Systematic Paleontology of Quaternary Ostracode 

Assemblages from the Gulf of Alaska, Part 2: 

Families Trachyleberididae, Hemicytheridae, 

Loxoconchidae, Paracytherideidae 

U.S. G E 0 L 0 G I CAL SURVEY P R 0 FE S S I 0 N A L PAPER 1531 
AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year 

issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. 

Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be 

available. 

Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. 

Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices listed below. 

BY MAIL 

Books 

Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications 

of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single 

copies of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of 

Epicenters, and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the 

foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of 

Documents, are obtainable by mail from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution 

Box 25286, MS 306, Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225 

Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY 

from the 

Superintendent of Documents 

Government Printing Office 

Washington, DC 20402 

(Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of 

Documents.) 

Maps 

For maps, address mail orders to 

U. S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution 

Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225 

Residents of Alaska may order maps from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center 

101 Twelfth Ave., Box 12 

Fairbanks, AK 99701 

OVER THE COUNTER 

Books and Maps 

Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available 

over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, all 

of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents. 

• ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. 

• LAKEWOOD, Colorado-Federal Center, Bldg. 810 

• MENLO PARK, California-Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128, 

345 Middlefield Rd. 

• RESTON, Virginia-USGS National Center, Rm. lC402, 

12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. 

• SALT LAKE CITY, Utah-Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 

125 South State St. 

• SPOKANE, Washington-U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135, 

West 904 Riverside Ave. 

• WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650, 

18th and C Sts., NW. 

Maps Only 

Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following 

U.S. Geological Survey offices: 

• FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg, 101 Twelfth Ave. 

• ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. 

• STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg. 3101 
Systematic Paleontology of Quaternary Ostracode 

Assemblages from the Gulf of Alaska, Part 2: 

Families Trachyleberididae, Hemicytheridae, 

Loxoconchidae, Paracytherideidae 

By Elisabeth M. Brouwers 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1993 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director 

For sale by 

USGS Map Distribution 

Box 25286, Building 810 

Denver Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and 

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

(Revised for vol. 2) 

Brouwers, Elisabeth M. 

Systematic paleontology of Quaternary ostracode assemblages from the Gulf of Alaska. 

(U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1510) 

Includes bibliographical references, pt. 1 (p. 40-43) 

Contents: pt. 1. Families Cytherellidae, Bairdiidae, Cytheridae, Leptocytheridae, Limnocytheridae, Eucytheridae, Krithidae, Cushmanideidae-Pt. 2. Families Trachyleberididae, Hemicytheridae, Loxoconchidae, Paracytherideidae. 

Supt. of Docs. : I 19.10:1510 

1. Ostracoda, Fossil-Alaska-Alaska, Gulf of. 2. Stratigraphic correlationAlaska-Alaska, Gulf of. 3. Paleontology--:Quaternary. I. Title. II. Series: U.S. 

Geological Survey professional paper ; 1510, etc. 

QE817.08B753 1990 565'.33'097982 89-600370 
CONTENTS 

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... . 

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... . 

Study Area .......................................................................................................................... . 

Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. . 

Systematic Paleontology ..................................................................................................... . 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis .................................................................................. . 

Robertsonites tuberculatus ....................................................................................... . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

7 

Ambtonia tongassensis............................................................................................... 8 

Celtia palmensis......................................................................................................... 10 

Celtia blizhnii............................................................................................................. 11 

Celtia pointmanbiensis ............................................................................................. . 

Finmarchinella ( Finmarchinella) .finmarchica ......................................................... . 

Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) angulata ................................................................... . 

Finmarchinella ( Barentsovia) barentzovoensis ........................................................ . 

Finmarchinella ( Barentsovia) guyotensis ................................................................. . 

Hemicythere emarginata .......................................................................................... . 

Hemicythere hazeli ................................................................................................... . 

Normanicythere leioderma ....................................................................................... . 

Aurila malaspinensis ................................................................................................ . 

12 

14 

15 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

Robustaurila jollaensis ........... ................... ....... .............. .. ... ................... .. . . ... ............ 21 

Coquimba hanaii ....................................................................................................... 22 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis................................................................................... 23 

I..aperousecythere robusta ......................................................................................... 25 

I..aperousecythere yahtsensis ..................................................................................... 26 

Elofsonia susitnensis.................................................................................................. 27 

wxoconcha luciensis ........ .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . ...... ....... ... ........... ... .. . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ................ .... 28 

wxoconcha sp. G ...................................................................................................... 28 

Sagmatocythere gombosi ........................................................................................... 29 

Palmoconcha russellensis.......................................................................................... 30 

Palmoconcha krausei ................................................................................................ . 

wxoconchidea dolgoiensis ....................................................................................... . 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis .................................................................................. . 

References Cited ................................................................................................................. . 

PLATES 

[Plates follow References Cited] 

1-16. Quaternary ostracodes from the Gulf of Alaska. 

FIGURES 

31 

32 

34 

34 

1. Map showing region studied in the Gulf of Alaska................................................................................................. 2 

2. Map showing sample localities in the Gulf of Alaska............................................................................................. 3 

3-35. Plots of: 

3. Length versus height for Acanthocythereis dunelmensis .................................................................................. 6 

4. Abundance versus water depth for Acanthocythereis dunelmensis .................................................................. 7 

5. Length versus height for Robertsonites tuberculatus ....................................................................................... 8 

6. Abundance versus water depth for Robertsonites tuberculatus .... .... .. ...... ... .. ................ ... .. . . .. ...... .. ........ .. .. ...... 8 

III 
IV CONTENTS 

7. Length versus height for Ambtonia tongassensis. ............................................................................................ 9 

8. Abundance versus water depth for Ambtonia tongassensis. .............. .. ................... .. ....... ... ... .. ......... ................ 9 

9. Length versus height for Celtia palmensis. ...................................................................................................... 11 

10. Abundance versus water depth for Celtia palmensis. ..... ....... ................... ..... ... . . .. . ........ .. ........... ........... .. ... ...... 11 

11. Length versus height for Celtia blizhnii. .......................................................................................................... 12 

12. Abundance versus water depth for Celtia blizhnii............................................................................................ 12 

13. Length versus height for Celtia pointmanbiensis. ............................................................................................ 13 

14. Length versus height for Finmarchinella (Finmarchinella) finmarchica ......................................................... 14 

15. Abundance versus water depth for Finmarchinella ( Finmarchinella) jinmarchica .......................................... 14 

16. Length versus height for Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis. ................................................................ 16 

17. Abundance versus water depth for Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis ................................................. 17 

18. Length versus height for Hemicythere hazeli. .................................................................................................. 18 

19. Abundance versus water depth for Hemicythere hazeli.................................................................................... 19 

20. Length versus height for Aurila malaspinensis. ............................................................................................... 20 

21. Abundance versus water depth for Aurila malaspinensis. ................................................................................ 21 

22. Length versus height for Coquimba hanaii. .. .......... .............. .................. .... .. .... .. ............ .................... ............. 22 

23. Length versus height for Ambostracon tweedmuirensis. .................................................................................. 23 

24. Abundance versus water depth for Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis. ................................................................. 24 

25. Length versus height for Laperousecythere robusta. ........................................................................................ 25 

26. Abundance versus water depth for Laperousecythere robusta ......................................................................... 26 

27. Length versus height for Laperousecythere yahtsensis .................................................................................... 27 

28. Length versus height for Elofsonia susitnensis ...................................... .......................................................... 27 

29. Length versus height for Loxoconcha luciensis................................................................................................ 28 

30. Length versus height for Sagmatocythere gombosi ................................................................................ .......... 29 

31. Length versus height for Palmoconcha russell ens is......................................................................................... 30 

32. Abundance versus water depth for Palmoconcha russel/ens is ......................................................................... 31 

33. Length versus height for Palmoconcha krausei ................................................................................................ 31 

34. Length versus height for Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis ............................ .......................................................... 33 

35. Abundance versus water depth for Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis ........................... .......... .................................. 33 

TABLES 

1. Location and water depth of ostracode samples collected from the Gulf of Alaska........................................ 4 

2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises 

in the Gulf of Alaska . . . . ....... .... . . . .. . . ........ ... . . . . .. . .. . ..... . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ................. ... . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .... .. ... .. . . .. 40 

METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 

For readers who wish to convert measurements from the metric system of units to 

U.S. customary units, the conversion factors are listed below 

SI unit Multiply by U.S. customary unit 

Micrometer (f.!m) 3.937x1o-5 inch 

Millimeter (mm) 3.937x1o-2 inch 

Meter (m) 3.28lx10° foot 

Gram (g) 3.5x1o-2 ounce 

Kilogram (kg) 2.205x10° pound 
Systematic Paleontology of Quaternary Ostracode 

Assemblages from the Gulf of Alaska, 

Part 2: Families Trachyleberididae, Hemicytheridae, 

Loxoconchidae, Paracytherideidae 

By Elisabeth M. Brouwers 

ABSTRACT 

Twenty-seven species of podocopid ostracodes are 

reported from Quaternary sediments of the Gulf of Alaska 

continental shelf. One new genus, Laperousecythere, and 16 

new species are described (Ambtonia tongassensis, Celtia 

palmensis, C. blizhnii, C. pointmanbiensis, Finmarchinel/a 

(Barentsovia) guyotensis, Hemicythere hazeli, Aurila 

malaspinensis, Coquimba hanaii, Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis, Laperousecythere yahtsensis, Sagmatocythere gombosi, Loxoconcha luciensis, Palmoconcha russellensis, P. 

krausei, Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis, Paracytheridea khantaakensis). Ten previously described species are illustrated, 

and one species is placed in open nomenclature. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Gulf of Alaska makes up most of the cold-temperate Aleutian Zoogeographic Province, the northern boundary 

of which is at the Aleutian Islands and the southern boundary 

is at about lat 53° N. The combination of a geographic position in the middle latitudes, coastal topography with a high 

mountain range on the coastal plain, and the presence of the 

warm Aleutian Current along the continental shelf result in a 

warm maritime climate. The gulf is a climatic transition 

between the mild- and warm-temperate North Pacific and the 

subfrigid and frigid Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. 

The modern ostracode fauna of the Gulf of Alaska was 

poorly known until these studies (Brouwers, 1981, 1982a, 

1982b, 1982c, 1983, 1988a, 1988b, 1990). Brouwers 

(l988a) recognized five ostracode assemblages, each characterized by a unique combination of values for species 

diversity, abundance, dominant species, equitability distribution of species, percentage of living individuals, and 

associated fauna and flora. This report describes species 

occurrence in terms of these five assemblages. Assemblage 

I occurs in the inner sublittoral zone (from shoreline to 

about 50 m). Assemblage II occurs in the middle sublittoral 

zone (from about 50 m to 100 m). Assemblage III occurs in 

the outer sublittoral zone (from about 100 m to 200 m). 

Assemblage IV occurs in the upper bathyal zone (from 

about 200 m to 350 m). Assemblage V consists of taxa that 

occur only as fossils. 

Brouwers (1990) reported on 32 species representing 

the Families Cytherellidae, Bairdiidae, Cytheridae, Leptocytheridae, Lirnnocytheridae, Eucytheridae, Krithidae, and 

Cushmanideidae. This report describes 27 species of the 

Families Trachyleberididae, Hemicytheridae, Loxoconchidae, and Paracytherideidae. 

STUDY AREA 

The species described in this report are from 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises 

(EGAL-75-KC, DC1-79-EG, DC2-80-EG) to the northeast Gulf of Alaska (figs. 1, 2; table 1 ). Most of the samples are from the Continental Shelf and were taken in 

water depths ranging from 20m to 256m. The VanVeen 

sampler that was used took a large volume of bottom sediment, which provided large residues for examination. 

Micropaleontological subsamples ranged from 200 g to 1 

kg (wet weight), depending on the size of the initial sample. Samples were washed on a 200-mesh sieve (75 J.lm), 

and material examined was down to and including that 
2 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES. GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

