54321c.indd 1 
DIA H

The Defense Intelligence Agency became operational on 1 October 1961 as the Nation’s primary producer of foreign military intelligence. It filled a critically important need for a central intelligence producer and manager for the Department of Defense. The first major test for DIA occurred in 1962 when Soviet missiles were detected in Cuba. DIA’s analytical efforts then 

focused on the US involvement in Vietnam, dealing with the Soviet military threat, and conflicts on nearly every continent. Throughout the 1970s, Agency analysts responded to crisis situations involving the Soviet Union, arms control, space issues, and conflicts in Asia, the Mideast, Africa, and South America. Intelligence requirements increased significantly, and DIA’s reputation grew as the primary intelligence authority in military inputs to national-level products. A continuing focus on supporting the field commanders as well as national-level decision makers marked the 1980s. The Agency’s support to DoD in publishing Soviet Military 

Power from 1981-1990 received wide acclaim in defining the 

threat to national security. The long-awaited opening of the Defense Intelligence Analysis Center in 1984 consolidated DIA locations throughout the Washington, DC area.

Recognizing the critiintelligence as a force crises, the Agency bolwarfighting commandexpanded its capabiliwartime intelligence employees earned a JoAward (JMU) in 1986 support during the TWLAURO hijackings aFollowing the end of and organization to mchallenges and dramaachievements during second JMU Award. Ioperations throughouthe former YugoslaviMedical Intelligence Space Intelligence Cein early 1992. In 1994intelligence support dunprecedented fourth intelligence to the waThe newly formed DeService (DHS) achievconsolidating the HUunder the umbrella oIntelligence CommunSignature Intelligencnew building for the in 1998 and opened a Along with a renewed provided military intthe Balkans, South AKorea, for which it r

Tof foaspincreaD

54321.indd 2 
In May 2004, DIA broke ground DIA site at Bolling Air Force Bdate set for the fourth quarter of foot facility will be six stories hialong the south side of the existiwill accommodate the entire DIA capital region and alleviate securdo not already work in the DIAC add 32 conference rooms, 24 clasremote access control centers for the building, and new displays to modern interior design will focuincrease natural light and organIn addition to the expansion projrestaurants and dining facilities remodeling the original building floor. Plans are also underway to will connect the DIAC with the A

The DIAC 

Pr

54321c.indd 3 
Missile Attack on US F-16s, by Edward L. Cooper, 1985. Russia fi rst displayed the S

tracking a US F-16, and GLADIATOR are capable of intercepting aircraft at all altitude

54321c.indd 4 
The Missile and Space Intelligence Center 

(MSIC), located on Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, AL, is a fi eld production activity of DIA. Its origin can be traced to the establishment of the US Army Ballistic Missile Agency in 1956, under Dr. Wernher von Braun, an early architect of missile technology. Von Braun had been instrumental in the development of the V-2 rocket, the terror weapon that Hitler used against the Allies in World War II, before the US Army procured his technical expertise. The missile agency’s fi rst offi ce, known as the Technical 

Intelligence Division, consisted of only six people. On 1 January 1992, DIA assumed command of MSIC.

MSIC’s overall mission is to support fi eld 

commanders, weapon system developers, and policymakers with all-source intelligence concerning threat guided missile systems, directed energy weapons, and selected space programs/systems. MSIC also develops digital simulations of threat weapon systems. In addition to the National Command Authorities and the armed forces in the fi eld, federal organizations such as the Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration, and NASA benefi t from MSIC’s capabilities. 

In a national emergency or confl ict, the MSIC 

Crisis Center supplies American and allied forces with the most accurate and current intelligence information available on all missile activities. From the Cuban Missile Crisis to Operation DESERT STORM, MSIC’s commitment to the collection and dissemination of cutting edge technical intelligence has helped ensure the continued superiority of US Armed Forces on the battlefi eld.

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MSIC assesses missile threats such as the Scud B missile, seen here on a Russian built MAZ 543 TransporterErector-Launcher.

1991: OperaDESERT STlaunched—Dprovided sigintelligence.1917: Birth Vernon Waltambassador, DCI, militar1738: Birth Allen, RevoWar hero whHUMINT to Fort Ticondewithout fi rin

Ma

K

1978: Presidsigned EO12restructuring intelligence.

