2018 IL App (1st) 162345
 

No. 1-16-2345
 

Opinion filed October 31, 2018 

THIRD DIVISION
 

IN THE
 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
 

FIRST DISTRICT
 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

DARNELL FOXX, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

) 

) Appeal from the Circuit Court 

) of Cook County, Illinois, 

) Criminal Division. 

) 

) No. 97 CR 20768 

) 

) The Honorable 

) James Michael Obbish, 

) Judge Presiding. 

PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the 

court, with opinion. 

Justices Howse and Cobbs concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 After a jury trial, the defendant, Darnell Foxx, was convicted of two counts of first degree 

murder and two counts of aggravated battery with a firearm. The defendant, who was 15 years 

old at the time he committed the crime, was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, 

followed by two consecutive 30-year prison terms. After the defendant’s conviction was 

affirmed on direct appeal (People v. Foxx, No. 1-00-0387 (Feb. 18, 2003) (unpublished order 

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23) (Foxx I)), the defendant filed a pro se postconviction 

petition. While that petition was pending before the trial court, the United States Supreme Court 

decided Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and our supreme court decided People v. Davis, 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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2014 IL 115595. Based on these two decisions, the trial court vacated the defendant’s original 

sentence and ordered a new sentencing hearing. 

¶ 2 After new evidence was presented at that sentencing hearing, the defendant was sentenced to 

two concurrent 45-year prison terms for each first degree murder conviction, followed by two 

consecutive 14-year prison terms for the aggravated battery with a firearm convictions. The 

defendant appeals, contending that (1) he was denied his right to effective representation when 

his attorney failed to seek a discretionary transfer hearing to juvenile court under the 2016 

amendments to the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Pub. Act 99-258 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (amending 

705 ILCS 405/5-130(1)(a)(i))), which became effective prior to his resentencing hearing and 

which would have excluded a 15-year-old charged with murder from the class of juvenile 

offenders subject to automatic transfer to adult court, and (2) the trial court abused its discretion 

in sentencing him by placing too much emphasis on deterrence and ignoring the mitigating 

circumstances of his traumatic childhood. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 4 Since on direct appeal we already presented all of the facts of this case, we now merely 

summarize the trial record and set forth only those facts and procedural history necessary to the 

resolution of issues in this appeal. 

¶ 5 After his arrest on June 25, 1997, the defendant and four other codefendants were charged 

with numerous crimes stemming from his involvement in the June 22, 1997, drive-by shooting, 

which resulted in the death of two victims—Salada Smith (Salada) and Joshua Thomas 

(Joshua)—and the wounding of two others. 

¶ 6 The defendant was tried in a simultaneous, but separate, jury trial with one of the 

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No. 1-16-2345 

codefendants—his 17-year-old cousin, Javell Ivory (Ivory). The following relevant evidence was 

adduced at his trial. The defendant gave a statement to police, admitting (1) that on the morning 

in question, he was inside a stolen van with four codefendants, who were all fellow street gang 

members; (2) that they drove to a location where they intended to shoot a member of a rival gang 

in retaliation for the recent shooting of another member of the defendant’s gang; (3) that at that 

location, using his “Tech .9 machine pistol,” the defendant fired into a group of four people; 

(4) that one of the codefendants also fired shots into the group; and (5) that after they fled the 

scene, the defendant hid his gun in his girlfriend’s diaper bag and placed that bag in his 

refrigerator. At trial, the State also presented evidence that the police subsequently recovered a 

gun in a diaper bag located at the defendant’s residence. Forensic firearm analysis of that gun 

established that the bullets recovered from it matched the bullets recovered from the bodies of 

both murder victims. 

¶ 7	 After the jury found the defendant guilty of two counts of first degree murder and two counts 

of aggravated battery with a firearm, the court sentenced him to two natural life sentences to be 

served consecutively with two 30-year prison terms. The defendant’s conviction and sentence 

were affirmed on direct appeal. See Foxx I, No. 1-00-0387. 