I I __ 

-- -- -~ n 

~~~ (/\'"' 

~\~ A L A S K A <Ill 

600 KILOMETERS 

Figure 1. Map showing study area (shaded) in the Gulf of Alaska. 

from the 80-mesh sieve (180 j.lm). All adult and juvenile 

specimens were identified to species and were counted 

(Brouwers, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1983). Table 2 shows the 

occurrence of species in the samples. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

thank Bruce F. Molnia (U.S. Geological Survey, 

Reston, Va.), who invited me to participate in cruises 

DC1-80-EG and DC2-80-EG and provided access to 

samples from cruises EGAL-75-KC and DCl-79-EG. I 

am grateful to David Home (Thames Polytechnic, London, 

England), Ryoichi Tabuki (University of the Ryukyus, 

Japan), and John Neale (University of Hull, England), who 

carefully reviewed the manuscript. John Neale and Kunihiro Ishizaki reviewed the original draft. Neale and Tabuki 

examined specimens of Celtia, and Tabuki provided 

I 

\ 

Gulf of 

examples of Patagonacythere robusta. John Whittaker 

(British Museum of Natural History, London), E.l. 

Schomikov (Institute of Biological Sciences, Vladivostok, 

Russia), ·and Alan Lord (University College, London, 

England) made critical comments on the taxa based on 

examination of the plates. 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 

All illustrated specimens are deposited in the U.S. 

National Museum of Natural History (USNM). Note that 

one carapace is counted as two valves. An asterisk (*) next 

to the assemblage type (in the occurrence section of each 

species) indicates that some of the specimens in the depth 

assemblage contain soft parts. Note that in the length-height 

plots of measurements, the number of dots does not always 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 3 

Gulf of A las ka 

Lituya 

• Bay 

. AIRWEATHER• 

GROUND • •• 

50 100 NAUTICAL MILES . \• 

<o ~ • • /CROSS/ 

OUND 

50 1 DO KILOMETERS 

Figure 2. Map showing sample localities in the Gulf of Alaska. Dots, sample localities. Bathymetric contours in meters. 

match the number of specimens; this reflects identical measurements of some specimens. 

Class OSTRACODA Latre1lle, 1806 

Order PODOCOPIDA G.W. Mueller, 1894 

Suborder PODOCOPA Sars, 1866 

Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 

Subfamily TRACHYLEBERIDINAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 

Tribe TRACHYLEBERIDJNI Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 

Genus ACANIHOCITHEREIS Howe, 1963 

Type species.-Acanthocythereis araneosa Howe, 

1963 (Type by original designation.) 

ACANIHOCITHEREIS DUNELMENSIS 

(NORMAN, 1865) 

Plate l, figures 1- 5; plate 2, figure 1; plate 16, figure 1; text figures 3, 4 

Cythere dunelmensis Norman, I865b, p. 22, pl. 7, figs. I-4. 

Cythere dunelmensis Norman. Brady, I865, p. 193; Norman, 

1867, p. 198; Brady, I867, p. 208; Brady, 1868a, p. 

4I6, pl. 30, figs. 1-12; Brady, 1868b, p. 31 ; Brady, 

1870, p. 450; Brady and Crosskey, I871, p. 6I-63; 

Brady and Robertson, 1872, p. 53, 59, 62, 69; Brady, 

Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, p. 168; Robertson, 

1875, p. I25; Brady and Robertson, 1876, p. 186; Robertson, 1883, p. 28; Malcolmson, 1886, p. 260; Brady 

and Norman, 1889, p. 168; Sars, 1890, p. 72; Norman, 

1891, p. 113, I20; Brady and Norman, I896, p. 733; 

Scott, I899, p. 85; Norman, 1902, p. 484; Brady, 1902, 

p. 99; Norman, I905, p. 147; Scott, 1906, p. 283; 

Cushman, 1906, p. 377; Ostenfeld and WesenbergLund, I909, p. Il3; Norman and Brady, I909, p. I03; 

Stephensen, I9I3, p. 362; Kindle and Whittaker, 19I8, 

p. 230; Sars, I925, p. I25; Lucas, I93I, p. 401; Blake, 

I933, p. 238; Klie, 1938, p. ISI; Elofson, 1938, p. 7; 

Anderson, I948, p. 224. 

Cythere horrida Sars, I866, p. 45. 

Cythereis dunelmensis Norman. Norman, 1865a, p. I93; 

Stephensen, I929, p. 3; Mueller, I93I, p. 29; Blake, 

I933, p. 238; Stephensen, I938, p. 10; Elofson, 194I, p. 

296, figs. 10-II, maps 29, 30; Hagerman, I965, p. 58, 

pl. I, fig. 5. 

Not Cythereis dunelmensis Norman. Tressler, I94I, p. 

100-10l,pl.I9, fig. 21. 

C/etocythereis noblissimus Swain, I963, p. 824-825, pl. 98, 

fig. 5; pl. 99, figs. I5a, I5b; text-fig. lOa. 

Acanthocythereis noblissima (Swain). Schmidt, I967, p. 

488, pl. 62, figs. I2-I6. 

C/etocythereis dunelmensis minor (Norman). Bassiouni, 

1965, p. 5I3, pl. 2, fig. 9. 

Cletocythereis dunelmensis dunelmensis (Norman). 

Bassiouni, I965, p. 5I3, pl. 2, fig. 8. 

Cletocythereis elofsoni elofsoni Bassiouni, I965, p. 5I4, pl. 

2, figs. 4, 5. 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman). Hazel, I967a, p. 

34, 35; Colhoun and McCabe, 1973, p. I87; Neale, 

I974b, p. 92; Neale and Howe, I975, pl. I, figs. 3, II, 

13-I6; Rosenfeld, I977, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 65-68; Peacock, Graham, Robinson, and Wilkinson, I977, p. 98, 

I 00; Robinson, 1978, p. 460, pl. 2, figs. 2a-2c; 
4 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUA TERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

Table 1. Location and water depth of ostracode samples collected from the Gulf of Alaska. 

Samp1eNo. Latitude(0N) Longitude(0W) Water depth (meters) Samp1eNo. Latitude(0N) Longitude(0W) Water depth (meters) 

Cruise EGAL-75-KC Cruise EGAL-75-KC-Continued 

5 59°36.5' 147°32.8' Unknown 109 59°43.4' 144°52.7' 102 

6 59°32.3' 147~1.1' 143 110 59°41.5' 144°47.2' 97 

11 59°55.9 147~5.4' 49 Ill 59°38.9' 144°41.0' 148 

16 59°45.2' 146°49.4' 91 112 59°37.6' 144°37.0' 145 

17 59°38.1' 146°43.5' 97 115 59°46.0' 144°47.7' 64 

18 59°33.5' 146°32.4' 113 117 59°43.0' 144°38.1' 119 

20 59°28.5' 146°41.8' 88 118 59°40.7' 144°33.3' 137 

22 59°27.2' 146°41.1' 106 120 59°48.8' 144°41.0' 66 

24 60°01.2' 147°15.0' 143 122A 59°55.6' 144°31.4' 55 

26 59°56.6' 147006.1' 205 123 59°56.7' 144°40.2' 210 

27 59°53.8' 146°59.2' 163 125 59°59.8' 144°44.0' 232 

32 59°28.7' 146~9.1' 53 127 60°02.8' 144°43.5' 210 

39 59°28.0' 145°59.7' 148 128 60°00.6' 144°40.0' 227 

41 60°09.1' 147°07.2' 212 129 60°04.9' 144°40.4' 146 

46 66°00.0' 146°45.5' 126 130 60°07.8' 144°39.5' 31 

52 A 59°59.0' 146°27.5' 71 132 60°07.1' 144°31.2' 20 

53 60°07.7' 146°52.8' 156 133 60°03.8' 144°26.2' 17 

54 60°06.1' 146°49.4' 112 134 59°59.0' 144°24.0' 20 

55 60°14.5' 146°50.6' 220 138 59°38.2' 145°50.4' 168 

58 60°13.8' 146°44.3' 221 141 60°06.8' 146°14.5' 71 

59 A 60°12.1' 146°41.2' 192 144U 59°57.3' 146°19.6' 64 

598 60°11.8' 146°41.5' 183 145 59°37.4' 146°09.0' 101 

638 60°01.8' 146°14.6' 64 146 59°35.6' 145°54.8' 143 

658 60°49.4' 146°14.9' 53 147 59°34.2' 145°45.7' 165 

68A 59°42.6' 146°15.0' 81 149 60°03.2' 145°34.5' 104 

69 60°16.6' 146°14.6' 49 150 60ol0.4' 145°34.5' 104 

70 60°12.6' 146°15.3' 108 153 60°12.5' 146°27.0' 137 

71 60°10.1' 146°15.0' 84 154 59°51.4' 145°28.5' 95 

72 60°15.3' 146°00.8' 90 155 59°55.2' 145°42.0' 82 

73 60°10.5' 146°01.4' 95 157 60°01.4' 146°08.5' 73 

74 60°09.2' 146°01.5' 90 158 60006.0' 146°40.5' 117 

75 60°07.4' 146°02.3' 84 159 60°10.2' 146°52.1' 165 

76 60°02.0' 146000.5' 77 161 60°17.4' 146°23.7' 22 

77 59°56.0' 146°01.5' 86 162 60°19.2' 146°13.2' 24 

78 59°51.6' 146°00.9' 101 163 60°19.5' 146°07.0' 22 

80 59°46.7' 145°59.5' 91 1648 60°19.5' 146°00.0' 22 

83 59°39.0' 145°59.5' 91 165 60°18.3' 145°53.5' 33 

84 59°32.2' 145°59.5' 157 166 60°17.7' 145°45.6' 20 

86 60°14.0' 145°34.5' 48 167 60°16.4' 145°38.4' 26 

87 60°06.9' 145°34.4' 126 170A 60°16.9' 145°42.0' 20 

88 59°59.2' 145°34.0' 88 1708 60°16.9' 145°42.0' 20 

91 59°50.5' 145°39.6' 97 171 60°14.3' 145°28.0' 24 

92 59°45.9' 145°34.5' 119 173 60ol0.4' 145°13.6' 24 

94 60°07.7' 145~1.0' 97 174 60°09.6' 145°06.4' 35 

95 60°03.3' 145°19.8' 132 176 60°10.0' 144°48.0' 31 

96 59°59.2' 145°19.3' 119 180 60°09.1' 144°44.7' 26 

97 59°55.7' 145°19.5' 101 181 60°01.0' 144°24.0' 33 

98 59°52.5' 145°19.8' 101 183 59°55.5' 144°34.6' 91 

99 59°50.4' 145~0.6' 110 184 59°54.8' 144°54.6' 188 

103 60°09.4' 144°58.2' 35 202 59°31.4' 144°36.6' 187 

104 60°08.1' 144°54.9' 53 204 59°34.8' 144°35.8' 141 

105 59°57.1' 144°55.4' 183 205 59°37.0' 144°35.3' 145 

106 59°57.0' 144°57.4' 192 208 59°33.3' 44°31.3' 156 

107 59°46.5' 145°03.2' 185 210 59°36.9' 144°30.5' 146 

108 59°44.2' 144°56.2' 192 211 59°40.1' 144°28.4' 146 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY 5 

Table 1. Location and water depth of ostracode samples collected from the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

Sample No. LatitudeeN) Longitude(0W) Water depth (meters) Sample No. Latitude(0N) Longitudeew) Water depth (meters) 

Cruise EGAL-75-KC-Continued Cruise DCl-79-EG 

212 59°46.4' 144°33.1' 91 1 59°05.0' 138°39.9' 77 

213 55°44.7' 144°30.2' 113 5 58°52.1' 138°58.6' 205 

214 59°43.7' 144~8.6' 55 6 58°46.8' 138°59.7' 220 

215 59°42.9' 144~7.0' 134 7 58°48.2' 139°07.9' 188 

216 59°42.1' 144~3.0' 152 10 58°44.9' 139°19.1' 183 

217 59°39.8' 144~1.2' 154 12 58°39.0' 139°22.3' 251 

221 59°50.1' 144~7.4' 29 13 58°45.2' 138°38.4' 108 

223 59°52.4' 144°18.7' 51 23 58°26.0' 137°48.3' 167 

224 59°50.0' 144°16.0' 64 28 58°11.2' 137°39.1' 161 

225 59°46.2' 144°11.5' 101 29 58°16.4' 137°32.5' 154 

229 59°34.0' 144°01.2' 189 30B 58°23.0' 137°27.9' 196 

231 59°56.9' 144009.7' 33 31B 58°18.6' 137°08.2' 154 

232 59°57.3' 144009.9' 49 35 58°22.7' 136°59.9' 70 

233 59°51.6' 143°53.3' 106 36 58°21.7' 137°00.7' 111 

246 59°41.9' 142°55.8' 198 37 58°21.0' 137°01.5' 137 

247 59°52.2' 143~0.3' 214 38 58°20.2' 137°02.3' 159 249 59°58.4' 143°23.0' 152 

251 59°44.5' 142°54.0' 188 39 58°19.2' 137°03.1' 173 

256 59°48.2' 142°46.2' 190 41 58°15.7' 137°00.4' 187 

257 59°57.3' 142°46.5' 119 45 58°14.6' 136°47.8' 119 

46 58°13.7' 136°50.1' 93 

258 59°57.5' 142°41.2' 108 47 58°12.6' 136°53.2' 133 

259 59°58.1' 142°38.2' 91 

260 60°00.0' 142°43.0' 88 Cruise DCl-80-EG 

263 59°50.8' 142°31.0' 95 

264 59°49.5' 142°30.0' 134 14 59°19.2' 139°19.8' 20 

16 59°18.8' 139°18.6' 35 

265 59°46.2' 142~9.9' 181 24 59°07.0' 138°44.0' 42 

268 59°40.7' 142~1.6' 174 27 59°07.0' 138°44.0' 43 

282 59°54.5' 142~0.0' 82 41 59°06.9' 138°43.0' 40 

283 59°51.0' 142°14.5' 84 

284 59°50.0' 142°14.2' 86 48 59°06.9' 138°42.6' 37 

60 59°28.5' 139°48.0' 58 

285 59°47.4' 142°14.4' 115 62 59°28.5' 139°48.4' 64 

286 59°43.0' 142°13.1' 157 63 59°28.2' 139°48.9' 62 

288 59°36.0' 142°13.7' 238 67 59°28.0' 139°49.3' 82 

289 59°53.1' 142°03.8' 55 

290 59°54.6' 141°52.3' 31 70 59°28.9' 139°49.8' 98 

296 59°45.5' 141°43.5' 49 73 59°27.7' 139°50.2' 104 

82 59°28.2' 139°48.4' 74 

297 59°32.9' 141°46.7' 165 86 59°27.5' 139°50.5' 110 

306 59°30.4' 141°30.0' 161 89 59°28.6' 139°48.2' 55 

307 59°28.9' 141~7.8' 165 

312 59°31.7' 141°14.3' 156 91 59°00.2' 139°54.0' 128 

313 59°29.5' 141 °11.0' 256 94 59°26.3' 139°36.0' 20 

314 59°28.5' 141°06.3' 311 97 59°41.8' 141°20.1' 60 

319 59°33.8' 140°50.5' 247 99 59°41.0' 141°20.7' 60 

320 59°36.4' 140°50.5' 163 155 59°43.5' 140°46.5' 20 

324 59°32.3' 140°14.0' 192 167 59°40.1' 141°21.6' 68 

325 59°29.0' 140°14.1' 241 168 59°40.1' 141 °21.6' 68 

326 59°24.6' 140°14.5' 183 169 59°39.2' 141 °22.1' 73 

328 59°43.2' 144°33.6' 134 170 59°38.1' 141°22.5' 84 

331 59°56.1' 143°53.4' 66 174 59°37.2' 141°23.1' 91 

332 59°54.3' 143°53.2' 73 177 59°36.1' 141°23.5' 102 

333 59°47.1' 143°51.5' 128 180 59°35.2' 141°24.5' 111 

336 59°37.6' 143°34.0' 145 183 59°34.4' 141 °25.1' 121 

338 60°01.0' 143°09.3' 101 186 59°33.3' 141°25.3' 132 

339 60°00.8' 142°56.6' 102 189 59°32.5' 141°26.4' 139 

341 59°57.7' 143°04.7' 137 192 59°31.2' 141°26.8' 150 

195 59°36.5' 140°19.2' 82 

344 59°39.2' 142~2.2' 210 

360 59°39.7' 140°31.1' 48 Miscellaneous sample 422 59°55.8' 141°35.6' 68 

428 59°54.7' 141 °30.1' 49 BFM-1 60°17.0' 148°21.0' Unknown 

432 59°57.2' 141°31.6' 68 
6 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

Peacock, Graham, and Gregory, 1980, p. 9; Lord, 

1980, p. 234, pl. 1, figs. 8-13; Cronin, 1981, p. 400, 

pl. 8, figs. 1, 2; McDougall, Brouwers, and Smith, 

1986, pl. 13, figs. 2-4; Tabuki, 1986, p. 53, text-fig. 

14; Athersuch, Home, and Whittaker, 1989, p. 

133-134, figs. 52a-52c. 

uAcanthocythereis" dunelmensis (Norman). Brouwers, 

1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 11; Brouwers, 1982b, 

p. 8; Brouwers, 1983. 

Trachyleberis dunelmensis (Norman). Catt and Penny, 1966, 

p. 409; Caralp, Klingebiel, Lamy, Latouche, Moyes, 

and Vigneaux, 1968, p. 13, pl. 10, fig. 1; Yassini, 1969, 

p. 49, 50; Bidet and Peypouquet, 1976a, p. 218; Boyd, 

1981, p. 280. 

Diagnosis.-Dorsal margin straight with overhanging 

tuberculate-reticulate ornament; 19 blunt flat anterior marginal denticles; double row of anteroventral denticles; 

heavily reticulate ornament; spinose-tuberculate ornament 

arranged concentrically and radially about subcentral tubercle; three large spines on tubercle; remaining spines arranged 

in four rows. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 36 specimens (fig. 3). 

Comparisons.-Acanthocythereis dunelmensis differs 

from A. mutsuensis Ishizaki, 1971 (Holocene, central Japan) 

by its more quadrate shape; less convergent posterior; small, 

numerous ornament spines, often split at terminus; reticulate 

ornament; strong, numerous anterior marginal denticles; 

deep muscle tubercle; and inner lamella of even width 

throughout. A. dunelmensis differs from A. munechikai Ishizaki, 1981 (Holocene, East China Sea) by its quadrate 

shape; less convergent posterior; coarse reticulation network; few, large ornament spines; numerous, strong marginal denticles; strong eye tubercle; and inner lamella of 

even width throughout. A. dunelmensis differs from HAcanthocythereis" sp. (illustrated in Cronin and others, 1983; 

upper Pliocene through lower Pleistocene, southern California) by its long valve profile, especially in males; convergent 

posterior end; numerous, strong ornament spines, often split 

at terminus; different lateral arrangement of spines; and 

strong, numerous anterior and ventral marginal denticles. 

Remarks.-(lA." dunelmensis is not a typical species of 

Acanthocythereis and probably represents a new genus (J.E. 

Hazel, written common., 1986). The species is more closely 

related to Acanthocythereis than to any other described trachyleberid genus. I do not have adequate material and understanding of the species group to describe a new genus-level 

rank for the taxon. 

Elofson (1941) noted that two forms of A. dunelmensis 

exist, each with a different size and shape. The larger form 

has a robust carapace, with large, coarse, less numerous 

spines; the smaller form has a thin carapace with more 

numerous spines. In the northeast Atlantic, the larger form is 

stenohaline and stenothermal, occurring in middle-shelf 

0. 76...------------------, 

(J) 0.7 

a: 

w 

Iw 

~ 

:::::i 

...J 

~ 

~ 

~--- 0.6 I 

(.!) 

jjj 

I 

Figure 3. Plot of length versus height for Acanthocythereis 

dunelmensis (Norman, 1865). 

water depths in arctic regions and outer shelf to upper slope 

water depths in subarctic regions. The smaller form cannot 

tolerate subzero temperatures and occurs in inner to middleshelf depths in subarctic regions. 

A. dunelmensis specimens from the Gulf of Alaska are 

within the large-form population, with a size range of 

L:l.06-1.10 mm, H:0.55-0.58 mm for males and 

L:l.03-1.10 mm, H:0.60-0.68 mm for females. Ornamentation includes few, massive, often bifurcating spines and dentides. The A. dunelmensis population in the Gulf of Alaska 

shows boreal submergence, that is, increasing water depths 

with decreasing latitude. Comparison of A. dunelmensis 

specimens from the cold-temperate Gulf of Alaska with 

specimens from the frigid Beaufort Sea shows that the latter 

population has a larger size, longer and lower valve outline, 

more convergent posterior, and slightly more numerous, 

more massive, often interconnected spines and denticles. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages 1*, II*, Ill, IV. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pliocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska. Pleistocene through Holocene: North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, western Baltic Sea, Greenland Sea, Kara Sea, 

Barents Sea, North Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering 

Sea, Cook Inlet, Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands, northern 

Honshu (Japan). Sublittoral, upper bathyal; cold-temperate 

to frigid-marine climatic zones (fig. 4). 

Material: 644 adult valves, 3,592 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimens.-VSNM 408258, left valve (pl. 

2, fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 69, length 1.10 mm, 

height 0.68 mm. USNM 408259, male left valve (pl. I, fig. 

3; pl. I6, fig. 1), cruise DC2-8-EG, sample 73, length 1.10 

mm, height 0.55 mm. USNM 408260, female right valve 

(pl. 1, fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 284, length 1.08 

mm, height 0.60 mm. USNM 408261, male left valve (pl. I, 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 7 

500 

Ul 

w 

> 400 _. 

<{ 

> 

0 

a: 

w 300 Ill 

2: 

::J 

z 

~ 

w 200 

u 

z 

<{ 

0 

z 

::J 

Ill 100 <{ 

0 

20 60 100 140 180 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 4. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman, 1865). 

fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 284, length 1.06 mm, 

height 0.58 mm. USNM 408262, female left valve (pl. 1, fig. 

4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 284, length 1.03 mm, 

height 0.68 mm. USNM 408263, female left valve (pl. 1, fig. 

5), cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 73, length 1.10 mm, height 

0.68 mm. 

Genus ROBERTSONITES Swain, 1963 

Type species.-Cythereis tuberculata Sars, 1866 (Type 

by subsequent designation.) 

ROBER'ISONITES WBERCULAWS 

(SARS, 1866) 

Plate 1, figures 6-14; plate 2, figures 2, 3; text-figures 5, 6 

Cythereis tuberculata Sars, 1866, p. 37. 

Cythereis tuberculata Sars. Hirschmann, 1916, p. 580, figs. 

5-7; Sars, 1925, p. 192-193, pl. 88; Stephensen, 1929, 

p. 2; Mueller, 1931, p. 29; Blake, 1933, p. 239; 

Stephensen, 1938, p. 9; Klie, 1938, p. 22; Tressler, 

1941, p. 100, pl. 19, fig. 20; Elofson, 1941, p. 294-295; 

Schaefer, 1953, p. 384; Lange, 1956, p. 82; Woszidlo, 

1962, p. 81-82, pl. 4, fig. 10. 

Cythereis (Paracythereis) tuberculata Sars. Hagerman, 

1965, p. 58, fig. 4. 

Cythere tuberculata (Sars). Brady, 1867, p. 208; Norman, 

1867, p. 198; Brady, 1868a, p. 406-407, pl. 30, figs. 

25-39; Brady and Robertson, 1869, p. 363; Norman, 

1869, p. 290; Brady and Robertson, 1870, p. 28; 

Brady, 1870, p. 450; Brady and Robertson, 1872, p. 

69; Robertson, 1875, p. 123; Norman, 1877, p. 206; 

Brady, 1878, p. 254; Robertson, 1883, p. 28; Norman, 

1891, p. 123; Scott, 1899, p. 85; Brady, 1902, p. 99; 

Norman, 1902, p. 484; Norman, 1905, p. 146; Scott, 

1906, p. 282; Anderson, 1948, p. 224; Catt and Penny, 

1966, p. 409. 

Robertsonites tuberculata (Sars). Swain, 1963, p. 821-822, 

pl. 98, figs. 8a-8b; pl. 99, fig. 12; text-fig. 12; Hazel, 

1967a, p. 35, pl. 6, figs. 1-3; Wall and Whatley, 1971, 

p. 299; Neale, 1974b, p. 89, 90, 92-96; Neale and 

Howe, 1975, p. 388, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, figs. 1-3; Siddiqui and Grigg, 1975, pl. 2, fig. 16; Bidet and Peypouquet, 1976a, p. 218; Peacock, Graham, Robinson, 

and Wilkinson, 1977, p. 98; Rosenfeld, 1977, p. 

24-25, pl. 5, figs. 61-64; Kidson, Gilbertson, Haynes, 

Heyworth, Hughs, and Whatley, 1978, p. 223; Robinson, 1978, p. 462, pl. 3, figs. 5a-5c; Peacock, Graham, 

and Gregory, 1980, p. 9; Paterson, Armstrong, and 

Browne, 1981, p. 30; Brouwers, 1981, p. 11; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 

1983; Neale, 1983, p. 314. 

Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars). Cronin, 1981, p. 

400--401, pl. 8, fig. 5; Horne, 1983, p. 39-52, pl. 10.40, 

figs. 1-3; pl. 10.42, figs. 1-3; pl. 10.44, figs. 1-3; pl. 

10.46, figs. 1-4; pl. 10.48, figs. 1-3; pl. 10.50, figs. 

1-3; text-figs. 1-3; Tabuki, 1986, p. 53, text-fig. 15; 

Athersuch, Horne, and Whittaker, 1989, p. 148-149, 

figs. 59a-591; Cronin, 1991, p. 779, fig. 8-2. 

Cythere clathrata Reuss. Brady, 1866, p. 376-377, pl. 59, 

figs. 12a-12c, 13a-13c. 

Cythere mutabilis Brady. Brady, 1866 (in part), p. 377, pl. 

59, figs. 14c-14h. 

Cythere logani Brady and Crosskey. Brady, Crosskey, and 

Robertson, 1874, p. 165, pl. 15, figs. 17, 18. 

Robertsonites gubikensis Swain, 1963, p. 821-822, pl. 98, 

figs. 8a-8b; pl. 99, fig. 12; text-fig. 9b. 

Robertsonites tuberculatina Swai~, 1963, p. 822-823, pl. 98, 

fig. 10; pl. 99, fig. 1; text-fig. 9c. 

Robertsonites logani (Brady and Crosskey). Swain, 1963, p. 

823, pl. 97, fig. 13. 

Robertsonites sp. 2 Tabuki, 1986, p. 95, pl. 16, fig. 7. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate lateral outline; concentrical and radial arranged reticulum; reticulation 

pits arranged in clusters and becoming smaller marginally; 

five nodes or tubercles, two each located along dorsal and 

ventral margins; pronounced dimorphism; scalloped dorsal 

ridge; and prominent subcentral tubercle. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 36 specimens (fig. 5). 

Comparisons .-Robertsonites tuberculatus differs 

from R. reticuliforma (lshizaki, 1966) (Miocene through 

lower Pleistocene, central Japan) by its long, low valve 

shape; quadrate lateral outline; less prominent anterodorsal 

cardinal angle; less convergent posterior; fine-scale reticulation; prominent subcentral tubercle; ornamented posterior 

margin; and weak ventral ridge. Of the four species of Robertsonites known from Japan, R. hanaii is most similar to R. 
8 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

0.68...,..--------------------, 

0.65 

0.5 

0.8 

• • 

0.9 

• • • 

•• • •••• • • • • 

•• • • • • • • 

• • • 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

1.1 

Figure 5. Plot oflength versus height for Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars, 1866). 

tuberculatus, but it is clearly different (Tabuki, 1986; R. 

Tabuki, written common., 1991). 

Remarks.-R. tuberculatus exhibits considerable variation in outline and ornament, with variable development of 

the nodes and reticulation. Noding is frequently more pronounced in juveniles. Noding in adult specimens is obscured 

by a strong reticulation network. The juvenile lateral outline 

differs from the adult in being rounded and subtriangular. 

Home (1983) reported that specimens from Greenland have 

conspicuous secondary reticulation and are larger in size 

than specimens from Norway. The population from the Gulf 

of Alaska shows considerable variability in development of 

reticulation network, but in general the population is dominated by fine-scale reticulation pattern. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages 1*, II*, III*, IV, V. 

Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pliocene through Pleistocene: northern 

Honshu (Japan). Upper Pliocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Pribilof Islands, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Bering Sea, Beaufort Sea, and the North Atlantic. Sublittoral, 

upper bathyal (fig. 6). 

Material.-156 adult valves, 1,385 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimens.-VSNM 408264, female left 

valve (pl. 2, fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 296, 

length 0.95 mm, height 0.55 mm. USNM 408265, male 

left valve (pl. 2, fig. 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

296, length 1.00 mm, height 0.53 mm. USNM 408266, 

female right valve (pl. 1, figs. 6, 9), cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 338, length 0.98 mm, height 0.55 

mm. USNM 408267, male left valve (pl. 1, figs. 7, 10), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 338, length 1.00 mm, height 

0.53 mm. USNM 408268, male right valve (pl. 1, figs. 8, 

11, 12), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 338, length 1.04 

mm, height 0.51 mm. USNM 408269, female right valve 

160 

~ 140 

> ...J 

<{ 

> 120 

0 

cc 

~ 100 

:2: 

:::> 

z 80 

~ 

ui 

u 60 z 

<{ 

0 

z 40 :::> 

Ill 

<{ 

20 

0 

20 60 100 140 180 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 6. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Robertsonites 

tuberculatus (Sars, 1866). 

(pl. 1, figs. 13, 14), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 338, 

length 0.95 mm, height 0.55 mm. 

Subfamily BUNTONIINAE Apostolescu, 1961 

Tribe BUNTONIINI Apostolescu, 1961 

Genus AMBTONIA Malz, 1982 

Type species.-Ambtonia glabra Malz, 1982 (Type by original designation.) 

AMBTONIA TONGASSENSIS N. SP. 

Plate I, figure 15; plate 2, figures 4, 5; plate 3, figures 1-5; text-figures 7, 8 

Buntonia sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 

11; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 8; Brouwers,l983. 

"Buntonia" sp. A Cronin, Brouwers, Quinn, and Redline, 

1983, p. 218, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. 

Etymology.-After Tongass National Forest, east of 

Yakutat Bay, southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subcylindrical lateral 

outline; subparallel dorsal and ventral margins; truncated 

posterior margin; denticulate posteroventral margin; pronounced dimorphism; predominantly smooth surface; subparallel posterior marginal ridges; subtle anterior marginal 

sulcus; slightly raised anterior marginal rim; arcuate anterior 

vestibule; irregular J-shaped frontal scar. 

Description.-Adult valves subcylindrical in lateral 

view. Dorsal margin straight; anterior margin broadly 

rounded; ventral margin straight, subparallel to dorsal margin; posterior margin truncated. Dorsal and ventral margins 

converge posteriorly. Posteroventral margin with six small, 

sharp denticles. Left valve similar to right, but with more 

quadrate shape, convergent posterior end, and strong posterodorsal comer. Females differ from males in being considerably shorter, higher, more inflated posteriorly. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY 9 

0.36 

• • 0.34 (/) • • • • 0:: 

UJ 

I- • • • UJ 

~ 0.32 :::::i 

_. 

~ • • • • ~ 

I-- 0.30 • • • • I 

(.9 

ijj • • I 

0.28 • 

0. 26 -t--.------.--.--...--.------r--r--...------,.--._....._j 

0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 7. Plot of length versus height for Ambtonia tongassensis 

n. sp. 

Valve surface smooth except along posterior, where 

series of subparallel marginal ridges are present. Anterior 

margin with subtle marginal sulcus, raised marginal rim. 

37-42 normal pores evenly distributed over valve. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide at posterior and venter; moderate, arcuate anterior vestibule. Inner 

margin parallels valve outline. Strongly developed selvage. 

Broad, rounded tooth along ventral margin of right valve at 

middle of concavity; left valve venter with opposing socket. 

46-48 radial pores, 2 false radial pores; 27-30 pores located 

at anterior; pores are straight, simple. 

Hinge in right valve consists of anterior rounded, knoblike tooth; anteromedian rounded socket with ventral rim 

that connects with tooth; median, finely crenulate groove; 

and posterior, large, rounded arcuate tooth. Small rounded 

ocular sinus just below socket rim. 

Four adductor muscle scars in vertical row; dorsal scar 

dome-shaped, dorsomedian scar elongate, ventromedian 

scar elongate, ventral scar gumdrop-shaped. Frontal scar a 

large, irregular J-shape. Round fulcra! point above frontal 

scar; two large dorsal scars adjacent to fulcra! point and 

above adductor row. Many thin, elongate dorsal scars just 

above hinge, occurring between terminal hinge elements. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 33 specimens (fig. 7). 

Comparisons.-Ambtonia tongassensis is similar to the 

genotype, A. glabra Malz, I982 (Pliocene through Pleistocene, Taiwan) in hingement, overall shape, and muscle 

scar pattern. A. tongassensis differs by its truncated posterior; anterior marginal rim; irregular frontal scar; rounded 

anterior hinge tooth; and lack of posterior marginal flange. 

A. tongassensis differs from Buntonia hanaii Yajima, I978 

(upper Pleistocene, northern Japan) by its long, low valve 

220 

200 (/) 

w 

> 180 ;£ 

> 

0 160 

a: 

w 140 CXl 

2: 

:J 120 z 

~ 

w' 100 

u 

z 80 <{ 

Cl 

z 60 :J 

CXl 

<{ 

40 

20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 8. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Ambtonia tongassensis n. sp. 

outline; few, weak posterior marginal ridges; and narrow, 

less pronounced flat region along the anterior. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II*, III*. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Lower Pleistocene through Holocene: 

eastern Gulf of Alaska, southern California. Sublittoral 

(fig. 8). 

Material.-450 adult valves, I 59 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408270, female 

left valve (pl. 2, fig. 4), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 70, 

length 0.59 mm, height 0.34 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 40827I, male right valve (pl. 2, fig. 

5), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 70, length 0.59 mm, height 

0.3I mm. USNM 408272, left valve (pl. I, fig. 15), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.56 mm, height 0.34 mm. 

USNM 408273, male right valve (pl. 3, figs. I, 5), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample I95, length 0.55 mm, height 0.30 mm. 

USNM 408274, female right valve (pl. 3, figs. 2, 3), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample I95, length 0.59 mm, height 0.33 mm. 

USNM 408275, male left valve (pl. 3, fig. 4), locality 

DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.55 mm, height 0.31 mm. 

Genus CELTIA Neale, 1973 

Type species.-Cythere quadridentata Baird, 1850 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subquadrate 

lateral outline; subparallel dorsal and ventral margins; small 

caudal process; pronounced dimorphism; ornamentation 

ranging from predominantly smooth with fine marginal pits 

to large, shallow pits covering surface; weak concentric marginal ridges; sieve-type normal pores; numerous straight, 

simple, long radial pores; four unsplit adductor scars; Jshaped frontal scar. 

Comparisons.-Celtia can be distinguished from 

Bicornucythere Schornikov and Shaitarov, 1979 (Pliocene 

through Holocene, northwest Pacific, southeast Asia) by its 

high, less convergent posterior end; small, weak marginal 
10 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUA TERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

denticles; weak subcentral tubercle; pitted ornament; and 

lack of posteroventral spine. 

Remarks.-Celtia includes two species groups or subgenera that differ in morphology and in geographic distribution: the ((Leguminocythereis" corrugata group and the 

Celtia s.s. group. The two groups are similar in having an 

elongate shape, large size, and large pitted ornament. The 

Celtia group differs in several major aspects, notably, a subquadrate rather than rounded shape, a different expression of 

dimorphism, and lack of strong posterior horizontal ridges. 

These differences are major morphologic dissimilarities that 

represent genus- or subgenus-level characters for this group. 

The ((Leguminocythereis" corrugata group includes 

three species-"Cytheretta" sp. B of Valentine (1976), L. 

corrugata LeRoy, 1943, and Cytheretta rothwelli Swain and 

Gilby, 1974. ((Cytheretta" sp. B and L. corrugata occur in 

Pliocene through Holocene sediments from Baja California 