1921: William Friedman named head of Army Signal Corps Code and Cipher Section.1977: Christopher Boyce and Andrew Lee arrested for selling intelligence satellite secrets to the USSR.1968: North Koreans seized the intelligence ship USS PUEBLO. 

1968: Tet OffVietnam begaanalysts warn

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54321c.indd 5 
TYPHOON Replenishing in the Arctic, by Edward L. Cooper, 1986. Alexander Bry

ships enhanced the survivability and sustainability of Soviet TYPHOON-class submarin

54321c.indd 6 
DIA has been a leader in the effort to account 

for US service members either captured or missing in action. For most of the Vietnam War, DIA had primary responsibility to collect, analyze, and provide intelligence on US prisoners of war (POWs) and military personnel missing in action (MIAs). This mission lasted well after the confl ict in Vietnam, until the Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) assumed responsibility in 1993.

With the initiative in December 1985 of Director 

LTG Leonard H. Perroots, DIA became the lead agency in the collection of intelligence regarding captured or missing US soldiers. After upgrading HUMINT operations in Southeast Asia, in May 1987 DIA established a team to debrief refugees for information regarding missing American service members. General John Vessey, special POW/MIA emissary, reached an agreement in 1991 to open the Joint Casualty Resolution Center in Hanoi. A DIA member of the offi ce, using artifacts from a Vietnamese military museum, was able to document missing servicemen. In July 1993, DIA relinquished its POW mission to the OSD but continues to provide military intelligence, analysis, and support to the Intelligence Community POW/MIA Analytic Cell. 

Fred Cherry, who would later join DIA in the mid 

1970s, was a decorated Air Force pilot in the Vietnam War and the fi rst African-American offi cer captured 

by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). Cherry, shot down in 1965, was a POW for over seven years. His captors tried to break him by exploiting the divisive racial issues in the United States. Despite his ordeal, Cherry never made any concessions to the enemy. His courage and patriotism is a testament to the strength of character that allowed him to rise above the discrimination he experienced in his day.

 Sunday Mon

Fred Cherry’s portrait, by Harrison Benton, hangs today in the Pentagon.

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1994: Aldridarrested for 1967: 1LT GSisler, fi rst Mtelligence ofceive Medal killed in Vie

1963: John Hughes, special assistant to Director, DIA, gave Cuban Missile Crisis briefi ng on national television.

1991: Cessathostilities in 

P

54321c.indd 7 
Mir Space Station, by Brian W. McMullin, 1986. In the mid-1980s, Moscow announ

launched Mir, the core vehicle of a modular space station, in February 1986. Mir is shoburn up on reentry, and then harmlessly splash into the south Pacifi c in March 2001.

54321c.indd 8 
From the late 1870s to the present day, US 

military attachés have provided a valuable service to the nation. These military personnel report military conditions and developments of their host nations and serve as experts on the country’s military forces and national security concerns. In 1965, DIA assumed responsibility of the Defense Attaché System and continues to maintain this vital element of military intelligence today. There are currently 135 Defense Attaché Offi ces (DAOs) around the world. 

Lieutenant Colonel Mary A. Becka, USA, served 

as the nation’s fi rst female Defense Attaché. Her fi rst overseas assignment was Chad—a male oriented and Muslim culture—during Chad’s war with Libya in 1987, known as the “Toyota War.” The confl ict derived its name from Chad’s use of armed Toyota all-terrain vehicles in defeating Libyan forces. Becka gained the confi dence of President Hissene Habré of Chad, who sought her advice on military affairs. An acknowledged expert on Sub-Saharan Africa, Becka was able to provide support to Chad’s military operations against Libyan forces. 

Becka also served in other African nations during 

a tumultuous period in the 1990s. As an attaché to Liberia from 1992-1994, Becka witnessed the siege of Monrovia by rebel forces of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia under Charles Taylor (who later came into power in July 1997). She also served in Zaire and Congo from 1994-1996, when the region was rife with confl ict. Becka is a member of the Defense Attaché System Hall of Fame, which honors those who served as attachés with great distinction and who have made unique contributions to our nation.