¶ 8 On January 10, 2008, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition pursuant to the 

Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008)). Because of delays in the 

proceedings, the petition was automatically advanced to the second stage of postconviction 

review, and the defendant was appointed counsel. Counsel subsequently filed an amended 

petition for postconviction relief, arguing, inter alia, that the defendant’s mandatory sentence of 

natural life without parole violated both the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution 

(U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and the Illinois proportionate penalties clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, 

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§ 11). The State filed a motion to dismiss. While the postconviction proceedings were pending 

before the trial court, on June 25, 2012, the United States Supreme Court decided Miller, 567 

U.S. 460 and our supreme court decided Davis, 2014 IL 115595. The defendant was granted 

leave to supplement his petition with these decisions, and the State was permitted to respond. 

Based on the aforementioned decisions, which invalidated mandatory natural life sentences for 

juveniles, the trial court effectively granted postconviction relief and ordered the defendant’s 

original sentence be vacated and that the matter be set for a new sentencing hearing. 

¶ 9	 The new sentencing hearing was held on May 24, 2016.1 The defendant was 34 years old at 

the time and had already served 19 years in prison. 

¶ 10 For purposes of resentencing, the parties agreed that the defendant could be sentenced under 

the law in effect in 1997. As such, the sentencing range for each murder conviction was 20 to 60 

years’ imprisonment. In addition, the sentencing range for each aggravated battery with a firearm 

conviction was between 6 and 30 years’ imprisonment. These sentences had to be served 

consecutively to each other and to the sentences imposed for the murder convictions. 

¶ 11 The trial judge began the sentencing hearing by noting that a new presentencing investigation 

report (PSI) and a mitigation memorandum had been submitted to him. 

¶ 12 In aggravation, the State recounted the facts of the case, pointing out that one of the 

two murder victims, Salada, was pregnant at the time of the shooting. The State also presented 

two victim impact statements. Salada’s mother, Obrellia Ann Smith (Smith), testified that her 

daughter, who was 24 years old and pregnant at the time, was murdered in a senseless drive-by 

shooting, leaving behind a six-year-old daughter. She further stated that Salada’s sister could 

4 

1

The defendant’s sentencing hearing was held simultaneously with that of his codefendant, and 

cousin, Ivory. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

No. 1-16-2345 

never get over Salada’s death, had a nervous breakdown, and “took to drugs and eventually died 

of a heroin overdose.” In her statement, Smith described the hopelessness she felt since the loss 

of her daughter, but then said that she forgave the defendant and continued to pray for him. 

¶ 13 Christine Buckner, Joshua’s mother, next stated, among other things, that her son was only 

21 years old when he was killed as a result of the defendant’s “joy riding.” She described her 

pain, but also stated that she did not want to see the defendant, who was only 15 years old when 

the crime occurred, spend the rest of his life in jail. 

¶ 14 In aggravation, the State sought the imposition of a 76-year sentence. Noting that the 

truth-in-sentencing laws were not in place in 1997, the State argued that the defendant would 

have to serve only 50% of his sentence and because he has already served 19 years, he could 

leave prison at age 53. 

¶ 15 In mitigation, the State presented two witnesses: (1) a social worker, Hina Rehman

 (Rehman), and (2) a psychological therapy expert, Dr. Frederick W. Gross (Dr. Gross). 

¶ 16 Rehman first testified that, in compiling her report for purposes of the sentencing hearing, 

she reviewed all police and Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC) records regarding the 

defendant and interviewed numerous members of the defendant’s family, including his brother, 

Derrick Foxx (Derrick). She also spoke to the defendant about 10 to 12 times. 

¶ 17 Rehman testified that based on all of the foregoing, she concluded that the defendant had a 

very traumatic childhood. According to Rehman, the defendant’s biological father was not 

involved in his life. His mother was a drug addict, who would disappear from the house for 

periods of time and who was repeatedly arrested for drug possession and prostitution. 