to southern California (subtropical to mild-temperate marine 

climates). Cytheretta rothwelli is a Holocene taxon that 

ranges from southern California to Nicaragua (warm-temperate to tropical-marine climates). 

The Celtia s.s. group includes six species-C. palmensis, C. blizhnii, C. pointmanbiensis, Celtia quadridentata 

(Baird, 1850), Celtia sp. Tabuki, 1986, and Campylocythereis? ukifune Yajima, 1982. These species are similar 

in valve shape and size, central muscle-scar pattern, and 

large, shallow pitted ornament. C.? ukifune differs in having 

a strong, concentric reticulation network. The Celtia group 

occurs in Pleistocene sediments from Japan (mild-temperate 

marine climate), in Quaternary sediments from northern California to the south Bering Sea (mild temperate to warmer 

subfrigid marine climates), and in the Miocene-Holocene 

sediments of the northeast Atlantic between lat 43 o and 65°N 

(mild-temperate to warmer subfrigid marine climates). 

Geographic distribution.-Gulf of Alaska, Cook Inlet 

and Kodiak Shelf, southern Bering Sea, northern Honshu 

(Japan), northern California, Washington, Oregon, and the 

northeast Atlantic. Celtia is common in the inner to middle 

shelf habitat of the Gulf of Alaska, thriving on the clastic 

sedimentary bottom (medium- to fine-grain sand and silty 

sand) that characterizes nearshore environments. 

Stratigraphic distribution.-Miocene through Holocene. 

CELTIA PALMENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 2, figures 6, 7; plate 3, figures 6-15; text-figures 9, 10 

((Leguminocythereis" sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 

1983. 

Etymology.-After Palma Bay, southeastern Fairweather Range, southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate lateral outline; straight dorsum; denticulate anterior and posterior 

margins; pronounced dimorphism; large, shallow, ovoid pits 

arranged concentrically; pits commonly as pairs; three ventral ridges; two weak anterior ridges; prominent eye spot; 

secondary surface corrugation; and arcuate anteroventral 

vestibule. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate in lateral 

view. Left valve with straight dorsum; rounded, protruding 

anterodorsal comer; smoothly curved anterior margin; sinuous ventral margin with slight concavity; posterior margin 

smoothly curved, somewhat protruding. Anterior margin 

with 13 blunt, short denticles; posterior margin with four 

small median denticles. Right valve similar to left, but with 

less pronounced anterodorsal comer; straight ventral margin; and drawn-out posterior. Pronounced dimorphism: 

males are considerably longer, lower, less wide than 

females. Greatest length through midline of valve; greatest 

height through anterior hinge element. 

Ornamentation consists of large, ovoid, shallow pits 

covering valve. Pits oriented in concentric pattern, following 

valve margin. Pits much smaller at valve margin and commonly occur in pairs. Three ridges proceed from concavity 

to middle of posterior margin. Two weak ridges parallel the 

anterior margin. Prominent, smooth, ovoid eye spot. Secondary ornamentation consists of corrugated surface on pit 

floors. 84--96 normal pores evenly distributed over valve, 

occurring between pits. Normal pores sieve-type, with 

recessed sieve plate. Sieve plate circular, with subcentral 

setal opening. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide along 

posterior and ventral margins; small, arcuate vestibule at 

anteroventer. Inner lamella widest anteriorly. Strong, welldeveloped selvage. Inner margin follows valve outline. 

45--62 radial pore canals, 9-11 false radial pore canals; most 

anterior. Radial pore canals are long, straight, simple; radial 

pores enter marginal denticles. 

Hingement in right valve consists of tabular anterior 

tooth; rounded, deep anteromedian socket with ventral rim; 

weakly crenulate median groove; small posteromedian 

socket; and large, curved posterior tooth. Median hinge element enlarged terminally. Hinge strongly calcified. Elongate, crescentic ocular sinus below anterior hinge element. 

Four adductor muscle scars form vertical row, with 

scars slightly separated. Dorsal scar is subcylindrical; dorsomedian scar is dumbbell-shaped; ventromedian scar is elongate, with slightly enlarged posterior; ventral scar is 

semicircular. J-shaped frontal scar. No fulcral point visible. 

Small ovoid dorsal scars located above central muscle scars; 

large, elongate dorsal scars located below hinge. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 41 specimens (fig. 9). 

Comparisons.-Celtia palmensis n. sp. differs from 

C. blizhnii (Quaternary, Gulf of Alaska) by its weak caudal process; weak concavity; marginal denticulation; 

large, ovoid pitting; secondary corrugate ornament; large 

sieve pores and plates; anteroventral vestibule; few radial 

pores; and tabular anterior hinge tooth. C. palmensis 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 11 

0.66..--------------------.., 

CJ) 0.6 a: 

UJ 

IUJ 

~ 

::::::i • • 

:::::! - • • • ~ • •• • • • • •• ~ 

I-' 0.5 •• • • •• I • • ••• •• (.!) 

iJj • • •• I • • 

0.4 

0.8 0.9 1.1 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 9. Plot of length versus height for Celtia palmensis n. sp. 

differs from C. pointmanbiensis (Quaternary, Gulf of 

Alaska, south Bering Sea) by its long, high valve outline; 

different ornament pit pattern; secondary corrugated ornament; large anterior hinge tooth; numerous radial pores; 

and lack of posteroventral depressed region. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II*, III. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene(?), Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska. Sublittoral (fig. 1 0). 

Material.-615 adult valves, 2,090 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408276, female 

left valve (pl. 2, fig. 6), cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 60, 

length 1.01 mm, height 0.55 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408277, male left valve (pl. 2, fig. 7), 

cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 0.99 mm, height 0.50 

mm. USNM 408278, male left valve (pl. 3, figs. 6, 9), cruise· 

DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.03 mm, height 0.53 mm. 

USNM 408279, female left valve (pl. 3, fig. 7), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.01 mm, height 0.54 mm. 

USNM 408280, female right valve (pl. 3, fig. 8), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.05 mm, height 0.56 mm. 

USNM 408281, male right valve (pl. 3, figs. 10, 11, 14), 

cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.08 mm, height 0.55 

mm. USNM 408282, male right valve (pl. 3, figs. 12, 13), 

cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.00 mm, height 0.50 

mm. USNM 408283, female left valve (pl. 3, fig. 15), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 60, length 1.00 mm, height 0.53 mm. 

CELTIA BUZHNII N. SP. 

Plate 2, figure 8; plate 3, figures 16, 17; plate 4, figure 1; plate 5, figures 

1-6; text -figures 11 , 12 

"Leguminocythereis" sp. B Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; 

Brouwers, 1983. 

300 ..----------------------. 

280 

260 en 

~ 240 ....J 

;;: 220 

~ 200 

ffi 180 CD 

::2: 160 :l 

z 140 

~ 

uJ 120 

u 

z 100 

(3 

z 80 

~ 60 <{ 

40 

20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 10. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Ce/tia palmens is n. sp. 

"Cytheretta" sp. A Valentine, 1976, p. 23, pl. 4, figs. 13, 

16, 17. 

Etymology.-After Blizhnii Point, a spit of the Grand 

Wash River near Yakutat Bay, southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate lateral outline; marked dimorphism; predominantly smooth surface; 

two anterior marginal ridges; clusters of small marginal pits; 

and strong selvage. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate in lateral 

view. Left valve with straight dorsum; rounded, obtuse 

anterodorsal cardinal angle; truncated anterior margin; sinuous ventral margin with slight concavity; smoothly curved 

posterior margin, with maximum width dorsal of mid-margin. Right valve similar, but with straight ventral margin; 

subtle caudal process; and posterior-converging dorsal and 

ventral margins. Marked dimorphism: males are longer, 

lower in lateral view. Greatest height through anterior hinge 

element; greatest length dorsal of midline of valve. 

Valve surface predominantly smooth, with scattered 

pits and ridges. Anterior margin paralleled by two ridges that 

originate at anterodorsal comer and proceed along venter, 

terminating at middle of posterior margin. A third ridge is 

along the ventral margin, interior of the two marginal ridges. 

Pitting consists of clusters of small pits scattered over valve 

surface, most numerous marginally. 79-81 sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over valve. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide; inner 

margin parallels valve outline. Inner lamella widest at anterior. Strong, well-developed selvage. 56-68 radial pore 

canals, 12-13 false radial pore canals; most anterior. Radial 

pore canals are long, straight, simple. Some anterior pore 

canals have an inflated median region. 

Hingement in right valve consists of a small triangular 

socket and large, knoblike tooth at anterior; deep, ovoid, 

anteromedian socket with marginal rim; smooth median 
12 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

groove; and large, tabular, curved posterior tooth. Median 

element enlarged teminally into high, deep grooves. Dorsal 

margin of right valve enfolded into accomodation groove to 

receive dorsal edge of left valve. 

Adductor muscle scars form vertical row. Dorsal scar is 

ovoid; dorsomedian scar is elongate, subquadrate; ventromedian scar is elongate and arcuate; ventral scar is subcylindrical. Frontal scar is J-shaped. No fulcral point visible. First 

mandibular scar subovoid, located anteroventral of frontal 

scar; second mandibular scar is more elongate, located adjacent to ventral inner margin and below frontal scar. Dorsal 

muscle scars are few, large, irregular in shape. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 30 specimens (fig. 11). 

Comparisons.-Celtia blizhnii n. sp. differs from C. 

palmensis (Quaternary, Gulf of Alaska) by its large caudal 

process; deep concavity; smooth valve surface with fine 

marginal pits; small sieve pores; numerous radial pores; and 

subovoid anterior hinge element. C. blizhnii differs from C. 

pointmanbiensis (Quaternary, Gulf of Alaska, southern Bering Sea) by its high lateral outline; smooth valve surface with 

fine marginal pits; small sieve pores; numerous radial pores; 

large caudal process; and strong concavity. 

Remarks.-"Cytheretta" sp. A of Valentine (1976) is 

conspecific with C. blizhnii, showing similar valve size and 

lateral outline; predominantly smooth valve surface; fine 

marginal pitting; low marginal ridges, especially developed 

at posteroventer; and small caudal process. Subtle, nonspecific differences are that "Cytheretta" sp. A has more 

numerous fine pits, especially along the posterior, and a 

more dorsally located caudal process. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II*. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene(?), Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, northern California, Washington, Oregon. Mild-to 

cold-temperate marine climates; inner to middle sublittoral 

(fig. 12). 

Material.-230 adult valves, 831 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408284, female 

left valve (pl. 2,-· fig. 8), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, 

length 0.89 mm, height 0.45 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408285, male left valve (pl. 4, fig. 1), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.86 mm, height 0.44 

mm. USNM 408286, female left valve (pl. 3, fig. 16; pl. 5, 

fig. 3), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.95 mm, 

height 0.50 mm. USNM 408287, female right valve (pl. 3, 

fig. 17), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.90 mm, 

height 0.45 mm. USNM 408288, male left valve (pl. 5, figs. 

1, 6), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.93 mm, 

height 0.44 mm. USNM 408289, male right valve (pl. 5, fig. 

2), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.93 mm, height 

0.45 mm. USNM 408290, male right valve (pl. 5, fig. 4), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.88 mm, height 0.41 

mm. USNM 408291, female left valve (pl. 5, fig. 5), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 60, length 0.88 mm, height 0.45 mm. 

0.66 

0.6 

CJ) 

a: 

LLJ 

ILLJ 

~ 

::J 

....J 

~ 0.5 

~ 

r-' 

I 

~ LLJ 

I 

OA 

0.34 

0,8 

•• 

• • 

•1 111.: 

•• • • 

0.9 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

1.1 

Figure 11. Plot of length versus height for Celtia blizhnii n. sp. 

220 

200 

(/) 

w 180 

> .....J 

<( 

> 160 LL 

0 

a: 140 w 

co 

~ 120 

:::> 

z 

z 100 

w 

u 80 

z 

<( 

0 60 z 

:::> 

co 

<( 40 

20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 12. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Celtia blizhnii n. sp. 

CELTIA POINIMANBIENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 4, figure 2; plate 5, figures 7-15; text-figure 13 

"Leguminocythereis" sp. D Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Point Manby, a spit at the southeastern terminus of Malaspina GLACIER, southeast Alaska. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY 13 

Diagnosis.--Characterized by short, low lateral outline; crimped posteroventral depressed region; large, shallow, ovoid ornament pits over entire surface; prominent eye 

spot; bifid anterior hinge element; and few radial pores. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate in lateral 

view. Dorsal margin straight, inclined slightly toward posterior; rounded, obtuse anterodorsal cardinal angle; smoothly 

rounded, truncated anterior margin; sinuous, concave venter, 

with shallow concavity; evenly rounded posterior margin, 

with maximum width dorsal of midline; rounded, obtuse 

posterodorsal cardinal angle. Anterior and posterior margins 

with small, numerous denticles. Right valve similar to left, 

but with more convergent posterior and weak concavity. 

Pronounced dimorphism: males considerably longer, lower 

in lateral view, less wide in dorsal view, and with more convergent posterior. Greatest length through midline; greatest 

height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with large, shallow, ovoid 

pits. Pits are aligned both parallel to major ridges and concentric to valve outline. The concentric pattern predominates marginally, and the parallel pattern predominates in 

the median valve region. Pits become smaller at valve 

edge, commonly occurring as clusters or coalescing to 

form large pits. A ridge along the posterior and posteroventral margins forms a crimped appearance. Prominent, 

smooth, ovoid eye spot. 64 normal pores evenly distributed over valve, located between ornament pits. Normal 

pores sieve-type, with recessed sieve plate. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide 

throughout. Inner margin of even width throughout. Inner 

margin follows valve outline. Strong, well-developed selvage. 23 radial pore canals, most anterior. Radial pores are 

long, straight, simple. Radial pores enter marginal denticles. 

Hingement in left valve consists of deep, rounded, bifid 

anterior socket with ventral rim; weakly crenulate median 

groove; and large, tabular, curved posterior socket. Median 

hinge element enlarged terminally to form elongate anteromedian and posteromedian teeth. Hinge is well calcified. 

Four adductor muscle scars form vertical row. Dorsal 

scar elongate, with inflated anterior; dorsomedian scar narrow, very elongate, arcuate; ventromedian scar shaped like a 

high isosceles triangle; ventral scar forms an inflated ellipsoid shape. J-shaped frontal scar. Fulcral point a small weak 

ovoid impression. Small ovoid dorsal scars scattered 

between hinge and central scar field. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 11 specimens (fig. 13). 

Comparisons.-Celtia pointmanbiensis n. sp. differs 

from C. palmensis (Quaternary, Gulf of Alaska) by its short, 

low lateral outline; posteroventral depressed region; different pit pattern; small, bifid anterior hinge element; few radial 

pores; and lack of secondary ornament. C. pointmanbiensis 

differs from C. blizhnii (Quaternary, Gulf of Alaska, south 

Bering Sea) by its low, short valve outline; weak concavity; 

0.66 

-

-

0.6 -

(J) - a: 

UJ • ~ - UJ 

~ 

::::i 

• • 

• I 

:::! 

~ 0.5 

~ • • • ~-

I 

(!) 

Uj 

I 

0.4 

0.34 

0.8 0.9 2 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 13. Plot of length versus height for Celtia pointmanbiensis n. sp. 

weak, small caudal process; few radial pores; large sieve 

pores; and surface covered with large, ovoid ornament pits. 

Occurrence.--Cruise EGAL-75-KC, localities 39, 53, 

76, 128, 141, 144U, 159. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands. 

Material.-12 adult valves, 15 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408292, female 

left valve (pl. 4, fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 141, 

length 0.98 mm, height 0.56 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408293, female left valve (pl. 5, fig. 

7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 64, length 0.96 mm, height 

0.53 mm. USNM 408294, female right valve (pl. 5, fig. 8), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 64, length 0.98 mm, height 

0.54 mm. USNM 408295, male right valve (pl. 5, figs. 9, 13), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.99 mm, height 

0.48 mm. USNM 408296, male left valve (pl. 5, fig. 1 0), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 64, length 0.93 mm, height 

0.49 mm. USNM 408297, male right valve (pl. 5, fig. 11), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 64, length 1.00 mm, height 

0.50 mm. USNM 408298, male left valve (pl. 5, fig. 12), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.98 mm, height 

0.53 mm. USNM 408299, male left valve (pl. 5, fig. 14), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.93 mm, height 

0.49 mm. USNM 408300, female right valve (pl. 5, fig. 15), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.98 mm, height 

0.53 mm. 

Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Purt, 1953 

Subfamily HEMICYTHERINAE Purt, 1953 

Genus FINMARCHINEUA Swain, 1963 

Subgenus FINMARCHINELLA Swain, 1963 

Type species.-Cythereis finmarchica Sars, 1866 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 
14 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

FINMARCHINEILA (FINMARCHINEUA) 

FINMARCHICA (SARS, 1866) 

Plate 4, figures 3, 4; plate 6, figures 1-10; text-figures 14, 15 

Cythereis finmarchica Sars, 1866, p. 41. 

Cythereisfinmarchica Sars. Mueller, 1931, p. 29. 

Cythere finmarchica (Sars). Brady, 1867, p. 208; Norman, 

1867, p. 198; Brady, 1868a, p. 410, pl. 31, figs. 9-13; 

Brady and Robertson, 1870, p. 28; Brady and Robertson, 1872, p. 69; Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 

1874, p. 153, pl. 10, figs. 18-21; Robertson, 1875, p. 

124; Brady and Norman, 1889, p. 163; Norman, 1891, 

p. 113; Norman, 1902, p. 484; Norman, 1905, p. 147; 

Scott, 1906, p. 283. 

Eucythereis finmarchica (Sars). DeVos, 1957, p. 32, pl. 13, 

figs. 2a-2g. 

Hemicytherefinmarchica (Sars). Sars, 1925, p. 185-186, pl. 

85, fig. 3; Klie, 1938, p. 21. 

Nereinafinmarchica (Sars). Hazel, 1967a, p. 18-19, pl. I, 

figs. 1-6; pl. 2, fig. 7. 

Finmarchinella finmarchica (Sars). Swain, 1963, p. 813; 

Hazel, 1967b, p. 1284; Lev, 1969, pl. 5, fig. 6; Valentine, 1971, p. 3, figs. 27-28; Whatley and Kaye, 1971, 

p. 319; Moyes and Peypouquet, 1971, p. 219; Lev, 

1972, p. 16; Siddiqui and Grigg, 1975, pl. 2, fig. 6; 

Neale and Howe, 1975, pl. 2, fig. 14; pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 4, 

fig. 1; Bidet and Peypouquet, 1976a, p. 212; Bidet and 

Peypouquet, 1976b, p. 218; Rosenfeld, 1977, p. 26, pl. 

6, fig. 80; Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Whatley, 1982, p. 

274-275, pl. K3.2, fig. 1; Neale, 1983, p. 314; West, 

Devoy, Funnell, and Robinson, 1984, p. 151; Guillaume, Peypouquet, and Tetart, 1985, p. 354-355, pl. 

105, figs. 5, 6; Cronin, 1991, p. 787, figs. 14-9, 14-12. 

Finmarchinella (Finmarchinella)finmarchica (Sars). Neale, 

1974a, p. 84-85, pl. 1, figs. 6-7; pl. 2, figs. 1, 5, textfig. II; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Robinson, 1984, p. 151; 

McDougall, Brouwers, and Smith, 1986, pl. 13, fig. 7; 

Tabuki, 1986, p. 51, text-fig. 10. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subquadrate 

lateral outline; posterior-converging dorsum; shallow concavity; blunt posterior; pronounced dimorphism; subdued 

reticulation; oblique thin posteroventral ridge; subcentral 

tubercle; and large, spherical eye tubercle. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 22 specimens (fig. 14). 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, localities 17, 32, 

39, 52A, 68A, 141, 144U, 153. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Vpper Pliocene(?), Pleistocene through 

Holocene: northeast Atlantic (Finland, Norway, Barents Sea, 

Spitzbergen, Davis Strait, Hunde Islands, Greenland, Franz 

Josef Land, Great Britain, North Sea, Celtic Sea, Bay of Biscay), Novaya Zemlya, Iceland, northwest Atlantic (Ungava 

Bay, Gulf of Maine, Atlantic Shelf), Pribilof Islands, Cook 

0.56 

0.5 

CJ) 

a: 

LI.J 

1-

LI.J 

~ 

:::::i 

_J 

~ 0.4 

~ 

~---

I 

~ LI.J 

I 

0.3 

0.24 

0.5 

• 

0.6 

• 

• 

• •••• 

.... 

• 

0.7 0.8 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

• 

0.9 

Figure 14. Plot of length versus height for Finmarchinella (Finmarchinella) finmarchica (Sars, 1866). 

220 

(j) 200 

LlJ 

> 180 .....J 

<! 

> 160 LJ._ 

0 

0::: 140 LlJ 

a:l 

~ 120 

::J 

z 100 

z 

w' 80 

u 

z 60 <! 

0 

z 40 ::J 

a:l 

<! 20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 15. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Finmarchinella ( Finmarchinella) ftnmarchica (Sars, 1866). 

Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Beaufort 

Sea, Finland, Norway. Sublittoral (fig. 15). 

Material.-113 adult valves, 125 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimens.-VSNM 408301, female left 

valve (pl. 4, fig. 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.80 mm, height 0.45 mm. USNM 408302, male 

left valve (pl. 4, fig. 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.69 mm, height 0.33 mm. USNM 408303, female 

left valve (pl. 6, figs. 1, 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

52A, length 0.80 mm, height 0.43 mm. USNM 408304, 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 15 

female right valve (pl. 6, fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, 

sample 52A, length 0.85 mm, height 0.50 mm. USNM 

408305, female right valve (pl. 6, fig. 4), cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.75 mm, height 0.39 

mm. USNM 408306, male left valve (pl. 6, fig. 5), cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.65 mm, height 0.35 

mm. USNM 408307, male right valve (pl. 6, figs. 6, 9), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.73 mm, height 

0.36 mm. USNM 408308, female right valve (pl. 6, fig. 7), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.75 mm, height 

0.39 mm. USNM 408309, female left valve (pl. 6, figs. 8, 

10), locality EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.76 mm, 

height 0.40 mm. 

Subgenus BARENISOVIA Neale, 1974 

Type species.-Finmarchinella barentzovoensis (Mandelstam, 1957) (Type by original designation.) 

FINMARCHINEUA (BARENISOVIA) 

ANGULATA (SARS, 1866) 

Plate 4, figure 5 

Cythereis angulata Sars, 1866, p. 46. 

Cythereis (Eucythereis) angulata Sars. Elofson, 1941, p. 

285-286; Hagerman, 1965, p. 56. 

Cythere angulata (Sars). Norman, 1867, p. 198; Brady, 

1868a, p. 409, pl. 26, figs. 39-42; Brady and Robertson, 

1869, p. 363; Norman, 1869, p. 290; Brady and Robertson, 1870, p. 28; Brady and Robertson, 1872, p. 69; 

Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, p. 162-163, pl. 

4, figs. 21-24; pl. 10, fig. 22; Robertson, 1875, p. 124; 

Robertson, 1883, p. 28; Brady and Norman, 1889, p. 

165; Norman, 1891, p. 113; Brady and Norman, 1896, 

p. 733; Norman, 1902, p. 484; Norman, 1905, p. 147; 

Scott, 1906, p. 283; Anderson, 1948, p. 224. 

Hemicythere angulata (Sars). Sars, 1925b, p. 187-188, pl. 

86, fig. 2; Mueller, 1931, p. 29; Klie, 1938, p. 187-188, 

pl. 86, fig. 2; Stephensen, 1938, p. 8; Klie, 1938, p. 21; 

Coutard, Lautridou, Lefebvre, and Clet, 1979, p. 19. 

Not Hemicythere angulata (Sars). Akatova, 1946, p. 227, 

fig. 5. 

"Hemicytherinae" (Genre?) angulata (Sars). Wagner, 1957, 

p. 61-62, pl. 38, fig. 2; Yassini, 1969, p. 42-43, pl. 39, 

fig. 17. 

NotNereina angulata (Sars). Hazel, 1967a, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 

7-11; pl. 2, figs. 5-8. 

Finmarchinella angulata (Sars). Swain, 1963, p. 813, pl. 97, 

fig. 22, text-fig. llc; Lev, 1970, p. 352; Whatley and 

Kaye, 1971, p. 319; Moyes and Peypouquet, 1971, p. 

219; Neale and Howe, 1975, pl. 1, figs. 7, 10, 12; pl. 2, 

fig. 8; Bidet and Peypouquet, 1976a, p. 218; Kidson, 

Gilbertson, Haynes, Heyworth, Hughs, and Whatley, 

1978, p. 223; Robinson, 1978, p. 468, pl. 6, fig. 6; 

Whatley, 1982, p. 275, pl. K3.2, fig. 2; Neale, 1983, p. 

314; Cronin, 1991, p. 787, figs. 14-10, 14-11. 

Not Finmarchinella angulata (Sars). Swain, 1963, p. 

813-814, pl. 99, fig. 9. 

Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) angulata (Sars). Neale, 

1974a, p. 88-89, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 2, figs. 2, 4, 6, 10; Lord, 

1980, p. 229, pl. 1, fig. 4; Brouwers, 1982c, p. 3; Tabuki, 1986, p. 51, text-fig. 11. 

Not Trachyleberis? cf. T.? angulata (Sars). Swain, 1951, p. 

29, pl. 3, figs. 9-12. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by anterior marginal ridge 

and dorsal ridge which proceeds to posterodorsal cardinal 

angle, where it is quite pronounced and angles acutely to the 

mid-posterior margin. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, locality 134. 

Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Vpper Pliocene(?), Pleistocene: Gulf of 

Alaska. Pleistocene through Holocene: Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, North Atlantic (Norway, Novaya Zemlya, Barents 

Sea, Celtic Sea, Greenland, Great Britain, Netherlands, Bay 

of Biscay). 

Material.-I adult valve. 

Illustrated specimen.-VSNM 408310, female right 

valve (pl. 4, fig. 5), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 134, 

length 0.68 mm, height 0.38 mm. 

FINMARCHINEUA (BARENISOVIA) 

BARENTZOVOENSIS (MANDELSTAM, 1957) 

Plate 4, figure 6 

Nereina barentzovoensis Mandelstam, 1957, p. 180, pl. 3, 

figs. 7, 8. 

Cythere clathrata Reuss var. C. nuda Brady, 1866, p. 

376-377, pl. 59, figs. 9, 10. 

Hemicythere angulata (Sars). Akatova, 1946, p. 227, fig. 5. 

Nereina angulata (Sars). Hazel, 1967a (in part), p. 19, pl. 1, 

figs. 7, 11. 

Finmarchinella barentzovoensis (Mandelstam). Neale and 

Howe, 1975, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5, 8, 9. 

Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) barentzovoensis (Mandelstarn). Neale, 1974a, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5, 9; pl. 2, fig. 12; Tabuki, 1986, p. 51, text-fig. 11. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by strong ridge which follows anterior margin along dorsal half and curves to median 

valve region, and by two oblique ridges which proceed posterodorsally from subcentral tubercle and are linked by inflation or tubercle at posterodorsal end. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 11, 108. 

Cruise DCl-79-EG, sample 45. Cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 67. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene: Pribilof Islands, Gulf of 

Alaska. Pleistocene through Holocene: Beaufort Sea, North 

Atlantic (Hunde Islands, Norway, Novaya Zemlya, Frobisher Bay, Gulf of Maine, Spitsbergen Shelf). 
16 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA. PART 2 

Material.-10 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimen.-VSNM 408311, juvenile right 

valve (pl. 4, fig. 6), locality EGAL-75-KC, sample 11, 

length 0.55 mm, height 0.31 mm. 

FINMARCHINELLA (BARENISOVIA) 

GUYai'ENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 4, figures 7, 8; plate 6, figures 11-15; plate 7, figures 1, 2; text -figures 

16, 17 

Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; 

Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983; Tabuki, 1986, 

p. 51, text-fig. 11. 

Etymology.-After Guyot Glacier, a large piedmont 

glacier extending into Icy Bay, southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subquadrate 

lateral outline; pronounced dimorphism; medium-scale 

reticulation; strong posterodorsal angular ridge; horizontal 

posteroventral ridge; subcentral tubercle; flat, smooth posterior region; raised anterior marginal rim; low arcuate ventral 

ridge; large eye tubercle; arcuate anterior vestibule; medially 

inflated radial pores. 

Description.-Adult valves elongate, subquadrate in 

lateral view. Dorsal margin straight, inclined toward posterior; obtuse anterodorsal cardinal angle; anterior margin 

evenly rounded; ventral margin sinuous, with broad, shallow 

concavity; posterior margin with protruding ventral half and 

straight to slightly concave dorsal half; pronounced, obtuse 

posterodorsal cardinal angle. Right valve similar to left, but 

with less inclined dorsum, reduced posterodorsal cardinal 

angle, and overhanging valve edge at anteroventer. Pronounced dimorphism: males considerably lower than 

females, with more convergent posterior. 

Valve surface covered with medium-scale reticulation, 

irregular in arrangement. Reticulation forms polygonal solurns. Posterior side of valve contains two prominent tuberculate ridges. Strong right-angle ridge at posterodorsal comer, 

and second horizontal ridge at posteroventral comer. Large 

subcentral tubercle dominates median valve region. Posterior part of valve forms flat, smooth region; anterior margin 

has raised marginal rim. Low arcuate ridge parallels venter. 

Large, smooth, circular eye tubercle. 50 simple-type normal 

pores evenly distributed over valve on reticulation ridges. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide at venter and posterior; moderate, arcuate anterior vestibule. Inner 

margin parallels valve outline. Inner lamella of even width 

at anterior and posterior. Strong, well-developed selvage. 62 

radial pore canals, 2 false radial pore canals, most anterior. 

Radial pore canals are long, straight, simple, some with 

inflated middle. 

Hingement in right valve consists of seven large anterior teeth; crenulate median groove; and four large posterior 

teeth. Anterior and posterior hinge elements heavily calcified, forming single large structure with dentition at surface; 

anterior and posterior hinge elements become progressively 

smaller medially. 

0.56 

-

0.5 

(/) 

a:: 

LlJ 

1-

LlJ 

~ 

::::i ••• • .....1 

~ 0.4 .:r'. ~ 

1--

I 

(.!) 

LLi 

..... ,.. I • 0.3 

0.24 

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 16. Plot of length versus height for Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis n. sp. 