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LTC Becka working as an attaché in Chad in the 1980s.

1963: DIA’s production Center occupied Arlington Hall Station, VA.

1951: Seoul, South Koreatured by UN 

1965: Defense Secretary Robert McNamara approved DIA’s plan for Defense Attaché System.

1990: TV MARTI began broadcasts directly to Cuba.

54321c.indd 9 
Mi-14 HAZE, by unknown artist, undated. The Russian Mi-14 (NATO name: HAZE

14PL is equipped with an APM-60 towed Magnetic Anomaly Detection system and can 

54321c.indd 10 
On 31 March 2001, a Navy crew of 24 men and 

women took off from Okinawa, Japan, on a routine mission over the South China Sea. Flying an EP-3 Aries II reconnaissance and surveillance plane, Navy Lieutenant Shane Osborn encountered two Chinese F-8 fi ghters near the end of his mission. The Chinese jets fl ew within a few feet of the American plane, a common technique of aerial harassment of surveillance fl ights. But the sudden swerving of one of the F-8s into the port outside propeller of the EP-3 precipitated an international incident. 

As the F-8 burst into fl ames and fell toward the 

sea, the EP-3 lost its nose cone and dropped 8,000 feet. Lieutenant Osborn struggled to keep his plane from spiraling out of control, radioed for help, and ordered his crew to destroy all classifi ed information and equipment. He landed the EP-3 safely on Hainan Island where Chinese offi cials immediately boarded the plane. 

Within hours, DIA’s Alert Center and analysts 

responded to the crisis. In addition, the DIA Directorate for Operations Situation Room and the Asia Pacifi c Division operations staff provided critical assistance to the Defense Attaché Offi ce in Beijing. The Chinese allowed US Defense Attaché Brigadier General Neal Sealock to meet the downed crew on 5 April, and subsequent negotiations led to their release a week later. Soon afterward, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Hugh Shelton decorated the crew.

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US Navy’s damaged EP-3 Aries II surveillance plane sits at Lingshui Airfi eld, Hainan Island, China, in June 2001.

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1970: China’s satellite reconnaissance program began with launch of CHINA ONE.

1961: Bay of Pigs landing in Cuba.

1775: Paul Rfamous midntelligence” r

1999: India sfully test-fi rerange model ballistic miss

1975: C-5A killing USDAmembers CeBrown, VivieClark, DorotJoan Prey, anWatkins.

1948: President Truman signed the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe.

54321c.indd 11 
Chinese Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile, M-9, by Brian McMullin, undated. T

surface ballistic missile system. Launched from an 8x8 Taian transporter-erector-launchIt is the mainstay of China’s conventional strategic force.

54321c.indd 12 
The Nisei soldiers, or second generation JapaneseAmericans, who fought in World War II left a legacy 

replete with honor, duty, and heroism. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US government removed Japanese-American soldiers from the Hawaiian Islands and activated a new unit, the 100th Infantry Battalion, made up of these men. This unit saw extensive action in Italy, including the bloody Battle of Monte Cassino, where it soon earned the nickname “The Purple Heart Battalion.” After the 100th Battalion was incorporated into the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the 100th/442nd went on to make military history, becoming the most decorated unit of its size and length of service.

Nisei soldiers also played a critical role in 

military intelligence operations in the war. One such soldier, Richard M. Sakakida, worked in the Counter Intelligence Corps of the US Army and was stationed in the Philippines in early 1942 to collect intelligence from Japanese POWs. After Corregidor fell to Japanese forces on 6 May 1942, he endured 6 months of interrogation and torture. Despite his captivity, Sakakida forged documents for Filipino guerrillas, orchestrated the escape of almost 500 prisoners from a Japanese prison, and was able to send intelligence reports about Japanese shipping and troop movements to American forces in Australia. He escaped Japanese imprisonment and suffered from wounds and disease before American forces rescued him in early 1945. 

Sergeant Richard Sakakida received a Bronze 

Star for his meritorious service in the Counter Intelligence Corps during World War II. After the war, he continued his military career as a commissioned offi cer in the Air Force Offi ce of Special Investigation. Sakakida, who died in 1996, was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in 1998.

