5 96. 5 (96.4) 1962____ 110. 1 (109 .8) 90. 8 (91. 1) 107. 6 97. 7 (98. 0) 1963______ 118. 3 (117 .9) 84. 6 (84. 8) 114. 6 9 6 .9 (97.2)

1964______ 134. 1 (133. 2) 74. 6 (75. 1) 131.7 98. 2 (98. 9)

1965______ 139.4 (138. 9) 71. 7 (72.0) 147. 5 105. 8 (106.2) 1966______ 137. 1 (137. 2) 72. 9 (72.9) 151. 5 110. 5 (110. 4)

1 The fig u re s show n in p a re n th e s e s a re su b je c t to a w id er m a rg in of e r r o r th an o th e r m e a s u r e s fo r th is in d u s try b e c a u se of the m eth o d fo r e stim a tin g n o n p ro d u ctio n w o rk e r m a n ­ h o u rs . (See te c h n ic a l n o te, p. 14.) 2 The m e a s u r e s of output u se d in th is tab le r e p r e s e n t the to ta l p ro d u c tio n of the in ­ d u s try re su ltin g fro m a ll em p lo y ees and do not r e p r e s e n t the sp e c ific output of any sin g le grou p of e m p lo y e e s.

S o u rce: O utput, em p lo y m en t, and h o u rs b a s e d on d ata fro m the B u re a u of the C e n su s, U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e ; and the B u re a u of L ab o r S ta tis tic s , U.S. D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r.

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Chart 3. Gray Iron Foundries Industry:

Output Per Nonproduction Worker Man-Hour,

Output, and Nonproduction Worker Man-Hours, 1954-66

INDEX (1957-59=100) RATIO SCALE

1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting from all employees

and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees.

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Chart 4. Gray Iron Foundries Industry:

Output Per Man-Hour for All Employees,

Production Workers, and Nonproduction Workers, 1954-66

INDEX (1957-59=100) RATIO SCALE

1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

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Technological Developments2

A lth ou gh ch a n g e s in output g r e a tly in flu e n c e sh o r t-r u n p r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts ,

lo n g -te r m tr e n d s a r e a ffe c te d by a d d itio n a l, in te r r e la te d fa c to r s — te c h n o lo g y , c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t, r e s e a r c h and d e v e lo p m e n t, s k ill and e ffo r t of th e w o rk f o r c e , m a n ­

a g e r ia l a b ility , and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t r e la tio n s . C h a n ges in te c h n o lo g y a r e e s p e ­

c ia lly im p o r ta n t, alth ou gh th e ir p r e c is e im p a c t cann ot be m e a s u r e d .

A u to m a tio n in g ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s red u ce d lab o r r e q u ir e m e n ts in m a t e r ia ls h an d lin g and o th er k ey foun dry o p e r a tio n s o v e r th e p e r io d c o v e r e d by th is r e p o r t.

H o w e v e r , d iffu sio n of te c h n o lo g y w a s r e ta r d e d to so m e d e g r e e by th e r e la tiv e ly

la r g e n u m b er o f s m a ll p la n ts in th e in d u stry and th e su b sta n tia l v o lu m e of p r o d u c ­

tio n in s m a ll lo t s .

M a te r ia ls H an dling

M ech a n iza tio n of m a t e r ia ls h a n d lin g , in v o lv in g in c r e a s e d u s e of c r a n e s ,

h o is t s , lift tr u c k s , lo a d e r s , and c o n v e y o r s w a s a m a jo r fa c to r in th e re d u c tio n of

in d u str y m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts . Of p a r tic u la r im p o r ta n c e w a s th e e x te n s io n of

c o n v e y o r iz a tio n fr o m h igh v o lu m e p rod u ctio n fo u n d r ie s to s m a lle r , job b in g fo u n d r ie s

fo r fu n ctio n s su ch a s sand d e liv e r y , m o ld h a n d lin g , sh a k eo u t, and c a stin g fin is h in g .

The a v a ila b ility of lo w - c o s t m o d u la r c o n v e y o r s y s t e m s fa c ilita te d th is e x te n s io n of

c o n v e y o r iz a tio n .

M old ing and C o rem a k in g

Im p ro v ed m o ld in g m a c h in e s r e d u c e d un it lab o r r e q u ir e m e n ts in th is o p e r a tio n

w h ich e n g a g e s about o n e -fifth o f a ll p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s . F a s t e r m o ld c y c le s ,

m o r e m a c h in e -c o n tr o lle d fu n c tio n s, and la r g e r fla s k s c h a r a c te r iz e th is n ew e q u ip ­

m e n t. One n ew m a c h in e , fo r e x a m p le , a c c o m m o d a te s fou r p a tte r n s p e r fla s k in ­

ste a d of tw o but d o e s not r e q u ir e a d d itio n a l o p e r a to r s . M o r e o v e r , a u to m a tic m o ld in g eq u ip m en t su ite d to h igh v o lu m e p r o d u c tio n in s m a lle r fo u n d r ie s w a s in s ta lle d on a lim ite d b a s is . N ew er c o r e m a k in g eq u ip m en t in tro d u ce d fe a tu r e d

ra p id o p e r a tin g c y c le s , sim u lta n e o u s p rod u ctio n of s e v e r a l c o r e s , and a d a p ta b ility to im p r o v e d c o r e m a k in g m a t e r ia ls .

A g ra d u a l in c r e a s e in th e u s e of th e s h e ll, ca rb o n d io x id e , and o th er s p e ­ c ia liz e d m o ld in g and c o r e m a k in g p r o c e s s e s a ls o im p r o v e d e ffic ie n c y and c a s tin g

q u a lity . T h eir g r e a te s t a p p lic a tio n w a s in c o r e m a k in g w h e r e th ey g r e a tly red u ce d or e lim in a te d th e tim e and lab o r c o n su m in g bak in g o p e r a tio n . T h e se n ew p r o c e s s e s len d t h e m s e lv e s to m e c h a n iz a tio n and w e r e in tro d u ce d m o s t w id e ly in high v o lu m e p ro d u c tio n .

M eta l M eltin g

C u p olas co n tin u ed to u n d erg o im p r o v e m e n t and r e m a in e d th e p r in c ip a l m e ltin g

u n its in th e in d u str y . H o w e v e r , e le c t r ic m e ltin g , w h ich a ffo r d s c lo s e r c o n tr o l and

p e r m its g r e a te r u tiliz a tio n of sc r a p m e ta l, c a m e in to in c r e a s e d u s e . E n a ctm en t of

a ir p o llu tio n c o n tr o l la w s w a s a n o th er fa c to r w h ich e n c o u r a g e d a sh ift to e le c t r ic

m e ltin g . G e n e r a lly g r e a te r p u r c h a se and o p e r a tin g c o s t s of e le c t r ic fu r n a c e s , on the o th er han d, r e ta r d e d th e ir in tr o d u c tio n in so m e fo u n d r ie s.

2 S e e a p p e n d ix A , p. 2 0, for a d iscu ssio n o f fou n d ry o p era tio n s and a p p en d ix B, p . 2 1, for a g lossary o f ter m s.