¶ 18 Rehman testified that, as a result, the defendant was forced to “be on the streets to collect 

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No. 1-16-2345 

money to feed his siblings and himself.” He saw death and violence in his neighborhood and was 

often beaten up himself. The defendant’s older brother, Derrick, advised him that “the only way 

to get protection if you had no parents around was through a gang.” With the help of Derrick, the 

defendant became involved in gang activities when he was only 10 years old. 

¶ 19 Rehman further testified that since his incarceration, the defendant has not been involved in 

any violence. Instead, he has participated in various programs and has obtained his GED, even 

though under his original sentence, he had no hope of ever leaving prison. The defendant is also 

a prolific writer and has begun a novel while incarcerated. Rehman averred that when he leaves 

prison, the defendant wants to return to his community and help minors with no parents, and in a 

similar predicament to his, make better choices and avoid gang life. 

¶ 20 According to Rehman, the defendant expressed remorse over what he had done. He stated 

that he wished he had known better when he was 15 years old, wished that he had better 

resources, and wished he had adults to look up to, who would have motivated him not to become 

involved in gangs. The defendant described the harshness of prison life, told Rehman that he has 

been molested several times, and stated that he has seen “a lot of people get hurt” since he has 

been “inside.” 

¶ 21 Dr. Gross next testified consistently with Rehman. He stated that, for purposes of the 

sentencing hearing, he created a psychological evaluation and assessment of the defendant. In 

doing so, he interviewed the defendant eight times and reviewed his IDOC and county jail 

records. Dr. Gross opined that, based on the aforementioned, “the defendant seemed to him to be 

such a different person now than what he was when he was young.” 

¶ 22 Consistently with Rehman, Dr. Gross testified about the defendant’s childhood, his non6 
 

 

 

 

 

 

No. 1-16-2345 

present father and drug addicted mother, his initiation into gang life prompted at an early age by 

his brother, his remorse about the shooting, the steps he had taken to better himself in prison, and 

his wish to help others upon release. Additionally, Dr. Gross testified that the defendant told him 

that he was often physically abused as a child by his mother and others. According to Dr. Gross, 

the defendant “genuinely wanted to repair what he had done and seemed to have hope for the 

future.” 

¶ 23 After Dr. Gross’s testimony, in allocution, the defendant apologized to the victims and the 

victims’ families and offered that he had a distorted world view at the time he committed the 

crimes. At that time, he believed “crime was cool,” but over time he has come to a different 

appreciation. 

¶ 24 In mitigation, defense counsel did not specify the term of years sought, but merely appealed 

to the trial court to impose a “shorter sentence.” In doing so, counsel argued that the defendant’s 

youth, immaturity, and traumatic childhood severely affected his decisionmaking leading up to 

the offense, but that his conduct since being in prison and his stated ambitions to help others 

clearly showed a rehabilitative potential, warranting a lesser prison term. 

¶ 25 After hearing the arguments, and before issuing its decision, the trial court took a 

continuance to consider the “great deal of material” presented to it “through the excellent efforts 

of the attorneys.” As the court explained: “I want to give every bit of consideration to the 

testimony that I heard today, the statements that *** [the] defendant[ ] made, the arguments of 

counsel, and to put it in context with the documents that previously have been submitted both by 

the State and by the Defense.” 

¶ 26 The court subsequently sentenced the defendant to concurrent 45-year prison terms for the 

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two murder convictions, followed by two consecutive 14-year prison terms for aggravated 

battery with a firearm. The court noted that the aggregate total sentence was 73 years. With good 

behavior, the sentence could be served at 50%. Therefore, the defendant could be released from 

prison at age 51. 

¶ 27 In issuing the sentence, the trial court, inter alia, acknowledged that the defendant was 15 

years old at the time the crimes were committed and that under the current sentencing laws, a 

judge must “consider the chronological age of the offender, hallmark features of youth, including 

their past history, their failure to appreciate risks and consequences, [and] *** their home 

environment.” 

