Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida 

Opinion filed October 6, 2022.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D21-1633

Lower Tribunal No. 15-26015

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Jonathan Michael Schuler,

Appellant,

vs.

Sandy T. Fox, P.A.,

Appellee.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Alan Fine, 

Judge.

Litigation Lawyers, Professional Association, and Stephen B. Rakusin 

(Ft. Lauderdale), for appellant.

Kogan Law, P.A., and Lyudmila Kogan (Hallandale), for appellee.

Before LINDSEY, MILLER, and LOBREE, JJ. 

LINDSEY, J.
2

Appellant Jonathan Schuler (Defendant below) appeals from two nonfinal orders that partially grant and partially deny his motion to quash service 

of process and vacate a default final judgment.1 Schuler argues the trial 

court erred in denying his motion to vacate because the default judgment 

improperly awarded unliquidated damages. Schuler also argues the trial 

court erred in denying his motion to quash because the Return of Service 

was facially invalid. We affirm because the contract damages are liquidated 

since the exact amount can be determined from the pleadings. We also 

conclude that Schuler failed to meet his burden to challenge service of 

process.

I. BACKGROUND

In November 2015, Appellee Sandy T. Fox, P.A. (the “Law Firm”) filed 

a Complaint against Schuler, its former client, to recover unpaid attorney’s 

fees for legal services rendered in a paternity action. A clerk’s default was 

entered against Schuler in January 2016, and a final judgment was entered 

against Schuler in February 2016 in the amount of $59,494.73. This amount 

included $39,286.36 stemming from a written contract for legal services and 

1 We have jurisdiction pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 

9.130(a)(5) (“Orders entered on an authorized and timely motion for relief 

from judgment”) and 9.130(a)(3)(C)(i) (jurisdiction of the person, which 

includes the validity of service of process).
3

$18,488.02 in equitable relief for services rendered in an appeal in the 

paternity action.

In September 2020, the Law Firm, through counsel, filed two motions 

for writs of garnishment directed at two of Schuler’s bank accounts. In 

November 2020, Schuler filed a motion to quash service of process and to 

vacate the 2016 final judgment. Schuler argued the default was improperly 

entered because he was never served. More specifically, Schuler argued as 

follows:

7. In the return, the process server incorrectly 

claimed that an actual service of process was 

effected on the Defendant with description of “Age: 

44, Sex: M, Race/Skin Color: White, Height: 6’1, 

Weight: 220, Hair: Balding, Glasses: N.”

8. However, Jonathan Schuler was living in Illinois. 

On November 17, 2015, he was 32 years old, 6 feet 

2 inches tall and weighed 178 pounds. The individual 

Summons was not personally served upon Jonathan 

Schuler. Apparently, the Summons and Complaint 

were delivered to some other person who was not 

authorized to accept service of process on behalf of 

Jonathan Schuler. 

(Emphasis in original).

Schuler also argued the lower court improperly entered a final 

judgment without a trial and without 30 days’ notice on the Law Firm’s claim 
4

for unliquidated damages in violation of Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 

1.440(c).2

The trial court conducted two separate hearings on Schuler’s motion. 

First, on December 14, 2020, the court held a non-evidentiary hearing on the 

damages issue. Following the hearing, and a little over a week later, the 

court entered an order finding that the $39,286.36 in damages for breach of 

contract (Count I) were liquidated, and therefore, the judgment was valid and 

enforceable as to those damages. However, the court also found that the 

$18,488.02 in damages for unjust enrichment (Count VI) and quantum meruit 

(Count VII) were unliquidated, and the judgment was vacated as to those 

damages.3

2 Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.440(c), provides as follows:

Setting for Trial. If the court finds the action ready to be set for 

trial, it shall enter an order fixing a date for trial. Trial shall be set 

not less than 30 days from the service of the notice for trial. By 

giving the same notice the court may set an action for trial. In 

actions in which the damages are not liquidated, the order setting 

an action for trial shall be served on parties who are in default in 

accordance with Florida Rule of General Practice and Judicial 

Administration 2.516.