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In str u m e n ta tio n

I n c r e a se d e m p h a s is on p rod u ct q u a lity and o p er a tin g e ffic ie n c y r e s u lte d in

m o r e in str u m e n ta tio n fo r m e a s u r e m e n t and c o n tr o l. R a d io g ra p h ic (X -r a y ), s u p e r ­

s o n ic , p y r o m e te r , and r a d io iso to p e u n its w e r e in tro d u ce d m o r e w id e ly in m e ltin g ,

sand p r e p a r a tio n , in s p e c tio n , and o th er m a jo r o p e r a tio n s. C o m p u ters w e r e in ­

s ta lle d in s e v e r a l la r g e r fo u n d r ie s fo r a cco u n tin g and p rod u ctio n c o n tr o l.

C lea n in g of C a stin g s

T e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e s h ave b e en in tro d u ced in th e lab o r in te n s iv e o p e r a ­

tio n o f c le a n in g c a s tin g s — a b o ttle n e c k in fou n d ry o p e r a tio n s— and h a v e red u ce d

un it lab o r r e q u ir e m e n ts . A sig n ific a n t n u m b er of h ig h e r sp e e d g rin d in g w h e e ls

h ave b e en put in to s e r v ic e in fo u n d r ie s of a ll s iz e s . H o w e v e r , th e a p p lic a tio n of

co n tin u o u s b la s t c le a n in g to r e p la c e b atch m e th o d s h a s b e en lim ite d to high

v o lu m e p rod u ctio n fo u n d r ie s.

M e ta llu r g y

A d v a n c e s in m e ta llu r g y str e n g th e n e d th e in d u s tr y 's c o m p e titiv e p o sitio n

r e la tiv e to o th er ty p e s of m e ta l fo r m in g . M o st im p o r ta n t h a s b e en th e d e v e lo p ­ m e n t of n od u lar (d u c tile ) ir o n w h ich a cco u n ted fo r about 5 p e r c e n t of to ta l g ra y

ir o n sh ip m e n ts in 1966. N od u lar ir o n p o s s e s s e s m a n y p r o p e r tie s of s t e e l, in ­

clu d in g h igh str e n g th and d u c tility , th at e n a b le s m a n y m e ta l p a r ts to be c a s t in ­

ste a d of fo r g e d , sta m p ed or w e ld e d . A u to m o b ile c r a n k s h a fts , fo r e x a m p le , now

can be c a s t in ste a d of fo r g e d .

Technical Note

Output P e r M an -H ou r In d e x e s

The in d e x e s of output p er m a n -h o u r p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t h ave b een d e v e lo p e d a c c o r d in g to p r o c e d u r e s fo llo w e d by th e B u rea u of L ab or S t a t is t i c s 3 for

m e a s u r in g ch an g e in th e r e la tio n b e tw een in d u str y output and the m a n -h o u r s exp en d ed

on that output.

F o r an in d u stry p rod u cin g a s in g le u n ifo rm p rod u ct or p e r fo r m in g a s in g le

u n ifo rm s e r v ic e , the in d e x e s s im p ly m e a s u r e the ch an ge o v e r tim e in the ra tio : U n its p r o d u c e d /m a n -h o u r s . F o r an in d u stry p rod u cin g a n u m b er of p r o d u c ts, the

in d e x e s r e p r e s e n t th e ch an ge o v e r tim e in th e r a tio : W eigh ted output (of a s p e c ifie d

c o m p o s ite of p r o d u c ts )/m a n -h o u r s . The s im p le s t p r o c e d u r e fo r d e v e lo p in g an in d ex

of output p er m a n -h o u r i s to d iv id e th e output in d ex by a m a n -h o u r in d ex . T he in ­

d e x e s h ave b e en c o n str u c te d fo r th is in d u str y b egin n in g in 1954, sin c e ann ual data

fo r m a n -h o u r s w e r e not a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in a d d itio n , p rod u ct d e ta il fo r e a r lie r

y e a r s w a s not s tr ic tly co m p a r a b le w ith la te r y e a r s .

Output Ind ex

F o r c o n str u c tin g in d e x e s of output p er m a n -h o u r , th e id e a l output in d ex

w e ig h ts (m u ltip lie s ) th e q u a n titie s of a ll p r o d u c ts p rod u ced in th e in d u str y by the

m a n -h o u r s r e q u ir e d to m a k e one unit of e a c h p rod uct in a s p e c ifie d y e a r . T h u s,

th o se p r o d u c ts w h ich r e q u ir e m o r e lab o r tim e a r e g iv e n m o r e im p o r ta n c e . A l ­

th ou gh un it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts a r e p r e fe r a b le fo r co m b in in g p r o d u c t d a ta , th ey a r e

3 For a m ore d e ta ile d d esc r ip tio n o f th e g en e ra l c o n c e p ts and p ro ced u res, se e C hapter 2 3 , "O utput Per M an -H ou r

M easures: In d u stries," BLS H an d b ook o f M ethods for Surveys and S tu d ie s, B u lle tin 1 4 5 8 , O cto b er 196 6 .

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fr e q u e n tly not a v a ila b le . T h e r e fo r e , it is o ften n e c e s s a r y to su b stitu te w e ig h ts b e ­

lie v e d p r o p o r tio n a l to un it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts — u s u a lly un it v a lu e w e ig h ts . B oth unit

m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts and un it v a lu e w e ig h ts w e r e u s e d at d iffe r e n t s ta g e s in c o n ­

str u c tin g th e output in d ex fo r g ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s.

T he output in d e x e s r e ly h e a v ily on c o m p r e h e n s iv e data c o lle c te d fo r th e

C e n su s of M a n u fa ctu r es fo r 1954, 1958, and 1963. In d e x e s w e r e co m p u ted fr o m

th e d e ta ile d q u an tity and v a lu e data fo r 1 9 5 4 -5 8 and 1 9 5 8 -6 3 and a r e r e fe r r e d to

a s b e n ch m a rk in d e x e s . A nn ual in d e x e s fo r in te r c e n s a l y e a r s a r e b a se d on l e s s

d e ta ile d in fo r m a tio n and a r e a d ju sted to the b en ch m a rk le v e ls .

T he 1 9 5 4 -5 8 and 1 9 5 8 -6 3 b en ch m a rk in d e x e s w e r e c o n str u c te d in th e f o l ­

low in g m a n n er:

1. P h y s ic a l q u an tity of sh ip m e n ts in d e x e s w e r e com p u ted fo r ea c h of the

p r im a r y p rod u ct c l a s s e s in th is in d u str y .

