Employment Requirements

of Mass Transit

A Case Study

of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics and 

Employment and Training Administration 

1978

$ 0 *

$ 0 -

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S'c- • r v

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BLS Bulletin 1989 

ETA R&D Monograph 58

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment Requirements

of Mass Transit

A Case Study

of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

U.S. Department of Labor 

Ray Marshall, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner

Employment and Training Administration 

Ernest G. Green

Assistant Secretary for Employment and Training

August 1978

BLS Bulletin 1989 

ETA R&D Mongraph 58

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock Number 029-001-02211-5

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

U nited S ta te s . Bureau of Labor S t a t i s t i c s . 

Employment requirem ents of mass t r a n s i t .

(R & D monograph ; 58) ( B u lle tin - Bureau of 

Labor S t a t i s t i c s ; 1989)

1. U nited S ta te s --P u b lic w orks--C ase s tu d ie s .

2. M assachusetts Bay T ra n sp o rta tio n A u th o rity .

3. Manpower p o lic y - -U nited S ta te s--C a se s tu d ie s . 

b . In te rin d u s try econom ics--Case s tu d ie s .

I . B inion, Marvin L. I I . Fleming, Thomas F.

I I I . Rogers, Kenneth W. IV. T itle . V. S e rie s. 

VI. S e rie s : U nited S ta te s . Bureau of Labor

S t a t i s t i c s . B u lle tin ; 1989.

HD3890.MU152 1978 3 3 1. 1 * 1 78-60606^

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Preface

The Bureau of Labor Statistics, as part of its research on the employment requirements of 

Federal programs, reviewed Federal aid for mass transit and selected the Massachusetts Bay 

Transportation Authority for a case study. The research was carried out with the financial 

assistance of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration, Office 

of Research and Development, Howard Rosen, Director.

The mass transit study was a cooperative effort of two offices of the Bureau—the Office of 

Economic Growth and the Office of Employment Structure and Trends. Direction was provided 

by Ronald E. Kutscher, Assistant Commissioner, Office of Economic Growth, and Neal H. 

Rosenthal, Assistant Chief, Division of Occupational Outlook. Coordination of the project was 

provided by Thomas F. Fleming, Jr., of the Office of Economic Growth and Dixie A. Sommers 

of the Office of Employment Structure and Trends. Robert L. Ball of the Office of Productivity 

and Technology provided technical assistance on the capital improvements part of the study. 

Data were collected primarily by the Bureau’s New England Regional Office, Wendell D. 

Macdonald, Regional Commissioner, under the direction of Paul V. Mulkern, Assistant 

Regional Commissioner. Leo Epstein supervised the field work for the study in the New England 

region. The report was written by Marvin L. Binion, Thomas F. Fleming, Jr., and Kenneth W. 

Rogers, of the Office of Economic Growth. Joseph B. Epstein was the project officer for the 

Office of Research and Development of the Employment and Training Administration.

The Bureau gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the officials of the Massachusetts Bay 

Transportation Authority who made the study possible as well as the cooperation of the many 

contractors who provided the data upon which this report is based.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without 

permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the 

Employment and Training Administration and cite Employment Requirements o f Mass

Transit: A Case Study o f the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, BLS Bulletin 1989, 

ETA R&D Monograph 58.

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Contents

Page

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................1

Federal mass transit assistance................................................................................................................................... 1

Selection of the MBTA for s tu d y .............................................................................................................................2

BLS research methods.................................................................................................................................................2

Overview of results.............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Comparison of direct and indirect em ploym ent.....................................................................................................5

Industry and occupational patterns...........................................................................................................................7

Part I. Current operations.................................................................................................................................................8

The MBTA system.......................................................................................................................................................8

Revenues...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Expenditures.................................................................................................................................................................9

Employment requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Occupational p attern s............................................................................................................................................. 11

Part II. Capital improvements....................................................................................................................................... 12

Expenditures...............................................................................................................................................................12

Employment requirements .......................................................................................................................................14

Occupational p attern s............................................................................................................................................... 14

Charts:

1. Relationship of expenditures, employment, and occupational requirements...................................................3

2. Comparison of direct and indirect employment requirements for current operations

and capital improvements...............................................................................................................................6

3. Federal grants to Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1965-75 ............................................... 13

Tables:

1. Capital grants by year and category, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, 1965-74 ........2

2. Capital grants to metropolitan areas, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, 1965-74........2

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority:

3. Percent distribution of indirect employment requirements for current operations and capital

improvements by industry se c to r......................................................................................................... 5

4. Percent distribution of employment requirements for current operations and capital

improvements by occupational g ro u p ................................................................................................. 5

5. Current operations statistics, 1974 ........................................................................................................... 8

6. Current operations expenditures, 1974-75 ............................................................................................... 9

7. Indirect employment requirements of purchases for current operations, major sectors

and selected industries, 1974 ................................................................................................................10

8. Direct and indirect employment requirements for current operations by occupational

group, 1974............................................................................................................................................. 11

9. Capital improvements expenditures by type of contract and expenditure, 1972-74 ....................... 12

10. Capital improvements expenditures (1972 dollars) and indirect employment

requirements by industry sector, 1972-74 ..........................................................................................14

11. Direct and indirect employment requirements of capital improvements projects

by occupational group, 1972-74 ........................................................................................................ 15

12. Percent distribution of hours worked by occupation and project type, 1972-74............................ 15

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Contents—Continued

Page

Appendixes:

A. Data collection and methods of adjustment ........................................................................................................16

B. Forms used for data collection................................................................................................................................18

C. Interindustry employment model and industry-occupational m atrix................................................................31

D. Detailed tab les......................................................................................................................................................... 35

D-l. Current operations: Purchases of goods and services and indirect

employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay Transportation

Authority, 1974 ........... 36

D-2. Capital improvements: Purchases of goods and services by industry,

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74..........................................................................39

D-3. Capital improvements: Direct employment by occupation,

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74..........................................................................41

D-4. Capital improvements: Indirect employment by industry,

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74............................................................................43

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Introduction

Since Federal policies and expenditures can substantially affect the kinds and numbers of jobs required 

in the economy, it is important to have quantitative data 

on their overall impact to assist in program planning and 

evaluation. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has 

undertaken a number of studies on the employmentgenerating effect of Federal expenditures. These studies 

initially dealt with broad sectors or categories of Federal 

expenditures, such as defense outlays or State and local 

governments; more recently, the studies have covered 

specific agencies or programs.1

As a case study of employment arising from Federal 

assistance for mass transit systems, this study provides 

employment requirements, by industry and occupation, 

for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority’s 

current operations in 1974 and capital improvements 

projects from January 1972 through June 1974. The 

Federal role in underwriting mass transit, the selection of 

the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 

(MBTA) for the study, and BLS research methods are 

discussed below. A more detailed discussion of research 

methods is contained in the appendixes.

Federal mass transit assistance

The need. Between 1950 and 1974, motor vehicle 

registrations in the United States more than doubled. The 

number of passengers carried by mass transit—light and 

heavy rail, trolleys, and buses—declined to 40 percent of 

the level nearly 25 years earlier. During the same period, 

the number of transit systems across the country fell from 

more than 1,400 to less than 1,000. Even more dramatic

'Studies include Manpower Impact o f Federal Government

Programs: Selected Grants-in-Aid to State and Local Governments,

Report 424 (1973); Expenditures and Manpower Requirements for

Selected Federal Programs, Bulletin 1851 (1975); Factbook for

Estimating the Manpower Needs o f Federal Programs, Bulletin 1832

(1975); and Impact o f Federal Pollution Control and Abatement

Expenditures on Manpower Requirements, Bulletin 1836 (1975). In 

addition, the Bureau has published an extensive series of construction 

labor requirements studies. For example, see Labor and Material

Requirements fo r Private Multifamily Housing Construction, BLS 

Bulletin 1892 (1976). Articles on other recent construction labor 

requirements studies include “Labor and Materials Requirements for 

Sewer Works Construction,” Robert Ball and Joseph T. Finn, Monthly

Labor Review, November 1976; and “Decline Noted in Hours Required

to Erect Federal Office Buildings,” John G. Olsen, Monthly Labor

Review, October 1976.

was the shift in ownership. In 1950, less than 2 percent of 

these transit systems were publicly owned; by 1974, onethird of the existing systems were in public hands. Mass 

transit systems for the past quarter-century have lost 

passengers, raised fares, and incurred larger deficits as 

more and more people have come to rely upon the 

automobile.

Legislative history. From modest beginnings, the Federal Government has gradually devised a comprehensive and substantial program of assistance for mass 

transit.2 in 1961, Congress enacted a $25-million 

pilot program for demonstration grants and technical 

assistance to mass transit systems and provided a $50- 

million borrowing authority for capital improvement 

programs. The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 

broadened the base for mass transit assistance, and 

congressional amendments in 1966 extended the Federal 

assistance available for mass transit to technical study 

grants, managerial training, and grants to educational 

institutions for graduate research and training programs. 

In 1968, responsibility for all urban mass transportation 

assistance at the Federal level was transferred to the 

Department of Transportation from the Department of 

Housing and Urban Development, and the Urban Mass 

Transportation Administration (UMTA) was 

established.

At the time of transfer, total grants-in-aid authorized 

amounted to only $1.1 billion over the entire life of the 

act. Subsequently, the 1970 Urban Mass Transportation 

Assistance Act provided a higher level of funding, 

lengthened the period of assured funding to 12 years, and 

enlarged the roles of State governments and the private 

sector. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 further 

increased the availability of funds for mass transit capital 

improvements and increased the share of Federal 

participation in these projects. Most significantly, this 

legislation opened the use of highway funds for both rail 

and bus transit and also provided for use of highway 

funds for exclusive lanes, traffic control devices, bus 

shelters, and parking facilities. Interstate highway funds 

also were made available for these purposes under certain 

conditions.

legislative history based on information furnished by U.S. 

Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation 

Administration.

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The 1974 National Mass Transportation Assistance 

Act assured Federal funds for mass transit and 

established an SI 1.8-billion. 6-year program to provide 

assistance for both capital improvements and current 

operating expenditures. Of the total amount provided b\ 

the 1974 legislation. S7.8 billion was made available for 

mass transportation capital and planning projects 

administered b\ l MTA. The major new provision of the 

act was the apportionment of nearly S4 billion to urbanized areas for use in either mass transportation capital 

projects or operating assistance projects.

Grants approved. At the time this study was planned. 

UMTA had approved approximately S2.5 billion of capital grants (table 1). In the 10-vear period, the total amount 

committed to mass transit assistance grew fivefold and 

the number of projects funded increased in almost 

every year to total 394. The largest commitments—twothirds of the total—were to rail transportation, although 

in the earliest years UMTA’s funding of rail projects was 

proportionally even higher. Almost 92 percent of the 

total funds went to 24 major metropolitan areas for 180 

projects (table 2). The balance was shared by smaller 

communities for 214 projects, frequently the purchase of 

buses. Four of the metropolitan areas—San Francisco. 

Chicago. Boston, and the New York-New JerseyConnecticut region—accounted for nearly 63 percent of 

the funding and 78 of the approved projects.

Selection of the MBTA for study

Improvement of the MBTA’s capital plant has closely 

paralleled the expansion of Federal aid to urban mass 

transportation. The Authority received an initial S16 

million of Federal assistance in 1964 for the first phase of 

its systemwide modernization program. By early 1974. 

the time this study originated, the MBTA had received 

approval for more than S267 million in Federal grants

Table 1. Capital grants by year and category, Urban Mass

Transportation Administration, 1965-74

Year

N um ber

0*

projects

A m ount i m illions)

Total Rail Bus Boat and 

other

Total ..................... 394 S2.526 2 S1.669 9 S732 0 S124 2

1965 ...................................... 17 50 7 28 1 9 3 *3 3

1966 2 ~ 106 1 39 5 2 2

1967 ...................................... 22 120 9 1106 10 3 —

1968 ...................................... 26 121 8 104 8 17 0 —

1969 ...................................... 28 148 3 121 9 26 4 —

1970 ...................................... 28 133 4 83 2 49 8 -

1971 ...................................... 49 284 8 160 2 116 1 8 5

1972 ...................................... 66 510 0 280 4 166 3 63 2

1973 ...................................... 94 844 2 583 0 235 4 25 8

1 9 .4 -first Quarter ........... 37 206 0 133 3 61 9 10 7

Most recent information available at the time the study was planned

NOTE Detail may not add to totals because of rounding

SOURCE Urban Mass Transportation Acmimstration

Table 2. Capital grants to metropolitan areas, Urban Mass

Transportation Administration, 1965-741

Area

Number of

projects

Amount

fmillionsi

Total metropolitan areas................... 180 $2,314 5

New York-New Jersey-Connecticut region 21 643 7

San Francisco (BART system)..................... 22 405 4

Chicago (including northern Indiana)........ 17 270 4

Boston............................................................... 18 267 4

Philadelphia (including southern

New Jersey).................................................. 15 135 8

Atlanta............................................................... 2 108 7

Pittsburgh.......................................................... 4 964

Washington. D C .............................................. 4 71 0

Baltimore .......................................................... 3 47 3

Los Angeles...................................................... 13 38 8

Minneapolis-St Paul...................................... 5 30 6

Cleveland.......................................................... 3 22 2

Dallas................................................................. 3 22 2

Seattle-Everett ................................................ 5 20 4

D etroit............................................................... 8 20 0

Kansas C ity ...................................................... 4 16 1

Rochester.......................................................... 3 14 3

New O rle a n s .................................................... 4 14 2

Portland. O re g o n ............................................ 4 13 9

C in c in n a ti.......................................................... 3 12 7

San Juan P uerto R ic o ................................... 8 11 2

A naheim -S anta A na-G arden G ro v e ........... 2 111

M ia m i................................................................. 3 10 3

H o n o lu lu ............................................................ ’

10 3

________

Projects of over $10 million through Mar 31. 1974

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: Urban Mass Transportation Administration.

and by 1976 had become eligible for a total of overS625 

million from L'MTA. in fact, the Administrator of the 

Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Robert E. 

Patricelli. stated in October 1976 that “more than any 

other city. Boston has made effective use of Interstate and 

other Federal aid in improving all aspects of its public 

transportation system."'

The MBTA was selected for study because its broad 

capital projects program provided a variety of 

construction activities ranging from a new subway line to 

station modernization projects. In addition, the current 

operations of the Authority represented a wide range of 

expenditures for several modes of mass transit. Annually, 

the MBTA carries more than 144 million passengers, 

using a fleet of nearly 1.200 buses. 290 light rail vehicles. 

353 heavy rail cars, and 52 trackless trolleys (trolley 

buses).4 In addition, the Authority subsidizes the operation of rail commuter service in the area.

BLS research methods

In preparing employment requirements studies, after 

initial research indicates the feasibility of such a study, 

the usual pattern is to define the characteristics of the 

universe and. where necessary, to select a sample. In the 

MBTA study. the information furnished by the 

Authority permitted selection of contracts for the 30-

T MTA press release 101. Oct. 6. 1976.

JBased on data for 1974 supplied by the Massachusetts Bay 

Transportation Authority.

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Chart 1. Relationship of expenditures, employment,

and occupational requirements

Input-output

system

Indirect

employment

(jobs)

Occupational

matrix

Indirect employment, 

by occupation 

(jobs)

Total employment 

requirements, 

by occupation (jobs)

Total program 

expenditures 

($)

All other purchases 

of goods and services 

(bills of goods, $)

Compensation of 

employees directly on 

payroll ($)

Direct employment, 

by occupation 

(jobs)

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month period January 1972 through June 1974. The 

study period was chosen to allow a mix of capital 

projects; due to the long construction time of many of 

these projects, it was felt that a single year would be 

insufficient to reflect a representative mix. June 1974 was 

chosen as the cutoff date, since data through that period 

were the latest available at the planning stages of the 

study.5

Employment definitions. In this study employment is 

classified as direct or indirect. Direct employment is 

defined as jobs identified specifically from the payrolls of 

the MBTA. construction contractors, or architectural 

and engineering firms. In contrast, indirect employment 

results from the expenditures of the MBTA or its 

contractors for all goods and services other than for the 

direct compensation of their own employees. Included 

are both the primary or first tier of jobs—those required 

initially in the industry providing the product or service 

bought—and the second tier, or all the remaining jobs 

which are required in supporting industries (chart 1).

