THIRD DIVISION

MCFADDEN, C. J.,

DOYLE, P. J., and HODGES, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS

COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN

THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

June 23, 2020

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A20A0229. PARHAM v. THE STATE.

MCFADDEN, Chief Judge.

After a jury trial, Triston Parham was convicted of aggravated assault, armed

robbery, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The trial

court sentenced Parham to serve a 45-year term of incarceration. Parham appeals the

denial of his motion for new trial, raising four arguments. 

Parham argues that the evidence does notsupport his convictions, but we hold

that the jury was authorized to find that the evidence, though circumstantial, was

sufficient to exclude every reasonable hypothesis save that of guilt. Parham argues

that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of three other acts, but we hold that the

trial court did not abuse his discretion as to two of them and any error in admission

of the third was harmless. Parham argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance, but we hold that Parham has failed to show both deficient performance

and prejudice. Finally, Parham argues that that the trial court plainly erred by giving

an improper burden-shifting charge to the jury, but we hold that any error did not

mislead the jury, given the charge as a whole. So we affirm.

1. Evidence.

Viewed in the light most favorable to support the jury’s verdict, see Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the state’s evidence

showed that in a three-hour period on April 22, 2014, Parham and an accomplice

engaged in a crime spree, committing or attempting to commit three armed robberies

targeting Hispanic victims and Hispanic communities. The victim in the case on trial,

who is from Honduras, testified that he was walking to work before six in the

morning when a four-door, silver or gray car passed him, made a U-turn in the

shipping area of his place of employment, and pulled up to the victim. A man got out

of the car, approached the victim, brandished a black weapon, and demanded that the

victim give him everything in the victim’s possession. The victim and the man from

the car began to fight. Another man, armed with a silver handgun, exited the car. 

The two men assaulted the victim with a stun gun and he fell to the ground. The

men took the victim’s black cell phone, his boots, and about $120 in cash. The victim

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ran to his workplace. One of the men followed the victim, threatening to kill him, but

then retreated. The perpetrators left the scene of the crime and the police were

contacted. 

A police officer responded to a dispatch and met the victim at his workplace.

The victimdescribed the race, height, weight, and clothing of the perpetrators as well

as the four-door car. But he was unable to identify the perpetrators in a photo line up. 

Less than five hours later, the officer was patrolling the area when he saw a

man he had arrested several times before leaning into a four-door, silver car and

talking to the front passenger. As soon as the person leaning into the car saw the

officer, he began to walk away. The officer walked up to the car and began speaking

to Parham, who was in the driver’s seat. Parham’s accomplice was in the passenger

seat. The officer asked Parham what the man wanted and told Parham that the area

was a high-crime area. The officer asked for identification from the occupants of the

car. Parham gave the officer his Georgia corrections card. 

Parhamconsented to a search of the car. The officer opened the front passenger

car door to begin a search when Parham revoked his consent. However, when he

opened the door, the officer saw what appeared to be a marijuana cigarette. So the

officer searched the car, where he found a silver revolver and a red wallet with a

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woman’s driver’s license and financial documents in it. Parham told the officer that

the revolver belonged to his accomplice and that a woman had left the wallet in the

car the night before, but the name Parham gave him for the woman was not the name

on the driver’s license and the documents in the wallet. The officer subsequently

learned that the owner of the red wallet had been the victim of an armed robbery that

same day. 

The officer arrested Parham and the accomplice. The officer searched Parham,

who had about $300 worth of Mexican pesos on his person. The officer found the

victim’s black cell phone and a stun gun on the accomplice. 

The state presented evidence of two crimesthat occurred shortly after the crime

for which Parham was being tried. Around 7:40 the same morning as the 6 a.m.

robbery of the victim here, Parham had attempted an armed robbery of a Hispanic

woman in a trailer park. The woman testified that when she was driving home from

taking her child to school, a four-door, silver or gray car was blocking the road in her

trailer park. A man in a neon green shirt approached her vehicle, asked her if she

knew a particular person, told her to roll down her window, and then pointed a silver

gun at her and demanded money or her purse. She said she did not have anything and

to search her vehicle if he did not believe her. She got out of her vehicle, and the man

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searched the victim’s vehicle, did not find anything, and got into the passenger side

of the silver or gray car. Another man was in the driver’s seat.