Adductor muscle scars in subcentral tubercle. Dorsal 

scar is ovoid; dorsomedian scar split into two subovoid 

scars; ventromedian scar split into two scars; ventral scar 

elongate, inflated terminally. Two ovoid frontal scars. Few 

dorsal muscle scars, very large ovoid to tabular shapes, 

located between muscle tubercle and hinge. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 36 specimens (fig. 16). 

Comparisons.-Finmarchinella (B.) guyotensis n. sp. 

differs from F. (B.) curvicosta Neale, 1974 (= F. logani 

(Brady and Crosskey, 1871) (Cronin, 1981)) (Quaternary, 

North Atlantic) by its quadrate shape; evenly rounded anterior margin; less convergent, less pointed posterior; pronounced posterodorsal cardinal angle; extended 

posteroventral comer; large flattened region along posterior; 

small subcentral tubercle region; small-scale reticulation 

network covering valve surface; and lack of radiating ridges. 

F. guyotensis differs from F. (B.) barentzovoensis (Mandelstarn, 1957)(Pleistocene(?), Holocene, North Atlantic) by its 

less convergent posterior; extended posteroventral comer; 

weak ventral ridge; small subcentral tubercle region; large 

flattened region along posterior; and lack of longitudinal 

ridges radiating from subcentral tubercle. F. guyotensis differs from F. (B.) angulata (Sars, 1866) (Quaternary, North 

Atlantic) by its extended posteroventral comer; small subcentral tubercle; weak posterodorsal arcuate ridge; weak 

ventral ridge; and reticulation network with even-size solurns. F. guyotensis differs from F. (B.) japonica (Ishizaki, 

1966) (Pliocene through lower Pleistocene, central Japan) by 

its weak subcentral tubercle; low eye spot; fine reticulation 

ridges covering surface; and lack of strong posterodorsal cardinal angle, strong crescentic posteroventral ridge, and posterior marginal denticles. F. guyotensis differs from F. (B.) 

nealei Okada, 1979 (lower Pleistocene, central Japan) by its 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 17 

(/) 

UJ 

> ...J 

<( 

> 

u.. 

0 

0:: 

L.U 

CJ 

~ 

::J 

z 

~ 

w' 

u 

z 

<( 

Cl 

z 

::J 

CJ 

<( 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 17. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis n. sp. 

strong eye tubercle; weak ventral ridge; low, less pronounced reticulation ridges; strong posterodorsal cardinal 

angle; strong anterior marginal ridge; and lack of marginal 

denticles. 

Occurrence: Assemblage V (fig. 17). Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene, Holocene(?): Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands. 

Material.-169 adult valves, 61 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408312, female 

left valve (pl. 4, fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.78 mm, height 0.40 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408313, male left valve (pl. 4, fig. 8), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.69 mm, height 

0.34 mm. USNM 408314, female left valve (pl. 6, fig. 11 ), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.78 mm, height 

0.43 mm. USNM 408315, female right valve (pl. 6, figs. 12, 

15), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.78 mm, 

height 0.40 mm. USNM 408316, male left valve (pl. 6, fig. 

13), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.70 mm, 

height 0.35 mm. USNM 408317, male right valve (pl. 6, fig. 

14), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.70 mm, 

height 0.36 mm. USNM 408318, female right valve (pl. 7, 

figs. 1, 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.73 

mm, height 0.40 mm. 

Genus HEMICYIHERE Sars, 1925 

Type species.-Cythere villosa Sars, 1866 (Type by 

subsequent designation.) 

HEMICYI'HERE EMARGINATA (SARS, 1866) 

Plate 8, figure 5 

Cythereis emarginata Sars, 1866, p. 38. 

Cythereis emarginata Sars. Brady, 1868a, p. 475; Dahl, 

1888, p. 609; Mueller, 1931, p. 29. 

Cythereis (Eucythereis) emarginata Sars. Elofson, 1941, p. 

283; Elofson, 1943, p. 8. 

Cythere emarginata (Sars). Norman, 1869, p. 291; Brady, 

1870, p. 450; Brady and Crosskey, 1871, p. 61; Brady 

and Robertson, 1872, p. 69; Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, p. 166, pl. 5, figs. 1-6; Robertson, 1875, 

p. 124; Norman, 1877, p. 206; Malcolmson, 1886, p. 

634; Brady and Norman, 1889, p. 163; Norman, 1891, 

p. 113; Brady and Norman, 1896, p. 733; Scott, 1899, 

p. 85; Norman, 1902, p. 484. 

Hemicythere emarginata (Sars). Sars, 1925b, p. 183, pl. 85, 

fig. 1; Stephensen, 1938, p. 8; Klie, 1938, p. 21; Home 

and Whittaker, 1983, p. 53-62. 

Auri/a emarginata (Sars). Kurc, 1961, p. 192, pl. 5, figs. 79, 

80; Yassini, 1969, p. 44-45. 

Ba.ffinicythere emarginata (Sars). Hazel, 1967a, p. 17-18, 

pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 8, 9; pl. 9, fig. 2; Lev, 1969, pl. 5, fig. 3; 

Lev, 1970, p. 352; Wagner, 1970, p. 45, pl. 6, fig. 10; 

Lev, 1972, p. 16; Neale and Howe, 1975, p. 421, pl. 2, 

figs. 16, 18-21; Siddiqui and Grigg, 1975, pl. 1, fig. 10; 

Cronin, 1977, p. 117, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10; Robinson, 1978, 

p. 468, pl. 6, figs. 4a, 4b; Lord, 1980, p. 229, pl. 1, fig. 

15; Paterson, Armstrong, and Browne, 1981, p. 30; 

Cronin, 1981, p. 398, pl. 10, figs. 5, 7-10; Whatley, 

1982, p. 274, pl. K3.1, figs. 15, 19-21; Brouwers, 

1982c, p. 4; Neale, 1983, p. 314; Tabuki, 1986, p. 50, 

text-fig. 9. 

Ostracod indet. Wagner, 1970, p. 46, pl. 6, fig. 18. 

Remarks.-The modern distribution of Hemicythere 

emarginata in Alaska is restricted to the Beaufort Sea and 

northern Bering Sea (frigid- to subfrigid-marine climates). 

Its occurrence in the Gulf of Alaska is exceedingly rare and 

is believed to represent a fossil occurrence, probably from a 

Pleistocene glacial interval. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 52A, 

221. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene: Gulf of Alaska, Cook Inlet, 

Kodiak Shelf. Pleistocene-Holocene: North Atlantic (Sweden, Norway, Finmark, Shetland Islands, Iceland, Franz 

Josef Land, Spitsbergen, Greenland, Baffin Island, Gulf of 

St. Lawrence, Vineyard Sound), Norton Sound. 

This species lives in inner to middle sublittoral (0-45 

m) water depths. In the extreme Arctic, the taxon lives at 

constant subzero temperatures; at its southern limits, H. 

emarginata has a maximum survival temperature of 19° C. 

H. emarginata has not been found in salinities less than 20 

parts per thousand (Elofson, 1941). 
18 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUA TERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

Material.-2 adult valves, 1 juvenile valve. 

Illustrated specimens.-VSNM 408335, female right 

valve (pl. 8, fig. 5), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.80 mm, height 0.48 mm. 

HEMICYTHERE HAZEU N. SP. 

Plate 7, figures 3-12; plate 8, figures 1, 2; text-figures 18, 19 

Cythere sp. A Swain, 1969, p. 461, pl. 1, fig. 12a, 12b. 

Heterocythereis? sp. Swain and Gilby, 1974, p. 311-312, pl. 

2, fig. 25a, 25b. 

Hemicythere sp. A Valentine, 1976, p. 22, pl. 12, figs. 1, 4, 

7, 10. 

Hemicythere aff. H. quadrinodosa Schornikov. Brouwers, 

1981, p. 1 0; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 11; Brouwers, 1982b, 

p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Joseph E. Hazel, Louisiana State 

University, for his pioneering work on temperate hemicytherid and trachyleberid ostracode faunas of the North 

Atlantic. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate lateral outline; straight dorsum; truncated posterior; shallow, broad 

concavity; pronounced dimorphism; five raised, smooth 

nodes located at anterodorsal, anteroventral, posteroventral, 

and posterodorsal corners and at mid-dorsum; pits oriented 

in rows parallel to ridges and nodes; secondary marginal pitting. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate in shape in lateral view. Dorsal margin straight, inclined toward posterior; 

anterior margin smoothly curved; ventral margin with shallow, broad concavity; posterior margin truncated. No cardinal angles. Right valve differs from left in having a less 

convergent dorsum, subtle caudal process, concave anterodorsal cardinal angle, and downward-extending anteroventral corner. Pronounced dimorphism: males lower, shorter 

than females, with more pronounced caudal process. Greatest length through midline of valve; greatest height through 

anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with pits and raised smooth 

nodelike regions. Five regions of valve contain platformlike 

structures or nodes: (a) an anterodorsal V -shaped node with 

pointed end oriented toward anterior; lower arm of V is horizontal, upper arm parallels valve margin and terminates at 

smooth, ellipsoidal eye spot; (b) an anteroventral V -shaped 

node with pointed end oriented toward anterior; lower arm of 

V is horizontal, upper arm extends obliquely to central muscle scar node; (c) a posteroventral node forms a reverse Jshape, with long axis paralleling posteroventral valve margin; (d) a posterodorsal node forms a right angle, oriented 

with open end toward valve interior; (e) a dorsal node forms 

large subovoid shape. Regions between nodes appear 

depressed. Remainder of valve covered by ovoid pitting in 

rows parallel to ridges or nodes. Secondary fine pitting along 

margins and on nodes in some specimens. 72-96 normal 

0.45 

• CJ) •• 0.4 a: • • UJ 

I- • UJ 

~ • 

:::::i 

::::! 

~ 0.35 • • ~ • ~---

I 

s:? 

UJ • • I 0.3 •• 

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 18. Plot of length versus height for Hemicythere hazeli n. 

sp. 

pores evenly distributed over surface, occurring within pits. 

Normal pores celate with apophysis. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide; inner 

lamella of even width at anterior and posterior. Weak selvage. 56-63 radial pore canals, 2 false radial pores, most 

anterior. Radial pore canals are long, straight, simple, with 

inflated medial portion. Small ellipsoidal ocular sinus below 

anterior hinge. 

Hingement in left valve consists of small, rounded, 

anterior tooth; large ovoid socket; massive, ovoid, anteromedian tooth; weakly crenulate median bar, enlarged terminally; small, ovoid, posteromedian tooth; and large, 

elongate, subquadrate, posterior socket. Posterior socket 

open to valve interior. Anterior socket has ventral rim connecting anterior and anteromedian teeth. 

Adductor muscle scars in subcentral tubercle. Dorsal 

scar circular in shape; dorsomedian scar split into two ovoid 

scars; ventromedian scar split into two ellipsoidal scars; ventral scar is narrow, elongate, with inflated ends. Frontal scar 

split into dorsal subovoid scar and ventral, gumdrop-shaped 

scar. Scattered, few dorsal muscle scars, most concentrated 

in two regions-along anterior hinge line and just above central scar'field. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 17 specimens (fig. 18). 

Comparisons.-Hemicythere hazeli differs from H. 

gorokuensis Ishizaki, 1966 (Pliocene through lower Pleistocene, central Japan) by its straight dorsum; quadrate lateral 

outline; evenly curved posterior margin; fine pitted ornament over entire surface; five prominent nodes; and lack of 

radial ornament ridges. H. hazeli differs from H. sp. B oflshizaki and Matoba (1985) (lower Pleistocene, central Japan) 

by its straight dorsum; five prominent ornament nodes; and 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY 19 

different arrangement of ornament pits. H. hazeli differs 

from Cythere boreokurila Schornikov, 1974 (Holocene, 

Kurile Islands) by its more quadrate lateral outline; straight 

dorsum; weak concavity; small, numerous ornament pits; 

and five prominent ornament nodes. H. hazeli differs from 

H. quadrinodosa Schornikov, 1974 (Holocene, Kurile 

Islands) by its quadrate valve outline; weak concavity; 

straight dorsum; pitted ornament; and weak nodes rather 

than large, pronounced ornament tubercles. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II*, III, IV. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene, Holocene: Gulf of Alaska, 

Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, northern California, Oregon, 

and Washington. Sublittoral, upper bathyal; mild- to coldtemperate marine climatic zones (fig. 19). 

Material.-33 adult valves, 254 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408319, female 

left valve (pl. 8, fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 162, 

length 0.58 mm, height 0.35 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408320, male right valve (pl. 8, fig. 

2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 162, length 0.60 mm, 

height 0.30 mm. USNM 408321, male right valve (pl. 7, figs. 

3, 8, 9), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 11, length 0.65 mm, 

height 0.35 mm. USNM 408322, female left valve (pl. 7, fig. 

4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.78 mm, 

height 0.43 mm. USNM 408323, female right valve (pl. 7, 

figs. 5, 6), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 35, length 0.75 

mm, height 0.40 mm. USNM 408324, male left valve (pl. 7, 

fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.70 mm, 

height 0.38 mm. USNM 408325, female left valve (pl. 7, fig. 

10), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 35, length 0.74 mm, 

height 0.41 mm. USNM 408326, female left valve (pl. 7, 

figs. 11, 12), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 37, length 0.73 

mm, height 0.39 mm. 

Tribe NORMANICITHERINI Puri, 1974 

Genus NORMANICYIHERE Neale, 1959 

Type species.-Cythere leioderma Norman, 1869 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

NORMANICITHERE LEIODERMA 

(NORMAN, 1869) 

Plate 8, figure 3 

Cythere leioderma Norman, 1869, p. 291. 

Cythere leioderma Norman. Brady, 1870, p. 450-452, pl. 19, 

figs. 11-13; Brady and Crosskey, 1871, p. 62; Brady 

and Robertson, 1872, p. 68; Brady, Crosskey and Robertson, 1874,p. 149-150,pl.9,figs.5,6;Brady, 1878, 

p. 254; Brady and Norman, 1889, p. 139, pl. 15, figs. 

12, 13; Norman, 1891, p. 111; Mueller, 1912, p. 377; 

Stephensen, 1913, p. 363; Klie, 1929, p. 19, 42. 

Cythereis leioderma (Norman). Blake, 1933, p. 239; 

Stephensen, 1938, p. 1 0; Elofson, 1941, p. 304. 

100 

90 

UJ 

L.U 

> 80 ...J 

<( 

> 70 L.L 

0 

a: 

L.U 60 Ill 

~ 

::J 50 z 

~ 

L.U' 40 

u 

z 

<( 30 0 

z 

::J 

Ill 20 <( 

10 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 19. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Hemicythere 

hazeli n. sp. 

Normanicvthere leioderma (Sars). Neale, 1959, p. 78, pl. 13, 

figs. ·1,2; pl. 14, figs. 1-8; Neale, 1961, p. 424; Swain, 

1963, p. 826-827, pl. 95, figs. 10, 17; text-fig. lla; 

Schmidt, 1963, p. 350; Swain, 1963, p. 826, pl. 95, figs. 

10, 17; text-fig. lla; CattandPenny, 1966, p. 409; Hazel, 1967a, p. 23-24, pl. 1, figs. 12-16; Neale and 

Schmidt, 1967, p. 348; Lev, 1969, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 2, fig. 

12;pl.5,figs. 1,2;Lev, 1970,p.352;Lev, 1972,p. 15; 

Neale and Howe, 1975, p. 423, pl. 3, figs. 9-10; Siddiqui and Grigg, 1975, pl. 2, fig. 13; Robinson, 1978, p. 

460, pl. 2, figs. 7a-c; Whatley, 1982, p. 275-276, pl. 

K3.2, fig. 3; Brouwers, 1982c, p. 2; Neale, 1983, p. 314; 

McDougall, Brouwers, and Smith, 1986, pl. 6, figs. 

5-8; Tabuki, 1986, p. 52, text-fig. 12. 

Normanicythere? n. sp. Swain, 1961, p. 604, fig. 2. 

Normanicythere concinella Swain, 1963, p. 827, pl. 95, figs. 

18a-d; text-fig. 11b; Schmidt, 1967, p. 168; Neale and 

Schmidt, 1967, p. 348. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 159. 

Table 2. 

Distribution.-Vpper Pliocene through Holocene: 

North Atlantic, Beaufort Sea, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, 

Cook Inlet, Gulf of Alaska, Pribilof Islands. 

Material.-I juvenile valve. 

Illustrated specimen.-VSNM 408327, juvenile right 

valve (pl. 8, fig. 3), locality EGAL-75-KC, sample 159, 

length 0.60 mm, height 0.38 mm. 

Tribe AURILINI Purt, 197 4 

Genus AURILA Pokorny, 1955 

Type species.-Cythere convexa Baird, 1850 (Type by 

subsequent designation.) 
20 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

AURILA MALASPINENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 7, figures 13-17; plate 8, figure 4; plate 9, figures 1-5; text 

figures 20, 21 

Aurila sp. Swain and Gilby, 1974, p. 305-306, pl. 3, fig. 25. 

Aurila sp. A Valentine, 1976, pl. 8, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 

18, 19. 

Aurila sp. C Valentine, 1976, p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 1-4. 

Aurila sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 11; 

Brouwers, 1982b, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982c, p. 3; 

Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Malaspina Glacier, the largest piedmont glacier in Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by ovoid lateral outline; 

pronounced concavity; small, overhanging ventral ridge; 

short, blunt caudal process ventral of midline; posteroventral 

marginal denticles; moderate sexual dimorphism; punctate 

surface with large median pits and fine marginal pits; marginal punctae close-spaced, alternating with low concentric 

ridges; recessed sieve plates; shallow arcuate anteroventral 

and posteroventral vestibules. 

Description.-Adult valves ovoid in lateral view. Dorsal margin a high, broad arch; anterior margin smoothly 

curved with maximum width ventral of midline; ventral margin sinuous with pronounced concavity; small ventral ridge 

overhangs concavity; posterior margin with short, blunt caudal process located ventral of midline. Posteroventral comer 

with numerous small marginal denticles. Left valve with 

more pronounced caudal process, more arched dorsum. 

Moderate sexual dimorphism: females shorter, higher, more 

inflated than males. Greatest length just ventral of valve midline; greatest height between anterior hinge element and 

adductor scars. 

Valve surface punctate. Large ovoid to circular pits in 

middle of valve, finer punctation along valve margins. 

Peripheral punctation close-spaced, arranged subparallel to 

valve margins and alternating with low concentric ridges. 

Smooth, flat, irregular eye spot. 123 sieve-type normal pores 

evenly distributed over surface, primarily within large pits. 

Sieve pores with recessed sieve plates, central setal opening. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide ventrally. Shallow, arcuate vestibules along anterior-anteroventral and posterior-posteroventral regions. Inner lamella of 

even width throughout, follows valve outline; strong selvage. 134 straight, simple radial pores, 8 false radial pores; 

most anterior. Deep ovoid ocular sinus below anterior 

socket. 

Hingement in right valve consists of large, heavily calcified, bifid anterior tooth; anteromedian ovoid socket with 

thick ventral rim; crenulate median groove; and posterior 

tooth-socket-tooth, each moderate in size and ovoid to quadrate shape. Left valve larger than right, with accomodation 

groove to accept right valve dorsal margin. 

0.56 

-

• 0.5 

CJ) 

a: 

• 

• • a••• L.U 

1-

L.U 

~ 

::::::i 

• • • • Ia • _J • • ~ 0.4 • • • ~ 

~---

I 

(!) 

jjj • I 

0.3 

• 0.24 

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 20. Plot of length versus height for Aurila malaspinensis 

n. sp. 

Three ovoid frontal scars form slightly inclined row 

adjacent to adductor muscle scars. Adductor muscle scars 

form vertical row, with scars inclined anteroventrally. Dorsal adductor scar is elongate-ellipsoidal; dorsomedian scar 

dumbbell-shaped in left valve, split into two ovoid scars in 

right valve; ventromedian scar is crescentic; ventral scar is 

subcylindrical. Two adjacent mandibular scars: dorsal scar is 

large, subquadrate; ventral scar is small, ovoid. Dorsal scars 

are large, with strong, deep impressions. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 29 specimens (fig. 20). 

Comparisons.-Aurila malaspinensis differs from A. 

grada Hu and Yang, 1975 (upper Pliocene-lower Pleistocene, Taiwan) by its more rounded shape; much weaker 

caudal process; convex venter; punctate ornament; and lack 

of nodes or tubercles. Aurila malaspinensis differs from A. 

pseudoamygdala lshizaki, 1966 (Pliocene, central Japan) by 

its less arched dorsum; less inflated carapace; more evenly 

spaced punctae; and smaller marginal punctae. Aurila 

malaspinensis differs from A. lincolnensis (LeRoy, 1943) 

(upper Pliocene-Holocene, central and northern California, 

Washington, and Oregon) by its slightly less arched dorsum; 

smaller punctae, especially marginally; and lack of a strong 

V -shaped ridge at the caudal process. Aurila malaspinensis 

differs from Aurila sp. D Valentine, 1976 (lower Pleistocene-Holocene, southern and central California) by its less 

arched dorsum; weak concavity; more rounded lateral outline; weaker caudal process; punctate ornament; and lack of 

reticulation ridges. Aurila malaspinensis differs from A. 

montereyensis (Skogsberg, 1928) (upper Pleistocene to 

Holocene, central and northern California, Washington, Oregon) by its less arched dorsum; more ovate shape; less inflation of the carapace; weaker concavity; and fewer, larger 

punctae. Aurila malaspinensis differs from Aurila sp. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 21 

(lshizaki and Matoba, 1985) (lower Pleistocene, central 

Japan) by its shorter valve length; more inflated carapace; 

weaker ventral ridge; larger, fewer punctae; and lack of posteroventral and anterior marginal flange. Aurila malaspinensis differs from A. inabai Okubo, 1976 (Holocene, Inland 

Sea of Japan) by its weaker caudal process; weaker concavity; more arched dorsum; and lack of reticulation ridges. 

Remarks.-Valentine (1976) illustrated five species of 

Aurila which he identified from offshore sediments of California, Washington, and Oregon. The taxon identified as 

Aurila sp. A is clearly conspecific with the taxon I call Aurila 

malaspinensis n. sp. from the Gulf of Alaska. The form 

Valentine identified as Aurila sp. Cis very similar to Aurila 

sp. A; the only differences are that Aurila sp. C includes a 

slightly more arched dorsum, a weak ridge on the caudal process, and a slightly larger size. I do not believe that these 

differences represent species-level characters. The Holocene 

geographic range of Aurila sp. C falls predominantly within 

the range of Aurila sp. A. Previous studies have documented 

two distinct size species within a single species (Forester, 

1980; Sandberg, 1964), which commonly correspond to age 

differences. Forester (1980) speculated that two size ranges 

within a geographic region may correspond to seasonal populations, that is, summer-fall and winter-spring. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages 1*, II, III, V (fig. 21). 

Table 2. 

Geographic distribution.-Gulf of Alaska, Cook Inlet 

and Kodiak Shelf, central and northern California, Washington, and Oregon. Sublittoral; mild- to cold-temperate climatic zones. 

Stratigraphic distribution.-Vpper Pliocene through 

Holocene. 

Material.-144 adult valves, 1,238 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408328, female 

left valve (pl. 8, fig. 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, 

length 0.75 mm, height 0.50 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408329, male left valve (pl. 7, figs. 

13, 17), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.66 mm, 

height 0.44 mm. USNM 408330, male right valve (pl. 7, fig. 

14), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.64 mm, 

height 0.41 mm. USNM 408331, female left valve (pl. 7, fig. 

15), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.74 mm, 

height 0.45 mm. USNM 408332, female left valve (pl. 7, fig. 

16; pl. 9, fig. 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 

0.73 mm, height 0.43 mm. USNM 408333, male right valve 

(pl. 9, figs. 1, 5), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 

0.60 mm, height 0.40 mm. USNM 408334, male left valve 

(pl. 9, figs. 2, 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 

0.60 mm, height 0.34 mm. 

Genus ROBUSTAURILA Yajima, 1982 

Type species.-Cythereis assimilis Kajiyama, 1913 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

(f) 

L.U 

~ 

700 

<t 600 

> 

u.. 

0 

c:: 500 L.U 

[D 

~ 

~ 400 

~ 

~ 300 

z 

<t 

0 

z 200 ::> 

[D 

<t 

100 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 21. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Aurila 

malaspinensis n. sp. 

ROBUSTAURILA JOLLAENSIS (LEROY, 1943) 

Plate 8, figure 6; plate 9, figures 6-9 

Hemicythere jollaensis LeRoy, 1943, p. 365, pl. 59, figs. 

28-33; pl. 62, figs. 15, 16; text-fig. 2q. 

Hemicythere jollaensis LeRoy. Benson, 1959, p. 65, pl. 11, 

figs. 7, 8. 

Aurila jollaensis (LeRoy). Swain, 1969, p. 466, pl. 2, figs. 

3a, 3b, 9; pl. 5, figs. 3a-3c; Swain and Gilby, 1974, p. 

308, pl. 3, figs. 27, 28; text-figs. 34a-34c. 

..Radimella" jollaensis (LeRoy). Valentine, 1976, p. 23, pl. 

9, figs. 13, 16. 

Radimella jollaensis (LeRoy). Brouwers, 1982c, p. 3; Cronin, Brouwers, Quinn, and Redline, 1983, p. 219, pl. 3, 

fig. 8. 

Remarks.-R. jollaensis has a large geographic range, 

living today from Baja California to Puget Sound, which represents a range in marine climate from subtropical to mild 

temperate. Its presence in the Gulf of Alaska is rare, represented by scarce juveniles for the most part. I believe that the 

presence in Alaska is as fossil occurrences. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 11, 32, 

115, 134, 157. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Vpper Pliocene-Pleistocene: Gulf of 

Alaska. Upper Pliocene-Holocene: Washington, Oregon, 

California, Baja California. 

Material.-2 adult valves, 29 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-VSNM 408336, female left valve 

(pl. 8, fig. 6), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 134, length 0.78 

mm, height 0.40 mm. USNM 408337,juvenile left valve (pl. 

9, fig. 6), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.60 

mm, height 0.41 mm. USNM 408338, juvenile right valve 

(pl. 9, figs. 7, 9), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 

0.80 mm, height 0.45 mm. USNM 408339, juvenile right 
22 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUA TERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

valve (pl. 9, fig. 8), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, 

length 0.63 mm, height 0.39 mm. 

Subfamily COQUIMBINAE Ohmert. 1968 

Genus COQUIMBA Ohmert, 1968 

Type species.-Coquimba hermi Ohmert, 1968 (Type 

by original designation.) 

COQUIMBA HANAII N. SP. 

Plate 8, figure 7; plate 9, figures 10-15; text-figure 22 

Coquimba sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 

8; Brouwers, 1983. 

New Genus F sp. A Valentine 1976, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 6, 9. 

Etymology.-After Emeritus Professor Tetsuro Hanai, 

an ostracode specialist at the University of Tokyo, Japan. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by an elongate, quadrate 

lateral outline; straight dorsal and ventral margins; anterior 

and posterior marginal denticles; sharp posterodorsal comer 

angle; reticulate ornament, arranged concentrically and radially about subcentral tubercle; reticulation pits floored by 

groups of small pits; two posterior tubercles; secondary fine 

marginal pitting; prominent eye spot; anterior and posterior 

margins with broad flat region. 

Description.-Adult valves elongate, quadrate in shape 

in lateral view. Dorsal margin nearly straight, converging 

toward posterior; anterior margin rounded with 12 small, 

sharply pointed denticles along anteroventral margin; ventral margin nearly straight, tapering posteriorly; posterior 

margin with evenly curved ventral half and sharp cardinal 

angle at posterodorsal half of margin. Sharp posterodorsal 

cardinal angle. Posteroventral margin with five small, sharp 

denticles. Left valve with strong posterodorsal cardinal 

angle. Greatest length through midline; greatest height 

through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface is reticulate, tuberculate, and pitted. Primary ornament is reticulation, arranged concentrically and 

radially about large subcentral tubercle. Reticulation pits are 

large, ovoid to ellipsoidal in shape, floored by smaller subovoid groups of pits. Two large, arcuate, tuberculate ridges 

at posterodorsum and posteroventer, slightly overhanging 

cardinal angles. Prominent, elongate, smooth eye spot. Fine 

secondary pitting along tuberculate ridges, particularly along 

anterior. Anterior and posterior margins with broad, arcuate 

region along margins; ventral margin with narrow marginal 

shelf. 70 normal pores evenly distributed over surface, in 

reticulation pits. Normal pores sieve-type, with recessed 

sieve plate and central setal opening. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide along 

venter; shallow, arcuate anterior and posterior vestibules. 

Well-developed selvage. Inner lamella widest at anterior; 

inner margin follows valve outline. 52 radial pores, 2 false 

radial pores, most anterior. Radial pores long, straight, sim0.45 ~-------------------, 

(/) 0.4 0:: • L.U 

f- •• • L.U 

~ 

::::i • • _J 

~ 0.35 • ~ • I 

r-' • ~ L.U • • I 0.3 

-

• 0.25 

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 22. Plot of length versus height for Coquimba hanaii n. 

sp. 

pie; marginal denticles contain radial pore canals. Many 

radial pores inflated medially. Elongate, ellipsoidal ocular 

sinus below anterior socket. 

Hingement in left valve consists of triangular anterior 

socket; large, ovoid socket with thick ventral rim; anteromedian knoblike tooth; smooth median bar; elongate posteromedian tooth; and quadrate posterior socket. 

Central muscle scars in subcentral tubercle; individual 

scars not visible. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 12 specimens (fig. 22). 

Comparisons.-Coquimba hanaii n. sp. differs from C. 

ishizakii Yajima, 1978 (Pleistocene, central Japan) by its 

elongate, quadrate shape; reticulate and pitted ornament; 

shallow anterior marginal sulcus; less pronounced subcentral tubercle; weak ventral ridge; and pointed, drawn-out 

posterior. C. hanaii differs from C. sp. A of Valentine, 1976 

(upper Pliocene through Holocene, central-southern California) by its elongate, quadrate lateral outline; drawn-out posterior; posterodorsal L-shaped tubercle; wide, flat anterior 

marginal area; secondary ornament punctae; and large eye 

tubercle. C. hanaii differs from C. schenki (LeRoy, 1943) 

(upper Pliocene through Holocene, central-southern California) by its elongate, quadrate lateral outline; drawn-out 

posterior; wide, flat anterior marginal area; secondary ornament punctae; prominent eye tubercle; and lack of deep anterior sulcus. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, localities 11, 

115, 128, 141, 157, 159. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Vpper Pliocene(?); Pleistocene through 

Holocene: Gulf of Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, 

northern California, Washington, Oregon. 

Material.-12 adult valves, 10 juvenile valves. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 23 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408340, male left 

valve (pl. 8, fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 159, 

length 0.78 mm, height 0.26 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408341, female right valve (pl. 9, 