Sources o f data. The direct employment information is 

derived from primary sources either at the government 

agency or through survey work and field visits. Direct 

employment requirements for programs are usually 

developed either from the records of Federal funds 

recipients (e.g. the MBTA) or directly from payroll 

records of contractors. The indirect employment 

estimates are developed by obtaining detailed information on specific costs of materials and services. (See 

appendixes A and B for further detail and forms used for 

data collection.)

The interindustry model. The expenditures are then 

grouped by industry sector to provide lists of purchases 

(called “bills of goods”) required as input for the interindustry model which translates these dollar amounts 

into the resultant employment by industry at both the 

primary and secondary levels. Briefly, the interindustry 

model traces the intricate linkages through the economy 

and measures both the primary and secondary 

requirements of the output of each of the industries.6 The

’Since the survey was not actually taken until mid-1975, in retrospect

the survey period probably should have been extended forwarded into

1975.

6Appendix C describes the model in more detail. A complete

description of the input-output system can be found in The Structure o f

the U.S. Economy in 1980 and 1985, Bulletin 1831 (Bureau of Labor

Statistics, 1975). More information on the occupational matrix is availproduction links are translated into employment 

requirements by use of employment-output ratios for 

each sector.

The occupational matrix. After industry employment 

requirements are developed, they become inputs to the 

industry-occupational matrix. This matrix distributes 

total national employment into 400 occupations and 

cross-classifies them by 200 industries.

Manpow er factors. To aid in program planning and to 

simplify comparisons of employment generated by 

Federal expenditures, the Bureau of Labor Statistics frequency provides “manpower factors” representing the 

estimated number of jobs per million or billion dollars of 

expenditures rather than just the number of jobs generated by actual dollars expended for the program. A complete description of this process is contained in chapter 2 

of Factbook for Estimating the Manpower Needs o f

Federal Programs Requests for additional information 

may be addressed to the Assistant Commissioner. Office 

of Economic Growth. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Washington. D.C. 20212.

Limitations. This study of the MBTA was a single case 

study to measure the number of jobs, by occupation, 

resulting from projects capable of being federally funded. 

Despite the variety of projects and extensive expenditures of the M BTA, this study in no way can be defined as 

representative of other federally funded mass transit 

projects at this time. Only additional survey work could 

reveal whether the estimates of employment requirements would be roughly comparable in other mass transit 

projects.

In addition, these employment estimates are qualified 

in that they are average requirements and are not specifically the additional or incremental requirements due to 

the Federal program. Furthermore, the employment 

requirements presented here do not include the multiplier 

or accelerator effects of the dollars expended. This means 

that the further employment and occupational requirements generated as jobholders spend their earnings on 

consumer goods and services and as businesses invest in 

plant and equipment to meet increased demand are not 

included in the estimates.

able in Occupational Employment Statistics, 1960-70, 1738 (Bureau of

Labor Statistics, 1972).

’Bulletin 1832 (1975).

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Overview of Results

Employment requirements arising from the MBTA’s

1974 current operations budget of $193.2 million were 

estimated to total about 8,400 jobs. Nearly 6.400 of these 

were directly on the Authority’s own payroll. The remaining 2.000 jobs were generated by its purchases of 

goods and services to run the system. Employment rerequired to operate its mass transit routes ranked the

MBTA among the top 20 nongovernment employers in 

the Commonwealth of Massachusetts that year.

Table 3. Percent distribution of indirect employment requirements for current operations and capital improvements by

industry sector, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

Current

operations.

1974

Capital improvements

1972-74

Industry sector Construction

contracts

Architectural

and engineering contracts

Total................................. 1000 100 0 100 0

Agriculture, forest!'/, and

fisheries ................................ .7 9 8

M ining........................................ 26 3 8 6

Construction............................. 4 3 3.8 1.7

Manufacturing...........................

Transportation, communications. and public

18 9 48 9 13.2

utilities.................................... 27 1 9 7 14 3

Wholesale and retail trade ...

Finance, insurance, and

10 5 10 7 8 0

real estate............................... 21 0 4 9 16 4

Services .................................... 12 3 15 7 41 2

Government enterprises ........ 26 1.5 3 7

Data are for the 30-month period January 1972-June 1974

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding

SOURCE Bureau of Labor Statistics

Capital improvements contracts of the MBTA. totaling S63.2 million for the 30-month period, provided a 

total of nearly 3.900 jobs. Construction contracts for a 

new subway line, yards and shops, station modernization 

projects, and other improvements to the MBTA system 

provided over 90 percent of these jobs. The remainder 

resulted from architectural and engineering contracts of 

the MBTA.

Comparison of direct and indirect employment

In analyzing the employment requirements of mass 

transit—and the MBTA in particular—it may be useful 

to compare the direct and indirect employment generated 

to estimate the number of job opportunities most likely to 

be created locally. Direct employment is usually in the 

local area: jobs generated through the purchase of goods 

and services may be widespread geographically. Chart 2 

shows the proportions of direct and indirect employment 

for the various categories of MBTA expenditures.

The current operations of the MBTA had proportionately the greatest direct employment, followed closely by 

the architectural and engineering firms working on the 

MBTA capital improvements programs. Since the construction contracts themselves were less labor intensive 

and required substantial purchases of materials, direct 

employment requirements were less than half of the total 

employment requirements arising from construction.

Table 4. Percent distribution of employment requirements for current operations and capital improvements by occupational group,

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

Occupational group

Current

operations.

1974

Capital improvements. 1972-74

Construction

contracts

Architectural and

engineering contracts

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

Total............................................................................................................................. 1000 1000 100 0 1000 100 0 1000

Professional and technical workers................................................................................. 3 6 8 9 115 9 4 72 0 162

Managers and administrators............................................................................................ 3 0 117 3.9 9 6 4 6 10 4

Sales w orkers....................................................................................................................... 0 8 1- 0 4 0 0 7 1

Clerical workers................................................................................................................... 12 2 23 6 7 7 16 8 17 6 26 2

Craft workers ....................................................................................................................... 27 0 16 5 46 4 19 2 4 6 106

Operatives ............................................................................................................................. 37 8 186 5 3 27 7 4 139

Service w orkers................................................................................................................... 86 6 0 0 6 7 — 123

Laborers, farm workers ...................................................................................................... 7 9 6 6 25 3 6 4 8 32

Data are for the 30-month period January 1972-June 1974

NOTE Detail may not add to totals because of iounding

SOURCE Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Chart 2. Comparison of direct and indirect

employment requirements for current operations

and capital improvements

Total expenditures 

for current operations

Capital improvements— 

construction contracts

Capital improvements— 

architectural and 

engineering contracts

Percent

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Industry and occupational patterns

Purchases of goods and services generated different

emloyment requirements for current operations than for

capital improvements projects. Almost half the indirect

jobs required by current operations were found in either

the transportation, communications, and public utilities

industries or in finance, insurance, and real estate (table

3). Manufacturing jobs accounted for another one-fifth

of the indirect jobs generated by current operations. For

construction contracts, however, manufacturing jobs

represented about half of all the indirect jobs required.

Another 16 percent of the jobs were found in services.

The largest portion of the indirect jobs generated by architectural and engineering contracts was in the services sector.

Occupational patterns varied (table 4). For direct employment, over three-quarters of the jobs arising from

current operations were classified in the operative, craft

worker, and clerical worker occupational groups—

ranked in that order. Almost half the direct jobs on construction projects were in the crafts; another one-quarter

were laborer jobs. Direct jobs on architectural and engineering contracts were heavily concentrated in the professional and technical group.

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Part I. Current Operations

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority had 

its origins in the West End Railway company, founded in 

1887. In 1918, after a succession of private efforts in 

providing horse-drawn and, later, electric street railway 

transportation to Boston, the State assumed its first role 

in public transit by furnishing a subsidy to the operators. 

In 1947, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts assumed 

complete control through purchase of the system and 

reorganized the transit service as the Metropolitan 

Transit Authority (MTA) to operate in Boston and 13 

adjoining cities and towns.

However, as suburban growth spread farther out from 

the City of Boston in the postwar period, ridership fell 

sharply. Revenue miles decreased from nearly 55 millon 

in 1948 to approximately 36 million in 1963. In 1964, in 

recognition of the regional nature of transportation 

needs in the Boston metropolitan area, the State 

chartered the Massachusetts Bay Transportation 

Authority to encompass the 14 cities in the MTA 

jurisdiction as well as the other 64 cities and towns which 

made up the Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (SMSA). One additional town outside the SMSA 

elected to join the Authority, providing a total of 79 cities 

and towns to support mass transportation in the Boston 

metropolitan region.

The MBTA system

The MBTA transportation system consists of five 

streetcar and three rapid transit routes which form a 

spiderlike rail network 73 miles long connecting the 

Boston central business district with other major 

commercial and residential centers in Boston and 

surrounding communities (table 5).8 For the most part, 

these transit routes are underground in the most densely 

developed areas and at the surface or on elevated tracks 

in the less intensely developed areas. In many instances, 

these lines have remained unchanged since their original 

construction in the early 1890’s. With its inception in 

1964, the MBTA began an extensive capital 

improvements program to upgrade or replace entirely the 

oldest rapid transit and streetcar lines and their 

associated stations. This ongoing capital improvements 

program is expected to continue into the 1980’s, requiring 

a large amount of local and Federal funding.

8Based on information provided by the MBTA.

Light rail (streetcar) lines are distinguished from heavy 

rail lines primarily in the construction of the vehicles 

operating on them. Light rail vehicles are much lighter in 

weight and do not require as extensive a roadbed 

foundation as heavy rail vehicles. Also, heavy rail routes 

have platforms located at the same level as the floor of the 

transit vehicle and the stations are at fixed points along 

the route. Light rail vehicles, in contrast, require 

passengers to step up or down to enter or leave the 

vehicle, much like a bus, but have the advantage of being 

able to pick up and discharge passengers at almost any 

point along a surface route without requiring special 

stations. Both types of vehicles are powered by electricity.

Operating in coordination with the rapid transit and 

streetcar routes is a system of 218 bus routes in areas not 

directly serviced by rail. In many cases, these bus routes 

funnel a large portion of the commuter traffic directly to 

rapid transit stations. In 1974, this combined 

service accounted for 71 percent of all passengers; strictly 

bus users accounted for 21 percent and exclusively rapid 

transit users only 8 percent.

Table 5. Current operations statistics,1 Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1974

Item Number

Population of 79 communities in district

(1970 U.S. C ensus)........................................................ 2,763,410

Daily passenger load (approx.)...................................... 475,000

Annual passenger load (approx.)................................... 144,287,000

Routes:

Buses................................................................................. 218

Streetcars......................................................................... 5

Rapid transit........ 3

Trackless trolleys.......................................................... 4

Equipment miles:

Buses............................................................................. 722.4

Single-track streetcars.................................................. 86.7

Single-track rapid transit.............................................. 77.3

Trackless trolleys........................................................... 15.7

Equipment units:

Buses................................................................................. 1,197

Streetcars......................................................................... 290

Rapid transit cars........................................................... 353

Rapid transit stations.................................................... 51

Trackless trolleys........................................................... 52

Total annual revenue miles operated ........................... 40,750,384

Buses................................................................................ 23,212,289

Streetcars......................................................................... 6,313,820

Rapid tran sit................................................................... 10,325,344

Trackless trolleys........................................................... 898,931

'Excluding subsidized commuter rail operations.

SOURCE: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, Tenth

Annual Report, p. 9.

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The third major segment of the MBTA system is the 

commuter railroad service. In 1974, the MBTA paid 

more than $12 million to the Penn Central and Boston 

and Maine railroads to operate their existing commuter 

rail services to many outlying communities. Involvement 

in the commuter rail operation was further expanded in 

1975 when the M BT A agreed to purchase the Boston and 

Maine commuter rights of way and equipment, thus 

incorporating the commuter rail service directly into the 

operating system. By the end of 1975, the extent of 

commuter operations was such that the MBTA was 

providing transportation to over 30,000 persons daily on 

routes totaling 244 miles.

Revenues

The total costs of operation of the M BT A were funded 

in roughly equal shares by farebox and miscellaneous 

revenue sources, State financial assistance, and local 

community financial assistance. The MBTA has the 

implicit authority to tax directly each community within 

the MBTA district. This is accomplished through a 

unique mechanism whereby the State pays the entire cost 

of the MBTA deficit. In turn, the State apportions the 

local community share of the deficit to each of the 79 

cities and towns by a formula based on the total number 

of commuters living in each jurisdiction and the number 

of riders boarding express service buses or rapid transit 

vehicles in each community. The local community is 

obligated to furnish the funds—either from its own 

sources or by obtaining funding from Federal sources— 

or forego the services normally covered by the State aid.

Beginning in 1974, Federal grants to cover the costs of 

operating local public transportation systems became 

available and the MBTA received approximately $11 

million in operating assistance from the U.S. Department 

of Transportation.

Federal aid payments allowed by the National Mass 

Transportation Assistance Act of 1974 are scheduled 

to grow from $11 million in 1975 to nearly $20 million in 

1979. In addition, since 1973, the Commonwealth of 

Massachusetts has increased its level of aid to the MBTA 

to cover approximately one-half the annual deficit 

incurred by transit operations. The combined effect of 

these two actions has been to reduce the local tax burden 

imposed by the deficit.

Expenditures

The total cost of operating the MBTA in 1974 was 

$193,244,765. This amount included the costs of 

operating and maintaining the bus, streetcar, and rapid 

transit fleet; general management and administrative 

costs; and the subsidy allocated to commuter rail 

operations.9

9The total costs and revenues from commuter rail operations are not

included since these operations were actually performed and accounted 

for by the two railway companies involved.

Table 6. Current operations expenditures, Massachusetts

Bay Transportation Authority, 1974-75

Expenditure category

Amount

(millions)

Percent

distribution

1974 1975 1974 1975

Total........................................... $193.2 $212.4 100.0 100.0

Wages and salaries........................... 97.3 105.3 50.4 49.6

Other employee-related expenses . 25.9 27.4 13.4 12.9

Fuel ...................................................... 11.1 11.6 5.7 5.4

Other materials, supplies, and

services............................................ 13.7 14.6 7.1 6.9

Industrial and transit-related

accident claims............................... 3.2 3.9 1.7 1.8

Curent operations interest.............. 3.8 4.5 2.0 2.1

Railroad and mass transit subsidies 12.0 14.9 6.0 7.0

Fixed interest and principal ............ 25.3 29.3 13.1 13.8

Other fixed costs............................... .1 .1 (') (')

Other current costs........................... .7 .8 .4 .4

Less than 0.05 percent

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: Based on information provided by the Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority

Wages and fringe benefits for its approximately 6,400 

employees constitute the major current operations 

expenditures of the M BT A.10 Compensation has been the 

predominant expenditure category in all years, 

amounting to 63.8 percent and 62.5 percent of current 

operating expenses in 1974 and 1975, respectively. In 

contrast, expenditures for fuel, materials, and supplies 

accounted for only 12.8 percent of expenditures in 1974 

and 12.3 percent in 1975. Prior to its reorganization as the 

MBTA in 1964, fixed costs of the transit system were 

fairly constant, ranging from $4 million to $7 million 

annually, reflecting primarily the low level of capital 

investment during those years. Beginningin 1964, MBTA 

fixed costs rose dramatically to nearly $30 million in 

1975, due primarily to the extensive capital improvements undertaken to update and expand transit 

operations. Table 6 details the major expenditure 

categories for 1974 and 1975.