The attempted armed robbery victim’s neighbor happened to take photographs

of the attempted armed robbery as it was happening, and the photographs showed

Parham wearing a shirt and socks of the same distinctive, bright color as the shirt and

socks that he was wearing at the time of his arrest. The victim was able to record the

license plate number of the car, and that license plate was on the car Parham was

occupying at the time of his arrest. The victim of the attempted armed robbery

identified Parham as the perpetrator from a photo line up. 

The owner of the red wallet found in the car from which Parham was arrested

also testified. She testified that between 8:00 and 9:30 that same morning as the

robbery at issue and the attempted armed robbery, she was returning to her

predominately Hispanic trailer park from taking her children to school. Once she

reached her trailer and was standing on her porch, she noticed a four-door, silver,

white, or gray car. 

A man exited the passenger side of the car, approached the victim, and asked

whether she knew a particular person. He then pointed a “silver black” gun at her

stomach and took her wallet, the same wallet that was found in the car when Parham

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was arrested. The victim’s husband opened the door and pulled her into the trailer,

and the robber fled behind the trailer. The victim was able to identify the perpetrator

from a photo line up. 

The state also presented evidence of an armed robbery committed by Parham

in 2004. The victimin that case testified that he wasrobbed at gunpoint when he went

to see his daughter and ex-wife in a predominately Hispanic trailer park. As the

victim waited outside for his daughter, a car with two men pulled up, one of the men

jumped out of the passenger side of the car, pointed a rifle in the victim’s face, and

took some money. The victim called 911 and, within minutes, law enforcement

officers saw the perpetrators’ vehicle just after it left the trailer park. They pursued

the vehicle, never losing sight of it. The officers were able to detain the occupants,

one of whom was Parham. Parham was charged with armed robbery, aggravated

assault, and obstruction.

“Questions about the reasonableness of other hypotheses in cases based on

circumstantial evidence . . . are for the trier of fact to decide. . . . In such a case, the

jury’s finding will not be disturbed unless the verdict of guilty is insupportable as a

matter of law.” State v. Holmes, 304 Ga. 524, 526 (1) (820 SE2d 26) (2018) (citations

and punctuation omitted). Here, “[t]he evidence, though circumstantial, wassufficient

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to exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than [Parham’s] guilt . . . and for a

rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that [Parham] was guilty of

[the charged crimes]”. Carson v. State, __ Ga. __, __ (1) (__ SE2d __) (Case No.

S20A0288, decided May 18, 2020) (citations omitted). See also Bradshaw v. State,

296 Ga. 650, 652-653 (2) (769 SE2d 892) (2015) (“[I]n determining the sufficiency

of the evidence, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence admitted by the

trial court, [including evidence of other acts,]regardless of whether that evidence was

admitted erroneously.”) (citation and punctuation omitted). 

2. The admission of the other acts evidence.

Parham argues that the trial court committed reversible error by allowing the

state to present evidence of the three other acts. We disagree. 

We hold that two of the three other acts were intrinsic evidence because they

were part of the crime spree and that their probative value outweighed any prejudice.

We hold that any error in admitting evidence of the third other act was harmless. 

(a) Intrinsic evidence.

We review decisions to admit evidence for a clear abuse of discretion. Reeves

v. State, 294 Ga. 673, 676 (2) (755 SE2d 695) (2014). OCGA 24-4-404 (b) (“Rule

404 (b)”) “generally controls the admission of other acts evidence, also know as

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extrinsic evidence[.]” Brown v. State, 307 Ga. 24, 29 (2) (834 SE2d 40) (2019)

(punctuation omitted). Rule 404 (b) providesthatsuch extrinsic evidence of other acts

“shall not be admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in

conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,

but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” But Rule 404 (b) does not apply

where the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts [is] intrinsic to the

charged offense. Evidence is intrinsic if it is (1) an uncharged offense

which arose out of the same transaction or series of transactions as the

charged offense, (2) necessary to complete the story of the crime, or (3)

inextricably intertwined with the evidence regarding the charged

offense. Whether offered under Rule 404 (b) or asintrinsic evidence, the

[trial] court must find that the probative value of the proffered evidence

is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice and that it meets the

other requirements of OCGA § 24-4-403 (‘Rule 403’).