¶ 28 The court then commented on the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, stating that the 

defendant had shown “serious potential.” The court explained that this potential had been limited 

by a lack of resources from the IDOC, but that since the Miller decision, the IDOC had made 

greater resources available and the defendant had taken advantage of them. The court further 

found relevant that the defendant had “shown and taken some positive steps” in joining a 

program consistent with his stated ambition to help keep youth from gangs. It also noted the 

defendant’s good behavior in prison, as well as his sincerity in allocution. 

¶ 29 Nonetheless, the court emphasized that the crimes resulted from the defendant’s own poor 

choices. As the court explained: 

“[G]iven all we have learned about [him] from the lengthy interviews that [t]he expert 

witnesses testified to, [the defendant] still made some rather terrible choices, obviously, in 

[his] life. And they were choices. 

People still have a choice. The environment can be terrible and it can have this war zone 

or environment described by the witnesses, but not everybody succumbs. Some people have 

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common sense and morals and they can tell from the beginning what’s right and what is 

wrong. 

[The defendant] made a rather desired choice that struck me as I have prepared for the 

sentencing hearing. [He] joined a gang. And the name of the gang that [he] joined probably 

should have told anybody something even if they were juveniles. When you join a gang who 

go by the name of Insane Vice Lords, one of the words might say well, it will be—Every one 

of those things connotated just an anti-social and a destructive organization. 

Need I say more? Insane. Well, there’s something, you know, I want to be involved in an 

organization and I am going to call myself Insane Vice and a Lord. I am going to be the 

master of my domain. Vice is the least offensive of the terms. Some choices were made, and 

juveniles make these choices without the benefit of the wisdom that hopefully an adult would 

have, but still it was a matter of free choice. It was a matter of free choice to decide to engage 

in a revenge attack on another individual. And it doesn’t matter if it was a spur of the 

moment decision.” 

¶ 30 The court finally emphasized that in order to stop gangs from using juveniles to “do their 

dirty work” and continue to “wreak havoc on society,” it had given serious consideration to the 

deterrent effect of the defendant’s sentence. 

¶ 31 After the court issued its sentence, the defendant moved for reconsideration, arguing that the 

sentence was excessive in light of the mitigating circumstances of youth that must be considered 

under Miller. The trial court denied that motion, and the defendant now appeals. 

¶ 32 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 33 On appeal, the defendant makes two contentions. He first argues that his counsel at 

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resentencing was ineffective for failing to request that his cause be transferred to juvenile court 

under the 2016 amendments to the Juvenile Court Act (Act). See Pub. Act 99-258 (eff. Jan. 1, 

2016) (amending 705 ILCS 405/5-130 (1)(a)(i)). Second, he asserts that the trial court abused its 

discretion in sentencing him to an aggregate of 73 years’ imprisonment, by placing too much 

emphasis on deterrence and ignoring the mitigating circumstances of his childhood. We address 

each of the defendant’s contentions in turn. 

¶ 34 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 

¶ 35 We begin with the defendant’s contention regarding counsel’s ineffectiveness. It is axiomatic 

that every defendant has a constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel. See U.S. 

Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel 

are governed by the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); see also 

People v. Lacy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 442, 456 (2011); see also People v. Colon, 225 Ill. 2d 125, 135 

(2007) (citing People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984) (adopting Strickland )). According to 

Strickland, in order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must 

establish both (1) that his counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness 

under prevailing professional norms and (2) that he was prejudiced by counsel’s conduct, i.e., 

that but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of 

the proceeding would have been different. See Lacy, 407 Ill. App. 3d at 456; see also People v. 

Ward, 371 Ill. App. 3d 382, 434 (2007) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-94); see also People 

v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36. Failure to establish either prong of the Strickland test 

precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Henderson, 2013 IL 

114040, ¶ 11; see also People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 438 (2005). 