SIC 33211

SIC 33212

SIC 33213

SIC 33214

M old s and s to o ls fo r h e a v y s t e e l in g o ts

C a st ir o n p r e s s u r e pipe and fittin g s

C a st ir o n s o il pipe and fittin g s

A ll o th er g ra y ir o n c a s tin g s

F o r ea ch prod u ct c l a s s , th e q u a n titie s of in d iv id u a l p r o d u c ts (SIC 7 -d ig it

le v e l) w e r e w eig h ted w ith 1958 u n it v a lu e s to ob tain th e p h y s ic a l q u an tity in ­

d e x e s . T h e se in d e x e s r e f le c t sh ip m e n ts of c a s tin g s fr o m th e g ra y ir o n

fo u n d r ie s in d u str y and a ls o c a s tin g s sh ip p ed a s se c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts fro m

o th er in d u s tr ie s . (T he q u a n titie s and v a lu e s of g ra y ir o n c a s tin g s m a d e by

c o m p le te ly in te g r a te d c a p tiv e fo u n d r ie s of p la n ts c la s s if ie d in o th er in d u str ie

a r e e x c lu d e d . ) B e c a u s e th e g ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y a c c o u n ts for about

88 p e r c e n t of th e to ta l v a lu e of th e s e p r im a r y p rod u ct s h ip m e n ts, it w a s a s su m e d th at th e s e p rod u ct (w h e r e v e r m a d e) in d e x e s w e r e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of

sh ip m e n ts of p r im a r y p r o d u c ts in th e in d u str y .

2. The p h y s ic a l q u an tity in d e x e s fo r SIC 5 -d ig it p r im a r y p rod u ct c l a s s e s

w e r e co m b in ed w ith a p p r o p r ia te 1958 m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts for a ll e m p lo y e e s to

ob tain an output in d ex of th e in d u s tr y 's p r im a r y p r o d u c ts. M an -h ou r

w e ig h ts fo r 1958 w e r e u s e d fo r both 1 9 5 4 -5 8 and 1 9 5 8 -6 3 b e n c h m a r k s b e ­

c a u se m a n -h o u r e s t im a t e s fo r 1954 w e r e not a v a ila b le at th e 5 -d ig it p r o d ­

u c t le v e l. T h e se m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts w e r e d e v e lo p e d a s fo llo w s:

(a) T o ta l m a n -h o u r s fo r p la n ts s p e c ia liz in g in ea c h 5 -d ig it prod u ct c la s s w e r e d e r iv e d fr o m data on p rod u ctio n w o rk e r m a n -h o u r s and

n o n p ro d u ctio n w o rk e r em p lo y m e n t r e p o r te d in th e C e n su s of M anu - fa c tu r e s and fr o m data on a v e r a g e h o u r s for n on p rod u ction w o rk e r

m a n -h o u r s e s tim a te d in th is stu d y.

(b) R a tio s of m a n -h o u r s to v a lu e of sh ip m e n ts w e r e co m p u ted fo r ea ch c la s s o f s p e c ia liz e d p la n ts.

(c) The r a tio s w e r e m u ltip lie d by th e c o r r e sp o n d in g v a lu e of p r im a r y p r o d u c ts sh ip p ed by th e w h o le in d u str y to ob tain th e m a n -h o u r

w e ig h ts . (T h is p r o c e d u r e a s s u m e s th at m a n -h o u r s p er d o lla r fo r

e a c h p rod u ct c la s s sh ip p ed by th e w h ole in d u stry a r e the sa m e a s th o se for p la n ts s p e c ia liz in g in that prod u ct c l a s s . )

3. The in d ex of p r im a r y p r o d u c ts of the in d u str y is fin a lly m u ltip lie d by a

" co v era g e" a d ju stm en t to r e p r e s e n t th e to ta l output of th e in d u str y . T h is

" co v era g e" a d ju stm en t is th e r a tio of th e in d ex of v a lu e of in d u stry s h ip ­

m e n ts (a fte r e x c lu s io n of r e s a le s and in c lu sio n of n et a d d itio n s to in v e n ­ t o r ie s ) to th e in d ex of v a lu e of sh ip m e n ts of p r im a r y p r o d u c ts. The fin a l

in d u str y output in d ex th u s r e f le c t s in v en to ry b u ild u p s and ch an gin g p r o ­

p o r tio n s of se c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts. The la tte r e ffe c t ten d s to be m in im a l sin c e

se c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts r e p r e s e n t on ly about 5 to 7 p e r c e n t of to ta l sh ip m e n ts.

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A nnual p r o d u c tio n in d e x e s fo r in te r c e n s a l y e a r s w e r e c o n str u c te d fr o m d e ­

fla ted v a lu e s . A lth ou gh e s tim a te s o f p h y s ic a l q u an tity a r e a v a ila b le , th ey e ith e r

u n d e r sta te o r o v e r s ta te in d u str y output. T he sh ip m e n ts data re p o r te d in C u rren t

In d u str ia l R ep orts p u b lish e d b y the B u rea u o f th e C en su s and B u rea u o f M in es in ­

clu d e c a p tiv e fou n d ry o p e r a tio n s w h ich a r e in te g r a te d c o m p le te ly w ith the o p e r a tio n s

of e s ta b lish m e n ts c la s s if ie d in o th er in d u s tr ie s so th ey o v e r s ta te in d u stry p rod u ctio n .

The data on " sh ip m en ts fo r s a le " e x c lu d e in te r p la n t t r a n s f e r s , and u n d e r sta te in ­

d u str y sh ip m e n ts.

F o r 1958 and the y e a r s fo llo w in g , the v a lu e of sh ip m e n ts o f ea ch p r im a r y

p r o d u c t c la s s (w h e r e v e r m ad e) w as d e fla te d by the a p p ro p ria te W h o le sa le P r ic e Index (ta b le s 5 and 6). In d ex es o f th e s e d e fla te d v a lu e s w e r e co m b in ed into a

w h e r e v e r m a d e p rod u ct in d ex by w eig h tin g th em w ith m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts . M an -h ou r

w e ig h ts fo r 1958 w e r e u se d fr o m 1958 to 19 63 , w h ile 1963 m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts w e r e

u se d a fte r 1963. The in d e x e s w e r e lin k ed in 1963 to m a in ta in a con tin u ou s s e r i e s .

In ea ch y e a r a s p e c ia l c o v e r a g e r a tio (to ta l v a lu e of in d u str y s h ip m e n ts / to ta l v a lu e o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts w h e r e v e r m ad e) w as u se d to a d ju st the w h e r e v e r

m a d e in d ex to an in d u str y in d ex . T h is in d u str y in d ex w as ad ju sted to r e fle c t

ch a n g es in in v e n to r ie s by the ratio: T o ta l v a lu e o f in d u str y p r o d u c tio n to to ta l

v a lu e of in d u str y sh ip m e n ts. T he r e s u lt w as the e s tim a te d in d u str y in d ex of

p ro d u c tio n .