In 1974, total purchases of goods and services in 

constant 1972 dollars totaled $23.3 million, excluding the 

rail subsidy. Of this amount, over 65 percent represented 

purchases from five industries, as shown inthe tabulation 

below:

Percent of

Industry total purchases

Insurance....................................................................... 29.5

Petroleum products......................................................15.9

Electric utilities................................................................8.4

Wholesale trade ............................................ 8.1

Motor vehicles and parts.............................................. 3.4

The largest single industry affected by MBTA

purchases was the insurance industry. These purchases 

were predominantly for health and medical insurance

10Current operating expenses in this context are defined as those 

variable costs incurred in transit operation not including operating 

costs of a fixed nature such as interest and principal payments on bonds 

used to finance capital construction or acquisition projects.

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provided employees as a fringe benefit. Other forms of insurance purchased were group life and accident policies. 

The total does not include the cost of liability insurance. 

Rather, the MBTA has chosen to be a self-insurer for 

transit-related accidents and for industrial accidents up 

to a certain level. Therefore, liability insurance purchased 

covers only claims exceeding these amounts, with claims 

for smaller amounts paid directly out of current operating costs.11

Ranked second in expenditures, petroleum products 

totaled 16 percent of all purchases. These products were 

primarily gasoline and diesel fuel used in the 

bus operations and fuel oil used to power boilers. The 

period 1972-74. witnessed a dramatic rise in the portion of 

operating costs attributable to fuel. While some of this 

rise was caused by an increase in the quantity of fuel 

purchased, most of the increase reflected higher prices. 

MBTA annual purchases of diesel fuel exceed 7 million 

gallons, which, according to MBTA data, cost 

approximately 12 cents per gallon in 1972 but by 2 years 

later had nearly tripled, to 35 cents per gallon. Prices for 

other petroleum products rose at similar rates. 

Altogether, the M BTA paid $4.5 million in 1972 for total 

fuel costs, including power purchased from independent 

electric utilities. In 1974, this figure had increased to 

$11.1 million.

Other major purchases were made predominantly 

from the manufacturing and service sectors. Most 

purchases from manufacturing industries were for tools, 

repair and replacement parts, and equipment used to 

maintain the transit rolling stock and associated 

buildings and structures such as electrical substations. 

Purchases from the services sector were primarily from 

establishments providing business and professional 

services and medical facilities.

Employment requirements

MBTA operations provided nearly 8,400 full- and 

part-time jobs in 1974 either directly on the payroll of the 

MBTA or indirectly through the purchase of goods and 

services.

Direct employment. Direct employees of the MBTA 

accounted for nearly 6,400 jobs during 1974. The MBTA 

makes a significant contribution to the employment rolls 

in the New England region. Excluding employees of 

Federal, State, and local government, the MBTA is the 

19th largest employer in the Commonwealth of 

Massachusetts and the 15th largest employer in the 

Boston metropolitan area. Except for the top 150 

managers and officials, MBTA employees are 

represented by 28 separate collective bargaining units. 

These units range from office and professional employee

"These costs, as discussed in appendix A, have been excluded from 

this study.

Table 7. Indirect employment requirements of purchases for

current operations, major sectors and selected industries,

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1974

Sector and industry Number of

jobs

Percent

distribution

Total........................................................ 1,967 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries............. 14 .7

M ining............................................................... 51 2.6

Construction.................................................... 85 4.3

Maintenance ................................................ 74 3.8

Manufacturing..................................................

Transportation, communications, and

372 18.9

public utilities.......................................... 534 27.1

Railroad transportation ............................. 386 19.6

Electric utilities............................................ 43 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade ........................... 207 10.5

Finance, insurance, and real estate........... 413 21.0

Insurance ...................................................... 338 17.2

Services ........................................................... 241 12.3

Government enterprises ............................... 51 2.6

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

unions to a variety of construction trade employee 

associations and vary in size from fewer than 10 

employees to thousands.

Indirect employment. Jobs generated indirectly through 

purchases numbered nearly 2,000, with the impact spread 

over a large number of different industries (table 7). The 

major sectors most significantly affected were 

transportation, communications, and public utilities; 

and the finance, insurance, and real estate sector—which 

together accounted for approximately 950 jobs. This 

pattern is consistent with the pattern of direct purchases, 

where the railroad subsidy and purchases of insurance 

were the two largest categories of employmentgenerating expenditures. The railroad subsidy itself 

accounted for over 600 jobs—nearly 400 in the railroad 

industry and the remainder in industries providing 

materials and services directly to the railroads.

Business and professional services and wholesale and 

retail trade were also substantially affected. This is 

explained by the high labor content relative to the 

amount of purchases in these industries. Employment 

requirements in the manufacturing sector as a whole 

ranked high, but because of the wide variety of 

manufactured goods purchased, no one industry (with 

the exception of petroleum products) was affected to a 

large extent. The petroleum industry is unique in that, 

while purchases of petroleum ranked second, 

employment resulting from these purchases was 

relatively small—in employment, the industry ranked 

only Nth among all industries supplying the MBTA. 

However, thejob requirements in the crude petroleum 

industry, which is a major input into the petroleum 

products industry, were significantly higher; the crude 

petroleum industry ranked seventh in terms of the 

number of jobs required. This is an excellent example of a 

situation where the largest indirect employment impact is 

not in the primary producing industry but rather in a

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secondary industry supplying major inputs into the 

primary industry’s production process.

Occupational patterns

Among MBTA employees, transportation and 

equipment operatives made up the largest single group of 

workers, totaling nearly 40 percent of all employees 

(table 8). The majority of these workers were bus drivers 

and rapid transit vehicle operators; the remainder were 

operatives of various types of machinery and equipment. 

Skilled crafts and kindred occupations formed the 

second largest group of employees. These workers were 

primarily employed as mechanics and other skilled 

repairers involved in the extensive maintenance program 

required to keep the transit fleet and related facilities 

functioning.

Clerical personnel consisting mostly of secretaries, 

bookkeepers, and miscellaneous clerks made up the third 

largest group. These employees worked primarily in 

general administrative positions such as accounting and 

purchasing departments. Nearly one-third of the clerical 

personnel were classified as dispatchers and vehicle 

starters responsible for maintaining an orderly flow of 

transit vehicles throughout the working day.

Table 8. Direct and indirect employment requirements for current operations by occupational group, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1974

Occupational group

Total Direct Indirect

Number

of jobs

Percent

distribution

Number

of jobs

Percent

distribution

Number

of jobs

Percent

distribution

Total............................................................................................................................. 8,359 100.0 6,392 100.0 1,967 100.0

Professional and technical workers................................................................................ 402 4.8 227 3.6 175 8.9

Engineers....................................................................................................................... 128 1.5 97 1.5 31 1.6

O thers............................................................................................................................ 274 3.3 130 2.0 144 7.3

Managers and administrators............................................................................................ 422 5.0 191 3.0 231 11.7

Sales workers....................................................................................................................... 159 1.9 — — 159 8.1

Clerical workers................................................................................................................... 1,245 14.9 781 12.2 464 23.6

Craft workers ....................................................................................................................... 2,050 24.5 1,725 27.0 325 16.5

Operatives............................................................................................................................. 2,783 33.3 2,418 37.8 365 18.6

Bus drivers..................................................................................................................... (’) (') 2,025 31.7 (’) (’) Rapid transit operators .............................................................................................. (’) n 207 3.2 (’) (') Other ............................................................................................................................... (’) n 186 2.9 (') (') Service workers ................................................................................................................... 665 8.0 547 8.6 118 6.0

Laborers, farm workers ...................................................................................................... 633 7.6 503 7.9 130 6.6

'Detail not available. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

The remaining 1,500 jobs directly on MBTA payrolls 

were divided equally between service workers, laborers, 

and professional, technical, and managerial personnel. 

Cleaning personnel and guards made up the majority of 

the service group; the laborer group consisted mostly of 

personnel engaged in track maintenance and repair and 

helpers and assistants aiding skilled workers in most 

maintenance and repair facilities. Engineers of various 

specialties and unspecified managers made up the 

remaining group.

Major occupations required by MBTA purchases were 

in the clerical, skilled craft, and production worker fields. 

These occupations accounted for nearly 60 percent of all 

indirect jobs generated. Clerical workers employed in the 

insurance industry accounted for 191 of the 464 clerical 

jobs required and the railroad industry employed nearly 

200 of the 690 craft and operative workers. One-fifth of 

all the positions required were in professional and 

managerial occupations; accountants, engineers, 

engineering technicians, and miscellaneous office 

managers and supervisors were the most common job 

classifications. Service workers and laborers combined 

accounted for only 12 percent of the indirect jobs 

required.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Part II. Capital Improvements

Since its receipt of an initial Federal grant of $16 

million in February 1965—just 7 months after the 

enactment of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 

1964—the MBTA has won approval of more than $700 

million in Federal assistance to improve its system. The 

30 months of capital improvements projects studied— 

January 1972 to June 1974 represented $63 million, or 9 

percent, of these dollars. As can be seen from chart 3, 

although the trend of Federal assistance has been 

strongly upward, there has been considerable year-toyear variation, especially in earlier years of UMTA 

funding.

Expenditures

The bulk of the expenditures forcapital improvements 

projects studied went for construction.12 Almost twothirds of the $56.7 million of construction was done by 

prime contractors with the MBTA. Direct payroll costs 

were a much larger proportion of architectural and 

engineering contracts—approximately 57 percent—than 

for construction contracts, where they accounted for 

roughly 25 percent of the total. Expenditures on 

materials, services, and equipment accounted for over 

half of the dollar value of construction contracts, but 

dropped to about 3 percent for architectural and 

engineering contracts (table 9).

Three manufacturing industries received over 40 

percent of the total expenditures for manufacturing 

goods $4 million for basic steel products, $2 million for 

fabricated metals, and over $1 million for electric 

transmission equipment. Another sector receiving a 

substantial share of the purchases for the construction of 

capital projects was services, which accounted for 11 

percent of the purchases.

Almost 90 percent of the purchases of the architectural 

and engineering firms with MBTA contracts were 

centered in three industry sectors, the services sector 

received the largest amount—40 percent—of the purchases from architectural and engineering contractors, 

with miscellaneous business services and professional 

services accounting for nearly all of these purchases. 

Finance, insurance, and real estate—primarily insurance—accounted for about 30 percent of the purchases.

l3The scope of the case study was confined to construction and architectural and engineering contracts for capital improvements. Training 

grants and equipment purchases of light rail vehicles, for example, were 

excluded from the study.

The transportation, communications, and public utilities 

sector accounted for about 20 percent of the purchases; 

highway transport and communications industries 

accounted for the majority of the purchases within the 

sector.

Employment requirements

The MBTA contractors spent $33 million on goods 

and services from the private sector, which generated 

about 2,000jobs in addition to those directly on their own 

payrolls. The majority of these, jobs were concentrated in 

manufacturing and services, which together accounted 

for about two-thirds of the indirect employment (table 

10). Blast furnaces, basic steel products, and fabricated 

metals accounted for 10 percent of the construction 

indirect employment, while none of the other industries 

in the manufacturing sector accounted for more than 4 

percent of the indirect employment.

More than 40 percent of the indirect employment 

generated by purchases by the architectural and 

engineering Firms was in services. Miscellaneous business 

services accounted for 25 percent of the indirect employment within the service sector. The wholesale and retail 

trade sector accounted for 10 percent of all indirect employment from capital products but only 5 percent of the 

total dollars expended. This disparity arises because 

services and trade are more labor intensive than the other 

major sectors. Transportation, communications, and 

public utilities accounted for 10 percent of the indirect 

employment, evenly distributed throughout the sector.

Occupational patterns

The employment requirements of the MBTA projects 

for the 30 months totaled a little less than 4,000 jobs, of 

which 1,882 represented jobs directly on the payrolls of 

construction contractors or architectural and 

engineering firms (table 11). For employees of 

construction contractors, the largest single occupational 

group was craft and kindred workers, which accounted 

for 46 percent of all direct construction jobs. The next 

largest occupational group was that of laborers, with 25 

percent of direct construction jobs. Professional, 

technical, and administrative workers represented 12 

percent of the total direct employment on construction 

contracts, while clerical workers made up 8 percent. 

Operatives accounted for 5 percent of these direct jobs;

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 3. Federal grants to Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1965-75

109.7

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Total, 1965-75 $457.7 million

13

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the small remaining balance consisted of managers, 

officials, and proprietors.

The occupational pattern was considerably different 

for employment generated by architectural and 

engineering contracts. Nearly three-quarters of all the 

direct employment on these contracts was classified as 

professional and technical. Clerical workers represented 

the next largest group, with 18 percent. No other 

occupational group accounted for as much as 5 percent of 

the total direct employment. Within the broad groups, 

civil engineers were the single most predominant 

occupation, representing 30 percent of the direct 

employment on architectural and engineering contracts. 

Eighteen percent of the balance of the employees were 

drafters, 10 percent were clerical workers, and 5 percent 

were architects.

Among the nine major occupational categories, the 

largest group, operatives, accounted for 27 percent of the 

indirect employment generated by the purchases of 

MBTA contractors, while farm workers—the smallest 

group—accounted for less than 1 percent of the indirect 

employment. The largest subgroup for operatives was 

“operatives, except transport,” which contained over 70 

percent of the operatives. Transport equipment 

operatives constituted 47 percent of the operatives, with 

these jobs equally distributed among assemblers and 

miscellaneous operatives.

Clerical and craft workers each represented 18 percent 

of the total indirect employment. The largest subgroups 

within these categories were “other clerical workers”—70 

percent of all clerical workers—and mechanics, repairers,

Table 9. Capital improvements expenditures by type of contract and expenditure, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-74'

Type of contract Total

expenditures Payroll

Materials

and

services

Equipment

Overhead

Payroll Other

Total............................................................................................ $63,138,947 $17,650,321 $27,848,036 $3,844,611 $6,154,022 $7,641,957

Construction contracts ..................................................................... 56,731,342 14,017,434 27,683,666 3,813,783 5,216,911 5,999,548

Prime contracts .......................................................................... 36,261,654 8,855.836 17,151,387 2,815.002 3,386,587 4,052,842

Subcontracts................................................................................ 20,469,688 5.161.598 10,532,279 998,781 1,830.324 1 946,706

Architectural and engineering contracts ...................................... 6.407,605 3.632,887 164,370 30,828 937,111 1,642,409

Prime contracts .......................................................................... 5,905,231 3,441,352 134,463 9,963 821,370 1,498,083

Subcontracts...................................................................... 502,374 191,535 29,907 20,865 115,741 144,326

Percent distribution

Total........................................................................................... 100.0 28.0 44.1 6.1 9.8 12.1

Construction contracts .................................................................... 100.0 24 7 48.8 6.7 9.2 10.6

Prime contracts .......................................................................... 100 0 24 4 47.3 7.8 9.3 11.2

Subcontracts................................................................................ 100.0 25.2 51.4 4.9 8.9 9.5

Architectural and engineering contracts ...................................... 100 0 56.7 2.6 .5 14.6 256

Prime contracts .......................................................................... 100 0 58.3 2.3 .2 13.9 254

Subcontracts................................................................................ 100.0 38.1 6.0 4 2 23.0 28.7

30-month period, January 1972-June 1974 SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics

NOTE: Percentages may not add to 100 0 because of rounding

Table 10. Capital improvements expenditures (1972 dollars) and indirect employment requirements by industry sector, Massachusetts

Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74'

All capital improvements Construction contracts Architectural and

engineering contracts

Industry sector

Expenditures

Percent

of

total

Indirect

employment

Percent

of

total

Expenditures

Percent

of

total

Indirect

employment

Percent

of

total

Expenditures

Percent

of

total

Indirect

employment

Percent

of

total

Total............................... $32,962,037 100.0 2,005 100.0 $31,355,915 100.C 1,900 100.0 $1,606,745 100.0 104 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and

17 <2) fisheries ............................... 6,199 (2) 18 1.0 6,187 (2) .9 12 1 8

Mining...................................... 939,879 2.9 73 3.6 939,879 3.0 72 3.8 0 0 0 .6

Construction........................... 1,953,051 5.9 75 3.7 1,953,051 6.2 73 3.8 0 0 0 1.7

Manufacturing.............:..........