fig. 10), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 11, length 0.83 mm, 

height 0.38 mm. USNM 408342, male right valve (pl. 9, figs. 

11-14), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.73 mm, 

height 0.31 mm. USNM 408343, female left valve (pl. 9, fig. 

15), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 157, length 0.75 mm, 

height 0.38 mm. 

Subfamily UROCYfHEREIDINAE Hartmann and Purt, 1974 

Genus AMBOSIRACON Hazel, 1962 

Type species.-Ambostracon costatum Hazel, 1962 

(Type by original designation.) 

AMBOSIRACON 1WEEDSMUIRENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 8, figure 8; plate 9, figures 16--18; plate 10, figures 1-5; plate 11, figure 1; text-figures 23,24 

Ambostracon glaucum (Skogsberg). Swain and Gilby, 1974, 

p. 317, pl. 7, fig. 7. 

Ambostracon sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982b, 

p. 8; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Tweedsmuir Glacier, north of Dry 

Bay in the Saint Elias Mountains, southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, low, subquadrate lateral outline; inclined dorsum hidden by overhanging 

ridges; anteroventral denticles; drawn-out posteroventral 

comer; blunt caudal process with small denticles; pronounced dimorphism; heavily reticulate with subcentral 

tubercle; prominent hemispherical eye tubercle; prominent 

ventral ridge; anterior and posterior flattened marginal rims; 

secondary papillae; recessed sieve plates with thickened 

conulae, and anteroventral arcuate vestibule. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate in lateral 

view. Dorsal margin slightly inclined, hidden in exterior 

view by overhanging ridges; anterior margin rounded, with 

small marginal denticles, especially anteroventral; ventral 

margin broadly curved; posterior margin with blunt caudal 

process in ventral half, becoming concave in dorsal half. 

Caudal process with numerous small marginal denticles; 

denticles large and flat along posteroventral margin. Left 

valve with high anterodorsal comer and pronounced posterodorsal cardinal angle. Females differ from males in being 

considerably shorter, somewhat higher in lateral view, somewhat wider posteriorly. Greatest length through caudal process; greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface heavily reticulate with subcentral tubercle, ridges, and prominent hemispherical eye tubercle. Reticulation arranged radially and concentrically about subcentral 

tubercle. Prominent ventral ridge extends nearly the length 

of valve from anteroventral region. Several oblique ridges 

extend from dorsum anteroventrally to mid valve. Anterior 

0.55.---------------------, 

-

-

g? 0.5 -

LU 

1-

LU 

~ 

::::i 

_J 

~ 

~ 

I--

I 

l? 

jjj 

-

-

-

-

0.45-

• 

• 

•• 

• 

• • • • • • •• • • •• • • 

• • I 0.4 • • • 

0. 3 5 _.__.,-r--,l~---.---.---.-.l---r---r---.--.--.--r-.---rl---r---r-.---l 

0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 23. Plot of length versus height for Ambostracon 

tweedsmuirensis n. sp. 

and posterior ends have broad, smooth, flattened rim. Secondary small papillae on solum floors and marginal rims. 

55-77 sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over surface, both on ridges and on solum floors. Sieve pores have 

recessed sieve plates with subcentral setal opening, rimmed 

by thickened conulae. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide at posterior and venter; small arcuate anteroventral vestibule. 

Inner lamella of even width throughout, follows valve outline. 96 straight, simple radial pore canals, 6 false radial pore 

canals; most radial pores at anterior. Radial pores extend into 

marginal denticles. Ovoid, deep ocular sinus below anterior 

socket. 

Hingement in right valve consists of stepped anterior 

tooth with lower flattened anterior part and large rounded 

knob; rounded anteromedian socket with thick ventral rim; 

finely crenulate median groove; and very large, curved, 

smooth, bifid posterior tooth. 

Three frontal scars in anterodorsal part of subcentral 

tubercle: circular dorsal scar, small ovoid median scar, and 

ovoid ventral scar with enlarged anterior. Adductor scars 

along posterior slope of tubercle. Dorsal scar is ovoid; dorsomedian scar split into two subtriangular scars; ventromedian scar is either an elongate narrow scar with enlarged 

posterior or scar is divided into two sub triangular scars; ventral scar is elongate. Two ovoid mandibular scars: one just 

below frontal scar, the second midway between adductor 

row and venter. Ovoid fulcra! point between lower frontal 

scar and dorsomedian adductor. Dorsal muscle scars are 

large, form strong deep impressions. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 32 specimens (fig. 23). 

Comparisons.-Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. 

differs from Ambostracon sp. A of Valentine, 1976 
24 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

(Holocene, northern-central California, Washington, Oregon) by its elongate, low lateral outline; drawn-out posteroventral comer; convergent posterior; thin, delicate 

marginal denticles; large prominent eye tubercle; and secondary ornament. A. tweedsmuirensis differs from Ambostracon sp. E of Valentine, 1976 (Quaternary, centralnorthern California, Washington, Oregon) by its elongate, 

low lateral outline; drawn-out posteroventral corner; irregular, angular dorsum; weaker reticulation ridges; flattened 

anterior marginal rim or flange; secondary ornament; and 

well-defined hemispherical eye tubercle. A. tweedsmuirensis 

differs from A. kitanipponica Tabuki, 1986 (lower Pleistocene, northern Honshu, Japan) by its lower, longer valve 

shape; greater dimorphism; finer scale reticulation developed over entire valve; pronounced subcentral tubercle; and 

lack of anterior and posterior marginal ridges. 

Remarks.-The specimen illustrated by Swain and 

Gilby (1974) as A. glaucum (Skogsberg) is conspecific with 

A. tweedsmuirensis. Valentine (1976) illustrated a large 

number of Ambostracon species, each with a distinct 

geographic range. Swain and Gilby (1974) have incorporated at least two (and probably more) species under the 

name A. glaucum. Comparison of Skogsberg's type specimens from Monterey Bay with Valentine's (1976) material 

demonstrates that Valentine has illustrated true A. glaucum, 

with a Holocene geographic range from lat 28° 15' N. to 

35°45' N. (Punta Eugenia to Point Piedras Blancas, subtropical to mild-temperate climatic zones). 

Occurrence.-Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Oregon (fig. 24). 

Material.-161 adult valves, 239 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408343, male 

left valve (pl. 8, fig. 8), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.83 mm, height 0.44 mm. 

Paratype: USNM 408344, female right valve (pl. 11, 

fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.79 mm, 

height 0.44 mm. USNM 408345, female left valve (pl. 9, fig. 

16), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.78 mm, 

height 0.43 mm. YSNM 408346, female right valve (pl. 9, 

figs. 17, 18; pl. 10, fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

52A, length 0.75 mm, height 0.40 mm. USNM 408347, male 

left valve (pl. 10, fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.80 mm, height 0.41 mm. USNM 408348, male right 

valve (pl. 10, figs. 3, 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 28, 

length 0.83 mm, height 0.43 mm. USNM 408349, female left 

valve (pl. 10, fig. 5), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 28, 

length 0.76 mm, height 0.43 mm. 

Genus LAPEROUSECYI'HERE NEW GENUS 

Type species.-Patagonacythere robusta Tabuki, 1986 

(Type by original designation.) 

Etymology.-After La Perouse Glacier in southeast 

Alaska, named for an early explorer of the Alaskan coastline. 

160 

140 

U) 

w 

> 120 ....J 

<X: 

> 

LL 

0 100 0::: 

w 

aJ 

2: 80 ::;, 

z 

~ 

uJ 60 

u 

z 

<X: 

0 40 z 

::;, 

aJ 

<X: 20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 24. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subquadrate 

lateral outline; subparallel dorsal and ventral margins; moderate to marked dimorphism; reticulate ornament with narrow ridges and rounded fossae; secondary and tertiary 

ornament; irregular, massive ventral ridge; posterodorsal 

and posteroventral tubercles; wide, flat anterior marginal 

rim; moderate number of radial pores; sieve-type normal 

pores with recessed sieve plate; three frontal scars; and hinge 

with rimmed anterior socket and trifid anteromedian tooth. 

Description.-Adult valves elongate, subquadrate in 

shape in lateral view. Dorsal and ventral margins straight, 

subparallel. Anterior margin evenly rounded, smoothly 

curved; posterior margin with small, truncated caudal process. Small blunt anterior' and posterior marginal denticles. 

Posterior slightly convergent. Pronounced anterodorsal and 

posterodorsal cardinal angles, weaker posteroventral cardinal angle. Moderate dimorphism, with males longer, lower 

than females. Greatest length through midline of valve; 

greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with reticulation network, 

arranged in concentric pattern at anterior and more chaotic at 

posterior. Large, high, semicircular subcentral tubercle. Flattened, predominantly smooth regions along anterior and posterior margins. Irregular, overhanging dorsal and ventral 

ridges. Secondary and tertiary ornament may be present. 

Irregularly shaped smooth eye spot. Sieve-type normal pores 

occur on reticulation ridges and solum floors. Recessed sieve 

plate, rimmed with thickened conulae. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence generally coincide; small posterior vestibule may be present. Inner lamella 

moderately wide, of even width throughout, follows valve 

outline. Moderate number of simple, straight, long radial 

pores. Well-developed selvage. 

Hingement in right valve consists of stepped anterior 

tooth; trifid, stepped anteromedian socket with thick ventral 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 25 

rim; finely crenulate median groove; elongate posteromedian socket; and large, smooth, multilobate posterior tooth. 

Central muscle scars occur in subcentral depression or 

muscle node. Dorsal adductor scar is single; dorsomedian 

and ventromedian scars split into two scars each; ventral scar 

is single. Frontal scar split into three scars. Numerous large 

dorsal muscle scars. 

Comparisons.-Laperousecythere n. gen. differs from 

Patagonacythere Hartmann, 1962 of Benson (1964) 

(Holocene, Patagonia and Antarctica) by its shorter, higher 

profile in lateral view; irregular, massive ventra) ridge; less 

organized reticulation pattern; two posterior tubercles 

located at end of ventral and dorsal ridges; wide anterior 

marginal flange; wide inner lamella; recessed sieve pores; 

and hinge with rimmed anterior socket and tripartite anteromedian tooth. Laperousecythere differs from Australicythere Benson, 1964 (Holocene, Antarctica and Argentina) 

by its strong, irregular ventral ridge; wide anterior marginal 

flange; two posterior tubercles located at end of ventral and 

dorsal ridges; few marginal denticles; fine reticulation 

ridges; rounded rather than polygonal fossae; recessed sieve 

plates; secondary pustulate ornament; fewer radial pores; 

three frontal scars; anterior socket hinge element with rim; 

and lack of a posterior ridge. 

Remarks.-Patagonacythere was originally described 

by G. Hartmann (in Hartmann-Schroeder and Hartmann, 

1962) from Patagonia, Argentina. Hartmann's ilJustrations 

of the carapace consisted of line drawings, which leave 

considerable uncertainty as to the nature of the surface 

ornament. Whatley recollected sediment from Hartmann's 

type locality in 1971 to examine topotype material of Patagonacythere. Species from the topotype locality demonstrate that Patagonacythere tricostata Hartmann, 1962 is 

congeneric with Ambostracon costatum Hazel, 1962 (the 

type species of Ambostracon) (J.E. Hazel, Louisiana State 

University, written common., 1986). Patagonacythere is 

therefore synonymous with Ambostracon. There are· problems in demonstrating the priority of these two genera, and 

I do not provide here a cursory solution to a complex problem of synonymy. 

Patagonacythere as described and illustrated by Benson (1964) is a completely different genus from Patagonia 

and Antarctica. Comparison of "Patagonacythere" longiducta specimens from Patagonia (collected by Whatley) differ from specimens of Laperousecythere robusta. 

Laperousecythere is similar, and possibly related by ancestry, to "Patagonacythere" of Benson and toAustralicythere; 

all three genera belong to the Subfamily Urocythereidinae. 

Laperousecythere is very common and characteristic 

of the cold-temperate Aleutian Province. Two species can be 

placed into the genus-L. robusta and Patagonacythere 

yahtensis (Tabuki, 1986). 

Distribution.-Pleistocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet, Kodiak Shelf, south Bering Sea, northern Honshu (Japan). Laperousecythere is common in middle 

0.66 

0.65 

-

(f) 

a: 

LU 

I- 0.6 -

LU - •• • • ~ 

::J • • • • ....J 

~ • ~ 0.55 • • • • ~---

I • (!) • •• •• • 

jjj 

I • • • 0.5 •• • 

0.46 

0.8 0.9 1.1 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 25. Plot of length versus height for Laperousecythere robusta (Tabuki, 1986). 

to outer sublittoral habitats of the Gulf of Alaska (table 1). 

Laperousecythere, Australicythere, and "Patagonacythere" 

of Benson represent genera that are restricted geographically 

to polar regions. Australicythere and "Patagonacythere" 

live today in Argentine Patagonia and Antarctica, in climates 

ranging from cold-temperate to frigid. Laperousecythere is 

found in the Gulf of Alaska, south Bering Sea, and northern 

Honshu, Japan, in climates ranging from cold-temperate to 

subfrigid. The bipolar nature of these genera suggests that an 

ancestral taxon may have followed deeper, colder water isotherms toward the equator and emerged toward the poles. 

LAPEROUSECYIHERE ROBUSTA 

(TABUK!, 1986) 

Plate 10, figures 6-12; plate 11, figures 2, 3; text-figures 25,26 

Patagonacythere robusta Tabuki, 1986, p. 77-78, pl. 9, figs. 

4-12; text-fig. 20-1. 

"Australicythere" sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 8; Brouwers, 

1982a, p. 11; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 8; Brouwers, 1982c, 

p. 2; Brouwers, 1983. 

Diagnosis.--Characterized by subquadrate lateral outline; straight dorsum with overhanging ridge; wide caudal 

process with few blunt denticles; pronounced posterodorsal 

and anterodorsal cardinal angles; slight dimorphism; reticulate ornament arranged concentrically about subcentral 

tubercle; ventral ridge connecting to vertical posterior ridge 

and marginal anterior ridge; broad, flattened anterior and 

posterior rims; secondary pitting; tertiary papillae; recessed 

sieve plates; posterior vestibule; and deep ocular sinus. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 36 specimens (fig. 25). 

Remarks.-Laperousecythere robusta is represented by 

hundreds of specimens of males, females, and juveniles. 
26 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

(/) 

L.U 

700 

~ 600 

<X: 

> 

L.L. 

0 500 a: 

L.U 

IJJ 

~ 400 

z 

~ 

L.U. 300 

u 

z 

<X: 

0 200 z 

::J 

IJJ 

<X: 100 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 26. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Laperousecythere robusta (fabuki, 1986). 

Most of the occurrences are believed to be fossils, as the 

valves very rarely contain soft parts, and valves are predominantly opaque and weathered. Localities that contain Laperousecythere are on Tarr Bank, Fairweather Ground, and the 

platforms of Kayak, Montague, and Middleton Islands, all of 

which represent subcrops of the Yakataga Formation (Neogene and Quaternary). 

Occurrence.-Assemblages II*, III, V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pliocene through Pleistocene: northern 

Honshu (Japan). Pleistocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet, Kodiak Island, Pribilof Islands. Middleouter sublittoral (fig. 26). 

Material.-354 adult valves, 1,625 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimens.-VSNM 408350, male left 

valve (pl. 11, fig. 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.98 mm, height 0.58 mm. USNM 408351, female 

right valve (pl. 11, fig. 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

52A, length 0.96 mm, height 0.55 mm. USNM 408352, 

male right valve (pl. 10, figs. 6, 11), cruise EGAL-75-KC, 

sample 52A, length 0.95 mm, height 0.50 mm. USNM 

408353, female left valve (pl. 10, fig. 7), cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.95 mm, height 0.58 

mm. USNM 408354, female right valve (pl. 10, fig. 8), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.95 mm, height 

0.53 mm. USNM 408355, male left valve (pl. 10, figs. 9, 

12), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.98 mm, 

height 0.53 mm. USNM 408356, male left valve (pl. 10, fig. 

10), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.98 mm, 

height 0.58 mm. 

LAPEROUSECYIHERE YAHISENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 10, figures 13-18; plate 11, figures 4, 5; plate 12, figures 1-10; textfigure 27 

Patagonacythere sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 11; Brouwers, 

1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1982c, p. 2; Brouwers, 1983; 

Tabuki, 1986, p. 52, text-fig. 13. 

Etymology.-After Yahtse Glacier, originating in the 

Chugach-Saint Elias Mountains, terminating in Icy Bay. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subquadrate 

outline; extended anteroventral corner; straight, subparallel dorsal and ventral margins; drawn-out posteroventral 

corner, concave posterodorsum; marked dimorphism; radially arranged reticulation; heavy, irregular ventral ridge; Jshaped posterodorsal ridge; wide, arcuate flat posterior 

region; oblique J-shaped anterodorsal ridge; anterior 

margin with flange and thin ridge; secondary papillae and 

corrugations. 

Description.-Adult valves elongate, subquadrate in 

lateral view. Dorsal margin straight; anterior margin 

smoothly curved with ventrally extended corner; ventral 

margin straight, subparallel to dorsal margin; posterior margin truncated, with blunt caudal process, drawn-out posteroventral corner, and concave posterodorsal region. 

Pronounced posterodorsal cardinal angle; obtuse anterodorsal cardinal angle with raised margin or hinge ear due to 

large anterior hinge element. Posteroventral margin with 

five blunt, thickened marginal denticles; anterior margin 

with numerous small, fine denticles. Left valve with pronounced anterodorsal cardinal angle; less overhanging 

anteroventral comer; weak concavity; and drawn-out posterior. Marked dimorphism: males with more elongate, lower 

lateral outline; drawn-out posterior end; and less calcified, 

thinner reticulation ridges. Greatest length through midline; 

greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface reticulate, with subcentral tubercle, 

ridges, and large ovoid eye tubercle. Reticulation arranged 

radially about subcentral tubercle. Heavily calcified, irregular ventral ridge extends obliquely nearly the valve length, 

terminating posteriorly as a tubercle. Posterodorsal comer 

with thick, massive, J-shaped ridge. Irregular, angular dorsal 

ridge overhangs most of margin; Posterior margin has wide, 

arcuate, flattened region; flattened region is smooth in 

females, covered with reticulation in males. Thick, J-shaped 

ridge proceeds from eye tubercle obliquely toward prominent, hemispherical subcentral tubercle. Anterior margin 

with narrow flange and parallel, thin marginal ridge. Secondary fine papillae and delicate corrugations on solum floors. 

75 sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over surface, 

occurring on reticulation ridges and as celate pores with apophysis. Recessed sieve plate, rimmed by thickened conulae. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide 

throughout. Inner lamella of even width throughout, follows 

valve outline. 51 radial pores, most anterior. Radial pores 

are long, straight, simple. Well-developed selvage. Small, 

elongate ocular sinus. 

Hingement in right valve consists of bifid anterior 

tooth; large ovoid socket with heavy ventral rim; smooth 

median groove; and large, multilobate posterior tooth. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 27 

0.6 0.35,---------------------, 

~ 0.55 

UJ 

1--

UJ -

~ 

::::::i 

_.J 

~ 0.5 

~ 

I--

I 

S2 

UJ 

I 0.45 

0.4 0.8 

• 

•• • • 

• • •• 

• • • 

• 

• • • 

0.9 1.1 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 27. Plot of length versus height for Laperousecythere 

yahtsensis n. gen. n. sp. 

Central muscle scars in subcentral depression or muscle 

tubercle. Adductor muscle scars form inclined row, occurring on steep posterior side of depression. Dorsal scar boomerang-shaped; dorsomedian scar split into posterior ovoid 

scar and anterior elongate scar; ventromedian scar split into 

posterior narrow elongate scar and anterior shorter, elongate 

scar; ventral scar very elongate, sinuous. Three small, subovoid frontal scars located along steep anterior side of muscle 

node. Few, large dorsal muscle scars. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 20 specimens (fig. 27). 

Comparisons.-Laperousecythere yahtsensis n. sp. differs from Patagonacythere dubia (Brady, 1868) (Quaternary, North Atlantic) by its elongate, quadrate valve outline; 

pronounced dimorphism; fine reticulation ridges; wide anterior rim; lack of vestibular space; numerous radial pores; and 

hinge with smooth median element and strong ventral rim 

below anterior element. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 28, 32, 

35, 39, 52A, 144U. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene, Holocene(?): Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands. 

Material.-37 adult valves, 25 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408357, female 

left valve (pl. 11, fig. 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

144U, length 0.93 mm, height 0.53 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408358, male left valve (pl. 11, fig. 

5), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.98 mm, 

height 0.50 mm. USNM 408359, female left valve (pl. 10, 

fig. 13), cruiseEGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.98 mm, 

height 0.58 mm. USNM 408360, female right valve (pl. 10, 

fig. 14), cruiseEGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.98 mm, 

height 0.55 mm. USNM 408361, female right valve (pl. 10, 

figs. 15, 17, 18), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 28, length 

0.98 mm, height 0.54 mm. USNM 408362, female left valve 

CJ) 

a: 

UJ 

IUJ 

~ 

::::::i 

_.J 

~ 0.3 • • • • • ~ 

I--

I • • 

S2 

UJ • • I 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 28. Plot of length versus height for Elofsonia susitnensis 

Forester and Brouwers, 1985. 

(pl. 10, fig. 16; pl. 12, fig. 1), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

28, length 0.98 mm, height 0.58 mm. USNM 408363, male 

right valve (pl. 12, figs. 2, 4), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

52A, length 0.90 mm, height 0.43 mm. USNM 408364, male 

left valve (pl. 12, fig. 3), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.95 mm, height 0.43 mm. USNM 408365, female 

right valve (pl. 12, figs. 5, 6, 9), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 35, length 0.95 mm, height 0.48 mm. USNM 408366, 

male left valve (pl. 12, fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 

52A, length 1.00 mm, height 0.48 mm. USNM 408367, male 

right valve (pl. 12, fig. 8), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 35, 

length 0.96 mm, height 0.50 mm. USNM 408368, male right 

valve (pl. 12, fig. 10), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, 

length 0.95 mm, height 0.48 mm. 

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925 

Genus EWFSONIA Wagner, 1957 

Type species.-Loxoconcha baltica Hirschmann, 1909 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

EWFSONIA SUSITNENSIS FORESTER AND 

BROUWERS, 1985 

Plate 12, figures 11, 12; text-figure 28 

Elofsonia susitnensis Forester and Brouwers, 1985, p. 

353-357, figs. 3.1-3.8, 7.3-7 .4. 

Elofsonia sp. A Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, p. 

9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by reversed hingement relative to type species; simple-type normal pores; weakly 

developed, nonpapillate marginal reticulation; smooth 

median valve area; arched dorsum; prominent, squared cardinal angles; and continuous, arcuate vestibule. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 12 specimens (fig. 28). 
28 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Upper Pleistocene through Holocene: 

Gulf of Alaska, Prince William Sound, Norton Sound, Alaskan North Slope. Inner-middle sublittoral. 

Material: 26 adult valves, 3 juvenile valves. 

Illustrated specimens.-USNM 408369, left valve (pl. 

12, fig. 11), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 27, length 0.53 mm, 

height 0.29 mm. USNM 408370, right valve (pl. 12, fig. 12), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 144U, length 0.55 mm, height 

0.28mm. 

Genus WXOCONCHA Sars, 1866 

Type species.-Cythere rhomboidea Fischer, 1855 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

WXOCONCHA WCIENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 13, figures 1, 2; plate 14, figures 4, 5; text-figure 29 

Loxoconcha sp. F Brouwers, 1981, p. 11; Brouwers, 1982a, 

p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Lucia Glacier, an eastern arm of 

Malaspina Glacier. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by small size; rounded, 

subtriangular lateral outline; and retention of penultimate 

molt. 

Description.-Adult valves short, subtriangular in lateral outline. Dorsal margin straight, inclined obliquely 

toward posterior; anterior margin evenly curved, smoothly 

rounded; ventral margin broadly concave, inclined sharply 

toward posterior; posterior margin truncated, with maximum 

width dorsal of midline. Posterior end narrow, convergent. 

Obtuse, rounded anterodorsal comer; sharp, slightly obtuse 

posterodorsal cardinal angle. Greatest length dorsal of midline; greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with reticulation and ridges. 

Reticulation network consists of broad ridges with small 

ovoid pits or solums. Anterior and posterior margins with 

several rows of thin, parallel, concentric marginal ridges. 

Posterior with smooth marginal flange. Adult valves retain 

penultimate molt stage as part of valve surface. 26-27 normal pores evenly distributed over surface, occurring on reticulation ridges. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide 

throughout. Inner lamella widest at anterior; inner margin 

parallels valve outline. Very strong selvage. 6-10 radial 

pore canals, most anterior. Radial pores are moderate in 

length, straight, simple. 

Hingement in right valve consists of anterior tripartite 

element-small quadrate socket, large knoblike tooth, and 

small quadrate socket; weakly crenulate median groove; and 

curved, dumbbell-shaped posterior tooth. 

Four adductor muscle scars form slightly inclined row. 

Dorsal scar is ellipsoidal; dorsomedian scar is subquadrate; 

ventromedian scar is small, ovoid; ventral scar is subcircular. 

0.4 

-

-

CJ) • • 

• • a: 

L.U - r • • • L.U 

::::i 

~ 0.3 - .. • • _J - • • ~ • ~ -

~ - I 

~ L.U 

I 0.2 

0. 14+----.----.-----r------r-~r---.----.,------j 

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 29. Plot of length versus height for Loxoconcha luciensis 

n. sp. 

Frontal muscle scar is broad, inflated, U-shaped. Two adjacent subovoid-elongate mandibular scars. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on four 

specimens (fig. 29). 

Remarks.-This taxon is not similar to any described 

species from the North Pacific and is unusual in retaining the 

penultimate molt. L. luciensis is a rare element in the Gulf of 

Alaska; I believe that its occurrence is fossil. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 86, 

221. Cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195. Assemblages II, V. 

Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene, Holocene(?): eastern Gulf 

of Alaska. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408379, left 

valve (pl. 13, fig. 1), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 

0.38 mm, height 0.20 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408380, right valve (pl. 13, fig. 2), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.35 mm, height 

0.23 mm. USNM 408381, left valve (pl. 14, fig. 4), cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 86, length 0.40 mm, height 0.25 mm. 

USNM 408382, right valve (pl. 14, fig. 5), locality 

EGAL-75-KC, sample 86, length 0.38 mm, height 0.28 mm. 

WXOCONCHA SP. G 

Plate 13, figure 7 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by rhomboid lateral outline; continuously curved, convex dorsum; anterior margin 

with maximum width ventral of midline; pronounced concavity; small, blunt caudal process located dorsal of midline; 

smoothly rounded lateral outline; smooth valve surface; 

deep, arcuate anterior vestibule; and shallow, continuous, 

crescentic posterior and posteroventral vestibule. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 29 

Occurrence .-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 12B. 

Table 2. 

Distribution.-Holocene(?): eastern Gulf of Alaska. 

Material.-I adult valve. 

Illustrated specimen.-VSNM 408397, female left 

valve (pl. 13, fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 12B, 

length 0.55 mm, height 0.38 mm. 

Genus SAGMATOCY"'HERE Athersuch, 1976 

Type species.-Loxoconcha napoliana Purl, 1963 

(Type by subsequent designation.) 

SAGMATOCY"'HERE GOMBOS! N. SP. 

Plate 11, figures 7, 8; plate 12, figures 13-18; plate 14, figures 1, 2; text 

figure 30 

Loxoconcha sp. E Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, 

p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Andrew Gombos, Exxon Production Research, Houston, a specialist in marine diatoms. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate to subrectangular lateral outline; straight dorsum; pronounced dimorphism; reticulation large scale in males, fine scale in 

females; concentric anterior reticulation; overhanging ventral ridge with posteroventral tubercle; anterior and posterior 

smooth, flat marginal flange; small eye spot; coincident 

inner margin and line of concrescence. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate to subrectangular in lateral outline. Dorsal margin straight; anterior margin smoothly curved; ventral margin broadly curved, with 

shallow vestibule; posterior margin truncated; well-developed, obtuse posterodorsal and anterodorsal cardinal angles. 

Pronounced dimorphism: males considerably longer than 

females. Greatest length through midline; greatest height 

through anterior hinge element. 

Surface covered with reticulation of various sizes. 

Males with large reticulation, forming large ovoid to polygonal solums. Females with fine-scale reticulation, forming 

pattern with small ovoid solums. Reticulation pattern concentric along anterior margin and irregular elsewhere. Low 