F o r the 1 9 5 4 -5 8 p e r io d , v a lu e data w e r e not a v a ila b le an n u a lly fo r the s e p ­

a r a te p r im a r y p rod u ct c l a s s e s so the to ta l v a lu e o f sh ip m e n ts w as d e fla te d b y an

a p p ro p ria te p r ic e in d ex . The W h o le sa le P r ic e In d ex es fo r the 5 -d ig it p r im a r y

p r o d u c ts w e r e w eig h ted w ith c o r r e sp o n d in g 1958 p r im a r y p rod u ct sh ip m e n ts (w h e r ­

e v e r m ad e) to obtain a p r im a r y p r o d u c t p r ic e in d ex . T h is p r ic e in d ex w as u se d

to d e fla te th e to ta l v a lu e o f the p r im a r y p r o d u c ts (w h e r e v e r m a d e ). The in d ex of d e fla te d v a lu e w as a d ju sted to an in d u stry b a s is by th e s p e c ia l c o v e r a g e ra tio

d e sc r ib e d e a r lie r . T h is in d ex w as ad ju sted fo r ch an g es in in v e n to r ie s to obtain

the ann ual p r o d u c tio n in d ex .

The ann ual in d e x e s fo r th e two p e r io d s w e r e ad ju sted to th e in d e x e s fo r the

b en ch m a rk y e a r s by lin e a r in te r p o la tio n . T he a d ju stm en t fa c to r s w e r e s m a ll; b e tw e e n 1954 and 1963, the c u m u la tiv e a d ju stm en t w as 1 p e r c e n t.

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T ab le 5. G ray Iron F o u n d r ie s Ind ustry: W h o le sa le P r ic e Index

and P r o d u c t D e s c r ip tio n s

1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -1 1

1 0 -1 5 - 0 1 -2 6

1 0 -1 5 - 0 1 -3 1

1 0 -1 5 - 0 1 -3 2

1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -0 1

WPI C ode W PI D e s c r ip tio n

S tan d ard in g o t m o ld , 7 ,0 0 0 pounds and o v e r .

P r e s s u r e p ip e, c a s t ir o n , 6 in c h e s to 24 in c h e s in ­

c lu s iv e , 1 8 -fo o t le n g th s (c o n fo r m in g to F e d e r a l

s p e c ific a tio n s W. W -P -4 2 1 c la s s 150 or c la s s 250

or A m e r ic a n W ater W ork A s s o c ia tio n , C la s s B s p e c ific a tio n ). S o il p ip e, c a s t ir o n , 4 in c h e s , sin g le hub, ex tr a

h e a v y w e ig h t, a v e r a g in g 60 pounds p e r 5 -fo o t len gth .

S o il p ip e, c a s t ir o n , 4 in c h e s , sin g le hub, s e r v ic e

w e ig h t, a v e r a g in g 40 pounds per 5 -fo o t len g th .

G ray ir o n c a s t in g s . (O ther than in got m o ld s ,

c a s t ir o n p r e s s u r e pipe and c a s t ir o n s o il p ip e. )

T a b le 6. G ray Iron F o u n d r ie s Ind ustry: P ro d u ct G rou ps and W eigh ts

SIC

cod e SIC title -p r o d u c t d e sc r ip tio n W PI cod e

M a n -h o u r w e ig h ts

(p e r c e n t of to ta l) V alu e w e ig h ts (p e r ­

cen t of p rod u ct c la s s )

1963 1958 1963 1958

3321 G ray iro n fo u n d r ie s in d u stry 100. 0 100. 0 3321 1 M o ld s and s to o ls fo r h e a v y s t e e l

in g o ts 1 0 -1 5 - 0 1 -1 1 2 .4 3. 2 100. 0 100. 0 33212 - - C a st ir o n p r e s s u r e pipe and

f i t t i n g s___________________________ 1 0 .1 5 -0 1 -2 6 9. 1 9. 7 100. 0 100. 0 - -21 6 in c h e s and under (in sid e

d ia m e t e r )_____________________ 34. 8

- - 2 3 O ver 6 in c h e s to 8 in c h e s in - e lu s iv e (in sid e d ia m e te r )------ 23. 8 > 84. 5 - - 2 5 O ver 8 in c h e s to u n der 14

in c h e s (in sid e d ia m e te r )------- 24. 4 J

- -3 1 14 in c h e s to 24 in c h e s in c lu -

s iv e (in sid e d ia m e te r )----------- f 1 3 .4 - -5 1 O ver 24 in c h e s (in s id e d ia m - 17. 0 <

e te r )- — — ------- — ---- l 2. 1 3 3 2 1 3 -- C a st ir o n s o il pipe and fittin g s ,

in clu d in g s p e c ia l f it t in g s----------- 1 0 - 1 5 - 0 1 -

31, 32 8 .9 10. 4 100. 0 100. 0 - -2 1 Up to 3 in c h e s (in sid e d ia m -

e t e r ) ----------------------------------------- 27. 8 --3 1 O ver 3 in c h e s to under

5 in c h e s (in sid e d ia m e te r ) — 55. 2 f 100. 0 - -41 5 in c h e s and o v e r (in sid e

d ia m e t e r ) -------------------------------- 16. 9 J

3 3 2 1 4 -- A ll o th er g ra y ir o n c a s t i n g s ------- 1 0 -1 5 - 0 1 -0 1 79. 6 76. 7 100. 0 100. 0

- -31 R o lls fo r r o llin g m i l l s ------------ 4 . 3 3. 8 - - 9 8 A ll o th er g ra y iro n c a s t in g s — 95. 7 96. 2

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E m p lo y m en t and M an -H ou r In d ex es

E m p lo y m en t and m a n -h o u r in d e x e s m e a s u r e ch an g e in th e s e c a t e g o r ie s o v er

a p e r io d o f t im e . E m p lo y e e s and e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s a r e tr e a te d a s h o m o g e n e ­ o u s and a d d itiv e . T h u s, th e in d e x e s do not r e f le c t ch a n g e s in q u a lita tiv e a s p e c t s

of e m p lo y m e n t su ch a s s k ill, e f fic ie n c y , h e a lth , e x p e r ie n c e , a g e , and s e x of p e r ­

so n s c o n stitu tin g th e a g g r e g a te . T he m a n -h o u r data r e la te to to ta l tim e exp en d ed

by e m p lo y e e s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts c la s s if ie d in th e in d u str y . T h e s e data in clu d e h o u rs

sp en t not o n ly on p rod u ctio n of p r im a r y p r o d u c ts but a ls o on se c o n d a r y p ro d u cts

and m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u ctio n .

S ix lab o r input in d e x e s h ave b e en d e v e lo p e d fo r th e g ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in ­

d u stry : A ll e m p lo y e e s , p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s , n on p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s , a ll e m p lo y e e

m a n -h o u r s , p rod u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s .

" P ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s" c o v e r w o rk in g fo r e m e n and a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k ­ e r s (in clu d in g le a d m e n and tr a in e e s ) en g a g ed in fa b r ic a tin g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g ,

in s p e c tin g , r e c e iv in g , s to r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a ck in g , w a r e h o u sin g , sh ip p in g , m a in te ­

n a n c e , r e p a ir , ja n ito r ia l and w a tch m a n s e r v ic e s , p rod u ct d e v e lo p m e n t, a u x ilia r y p rod u ctio n fo r p la n t's own u s e (e . g. , p o w erp lan t o p e r a tio n s), r e c o r d k e e p in g , and

o th er s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia t e d w ith p rod u ctio n a c t iv it ie s . T he te r m th u s in ­

c lu d e s so m e in d ir e c t a s w e ll a s d ir e c t plant la b o r .