Transportation, communications, and public

20,277,065 61.5 943 47.0 20,124,154 64.2 929 48.8 152,911 9.5 14 13.2

utilities.................................. 2,475,065 7.5 199 9.9 2,167,224 6.9 184 9.7 308,464 19.2 15 14.3

Wholesale and retail trade ...

Finance, insurance, and

1,644,762 5.0 211 10.5 1,605,460 5.1 203 10.7 39,302 2.4 8 8.0

real estate............................. 1,595,198 4.8 110 5.5 1,128,436 3.6 93 4.9 466,762 29.1 17 16.4

Services .................................. 4,064,074 12.3 342 17.1 3,425,912 10.9 299 15.7 638,162 39.8 43 •41.2

Government enterprises ....... 6,744 (2> 34 1.7 5,612 (2) 30 1.5 1,132 (2» 4 3.7

'30-month period January 1972-June 1974. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

2Less than 0.05 percent. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 11. Direct and indirect employment requirements of

capital improvements projects by occupational group, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-741

Occupational group

All

capital

improvements

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

Total................... 1,882 2,005 1,618 1,901 264 104

Professional and

technical workers... 374 197 185 180 189 17

Managers and

administrators......... 74 194 62 183 12 11

Sales w orkers............. 0 83 0 76 0 7

Clerical workers......... 170 348 124 321 46 27

Craft workers ............. 760 374 748 363 12 11

Operatives . ................ 87 541 86 527 1 14

Service w orkers.......... 0 140 0 127 0 13

Laborers....................... 409 114 407 111 2 3

Farm workers ............. 0 12 0 11 0 1

Percent distribution

Total................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Professional and

technical workers... 20.0 9.8 11.5 9.4 72.0 16.2

Managers and

administrators.......... 3.9 9.7 3.9 9.6 4.6 10.4

Sales workers............. 0 4.1 0 4.0 0 7.1

Clerical workers.......... 9.1 17.4 7.7 16.8 17.6 26.2

Craft workers ............. 40.6 18.7 46.4 19.2 4.6 10.6

Operatives ................... 4.6 27.0 5.3 27.7 .4 13.9

Service w orkers.......... 0 7.0 0 6.7 0 12.3

Laborers....................... 21.8 5.7 25.3 5.9 .8 2.5

Farm w orkers............. 0 .8 0 .6 0 8

’30-month period January 1972-June 1974.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

and installers—20 percent of all craft workers. Another 

20 percent of craft workers were construction craft 

workers. Each of three occupational groups represented 

about 9 percent of the indirect employment—professional and technical workers; managers and officials; and 

service workers. Cleaning service workers and food 

service workers each accounted for 30 percent of the 

indirect employment for service workers.

Occupations by project type. A study of construction 

contracts by project type revealed significant differences 

in the occupational mix. The project types studied are 

shown in table 12—a major rail extension (HaymarketNorth), yards and shops, station modernization and 

repair projects, and all other capital improvement 

projects. While laborers contributed the largest 

proportion of workers in each group, their importance 

ranged from 21 percent on the major rail project to 50 

percent on the station modernization and repair projects. 

A significant proportion in each group—ranging from

8.5 percent up to 16 percent—were classified as bluecollar worker supervisors. Structural metal craft workers 

as well as electricians were important to the 

modernization and repair projects. Carpenters and 

electricians each accounted for roughly 10 percent of the 

work-hours on the rail project.

Table 12. Percent distribution of hours worked by occupation

and project type, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-741

Occupation

HaymarketNorth,

new rail

extension

Yards

and

shops

Station

modernization

and

repair

All

other

projects

Total................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Laborers...................................... 21.3 31.4 50.0 44.0

Blue-collar worker supervisors 13.9 15.4 8.5 16.0

Carpenters................................... 10.8 7.6 .8 7.7

Electricians ................................. 9.1 8.2 8.1 0

Excavation equipment

operators ................................. 4.4 2.3 0 4.6

Structural metal craft

workers..................................... 3.9 4.6 12.7 2.2

Truck drivers............................... 3.3 3.0 7.7 0

Managers..................................... 2.4 0 1.8 4.3

Plumbers ..................................... 2.1 3.7 1.3 0

Stationary engineers................. 0 3.8 1.9 0

All other occupations................ 28.8 20.0 7.2 18.2

'30-month period January 1972-June 1974

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

15

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix A. Data Collection and Methods of Adjustment

Current operations

For the current operations part of the study, data were 

required to identify all the goods and services purchased 

by the MBTA and the occupation and number of hours 

worked by each employee. For the most part, data on 

expenses were provided by the MBTA in the form of an 

accounts payable ledger detailing all expenses incurred in 

operating the transit system in 1974. Each of the 

approximately 46,000 items in this account was evaluated 

to determine if the item was supplied by an industry 

which could be classified into the Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC). A majority of the expense items 

were purchases of goods and services and, as such, could 

be identified with a producing industry. In the remaining 

cases, each expense was classified in one of two ways.

The first classification constituted expenditures to 

other general ledger accounts such as payroll, payroll 

deductions, retirement funds, or social security. For the 

most part, these items could not be classified as purchases 

of goods and services and, with the exception of the 

payroll ledger, were not included in this study. The 

payroll account was treated separately and compared 

with data provided directly from the payroll department 

detailing the occupation and hours of each worker

employed by the MBTA.

The second classification consisted of transfer 

payments from the MBTA to governments and 

individuals, and reserves held aside by the MBTA as 

investments. The transfer payments to governments were 

primarily for taxes levied by various State and local 

governmental units whereas transfer payments to 

individuals were primarily made in compensation for 

liability claims against the MBTA arising from injuries 

and damages suffered in work-related or transit-related 

accidents. These payments made up most of the $3.2 

million spent in 1974 for injuries and damage claims by 

private individuals and workers’ compensation claims by 

MTBA employees. The remaining portions of these 

funds were identified as payments made directly to 

physicians, medical facilities, and attorneys involved in 

settlement of claims. This category of items was 

reclassified as a purchase of services and included in the 

total for purchases of goods and services.

Adjustment was made to the data to reflect changes in 

inventory. Given the diverse nature of the MBTA transit 

system, a large inventory of repair and replacement parts

must be maintained to accommodate repair needs. The 

identified expenditures for parts for various transit 

vehicles and related facilities do not reflect actual usage 

but rather replenishment of stocks or addition to 

inventory reserves. This study required that the actual 

usage of these items be reflected in expenditures. 

Therefore, a second ledger file detailing actual inventory 

usage was obtained from the MBTA and expenditure 

data were adjusted to reflect annual usage. In cases where 

inventories were drawn down, more expenditures for a 

given class of items are noted to reflect a usage greater 

than actual expenditures in that class. The opposite holds 

true in those cases where inventories were built up— 

actual expenditures were adjusted downwards.

Following the classification, all data were grouped, 

with those items identified as having labor input in one 

group and those items which had no effect or an 

indeterminate effect on labor in a second group. This 

latter group was excluded from further study, yielding a 

modified MBTA budget (table A-l).

With the exception of wage data, all expenditure data 

included in this portion of the study were classified into 

one of 134 input-output producing industries of the BLS 

interindustry model discussed in appendix B. The sum of 

all industry purchases forms a bill of goods specifying the

Table A-1. Direct operations budget, Massachussetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1974

Item Amount

Total...................................................................... $193,244,785

Total: Items included in study...................................

Wages and salaries...............................................

Accident and sickness insurance.....................

Group life insurance.............................................

Blue Cross-Blue S h ie ld.......................................

Materials, supplies, and services.......................

Fuel ..........................................................................

Railroad and rapid transit subsidies ................

Bank service charges...........................................

143.986,502

97,346,037

504,392

729,795

7,706,728

14,507,221

11,110,575

12,040,187

41,567

Total: Items excluded................................................... 49,258,283

11,839,299

4,753,356

1,158,825

115,000

'1,515,448

678,534

29,179,045

18,776

MBTA pensions .....................................................

Social security taxes.............................................

Workers' compensation.......................................

Unemployment insurance...................................

Injuries and dam ages...........................................

Taxes........................................................................

Interest and principal paym ents.......................

Miscellaneous fixed costs...................................

'Adjusted total after removing identified services.

SOURCE: Based on information provided by Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority

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total purchases of goods and services bv the MBTA in

1974. One final adjustment was made to convert the 

data in 1972 constant dollars for the purposes of 

comparability with the construction portion of this studv 

and the BLS model. With these data, the model 

developed estimates of the indirect jobs created by 

MBTA purchases of goods and services.

Capital improvements

Direct employment information on MBTA capital

improvements was collected from the contractors, who

in most instances are required by the Davis-Bacon Act to

keep detailed weekly records for on-site workers

consisting of the names, occupations, and hours worked.

This is required for all contractors and subcontractors

working on buildings or works financed in whole or in

part by loans or grants from the Federal Government.

Under provisions of the act, contractors are required to

submit weekly payroll statements to the agency

contracting for or financing the work. The Davis-Bacon

Act does not cover employees in white-collar occupations

or immediate supervisors of blue-collar employees. The

act applies only to actual construction contracts, and

does not apply to architectural and engineering design

contracts.

The MBTA supplied a listing of the 97 prime contractors who had worked on the MBTA capital projects

during the 2 1/2-year period, January 1972-June

1974. These prime contractors provided the names of

Table A-2. Number of contracts for capital improvements

within scope of survey and number studied, Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority

Item Total Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

conracts

Total contracts in sample ... 340 274 66

Less: Firms out of business........... 15 14 1

Refusals.......... 15 15 0

Equals: Contracts studied .............. 310 245 65

Prime contracts ............... 97 55 42

Subcontracts....................... 213 190 23

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

subcontractors who had worked on each of their projects. 

The final list contained 514 names, later reduced to 340 

because many of the original number were found to have 

done no work during the period selected for study (table 

A-2). It was decided that only 66 of the architectural and 

engineering contracts, or about 50 percent, would be 

included in the survey. These contracts were arranged in 

rank order according to the amount of money spent 

during the survey period. All architectural and 

engineering contracts greater than $30,000 were included 

in the sample, while only a portion of those less than 

$30,000 were used although they were weighted to 

compensate for the partial sample.

For the 340 contracts forming the final sample, refusals 

totalled 15 or 4.4 percent of the total. A like number of 

firms were found to be out of business by the time of the 

survey in mid-1975. The overall response rate, then, was 

greater than 91 percent for the whole project. 

Architectural and engineering contracts had a 98.5- 

percent response rate, while the rate for construction 

contracts was slightly below 90 percent, reflecting both 

refusals and a greater number of firms having gone out of 

business.

The direct employment was determined by dividing the 

number of hours worked by the hours equivalent to 1 

work-year for the occupations in the MBTA direct 

employment sector. The estimates were based on two 

sources:

•E stim ates of average annual hours for selected 

construction crafts in three cities published in BLS 

B u lletin 1612, S e a so n a lity a n d M a n p o w e r in

Construction. D ata for these occupations were also 

used for related or sim ilar occupations where no data 

were available.

•A ssu m p tio n of 2,080-hour standard w ork-year for all 

other occupations.

This approach provided employee-hour estimates 

roughly comparable to those used by BLS’ Office of 

Productivity and Technology (in construction labor 

requirements studies) of 1,800 hours per employee for 

onsite construction; 2,000 for offsite construction; 2,053 

for manufacturing; 1,803 for wholesale trade, 

transportation, and services; and 2,074 for mining and 

other industries.

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Appendix B. Forms Used for Data Collection

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BLS-3061

June 1975

U.S, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Management and

Budget No. 44~S75014

Approval Exoires 12/3J./75

INTERVIEW GUIDE

Employment Impact of Mass Transit

System Construction

Schedule A

Interview conducted at

(company)

Contract No.

(address)

w i<-.h ______ _________________ Telephone_____ __

(name of respondent)

Date ____________ Name of Interviewer _____________________

A. Introduction

This interview is being conducted as part of a study by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor, with the

permission and cooperation of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation

Authority (MBTA). The study is intended to measure the number of jobs,

b)*- occupation, resulting from the construction of a mass transit system,

and will provide information to manpower planners in areas where large

expenditures are planned for mass transit construction.

A list of design and construction contracts and information on

contract amounts and type of work involved has been furnished by the

MBTA. For most construction contracts, data on employment of on-site

blue-collar workers has been compiled from weekly payroll statements

filed by the contractor as required under the Davis-Bacon Act. In

this interview the respondent will be asked to verify the information

and to furnish additional data on employment, and on purchases and

other non-payroll costs associated with the contract. Cost information

will be used to estimate the number of jobs created in industries producing the goods and services purchased.

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All data and information obtained in this interview will be held

in strict confidence by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and any published

information will not allow identification of individual contractors.

B. Site Information

1. What is the major activity of the respondent's establishment?

Include the type of construction, good, or service produced, such as

tunnel construction, landscape architecture.

SIC 1

2. Contract Identification. All remaining questions pertain to work

performed by the respondent under MBTA contract number

a. Was the respondent

Code

1 - A prime contractor?

2 - A subcontractor? List name and address of prime contractor.

3 • A sub-subcontractor? List name and address of subcontractor.

b. What type of work was performed by the respondent?

Code

1 - Architectural and engineering services

2 - Construction

3 - Other (specify)

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3

c. What was the duration of the contract?

Starting date (for prime contracts, the date of notice

to proceed from MBTA)$..........................

B. Site information, cont.

scheduled completion date..........

Duration of the contract in weeks • »*

d. What was the dollar amount of the contract?

For the total contract.................. .

For work performed between January 1, 1972 and

June 30, 1974?................................. .

e. For construction contracts only

Was this work primarily

Code

1 - New construction?

2 - Renovation, maintenance or repair?

Was the structure or facility constructed or renovated

primarily for

Code

1 - Heavy rail system?

2 - Light rail system?

3 - Bus sytem?

Were the structures or facilities constructed or renovated

primarily

Code

1 - Yards and shops?

2 - Stations?

3 - Surface rail lines ?

4 - Underground rail lines ?

5 - Elevated rail lines?

6 - Other? (describe)

/ / 4

f

/ / jJ

6

$ rr

$ 8

9

2SL

11

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B. Site Information, cont.

3. For prime contracts and sub-contracts only. Was any of

the work subcontracted?

a* What was the total amount of all subcontracts?

b. List the names and addresses of the subcontractors,

the dollar amounts of the subcontracts, and the type

of work performed.

NOTE: Do not include contracts that involved only a

purchase of goods or services. These should be

included under item D.

Subcontract

Number

Name and address of subcontractor Type of work

performed

Dollar. amount {

of subcontract

01 $

02 $

03 §

04 $

05 $

06 $

07 $

08 $-

09 $

10 $

Continue on additional sheets TOTAL $

if necessary.

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C. Employment and Payroll Information

IF THIS IS A CONSTRUCTION PRIME CONTRACT OR SUBCONTRACT, COMPLETE ITEM C.l.

IF IHIS IS A CONSTRUCTION SUB-SUBCONTRACT, OR AN ARCHITECTURAL &

ENGINEERING DESIGN CONTRACT, GO TO ITEM C.2

For construction prime contracts and subcontracts.