Brown v. State, 350 Ga. App. 104, 108-109 (2) (a) (828 SE2d 110) (2019) (citations

and punctuation omitted). 

The crimes on trial and the other acts committed a few hours later were part of

the same series of transactions; evidence of the other acts completed the story of the

crimes on trial; and the other acts were inextricably intertwined with the crimes on

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trial. So evidence of the other acts wasintrinsic. The other acts and the crimes on trial

were all part of a distinctive robbery spree. Parham committed the other acts within

three hours of the crimes on trial, in the gap of time between the commission of the

crimes on trial and Parham’s arrest five hours later. The victim in this case is

Hispanic, the victim in the attempted armed robbery is Hispanic, and the owner of the

red wallet lived in a trailer park with almost all Hispanic residents. Photographs of

the attempted armed robbery showed Parham wearing a shirt and socks of the same

distinctive, bright color as the shirt and socks that he was wearing at the time of his

arrest. The license plate on the car involved in the attempted armed robbery was the

same license plate on the car Parham was occupying at the time he was arrested. The

cell phone of the victim of the crime on trial and the stun gun used to assault him

were found on the accomplice, who was in the car with Parham. The wallet of the

victim of the other-act armed robbery was found in the car. The three victims’

descriptions of the perpetrator’s car matched the car Parham was driving at the time

of his arrest. “[T]he evidence . . . was a link in the chain of events leading up to

[Parham’s arrest] and completed the story of the crimesfor the jury.” Brown, 307 Ga.

at 29 (2). See also United States v. Castro, 795 Fed. Appx. 635, 652 (II) (E) (11th Cir.

2019) (evidence of other heists in defendant’s robbery spree was intrinsic); United

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States v. Saunders, 196 Fed.Appx. 873, 875-876 (11th Cir. 2006) (“evidence, not part

of the crime charged but pertaining to the chain of events explaining the context,

motive and set-up of the crime, is properly admitted if it is linked in time and

circumstances with the charged crime, or forms an integral and natural part of an

account of the crime, or is necessary to complete the story of the crime for the jury”)

(citation and punctuation omitted).

Further, given the inability of the victim of the crimes on trial to identify his

assailants, “the probative value of evidence concerning [the other crimes] was not

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Assuch, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion here.” Brown, 307 Ga. at 30 (2).

(b) Admission of third other act.

The third other act the trial court allowed wasthe 2004 armed robbery. “[E]ven

assuming that [this] evidence was improperly admitted, any such evidentiary error

was harmless.” Howell v. State, 307 Ga. 865, 875 (3) (838 SE2d 839) (2020). 

Any error in the admission of the 2004 armed robbery “was evidentiary and not

of constitutional dimensions, and the test for determining nonconstitutional harmless

error is whether it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict.”

Jackson v. State, 306 Ga. 69, 80 (2) (c) (829 SE2d 142) (2019) (citation and

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punctuation omitted). See also OCGA § 24-1-103 (a) (“Error shall not be predicated

upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the

party is affected[.]”). “In determining whether the [alleged] error was harmless, we

review the record de novo and weigh the evidence as we would expect reasonable

jurors to have done so.” Jackson, 306 Ga. at 80 (2) (c) (citation and punctuation

omitted). The evidence of Parham’s guilt aside from the 2004 armed robbery was

strong. See Edwards v. State, __ Ga. __, __ (3) (839 SE2d 599) (2020) (pretermitting

question of error in admission of other acts evidence where strong evidence of guilt

made any such error harmless). It showed that Parham engaged in a three-hour crime

spree targeting Hispanic people and communities. He was positively identified—and

even photographed — in one of the crimes in the spree. He was arrested in a car that

matched the descriptions given by the three victims in the spree (and with the license

plate recorded by one of the victims). The weapon described by the three victims, the

cell phone belonging to the victim of the instant crime, and the stun gun used on the

victim were found in the car or on the accomplice, who was in the car. 