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Richard Sakakida after the war.

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1954: US expelled Soviet air attaché Leonoid Pivnev for espionage.

1950: Harry arrested on echarges for patomic secre

1988: Moscow began withdrawal from Afghanistan.

1945: WW Iended in Eur

1972: Palestinian terrorists hijacked a Belgian airliner and fl ew it to Tel Aviv.

1968: MSGBenavidez eMedal of HoVietnam prointelligence and equipme

1960: SA-2 missile downed American U-2 and Soviets captured pilot Francis Gary Powers.

54321c.indd 13 
KRESTA II, by Brian W. McMullin, undated. The Red Navy’s guided missile cruise

coverage for Soviet task forces. The ship employed the SS-N-14 Silex anti-submarine sRussian destroyers has replaced the KRESTA II.

54321c.indd 14 
As an inventor, Thaddeus S.C. Lowe developed 

the compression ice machine, which led to the mechanical refrigerator in 1865. For the Intelligence Community, however, the efforts of Thaddeus Lowe have a much greater signifi cance than providing the world with the capability for cold drinks. Professor Lowe is one of the forefathers of overhead reconnaissance. 

Lowe’s interest in ballooning led to plans for a 

fl ight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1861. On a trial fl ight from Ohio, wayward winds landed Lowe and the ENTERPRISE in South Carolina where Confederate forces immediately jailed him as a spy in the 8-day old Civil War. He talked his way out of the situation, and 2 months later, Lowe was in Washington proposing the use of balloons by the US Army for observation in the war. From a demonstration balloon he communicated by telegraph wire to President Lincoln, and subsequently in August 1861, was hired as a civilian employee of the Army of the Potomac as the “chief aeronaut” of the balloon corps with less than two dozen men and seven balloons. 

On 25 June 1862, Lowe made his fi rst intelligence 

coup observing Confederate troop positions at the Battle of Fair Oaks (near Falls Church, VA). On another occasion he used a balloon tethered to a “Balloon Boat” anchored in the Potomac to make observations. The Professor and his balloon corps were involved in the Peninsula Campaign, but the usefulness of reconnaissance balloons was a controversial topic among Union Army offi cers, and Lowe resigned in May 1863. The balloon corps was disbanded a month later.

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Lowe observed Confederate forces from his balloon.

1917: The fi rst US troops arrived in France in WW I.

1963: USSR agreed on “htelephone lin

1953: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage.

1942: The OStrategic Se(OSS) estab

1944: Allied landed in FrD-Day—intcoup.

1967: Six-Day War began in Middle East.

54321c.indd 15 
Russian 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher, by Edward L. Cooper, 1988. The large 

laying down a broad, devastating fi eld of fi re, threatening armored vehicles, infantry, ai1993 to countries such as Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and India.

54321c.indd 16 
Bolling Air Force Base, one of the oldest airfi elds 

in the nation, was originally intended for the defense of Washington. Orville and Wilbur Wright were the fi rst to fl y their aircraft from the level fl ood plains south of Anacostia. Initially called Anacostia Flying Field, it hosted a number of fi rsts: fi rst air mail 

dispatched, fi rst commercial airway started, fi rst round 

the world fl ight ventured, and the fi rst military air 

show undertaken. 

During the Civil War, the Union Army used 

the area (known as Giesboro) as a cavalry depot. The Army subsequently established a military post, Camp Stoneman, and built corrals and stables that accommodated upwards of 50,000 horses. The US government then purchased the Anacostia Flats in 1918 to use the area as a landing fi eld and as a shelter and storage for planes. On 1 July 1918, Bolling Field was offi cially named in honor of Colonel Raynal Cawthorne Bolling, the fi rst high-ranking American offi cer killed during World War I. The poor draining and grading of the fi eld made construction diffi cult. During World War II, Bolling Field was the permanent location of General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Army Air Forces. At this time, the base expanded with the construction of barracks, medical buildings, and aircraft facilities. In 1948, the airfi eld was renamed Bolling Air Force Base.