3 Following the trial court’s determination that some of the damages were 

unliquidated, the Law Firm elected to keep the breach of contract (Count I)

judgment in place and waive the equitable relief in Counts VI and VII. As an 

additional measure, the Law Firm filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal of all 

counts except Count I. 
5

The second hearing occurred in April of 2021. The trial court held an 

evidentiary hearing on the remaining issue in Schuler’s Motion—whether he 

was personally served with the Complaint and Summons. At the hearing, 

Schuler and Kathy Shapck, Schuler’s girlfriend at the time of service, testified 

that he was living in Chicago on November 17, 2015, the date of service. In 

support, Schuler produced Florida Power and Light records showing the

electricity had been turned off at his Hollywood, Florida address by 

November 15.

The court also heard testimony from the process server, who testified 

that his affidavit of service affirmed that he served Schuler because someone 

at the Hollywood, Florida address identified himself as Schuler. Photos 

taken by the process server were also admitted into evidence. The photos 

showed a black SUV resembling Schuler’s black Porsche Cayenne and a 

moving trailer. Schuler testified that his friend Brian packed the moving 

trailer and that Brian transported Schuler’s Cayenne to Illinois. Finally, 

Schuler’s checking account statements were admitted into evidence, 

showing debit card charges in Florida between November 12 and November 

17, including a November 17 charge in Hollywood, Florida at Panera. 

Schuler testified that he had given his debit card to Brian. Nobody named 

Brian testified at the hearing. 
6

At the conclusion of the hearing, the court made the following 

observations:

THE COURT: I will say this at this point: I accept the 

evidence that Mr. Schuler was in the process of 

moving during November, that the container that was 

in the driveway was the container that either already 

contained or was about to contain, during the course 

of that day, the contents that were in the house that

he wanted moved to Chicago.

The black SUV may or may not have been Mr. 

Schuler’s. It sure does look a lot like a Porsche 

Cayenne, but I’m not an expert. And if it was, that’s 

not definitive, because Mr. Schuler did testify that 

he’s not the person that drove it to Chicago, that it 

was either, I think he said his sister or Brian. 

The problem here is that the -- all those credit card 

receipts, excuse me, debit card charges long after 

Mr. Schuler left. And his testimony that he gave the 

debit card to Brian without more and without any 

other explanation and without showing any debit or 

credit card charges made in Chicago or somewhere 

else is a tough hurdle when you have the burden of 

showing by clear and convincing evidence that the 

service was not made.

On July 14, 2021, the court entered a detailed order finding that the 

process server’s Return of Service was regular on its face and that Schuler 

failed to present clear and convincing evidence that he was not served. 

Based on the evidence and testimony, the court did not find Schuler’s or 

Shapck’s testimony credible. Accordingly, the court denied Schuler’s motion 

to quash service of process and to vacate the entire default final judgment.
7

Schuler timely appealed.

II. ANALYSIS

Schuler raises two primary arguments on appeal. First, Schuler argues

that all claims for attorney’s fees are unliquidated damages claims. Second, 

Schuler argues that the return of service was irregular on its face because 

the description did not match his description, and moreover, that the 

evidence reflected Schuler was not served. 

1. Liquidated and Unliquidated Damages

Whether damages are liquidated or unliquidated is a legal issue 

subject to de novo review. Law Offices of Granoff & Kessler, P.A. v. Glass, 

305 So. 3d 345, 347 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020), reh’g denied (May 18, 2020), 

review denied, SC20-734, 2021 WL 1157836 (Fla. Mar. 26, 2021) (citing 

Musi v. Credo, LLC, 273 So. 3d 93, 95-96 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019)).

There is no dispute a default final judgment is void if it awards 

unliquidated damages in violation of the notice and trial requirements in 

Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.440(c). See, e.g., Rodriguez-Faro v. M. 

Escarda Contractor, Inc., 69 So. 3d 1097, 1098 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011) (“In 

Florida, it is well settled that a defaulting party is entitled to notice and an 

opportunity to be heard when the amount of damages is unliquidated.”).
8

In DYC Fishing, Ltd. v. Martinez, 994 So. 2d 461, 462-63 (Fla. 3d DCA 

2008), this Court explained that the difference between liquidated and 

unliquidated damages depends on whether the exact amount can be 

determined from the pleadings: 

Damages are liquidated when the amount to be 

awarded can be determined with exactness from a 

pleaded agreement between the parties, by an 

arithmetical calculation, or by application of definite 

rules of law. See Bowman v. Kingsland Dev., Inc., 

432 So. 2d 660, 662 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983). Damages 

are unliquidated “if the ascertainment of their exact 

sum requires the taking of testimony to ascertain 

facts upon which to base a value judgment.” Id. at 

663. When unliquidated damages must be 

determined as a result of a default, the defaulting 

party “is entitled to notice of an order setting the 

matter for trial, and must be afforded an opportunity 

to defend.” Viets v. Am. Recruiters Enters., Inc., 922 

So. 2d 1090, 1095 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006); see also

Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 663 (“A defaulting party has 

a due process entitlement to notice and opportunity 

to be heard as to the presentation and evaluation of 

evidence necessary to a judicial determination of the 

amount of unliquidated damages.”).