As to the potential harmful effect of the other acts evidence, the

trial court instructed the jury extensively both before the [s]tate

presented the evidence of the [2004] incident and again during the final

charge [about the limited purpose of the other act evidence; that the jury

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could not make inferences about Parham’s character from the evidence;

and that Parham was on trial only for the offenses charged in the

indictment, not any other acts]. We ordinarily presume that jurorsfollow

their instructions. 

Howell, 307 Ga. at 875 (3). “Considering all of these circumstances, we conclude that

it is highly probable that the admission of the [2004 other acts] evidence, even if

erroneous, did not contribute to the jury’s guilty verdicts.” Id. at 876 (3).

3. Effective assistance of counsel.

Parham argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

state’s opening statement and closing argument; for failing to object to and move for

a mistrial because of hearsay in the arresting officer’s testimony; and for failing to

object to testimony that implicated his character. To prevail on these claims, Parham

“must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient

performance so prejudiced [him] that there is a reasonable likelihood that, but for

counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different.” Puckett v. State,

342 Ga. App. 518, 525 (2) (804 SE2d 648) (2017) (citation omitted). Because Parham

must show both deficient performance and prejudice, “an insufficient showing on

either of these prongs relieves the reviewing court of the need to address the other

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prong.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). We hold that Parham has not shown

both deficient performance and prejudice for any of his claims.

(a) Failure to object to the state’s improper arguments.

(i) Alleged golden rule violations.

Parham argues that the prosecutor twice violated the “golden rule,” which

forbids any argument “that, regardless of the nomenclature used, asks the jurors to

place themselves in a victim’s position[,]” Braithwaite v. State, 275 Ga. 884, 885 (2)

(b) (572 SE2d 612) (2002) (footnote omitted), and that trial counsel performed

deficiently by failing to object.

The first instance about which Parham complains occurred in the prosecutor’s

opening statement. The prosecutor began as follows: “I woke up this morning. I got

dressed. I drove to work. I got my things. I came to court unharmed, unbothered.

Everyone in thisroom got up this morning. We all passed the 6:00 a.m. hour. We may

have had traffic issues, but we’re all in this room unharmed.” This argument did not

ask the jurors to place themselves in the victim’s position, and thus was not an

impermissible golden rule argument. Ledford v. State, 289 Ga. 70, 86 (17) (709 SE2d

239) (2011) (argument asking the jury to think about the unpleasant way in which the

victim had died did not violate the golden rule), disapproved in part on other grounds

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in Willis v. State, 304 Ga. 686, 706 n. 3 (11) (a) (820 SE2d 640) (2018). So “the

failure to object . . . could not have been patently unreasonable, and [Parham] has not

shown ineffective assistance in this regard.” Faust v. State, 302 Ga. 211, 220 (4) (c)

(805 SE2d 826) (2017) (prosecutor’s urging jurors to speak on behalf of the

community was not an impermissible golden rule argument).

The second instance about which Parham complains occurred in the

prosecutor’s closing argument. Referring to the victim whose wallet was stolen, the

prosecutor said,

remember 6:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:44. We’ve gone through 6:00. We’ve

gone through 8:00. We now move to the 9:00 o’clock hour. And you

heard the evidence, and she tells you — this is [the victim with the

wallet]. Now, what I think you all get from her is that she was authentic.

She kept it 100 percent real. She was more concerned with how is she

going to be able to feed her kids at the point of being robbed, and also

trying to make sure that her babies on the inside would not come out

during this altercation. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, put yourself in

that mind frame. She said I had to feed my kids because my kid had his

money in it; that was his.