¶ 36 The defendant here contends that he was denied his right to effective representation where 

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his counsel at resentencing failed to file a motion requesting that his case be transferred to the 

juvenile court under the 2016 amendments to section 5-130 of the Act. Pub. Act 99-258 (eff. Jan. 

1, 2016) (amending705 ILCS 405/5-130 (1)(a)(i)) (hereinafter the automatic transfer provision). 

Under the new amendments, the defendant, who was 15 years old when he committed the 

crimes, was no longer subject to automatic transfer to adult court, but was instead entitled to a 

discretionary transfer hearing in juvenile court before he could be sentenced as an adult. Id. The 

defendant contends that because the 2016 amendments were procedural and his case was 

“pending” in the trial court at the time the amendments went into effect (almost six months 

before his resentencing hearing), the change in law applied to his case. See People ex rel. 

Alvarez v. Howard, 2016 IL 120729 (holding that the amendments to section 5-130(1) applied 

retroactively to “ongoing proceedings” that were “pending” in the trial court at the time the 

amendment became effective). Accordingly, he argues that had counsel filed a motion seeking 

transfer of the case to the juvenile court, that motion would have been granted and there is a 

reasonable probability that the outcome of his proceedings would have been different. 

Specifically, he contends that once the cause was moved to juvenile court, the State would have 

had to petition for a discretionary transfer hearing. The defendant contends that there is a strong 

probability that under the facts of his case, particularly his traumatic childhood and age, the 

juvenile court would have found that transfer was not warranted and that instead he should be 

resentenced under the Act. See 705 ILCS 405/5-710 (West 2016). 

¶ 37 The State, on the other hand, asserts that, regardless of whether counsel’s failure to file a 

motion seeking to transfer the case to juvenile court constituted deficient performance, under our 

supreme court’s recent ruling in People v. Hunter, 2017 IL 121306, the defendant cannot 

establish prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we agree. 

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No. 1-16-2345 

¶ 38 It is well accepted that “[a] defendant’s failure to establish prejudice under Strickland is fatal 

to an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel,” and that if “no prejudice ensued,” a claim 

may be “disposed of on that ground alone, without considering the separate question [of] 

whether counsel was deficient.” People v. Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 349 (1994) (citing Strickland, 

466 U.S. at 697). 

¶ 39 In Hunter, our supreme court considered and rejected the retroactive application of the 

amendments to the automatic transfer provision to a cause pending on direct appeal. Hunter, 

2017 IL 121306, ¶ 30. In doing so, the court in Hunter first reaffirmed its decision in Howard, 

where it held that the automatic transfer provision amendments applied retroactively to a 

defendant who had been charged under the old statute, was awaiting trial when the amendments 

became effective, and therefore had “ongoing proceedings” that were “pending” in the trial 

court. Id. ¶¶ 18-33 (citing Howard, 2016 IL 121729). The court then observed two major 

distinctions between the facts of Hunter and those of Howard. 

¶ 40 The first distinction involved the difference between a case that is “pending” and one that is 

“ongoing.” Our supreme court explained that, in Howard, proceedings in the trial court had not 

yet been concluded. Thus, according to our supreme court, “[i]n a real-world sense those 

proceedings were ‘ongoing.’ ” Hunter, 2017 IL 121306, ¶ 30. In contrast, in Hunter, the 

defendant’s case had reached judgment and was pending in the appellate court on direct review. 

Id. ¶ 27. The court acknowledged that section 4 of the Statute on Statutes “requires that ‘the 

proceedings thereafter’—after the adoption of the new procedural statute—‘shall conform, so far 

as practicable, to the laws in force at the time of such proceeding.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. ¶ 31 

(quoting 5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2016)). Thus, the court reasoned that “[s]ection 4 contemplates the 

existence of proceedings after the new or amended statute is effective to which the new 

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procedure could apply,” i.e., an “ongoing proceeding.” Id. In comparison, in Hunter, the 

proceedings in the trial court were completed well before the statute was amended. Id. ¶ 32. 