Today, Bolling Air Force Base houses the Defense 

Intelligence Analysis Center (DIAC). Groundbreaking ceremonies for the new facility occurred on 21 April 1981 and construction was completed in 1984. More than any other accomplishment or milestone, the DIAC symbolized the coming of age of DIA. A dominant visual feature of the southern sector of the city, the DIAC continues the Bolling tradition, standing like a sentinel in the country’s fi rst line of defense.

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Bolling Field in the 1920s.

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1775: George Washington took command of the Continental Army.

Inde

1941: Offi ce ordinator of Iestablished; bOSS in 1942

1975: US APOLLO 18 and the Soviet SOYUZ 19 docked in space.

1990: DIA wWATCHCOissued warnion Iraqi.

1990: US warships in the Persian Gulf placed on alert.1989: Lebanese terrorists announced the execution of Marine Lt Col William Higgins.

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54321c.indd 17 
Mi-28 HAVOC in Afghanistan, by unknown artist, undated. The Mi-28 (NATO nam

tank guided missiles, and rockets, the HAVOC is capable of delivering heavy concentraunder consideration as the next generation of attack helicopters.

54321c.indd 18 
 Sunday Mon

At midnight on 13 August 1961, just days after 

the offi cial announcement of the creation of DIA, troops of the East German Volksarmee began erecting barbed wire barriers along the borders to the western part of Berlin. Soon afterward, the East Germans reinforced the barrier with massive concrete walls and entrenched barricades. The Soviets rejected Western complaints that the wall violated the postwar agreements on the occupation of Germany. Isolating the American, British, and French sectors of the city from the Soviet sector and East Germany, the Berlin Wall embodied the differences between East and West and served as an icon of the Cold War.

DIA collected and analyzed intelligence on Berlin 

throughout the Cold War as the divided city remained a hotspot of Cold War confrontation for three decades. At Checkpoint Charlie on 25 October 1961, Allied and Soviet tanks faced each other after East German border police refused to allow members of the US Military Mission to enter East Berlin. President John F. Kennedy reaffi rmed the solidarity of the United States with Berlin with his words, “Ich bin ein Berliner.” Years later, President Ronald Reagan challenged Soviet Communist Party Chief Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Wall. 

When Hungarian offi cials lifted border controls 

with Austria on 17 July 1989, a fl ood of East German citizens crossed into Austria. After demonstrators demanded democracy and free elections, the East German government stepped down on 7 November, and the entire politburo resigned the following day. During the night of 9 November 1989, the Wall fell without violence. Thousands of East and West Berliners celebrated throughout the night at border checkpoints, at the Brandenburg Gate, and on top of the Wall. For thirty years, DIA’s accurate assessments of Soviet military capability had proven invaluable to US policymakers. With the Cold War coming to a close, DIA personnel joined in the celebration.

East Germans begin construction of Berlin Wall, Aug 1961.

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1968: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

1949: Soviettheir fi rst atoon, an event the Air Force

1991: Presidsigned a covactivities limto prevent Irstyle activiti

1960: First broadcast via satellite made from Bell Laboratories.

1942: US exGerman sabhad landed oIsland in Jun

1974: VADM Vincent de Poix became 3rd Director, DIA.1998: Al-Qaida bombed US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 

1961: DoD iDirective 51establishing Intelligence 

54321c.indd 19 
SA-7, by Brian W. McMullin, undated. The SA-7 Strela-2 (NATO name: GRAIL) is 

strike a target. First developed by the Red Army in 1967, the SA-7’s relatively low cost SA-7 with a Radio Frequency direction fi nder on the gunner’s helmet. 

54321c.indd 20 
The Medal of Honor, the highest military award 

given to an individual in the US Armed Forces, traces its history to the Civil War. On 21 December 1861, President Abraham Lincoln approved a congressional bill creating a Navy medal recognizing military valor. The medal was the fi rst decoration offi cially 

authorized by the national government as a badge of honor. An Army version of the medal was signed into law on 12 July 1862. In the following year, Congress extended eligibility for the award to offi cers and made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration. Throughout our history, more than 3,400 men and one woman have received the award for heroic actions in the line of duty. 