" N on p rod u ction w o r k e r s" in clu d e e m p lo y e e s en g a g ed in th e fo llo w in g a c t iv ­

it ie s : E x e c u tiv e , p u r c h a sin g , fin a n c e , a c c o u n tin g , le g a l, p e r s o n n e l, c a fe te r ia ,

m e d ic a l, p r o f e s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l, s a le s , s a le s d e liv e r y , a d v e r t is in g , c r e d it, c o lle c tio n , in s ta lla tio n and s e r v ic in g of own p r o d u c ts, ro u tin e o ffic e fu n c tio n s,

fa c to r y s u p e r v isio n (ab ove th e w o rk in g fo r e m a n le v e l); and fo r c e a cco u n t c o n str u c tio n

e m p lo y e e s on th e p a y r o ll en g a g ed in c o n str u c tio n of m a jo r a d d itio n s or a lte r a tio n s

to th e plant w ho a r e u tiliz e d a s a se p a r a te w o rk f o r c e .

"A ll e m p lo y e e s " r e p r e s e n t th e su m of p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s and n o n p ro ­

d u ctio n w o r k e r s .

E m p lo y m en t and P r o d u c tio n W orker M a n -H o u r s. T he in d e x e s of to ta l e m ­

p lo y m e n t, p rod u ctio n w o r k e r s , p rod u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s w e r e b a se d on data p u b lish ed by th e B u rea u of th e C e n su s . D ata for 1954, 1958, and 1963 w e r e o b ta in ed fr o m th e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s, and data fo r th e r e m a in in g y e a r s fr o m th e A nn ual S u rv ey of M a n u fa c tu r e s. 4 P ro d u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s in clu d e a ll th e h o u r s at th e p la n t, w o rk e d or paid fo r , and e x c lu d e paid tim e fo r v a c a tio n s , h o lid a y s , and sic k le a v e . O v e r tim e and oth er

p r e m iu m pay h o u r s a r e in clu d ed on th e b a s is of a c tu a l tim e at th e plan t.

A ll E m p lo y e e M a n -H o u r s. T he in d ex of a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s fo r th is in d u str y is d e r iv e d fr o m th r e e co m p o n en ts: (1) p rod u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s (fr o m C e n su s data); (2) n u m b er of n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s (fr o m C e n su s data); and

(3) an e s tim a te of a v e r a g e an n u al h o u r s at w o rk fo r n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s ( p r e ­

p a re d by th e B u rea u of L ab or S t a t is t ic s fo r th is r e p o r t and d e r iv e d p r im a r ily fr o m D ep a r tm en t of L ab or s tu d ie s).

A v e r a g e an n u al h o u r s fo r n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s w e r e d e r iv e d by

m u ltip ly in g e s tim a te d sc h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s by th e n u m b er o f w e e k s in th e y e a r .

T im e aw ay fr o m th e jo b , a s r e p r e s e n te d by v a r io u s ty p e s o f le a v e , w a s su b ­

tr a c te d fr o m to ta l ann ual h o u r s to ob tain ann ual h o u rs at w ork .

4

Employees in central administrative offices and auxiliaries of gray iron foundries companies are not included.

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S c h ed u led w e e k ly h o u r s fo r n o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s w e r e e s tim a te d fr o m u n ­

p u b lish ed data c o lle c te d in BL S s u r v e y s of e m p lo y e r e x p e n d itu r e s fo r s e le c te d

su p p le m e n ta r y r e m u n e r a tiv e p r a c t ic e s . T h e se w e r e a v a ila b le fo r SIC G roup 33,

P r im a r y M e ta ls I n d u s tr ie s , of w h ich th e g ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y is a p a rt.

T he a v e r a g e an n u al h o u rs w o rk ed by n on p rod u ction w o r k e r s in th is in ­

d u str y fo r s e le c te d y e a r s w e r e e s tim a te d a s fo llo w s:

Year Average hours

1954

1958

1963

1966

1,884

1,876

1,882

1,874

T h e se e s tim a te s w e r e m u ltip lie d by the n u m b er o f n on p rod u ction w o r k e r s to

ob tain th e m a n -h o u r in d e x e s fo r n on p rod u ction w o r k e r s show n in ta b le 4. S in c e e m ­

p lo y m e n t tren d s fo r n on p rod u ction w o r k e r s la r g e ly d e te r m in e th e ir m a n -h o u r tr e n d s ,

any r e a so n a b le a lte r n a tiv e e s tim a te s o f paid tim e o ff w ould r e s u lt in o n ly m in o r

d iffe r e n c e s in th e n on p rod u ction w o r k e r m a n -h o u r in d e x e s and in no s ig n ific a n t ch a n g es

in th e a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r in d e x e s .

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Appendix A. Foundry Operations

F ou n d in g o r c a s tin g is th e p r o c e s s o f fo r m in g m e ta l o b je c ts by p o u rin g m o lten m e ta l into a m o ld and a llo w in g it to s o lid ify . T he sh a p e o f the o b je c t is d e t e r ­ m in ed by th e sh a p e of the c a v ity in th e m o ld . The m o s t co m m o n m eth od of c a stin g

m a k e s u s e of m o ld s c o n str u c te d o f sa n d . M old ing sand m ix e d w ith a bin ding m a t e ­

r ia l, g e n e r a lly a type of c la y , is c o m p r e s s e d around a p a tte r n o r m o d e l of the o b ­

je c t to be c a s t w h ich h as b e en p la c e d in a fla sk or fr a m e fo r co n tain in g the sa n d . The

p a tte r n th en is w ith d raw n le a v in g a c a v ity in the san d into w h ich m o lte n m e ta l fr o m

a fu rn a ce is p o u red and a llo w ed to s o lid ify . If the c a s tin g is to be h o llo w o r to

con tain p a s s a g e s , baked san d fo r m s , c a lle d c o r e s , in th e sh a p e o f the d e s ir e d h o le

or p a v ity a r e p la c e d in the m o ld b e fo r e the m e ta l is p o u red . W hen th e c a s tin g has

h a rd en ed , it is sh a k en fr e e o f th e m o ld and c o r e sand and put th rough any n e c e s ­

s a r y c le a n in g and fin ish in g o p e r a tio n s.

2 0

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Appendix B. Glossary of Terms

B ak in g . The d ev elo p m en t of d e s ire d p r o p e rtie s in a c o re th ro u g h the a c tio n of h e a t on its b in d e r.

B in d e r. A m a te r ia l w hich s e rv e s to hold m oldin g o r c o re sand g ra in s to g e th e r.

CO2 P r o c e s s . A sp e c ia liz e d m olding and c o rem ak in g m eth od em ploying a b in d e r of sod iu m s ilic a te w hich is " s e t" by p a ssin g c a rb o n dioxide g as into the m old or 

c o r e .

C leaning and F in is h in g . The re m o v a l of e x c e ss m e ta l and re m a in in g m old m a te r ia l fro m a c a stin g . The c a stin g m ay be buffed o r p o lish ed to im p ro v e its fin ish or 

a p p e a ra n c e .