- 5 -

a. Total payroll and employment information for on-site

nonsupervisory blue-collar workers shown in Schedule B

has been compiled from weekly payroll statements, filed

by the contractor as required under the Davis-Bac^an Act.

The respondent should verify this information.

Total payroll for on-site nonsupervisory blue-collar

workers......................................

Total number of man-hours’for on-site nonsupervisory

blue-collar workers.................... ......

b. What were the occupations, hours paid, and the total payroll

for on-site workers not included in weekly payroll statements?

These should include professional, technical, clerical, and

other white-collar workers, foremen, and working proprietors

who worked at the construction site.

Total payroll for on-site employment not included in

item l.a above................................

Total man-hours

$ __ljiJ

r _

1 f

hrs 16

hrs

13

14

Code Employee's Name and Occupation Total hours

paid______

Earnings**

**Use this column only if total payroll figure (item C.l.b) is not available

and must be computed by summing payroll amounts for individual occupations,

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C. EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL INFORMATION, cont.

Code Employee's Name and Occupation Total hours

Pa id ..

Earnings **

i

i

1

|

i

li

TOTAL

hrs _________________

**Use this column only if total payroll figure (item C.l.b) is not available and

must be computed by summing payroll amounts for individual workers.

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C. Employment and Payroll Information, cont.

2. For construction sub-subcontracts and architectural and engineering

contracts.

What were the occupations, hours paid, and the total payroll of

workers employed by the contract?

For construction, list only on-site workers.

For architectural and engineering design contracts, list only

workers whose time was charged directly to the contract.

$

17

hrs 18

Total payroll ..........

Total number of man-hours

Code Employee's Name and Occupation Total hours

worked

Earnings **

i

i

i

!

i ;

i

**Use this column only if total payroll figure (item C.2) is not available and

must be computed by summing payroll amounts for individual workers.

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C. EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL INFORMATION, continued.

Code Employee's Name and Occupation Total hours

paid

Earnings ** ?

J 1t»

i

i

i

J

i

!

i

TOTAL

hrs

$

**Use this column only if total payroll figure (item C.2).is not available and

must be computed by summing payroll amounts for individual workers.

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9

U.

i .

MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, AND SERVICES PURCHASED

a. What was the total cost of materials, supplies

for the contract? . .. ..... a..................

and services purchased

.................

Include only the actual purchase price, not the cost charged to MBTA or

the prime contractor. Service of consultants should be listed as

subcontracts in item B.3 above.

b. List the specific items of materials, supplies, and services

purchased and the cost. Show amount purchased only if cost information is not available.

Code Description of item purchased Amount Vc

Purchased

Cos t

1

,

—

— •

.

i

j

............................................ ,

!

;

. i ............ ... - ...........- . - - - - - -

i ]

i

I

!

'

[. '

i

T-----

1 i

*Use this column only if cost TOTAL

information is not available.

$

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E. CAPITAL EQUIPMENT

1. What kinds of capital equipment were used for this contract*

and what was the cost charged to the contract for each item?

Capital equipment includes machinery or other durable goods

lasting one year or longer. Include items purchased specifically

for the contract as well as charges for owned or rented items.

SIC

Code Description of Equipment, including type and!

size.

Hours

Used

Charge to

the contract

1

If _ _

TOTAL $

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F. OVERHEAD COSTS

l.a *What were the total overhead costs charged to the contract? Indicate

the amount of payroll and non-payroll costs charged to overhead.

b. List the occupations.and number of man-hours

x for the contract....... ................. .

charged to overhead

hrs 24

2 ode ^Occupation Total hours—

worked

Earnings ***

TOTAL $

** Use this column only if total payroll figure is not available and must

be obtained by adding individual items.

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F. OVERHEAD COSTS, continued.

- 12 -

c. List the items of goods and services charged to non-payroll

overhead for the contract.

Code Description of item purchased Amount *

Purchased

Coat

I

, . . , . r TOTAL *Use this column only if cost $

information is not available.

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Appendix C. Interindustry Employment Model and

Industry-Occupational Matrix

This appendix describes the interindustry model and 

the national industry-occupational matrix. Specific 

methodologies used in the current operations and capital 

improvements parts of the study are covered in appendix 

A. The purpose of this appendix is to furnish the overall 

analytical framework for the studies.

Interindustry employment model

The interindustry employment model used contains 

134 industry sectors. Each sector represents a group of 

industries classified by Standard Industrial Classification 

(SIC) codes as shown in table C-l. An interindustry 

model, in its most basic form, distributes the transaction 

value of the sales that each industry sector makes to 

itself, to each of the other industry sectors, and to final 

purchasers.

In an interindustry model, intermediate goods are sold 

to other industries where further fabrication occurs 

before a finished good is produced. Finished products 

are sold to the final demand or product sectors of 

the national income accounts—personal consumption 

expenditures, gross private domestic investment, net 

exports of goods and services, Federal Government 

purchases, and State and local government purchases. 

Intermediate sales provide the basic structure of an 

interindustry model while final sales, or final demand, 

represent the usual input to a model of this type.

Each of the 134 rows in the interindustry model shows 

the sales made by an industry to itself, to other industries, 

and to the final demand sectors. Each of the 134 columns 

shows an industry’s purchases from each industry, 

including itself, which were required to produce its own 

output. The sum of all purchases in a column plus that 

industry’s value added1 is equal to the total value of 

production for that industry. When the purchases in a 

column are divided individually by the total production 

of that industry, they form ratios that define the amount 

of input required from each industry in order to produce 

a unit of output (usually stated in dollar terms) of the 

purchasing industry. For example, these ratios, or 

coefficients, would show how much the automobile

'The value added of a sector includes compensation of employees, 

depreciation, profits, and other payments to the factors of production.

industry would have to buy from such industries as 

rubber, textiles, steel, aluminum, advertising business 

services, plastics, transportation, and trade in order to 

produce a unit value of output.

These purchases represent the requirements from the 

immediate or first tier of supplying industries. Each of 

these supplying industries would also require inputs in 

order to manufacture its product. The steel industry 

would need coal and iron ore to make steel. The coal and 

iron ore industries, in turn, would need fuel and other 

products and services to produce their outputs. Each 

final purchase would require a chain of purchases back 

through the more basic supplying industries. An 

interindustry model provides a way of solving simultaneously all of the interrelated requirements created in 

the economy by purchases of the various final demand 

sectors or programs.

The elements of this model can be transformed from 

production requirements to employment requirements 

by applying employment-output ratios to each industry’s 

total output. The interindustry employment table which 

results from this process shows the total employment 

attributable to deliveries to final demand. Total employment generated by a given type of final demand using an 

interindustry model consists of the employment in the 

industry producing the final product or service and also 

the employment in all the supporting industries.

The interindustry table used here is expressed in terms 

of 1972 prices. Moreover, the transactions in 1972 dollars 

are in terms of producers’ value and not purchasers’ 

values. Producers’ values are purchasers’ values minus 

trade and transportation costs—put another way, 

producers’ values are values stated at the site of 

production. The trade margins and transportation costs 

associated with all of the transactions appear as direct 

purchases from the trade and transportation industries. 

Use of this table, therefore, requires the conversion of 

purchases to 1972 producers’ prices.

National industry-occupational matrix

The employment generated in each industry is disaggregated into occupations using the national industryoccupational employment matrix. This matrix is a 

table which presents for total U.S. employment the

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percent distribution of 422 occupations in each of 201

industries. By applying an industry’s occupational

pattern to total employment in that industry, estimates

are developed of the industry’s employment by

occupation. To arrive at total national requirements for

each occupation, the estimates for all the industries are

summed across each row in the table or matrix.

The current industry-occupational matrix is based

primarily on data from the 1970 Census of Population,

supplemented by data from other sources. These

supplemental data include annual averages from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS) and:

• Employment estimates for teachers and librarians based on 

data collected by the Office of Education;

• Occupational employment data collected by regulatory 

agencies for regulated sectors such as railroads, airlines, 

and telephone and telegraph communications;

• Employment data collected by professional societies, 

especially for medical and health occupations;

• Federal Civil Service Commission statistics on employment by occupation in Federal Government agencies;

• Occupational employment information compiled by the 

Postal Service on its employees.

The 1970 matrix was used to prepare the 1972-74 

occupational employment estimates since each industry’s 

occupational structure changes slowly and is relatively 

stable over the short run.

A number of adjustments had to be made to the 

occupational matrix in order to use it in conjunction with 

the interindustry model system for the studies presented 

in this report, since the industry classifications differ in 

the two systems. The restructuring of the 201 industries in 

the occupational matrix to conform to the 134 industries in the interindustry model was accomplished by 

comparing the industries in terms of Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) codes and making necessary adjustments. While many of the industries in both models 

matched exactly by SIC code, there were various 

differences that had to be reconciled.

In some areas, there was greater industry detail in the 

occupational matrix than in the interindustry model. In 

these cases, the matrix industries were aggregated. Where 

the industry-occupational matrix industries were less

detailed than those in the interindustry model, the 

employment of the matrix industry was distributed 

according to the proportion of its SIC content. Thus, if a 

matrix industry was composed of two SIC industries, the 

total employment of each SIC industry as found in 

Employment and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics) 

was added together, then divided by the total to calculate 

a percent distribution for the matrix industry in terms of 

its SIC content. This distribution was used to adjust each 

cell of the matrix industry, and these adjusted cells were 

used to form the interindustry model sector or were 

added to corresponding adjusted cells from other matrix 

industries to form the input-output sector. For example, 

if an SIC industry was found to represent 30 percent of 

the total employment of a matrix industry, each cell of 

the matrix industry was multiplied by 30 percent to form 

the corresponding cell for the interindustry model sector 

or was added to similarly adjusted cells from other matrix 

industries to form the interindustry model sector’s cell. 

These operations were performed on private wage and 

salary, self-employed, and unpaid family worker 

occupational cells for each industry. Government 

workers were placed in three input-output cells based on 

independent information.

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L*J

L*J

Table C-1. Interindustry model sectoring plan

1963

Input-output

number

SIC code1 Sector

number Sector name

1963

Input-output

number

1.01 -1.03 01

Manufacturing

32

— Continued

25

33 26.01 -26.04

2.01-2.07

3

01

0.74, 08, and 091

071,0723, pt. 0729, 

073, 085, and 098

34 26.05-26.08

4 35 27.01 and

36

27.04

27.02-27.03

5 101,106

37 Plastic materials and synthetic

28.01-28.02

6.01 102 38 28.03-28.04

6.02 103-109, except 39 29.01

106 40 29.02-29.03

7 11, 12 41 30

8 1311,1321,138 42 31.01-31.03

43 32.01-32.03

9 141-145, 148, 44 32.04

10

and 149 

147

45 Leather, footwear, and leather

33 and 34.01

46

34.03

35.01-35.02

11.01

11.02

\

47 Cement, clay, and concrete

36.01 -36.05

j "

48 Miscellaneous stone and clay

and 36.10-36.14 

36.06-36.09 11.03

11.04

11.05 49 Blast furnaces and basic steel

and 36.15- 

36.22

37.01 12.01-12.02 /

50 Iron and steel foundries, and

37.02-37.04

13.01

13.02-13.07

14.01- 14.32

15.01- 15.02

1925 51 38.01

19 except 1925

20 

21

52 38.04

53 Other primary and secondary

38.02-38.03,

16.01-16.04 221,222, 223, 

224, 226 and 228

54

38.05, and

38.06

38.07

17.01-17.10 227 and 229 55 38.08

18.01-18.03

18.04

225

23 (except 239), 

3992

56 Other nonferrous rolling and

38.09-38.10

57 Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

38.11-38.14

19.01-19.03 239 58 39.01-39.02

20.01-20.04 241 and 242

59 Heating apparatus and plumbing

40.01-40.03

60 40.04-40.09

20.05-20.09 

and 21

243 244 and 61 41.04-41.02

249 62 42.01-42.11

22.01- 22.04

23.01- 23.07

24.01- 24.07

251

25 except 251

26 except 265

63 43.01-43.02

64 44

rfumber Sec,or name

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries:

1 Livestock and livestock products . . .

2 Crops and other agricultural

products............................................

3 Forestry and fish e rie s .........................

4 Agriculture, forestry, and

fishery services ................................

Mining:

5 Iron ore m in in g .....................................

6 Copper ore m ining ..............................

7 Other nonferrous metal ore mining . .

8 Coal m in in g ............................................

9 Crude p etro le u m ..................................

10 Stone and clay m ining and

q u a rryin g ..........................................

11 Chemical and fertilizer mining .........

Construction:

12 New residential building construction

(excludes equipment and land 

development costs) .......................

13 New nonresidential building

construction.....................................

14 New public utilities construction . . .

15 New highway construction ................

16 A ll other new co n stru ctio n ................

17 Maintenance and repair

construction.....................................

Manufacturing:

18 Guided missiles and space vehicles ..

19 Other ordnance.....................................

20 Food products .................................

21 Tobacco manufacturing .....................

22 Fabric, yarn, and thread m ills ...........

23 Miscellaneous textiles and floor

coverings ..........................................

24 Hosiery and kn it g o o d s .......................

25 A p p a re l...................................................

26 Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products............................................

27 Logging, sawmills, and planing

m ills ...................................................

28 M illw ork, plywood, and other wood

products............................................

29 Household fu rn itu re ...........................

30 Other fu rn itu re .....................................

31 Paper products .....................................

SIC code1

265

271,272, 273, 

and 274 

275, 276, 277, 

278 ,and 279 

281, 286, and 289 

(except 28195) 

287

2821,2822 

2823,2824

283

284

285

29

30 except 307 

307

31

321,322, and 323

324, 325, and 

327

326, 328, and 

329

331

332, 3391, and 3399 

3331

3334 and 28195

3332, 3333, 3339, 

and 334

3351

3352

3356and 3357

336 and 3392 

341 and 3491

343

344

345 and 346 

342, 347, 348 and 

349 except 3491

351

352

Sm fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le .

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table C-1. Interindustry model sectoring plan—Continued

LO

Sector

number Sector name

Manufacturing — Continued

65 Construction, mining, and oilfield

machinery ........................................

66 Material handling equipm ent..............

67 Metalworking m achinery..................

68 Special industry m achin ery..............

69 General industrial machinery ............

70 Machine shop p ro d u c ts .....................

71 Computers and peripheral equipment

72 Typewriters and other office

machines ..........................................

73 Service industry m achines...................

74 Electric transmission equipment . . . ,

75 Electrical industrial apparatus.........

76 Household appliances..........................

77 Electric lighting and w ir in g ..............

78 Radio and television sets..................

79 Telephone and telegraph apparatus . .

80 Other electronic communication

equipment ........................................

81 Electronic com ponents.....................

82 Other electrical machinery ................

83 Motor vehicles.....................................

84 A irc r a ft.................................................

35 Ship and boat building and repair . . .

86 Railroad and other transportation

equipment ........................................

87 Transportation equipment ................

88 Scientific and controlling

instruments ......................................

89 Medical and dental instrum ents......

90 Optical and ophthalm ic equipment . .

91 Photographic and equipment and

supplies .............................................

92 Miscellaneous manufactured

products.............................................

Transportation, communication, and public utilities:

93 Railroad transportation.....................

94 Local transit and intercity bus .........

95 Truck transportation.........................

96 Water tran sportation.........................

97 A ir tran sportation..............................

98 Other tran sportation.........................

99 Communications, except radio and

T V ......................................................