ventral ridge overhangs venter, ending posteroventrally as 

large tubercle. Anterior and posterior margins have moderate, smooth, flattened flange. Central muscle-scar field 

reflected externally in shape and arrangement of larger 

median pits. Small, smooth, ellipsoidal eye spot. 47-49 

sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over surface, 

occurring on ridges. Recessed sieve plate and subcentral 

setal opening. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide 

throughout; inner margin parallels valve outline. Inner 

lamella widest at anterior. Weakly developed selvage. 9-13 

radial pores, most anterior; radial pores are straight, simple. 

0.4 

(/) 

a:: 

L.LJ 

1-

L.LJ 

::2: 0.3 

:::::i 

...J 

~ • ~ 

~--- • :::r: 

t9 • 

jjj 

:::r: 0.2 • 

0. 1 4 +---.-----r--.-----.---.r--.---.----j 

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 30. Plot of length versus height for Sagmatocythere 

gombosi n. sp. 

Hinge in left valve consists of tripartite anterior complex of rounded tooth, ovoid socket with thickened dorsal 

rim, and small ovoid tooth; smooth median bar; and tripartite 

posterior complex of small socket, rounded knoblike tooth, 

and small socket. 

Four adductor muscle scars form vertical row. Dorsal 

scar is semicircular; dorsomedian scar is elongate, quadrate; 

the ventromedian scar is elongate, subquadrate; ventral scar 

is semicircular. U-shaped frontal scar. Pronounced ovoid 

fulcral point adjacent to median scars. Dorsal muscle scars 

are small, irregular in shape, few in number. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 14 

specimens (fig. 30). 

Comparisons.-Sagmatocythere gombosi n. sp. differs 

from Loxoconcha subkotoraforma Ishizaki, 1966 (Pliocene 

through lower Pleistocene, central Japan) by its straight to 

slightly concave dorsum; coarse reticulum; large posteroventral tubercle; anterior and posterior marginal flanges; 

strong, overhanging ventral ridge. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, samples 32, 34, 

46, 52A, 144U, 159, 181. BFM-78-1. Assemblage V. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene, Holocene(?): Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet, Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands. 

Material.-28 adult valves, II juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408371, female 

left valve (pl. 11, fig. 7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 32, 

length 0.53 mm, height 0.33 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408372, male left valve (pl. 11, fig. 

8), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 32, length 0.60 mm, height 

0.33 mm. USNM 408373, female left valve (pl. 12, fig. 13), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 34, length 0.49 mm, height 

0.28 mm. USNM 408374, female right valve (pl. 12, fig. 14), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 32, length 0.50 mm, height 
30 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUA TERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

0.33 mm. USNM 408375, female left valve (pl. I2, fig. I5), 

cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.48 mm, height 

0.3I mm. USNM 408376, male left valve (pl. I2, figs. I6, 

I7), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 34, length 0.59 mm, 

height 0.3I mm. USNM 408377, male right valve (pl. I2, 

fig. I8), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 32, length 0.63 mm, 

height 0.3I mm. USNM 408378, female left valve (pl. I4, 

figs. I, 2), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 52A, length 0.50 

mm, height 0.35 mm. 

Genus PALMOCONCHA Swain and Gilby, 1974 

Type species.-Palmoconcha laevimarginata Swain 

and Gilby, I974 (Type by original designation.) 

PALMOCONCHA RUSSELLENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 13, figures 3, 4; plate 14, figures 3, 6-12; text-figures 31,32 

Loxoconcha sp. A Brouwers, I98I, p. IO; Brouwers, I982a, 

p. I2; Brouwers, I982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Etymology.-After Russell Fiord, the eastern arm of 

Yakutat Bay. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subovoid to subquadrate lateral outline; straight dorsum; shallow concavity; 

pronounced dimorphism; pitted ornament arranged concentrically; series of low, parallel marginal ridges; anterior and posterior margins with smooth, flattened flange; 

small eye spot. 

Description.-Adult valves subovoid to subquadrate in 

lateral view. Dorsal margin straight; anterior margin broadly 

rounded, with greatest extent ventral of midline; obtuse 

anterodorsal cardinal angle; ventral margin arched, with 

broad, shallow concavity; posterior margin broadly curved; 

obtuse posterodorsal cardinal angle. Pronounced dimorphism: males considerably longer, slightly lower than 

females, with stronger cardinal angles; females with arched 

dorsal margin. Greatest length through midline; greatest 

height through median hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with ovoid pitting of various 

sizes, arranged concentric and parallel to valve outline. 

Series of low marginal ridges separate rows of pits along 

anterior, ventral, and posterior margins. Pits are large at middle of valve, becoming smaller marginally. Anterior and 

posterior margins have large, smooth, flattened flange. Central muscle-scar field reflected externally in shape and 

arrangement of larger median pits. Small, smooth, elongate 

eye spot. Convex ventral ridge overhangs concavity. 5~ 1 

sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over valve, 

occurring between pits and on marginal ridges. Recessed 

sieve plate and marginal setal opening. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide at venter. Shallow, arcuate anterior and posterior vestibules. Inner 

lamella widest at anterior; inner margin parallels valve outline. Well-developed selvage. Small ovoid ocular socket. 

0.4 

• • (f) 

a: ..... •• LlJ • I- •• •• LlJ 

~ 0.3 .... 

::J 

- • • .. • ::::! 

~ • ~ 

r: 

I 

(!J 

Ui 

I 0.2 

0. 14 +------.---.-----,----...,.--.----~-~-~ 

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 31. Plot of length versus height for Palmoconcha russellensis n. sp. 

I5-18 radial pores, I false radial pore; pores are straight, 

short, simple. 

Hinge in left valve consists of anterior quadrate socket 

and large rounded tooth; finely crenulate median groove; and 

tripartite posterior tooth-socket-tooth complex. Posterior 

complex consists of central rounded socket with dorsal rim 

and adjacent rounded tooth on each side; dorsal rim is continuous with teeth, forming dumbbell shape. 

Four adductor muscle scars form arcuate row. Dorsal 

scar is ovoid; dorsomedian scar is subquadrate, with inflated 

posterior; ventromedian scar is narrow, elongate, with 

enlarged posterior; ventral scar is semicircular. Frontal scar 

is rounded, ovoid shape. Pronounced fulcral point with deep 

impression, rimmed anterodorsally by thickened shell 

material. Dorsal muscle scars are small, irregular in shape, 

few in number. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 36 specimens (fig. 31). 

Comparisons.-Palmoconcha russellensis n. sp. differs from Loxoconcha japonica Ishizaki, I97I (Holocene, 

northeast Honshu) by its quadrate shape; convex venter; 

anterior and posterior marginal flanges; well-defined 

anterodorsal cardinal angle; and lack of sharp caudal process. P. russellensis differs from L. uranouchiensis Ishizaki, 1968 (Quaternary, central Japan) by its straight 

dorsum; anterior and posterior marginal flanges; ovoid 

fossae; and hinge with large anterior tooth and elongate 

dumbbell-shaped posterior tooth. P. russellensis differs 

from L. helenae Crouch, 1949 (Quaternary, central-northem California) by its narrow anterior and posterior marginal flanges; pointed posterior end; overhanging ventral 

ridge; and rounded, ovoid lateral outline. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages I*, II*, III*, IV*. Table 2. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 31 

300 -.-------------------~ 

280 

260 (/) 

~ 240 ....J 

;;: 220 

~ 200 

ffi 180 Ill 

~ 160 

z 140 z 

;:;; 120 

u 

z 100 

;:3 

z 80 

~ 60 <( 

40 

20 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 32. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Palmoconcha russellensis n. sp. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene through Holocene: Gulf of 

Alaska, Cook Inlet and Kodiak Shelf, Pribilof Islands. Sublittoral, upper bathyal (fig. 32). 

Material.-1,150 adult valves, 1421 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408383, female 

left valve (pl. 13, fig. 3), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, 

length 0.53 mm, height 0.33 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408384, male left valve (pl. 13, fig. 

4), cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.60 mm, height 

0.30 mm. USNM 408385, female left valve (pl. 14, fig. 3), 

cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.53 mm, height 

0.35 mm. USNM 408386, female right valve (pl. 14, fig. 6), 

cruise DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.50 mm, height 

0.33 mm. USNM 408387, male left valve (pl. 14, figs. 7, 9), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 63, length 0.60 mm, height 0.28 

mm. USNM 408388, male right valve (pl. 14, fig. 8), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.63 mm, height 0.33 mm. 

USNM 408389, female right valve (pl. 14, fig. 10), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.48 mm, height 0.33 mm. 

USNM 408390, male left valve (pl. 14, figs. 11, 12), cruise 

DC2-80--EG, sample 195, length 0.63 mm, height 0.29 mm. 

PALMOCONCHA KRAUSE! N. SP. 

Plate 13, figures 5, 6; plate 14, figures 13-15; plate 15, figures 1-3, 6; textfigure 33 

Loxoconcha sp. D Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, 

p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Loxoconcha sp. A Valentine, 1976, p. 23, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5. 

Etymology.-After Professor Mary Kraus, University 

of Colorado, Boulder, who specializes in clastic sedimentology. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by subquadrate to subrectangular lateral outline; straight dorsum, converging at poste0.4 .---------------------, 

(/) 

0::: 

UJ 

1- • UJ 

2: 0.3 

:::::i ... •• 

:::::! 

2: 

-• ~ • ~----

I • 

S2 

UJ 

I 0.2 

-

0.14 

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 33. Plot of length versus height for Palmoconcha 

krausei n. sp. 

rior; broad, pronounced concavity; truncated posterior; 

pronounced dimorphism; males with fine-scale reticulate 

ornament; flat ridges; anterior and posterior margins with 

narrow, smooth flange; ovoid eye spot; shallow, arcuate 

anterior vestibule. 

Description.-Adult valves subquadrate to subrectangular in lateral view. Dorsal margin straight, converging at 

posterior; anterior margin smoothly curved; ventral margin 

sinuous, with broad, pronounced concavity; posterior margin truncated; subdued, obtuse anterodorsal and posterodorsal cardinal angles. Pronounced dimorphism: males 

considerably longer, lower than females, with less extended 

posteroventral margin. Greatest length through midline; 

greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with reticulation pattern forming 

large ovoid to elongate ellipsoidal solums. Valves are 

laterally flattened with no pronounced ridges. Females with 

large-sca1e reticulation; males with finer reticulation pattern. 

Anterior and posterior margins have narrow, smooth, flattened flange. Central muscle-scar field reflected externally 

in shape and arrangement of large median pits. Large, 

smooth, ovoid eye spot. 50-57 normal pores evenly distributed over surface, on reticulation ridges. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide at posterior and venter; sha1low, arcuate anterior vestibule. Inner 

lamella widest at anterior. Moderately developed selvage. 

Seven to twelve radial pore canals, most anterior. Radial 

pores are short, straight, simple. 

Hinge in left valve consists of anterior tripartite complex, with anterior bifid tooth, large, subquadrate median 

socket, and small ovoid posterior tooth; finely crenulate 

median bar; and posterior tripartite complex with anterior triangular socket, cylindrica1 median tooth, and large, ovoid, 
32 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

posterior socket. Both anterior and posterior hinge elements 

open to valve interior at venter; anterior socket has thickened 

dorsal rim. 

Four adductor muscle scars form vertical row. Dorsal 

scar is elongate, subquadrate; dorsomedian scar is elongate, 

I-shaped; ventromedian scar is elongate with inflated posterior; and ventral scar is semicircular. Fulcral point is deep, 

large, with prominent, thickened anterodorsal rim. Two 

adjacent subovoid mandibular scars located ventral of central scar field. Numerous, large, elongate dorsal scars 

between central scar field and hinge. 

Measurements.--Length-height plot based on 19 specimens (fig. 33). 

Comparisons.-Palmoconcha krausei n. sp. differs 

from Loxoconcha helenae Crouch, 1949 (Quaternary, 

central-northern California) by its narrow width; squared 

outline; narrow anterior and posterior marginal rims; 

inclined, convergent dorsum; pronounced dimorphism; low 

reticulation; and pronounced concavity. P. krausei differs 

from L. uranouchiensis Ishizaki, 1968 (Quaternary, central 

Japan) by its squared lateral outline; straight, inclined dorsum; anterior and posterior marginal flanges; rounded fossae; few radial pores; wide vestibule; strong anterior hinge 

tooth; and lack of terminal crenulae on the median hinge element. 

Occurrence.-Cruise EGAL-75-KC, localities 11, 

109, 115, 122A, 128, 134, 157, 159, 181, 422. Cruise 

DC1-79-EG, localities 45, 47. Cruise DC2-80-EG, localities 186, 195. Assemblage V. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Middle Pliocene through Holocene: 

central and northern California, Washington, Oregon, Gulf 

of Alaska; warm- to cold-temperate marine climates. 

Material.-12 adult valves, 33 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408391, female 

left valve (pl. 13, fig. 5), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, 

length 0.45 mm, height 0.28 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408392, male left valve (pl. 13, fig. 

6), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.45 mm, height 

0.24 mm. USNM 408393, female left valve (pl. 14, fig. 13), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.48 mm, height 

0.28 mm. USNM 408394, female right valve (pl. 14, fig. 14), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.46 mm, height 

0.29 mm. USNM 408395, male left valve (pl. 14, fig. 15; pl. 

15, fig. 1), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.45 mm, 

height 0.26 mm. USNM 408396, female left valve (pl. 15, 

figs. 2, 3, 6), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.45 

mm, height 0.24 mm. 

Genus WXOCONCHIDEA Bonaduce. 

Ciampo. and Masoli. 1976 

Type species.-Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, 

Ciampo, and Masoli, 1976 (Type by original designation.) 

WXOCONCHIDEA DOWOIENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 11, figure 6; plate 15, figures 4, 5, 7-16; text-figures 34, 35 

Loxoconcha sp. B Brouwers, 1981, p. 10; Brouwers, 1982a, 

p. 12; Brouwers, 1982b, p. 9; Brouwers, 1983. 

Basslerites? sp. Ishizaki and Matoba, 1985, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 

3,4. 

Etymology.-After Dolgoi Island northeast of Yakutat, 

southeast Alaska. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, ellipsoidal lateral outline; moderate dimorphism; smooth valve surface; 

anterior, posterior and ventral margins with flat flange or 

rim; two types of sieve-type normal pores: one without discrete sieve plate and one with recessed sieve plate rimmed by 

conulae; continuous vestibular space along anterior, venter, 

and posterior; split frontal scar. 

Description.-Valves elongate, ellipsoidal in lateral 

view. Dorsal margin broadly arched; anterior margin evenly 

rounded, smoothly curved; ventral margin sinuous with 

broad, shallow concavity; posterior margin smoothly 

curved, with greatest width dorsal of midline. Dorsal and 

ventral margins converge posteriorly. No cardinal angles; 

valve outline smoothly curved. Left valve with pronounced 

posterodorsal comer; less convergent posterior; and high 

anterior. Moderate dimorphism: males have shorter, lower 

valve outline; more convergent posterior; low anterior; and 

shallow concavity. Greatest length through midline of valve; 

greatest height through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface completely smooth. Anterior, posterior, 

and ventral margins with narrow, flat flange or rim. 46-55 

sieve-type normal pores evenly distributed over surface. 

Two different normal pores: one lacks a discrete sieve plate, 

with the sieve continuous with valve surface. This pore type 

is circular to elongate-ovoid, with setal opening at edge of 

sieve. The second normal pore type consists of smaller, 

discrete sieve plate, recessed into pore; pore is rimmed by 

thickened conulae. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence do not coincide; 

continuous vestibular space occupies anterior, ventral, and 

posterior margins. Deep, crescentic anterior vestibule, thins 

along venter, and is thinnest above concavity. Deep, arcuate 

posterior vestibule. Inner margin parallels valve outline; 

inner lamella very wide at anterior, shallower along venter 

and posterior. Moderately developed selvage. 18-27 radial 

pore canals, four false radial pore canals; radial pores long, 

straight, simple. 

Hingement in right valve consists of anterior tripartite 

complex consisting of socket-tooth-socket; smooth median 

groove; and posterior tripartite complex consisting of narrow 

elongate tooth, ellipsoidal high tooth, and low subquadrate 

tooth. Dorsal edge of right valve enfolded to receive left 

valve as accomodation groove. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOOY 33 

0.25 

• •• •• en 

0:: 

w 

Iw 

~ 

::J •• • 

:::::! 

~ 0.2 •• • ~ 

I 

I-' • 

S2 

w 

I 

0. 1 5 +-.-..-.-.---.--r-.--.-,r--~,---.---.--r-.--.--r--~--r---.--i 

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

Figure 34. Plot of length versus height for Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis n. sp. 

Four adductor muscle scars form inclined row. Dorsal 

scar is semicircular; dorsomedian scar is elongate, subrectangular; ventromedian scar is elongate, with inflated posterior; ventral scar is subcylindrical. Frontal scar split into 

large, inflated, kidney-shaped posterior scar and smaller, circular, anterior scar. Two small, subovoid mandibular scars. 

Many dorsal muscle scars, most very large, prominent. 

Measurements.-Length-height plot based on 35 specimens (fig. 34). 

Comparisons.-Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis n. sp. is 

similar to Palmoconcha laevata (Norman, 1865) (Quaternary, North Atlantic) in valve shape and outline, smooth 

valve surface, prominent anterior marginal rim, and subtle 

dimorphic differences. L. dolgoiensis differs by its less 

extended marginal rim, particularly along posterior; split 

rather than Y -shaped frontal scar; details of anterior and 

posterior hinge elements; and lack of prominent caudal process. L. dolgoiensis differs from L. minima Bonaduce, 

Ciampo, and Masoli, 1976 (Holocene, Bay of Naples) by its 

rounded outline; weak concavity; strong selvage; deep anterior vestibule; two types of sieve-type normal pores; split 

frontal, unsplit adductors; moderate dimorphism. 

Remarks.-Loxoconchidea was described by 

Bonaduce, Ciampo, and Masoli (1976) from Holocene sediments of the Bay of Naples, where it forms a rare element of 

the middle and outer sublittoral depth zones. A.R. Lord (University College, London, written commun., 1986) has found 

specimens of Loxoconchidea in subsurface sediments of the 

North Sea, near the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. The 

form identified as Basslerites? sp. by Ishizaki and Matoba 

(1985) is morphologically identical to L. dolgoiensis, and I 

have synonymized the taxa. The internal features of Basslerites? sp. were not illustrated by Ishizaki and Matoba (1985). 

The elongate quadrate shape and marginal rim of Loxoconchidea are features shared by some species of Palmocon100 

90 

(J) 

w 80 > _J 

<( 

> 70 L.L. 

0 

a: 

w 60 Cil 

2: 

::J 50 z 

~ 

w' 40 

u 

z 

<( 30 Cl 

z 

::J 

Cil 20 <( 

10 

0 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 

WATER DEPTH, IN METERS 

Figure 35. Plot of abundance versus water depth for Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis n. sp. 

cha and Hirschmannia. Palmoconcha was described by 

Swain and Gilby (1974) for a Holocene Pacific subtropical 

loxoconchid with flattened, flangelike margins and coarsely 

pitted or reticulate ornament. Home and Kilenyi (1981) 

described a loxoconchid genus from the North Atlantic, 

Lindisfarnia, which was subsequently synonymized with 

Palmoconcha (Horne and Whatley, 1985). Hirschmannia 

was described by Elofson (1941) for a Holocene loxoconchid with a compressed kidney shape, no caudal process, 

strong concavity, small marginal rim, and wide inner margin. Loxoconchidea is similar in having truncated anterior 

and posterior ends, narrow marginal rims, wide inner margin, and no caudal process; it differs in a large anterior vestibular space, marked dimorphism, elongate quadrate shape, 

two types of normal pores, and split frontal scar. 

Occurrence.-Assemblages II*, III*, IV*. Table 2. 

Distribution.-Lower Pleistocene: central Japan. 

Pleistocene through Holocene: northeast Gulf of Alaska, 

Cook Inlet, Kodiak Shelf, North Sea. Middle-outer sublittoral, upper bathyal (fig. 35). 

Material.-214 adult valves, 34 juvenile valves. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408398, left 

valve (pl. 11, fig. 6), cruise EGAL-75-KC, sample 105, 

length 0.39 mm, height 0.23 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408399, female left valve (pl. 15, fig. 

4), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.35 mm, height 

0.20 mm. USNM 408400, female right valve (pl. 15, figs. 5, 

11), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.38 mm, 

height 0.23 mm. USNM 408401, male left valve (pl. 15, fig. 

7), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.35 mm, height 

0.19 mm. USNM 408402, right valve (pl. 15, fig. 8), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.35 mm, height 0.23 mm. 

USNM 408403, left valve (pl. 15, fig. 9), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.33 mm, height 0.23 mm. 

USNM 408404, female left valve (pl. 15, fig. 10), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.34 mm, height 0.20 mm. 
34 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

USNM 408405, right valve (pl. 15, figs. 12, 15), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.38 mm, height 0.20 mm. 

USNM 408406, male right valve (pl. 15, fig. 13), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.35 mm, height 0.20 mm. 

USNM 408407, left valve (pl. 15, figs. 14, 16), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 186, length 0.35 mm, height 0.19 mm. 

Family PARACITHERIDEIDAE Purt, 1957 

Genus PARACYI'HERIDEA G.W. Mueller, 1894 

Type species.-Paracytheridea depressa G.W. Mueller, 1894 (Type by original designation.) 

PARACYI'HERIDEA KHANTAAKENSIS N. SP. 

Plate 13, figure 8; plate 16, figures 2-5 

Paracytheridea sp. A Brouwers, 1982a, p. 12; Brouwers, 

1983. 

Etymology.-After Khantaak Island, which separates 

Y ak.utat from Y ak.utat Bay. 

Diagnosis.-Characterized by elongate, subtrapezoid 

lateral outline; pronounced caudal process near dorsum; five 

strong anterior marginal denticles; high, pronounced ala 

overhanging venter and terminating at posteroventer as 

tubercle; posterior wishbone-shaped ridge; and wide anterior 

and posterior inner lamella. 

Description.-Valves elongate, trapezoidal in lateral 

view. Dorsal margin straight; anterior margin evenly 

curved, smoothly rounded; ventral margin subparallel to 

dorsal margin; posterior margin with pronounced caudal 

process near dorsal margin; ventral half of posterior margin 

curves sharply to caudal process. Five strong, pointed anterior marginal denticles. Greatest length through caudal process; greatest width through anterior hinge element. 

Valve surface covered with ridges; remainder of surface smooth. Ventral margin with high, pronounced ala. Alar 

ridge originates at anterior, curves down to form narrow, 

vertical ala which overhangs venter, and terminates at 

posteroventral tubercle. Tubercle connects to one end of 

wishbone-shaped ridge, open toward venter. Posteroventral 

end of wishbone forms large, thick, heavy denticle that 

projects obliquely away from valve. 12 simple-type normal 

pores distributed over valve, most anterior. Normal pores 

with marginal rim. 

Inner margin and line of concrescence coincide 

throughout. Anterior and posterior inner lamella very wide, 

parallel to outline. Moderately developed selvage. 14 radial 

pore canals, most anterior. Radial pore canals along anterior 

very long, sinuous; anteroventral radial pore canals moderate in length, slightly curved, simple. Posterior margin with 

long, bifurcating radial pore canals and long, straight, simple 

radial pore canals. 

Hingement in left valve consists of elongate, narrow 

anterior socket; small, knoblike anteromedian tooth; weakly 

crenulate median bar; posteromedian subquadrate tooth; and 

elongate, narrow posterior socket. Median element with 

larger crenulations at terminal ends. 

Remarks.-P. khantaakensis n. sp. is a rare but distinctive taxon in the Gulf of Alaska assemblage. No described 

forms of Paracytheridea are similar. 

Occurrence.-Cruise DC2-80-EG, locality 195. 

Table 2. 

Distribution.-Pleistocene(?), Holocene: eastern Gulf 

of Alaska. Middle sublittoral. 

Type specimens.-Holotype: USNM 408408, left 

valve (p. 13, fig. 8), cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 

0.50 mm, height0.23 mm. 

Paratypes: USNM 408409, left valve (pl. 16, figs. 2, 5), 

cruise DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.45 mm, height 

0.20 mm. USNM 408410, left valve (pl. 16, fig. 4), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.45 mm, height 0.18 mm. 

USNM 408411, left valve (pl. 16, fig. 3), cruise 

DC2-80-EG, sample 195, length 0.46 mm, height 0.25 mm. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Ak:atova, N.A., 1946, K faune Ostracoda Novosibirskogo melkovod'ya, in Dreifuyushchei ekspeditsii glavsevmorputi na 

ledokol'nom parakode "G. Sedov", 1937-1940, Trudy: Vsesoyusnyy Arkticheskiy Nauchno-lssledovatel'skiy Institut 

(Leningrad), v. 3, p. 224-230. 

Anderson, F.W., 1948, The fauna of the "100 Feet Beach" Clays: 

Edinburgh Geological Society Transactions, v. 14, no. 2, 

p. 220--229. 

Athersuch, John, 1976, On Sagmatocythere napoliana (Purl): Stereo-Atlas of Ostracod Shells, v. 3, p. 117-124. 

Athersuch, J., Home, D.J., and Whittaker, J.E., 1989, Marine and 

brackish water Ostracods (Superfamilies Cypridacea), in Kermack, D.M., and Barnes, R.S.K., eds., Synopses of the British 

Fauna (New Series), no. 43: E.J. Brill, 343 p. 

Baird, William, 1850, The natural history of the British Entomostraca: London, Ray Society, p. 1-364. 

Bassiouni, M.A.A., 1965, Uber einige Ostracoden aus dem Interglazial von Esbjerg: Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening,v. 15,no.4,p.507-520. 

Benson, R.H., 1959, Ecology of Recent Ostracodes of the Todos 

Santos Bay region, Baja California, Mexico: Kansas University Paleontological Contributions 23 (Arthropoda, Article 1), 

p. 1-80. 

--1964, Recent Cytheracean ostracodes from McMurdo 

Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, Arthropoda, Article 6, p. 1-36. 

Bidet, J.-C., and Peypouquet, J.-P., 1976a, Evolution des microfaunes d' Ostracodes de 1' etage epibathyal du canyon du Cap 

Ferret au Quaternaire terminal-Interet paleohydrologique: 

Institut Geologie Bassin Aquitaine Bulletin, v. 19, p. 209-214. 

--1976b, Evolution et interet des microfaunes d'Ostracodes 

deplaces dans une carotte du domaine epibathyal du canyon du 

Cap-Ferret pendant la fin du Quaternaire: Institut Geologie 

Bassin Aquitaine Bulletin, v. 19, p. 215-224. 
REFERENCES CITED 35 

Blake, C.H., 1933, Order Ostracoda, in Proctor, William, ed., Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, Part 5, Marine fauna: Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 

p. 229-241. 

Bonaduce, G., Ciampo, G., and Masoli, M., 1976, Distribution of 

Ostracoda in the Adriatic Sea: Pubblicazioni della Stazione 

Zoologica di Napoli, v. 40, sup. 1, p. 1-154. 

Boyd, P.D.A., 1981. The micropaleontology and paleoecology of 

medieval estuarine sediments from the Fleet and Thames in 

London, in Neale, J.W., and Brasier, M.D., eds., Mirofossils 

from recent and fossil shelf seas: Chichester, Ellis Horwood 

Ltd., p. 274-292. 

Brady, G.S., 1865, Deep-sea dredging on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham in 1864: British Association for the 

Advancement of Science, 34th Meeting, Report, p. 189-193. 

---1866, On new or imperfectly known species of marine 

Ostracoda: Zoological Society of London Transactions, v. 5, 

no. 5, p. 359-393, pis. 57-62. 

---1867, Report on the Ostracoda dredged amongst the 

Hebrides: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 

36th Meeting. Reports, p. 208-211. 

---1868a, A monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda: Linnean Society of London Transactions, v. 26, no. 2, p. 353-495. 

---1868b, Contributions to the study of the Entomostraca-1: 

Ostracoda from the Arctic and Scandinavian Seas: Annals and 

Magazine of Natural History, 4th series, v. 2, p. 30-35. 

---1868c, Descriptions of Ostracoda, in Polin, (Alexandre 

Guillaume) Leopold De, and Perier, L., Les Fonds de Ia Mer: 

Paris, Etude Internationale sur les Particularites Nouvelles des 

Regions Sous-Marines, v. 1, no. 1 (Livraison 4-7) (Chapters 

13-23), p. 49-112. 

---1870, Contributions to the study of the Entomostraca-5-Recent Ostracoda from the Gulf of St. Lawrence: 

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th ser., v. 6, 

p. 450-454. 

--1878, Notes on the Ostracoda-Narrative of a voyage to the 

Polar Sea during 1875-1876 in H.M.S. Alert and Discovery by 

G.S. Nares: London, Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. Publishers, p. 253-255. 

---1902, On Copepoda and other Crustacea taken in Ireland 

and on the northeast coast of England: Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, v. 14, p. 54-68. 

Brady, G.S., and Crosskey, H.S., 1871, Notes on fossil Ostracoda 

from the post-Tertiary deposits of Canada and New England: 

Geological Magazine, v. 8, p. 60-65. 

Brady, G.S., Crosskey, H.S., and Robertson, D., 1874, A monograph of the post-Tertiary Entomostraca of Scotland (induding 

species from England and Ireland): Palaeontographical Society 

annual volumes (monographs), v. 28, nos. 1-4, p. 1-232. 

Brady, G.S., and Norman, A.M., 1889, A monograph of the marine 

and freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of Northwestern Europe, Section I-Podocopa: Royal Dublin Society 

Scientific Transactions, ser. 2, v. 4, no. 2, p. 63-270. 

---1896, A monograph of the marine and freshwater Ostracoda 