C o re . A body of sand p laced in sid e a m old to fo rm an in te r io r opening in o r a hole th ro u g h a c a stin g .

C u po la. A fu e l-fire d fu rn ace fo r m e ltin g iro n .

F la s k . A fra m e o r box of wood o r m e ta l for con tainin g a san d m old.

G ray I r o n . T he m o s t w idely u se d c a s t iro n . So c a lle d fro m the a p p e a ra n c e of its fra c tu re d s u rfa c e .

High P ro d u c tio n F o u n d ry . C h a ra c te riz e d by re la tiv e ly long p ro d u ctio n ru n s of a lim ite d n u m b e r of c a s t sh a p e s. H ighly m ech an ized .

Jobbing F o u n d ry . C h a ra c te riz e d by re la tiv e ly s m a ll lo t p ro d u ctio n . L e ss m e c h a ­ n iz e d , as a g ro u p , th an high p ro d u ctio n fo u n d rie s.

\

M o ld. A body of sand o r o th e r h e a t r e s is ta n t m a te r ia l con tainin g a c av ity into w hich m o lte n m e ta l is p o u red to obtain a c a stin g .

M old C y cle. The s e r ie s of s te p s c o m p leted in th e p ro d u ctio n of a m old.

N o d u lar I r o n . A sp e c ia lly tr e a te d iro n p o sse ssin g d u c tility and having g r e a te r stre n g th th an g ra y iro n .

P a tte rn . A fo rm , u su a lly of wood o r m e ta l, u se d to shape th e m old cav ity into w hich a c a stin g is fo rm ed .

S hak eou t. The re m o v a l of m o ld and c o re m a te r ia ls fro m a c a stin g a fte r it h as so lid ified .

S hell P r o c e s s . A s p e c ia liz e d c o re m a k in g and m olding m eth od em ploying a h eated m e ta l p a tte rn and a th e rm o se ttin g p la s tic b in d e r. W ell su ited fo r high p ro d u ctio n w ork.

2 1

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Appendix C. Average Annual Rates of Change (Percent) 1

(To ob ta in an n u al r a te s of ch a n ge b e tw e e n an y 2 y e a r s sh ow n , fin d row fo r in itia l y e a r at le ft

of ta b le and re a d fig u r e in th at row u n d er the te r m in a l y e a r sh o w n on top)

Initial year T erm inal year

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Output pei all em ployee m an-hour

1954_____ 7. 8 3. 5 1. 1 1.2 1. 5 1.4 1. 4 1. 6 1. 7 2 . 0 2 . 2 2 . 2

1955-------- - - . 7 - 1. 8 - . 3 . 7 . 8 1. 0 1. 4 1. 6 1.9 2 . 2 2 . 2

1956_____ - - - 2 . 8 . 4 1. 5 1. 4 1. 5 1. 8 1. 9 2 . 2 2. 5 2. 5 1957_____ - - - 3. 6 3. 4 2 . 2 2 . 0 2 . 2 2. 3 2 . 6 2 . 8 2 . 8

1958_____ - - - - 3. 2 1. 3 1. 5 2 . 0 2 . 2 2.6 2.9 2 . 8

1959-------- . - - - - - . 6 1. 0 2 . 0 2 . 2 2 . 8 3. 1 3. 0 I960 _____ - - - - - - 2. 5 3. 2 2. 9 3. 4 3. 7 3. 3

1961 _____ - - - - - - - 3. 9 3. 0 3. 7 3. 9 3. 4

1962 _____ - - - - - - - - 2 . 1 3. 8 4. 1 3. 3 1963_____ - - - - - - - - - 5.6 4. 9 3. 3 1964_____ - - - - - - - - _ - 4. 2 2 . 0

1965_____ - - - - - - - - - - - - . 1

Output

1954_____ 23. 1 8. 4 0 . 8 - 4 . 4 -2 . 4 - 2 . 2 -2 . 4 -1 . 5 - 0 . 6 0 . 6 1.7 2. 4 1955_____ - -4 . 5 - 8 . 0 - 1 1. 1 -5 . 8 -4 . 4 -4 . 0 -2 . 5 - 1. 2 . 3 1. 7 2. 5 1956_____ - - -1 1 . 4 -1 4 . 2 -4 . 7 -3 . 2 -3 . 1 -1 . 3 0 1.6 3. 0 3. 7 1957_____ - - - - 1 6 . 8 1. 1 . 5 - . 8 . 8 2 . 0 3. 5 4. 8 5. 3 1958_____ - - - - 23. 0 6 . 8 1. 6 2. 9 3. 8 5. 3 6 .4 6 . 7 1959-------- - - - - - -7 . 3 —6 . 2 - . 5 2 . 1 4.6 6 . 3 6 . 7 I960 _____ - - - - - - -5 . 2 3.9 5. 6 7. 8 9. 0 8 . 7

1961 _____ - - - - - - - 13. 9 1 0 . 1 11. 2 11. 5 10. 3

1962 _____ - - - - - - - - 6 . 5 1 0 . 6 11. 5 9. 8

1963_____ -

t

- - - - - - - 14. 9 13. 4 1 0 . 0

1964_____ - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 . 0 7. 3 1965_____ “ “ - - - - 2. 7

All em ployee man--hours

1954_____ 14. 2 4. 8 -0 . 4 -5 . 5 -3 . 8 -3 . 5 - 3 . 7 - 3 . 0 -2 . 3 -1 . 3 -0 . 5 0 . 1

1955_____ - -3 . 9 - 6 .4 - 1 0 . 8 - 6 . 4 -5 . 2 -5 . 0 - 3 . 8 -2 . 7 - 1 .5 - . 5 . 2

1956_____ - - - 8 . 8 -1 4 . 5 - 6 . 1 - A . 5 -4 . 5 - 3 . 0 - 1. 8 - . 6 .5 1. 2

1957_____ - - - -1 9 . 8 - 2 . 2 -1 . 7 - 2 . 8 -1 . 4 - . 3 . 9 1. 9 2 .4 1958_____ - - - - 19. 1 5.4 . 1 . 9 1. 6 2.6 3.4 3. 8

1959-------- - - - - - - 6 . 7 -7 . 1 - 2 .4 - . 2 1. 8 3. 0 3. 6

I960 _____ - - - - - - -7 . 5 . 7 2.6 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2

1961 _____ - - - - - - - 9.6 6.9 7. 2 7. 3 6 . 7

1962 _____ - - - - - - - - 4. 3 6 .6 7. 0 6 . 3 1963_____ - - - - - - - - - 8 . 9 8 . 2 6 . 5 1964_____ - - - - - - - - - _ 7 .4 5. 1 1965_____ “ “ “ “ “ “ - - - 2 . 8

S e e fo o tn o te at end o f ta b le .