Thus, “[n]o ‘ongoing proceedings’ exist[ed] to which the amended statute could apply.” Id. 

¶ 41 The second distinction our supreme court made was that, unlike the facts of Howard, 

application of the amended statute in Hunter was “impracticable.” Id. ¶ 43. In Howard, the 19­

year-old defendant was still “subject to the jurisdiction” of the juvenile court at the time the court 

rendered its decision. Id. ¶ 38. Accordingly, it was practicable, or feasible, for the matter to be 

remanded to the juvenile court for a transfer hearing. Id. In Hunter, however, the defendant was 

22 years old at the time the court rendered its decision and therefore “[a] discretionary hearing in 

the juvenile court [was] no longer feasible because the juvenile court [could] not exercise 

jurisdiction over [him].” Id. 

¶ 42 In sum, in Hunter, our supreme court held that the amendment to the automatic transfer 

provision did not apply retroactively because the amendment “did not become effective until 

after [the defendant’s] trial court proceedings were concluded and his case was pending in the 

appellate court; because no reversible error necessitate[d] remand for further proceedings to 

which the amended statute could apply; and because [the defendant], in any event, [wa]s no 

longer subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, making remand impracticable.” Id. ¶ 43. 

¶ 43 We agree with the defendant that the situation before us involves a resentencing 

hearing, and not a direct appeal, and is therefore procedurally more akin to Howard than Hunter. 

Nonetheless, we find that the reasoning of Hunter, regarding the unfeasibility of remanding this 

cause to the juvenile court when the defendant has reached adulthood, applies with equal force 

here. The defendant in this case was 34 years old at the time of his resentencing hearing, and 

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therefore any potential transfer to the juvenile court would have proved impracticable, since, as 

an adult, the defendant would not be subject to juvenile proceedings under the Act. 

¶ 44 In this respect, we agree with the defendant that the term “jurisdiction” used by the supreme 

court in Hunter was a poor word choice. The defendant correctly points out that jurisdiction is 

“ ‘conferred by the constitution, not the legislature.’ ” People v. Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, 

¶ 15 (quoting Belleville Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 335-36 

(2002)), and that “while the legislature can create new justiciable matters by enacting legislation 

that creates rights and duties, the failure to comply with a statuary requirement or prerequisite 

does not negate the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction or constitute a nonwaivable 

condition precedent to the circuit court’s jurisdiction.” LVNV Funding, LLC v. Trice, 2015 IL 

116129, ¶ 37 (citing In re Luis R., 239 Ill. 2d 295, 300-02 (2010)). It is axiomatic that “a circuit 

court is a court of general jurisdiction, which need not look to [a] statute for its jurisdictional 

authority” (internal quotation marks omitted) (Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19) and that “the 

juvenile court is simply a division of the circuit court.” In re Greene, 76 Ill. 2d 204, 213 (1979); 

People v. Fiveash, 2015 IL 117669, ¶ 33 (citing Greene for the same proposition). As such, the 

defendant is correct that whether a person is tried in juvenile court or criminal court is a matter of 

procedure rather than jurisdiction. 

¶ 45 Nonetheless, once a defendant reaches the age of 21, under the Act, the juvenile court has no 

statutory authority over him. 705 ILCS 405/5-105(10) (West 2014) (“ ‘Minor’ means a person 

under the age of 21 years subject to this Act.”). “The age limit on juvenile court adjudication is 

set solely by the statutory language enacted by the legislature.” Fiveash, 2015 IL 117668, ¶ 33. 

Therefore, if, as in this case, “a defendant’s age places him outside the scope of the [Juvenile 

Court] Act, the court has no authority to proceed under the Act.” Id. Accordingly, since the 

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defendant here was 34 years old at the time of his resentencing, transfer to juvenile court would 

have proven impracticable because the juvenile court would no longer have had authority to 

proceed against him under the Act. Id. We believe that this is what the supreme court meant in 

Hunter when it improvidently stated that the juvenile court may not exercise “jurisdiction” over 

an adult defendant. 