100 Radio and TV broadcasting..............

101 Electric u tilitie s ...................................

102 Gas u tilitie s ..........................................

1963

Input-output

number

SIC code1 Sector

number Sector name

1963

Input-output

number

45 01 -45 03 3531 3532 and 3533

Transportation, communication 

and public utilities — Continued

68.03

46.01- 46.04

47.01- 47.04

48.01- 48.06

49.01- 49.07

50

51.01

3534, 3535^ 3536,

and 3537

354

Wholesale and retail trade:

69.01

355

356

359

3573,3574

105 69.02

Finance, insurance and real estate:

70.01-70.03

107 70.04-70.05

51.02-51.04 (|57, except 3573 

and 3574 

358 

361

108 70.01

109 71.02

52.01 -52.05 

53.01-53.03 Services:

110 72.01 53.04-53.08 362 111 72.02-72.03 54.01-54.07 363 112 73.01 55.01-55.03 364 113 73.02 56.01 -56.02 

56.03

365

3661 114 Miscellaneous professional

73.03 and 74

56.04

57.01-57.03

3662

367 115 75 58.01 -58.05 369 116 76.01 59.01-59.03 371

372

373

374 and 375

379

117 76.02 6U.01 -6U.U4 

61.01-61.02

61.03-61.05

61.06-61.07

118

119

77.03

77.02

120 77.04

121 77.05

62.01-62.03 

and 62.07

381,382, and 

387

Government enterprises:

122 Post Office ............................................................... 78.01

62.04-62.06 384 123 78.03

63.01 -63.02 383 and 385 124 78.02 and

63.03 386 125 State and local government

78.04

79.01 -79.03

64.01-64.12 39 (except 3992) Imports:

126

1 97

80.01

65.01

65.02

65.03

65.04

40 and 474

41

42 and 473 

44

80.02

Dummy industries:

128 Business travel, entertainment.

81

65.05 45 129 82

65.06-65.07 46, 47 (except 83

66

67

68.01

68.02

473 and 474)

48 except 483 

483

491 and part 493

492 and part 493

Special industries:

84

132

133

85

8 6

134 87

SIC code1

494,495, 496,497, 

and part 493

50

52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 

57, 58, and 59

60. 61 ,6 2 . and 67 

63 and 64

(2)

65 and 66

70

72 and 76

73 except 731 

731

81 and 89 except 

892, nonprofit 

research

75

78

79

80 (except 806), 

0722

806

82

84. 86, and 892

( 2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

1 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1967 edition. Bureau of the Budget (now Office of Management and Budget). 

5 No comparable industry.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix D. Detailed Tables

Digitized for FRASER 

35

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-1. Current operations: Purchases of goods and services and indirect employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1974

Purchases Indirect employment1

Industry

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

without

rail

subsidy

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

without

rail

subsidy

Total............................. $6,286,942 $6,121,486 $20,685,248 $33,093,600 $22,448,080 53.51 62.56 205.84 321.90 228.14

Livestock and livestock........

products ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 .14 .14 .25 .53 .43

Crops and other agricultural products.............. 0 0 15 15 15 .27 .27 .41 .95 .80

Forestry and fisheries.......... 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .10 .05 .17 .14

Agriculture, forestry,

and fishery services 0 12,249 0 12,249 12,249 .12 .33 .11 .56 .51

Iron ore mining...................... 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .08 .03 .12 .10

Copper ore mining .............. 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .14 .03 .19 .17

Other nonferrous metal........

ore m inin g.......................... 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .06 .02 .09 .08

Coal m ining................. .......... 0 0 0 0 0 .65 .23 .47 1.34 1.20

Crude petroleum .................. 0 0 0 0 0 5.04 .54 .89 6.47 5.93

Stone and clay mining ........

and quarrying.................... 0 14,599 0 14,599 14,599 .14 .19 .13 .46 .36

Chemical and fertilizer

mining............................... 0 41,885 0 41,885 41,885 .01 .12 .01 .14 .14

New residential

buildings.............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New nonresidential

buildings............................. 0 244.167 1,612 245,779 245,779 0 1.19 .01 1.20 1.20

New public utilities.............. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New streets and

highways ........................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

All other new

construction ...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maintenance and

repair.................................... 0 0 0 0 0 2.14 .74 9.27 12.14 4.06

Guided missiles and

space vehicles.................... 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02

Other ordnance .................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .01 .03 .03

Food products ...................... 0 58 20 78 78 .14 .12 .27 .53 .43

Tobacco manufacturing ................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0

Fabric, yarn, and

thread m ills ........................ 0 0 256 256 256 .38 .17 .14 .70 .67

Miscellaneous textiles ........

and floor coverings.......... 0 486 0 486 486 .03 .07 .06 .16 .14

Hosiery, knit goods.............. 0 0 161 161 161 .15 .02 .01 .18 .18

A pparel......................... .......... 167,025 427 182 167,634 167,634 1.39 .09 .07 1.54 1.51

Miscellaneous fabricated textile

products.............................. 74 257 39 371 371 .03 .10 .03 .16 .15

Logging, sawmills, and

planing m ills ...................... 0 140,818 201 141,019 141,019 .15 1.01 .43 1.59 1.33

Millwork, plywood,

and other wood

products............................. 0 3,929 0 3,929 3,929 .10 .29 .21 .59 .46

Household furniture............ 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .03 .01 .05 .04

Other furniture...................... 0 10,056 2,722 12,777 12,777 .01 .10 .04 .15 .14

Paper products...................... 3,235 1,644 13,255 18.134 18,134 .32 .26 .82 1.39 1.24

Paperboard ............................ 0 0 1,019 1,019 1,019 .12 .16 .15 .43 .38

Publishing .............................. 46 1,697 8,085 9,828 9,828 .39 .30 1.41 2.10 1.90

Printing................................... 31,519 1,368 89,387 122,273 122,273 .78 .42 3.19 4.40 3.91

Chemical products.............. 0 30,692 5,700 36,392 36,392 .55 .51 .48 1.54 1.33

Agricultural chemicals 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .01 .02 .05 .04

Plastic materials and

synthetic rubber 0 7,221 0 7,221 7,221 .05 .18 .15 .38 .33

Synthetic fibers .................... 0 0 0 0 0 .04 .03 .03 .10 .10

Drugs....................................... 0 9 4,166 4,175 4,175 .01 .01 .05 .07 .07

Cleaning and toilet

preparations ...................... 1,677 26,623 1,078 29,378 29,378 .03 .06 .02 .11 .10

Paint......................................... 0 32,666 223 32,889 32,889 .05 .16 .36 .36 .24

Petroleum products.............. 3,348,118 260,608 91,393 3,700,120 3,700,120 3.55 .36 .56 4.47 4.10

Rubber products .................. 40 21,374 147,446 168,859 168,859 .08 .35 .89 1.33 1.23

Plastic products.................... 3,087 38 0 3,126 3,126 .11 .41 .30 .82 .68

Leather, footwear, and

leather products................ 0 103 0 103 103 .03 .05 .05 .12 .10

G lass....................................... 0 85,782 0 85,782 85,782 .03 .60 .10 .74 .67

Cement, clay, and

concrete products............ 0 63,263 70 63,333 63,333 .14 .51 .16 .80 .69

Miscellaneous stone

and clay products............ 1,014 3,270 318 4,630 4,630 .13 .24 .15 .53 .43

Blast furnaces and

basic steel products 0 182,903 18 182,920 182,920 .19 1.98 .59 2.76 2.29

Iron and steel foundries

and forgings ...................... 0 114,197 4 114,201 114,201 .06 1.25 1.04 2.34 1.35

Primary copper metals 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .07 .01 .09 .08

Primary aluminum................ 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .09 .02 .13 .11

Other primary and

secondary nonferrous metal products ........ 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .15 .04 .21 .18

See footnote at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

36

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 0-1. Current operations: Purchases of goods and services and indirect employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1974—Continued

Purchases Indirect employment'

Industry

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

without

rail

subsidy

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

without

rail

subsidy

Copper rolling and

drawing..................... 0 $3,426 $ 2 $ 3,429 $ 3,429 0.01 0 .14 0.03 0.18 0.16

Aluminum rolling and

drawing..................... 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .20 .04 .27 .24

Other nonferrous

rollinq and drawing . 0 197,416 71 197,487 197,487 .05 .70 .07 .82 .77

Miscellaneous nonferrous metal

products................... $ 312 19,261 166 19,739 19,739 .02 .2 .09 .39 .32

Metal containers......... 0 23 0 23 23 .11 .04 .05 .20 .17

Heating apparatus and

plumbing fixtures ... 0 10,066 6 10,072 10,072 .02 .09 .06 .16 .11

Fabricated structural

metal ......................... 0 353,935 48 353,982 353.982 .14 2.36 .21 2.71 2.55

Screw machine

products................... 0 16,271 188 16,459 16,459 .06 70 21 .98 .85

Other fabricated

metal products........ 3,944 185,579 1,647 191,169 191,169 .15 1.52 .66 2.32 1.79

Engines, turbines, and

generators ............... 0 14,888 199 15,087 15,087 .04 .20 .21 .45 .27

Farm machinery.......... 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .01 .03 .03

Construction, mining

and oil field machinery. 0 24,933 0 24,933 24,933 .06 .23 .07 .36 .31

Material handling

equipment ............... 0 216,609 0 216,609 216,609 .02 1.01 .04 1.07 1.04

Metalworking

machinery ............... 0 39,439 24 39,463 39,463 .04 .68 .29 1.02 .77

Special industry

machinery ............... 0 834 252 1,086 1.086 .03 .09 .06 .19 .16

General industrial

machinery ............... 0 83,581 5,632 89,213 89,213 .08 .90 .23 1.20 1.04

Machine shop

products................... 0 21,413 56 21,469 21,469 .08 1.00 32 1.39 1.17

Computers and

peripheral

equipment ............... 204 33 94,439 94,676 94,676 .02 .03 .58 .64 .62

Typewriters and

other office

machines ................. 1,897 3,268 47,431 52,596 52,596 .02 .04 .23 .28 .27

Service industry

machines ................. 284 3,324 153 3,760 3,760 .02 .14 .07 .23 .18

Electric transmission

equipment ............... 0 171,845 0 171,845 171,845 .05 1.65 .21 1.91 1.76

Electrical industrial

apparatus................. 0 315,090 19,780 334,869 334,869 .15 2.53 .41 3.08 2.88

Household appliances 771 29,900 376 31,046 31,046 .01 17 .03 .21 .20

Electric lighting

and wiring................. 0 99,049 299 99,348 99,348 .07 .76 .22 1.04 .89

Radio and television

sets............................. 43 5 25 73 73 0 .03 .02 .05 04

Telephone and telegraph apparatus . . . . 0 390 0 390 390 .02 .05 .11 .18 .16

Other electronic communication equipment ........................... 21.337 30,662 6.597 58.596 58.596 11 .22 .07 .40 .38

Electronic

components............. 0 715 3,444 4,159 4,159 .09 .40 .30 .79 .68

Other electrical

machinery ............... 983 253,572 1,186 255,741 255,741 .03 1.26 .19 1.48 1.34

Motor vehicles ............ 1,240 804.164 621 806,025 806,025 .01 2.14 .03 2.17 2.16

Aircraft ......................... 100 0 0 100 100 .05 .13 .12 .30 .24

Ship and boat building

and repair................. 0 0 0 0 0 .07 .12 .04 .23 .20

Railroad and other

transportation

equipment ............... 0 351,770 711 352,481 352,481 .01 1.55 .22 1.78 1.57

Miscellaneous transportation equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .01 .01

Scientific and controlling instruments .... 0 8,791 1,822 10,612 10,612 .03 .29 .09 .42 .37

Medical and dental

instruments............. 349 1,673 4.964 6,986 6,986 .01 .03 .08 .12 .11

Optical and ophthalmic

equipment ............... 12 22 1 35 35 0 .02 .01 .04 .04

Photographic equipment and supplies .. 445 72 4,186 4,703 4,703 .04 .05 .18 .27 .24

Miscellaneous manufactured products .. 274 10,080 1,808 12,162 12,162 .10 .19 .31 .61 .52

Railroad transportation ......................... 45,160 58,504 10,649,008 10,752,671 107,055 .73 .80 61.41 62.94 1.87

Local transit and

intercity bus............. 0 0 193 193 193 .08 .09 .62 .80 .37

Truck transportation .. 48,204 70,001 215,936 334,140 334,140 1.19 1.47 2.75 5.41 4.69

See footnote at end of table.

37

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-1. Current operations: Purchases of goods and services and indirect employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay

Transportation Authority, 1974—Continued

Purchases Indirect employment'

Industry

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

without

rail

subsidy

Transit

services

Maintenance

General

overhead

Total,

with

rail

subsidy

Total,

withou

rail

subsid

Water transportation .. $65,731 $9,066 $1,875 $ 76,673 $ 76,673 0.45 0.09 0.11 0.66 0 5 8

Air transportation........ 88 1,941 627 2,655 2,655 .16 .20 .79 1 .14 .74

Other transportation ..

Communications,

38,199 8,387 8,782 55,369 55,369 1.05 .17 .94 2.16 1.36

except radio and TV.

Radio and TV

155 6,173 341,508 347,835 347,835 .39 .44 3.98 4.81 4.07

broadcasting............ 0 0 0 0 0 .12 .09 .41 .63 .57

Electric utilities............ 1,414,757 119 545,668 1,960,544 1,960,544 4.61 .30 2.38 7.29 7.06

Gas utilities.................

Water and sanitary

0 0 33,982 33,982 33,982 .37 .13 .38 .89 .79

services..................... 3,292 99,406 54,392 157,090 157,090 .05 .23 .29 .58 .46

Wholesale tra d e .......... 879,216 441,051 80,806 1,401,073 1,401,073 9.37 5.78 3.99 19.13 17.31

Retail trade .................. 184.485 169.429 83,103 437.016 437.016 5.08 4.42 5.24 14.74 13.29

Finance......................... 0 3.487 45.655 49,142 49,142 1.42 .84 4.68 6.94 5.51

Insurance .....................

Owner-occupied

0 0 6,864,111 6,864,111 6,864,111 .64 .48 54.65 55.78 55.27

dwellinqs .................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other real e s ta te ........

Hotels and lodging

0 108,839 0 108,839 108,839 1.18 .62 1.86 3.66 2.92

places .......................

Other personal

0 0 3,389 3,389 3,389 .25 .24 .74 1.23 1.05

services......................

Miscellaneous business

9,120 118,368 65,433 192,921 192,921 29 2.55 1.69 4.52 4.34

services..................... 3,045 96,222 128,013 227,280 227,280 2.32 2.59 7.84 2.75 10.43

Advertising...................

Miscellaneous pro0 0 189,610 189,610 189,610 .13 .09 .42 .64 .58

fessional services ... 251 227,196 301,504 528,951 528,951 .83 2.27 5.53 8.63 7.46

Automobile re p a ir___ 0 109,617 164,804 274,421 274,421 26 .73 1.22 2.21 2.00

Motion pictures .......... 0 0 0 0 0 09 .07 .29 .45 .40

Other amusements ...

Health services

0 0 0 0 0 .08 .06 .21 .35 .30

except hospitals .... 0 0 44,953 44,953 44,953 .07 .05 3.49 3.62 3.56

Hospitals....................... 0 0 206,639 206,639 206,639 .02 .01 3.33 3.36 3.35

Educational services ..

Nonprofit organiza833 4,572 8,376 13.781 13,781 .04 .09 .30 .43 .38

tions........................... 597 6,469 29,817 36,883 36,883 15 .24 2.09 2 48 1.96

Post O ffice...................

Commodity Credit

0 0 22,044 22,044 22,044 .46 .39 2.21 3.06 2.53

Corporation..............

Other Federal

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

enterprises................

State and local govern4 0 171 176 176 .42 .06 .39 .87 .70

ment enterprises ...

Directly allocated

27 2.382 11.086 13.495 13.495 1.68 .70 2.04 4.41 3 84

imports ..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transferred imports ..