2 2

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2 3

(T o o b ta in annu al r a te s of ch a n ge b e tw e e n any 2 y e a r s sh o w n , find row fo r in itia l y e a r at le ft

o f ta b le and read fig u r e in th at row u n d er the te r m in a l y e a r sh ow n on top)----C ontin ued

I n itia l y e a r

O utput p e r a ll e m p lo y e e

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Output p e r a ll e m p lo y e e

I9 54 -------- 14. 0 5. 0 0 .4 -0 . 5 0. 7 0 . 6 0.7 1.2 1.7 2. 3 2. 7 2. 9 1955 -------- - -3 . 2 - 5 . 1 - 3 . 7 8 - . 4 - . 1 . 8 1.4 2 . 2 2 . 8 2.9 1956-------- - - - 7 . 1 - 3 . 4 .9 . 8 . 8 1 . 6 2. 3 3. 1 3. 6 3. 6

1957-------- - - - . 5 5. 2 2 . 8 2 . 0 2. 7 3. 3 4. 0 4. 4 4. 3 1958-------- - - - - 1 0 . 1 2 . 8 1.7 2 . 8 3. 5 4. 4 4. 8 4. 5 1959-------- - - - - - - 3 . 9 - 1 . 4 1.8 3. 1 4. 4 5. 0 4. 6

I 960 -------- - - - - - - 1.2 4.9 5. 4 6 . 3 6 . 4 5. 5

1961 -------- - - - - - - - 8.6 7. 0 7. 6 7. 2 5. 8

1962-------- - - - - - - - - 5. 4 7. 5 6.9 5. 1 1963-------- - - - - - - _ - - 9. 6 7. 2 4. 3 1964-------- - - - - - - - - - - 4.9 1 . 6

1965-------- “ - - - - - - - - - - 1.6

O utput p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n - h ou r

1954 -------- 6 . 7 3. 5 1.7 2 . 2 2 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 2. 3 2. 3 1955-------- - . 4 - . 5 1. 3 1 . 6 1 . 6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2 . 2 2 . 2

1956-------- - - - 1 .5 2 . 2 2 . 2 1.9 2 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 2 2. 4 2. 4

1957 -------- - - - 6 . 1 3. 4 2. 4 2. 3 2. 3 2 . 2 2. 4 2 . 6 2. 5 1958-------- - - - - . 8 . 9 1.5 1.8 1.9 2 . 2 2. 5 2. 4

1959 -------- - - - - - . 9 1.9 2 . 2 2 . 1 2. 4 2. 7 2 . 6

I 9 60 -------- - - - - - 2.9 2. 7 2. 3 2. 7 3.0 2 . 8

1.961-------- - - - - - - - 2. 5 2 . 0 2. 7 3. 2 2 . 8

1962 -------- - - - - - - - - 1. 5 3. 0 3. 5 2. 9 1.963-------- - - - - - - - - - 4. 5 4. 4 3. 1 1964-------- - - - - - - - - - - 4. 4 2 . 2

1965---------- “ - - - - - - - . 0

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s

1954---------- 15. 3 4. 7 - 0 .9 - 6 . 5 - 4 . 5 - 4 . 1 - 4 . 3 - 3 . 4 - 2.6 - 1 . 5 - 0 . 6 0 . 1

1955---------- - - 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 - 1 2 . 2 - 7 . 2 - 5 . 9 — 5. 6 - 4 . 2 - 3 . 0 - 1 . 6 - . 5 . 2

1956---------- - - - 10.0 - 1 6 . 0 - 6 . 7 - 5 . 0 - 4 .9 - 3 . 3 - 2.0 - . 6 . 6 1. 3 1957---------- - - - - 21.6 - 2 . 2 - 1 .9 - 3 .0 - 1 . 5 - . 2 1 . 1 2 . 1 2. 7

1 9 5 8 ---------- - ._ i - - 2 2 . 0 5.9 . 1 1 . 1 1.9 3. 0 3. 9 4. 2 1959 -------- - - i - - - 8 . 1 - 8 . 0 - 2 . 6 0 2 . 1 3. 4 3. 9 I960 ---------- - -- - - - - - 7 .9 1 . 1 3. 2 5. 0 5. 8 5. 8

196 i ---------- - - - - - i - 1 1 . 1 8 . 0 8 . 3 8 . 1 7. 3

1962 ---------- - - - - - - - - 5. 0 7. 4 7.7 i 6 . 7 1963---------- - - - - - - _ _ _ 1 0 . 0 8 . 6 6 . 7 1964---------- - - - - _ - _ _ - - 7. 3 5. 0 1965---------- - - - - - - - - 2. 7

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2 4

(To obtain annual rates of change betw een any 2 y ears shown, find row for in itial year at left of table and read figure in that row under the term in al year shown on top)---Continued

T erm inal year Initial yc ai 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Output p er production w orker

1954_____ 13. 7 5. 3 0 . 9 0. 3 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1.6 2 . 0 2. 5 2. 9 3. 0 1955_____ - -2 . 5 - 4 .4 - 2 . 6 - . 1 . 2 . 4 1. 1 1. 7 2.4 2. 9 3. 0 1956_____ - - - 6 .4 - 2 . 1 1. 5 1. 3 1. 2 1.-9 2. 5 3. 2 3. 6 3. 6

1957........... - - - 2. 4 5.4 3. 1 2. 4 2.9 3. 3 4. 0 4 .4 4. 2 1958_____ - - - - 8 . 6 2.6 1. 7 2. 7 3. 4 4. 2 4. 6 4 .4 1959--------

- - - - -3 . 0 - . 8 2 . 0 3. 1 4. 3 4. 8 4. 5 I960 _____ - - - - - - 1. 5 4. 6 5. 1 6 . 0 6 . 1 5. 3

1961 _____ - - - - - - - 7.9 6 . 5 7. 1 6 . 8 5. 5

1962 _____ - - - - - - - - 5. 1 7. 1 6 . 7 4.9 1963_____ - - - - - - - - - 9.2 7. 0 4. 2 1964_____ - - - - - - - - - - 5. 0 1. 7 1965_____ “ “ “ “ “ ” - - - -1 . 5

Output p er nonproduction w orker m an-hour

1954_____ 16. 7 2.9 -2 . 9 -5 . 6 -3 . 1 -3 . 0 - 2 . 6 - 1.6 - 0 . 5 0 . 6 1.4 1. 8

1955_____ - - 9 . 3 -1 0 .4 - 10.6 -5 . 3 —4. 4 -3 . 5 - 2 . 0 - . 6 . 8 1. 7 2 . 1

1956_____ - - -1 1 . 5 - 1 1 . 1 - 2 . 8 -2 . 5 - 2 . 0 - . 4 . 9 2. 3 3. 1 3.4 1957_____ - - - -1 0 . 7 3. 3 . 6 . 1 1. 6 2. 7 4. 0 4. 6 4.6 1958____ - - - - 19. 5 3. 8 1.4 3. 0 4. 0 5. 3 5. 8 5. 5 1959--------