Here, the exact amount of the attorney’s fees can be determined from 

the Complaint and its attachments, which include the parties’ Fee Agreement 

and invoices. See Cellular Warehouse, Inc. v. GH Cellular, LLC, 957 So. 2d 

662 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (finding that a damages claim for failure to make 

payments under the terms of a contract was liquidated whereas damages for 

lost business profits, stolen assets, and operating expenses were 
9

unliquidated since they were not established by the parties’ agreement and 

instead required testimony to ascertain the amount). 

According to the Complaint, Schuler breached the attorney-client Fee

Agreement by failing to pay $36,631.15.

4 The Fee Agreement, which is 

attached to the Complaint, sets forth the agreed hourly rate for the attorneys

at the Law Firm. Moreover, over 100 pages of detailed invoices, which are 

also attached to the Complaint, list the amounts charged over the course of 

litigation for the various services at the applicable hourly rate. The invoices 

also show that Schuler made several payments.

5 Consistent with the 

allegations in the Complaint, the invoices show that the final total balance 

due is $36,631.15. 

Even though the exact amount of damages can be determined from 

the pleadings, Schuler argues that all attorney’s fees are unliquidated. We 

disagree. Although “every claim of damages for the reasonable value of 

services is a claim for unliquidated damages[,]” Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 663

4 Default judgment was entered in the amount of $39,286.36, which includes 

the principal amount of $36,631.15 plus contractual interest and costs.

 

5 The Fee Agreement and invoices state that the client has ten days to notify 

the Law Firm in writing of any errors or discrepancies in billing. Schuler does 

not claim he disputed the billing.
10

(emphasis added), not every claim for attorney’s fees requires a 

reasonableness determination. 

In Glass, this Court explained the difference between an action against 

a former client for attorney’s fees based on agreed hourly amounts and 

reasonable attorney’s fees sought by a prevailing party against an opposing 

party. 305 So. 3d at 347-50. This Court held that when fees are sought as 

compensatory damages against a client for breach of an hourly rate contract,

as opposed to reasonable fees (e.g., prevailing party fees), no independent 

expert testimony regarding reasonableness is necessary. Id. at 350.

Here, the Law Firm is not seeking reasonable fees, but fees from a 

former client based on contractual hourly amounts and regular invoices for 

time expended. The amount is not conjectural or uncertain until a fact finder 

makes a value judgment. See Roggemann v. Boston Safe Deposit & Tr. 

Co., 670 So. 2d 1073, 1075 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (“A ‘reasonable attorney’s 

fee’ is an unliquidated item of damages because testimony must be taken to 

ascertain facts upon which a judge or jury can base a value judgment.”);

Papadakos v. Spooner, 186 So. 2d 786, 789 (Fla. 3d DCA 1966) (“However, 

the amount of a reasonable attorney’s fee is entirely conjectural and is clearly 

uncertain until either a judge or jury by an exercise of judgment makes a 

determination.”).
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Damages in this instance can be determined with exactness from the 

Complaint and the attached Fee Agreement and invoices.6 Since Schuler’s 

default admits the allegations in the Complaint, and the fees require no 

reasonableness determination, no evidentiary findings or testimony was

necessary to fix the amount. See Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 662 (“A default 

admits every cause of action that is sufficiently well-pled to properly invoke 

the jurisdiction of the court and to give due process notice to the party against 

whom relief is sought. A default also admits the plaintiff’s entitlement to 

liquidated damages due under the pleaded cause of action, but not 

unliquidated damages.”). We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of 

Schuler’s motion to vacate the default judgment as to breach of contract 

because the contractual attorney’s fees are liquidated damages.