of the North Atlantic and of Northwestern Europe, Sections UN, Myodocopa, Cladocopa. Platycopa: Royal Dublin Society 

Scientific Transactions, ser. 2, v. 5, p. 621-784. 

Brady, G.S., and Robertson, D .• 1869, Notes of a week's dredging 

in the west of Ireland: Annals and Magazine of Natural History, v. 3, ser. 4, no. 17, p. 353-374. 

---1870, The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of tidal rivers, Part 

1: Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, v. 6, 

p. 1-33. 

---1872, Contributions to the study of Entomostraca. Number 

6-0n the distribution of the British Ostracoda: Annals and 

Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, v. 9, p. 48-70. 

---1876, Report on dredging off the coa~t of Durham and 

North Yorkshire in 1874: British Association for the Advancement of Science report, 1875. 

Brouwers, E.M., 1981, Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages 

and associated organisms from selected bottom grab samples 

taken in the northeast Gulf of Alaska, F.R.S. Townsend Cromwell cruise EGAL-75-KC, 1975: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 81-1314, 134 p. 

---1982a, Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages and associated fauna and flora from VanVeen samples taken in the northeast Gulf of Alaska, RIV Discoverer cruise DC2-80-EG, June, 

1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-390,68 p. 

---1982b, Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages and associated organisms from selected bottom grab samples taken in the 

northeast Gulf of Alaska, F.R.S. Townsend Cromwell cruise 

EGAL-75-KC, 1975, Part II: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 82-949, 92 p. 

---1982c, Reevaluation of cytheracean ostracodes identified 

by Painter (1965) from localities in the northeastern Pacific 

Ocean and Chukchi Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 82-736, 35 p. 

---1983, Occurrence and distribution chart of ostracodes from 

the northeast Gulf of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1518. 

---1988a, Palaeo bathymetry on the continental shelf based on 

examples using ostracods from the Gulf of Alaska, in De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., and Peypouquet, J.-P., eds., Ostracoda in 

the earth sciences: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 55-76. 

---1988b, Sediment transport detected from the analysis of 

ostracod population structure-An example from the Alaskan 

continental shelf, in De Deckker, P., Colin, J.-P., and Peypouquet, J.-P., eds., Ostracoda in the earth sciences: Amsterdam, 

Elsevier, p. 231-244. 

---1990, Systematic paleontology of Quaternary ostracode 

assemblages from the Gulf of Alaska, Part 1-Families 

Cytherellidae, Bairdiidae, Cytheridae, Leptocytheridae. Limnocytheridae, Eucytheridae, Krithidae, Cushmanideidae: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1510. p. 1-43. 

Caralp, M., Klingebiel, A., Lamy, A., Latouche. C.. Moyes. I., and 

Vigneaux, M., 1968, Etude micropaleontologique sedimentologique et geoch!mique de quelques carottcs de sediments 

recents du Golfe de Gascogne: l'Institut Geologie du Bassin 

d' Aquitaine Bulletin, v. 50, p. 3-73. 

Catt, J.A., and Penny, L.F., 1966, The Pleistocene deposits of Holderness, east Yorkshire: Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings, v. 35, pt. 3, no. 16, p. 375-420. 

Colhoun, E.A., and McCabe, A.M., 1973, Pleistocene glacial, glaciomarine and associated deposits of Mell and Tullyallen 

Townlands, near Drogheda, eastern Ireland: Royal Irish Academy Proceedings, v. 73, sec. B. no. 12, p. 165-206. 

Coutard, J.P., Lautridou, J.-P., Lefebvre, D., and Clet, M .• 1979, 

Les Bas-Niveaux marines Eemien et Pre-Eemien de Grandcamp-Les-Bains: Societe Linnean Normandie Bulletin, v. 107, 

p. 11-20. 
36 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF QUATERNARY OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES, GULF OF ALASKA, PART 2 

Cronin, T.M., 1977, Champlain Sea Foraminifera and Ostracoda: A 

systematic and paleoecological synthesis: Geographic Physique Quaternaire, v. 31, nos. 1-2, p. 107-122. 

---1981, Paleoclimatic implications of late Pleistocene marine 

ostracodes from the St. Lawrence Lowlands: Micropaleontology,v.27,no.4,p.384-418. 

---1991, Late Neogene marine Ostracoda from Tjornes, Iceland: Journal of Paleontology, v. 65, no. 5, p. 767-794. 

Cronin, T.M., Brouwers, E.M., Quinn, H.A., and Redline, A., 1983, 

Ostracodes from the Pico and Santa Barbara Formations, Ventura Basin, California, in Larue, D.K., and Steel, R.J., eds., 

Cenozoic marine sedimentation, Pacific margin, U.S.A.: Los 

Angeles, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, p. 205-221. 

Crouch, R.W., 1949, Pliocene Ostracoda from southern California: 

Journal of Paleontology, v. 23, no. 6, p. 594-599. 

Cushman, J.A., 1906, Marine Ostracoda of Vineyard Sound and 

adjacent waters: Boston Society of Natural History Proceedings,v.32,no. 10,p. 359-385. 

Dahl, F., 1888, Die Cytheriden der westlichen Ostsee: Zoologische 

Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematisch, v. 3, p. 597-638. 

DeVos, A.P.C., 1957, Liste annotee des ostracodes marins des 

environs de Roscoff: Archives de Zoologic Experimentale et 

General, v. 95, p. 1-74. 

Elofson, 0., 1938, Neue und wenig bekannte Cytheriden von der 

Schwedischen Westkueste: Arkiv foer Zoologi, v. 30, p. 1-22. 

---1941, Zur kenntnis der marinen Ostracoden Schwedens, mit 

besonderer Berucksichtigung des Skagerraks: Zoologiska 

Bidrag fran Uppsala, v. 19, p. 215-534. 

---1943, Neuere beobachtungen uber die verbreitung der 

Ostracoden an den skandinavischen kusten: Arkiv foer Zoologi, v. 35A, no. 2, p. 1-26. 

Forester, R.M., 1980, A systematic revision of the ostracode species described by Ulrich and Bassler and by Malkin from the 

Chesapeake Group in Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1128, p. 1-25. 

Forester, R.M., and Brouwers, E.M., 1985, Hydrochemical parameters governing the occurrence of estuarine and marginal estuarine ostracodes-An example from south-central Alaska: 

Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 344-369. 

Guillaume, M.-Cl., Peypouquet, J.-P., and Tetart, J., 1985, Quaternaire et Actuel, in Oertli, H.J., ed., Atlas des Ostracodes de 

France: Bulletin Centres Recherches Exploration-Production 

Elf-Aquitaine~ Memoir 9, p. 337-377. 

Hagerman, L., 1965, The ostracods of the Oresund, with special 

reference to the bottom-living species: Ophelia, v. 2. no. 1, 

p. 49-69. 

Hartmann, G., and Purl, H.S., 1974, Summary ofneontological and 

paleontological classification of Ostracoda: Mitteilung aus 

dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, v. 

70, p. 7-73. 

Hartmann-Schroder, G., and Hartmann, G., 1962, Zur kenntnis des 

eulitorals der chilenischen Pazifikkuste und der argentinischen 

kuste Sudpatagoniens unter besonderer berucksichtigung der 

Polychaeten und Ostracoden: Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, v. 60, p. 169-270. 

Hazel, J.E., 1962, Two new hemicytherid ostracods from the Lower 

Pleistocene of California: Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, no. 4, 

p. 822-826. 

---1967a, Classification and distribution of the Recent Hemicytheridae and Trachyleberididae (Ostracoda) off northeastern 

North America: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

564, p. 1-49. 

---1967b, Corrections-Classification and distribution of the 

Recent Hemicytheridae and Trachyleberididae off northeastern North America: Journal of Paleontology, v. 41, no. 5, 

p. 1284-1285. 

Hirschmann, N., 1909, Beitrag zur kenntnis der Ostracoden fauna 

des Finnische Meerbusens: Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, v. 35, p. 282-296. 

--1916, Ostracoda Baltiyskago Morya, Sobrannyya N.M. 

Knipovitsch et S.A. Pavlovichem ltom 1908 Goda: Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Imperatorskog Akademii Nauk 

(Annuaire Du Musee Zoologique de l' Academic Royal des 

Sciences), v. 20, p. 569-597. 

Horne, D.J., 1983, On Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars): StereoAtlas of Ostracod Shells, v. 10, pt. 1, p. 39-52. 

Horne, D.J., and Kilenyi, T.I., 1981, On lindisfamia laevata (Norman): Stereo-Atlas of Ostracod Shells, v. 8, p. 107-116. 

Horne, D.J., and Whatley, R.C., 1985, On Palmoconcha laevata 

(Norman): Stereo-Atlas of Ostracod Shells, v. 12, no. 2, p. 158. 

Horne, D.J., and Whittaker, J.E., 1983, On Hemicythere emarginata (Sars): Stereo-Atlas of Ostracod Shells, v. 10, p. 53-62. 

Howe, H.V., 1963, Type Saline Bayou Ostracoda of Louisiana: 

Louisiana Geological Survey, Geological Bulletin 40, p. 1-62. 

Howe, H.V., and Law, J., 1936, Louisiana Vicksburg Oligocene 

Ostracoda: Louisiana Geological Survey Geological Bulletin, 

v. 7, nos. 1-7, p. 1-96. 

Hu, H.C., and Yang, L.C., 1975, Studies on Pliocene ostracodes 

from the Chinshui Shale, Miaoli District, Taiwan: Geological 

Society of China Proceedings, no. 18, p. 103-114. 

Ishizaki, K., 1966, Miocene and Pliocene ostracodes from the Sendai area, Japan: Tohoku University Science Reports, ser. 2 

(Geology), v. 37, no. 2, p. 131-163. 

---1968, Ostracodes from Uranouchi Bay, Kochi Prefecture, 

Japan: Tohoku University Science Report'i, ser. 2 (Geology), v. 

40, no. 1, p. 1-45. 

---1971, Ostracodes from Aomori Bay, Aomori Prefecture, 

northeast Honshu, Japan: Tohoku University Science Reports, 

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 43, no. 1, p. 59-97. 

---1981, Ostracoda from the East China Sea: Tohoku University Science Reports, ser. 2 (Geology), v. 51, nos. 1-2, 

p. 37-65. 

Ishizaki, K., and Matoba, Y., 1985, Akita (Early Pleistocene cold, 

shallow water Ostracoda): Shizuoka University, 9th International Symposium on Ostracoda, 1985, Guidebook Excursions, 

Excursion 5, p. 1-12. 

Jones, T.R., 1856, A monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of 

England: Palaeontographical Society of London, p. 1-68. 

Kajiyama, E., 1913, The Ostracoda of Misaka, Part 3: Japan Zoological Magazine (Dobutsugaku-zasshi), v. 25, p. 1-16 [in Japanese]. 

Kidson, C., Gilbertson, D.D., Haynes, J.R., Heyworth, A., Hughes, 

C.E., and Whatley, R.C., 1978, Interglacial marine deposits of 

the Somerset levels, southwest England: Boreas, v. 7, p. 

215-228. 

Kindle, E.M., and Whittaker, M.A., 1918, Bathymetric check-list 

of marine invertebrates of eastern Canada: Contributions to 
REFERENCES CITED 37 

Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 1917-1918, Session Paper 

38a, p. 229-258. 

Klie, W., 1929, Ostracoda, in Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee: 

Leipzig, Germany, Akaemie Verlagsges, v. 16, no. lOb, 

p. 1-56. 

---1938, Krebstiere oder Crustacea 3-0stracoda, Muschelkrebse, in Dahl, F., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der 

angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach 

ihrer Lebensweise: v. 34, p. 1-230. 

Kurc, G., 1961, Foraminiferes de 'etang de Thau: Revue des 

Travaux de l'Institut des Peches Maritimes, v. 25, no. 2, 

p. 130--247. 

Lange, W., 1956, Grundproben aus Skagerrak und Kattegat, mikrofaunistisch und sedimenpetrographisch untersucht: Meyniana, 

v. 5, p. 51-86. 

LeRoy, L.W., 1943, Pleistocene and Pliocene Ostracoda of the 

coastal region of southern California: Journal of Paleontology, 

v. 17,no.4,p.354-373. 

Lev, O.M., 1969, Analysis and correlation of ostracode faunas from 

the late Cenozoic sediments in the far reaches of the Yeniser, 

Ob, Pechora, Mezen and northern Drina Rivers; Ochenye 

Zapiski Paleontologia i Biostratigrafia, Part 28: Leningrad, 

Nauchno Issledovatel'skiy, Institut Geologii Arktiki, Trudy, p. 

25-34 [in Japanese]. 

---1970, Komplesky ostrakod iz pozdenekaynozoyskikh morskikh otlozheniy severa yevropeyskoy chasti SSSR, zapadnoy 

siviri ikh zaachweniye diya paleogeografii, in Severnyfi 

ledovityfi okean i ego poberezh'e v kafinozoe; Pod obshch. 

red. prof. A.l. Tolmacheva: Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 

p. 352-355. 

---1972, Bionomicheskiye i paleogeograficheskiye usloviya 

morskikh neogen-chetvertichnykh basseynov severa SSSR po 

fauna ostrakod, in Noveyshaya tektonika i paleogeografiya 

Sovetskoy Arktiki v svyazi s otsenkoy mineral'nykh resursov: 

Leningrad, Nauchno Issledovatel'skiy, Institut Geologii Arktiki, Trudy, p. 15-20. 

Lord, A.R., 1980, Weichselian (Late Quaternary) ostracods from 

the Sandnes Clay, Norway: Geological Magazine, v. 117, no. 

3, p. 227-242. 

Lucas, V.Z., 1931, Some Ostracoda of the Vancouver Island 

region: Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, n.s., 

v. 6, p. 399-416. 

Malcomson, S.M., 1886, Crustacea: Royal Irish Academy Proceedings, v. 4, p. 632-638. 

Malz, H., 1982, Plio-Pleistozane B untoniini von SW-Taiwan 

(Ostracoda): Senckenbergiana Lethaea, v. 63, nos. 5-6, 

p. 377-411. 

Mandelstam, M.I., Schneider, G.F., Kuznetsova, Z.V., and Katz, 

F.l., 1957, Novye rody ostrakod v Semeystvakh Cypridae i 

Cytheridae: Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo 

Obshestva, v. 16, p. 166-193. 

McDougall, K., Brouwers, E., and Smith, P., 1986, Micropaleontology and sedimentology of the PB borehole series, Prudhoe 

Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1598, p. 1-62. 

Moyes, J., and Peypouquet, J.-P., 1971, Les Ostracodes indicateurs 

d'un paleorivage pleistocene en vordure du plateau continental 

du golfe de Gascogne: Societe Geologique de France Bulletin, 

v. 44, p. 219-220. 

Mueller, G.W., 1894, Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neaple und 

der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte: Fauna und Flora des 

Golfes von Neape1, v. 21, p. 1-404. 

---1912, Crustacea-Ostracoda, in Schulze, F.E., Das Tierreich eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten 

Tierformen: Berlin, Auftrage Preussische Akademie Wissenschaften, v. 31, p. 1-434. 

---1931, Die Ostracoden des arktischen Gebietes, in Roemer, 

F., and Schaudinn, F., eds., Fauna Arctica: Jena, v. 6, no. 1, 

p. 21-32. 

Neale, J.W., 1959, Normanicythere gen. nov. (Pleistocene and 

Recent) and the division of the ostracod family Trachyleberididae: Palaeontology, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 72-93. 

---1961, Note-Normanicythere leioderma in North America: 

Palaeontology, v. 4, p. 424. 

---1973, Celtia gen. nov., a new genus of marine Ostracoda 

(Crustacea) from the Celtic Province and Neogene deposits: 

Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, v. 5, no. 3, 

p. 435-445. 

---1974a, The genus Finmarchinella Swain 1963 (Crustacea: 

Ostracoda) and its species: British Museum (Natural History) 

Bulletin, Zoology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 83-94. 

---1974b, Ostracod faunas from the Celtic Sea, in van den 

Bold, W.A., ed., Ostracoda-The Henry V. Howe Memorial 

Volume: Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana State University Press, 

Geoscience and Man, v. 1, p. 81-98. 

---1983, The Ostracoda and Uniformitarianism-1, The later 

record-Recent, Pleistocene and Tertiary: Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings, v. 44, p. 305-326. 

Neale, J.W., and Howe, H.V., 1975, The marine Ostracoda of Russian Harbor, Novaya Zemlya and other high latitude faunas, in 

Swain, F.M., ed., Biology and paleobiology of Ostracoda: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 65, no. 282, p. 381-431. 

Neale, J.W., and Schmidt, 1967, On Normanicythere /eioderma 

(Norman) and Normanicythere concinella Swain: Micropaleontology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 345-350. 

Norman, A.M., 1865a, Deep-sea dredging on the coasts of 

Northumberland and Durham in 1864: British Association for 

the Advancement of Science Report. 34th Meeting, 

p. 189-193. 

--1865b, Report on the Crustacea, in Brady, G.S., Reports of 

deep-sea dredging on the coasts of Northumberland and 

Durham: Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham 

and Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Transactions, v. I. no. 1, p. 12-29. 

---1867, Report of the committee appointed for the purpose of 

exploring the coasts of the Hebrides by means of the dredge, 

Part 3-0n the Crustacea, Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Actinozoa, and Hydrozoa: British Association for the Advancement 

of Science, 26th Meeting, Report, p. 193-206. 

--1869, Shetland final dredging report-Part 2-0n the Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera: British Association for the Advancement of 

Science Report of Meetings, v. 38, p. 247-336. 

---1877, Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Foraminifera, Polycystina, and Spongida: Royal Society of London Proceedings, v. 25, p. 202-215. 

---1891, Notes on the Crustacea Ostracoda of Norway: Annals 

and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, v. 7, p. 108-121. 
38 SYSTEMATICPALEONTOLOGYOFQUATERNARYOSTRACODEASSEMBLAGES,GULFOFALASKA, PART2 

---1902, Notes on the natural history of east Finmark: 

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, v. 10, 

p.341-361,472-486. 

---1905, Irish Crustacea Ostracoda: The Irish Naturalist, v. 14, 

no. 6, p. 137-155. 

Nonnan, A.M., and Brady, G.S., 1909, The Crustacea of Northumberland and Durham: Northumberland and Durham Natural 

History Transactions, n. s., v. 3, no. 2, p. 252-417. 

Ohmert. W., 1968, Die Coquimbinae, cine neue Unterfamilie der 

Hemicytheridae (Ostracoda) aus dem Pliozaen von Chile: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fuer Palaeontologie und Historische Geologie, v. 8, p. 127-165. 

Okada, Y., 1979, Stratigraphy and Ostracoda from Late Cenozoic 

strata of the Oga Peninsula, Akita Prefecture: Palaeontological 

Society of Japan Transactions and Proceedings, n.s., v. 115, 

p. 143-173. 

Okubo, 1., 1976, Recent marine Ostracoda in the Inland Sea, 

Japan--4-Aurila inabai sp. nov. in the Inland Sea, Japan 

(Ostracoda): Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology Proceedings, no. 12, p. 34-38. 

Ostenfeld, C.H., and Wesenberg-Lund, C., 1909, Catalogue des 

especes de plantes et d'animaux observees dans le plancton 

recueilli pendant les expeditions periodiques depuis le mais 

d'aout 1905 jusqu'au mois de mai 1908: 48 Copenhague, Conseil penn. internationale explor. mer Publication circonstance. 

Paterson, I.B., Annstrong, M., and Browne, M.A.E., 1981, Quaternary estuarine deposits in the Tay-Eam area, Scotland: Institute of Geological Sciences, Natural Environment Research 

Council, Report 8117, 35 p. 

Peacock, J.D., Graham, D.K., and Gregory, D.M., 1980, Late and 

post-glacial marine environments in part of the inner Cromarty 

Firth, Scotland: Institute of Geological Sciences, Natural Environmental Research Council Report 8017, p. 1-11. 

Peacock, J.D., Graham, D.K., Robinson, J.E., and Wilkinson, I., 

1977, Evolution and chronology of late glacial marine environments at Lochgilphead, Scotland, in Gray, J.M., and others, 

eds., Studies in the Scottish late glacial environment: Oxford, 

Pergamon Press, p. 89-100. 

Plusquellec, P.L., and Sandberg, P.A., 1969, Some genera of the 

ostracode subfamily Campylocytherinae: Micropaleontology, 

v. 15,no.4,p.427-480. 

Pokorny, V., 1955, Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy 

of the Subfamily Hemicytherinae Purl, 1953 (Crustacea, Ostracoda): Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, v. 3, p. 1-35. 

Purl, H.S., 1953, The ostracod genus Hemicythere and its allies: 

Washington Academy of Sciences Journal, v. 43, no. 6, 

p. 169-179. 

---1957, Stratigraphy and zonation of the Ocala Group: Florida Geological Survey, Geological Bulletin 38, p. 1-248. 

---1974, Nonnal pores and the phylogeny of Ostracoda. in van 

den Bold, W.A., ed., Ostracoda, The Henry V. Howe Memorial 

Volume: Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana State University Press, 

Geoscience and Man, v. 6, p. 137-151. 

Robertson, D., 1875, Notes on the recent Ostracoda and Foraminifera of the Firth of Clyde, with some remarks on the distribution of Mollusca: Geological Society of Glasgow Transactions, 

v.5,no. 1,p. 112-153. 

---1883, On the post-Tertiary beds ofGarvel Park, Greenock: 

Geological Society of Glasgow Transactions, v. 7, no. 1, 

p. 1-37. 

Robinson, J.E., 1978, The Pleistocene, in Bate, R., and Robinson, 

E., eds., A stratigraphical index of British Ostracoda: Seel 

House Press, Geological Journal Special Issue 8, p. 451-472. 

---1984, Ostracods, in West, R.G., Devoy, R.J.N., Funnell, 

B.M., and Robinson, J.E., Pleistocene deposits at Eamley, 

Bracklesham Bay, Sussex: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, v. B306, p. 137-157. 

Rosenfeld, A., 1977, Die rezenten Ostracoden-arten in der Ostsee: 

Meyniana, v. 29, p. 11-49. 

Ruggieri, G., 1950, Gli Ostracodi delle Sabbie grigi Quatemarie 

(Milazziano) di Imola, Parte 1: Giomale di Geologia, Annali 

del Museo Geologico di Bologna, ser. 2, v. 21, p. 1-58. 

Sandberg, P.A., 1964, The ostracod genus Cyprideis in the Americas: Stockholm Contributions to Geology, no. 12, p. 1-178. 

Sars, G.O., 1866, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder: Forhandlinger I Videnskabs-Selskabet I Christiania, v. 8, 130 p. 

---1890, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer med Forelobige 

bemaerkninger over de nyc eller mindre bekjendtc arter, Pt. II 

(Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Cirripedia): Forhandlinger I Videnskabs-Selskabet I Christiania, v. 1, p. 1-80. 

---1925a, An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short 

descriptions and figures of all the species: Bergen Museum 

(Norway), v. 9 (Ostracoda), Parts 9, 10-Cypridae (concluded), Cytheridae (part), p. 137-176. 

---1925b, An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short 

descriptions and figures of all the species: Bergen Museum 

(Norway), v. 9 (Ostracoda), Parts 11, 12-Cytheridae (continued), p. 177-208. 

---1925c, An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short 

descriptions and figures of all the species: Bergen Museum 

(Norway), v. 9 (Ostracoda), Parts 13, 14-Cytheridae (continued), p. 209-240. 

---1928, An account of the Crustacea of Norway: Bergen 

Museum (Norway), v. 9 (Ostracoda), Parts 15, 16-Cytheridae 

(concluded), p. 241-277. 

Schaefer, H.W., 1953, Uber meeres- und brackwasser-Ostracoden 

aus dem Deutschen Kuestengebiet. Mit 2. Mitteilung ueber die 

Ostracodenfauna Griechenlands: Hydrobio1ogia, v. 5, no. 4, 

p. 351-389. 

Schmidt, R.A.M., 1963, Pleistocene marine microfauna in the 

Bootlegger Cove clay, Anchorage, Alaska: Science, v. 141, no. 

3578, p. 350-351. 

---1967, New generic assignments for some Pleistocene Ostracoda from Alaska: Journal of Paleontology, v. 41, no. 2, 

p. 487-488. 

Schornikov, E.l., 1974, On the study of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from 

the intertidal zone of the Kurile Islands: Sbornik Rabot, Institut 

Biologii Morya, Dalnevostochnyy Nauchnyy Tsentr, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, v. 1, p. 137-214. 

Schornikov, E.I., and Shaitarov, S.V., 1979, A new genus of ostracods from Far Eastern seas: Biologija Morija, v. 2, p. 41-47. 

Scott, T., 1899, Report on the marine and freshwater Crustacea 

from Franz-Josef Land, collected by Mr. William S. Bruce, of 

the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition: Linnean Society of London Journal, Zoology, v. 27, p. 60-126. 

---1906, A catalogue of land, fresh-water and marine Crustacea found in the basin of the river Forth and its estuary: Royal 

Physical Society of Edinburgh Proceedings, v. 16, p. 267-296. 

Siddiqui, Q., and Grigg, U.M., 1975, A preliminary survey of the 

ostracodes of Halifax Inlet, in Swain, F.M., ed., Biology and 
REFERENCES CITED 39 

paleobiology of Ostracoda: American Paleontology Bulletins, 

v.65,no.282,p.369-380. 

Skogsberg, T., 1928, Studies on marine Ostracods, Part 2-External morphology of the genus Cythereis with descriptions of 

twenty-one species: California Academy of Sciences Occasional Papers 15, p. 1-155. 

Stephensen, K., 1913, Gronlands Krebsdyr og Pycnogonider (Conspectus Crustaceorum et Pycogonidorum Groenlandiae )--

Conspectus faunae Groenlandicae, Pars secunda: Meddelelser 

om Gronland, v. 22, p. 1-479. 

---1929, Marine Crustacea Ostracoda, in Jensen, A.S., Lundbeck, W., Mortensen, T., and Sparck, R., eds., The zoology of 

the Faroes: Copenhagen, Anderson Host and Son, v. 2, pt. 1, 

p. 1-8. 

---1938, Marine Ostracoda and Cladocera, in Zoology of Iceland, v. 3, pt. 32: Copenhagen, Reyljavik, Levin and Munksgaard, p. 1-19. 

Swain, F.M., 1951, Corrections-Recent papers on Mesozoic and 

Cenozoic Ostracoda: Journal of Paleontology, v. 25, no. 2, 

p. 236. 

---1961, Ostracoda from the Pleistocene Gubik Formation, 

Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, in Geology of the Arctic, v. 1: 

Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 600-606. 

---1963, Pleistocene Ostracoda from the Gubik Formation, 

Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska: Journal of Paleontology, v. 37, 

p 798-834. 

---1969, Taxonomy and ecology of near-shore Ostracoda from 

the Pacific coast of North and Central America, in Neale, J. W., 

ed., The taxonomy, morphology and ecology of Recent Ostracoda: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, p. 423-474. 

Swain, F.M., and Gilby, J.M., 1974, Marine Holocene Ostracoda 

from the Pacific coast of North and Central America: Micropaleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 257-352. 

Sylvester-Bradley, P.C., 1948, The ostracod genus Cythereis: Journal of Paleontology, v. 22, no. 6, p. 792-797. 

Tabuki, R., 1986, Plio-Pleistocene Ostracoda from the Tsugaru 

Basin, North Honshu, Japan: University of the Ryukyus, College of Education Bulletin, no. 29, pt. 2, p. 27-160. 

Tressler, W.T., 1941, Geology and biology of North Atlantic deepsea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland, Pt. 4, Ostracoda: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 196-C, p. 95-103. 

Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colorado 

Manuscript approved for publication July 6, 1992 

Edited by Barbara Hillier 

Graphics designed by Denny Welp 

Cartography by Springfield & Springfield 

Type composed by Shelly A. Fields 

Valentine, P.C., 1971, Climatic implication of a late Pleistocene 

ostracode assemblage from southeastern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 683-D, p. 1-28. 

---1976, Zoogeography of Holocene Ostracoda off western 

North America and paleoclimatic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 916, p. 1-47. 

Wagner, C.W., 1957, Surles Ostracodes du Quaternaire Recent des 

Pays-Bas et leur utilisation dans 1 'etude geologique des depots 

Holocene: The Netherlands, S'Gravenhage, Mouton and Co., 

p. 1-259. 

Wagner, F.J.E., 1970, Faunas of the Pleistocene Champlain Sea: 

Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 181, p. 1-104. 

Wall, D.R., and Whatley, R.C., 1971, The Ostracoda of the subrecent deposits of Tremadoc Bay, southern Irish Sea, in Oertli, 

H.J., ed., Paleoecology of Ostracodes: Centre Recherche PauSNPA Bulletin, 5 supp., p. 295-309. 

West, R.G., Devoy, R.J.N., Funnell, B.M., and Robinson, J.E., 

1984, Pleistocene deposits at Earnley, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, v. 

B306, p. 137-157. 

Whatley, R.C., 1982, Littoral and sub-littoral Ostracoda from Sisimiut, West Greenland, in Fox, A.D., and Stroud, D.A., eds., 

Report of the 1979 Greenland White-Fronted Goose Study 

Expedition to Eqalungmint Nunal, West Greenland: Aberystwyth, University of Wales, p. 269-284. 

Whatley, R.C., and Kaye, P., 1971, The paleoecology of Ecmian 

(last interglacial) Ostracoda from Selsey, Sussex, in Oertli, 

H.J., ed., Paleoecology of Ostracodes: Centre Recherche PauSNPA Bulletin, 5 supp., p. 311-330. 

Woszidlo, H., 1962, Foraminiferen und Ostrakoden aus dem marinen Elster-Saale-Interglazial in Schleswig-Holstein: Meyniana, 

v. 12, p. 65-96. 

Yajima, M., 1978, Quaternary Ostracoda from Kisarazu near 

Tokyo: Palaeontological Society of Japan Transactions and 

Proceedings, n.s., no. 112, p. 371-409. 

---1982, Late Pleistocene Ostracoda from the Boso Peninsula, 

central Japan, in Hanai, T., ed., Studies on Japanese Ostracoda: 

University of Tokyo, University Museum Bulletin, v. 20, 

p. 141-227. 

Yassini, I., 1969, Ecologic des associations d'Ostracodes du Bassin 

d' Arcachon et du littoral Atlantique-Application a !'interpretation de quelques populations du Tertiare Aquitaine: l'Institut 

de Geologie du Bassin d' Aquitaine Bulletin 7, p. 1-288. 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. 

[Samples are from cruises in the Gulf of Alaska (EGAL-75-KC, DCl-79-EG, DC2-80-EG); in addition, there is one miscellaneous sample. Sample numbers are listed across the top of the table] 

CRUISE EGAL-75-KC 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . . .. 5 6 11 16 17 18 20 22 24 26 27 32 39 41 46 52A 53 54 55 58 59 A 598 638 65B 68A 69 70 71 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis 1 1 23 2 8 10 20 13 7 1 2 16 7 59 87 1 2 16 69 16 103 

Robertsonites tubercu/atus 10 2 19 1 29 8 1 1 2 9 69 10 9 

Amb tonia tongassensis 52 

Celtia pa/mensis 187 1 11 1 1 1 118 

Celtia bliz hnii 1 

Celtia po;ntmanbiensis 18 1 1 

Finmarch;'lel/a {F.) finmarchica 1 13 1 202 1 . Finmarchinella {B.) angulata 

'l=inmarchinella {B.) barentzovoensi~ 4 

Finmarchinella {B.) guyotensis 7 2 3 142 1 1 1 2 

Hemicythere hazeli 55 4 1 7 1 1 31 

Normanicythere leioderma 

Aurila malaspinensis 43 5 1 2 23 5 2 40 10 1 36 

Hemicythere emarginata 2 

RobustaurUa jollaensis 1 1 1 

Coquimba hanaii 1 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis 28 1 1 25 11 154 6 1 1 1 4 

Laperousecythere robusta 1 11 1 51 207 33 782 13 2 1 22 1 175 1 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 2 4 

Elofsonia susitnensis 1 4 4 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 11 2 15 

L oxoconcha luciensis 

Palmoconeha russellensis 259 2 1 1 2 8 1 4 147 11 

Palmoconcha krausei 9 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 1 2 1 1 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE EGAL-75-KC 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . . .. 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 80 83 84 86 87 88 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis 53 179 25 3 5 9 38 12 1 7 48 25 3 9 20 24 9 5 7 23 147 69 50 6 

Robertsonites tuberculatus 66 1 1 5 2 11 1'1 1 7 24 1 1 3 2 138 1 6 

Ambtonia ton_g_assensis 3 

Celtia pa/mensis 3 5 1 7 

Celtia blizhnii 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 1 

Finmarchinel/a (F.) finmarchica 

Finmarchine/la (8.) angulata 

Finmarchinella (8.) barentzovoensis 1 

Finmarchinella (8.) guyotensis 

Hemicythere hazeli 2 4 

Normanicythere leioderma 

Aurila ma/as12_inensis 1 

Hemicythere emarginata 

Robustaurila jollaensis 

Coquimba hanaii 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis 2 1 

Laperousecythere robusta 1 136 1 6 1 1 1 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 

Elofsonia susitnensis 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 

Loxoconcha luciensis 2 

Pa/moconcha russellensis "!4 19 37 4 6 2 4 14 10 

Palmoconcha krausei 2 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 1 2 2 1 1 54 46 4 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE EGAL-75-KC 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . . .. 110 111 112 115 117 118 120 122A 123 125 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 138 141 144U 145 146 147 149 150 153 154 155 