Business travel,

entertainment, and

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

gifts ........................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Office supplies............ 5,721 5,769 20,410 31.900 31.900 0 0 0 0 0

'Employment numbers are not rounded to preserve detail at industry level. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

38

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-2. Capital improvements: Purchases of goods and services by industry, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-74

1972' 1973' 19742

Industry Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Total............................................................................ $6,776,004 $525,617 $14,293,323 $735,495 $10,286,588 $345,633

Livestock and livestock products................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Crops and other agricultural products......................... 0 0 3,112 0 3,075 12

Forestry and fisheries........................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishery services................... 0 0 0 0 0

Iron ore mining.................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Copper ore mining ............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other nonferrous metal ore m ining............................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coal m ining.......................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Crude petroleum ................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stone and clay mining and quarrying........................... 191,950 0 537,886 0 210,043 0

Chemical and fertilizer mining......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

New residential buildings ................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

New nonresidential buildinqs........................................... 586,522 0 765,692 0 600,837 0

New public utilities............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

New streets and highways ............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

All other new construction............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maintenance and repair............: ...................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Guided missiles and space vehicles ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other ordnance .................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Food products .................................................................... 372 0 92 0 0 0

Tobacco manufacturing.................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fabric, yarn, and thread mills ......................................... 482 0 3,744 0 231 0

Miscellaneous textiles and floor coverings ................. 506 0 482 0 13,549 0

Hosiery, knit goods............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Apparel................................................................................. 0 24 0 65 62 0

Miscellaneous fabricated textile products................... 29 18 160 50 1,566 0

Logging, sawmills, and planing mills............................. 115,340 0 280,547 0 339,365 0

Millwork, plywood, and other wood products.............. 144,821 42 157,991 96 89,364 0

Household furniture .......................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other furniture.................................................................... 320 0 11,540 172 5,095 133

Paper products.................................................................... 1,477 8,188 6,312 11,253 1,400 3,781

Paperboard .......................................................................... 6 0 19 0 0 0

Publishing ............................................................................ 0 16 0 23 0 0

Printing................................................................................. 19 1,817 0 4,262 0 155

Chemical products ............................................................ 29,418 32 28,235 383 4,335 0

Agricultural chem icals...................................................... 0 0 3,331 0 2,571 0

Plastic materials and synthetic ru b b er......................... 0 0 1,182 0 412 0

Synthetic fibers .................................................................. 178 0 102 0 0 0

Drugs..................................................................................... 0 0 2,689 0 0 0

Cleaning and toilet preparations..................................... 43 0 517 0 729 0

Paint....................................................................................... 5,370 36 22,103 97 14,509 0

Petroleum products............................................................ 73,960 12 80,097 27 19,650 0

Rubber products ................................................................ 1.307 0 31,453 0 28,081 0

Plastic products.................................................................. 51,395 0 67,167 0 9,402 0

Leather, footwear, and leather products....................... 0 21 422 55 207 0

G lass..................................................................................... 3,478 44 9,069 83 4,306 0

Cement, clay, and concrete products........................... 624,145 0 1,146,943 0 412,603 0

Miscellaneous stone and clay products....................... 52,732 408 244,780 455 688,646 0

Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 921,591 803 1,888,199 0 1,859,139 0

Iron and steel foundries and forgings........................... 48,058 0 75,372 0 19,476 0

Primary copper m etals...................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Primary aluminum ..............................................................

Other primary and secondary nonferrous

0 0 0 0 0 0

metal products................................................................ 8 0 6 0 2 0

Copper rolling and draw ing............................................. 5,530 0 27,917 0 34,768 0

Aluminum rolling and drawing ....................................... 97 0 1,555 0 609 0

Other nonferrous rolling and drawing........................... 21,446 0 590,845 0 468,301 0

Miscellaneous nonferrous metal products................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Metal containers.................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures ................... 44,634 0 174,240 0 122,200 0

Fabricated stru ctu ra l m e ta l................................................... 640,362 2,967 917.850 8,217 395,022 0

See footnotes at end of table.

39

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-2. Capital improvements: Purchases of goods and services by industry, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-74—Continued

1972’ 1973' 19742

Industry Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Screw machine products.................................................. $ 6,809 0 $ 38,750 $ 107 $23,419 0

Other fabricated metal products..................................... 218,326 71 288,734 85 177,479 0

Engines, turbines, and generators ............................... 0 0 94 0 0 0

Farm machinery.................................................................. 259 0 3,472 0 5,452 0

Construction, mining,and oil field machinery............. 221,408 $3,680 462,305 915 295,989 0

Material handling equipm ent.......................................... 8,216 0 68,444 0 144,599 0

Metalworking machinery.................................................. 24,696 12 57,787 32 51,692 0

Special industry machinery ............................................ 16,320 12 11,702 31 0 0

General industrial machinery.......................................... 20,855 613 161,484 0 99,136 0

Machine shop products.................................................... 0 0 0 680 0 $1,001

Computers and peripheral equipment........................... 486 84 675 3,299 1,277 643

Typewriters and other office machines......................... 22,398 2,600 46,254 3,601 29,855 796

Service industry machines .............................................. 4,137 0 22,306 0 8,681 0

Electric transmission equipment..................................... 490,305 2,165 604,790 1,079 320,011 1,703

Electrical industrial apparatus......................................... 35,703 462 90,491 1,227 64,923 25

Household appliances ...................................................... 385 0 5,312 0 1,119 0

Electric lighting and wiring.............................................. 20.316 387 355,823 181 392,265 35

Radio and television set .................................................. 0 0 77,711 0 9,490 0

Telephone and telegraph apparatus ............................. 0 0 103,059 0 78,030 0

Other electronic communication equipment............... 99,292 0 653,471 122 430,935 175

Electronic components .................................................... 27 0 26 1,616 12 2,423

Other electrical m achinery............................................... 34,975 1 64,667 2 7,830 0

Motor vehicles .................................................................... 61,426 2,251 125,361 1,833 73,064 0

Aircraft .................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ship and boat building repair ......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Railroad and other transportation equipment............. 4,587 0 8,105 0 3,720 0

Miscellaneous transportation equipm ent..................... 501 0 1,166 0 336 0

Scientific and controlling instruments ......................... 5,245 377 7,776 522 4,148 688

Medical and dental instruments ..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Optical and ophthalmic equipment ............................... 0 0 0 0 25 0

Photographic equipment and supplies......................... 0 19 0 106 0 247

Miscellaneous manufactured products......................... 51,098 24,750 115,148 33,959 80,359 14,559

Railroad transportation .................................................... 106,268 614 240,464 802 170,819 262

Local transit and intercity bu s......................................... 45,379 28,129 97,203 42.951 88,874 25,548

Truck transportation.......................................................... 172,152 807 451,146 1,280 286,987 554

Water transportation.......................................................... 9,613 12 20,654 17 10,582 4

Air transportation................................................................ 7,504 43,617 5,203 52,459 2,856 18.581

Other transportation.......................................................... 39,872 850 75,746 1,475 52,251 618

Communications, except radio and T V ......................... 55,957 22,641 115,577 33,312 86,501 15,888

Radio and TV broadcasting............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Electric utilities.................................................................... 5,121 4,901 11,463 6,459 5,984 2,356

Gas utilities.......................................................................... 105 0 127 134 81 32

Water and sanitary services............................................. 60 1,669 412 1,673 2,263 819

Wholesale tra d e .................................................................. 263,879 5,752 572,450 8,157 418,369 2,997

Retail trade .......................................................................... 72,728 7,732 157,026 10,265 121,008 4,399

Finance.................................................................................. 301 132 0 1,374 13 1,488

Insurance .............................................................................. 177,823 66,259 351,110 103,467 247,317 47,475

Owner-occupied dwellings............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other real estate ................................................................ 84,336 74,387 157,246 115,341 110,290 56,839

Hotels and lodging places ............................................... 1,789 1,174 1.145 959 600 720

Other personal services.................................................... 53 75 2,517 127 2,807 52

Miscellaneous business services..................................... 380,710 114,058 903,102 154,987 698,252 76,620

Advertising............................................................................ 864 223 2,015 371 5,492 138

Miscellaneous professional services ............................. 51,190 95,472 90.453 117,686 65,362 60,023

Automobile re p a ir.............................................................. 325,269 1,779 452,195 1,814 165,294 728

Motion pictures .................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other amusements ............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Health services except hospitals..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hospitals................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Educational services.......................................................... 0 6 11 6 116 2

Nonprofit organizations.................................................... 61,202 3,005 127,679 5,131 87,795 3,006

Post O ffice............................................................................ 0 411 634 613 2,640 108

Commodity Credit Corporation....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Federal enterprises................................................ 376 0 0 0 0 0

State and local government enterprises....................... 87 0 1,241 0 634 0

Directly allocated imports................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transferred imports .......................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Business travel, entertainment, and g ifts ..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Office supplies.................................................................... 0 0 0 0

__________

0

__________

0

'All contracts for calendar year. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

2AII contracts for 6 months, January 1 to June 30.

40

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-3. Capital improvements: Direct employment by occupation, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74

Occupation

Construction contracts Architectural and engineering contracts

Total1 19722 19733 19743 Total1 19722 19732 19743

Total................................................................................................. 1,618.28 350,52 767.45 506.31 264.03 82.24 120.56 61.24

Accountants ......................................................................................... 13.11 3.00 5.79 4.32 1.98 .62 .99 .46

Architects............................................................................................... 3.75 .71 1.72 1.32 13.53 4.65 6.02 2.86

Computer systems analysts.............................................................. — — — — 12 .05 .05 .02

Engineers, c iv il..................................................................................... 36.68 8.25 17.73 10.70 76.94 23.21 33.33 20.40

Engineers, electrical........................................................................... 62.43 11.29 28.75 22.39 10.67 2.94 5.01 2.72

Engineers, industrial........................................................................... — — — — 2.63 1.27 1.02 .34

Engineers, mechanical....................................................................... .16 .01 .10 .05 .91 .01 .47 .44

Sales engineers ................................................................................... .01 0 .01 0 — — — —

Engineers, other................................................................................... 9.52 2.90 3.99 2.63 3.45 .90 1.69 .86

Lawyers................................................................................................... .12 0 .06 .06 .09 .04 .05 0

Statisticians........................................................................................... — — — — .22 .10 .11 .01

Geologists ............................................................................................. .11 06 .04 0 .47 .07 .24 .16

Life, physical scientists...................................................................... — — — — .14 .14 0 0

Personnel, labor relations.................................................................. .05 .03 .02 0 1.02 .31 .47 .24

Economists ........................................................................................... — — — — .15 0 0 .15

Urban and regional planners............................................................ — — — — 5.49 1.99 3.37 .13

Drafters.................................................................................................. 49.07 8.07 22.27 18.73 47.51 16.34 20.03 11.12

Electrical, electronics technicians.................................................... .71 .02 .31 .38 .26 .09 .06 .11

Industrial engineering technicians.................................................. — — — — .07 0 .07 0

Mechanical engineering technicians.............................................. .39 .39 0 0 09 0 .04 .06

Surveyors............................................................................................... 7.24 1.65 3.58 2.01 .90 .12 .50 .28

Engineering, science technicians............... .................................... 1.91 .79 .93 20 11.78 3.56 5.28 2.94

Designers............................................................................................... .42 .01 .04 .38 8.95 1.08 4.68 3.18

Painters and sculptors....................................................................... — — — — .01 0 0 .01

Public relations workers and w riters.............................................. — — — — .29 .14 .14 .01

Research workers................................................................................ — — — — .59 .19 .39 .01

Purchasing agents, buyers................................................................ .35 0 .17 .18 11.98 3.54 6.13 2.31

Railroad conductors........................................................................... .01 0 0 0 — — — __

Other managers, administrators...................................................... 61.65 15.00 26.55 20 10 — — — —

Sales personnel................................................................................... 35 .02 .27 .06 .11 02 .06 .04

Billing clerks......................................................................................... .06 0 0 .06 — — — —

Bookkeepers ......................................................................................... 1.80 .81 .81 18 6.41 2.52 2.85 1.04

Clerical supervisors ............................................................................ .44 0 .09 .36 .42 0 .42 0

Enumerators and interviewers.......................................................... — — — — — __ __

Estimators, investigators .................................................................. 5.17 87 2.58 1.72 3.28 1.01 1.50 .78

Expeditors, production controllers.................................................. .03 .03 0 0 — — —

Bookkeeping, billing operators........................................................ 6.05 1.84 2.54 1.68 0 0 0 0

Computer, peripheral equipment operators ................................. 2.97 .54 1.28 1.15 .13 .05 .05 .03

Duplicating machine operators........................................................ 0 0 0 0 — — — —

Other office machine operators ...................................................... 3.37 .74 1.49 1.14 .01 .01 0 0

Payroll, timekeeping clerks................................................................ 59.76 11.50 26.58 21.69 .18 .08 .11 0

Legal secretaries ................................................................................. — — — — .05 .05 0 0

Secretaries, other................................................................................. 27.34 5.09 13.15 9.10 11.34 4.13 5.13 2.09

Statistical clerks................................................................................... — — — — .48 0 .48 0

Stenographers ..................................................................................... 1.68 1.05 .57 .06 .30 .11 .12 .07

Stock clerks, storekeepers ................................................................ .02 .01 01 0 — — — —

Telephone operators........................................................................... .03 0 02 0 — — — —

Typists.................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 .02 .01 .01 0

Miscellaneous clerical w orkers........................................................ 7.18 2.08 3.41 1.70 10.80 3.16 5.12 2.52

Clerical, not specified......................................................................... 8.58 3.22 3.37 1.99 15.30 4.22 7.48 3.60

Brickmasons and stonemasons........................................................ 13.73 3.15 5.99 4.58 — — __

Brick and stonemason apprentices ................................................ .29 .08 .08 .13 — — — __

Bulldozer operators............................................................................. 8 14 2.86 4.00 1.28 — — — —

See footnotes at end of table.