¶ 46 Given that, under Hunter, the defendant’s cause could not have been transferred 

to juvenile court under the 2016 amendments to the automatic transfer provision, the defendant 

has failed to establish prejudice and his ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail. 

¶ 47 B. Abuse of Discretion 

¶ 48 The defendant next contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it sentenced him 

to an aggregate of 73 years’ imprisonment, by placing too much emphasis on deterrence and 

ignoring the mitigating circumstances of his childhood. For the reasons that follow, we disagree. 

¶ 49 It is well established that the trial court is the proper forum to determine a sentence and that a 

sentencing decision is entitled to great deference and weight. People v. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d 

205, 212 (2010). The reason for such deference is that the trial judge, “having observed the 

defendant and the proceedings, is in a much better position to consider factors such as the 

defendant’s credibility, demeanor, moral character, mentality, environment, habits, and age.” 

People v. Snyder, 2011 IL 111382, ¶ 36. Therefore, a sentence that falls within the appropriate 

statutory range will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Coleman, 166 Ill. 2d 

247, 258 (1995). Such abuse occurs only when the sentence varies greatly from the spirit and 

purpose of the law or is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense. Snyder, 2011 IL 

111382, ¶ 36. 

¶ 50 A sentence should reflect both the seriousness of the offense and the objective of restoring 

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the offender to useful citizenship. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11; People v. Wilson, 2016 IL 141063, 

¶ 11; People v. McWilliams, 2015 IL App (1st) 130913, ¶ 27. Nonetheless, the seriousness of the 

offense, rather than any mitigating evidence, is the most important factor in sentencing. People v. 

Kelley, 2015 IL App (1st) 132782, ¶ 94. The trial court is presumed to consider all relevant 

factors and any mitigation evidence presented, but has no obligation to recite and assign any 

value to each factor. Wilson, 2016 IL 141063, ¶ 11. Rather, the defendant “must make an 

affirmative showing that the sentencing court did not consider the relevant factors.” People v. 

Burton, 2015 IL App (1st) 131600, ¶ 38. In reviewing a sentence for abuse of discretion, the 

reviewing court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court merely because it 

would have weighed the various factors differently. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d at 213. 

¶ 51 In the present case, the defendant chose to be sentenced under the law in 1997, the year he 

committed the crimes in question. Accordingly, the sentencing range for each of his two murder 

convictions was from 20 to 60 years (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 1996)) and from 15 to 60 

years for each of his two aggravated battery with a firearm convictions (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(b) 

(West 2016)). Because under the law in effect in 1997, the sentences for the two aggravated 

battery with a firearm convictions had to be served consecutively (730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(a) (West 

1998)), and the defendant’s sentence was subject to day-for-day credit (730 ILCS 5/3-6-3 (West 

1998)), the total sentencing range available to the trial court was between 50 and 180 years’ 

imprisonment, to be served at 50%. 

¶ 52 The trial court here sentenced the defendant in the lower end of the sentencing range to 73 

years’ imprisonment. Contrary to the defendant’s assertion, the record before us unquestionably 

establishes that, in doing so, the court considered and weighed the seriousness of the offense and 

the deterrent effect of the defendant’s sentence with all relevant mitigating factors, including the 

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defendant’s age and immaturity, his difficult upbringing, and his laudable efforts at 

rehabilitation. While we may find the 73-year sentence objectionable, and may have imposed a 

sentence far closer to the minimum range, we are constricted by our standard of review and are 

not at liberty to reweigh any sentencing factors, as the defendant would have us do. See 

Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d at 213. The sentence before us is neither greatly at variance with the spirit 

and purpose of the law nor manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense. Id. 

Accordingly, under the record below, we are compelled to conclude that the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion. 

¶ 53 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 54 For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 55 Affirmed. 

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