Acanthocvthereis dunelmensis 3 9 2 6 8 1 1 20 9 8 1 2 2 1 4 5 1 41 22 149 7 

Robertsonites tubercu/atus 6 8 1 31 2 2 9 1 4 3 3 37 63 

Amb tonia tongassensis 1 11 2 17 

Celtia palmensis 1 113 2 1 268 1 1 1 1 94 6 

Celtia bliz hnii 5 4 27 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 1 8 14 

Finmarchinel/a (F.) finmarchica 5 14 1 

Finmarchinella (B.) angulata 1 

Finmarchinella (B.) barentzovoensis 

Finmarchinella (B.) guyotensis 11 38 

Hemicythere hazeli 92 4 14 1 1 9 '1 

Normanicythere leioderma 

Aurila malaspinensis 37 1 4 1 11 12 

Hemicythere emarginata 

Robustauri/a jollaensis 18 3 

Coquimba hanaii 8 2 1 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis 4 10 78 

Laperousecythere robusta 1 122 350 3 2 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 22 

Elofsonia susitnensis 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 2 

L oxoconcha luciensis 

Palmoconcha russellensis 2 133 1 3 1 1 6 12 1 6 5 1 10 

Palmoconcha krausei 9 1 3 1 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 1 13 2 3 2 3 3 2 30 5 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE EGAI..-75-f<C 

SAMPLE NUMBER. . . . . .. 157 158 159 161 162 163 1648 165 166 167 170A ~708 171 173 174 176 180 181 183 184 202 204 205 208 210 211 212 213 

Acanthoc ythereis dune/mens is 38 11 48 1 23 5 3 12 4 1 3 16 

Robertsonites tubercu/atus 23 8 16 161 8 3 2 5 

Amb tonia tongassensis ! 3 2 81 4 

Celtia palmensis 1 1 2 1 6 33 166 26 2 15 

Celtia bliz hnii 1 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 1 

Finmarchinella (F.) finmarchica 

Finmarchinella (B.) angulata 

Finmarchinella (B.) barentzovoensis 

Finmarchinella (B.) guyotensis 6 9 

Hemicythere hazeli 2 1 1 5 2 2 32 1 3 

Normanicythere /eioderma 1 

Aurila malaspinensis 130 76 1 14 1 

Hemicythere emarginata 

RobustaurUa jollaensis 8 

Coquimba hanaii 6 4 

Ambostracon t weedsmuirensis 38 20 11 

Laperousec ythere robust a 9 .3 13 1 1 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 

Elofsonia susitnensis 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 3 5 

Loxoconcha luciensis 

Palmoconcha russellensis 29 1 21 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 84 1 14 

Palmoconcha krausei 11 12 6 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 4 9 1 1 2 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE EGAL-75-KC 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . . .. 214 215 216 217 221 223 224 225 229 231 232 233 246 247 249 251 256 257 258 259 260 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis 7 14 11 8 21 3 1 9 4 7 5 1 17 10 5 23 

Robertsonites tubercu/atus 3 8 7 5 60 1 1 2 1 2 4 31 

Ambtonia tongassensis 16 2 7 1 4 2 

Celtia pa/mensis 68 117 1 2 

Celtia bliz hnii 2 2 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 

Finmarchinel/a (F.} finmarchica 

Finmarchine/la (8.} angulata 

Finmarchinella (8.} barentzovoensis 

Finmarchinel/a (B.} guyotensis 1 

Hemicythere hazeli 

Normanic ythere leioderma 

Aurila malaspinensis 5 

Hemicythere emarginata 1 

Robustaurila jollaensis 

Coquimba hanaii 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis 

Laperousecythere robusta 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 

Elofsonia susitnensis 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 

L oxoconcha luciensis 1 

Palmoconcha russellensis 220 42 1 2 

Palmoconcha krausei 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 1 1 1 1 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 

263 264 265 268 282 283 284 

11 19 8 9 5 68 

8 4 2 23 3 50 

1 12 2 10 

28 

1 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE EGAL-75-KC 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . .. 285 286 288 289 290 296 297 306 :yj7 312 313 314 319 320 324 325 326 328 331 332 333 336 338 339 341 344 360 422 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis 16 8 1 19 10 6 9 2 1 1 4 7 24 2 6 12 2 32 5 14 6 3 1 

Robertsonites tubercu/atus 18 28 113 1 4 10 1 1 66 24 

Ambtonia tongassensis 16 1 2 1 1 5 3 

Celtia pa/mensis 2 2 2 6 2 1 

Celtia bliz hnii 56 1 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 

Finmarchinel/a (F.) finmarchica 

Finmarchinella (8.) angulata 

Finmarchinella (8.) barentzovoensis 

Finmarchinella (8.) guyotensis 1 

Hemicythere hazeli 1 

Normanicythere leioderma 

Aurila malaspinensis 

Hemicythere emarginata 

Robustaurila jollaensis 

Coquimba hanaii 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis 

Laperousec ythere robust a 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 

Elotsonia susitnensis 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 

L oxoconcha luciensis 

Pa/moconcha russellensis 1 17 5 4 1 15 4 1 5 1 1 

Palmoconcha krausei 4 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 3 1 2 

Paracytheridea khantaakensis 
Table l. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

DC2-80-EG 
Table 2. Occurrence of the 27 ostracode species in the 223 bottom-grab samples collected during three cruises in the Gulf of Alaska. -Continued 

CRUISE DC2-a<rEG 

SAMPLE NUMBER . . . . . .. 24 27 41 48 60 62 63 67 70 73 82 86 89 91 94 97 99 155 167 168 169 170 174 177 180 183 186 189 192 195 

Acanthocythereis dunelmensis 237 357 513 253 44 281 6 44 18 51 25 13 8 1 40 30 14 70 

Robertsonites tuberculatus 2 18 71 64 36 1 29 1 2 1 9 2 42 

Ambtonia tongassensis 21 69 217 153 43 4 3 1 2 25 

Celtia palmensis 1 1 281 221 153 151 76 39 169 14 24 14 39 1 14 36 24 4 1 1 3 45 

Celtia blizhnii 6 1 219 163 178 123 87 34 134 19 68 2 15 

Celtia pointmanbiensis 

Finmarchinel/a (F.} finmarchica 

Finmarchinel/a (B.} angulata 

F"inmarchinella (B.} barentzovoensis 1 

Finmarchinella (B.} guyotensis 

Hemicythere hazeli 1 1 1 

Normanicythere leioderma 

Aurila malaspinensis 2 2 2 894 

Hemicythere emarginata 

Robustaurila jol/aensis 

Coquimba hanaii 

Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis I 

Laperousecythere robusta 1 

Laperousecythere yahtsensis 

Elofsonia susitnensis 1 1 1 3 

Sagmatocythere gombosi 

Loxoconcha /uciensis '} 

Palmoconcha russellensis 1 2 4 17 8 104 146 281 58 82 25 7 3 17 52 4 1 2 164 

Palmoconcha lcrausei 43 

Loxoconcha sp. G 

Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis 13 1 11 5 1 4 1 7 2 47 13 2 6 

Paracytheridea lchantaakensis 4 

PLATES 1-16 

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from U.S. Geological Survey Library, 

Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 
PLATE 1 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1, 4, 7-9, 13, 15; bar scale 

equals 10 micrometers for figs. 2-3, 5-6, l{}-12, 14] 

Figures 1-5. Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Nonnan, 1865) (p. 3). 

1. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408260. 

2. Close-up view of secondary ornament USNM 408261. 

3. Close-up view of anteroventral marginal denticles. USNM 408259. 

4. Interior female left valve. USNM 408262. 

5. Central muscle-scar tubercle. USNM 408263. 

6-14. Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars, 1866) (p. 7). 

6. Close-up view of pores, branching setae. USNM 408266. 

7. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408267. 

8. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408268. 

9. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408266. 

10. Close-up view of externally reflected central muscle scars. USNM 

408267. 

11. Close-up view of ornament and pores. USNM 408268. 

12. Close-up view of pore. USNM 408268. 

13. Interior female right valve. USNM 408269. 

14. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408269. 

15. Ambtonia tongassensis n. sp. (p. 8). Exterior left valve. USNM 408272. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 1 

ACANTHOCYTHEREIS, ROBERTSONITES, AND AMBTONIA 
PLATE2 

[All figures are camera Iucida drawings) 

Figures 1. Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman, 1865) (p. 3). 

Exterior left valve, length 1.10 mm. USNM 408258. 

2, 3. Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars, 1866) (p. 7). 

2. Exterior female left valve, length 0.95 mm. USNM 408264. 

3. Exterior male left valve, length 1.00 mm. USNM 408265. 

4, 5. Ambtonia tongassensis n. sp. (p. 8). 

4. Exterior female left valve, length 0.59 mm. USNM 408270. 

5. Exterior male right valve, length 0.59 mm. USNM 408271. 

6, 7. Celtia palmensis n. sp. (p. 10). 

6. Exterior female left valve, length 1.01 mm USNM 408276. 

7. Exterior male left valve, length 0.99 mm. USNM 408277. 

8. Celtia blizhnii n. sp. (p. 11). 

Exterior female left valve, length 0.89 mm. USNM 408284. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 2 

oo 

0 

J 0 

§ 0 0 

o· 

5 

· a 

.CJ@ . C> 

7 

ACANTHOCYTHEREIS, ROBERTSONITES, AMBTONIA, AND CEL TIA 
PLATE 3 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1-2, 4-5, 7-10, 12, 15-17; bar 

scale equals I 0 micrometers for figs. 3, 6, II, 13-14) 

Figures 1-5. Ambtonia tongassensis n. sp. (p. 8). 

1. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408273. 

2. Interior female right valve. USNM 408274. 

3. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408274. 

4. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408275. 

5. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408273. 

6-15. Celtia palmensis n. sp. (p. 10). 

6. Close-up view of secondary ornament, pore. USNM 408278. 

7. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408279. 

8. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408280. 

9. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408278. 

10. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408281. 

11. Close-up view of secondary ornament, pores with setae. USNM 408281. 

12. Interior male right valve. USNM 408282. 

13. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408282. 

14. Close-up view of recessed sieve plate with seta. USNM 408281. 

15. Interior female left valve. USNM 408283. 

16-17. Celtia blizhnii n. sp. (p. 11 ). 

16. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408286. 

17. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408287. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 3 

AMBTONIA AND CEL TIA 
PLATE 4 

[All figures are camera ludda drawings] 

Figure 1. Celtia blizhnii n. sp. (p. 11). Exterior male left valve, length 0.86 mm. USNM 408285. 

2. Celtia pointmanbiensis n. sp. (p. 12). Exterior female left valve, length 0.98 mm. 

USNM 408292. 

3-4. Finmarchinella (Finmarchinella)jinmarchica (Sars, 1866) (p. 14). 

3. Exterior female left valve, length 0.80 mm. USNM 408301. 

4. Exterior male left valve, length 0.69 mm. USNM 408302. 

5. Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) angulata (Sars, 1866) (p. 15). Exterior female right valve, 

length 0.68 mm. USNM 408310. 

6. Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) barentzovoensis (Mandelstam, 1957) (p. 15). Exterior 

juvenile right valve, length 0.55 mm. USNM 408311. 

7-8. Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis n. sp. (p. 16). 

7. Exterior female left valve, length 0.78 mm. USNM 408312. 

8. Exterior male left valve, length 0.69 mm. USNM 408313. 
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

• - •/ / I \_?,·~,~\ • / --.... I- ....._ ( _. - ' I \ / I_ - ,• -.. _J I 

/\_.' J '-· /-- --~-,-:_-\ ./ ~ -~''-\ ~- 1 ' \ /& . \ \ ........ -' ;' ...__ / / \ · , - . \ / Qn'"- -,.,.. ', , 1 , 1 1 r 

--:: '":' - _, \ ~ .'' ....._- / • .__ '-;•/-..' • I ! 

....__,I \ • '- Ot.-! -! I ', ;.... I I • '--/ \/ ,· . OD '~I .. --...: ~-,_,.,., · 1 

'- ._

0 

I 0 / --

1 __ 1,- ~ - 1

, •) 

. \ 

- . ·- - - . ':.___ . '-

3 

7 

~ 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 4 

70 111) --~ 

8 

CEL TIA AND FINMARCHINELLA 
PLATES 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1-2, 4-5, 7-8, 10-14; bar 

scale equals 10 micrometers for figs. 3, 6, 9, 15] 

Figure I-6. Celtia blizhnii n. sp. (p. II). 

I. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408288. 

2. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408289. 

3. Close-up view of pore. USNM 408286. 

4. Interior male right valve. USNM 408290. 

5. Interior female left valve. USNM 408291 . 

6. Close-up view of pore with seta, etched valve surface. USNM 408288. 

7- I5. Celtia pointmanbiensis n. sp. (p. 12). 

7. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408293. 

8. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408294. 

9. Close-up view of ornament. USNM 408295. 

10. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408296. 

II. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408297. 

I2. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408298. 

I3. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408295. 

14. Interior male left valve. USNM 408299. 

I5. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408300. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 5 

CELT/A 
PLATE 6 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1- 2, 4- 8, 11-14; bar scale 

equals 10 micrometers for figs. 3, 9-10, 15) 

Figures 1-10. Fin11U.lrchinella (Fin11U.lrchinella)jin11U.lrchica (Sars, 1866) (p. 14). 

1. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408303. 

2. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408304. 

3. Close-up of ornament, pores. USNM 408303. 

4. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408305. 

5. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408306. 

6. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408307. 

7. Interior female right valve. USNM 408308. 

8. Interior female left valve. USNM 408309. 

9. Close-up view of ornament, pores. USNM 408307. 

10. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408309. 

11-15. Fin11U.lrchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis n. sp. (p. 16). 

11. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408314. 

12. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408315. 

13. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408316. 

14. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408317. 

15. Close-up view of pores. USNM 408315. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 6 

FINMARCHINELLA 
PLATE 7 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. I, 4-5, 7-8, I(}...! I, 13- 16; bar 

scale equals 10 micrometers for figs. 2-3, 6, 9, 12; bar scale equals I micrometer for fig. 17] 

Figures 1-2. Finmarchinella (Barentsovia) guyotensis n. sp. (p. 16). 

l. In!erior female right valve. USNM 408318. 

2. Close-up view of central muscle scars. USNM 408318. 

3- 12. Hemicythere hazeli n. sp. (p. 18). 

3. Close-up view of ornament USNM 408321. 

4. Ex!erior female left valve. USNM 408322. 

5. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408323. 

6. Close-up view of ornament and pores. USNM 408323. 

7. Exterior male lefl valve. USNM 408324. 

8. Ex!erior male right valve. USNM 408321. 

9. Close-up view of ornament USNM 408323. 

10. Interior female lefl valve. USNM 408325. 

11. Interior female left valve. USNM 408326. 

12. Central muscle scars. USNM 408326. 

13-17. A uri/a malaspinensis n. sp. (p. 19). 

13. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408329. 

14. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408330. 

15. Close-up view of sieve pore. USNM 408331. 

16. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408332. 

17. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408329. 
U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 7 

FINMARCHINELLA, HEMICYTHERE, AND AURILA 
PLATE 8 

[All figures are camera Iucida drawings] 

Figures 1-2. Hemicythere hazeli n. sp. (p. 18). 

1. Exterior female left valve, length 0.58 mm. USNM 408319. 

2. Exterior male right valve, length 0.60 mm. USNM 408320. 

3. Normanicythere leioderma (Norman, 1869) (p. 19). Exterior juvenile right valve, 

length 0.60 mm. USNM 408327. 

4. Aurila malaspinensis n. sp. (p. 19). Exterior female left valve, length 0.75 mm. 

USNM 408328. 

5. Hemicythere emarginata (Sars, 1866) (p. 17). Exterior female right valve, length 

0.80 mm. USNM 408335. 

6. Robustaurila jollaensis (LeRoy, 1943) (p. 21 ). Exterior female left valve, length 0. 78 

mm. USNM 408336. 

7. Coquimba hanaii n. sp. (p. 22). Exterior male left valve, length 0.78 mm. USNM 

408340. 

8. Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. (p. 23). Exterior male left valve, length 0.83 

mm. USNM 408343. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

I 

I 

' I 

I 

I 

I 

\ 

0 

() 

·o 

0 0. 

Oo 

-~ 

= 

-~ .··~ . -

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 8 

1 

3 

5 

7 8 

HEMICYTHERE, NORMANICYTHERE, AURILA, ROBUSTAURILA, COQUIMBA, AND AMBOSTRACON 
PLATE 9 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1-2,6-8, 10, 13, 15-17; bar 

scale equals 10 micrometers for figs. 3--5,9, 11-12, 14; bar scale equals I micrometer for fig. 18] 

Figures 1- 5. Aurila malaspinensis n. sp. (p. 19). 

1. Interior male right valve. USNM 408333. 

2. Interior male left valve. USNM 408334. 

3. Close-up view of ornament, etched valve surface. USNM 408332. 

4. Central muscle scars. USNM 408334. 

5. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408333. 

6-9. Robustaurilajollaensis (LeRoy, 1943) (p. 21). 

6. Exterior juvenile left valve. USNM 408337. 

7. Exterior juvenile right valve. USNM 408338. 

8. Exterior juvenile right valve. USNM 408339. 

9. Close-up view of normal pore. USNM 408338. 

10-15. Coquimba hanaii n. sp. (p. 22). 

10. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408341. 

11. Close-up view of ornament. male. USNM 408342. 

12. Close-up view of sieve pore. USNM 408342. 

13. Exterior right valve. USNM 408342. 

14. Close-up view of normal pore. USNM 408342. 

15. Interior female left valve. USNM 408343. 

16-18. Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. (p. 23). 

16. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408345. 

17. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408346. 

18. Close-up view of sieve pore. USNM 408346. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 9 

AURILA, ROBUSTAURILA, COQUIMBA, AND AMBOSTRACON 
PLATE 10 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1, 4-5, 7-11, 13-14, lt>-17; 

bar scale equals 10 micrometers for figs. 2-3, 12, 15; bar scale equals I micrometer for figs. 6, 18] 

Figures 1-5. Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. (p. 23). 

1. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408347. 

2. Close-up view of secondary ornament, normal pores. USNM 408346. 

3. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408348. 

4. Interior right valve. USNM 408348. 

5. Interior female left valve. USNM 408349. 

6-12. Laperousecythere robusta (Tabuki, 1986) n. gen. (p. 25). 

6. Close-up view of sieve pores, female. USNM 408352. 

7. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408353. 

8. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408354. 

9. Interior male left valve. USNM 408355. 

10. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408356. 

11. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408352. 

12. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408355. 

13-18. Laperousecythere yahtsensis n. gen. n. sp. (p. 26). 

13. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408359. 

14. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408360. 

15. Close-up view of ornament, normal pores. USNM 408361. 

16. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408362. 

17. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408361. 

18. Close-up view of sieve pores. USNM 408361. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 10 

AMBOSTRACON AND LAPEROUSECYTHERE 
PLATE 11 

[All figures are camera Iucida drawings] 

Figure 1. Ambostracon tweedsmuirensis n. sp. (p. 23). Exterior female right valve, length 0.79 mm. 

USNM 408344. 

2- 3. Laperousecythere robusta (Tabuki, 1986) (p. 25). 

2. Exterior male left valve, length 0.98 mm. USNM 408350. 

3. Exterior female right valve, length 0.96 mm. USNM 408351. 

4-5. Laperousecythere yahtsensis n. sp. (p. 26). 

4. Exterior female left valve, length 0.93 mm. USNM 408357. 

5. Exterior male left valve, length 0.98 mm. USNM 408358. 

6. Laxoconchidea dolgoiensis n. sp. (p. 32). Exterior left valve, length 0.39 mm. USNM 

408398. 

7-8. Sagmatocythere gombosi n. sp. (p. 29). 

7. Exterior female left valve, length 0.53 mm. USNM 408371. 

8. Exterior male left valve, length 0.60 mm. USNM 408372. 
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

I • 

1- - -

.·1 

• / I 

/ I 

/ 

/ , 

/ 

1 

3 

5 

7 ' 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 

______ _ ,. ___ , 

0 00 c::J 

. 8 <:::> 

C> 

• I-· 

AMBOSTRACON, LAPEROUSECYTHERE, LOXOCONCHIDEA, AND SAGMA TOCYTHERE 

PLATE 11 

4 

6 

8 
PLATE 12 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 2-3, 7-16, 18; bar scale equals 

10 micrometers for figs. I, 4-5, 17; bar scale equals I micrometer for fig. 6] 

Figures 1-10. Laperousecythere yahtsensis n. sp. (p. 26). 

1. Close-up view of ornament, normal pores. USNM 408362. 

2. Interior male right valve. USNM 408363. 

3. Interior male left valve. USNM 408364. 

4. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 40!!363. 

5. Close-up view of ornament USNM 408365. 

6. Close-up view of sieve plate in normal pore. USNM 408365. 

7. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408366. 

8. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408367. 

9. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408365. 

10. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408368. 

11-12. Elofsonia susitnensis Forester and Brouwers. 1985 (p. 27). 

11. Exterior left valve. USNM 408369. 

12. Exterior right valve. USNM 408370. 

13-18. Sagmatocythere gombosi n. sp. (p. 29). 

13. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408373. 

14. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408374. 

15. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408375. 

16. Exterior male left valve. USNM 40!!376. 

17. Close-up view of ornament, pores. USNM 408376. 

18. Interior male right valve. USNM 408377. 
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 12 

LAPEROUSECYTHERE, ELOFSON/A, AND SAGMA TOCYTHERE 
PLATE 13 

[All figures are camera Iucida drawings] 

Figures 1- 2. Loxoconcha luciensis n. sp. (p. 28) 

I. Exterior left valve, length 0.38 mm. USNM 408379. 

2. Exterior right valve, length 0.35 mm. USNM 408380. 

3-4. Palnwconcha russellensis n. sp. (p. 30). 

3. Exterior female left valve, length 0.53 mm. USNM 408383. 

4. Exterior male left valve, length 0.60 mm. USNM 408384. 

5-6. Palnwconcha krausei n. sp. (p. 31). 

5. Exterior female left valve, length 0.45 mm. USNM 408391. 

6. Exterior male left valve, length 0.45 mm. USNM 408392. 

7. Loxoconcha sp. G (p. 28). Exterior female left valve, length 0.55 mm. USNM 408397. 

8. Paracytheridea khantaakensis n. sp. (p. 33). Exterior left valve, length 0.50 mm. 

USNM 408408. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1 

(j,/ / 

I i· \ I ' \ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

/\ \ 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 13 

2 

4 

6 

8 

LOXOCONCHA, PALMOCONCHA, AND PARACYTHERIDEA 
PLATE 14 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. I, 3-8, 10-11, 13-15; bar scale 

equals 10 micrometers for figs. 2, 12; bar scale equals I micrometer for fig. 9) 

Figures 1-2. Sagmatocythere gombosi n. sp. (p. 29). 

1. Interior female left valve. USNM 408378. 

2. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408378. 

3, 6-12. Palmoconcha russel/ensis n. sp. (p. 30). 

3. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408385. 

6. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408386. 

7. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408387. 

8. Exterior male right valve. USNM 408388. 

9. Close-up view of recessed sieve plate, remnant seta. USNM 408387. 

10. Interior female right valve. USNM 408389. 

11. Interior male left valve. USNM 408390. 

12. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408390. 

4-5. Loxoconcha luciensis n. sp. (p. 28). 

4. Exterior left valve. USNM 408381. 

5. Interior right valve. USNM 408382. 

13-15. Palmoconcha krausei n. sp. (p. 31). 

13. Exterior female left valve. USNM 408393. 

14. Exterior female right valve. USNM 408394. 

15. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408395. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 14 

SAGMATOCYTHERE,PALMOCONCHA, ANDLOXOCONCHA 
PLATE 15 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 2-5, 7-8, 12-13, 15-16; bar 

scale equals 10 micrometers for figs. I, 6, 9-11, 14] 

Figures 1-3, 6. Palmoconcha krausei n. sp. (p. 31). 

1. Close-up view of external reflections of central muscle scars. USNM 

408395. 

2. Interior female left valve. USNM 408396. 

3. Close-up view of hingement, left valve. USNM 408396. 

6. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408396. 

4-16. Loxoconchidea dolgoiensis n. sp. (p. 32). 

4. Exterior left valve. USNM 408399. 

5. Exterior right valve. USNM 408400. 

7. Exterior male left valve. USNM 408401. 

8. Exterior right valve. USNM 408402. 

9. Close-up view of sieve. simple pores with seta. USNM 408403. 

10. Close-up view of sieve pore, seta. USNM 408404. 

11. Close-up view of sieve pore. USNM 408400. 

12. Central muscle-scar field. USNM 408405. 

13. Interior male right valve. USNM 408406. 

14. Interior left valve. USNM 408407. 

15. Close-up view ofhingement, right valve. USNM 408405. 

16. Close-up view ofhingement, left valve. USNM 408407. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 15 

PALMOCONCHA AND LOXOCONCHIDEA 
PLATE 16 

[All figures are scanning electron photomicrographs. Bar scale equals 100 micrometers for figs. 1-4; bar scale equals I 

micrometer for fig. 5] 

Figure 1. Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman, 1865) (p. 3). Exterior male left valve. USNM 

408259. 

2-5. Paracytheridea khantaakensis n. sp. (p. 33). 

2. Exterior left valve. USNM 408409. 

3. Interior left valve. USNM 408411. 

4. Exterior left valve. USNM 408410. 

5. Close-up view of normal pore with seta. USNM 408409. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1531 PLATE 16 

ACANTHOCYTHEREIS AND PARACYTHERIDEA 

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993-573-038/86008 



SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS 

Periodicals 

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). 

Technical Books and Reports 

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports 

of wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and 

engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of 

topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They als? includ.e 

collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a smgle scientific topic. 

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of 

lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results of 

resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well 

as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. 

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest 

to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers 

investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrology, availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. 

Circulars present administrative information or impmtant scientific information of wide popular interest in a format designed for distribution at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term interest. 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports arc papers of an interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formal USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS 

publications, and they are also available for public inspection at depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. 

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, 

maps, and other material that are made available for public consultation 

at depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may 

be cited in other publications as sources of information. 

Maps 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on topographic bases in 7 112- or IS-minute quadrangle formats (scales mainly 1:24,000 or I :62,500) showing bedrock, surficial, or engineering 

geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps include structure 

and columnar sections only. 

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric bases at various scales, they show results of surveys using geophysical techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which 

reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance. Many maps include correlations with the geology. 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps arc on planimetric or 

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they 

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also includes 7 112-minute quadrangle photogeologic maps on planimetric 

bases which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. The 

series also includes maps of Mars and the Moon. 

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or 

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geology, 

stratigmphy. and structural relations in certain coal-re~urce .an:as. 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphiC mformation for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or ~rregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology m relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit probl~ms; post-1971 ~aps 

are primarily black-and-white maps on various subJeCts such as environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. 

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide range 

of geohydrologic data of both regular and irregular areas; the principal 

scale is 1 :24,000. and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller. 

Catalogs 

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehensive 

listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under the 

conditions indicated below from USGS Map Distribution, Box 25286, 

Building 810, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. (See latest 

Price and Availability List.) 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a set 

microfiche. 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970'' may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a set 

of microfiche. 

"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback b~ok form (two 

volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of m1crofiche. 

Supplements for 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, and for sub~­

quent years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail 

and over the counter in paperback book form. 

State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and Water-Supply Repmts and Maps For (State)," may be purchased by mail and 

over the counter in paperback booklet form only. 

"Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey Publications," issued annually. is available free of charge in paperback booklet 

form only. 

Selected copies of a monthly catalog "New Publications of the 

U.S. Geological Survey" is available free of charge by mail or may be 

obtained over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing 

a free subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" should write to the U.S. Geological Survey, 582 National Center. Reston, VA 22092. 

Note.-Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs, 

announcements. and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the prices 

charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, and publications.