2. Service of Process

6 Though Schuler has cited some authority for the proposition that attorney’s 

fees sought against a former client are unliquidated, the fee agreements in 

those cases did not involve an agreed hourly rate, as here, but instead

necessarily required a reasonableness determination to ascertain the exact 

amount. See Ake v. Chancey, 13 So. 2d 6, 7 (Fla. 1943) (“The contract 

provided that a reasonable compensation be paid Chancey, the amount of 

which was to be fixed by H. C. Rorick as trustee for the bondholders’

committee.”); Papadakos v. Spooner, 186 So. 2d 786, 786–87 (Fla. 3d DCA 

1966) (“The complaint brought by [the attorney] against [the clients] alleged, 

in part, that . . . (5) [the client] agreed ‘that a reasonable fee would be paid 

to [the attorney].’”). 
12

In Koster v. Sullivan, 160 So. 3d 385, 389 (Fla. 2015), the Florida 

Supreme Court explained that a return of service is regular on its face if it 

includes the statutory factors contained in section 48.21, Florida Statutes:

The party who seeks to invoke the court’s jurisdiction 

bears the burden of proving proper service. This 

burden requires the party to demonstrate that the 

return of service is, under section 48.21, facially valid 

or regular on its face. A return of service that is 

regular on its face must include the statutory factors 

contained in section 48.21. If the return is regular on 

its face, then the service of process is presumed to 

be valid and the party challenging service has the 

burden of overcoming that presumption by clear and 

convincing evidence.

(Citations and quotation marks omitted).

Schuler argues that the Return of Service was not regular on its face 

because the written description of the person served did not exactly match 

Schuler’s description. A written description, however, is not one of the 

factors listed in section 48.21, and Schuler has not cited any authority that 

supports the proposition that a return of service containing a description that 

does not exactly match the description of a person served renders the return 

facially irregular.7 

7 The facial irregularity cases Schuler cites are distinguishable as they

involve failure to comply with the statutory factors required for service of 

process. See Re-Emp. Servs., Ltd. v. Nat’l Loan Acquisitions Co., 969 So. 

2d 467, 472 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (“In the present case, the return of service 

was defective on its face because it not only failed to accurately note the 
13

The statutory factors set forth in section 48.21 are, in pertinent part, as 

follows:

(1) Each person who effects service of process 

shall note on a return-of-service form attached 

thereto the date and time when it comes to hand, the 

date and time when it is served, the manner of 

service, the name of the person on whom it was 

served, and, if the person is served in a 

representative capacity, the position occupied by the 

person. The return-of-service form must list all 

pleadings and documents served and be signed by 

the person who effects the service of process. 

However, a person who is authorized under this 

chapter to serve process and who effects such 

service of process may sign the return-of-service 

form using an electronic signature.

Here, the Return of Service included all the required statutory factors 

in section 48.21 and was therefore regular on its face. Thus, Schuler bore 

the burden of challenging the validity of service by clear and convincing 

date and time the process came to hand, but also it actually stated that it 

came to hand before the summonses were even issued.”); Romeo v. U.S. 

Bank Nat. Ass’n, 144 So. 3d 585, 587 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (“Here, the 

affidavits of service stated that the process server received the alias 

summonses on September 10th, but they were not issued until September 

12th. Thus, the affidavits are defective on their face under section 48.21 

because they actually state that they ‘came to hand before the summonses 

were even issued.’”); Bank of Am., N.A. v. Bornstein, 39 So. 3d 500, 504 

(Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (“Neither the original nor the amended return of service 

showed the absence of the statutorily prescribed superior classes of persons 

who could have been served.”); Bennett v. Christiana Bank & Tr. Co., 50 So. 

3d 43, 45 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (“The process server’s notes contain no 

evidence of compliance with [§ 48.031(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2009)].”).
14

evidence. Based on the record, the trial court did not err in concluding that 

Schuler failed to meet this burden. There was ample evidence below that 

Schuler was personally served, including the process server’s testimony, 

photographs, and Schuler’s checking account statements showing 

transactions taking place in Florida. Moreover, the only evidence that 

Schuler was in Chicago at the time of service was his own testimony and 

that of Shapck, his girlfriend, neither of whom the trial court found credible. 

Schuler produced no other corroborating evidence. 

III. CONCLUSION

The breach of contract damages in this case are liquidated because 

the exact amount can be determined from the pleadings; therefore, we affirm 

the trial court’s denial of Schuler’s motion to vacate the default judgment as 

to Count I (Breach of Contract). We also affirm the trial court’s denial of 

Schuler’s motion to quash service of process because Schuler has not 

shown that the Return of Service was facially irregular, and he did not carry 

his burden of challenging the validity of service by clear and convincing 

evidence. 

Affirmed.