4I

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-3. Capital improvements: Direct employment by occupation, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-74—Continued

Occupation

Construction contracts Architectural and engineering contracts

Total1 19722 19732 19743 Total' 19722 19732 19743

Carpenters............................................................................................. 124.45 25.64 58.92 39.89 — — — —

Carpenters’ apprentices...................................................................... 3.71 0.70 2.10 0.90 — — — —

Cement and concrete finishers......................................................... 10.40 2.08 6.01 2.31 — — — —

Crane, derrick, hoist operators........................................................ 13.89 3.19 6.00 4.70 — — — —

Electricians ........................................................................................... 125.14 18.50 68.82 37.82 — — — —

Electrical apprentices.......................................................................... 21.15 3.25 13.54 4.36 — — — —

Electric power line installers and repairers................................... 10.99 .05 5.80 5.14 — — — —

Excavating, grading machine operators......................................... 46.37 16.81 19.94 9.61 — — — —

Floor layers, except tile setters........................................................ 3.16 1.11 1.36 .69 — — — —

Blue-collar worker supervisors ...................................................... 178.16 35.58 85.79 56.79 0.22 0.03 0.19 0.01

Glaziers................................................................................................... 2.05 .13 1.33 .59 — — — —

Inspectors, o th e r.................................................................................. .28 .26 .01 .01 1.56 0 .78 .78

Locomotive engineers ........................................................................ .01 0 0 0 — — — —

Air conditioning, heating, and refrigeration mechanics.............. 0 0 0 0 — — - —

Automobile mechanics and apprentices......................................... .09 .06 .03 0 — — — —

Heavy equipment mechanics including d iesel............................. 10.43 3.02 4.09 3.33 — — — —

Household appliance mechanics .................................................... 2.49 2.03 .46 0 — — — —

Rail carshop mechanics...................................................................... 1.19 .48 .48 .24 — — — —

Mechanical apprentices...................................................................... .02 .01 .01 0 — — — —

Other mechanics and repairers........................................................ .47 .01 .17 .29 9.60 3.88 4.26 1.47

Mechanics not specified .................................................................... .18 .07 .07 .04 — — — —

Millwrights............................................................................................. .50 .05 .29 .16 — — — —

Painters, construction and maintenance ....................................... 10.34 1 .13 6.00 3.22 — — — —

Painters’ apprentices.......................................................................... .46 0 .31 .15 — — — —

Plasterers ............................................................................................... .17 .07 .10 0 — — — —

Plumbers and pipefitters.................................................................... 30.23 4.53 14.86 10.85 — — —

Plumbers' apprentices ........................................................................ 5.67 .69 3.59 2.39 — — — —

Roofers and slaters.............................................................................. 5.35 .91 2.59 1.85 — — — —

Sheetmetal workers, tinsmiths.......................................................... 4.88 1.00 2.26 1.62 — — — —

Sheetmetal apprentices...................................................................... .53 .48 .01 .04 — — — —

Sign painters and letterers................................................................ 14 .13 .01 0 — — — —

Stationary engineers............................................................................ 29.77 6.14 14.20 9.43 — — — —

Structural metal workers.................................................................... 78.63 13.76 40 12 24.74 — — — —

Telephone installers, repairers ........................................................ .25 .25 0 0 — — — —

Telephone installers, splicers............................................................ 04 .01 .01 .01 — — — —

Tilesetters............................................................................................... .32 0 .25 .07 — — — —

Craft apprentices ................................................................................ 8 42 .51 4.76 3.14 — — —

Craft and kindred workers................................................................. 07 .04 .03 0 — — — —

Asbestos, insulation w orkers............................................................ 3.43 0 2.96 .47 — — — —

Assemblers ........................................................................................... .28 .01 .18 .09 — — — —

Blasters................................................................................................... .20 .08 . .09 .04 — — — —

Surveyors' helpers................................................................................ 7.44 2.95 3.01 1.48 — — — —

Checkers, examiners .......................................................................... — — — — 1.00 .26 .71 .02

Cutting operatives................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 — — — —

Drillers, earth ....................................................................................... .89 .89 0 0 .27 .27 0 0

Drywall installers................................................................................. .05 .04 .01 0 — — --- —

Oilers, greasers, except a u to ............................................................ 15.56 4.64 7.19 3.74 — — — —

Packers, wrappers, except m e a t...................................................... .04 0 .03 .01 — — — —

Painters, manufactured articles........................................................ 0 0 0 0 — — — —

Punch stamping press operators .................................................... .03 0 .02 .01 — — — —

Sawyers ................................................................................................. .03 0 .02 .01 — — — —

Stationary firefighters................................................................ 58 .25 .29 03 — — — —

Welders and tlame cutters ................................................................ 6.59 2.99 2.50 1.10 .12 08 .04 0

Miscellaneous machine operators .................................................. 11.63 2.87 5.77 2.99 --- — — —

Operatives ............................................................................................. .24 .11 .11 .01 — — — —

Busdrivers ............................................................................................. .01 0 .01 0 — — — —

Delivery and route workers................................................................ 02 0 .02 0 — — — —

Forklift, tow motor operators .......................................................... .93 .26 .48 .19 — — — —

Railroad brake operators and couplers........................................... 7.97 3.19 3.19 1.60 — — — —

Rail switch operators ........................................................................... 99 .39 .39 20 — — — —

Truck drivers......................................................................................... 29.05 8.57 13.82 6.65 — — — —

Carpenters' helpers.............................................................................. 1.96 .32 1.60 .04 — — — —

Construction laborers, except carpenters' helpers..................... 366.93 81.43 166.17 119.33 .85 .63 .22 0

Freight material handlers .................................................................. 1.52 .09 .92 .51 — — — —

Teamsters............................................................................................... .64 .07 .31 .26 — — — —

Other laborers....................................................................................... 35.22 12.43 16.20 6.59 1.34 .36 .98 0

Janitors and sextons............................................................................ 0 0 0 0 — — — —

Guards ................................................................................................... .97 .18 .52 .27 — — — —

'Data are for the 30-month period January 1972-June 1974.

'All contracts for calendar year.

3AII contracts for 6 months, January 1 to June 30.

“Employment numbers are not rounded to preserve detail at the occupational level.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Digitized 

42

for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-4. Capital improvements: Indirect employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 1972-74

Industry

1972' 1973’ 1974?

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Total........................................................................... 420.46 33.95 851.53 47.26 628.81 22.63

Livestock and livestock products................................... .69 .07 1.45 .10 1.21 .05

Crops and other agricultural products......................... 1.56 .16 3.07 .21 2.73 .11

Forestry and fisheries ...................................................... .72 .01 1.40 .01 1.51 .01

Agriculture, forestry, and fishery services................... .57 .03 1.20 .05 1.04 .02

Iron ore mining.................................................................... 1.33 .01 2.44 .01 1.87 0

Copper ore mining ............................................................ .63 .01 2.45 .01 1.72 0

Other nonferrous metal ore m ining............................... .37 .01 .83 .01 .58 0

Coal m ining......................................................................... 2.58 .05 5.14 .07 4.16 .03

Crude petroleum ................................................................ 1.68 .10 3.08 .15 2.04 .07

Stone and clay mining and quarrying........................... 9.20 .02 21.71 .02 10.07 .01

Chemical and fertilizer mining......................................... 10 0 .21 0 .20 0

New residential buildings ................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

New nonresidential buildings........................................... 14.33 0 19.60 0 17.92 0

New public utilities............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0

New streets and highways .............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

All other new construction.............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maintenance and repair.................................................... 4.58 .56 9.62 .84 6 85 .41

Guided missiles and space vehicles ............................. .06 0 .28 0 .21 0

Other ordnance .................................................................. 16 0 .31 0 .18 0

Food products .................................................................... .70 .07 1.43 .10 1.00 .04

Tobacco manufacturing.................................................... .01 0 02 .07 .01 0

Fabric, yarn, and thread mills ......................................... .63 .05 1.65 .07 1.47 .03

Miscellaneous textiles and floor coverings ................. .28 .01 65 .02 .75 .01

Hosiery, knit goods .......................................................... .09 0 .18 .01 .73 .01

Apparel................................................................................. .45 .02 .92 .03 .13 0

Miscellaneous fabricated textile products................... 19 .01 .39 .01 .45 0

Logging, sawmills, and planing mills............................. 6.93 .09 13.65 .13 14.93 .06

Millwork, plywood, and other wood products............. 6.28 .05 9.40 .08 6.58 .04

Household furniture .......................................................... 15 .01 .52 .01 .25 0

Other furniture .................................................................... .18 0 .76 .01 .48 .01

Paper products.................................................................... 1.83 .32 3.70 .43 2.64 .17

Paperboard ......................................................................... 91 .05 1.95 .07 1.40 .03

Publishing ........................................................................... 1.52 .18 3.21 .25 2.51 .12

Printing................................................................................. 2.14 .37 4.66 .61 4 00 .25

Chemical products ............................................................ 2 65 .10 4.90 .13 4.26 06

Agricultural chem icals...................................................... .08 .01 .21 .01 18 0

Plastic materials and synthetic rubb er......................... .76 .03 1.82 .05 1.68 .03

Synthetic fibers .................................................................. .16 .01 .33 .01 .30 0

Drugs..................................................................................... .05 0 .15 0 .06 0

Cleaning and toilet preparations..................................... .12 .01 .23 .01 .15 .01

Paint....................................................................................... 65 .02 1.25 .03 .77 01

Petroleum products............................................................ 1.10 .07 1.98 .10 1.16 .04

Rubber products ................................................................ 1.31 05 3.54 06 2.57 .03

Plastic products.................................................................. 3.10 09 6 20 .14 3.89 .07

Leather, footwear, and leather products....................... .17 .02 .42 .03 .35 .02

G lass..................................................................................... .94 .02 2.16 .03 1.38 .01

Cement, clay, and concrete products........................... 22.79 .02 41.25 .03 18.44 .01

Miscellaneous stone and clay products....................... 3.73 .04 12.01 .05 30.14 .02

Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 30.71 .14 52 30 16 45.72 05

Iron and steel foundries and forgings........................... 4.94 .05 8.64 .05 5.06 .02

Primary copper metals...................................................... .24 0 .99 0 .81 0

Primary aluminum.............................................................. 49 .01 .92 .01 .74 0

Other primary and secondary nonferrous metal

products........................................................................... .56 .01 1.56 .01 1.58 .01

Copper rolling and draw ing............................................ .60 .01 2.19 .01 1.78 .01

Aluminum rolling and drawing ....................................... 1.56 .02 2.76 02 1.73 .01

Other nonferrous rolling and drawing........................... 1.25 02 11.01 .02 9.00 .01

Miscellaneous nonferrous metal products................... .84 02 80 .02 1.18 .01

Metal containers.................................................................. .19 .01 .36 .01 .25 .01

Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures ................... 1.68 .01 5.01 .01 3.20 0

Fabricated structural m etal.............................................. 25.87 .14 3641 .33 19.21 .02

See footnotes at end of table.

43

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table D-4. Capital improvements: Indirect employment by industry, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,

1972-74—Continued

1972’ 1973’ 1974?

Industry Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Construction

contracts

Architectural

and

engineering

contracts

Screw machine products.................................................. 3.07 .06 7.77 .08 5.25 .03

Other fabricated metal products..................................... 10.38 .08 16.13 .11 11.08 .04

Engines, turbines, and generators................................. .72 .03 1.46 .04 .92 .02

Farm m achinery.................................................................. .13 .01 .33 .01 .30 .01

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery ............ 6.13 .10 12.33 .04 8.53 .01

Material handling equipm ent........................................... .86 .01 2.91 .01 4.55 0

Metalworking machinery................................................... 2.67 .04 5.83 .05 4.56 .02

Special industry machinery ............................................. .82 .02 1.09 .02 .60 .01

General industrial machinery........................................... 2.59 05 8.51 .04 5.76 .02

Machine shop products..................................................... 2,01 .05 4.57 .10 3.76 .11

Computers and peripheral equipment........................... .33 .06 .75 .19 .60 .06

Typewriters and other office machines......................... .70 .09 1.38 .11 .95 .03

Service industry machines ............................................... .67 .03 1.59 .04 1.02 .02

Electric transmission equipment..................................... 20.78 .10 27.56 .09 17.25 .09

Electrical industrial apparatus......................................... 4.33 .08 8.58 .13 6.53 .05

Household appliances ...................................................... .38 .01 .76 .01 .42 0

Electric lighting and wiring............................................... 2.00 .04 14.31 .04 15.55 .02

Radio and television sets................................................... .13 0 1.88 .01 .36 0

Telephone and telegraph apparatus ............................. .48 .04 5.99 .06 3.27 .02

Other electronic communication equipment................ 2.88 .01 15.81 .02 11.80 .01

Electronic components .................................................... 2.58 .05 8.38 .14 5.41 .13

Other electrical m achinery............................................... 1.55 .03 3.33 .03 1.36 .02

Motor vehicles .................................................................... 1.16 .04 2.27 .04 1.41 0

Aircraft .................................................................................. .61 .10 1.48 .13 1.15 .06

Ship and boat building and rep a ir................................. .96 01 1.88 .02 1.28 0

Railroad and other transportation equipment ........... .23 01 .43 .01 .31 .01

Miscellaneous transportation equipm ent..................... 05 0 .09 0 .04 0

Scientific and controlling Instruments ......................... 1.35 .04 2.56 .05 1.66 .04

Medical and dental instruments ..................................... .12 0 .26 .01 .19 0

Optical and ophthalmic equipment ............................... 08 0 18 0 .11 0

Photographic equipment and supplies......................... .35 .06 .79 .09 .56 .05

Miscellaneous manufactured products......................... 2 68 1.06 6.00 1.48 4.82 .71

Railroad transportation .................................................... 8.03 .14 15.54 .17 11.63 .08

Local transit and intercity bus......................................... 3.09 1.64 6.63 2.50 5.68 1.43

Truck transportation.......................................................... 16.31 .25 36.04 .33 23.52 .15

Water transportation.......................................................... .87 02 1 33 02 .90 01

Air transportation................................................................ 1.54 1 33 2 89 1.61 1.91 56

Other transportation.......................................................... 2.07 .13 3.71 .17 2.47 .07

Communications, except radio and T V ......................... 4.93 1.05 10.26 1.53 6 97 .68

Radio and TV broadcasting ........................................... .52 .05 1.14 .07 .77 .03

Electric utilities.................................................................... 2.22 .21 4.40 .27 3.55 13

Gas utilities.......................................................................... .90 .04 1.91 .06 1.50 .03

Water and sanitary services............................................. .19 .03 .42 .04 .36 02

Wholesale tra d e .................................................................. 2648 .91 56.30 1.31 41.63 58

Retail trade .......................................................................... 17.49 1.84 34 80 2.50 26 39 1.20

Finance ................................................................................. 4.63 .46 11.14 .89 8.07 49

Insurance .............................................................................. 12.24 3.53 23.79 5.33 16.87 2.48

Owner-occupied dwellings.............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other real estate ................................................................ 3.91 1.23 7.46 1.81 4.96 .85

Hotels and lodging places ............................................... 1.78 .37 3.38 .44 2.33 .24

Other personal services.................................................... .84 .08 1.91 .11 1.39 .05

Miscellaneous business services..................................... 36.83 8.53 82,89 11.54 60.52 5.50

Advertising............................................................................ .57 05 1.14 .07 .78 03

Miscellaneous professional services............................. 7.70 4.32 14.43 5.42 10.63 2 83

Automobile re p a ir.............................................................. 10.39 .18 14.92 .22 6.65 .11

Motion pictures .................................................................. .41 .05 .83 .07 .58 .03

Other amusements ............................................................ .42 .06 .84 .08 .57 .03

Health services except hospitals..................................... .72 .20 1.50 .33 1.09 .16

Hospitals................................................................................ .06 .02 .12 .03 .09 .01

Educational services.......................................................... .50 .04 1.05 .07 .76 .04

Nonprofit organizations.................................................... 7.17 .44 13.99 .67 9.50 .36

Post O ffice............................................................................ 3.43 .62 7.15 .82 5.58 .40

Commodity Credit Corporation....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Federal enterprises................................................ .41 .04 .78 .06 .53 .0

State and local government enterprises....................... 2.61 .59 5.33 .83 4.03 .45

Directly allocated imports................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transferred imports .......................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Business travel, entertainment,and gifts....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

Office supplies.................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0

All contracts for calendar year.

:AII contracts for 6 months, January 1 to June 30.

NOTE: Employment numbers are not rounded to preserve detail at the

industry level.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 9 7 8 0 - 2 6 1 - 0 1 7 ( 8 5 )

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. D EP A R TM E N T OF C O M M E R C E • Industry and Trade Adm inistration

FACTS-FIGURESFORECASTS-ANALYSES

For 200 U.S. In d u strie s

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Governments 

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in 1978

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Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Regional Offices

Region I

1603 JFK Federal Building 

Government Center 

Boston. Mass 02203 

Phone: (617) 223-6761

Region II

Suite 3400 

1515 Broadway 

New York, N Y 10036

Phone: (212) 399-5405

Region III

3535 Market Street 

P O Box 13309 

Philadelphia, Pa 19101 

Phone (215) 596-1154

Region IV

1371 Peachtree Street, NE 

Atlanta, Ga 30309 

Phone: (404) 881-4418

Region V

9th Floor

Federal Office Building 

230 S Dearborn Street 

Chicago, III 60604 

Phone: (312) 353-1880

Region VI

Second Floor

555 Griffin Square Building 

Dallas. Tex. 75202 

Phone: (214) 749-3516

Regions VII and V III*

911 Walnut Street 

Kansas City, Mo. 64106 

Phone: (816) 374-2481

Regions IX and X**

450 Golden Gate Avenue 

Box 36017

San Francisco, Calif. 94102 

Phone: (415) 556-4678

* Regions VII and VII are serviced

by Kansas City

“ Regions IX and X are serviced

by San Francisco

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U. S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

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