One of the heroes of the Intelligence Community 

is Master Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez, USA. As a Staff Sergeant in the Special Forces (Airborne) in the Vietnam War, Benavidez belonged to a unit devoted to gathering intelligence on enemy forces. He earned the Medal of Honor on 2 May 1968 for his actions near Loc Ninh, when Benavidez volunteered to rescue a Special Forces Reconnaissance Team under attack from superior North Vietnamese Army forces. Suffering multiple wounds from enemy fi re, Benavidez dragged dead and wounded men into a rescue helicopter, killed a number of the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, and secured or destroyed all classifi ed equipment and material of the team. 

Benavidez passed away on 29 November 1998 

and is buried in the Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery in San Antonio, TX. His Medal of Honor Citation reads, “His fearless personal leadership, tenacious devotion to duty, and extremely valorous actions in the face of overwhelming odds were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and refl ect the utmost credit on him and the United States Army.”

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Master Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez, US Army Special Forces, Medal of Honor recipient.

AUG 2005

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L

1940: William Friedman’s Signals Intelligence Service cracked Japanese PURPLE code.

2001: Al-Qaida crashed commercial planes into World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing almost 3,000 people, including 7 from DIA.

2001: NATO defense claufi rst time in after 9/11 att

1994: US forlanded in HaOperation UDEMOCRA

1947: CIA and Air Force established by the National Security Act.

54321c.indd 21 
BLACKJACK, by Richard J. Terry, undated. The Russian Tupolev Tu-160 (NATO n

capable of carrying cruise missiles, short-range missiles, bombs, or a combination of eain service with the Russian air force.

54321c.indd 22 
On 11 September 2001, nineteen al-Qaida suicide 

attackers crashed two American commercial jets into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and another into a Pennsylvanian fi eld, leaving almost 3,000 individuals dead or missing. President George W. Bush subsequently declared a war against global terrorism, and on 7 October 2001, US armed forces launched Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, the military component of the US-led coalition to fi ght 

terror. Early combat operations consisted of air strikes and cruise missile attacks on al-Qaida training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. 

DIA supported the overall goal of the operation to 

destroy terrorist cells, capture al-Qaida leaders, and put an end to terrorist activities in Afghanistan. On 22 December—only 78 days after the start of military operations—the world celebrated the inauguration of the Afghan interim government. On Christmas Day 2001, after a 21-year absence, DIA reopened the US Defense Attaché Offi ce in Kabul, Afghanistan. The agency also augmented Defense Attaché Offi ces in countries surrounding Afghanistan to support military operations. By mid-March 2002, coalition forces had removed the Taliban from power and destroyed the al-Qaida network in Afghanistan. 

On 7 December 2001, DIA became the lead 

Agency for the Intelligence Community Document Exploitation Center (ICDEC). Foreign language documents recovered in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM have helped reveal terrorist assassination plans, membership rosters, and other material of great interest to both the intelligence and law enforcement communities. In addition, DIA has taken part in the debriefi ng and interrogation of prisoners of war and detainees. The collection of intelligence, such as the identity and location of al-Qaida members, has proven to be valuable to the War on Terrorism.

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DIA personnel at the opening of the US Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan, in December 2001.

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1780: British Major John André hanged by the Continental Army as spy.

1990: East aGermany reu

(O

2002: VADM Jacoby becaDirector, DI

1964: China detonated its fi rst nuclear weapon.

1983: Terrorist destroyed the Marine compound in Beirut, killing 254.

1952: NSA e

1952: US defi rst hydrogeEniwetok At

54321c.indd 23 
YANKEE Submarine Firing Cruise Missile, by Edward L. Cooper, 1985. The Sovie

submarine in 1985 as the test platform for the large, long-range, nuclear-tipped SS-NX-launch from submarines. 

54321c.indd 24 
Navajo code talkers played a vital role in 

American victories at Guadalcanal, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. The idea to use the Navajo language for secure communications originated from Philip Johnston, a World War I veteran and son of a Navajo missionary. Johnston knew that the US Army had used Choctaw Indians to transmit messages in their native tongue on the battlefi elds of the First World War. The Germans were never able to decode the messages. 