- - - - - -9 . 8 -4 . 7 . 5 3. 0 5. 1 5. 7 5.4 I960 _____ - - - - - - .6 6 . 1 7. 1 8.4 8 . 2 7. 1

1961 _____ - - - - - - - 1 2 . 0 9. 7 10. 4 9. 3 7. 4

1962 _____ - - - - - - - - 7 .4 1 0 . 1 8 . 6 6 . 3 1963_____ - - - - - - - - - 1 2 . 9 8 . 5 5. 1 1964_____ - - - - - - - - - - 4. 3 1. 5 1965_____ - “ “ “ - - - - - - - 1. 2

Nonproduction w orker man- hours

1954_____ 5. 5 5. 4 3. 8 1. 2 0 . 8 0 . 8 0. 3 0 . 1 0 0 0. 3 0. 5 1955_____ - 5. 3 2. 7 - . 5 - . 5 0 - . 5 - . 5 - . 5 - . 4 0 . 4 1956_____ - - . 1 - 3 .4 -1 . 9 - . 7 - 1. 1 - . 9 - . 9 - . 7 - . 1 . 3 1957_____ - - - —6 . 8 - 2 . 1 - . 2 - . 9 - . 8 - . 7 - . 5 . 1 .6 1958_____ - - - - 2. 9 2. 9 . 2 0 - . 2 - . 1 .6 1. 1

1959........... - - - - - 2 . 8 - 1.6 - 1. 0 - . 9 - . 5 . 5 1. 2

I960 _____ - - - - - - -5 . 8 - 2 . 1 -1 . 4 - . 6 . 7 1.6

1961 _____ - - - - - - 1.7 .4 . 7 2 . 0 2. 7

1962 _____ - - - - - - _ - . 8 . 5 2 . 6 3. 3 1963_____ - - - - - - _ _ - 1. 7 4. 5 4. 6

1964_____ - - - - - - - _ _ - 7. 4 5.7 1965_____ “ “ “ - - 4. 0

1 A verage annual rates are based on the le a st squares trend line fitted to the logarithm s of the index num bers.

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Other Recent BLS Publications on Productivity and Automation

Index es of O utput P e r M an -H o u r— S e le c te d In d u s tr ie s , 1939 and 1947—67 (B u lletin 1612). O cto b er 1968. 102 pp. 65 c e n ts. A ir T ra n s p o rta tio n In d u stry , 1947—64 (R ep o rt 308). A ugust 1966. 14 pp. (F re e ). A lum in um R olling and D raw ing In d u stry , 1958—65 (R ep o rt 314). D e c e m b e r 1966. 20 pp. (F re e ). C o n c re te P ro d u c ts In d u stry , 1947—63 ( R ep o rt 300). N o v em b er 1965. 20 pp. (F re e ). F o o tw e a r In d u stry , 1947—63. Ju ly 1965. 17 pp. (F re e ). G as and E le c tric U tilitie s In d u stry , 1932—62. A p ril 1964. 19 pp. (F re e ). H o sie ry In d u stry , 194 7—64. (R ep o rt 307). June 1966. 22 pp. (F re e ). M an-M ade F ib e rs In d u stry , 1957—63. O cto b er 1965. 20 pp. (F re e ). M o to r V eh icles and E qu ipm en t In d u stry , 1957—66 (B ulletin 1613). D ec em b er 1968. 31 pp. 45 c e n ts. P r im a r y A lum in um In d u stry , 1947—62. S ep tem b er 1964. 15 pp. (F re e ). R adio and T e le v isio n R eceiv in g S ets In d u stry , 1958—66. N o v em b er 1968. 27 pp. (F re e ).

Im p lic a tio n s of A utom ation and O th er T ech n o lo g ical D ev elo pm ents— T echnology and M anpow er in th e T ex tile In d u stry of the 1970's (B ulletin 1578, 

1968 ). 60 c e n ts. M anpow er P lan n in g fo r T ech n o lo g ical Change: C ase S tu dies of T elephone O p e r­ a to rs (B u lletin 1574, 1968). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts. Job R ed esig n fo r O ld er W o rk e rs, T en C ase S tu dies (B u lletin 1523, 1967). 63pp.

40 c e n ts. T ech n o lo g ical T re n d s in M ajo r A m e ric a n In d u s trie s (B u lletin 1474, 1966). 269pp. $ 1. 50. T ech n o lo g ical C hange and D isem p lo y m en t of L ab o r a t the E s ta b lish m e n t L ev el. 1966. 17 pp. (F re e ). Im p a c t of O ffice A u to m atio n in the In su ra n c e In d u stry (B u lletin 1468, 1966). 71 pp. 45 c e n ts. O utlook fo r N u m e ric a l C o n tro l of M achine T ools: A Study of a K ey T e c h n o lo g i­ c a l D ev elo pm ent in M etalw ork in g In d u s trie s (B ulletin 1437, 1965). 63 pp.

40 c e n ts.

L ab o r and M a te ria l R e q u ire m e n ts fo r— School C o n stru c tio n (B u lletin 1586, 1968). 23 pp. 30 c e n ts. P riv a te O n e -F a m ily H ouse C o n stru c tio n (B u lletin 1404, 1964). 37 pp. 30 c en ts. P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ctio n (B u lletin 140 2, 1964). 42 pp. 30 c e n ts. C ollege H ousing C o n stru c tio n (B u lletin 1441, 1965). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts. S ew er Wro rk s C o n stru c tio n (B u lletin 1490, 1966). 31 pp. 30 c e n ts. C o n stru c tio n of F e d e ra lly A ided H ighw ays, 1958, 1961, and 1964 (R ep o rt 299, 1966). . 17 pp. (F re e ).

P ro d u c tiv ity : A B ib lio g rap h y , Ju ly 1966 (B u lletin 1514). 129 pp. 65 c e n ts. In d u stry P ro d u c tiv ity P ro je c tio n s , A M etho dolog ical Study. 1966. 5 pp. (F re e ). Indexes of O utput P e r M an -H o u r, H o u rly C o m p en satio n , and U nit L a b o r C o sts in the M an u factu rin g S e c to r, 1947—68. O cto b er 1969. 1 p. (F re e ). Index es of O utput P e r M an -H o u r fo r the P riv a te E conom y, 194 7—6 8 . O cto b er 1969. 4 pp. ( F r e e ) . Index es of O utput P e r M an -H o u r, H o u rly C o m p en satio n , and U nit L a b o r C o sts in the P riv a te S e c to r of the E conom y and th e N o n fa rm S e c to r, 1947—68. O cto b er 1969. 2 pp. (F re e ).

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S a le s p u b lic a tio n s m a y be p u r c h a se d fr o m the S u p erin ten d en t of D o c u m e n ts, U. S.

G o v ern m en t P r in tin g O ffic e , W ash in g to n , D . C. 20402, or fr o m r e g io n a l o ffic e s of

the B u rea u of L ab or S t a t is tic s at the a d d r e s s e s show n b e lo w . F r e e p u b lic a tio n s a r e

a v a ila b le a s lon g as the su p p ly la s t s , fr o m the B u rea u of L ab or S t a t is t ic s , U .S .

D ep a r tm en t of L a b o r, W ash in gton , D . C. 20212.

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* U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E : 1969 O - 369-516

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