“Pretermitting whether [the statement “put yourself in that mind frame”] would have

given rise to a valid objection at trial, we find, given the isolated nature of [the]

remark[] and the wide latitude afforded counsel in closing argument, that trial counsel

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did not performin an objectively unreasonable manner in failing to object thereto, nor

did [Parham’s] defense suffer prejudice therefrom.” Favors v. State, 296 Ga. 842, 847

(4) (b) (770 SE2d 855) (2015) (inviting jurors to “imagine what would be going

through their minds, [the murder victim’s] mind”). This is particularly true given the

trial court’s instructions that the jurors were not “to show favor or sympathy to one

party or other” but instead were “to consider the facts objectively, without favor,

affection, or sympathy to either party.” See Mosley v. State, 295 Ga. 123, 125 (2) (757

SE2d 828) (2014) (assuming trial counsel performed deficiently by not objecting to

alleged golden rule argument, there was no prejudice in light of the strength of the

evidence of appellant’s guilt and of the trial court’s charge to the jury that it was to

base its verdict on the evidence and the law given in the court’s charge and not on

“favor, affection, or sympathy to either party.”). 

(ii) Use of the word “racism.”

Parham argues the prosecutor called him a racist in his opening statement, and

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object.

After stating that the evidence would show that Parham “went on an armed

robbery spree, targeting the Hispanic community,” the prosecutor stated: “This case

is about racism. Now, many of you may be surprised or maybe even raise an eyebrow.

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Why am I talking about racism? Because that’s who the victim is in this particular

case, racismthat hasimpacted one individual, starting at 6:00 a.m. on 24 April 22nd.” 

Trial counsel did not object, but he later moved for a mistrial because of the

reference to racism. The trial court admonished the prosecutor that although he could

argue that the evidence showed Parham targeted Hispanic people and communities,

he could not refer to racism again. The court warned the prosecutor that “I’ll dress

you down in front of the jury if this happens during closing statements.” The

prosecutor did not mention racism again.

Assuming that trial counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s use of the

word “racism” in his opening statement amounts to deficient performance, we hold

that Parham has not shown prejudice. The state’s theory in this case was that Parham

and his accomplice engaged in a crime spree targeting Hispanic people and

communities. It introduced evidence to support this theory, including that, as the

victim’s assailants retreated, one of them said to the victim, “Mexican, why are you

here?” 

Before opening statements, the trial court instructed the jury that an opening

statement is not evidence and what the lawyers say is not evidence. In his final

charge, the trial court reiterated that opening statements are not evidence. So “even

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if it was error for [Parham’s] counsel not to object [to the prosecutor’s use of the word

“racism” in his opening statement], there is no reasonable likelihood that the outcome

of the trial would have been different if he had objected.” Simmons v. State, 291 Ga.

705, 714 (10) (d) (733 SE2d 280) (2012). See also Perera v. State, 295 Ga. 880, 884

(3) (a) (763 SE2d 687) (2014) (defendant, who was Mexican, did not demonstrate

harm from counsel’s failure to object to prosecutor’sracial comments about Mexican

people during opening statement). 

(b) Hearsay.

Parham argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object or move

for a mistrial to two instances of hearsay in the arresting officer’s testimony. 

The first instance occurred when the arresting officer testified that another

officer told him that an armed robbery victim had been robbed of a large amount of

pesos. (The arresting officer had found the same amount of pesos on Parham’s

person.) Counsel did object to this testimony on hearsay grounds and the trial court

sustained the objection, but Parham argues that trial counsel should have moved for

a mistrial. 

The record showsthat the trial court had granted the state’s motion to introduce

evidence of the armed robbery in which the victim was robbed of pesos, although, in

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the end, the state did not present that evidence. So at the time he objected to the

officer’s testimony on hearsay grounds, it was reasonable for trial counsel to

anticipate that the victim robbed of pesos would testify. And trial counsel testified at

the motion for new trial hearing that he did not believe the officer’s testimony

justified moving for a mistrial. Parham “has not shown either that counsel’s tactical

decision not to move for a mistrial was outside the range of reasonably effective

assistance or that a mistrial would have been granted but for counsel’s decision to

forego requesting one.” Sweet v. State, 278 Ga. 320, 325 (8) (602 SE2d 603) (2004).