Marine Corps commanders in the Pacifi c Theater 

in World War II understood the critical need for quick, accurate, and secure voice transmissions on the battlefi eld. In his quest to improve intelligence, Major General Clayton B. Vogel (commanding general, Amphibious Corps, Pacifi c Fleet) and his staff witnessed Johnston’s demonstration of the use of the Navajo language for secure voice and wire transmissions. Indian languages include many dialects and are specifi c to the United States. The Navajo language is unwritten and includes complex syntax and tonal qualities.

The Navajo Code Talker Program offi cially 

started in May 1942. At fi rst, only 29 Navajo soldiers were assigned to the Signal Field Battalion Training Center at Camp Pendleton, California. They compiled a Navajo dictionary and created words for military terms that were not part of their language. Each code talker memorized the 450 words of the code. The Navajo code talkers participated in every US Marine assault from 1942-1945. By the end of the war, approximately 540 Navajo Indians enlisted in the program, with about 400 serving as actual code talkers. Navajo code talkers also saw service in Korea and Vietnam. Four of the original veterans received the Congressional Gold Medal on 26 July 2001.

 Sunday Mon

Code talkers in Bougainville, 1943 and Congressional Gold Medal.

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13 14 20 21 

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1970: US launched the fi rst TRW Defense Support Program satellite.

1805: CaptaMerriwether and William reached the Ocean and cintelligence 1979: Presidfroze Iranian following thof the embaTehran.

1962: President Kennedy lifted the blockade of Cuba.

1970: US fothe empty SoPOW camp 

54321c.indd 25 
Soviet Rail-Mobile SS-24 MOD 1 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, by Edward L. 

increased the lethality of the Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile force. The Soviets strategic missile forces. 

54321c.indd 26 
On a snowy Christmas night in 1776, American 

soldiers under General George Washington crossed the Delaware River and marched toward the Hessian outpost at Trenton, NJ. Faced with the possibility that many of his soldiers would disappear on New Year’s Day as their enlistments expired, Washington hoped to rally the dying rebel cause with a victory over the enemy. With the fate of the Revolution in the balance, the Continentals attacked on the morning of 26 December. They routed the Hessians without losing a single man in the battle. 

What led to such a decisive victory over a superior 

force? Because the American Revolution was a war of movement waged over large distances, accurate and timely intelligence concerning enemy location and strength was crucial to both British and Continental commanders. Washington, considered the father of American military intelligence, ran an extensive human intelligence (HUMINT) organization that took advantage of the fact that the war was being fought on rebel soil with British troops quartered in American cities and homes. The conditions proved ideal for spying since the antagonists spoke the same language and were distinguishable as friend or foe only by their political opinions. 

Before attacking Trenton, Washington employed 

a spy, John Honeyman, to gather intelligence on the Hessian forces stationed there and to supply the Hessian commander with false information regarding the state of American soldiers. Consequently, Washington was able to attack with almost complete surprise. A turning point in the war, the battle of Trenton raised the morale of the young nation and rallied American troops to the cause. The victory reversed a string of bitter defeats and led a proud General Washington to declare, “This is a glorious day for our country.”

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 Sunday Mon

Trenton, 26 December 1776, by H. Charles McBarron. 

Courtesy of the Center of Military History.

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Chri

(

1992: President Reagan signed EO 12333 on collecting intelligence.

1981: Defengence Senior Service estab

1962: DIA established the Counterintelligence Group.

1964: DefenSecretary Mestablished DAttaché Syst1991: USSR exist.

1984: Thomas Cavanagh arrested for selling the KGB stealth technology.

1976: First KKENNAN preconnaissansatellite laun1988: LTG HSoyster becaDirector, DIA

1776: GenerWashington Hessians at TNJ with HUM

54321c.indd 27 
DIA has cleared the paintings, photos, and information contained in this 

publication for public release. We would like to thank the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) for its help in scanning the paintings. All events listed on this calendar are noted according to the time and date of the location where they occurred. 

DEC 2005

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NOV 2005

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OCT 2005

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SEP 2005

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AUG 2005

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JUL 2005

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4 5 6 7 8 9 

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MAY 2005

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JUN 2005

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APR 2005

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FEB 2005

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JAN 2005

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MAR 2005

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2005 

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