The second instance of hearsay about which Parham complainsisthe arresting

officer’s testimony that the wallet discovered in the car occupied by Parham and his

accomplice had been stolen in an armed robbery. Counsel’s failure to object to this

testimony did not prejudice Parhambecause the victimof that armed robbery testified

at trial and identified the wallet as hers. “Given the cumulative nature of this

evidence, the failure to object to the officer’s testimony . . . does not amount to

deficient performance.” Rosser v. State, __ Ga. __, __ (4) (__ SE2d __) (Case No.

S20A0103, decided May 4, 2020). 

(c) Failure to object to character evidence.

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Parham argues that trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to object to

two instances of character evidence. Parham argues that the arresting officer’s

testimony that the area where Parham was arrested was known for prostitution, drug

sales, and drug consumption improperly implicated his character. Trial counsel

testified at the motion for new trial hearing that he did not see the testimony as

referencing Parham’s character but instead saw it as being offered to explain why the

arresting officer was in the area in the first place. Given trial counsel’s reasonable

understanding of the testimony, his failure to object was not deficient. See Griffin v.

State, 266 Ga. App. 50, 52 (2) (596 SE2d 405) (2004) (no error where trial court

allowed state’s witness to testify that area where the crime occurred was “high crime

area,” because “the statements did not suggest that the [defendant] had himself been

involved in any previous criminal misconduct at that or any other location”) (citation

and punctuation omitted).

Parham argues that trial counsel should have objected when the arresting

officer testified that Parham gave him a Georgia corrections card as identification.

“However, this passing . . . reference . . . did not amount to improper character

evidence, and trial counsel’s failure to object does not amount to deficient

performance.” Brown v. State, 307 Ga. 24, 33 (6) (a) (834 SE2d 40) (2019).

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(d) Cumulative effect of alleged deficiencies. 

We have considered the cumulative effect of the alleged deficiencies of counsel

and “conclude that they do not establish a reasonable probability that the result of

[Parham’s]trial would have been different in the absence of the deficiencies alleged.”

Bentley v. State, 307 Ga. 1, 11 (2) (d) (834 SE2d 549) (2019).

4. Jury charge.

Parham argues that the trial court committed plain error in charging the jury.

He points to the following two sentencesin the charge: (1) “However, the state is not

required to prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt or to a

mathematical certainty.”; and (2) “If you do not believe that defendant is guilty of any

of these offenses, or if you have reasonable doubt as to defendant’s guilt, then you

would be authorized to acquit the defendant, in which event the form of your verdict

would be, ‘We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty.’” 

Because Parham’s claim is reviewed for plain error, “we will reverse the trial

court only if the instructional error was not affirmativelywaived, was obvious beyond

reasonable dispute, likely affected the outcome of the proceedings, and seriously

affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”

Herrington v. State, 300 Ga. 149, 151 (2) (794 SE2d 145) (2016) (citation and

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punctuation omitted). “[G]iven the trial court’srepeated instructions asto the [s]tate’s

burden of proof in this case, we do not believe there is a reasonable possibility that

the court’s apparent slip of the tongue [that the ‘state is not required to prove the guilt

of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt’] misled the jury as to the degree of proof

necessary for conviction or acquittal.” Burns v. State, 246 Ga. App. 383, 384 (1) (540

SE2d 640) (2000). See also Hollis v. State, 97 Ga. App. 145, 147-148 (4) (102 SE2d

610) (1958) (use of phrase “authorized to acquit” is inapt as “jury has no discretion

but is under the duty to acquit or convict according to whether or not the [s]tate has

carried its burden of proving the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt,” but

was not prejudicial in view of charge as a whole).

Judgment affirmed. Doyle, P. J., and Hodges, J., concur.

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