Supreme Court of Florida

____________

No. SC14-2404

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FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,

Appellant,

vs.

AMERICAN BUSINESS USA CORP.,

Appellee.

[May 26, 2016]

LABARGA, C.J.

This case is before the Court for review of the decision of the Fourth District 

Court of Appeal in American Business USA Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 151 

So. 3d 67 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014). Because the district court expressly declared

invalid a state statute, section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes (2012), this Court has 

jurisdiction to review the decision. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the 

reasons we explain, we quash the decision of the Fourth District and hold section 

212.05(1)(l) constitutional.
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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case commenced when the Florida Department of Revenue (“the 

Department”) issued a proposed tax assessment on American Business USA Corp.

(“American Business”), doing business as 1Vende.com in Wellington, Florida, for 

taxes and interest on the company’s internet sales transactions between April 1, 

2008, and March 31, 2011. American Business is a for-profit business 

incorporated in Florida and having its physical location and principal address in 

Florida. All the company’s sales of flowers, gift baskets, and other items of 

tangible personal property were initiated online. The company did not maintain 

any inventory of these items but would use florists that were local to the location of 

the delivery to fill the order. The company charged its customers tax on flowers 

and other items delivered in Florida by local florists, but did not charge its 

customers sales tax on flowers and other items delivered outside of Florida. 

The tax assessment was issued by the Department to American Business 

pursuant to section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes (2012), which provides in 

pertinent part:

Florists located in this state are liable for sales tax on sales to retail 

customers regardless of where or by whom the items are to be 

delivered. Florists located in this state are not liable for sales tax on 

payments received from other florists for items delivered to customers 

in this state. 
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Under Florida Administrative Code Rule 12A-1.047(1), “[f]lorists are engaged in 

the business of selling tangible personal property at retail and their sales of 

flowers, wreaths, bouquets, potted plants and other such items of tangible personal 

property are taxable.” The statute and rule were relied on by the Department in 

this case. 

After American Business filed a timely protest, a hearing was set before the 

Division of Administrative Hearings. The administrative law judge issued a prehearing order requiring the parties to stipulate to as many facts as possible. 

Accordingly, the parties filed a joint pre-hearing stipulation setting forth pertinent 

stipulated facts.1 After the administrative hearing, at which the co-owners of the 

business testified and the Department offered exhibits, the administrative law judge 

issued an order recommending that the Department uphold the tax assessment. 

The Department subsequently entered a final order adopting the administrative law 

 

1. The parties stipulated as follows: American Business USA Corp. is a 

Florida corporation doing business as 1Vende.com; American Business’s principal 

place of business and mailing address is in Wellington, Florida; all of American 

Business’s sales were initiated online; American Business specialized in the sale of 

flowers, gift baskets, and other items of tangible personal property; American 

Business did not maintain any inventory of flowers, gift baskets, and other items of 

tangible personal property; American Business used local florists to fill the orders 

it received for flowers, gift baskets, and other items of tangible personal property; 

American Business charged its customers sales tax on sales of flowers, gift 

baskets, and other items of tangible personal property delivered in Florida; 

American Business did not charge its customers sales tax on sales of flowers, gift 

baskets, and other items of tangible personal property delivered outside of Florida. 
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judge’s recommended order in full. The order concluded that the tax required by 

section 212.05 is a tax on the privilege of engaging in business in Florida and is not 

a tax on the property sold. The order also noted that American Business 

“stipulated that it specializes in selling flowers and markets itself to the public as a 

company that sells flowers,” rejecting the claim of American Business that,

because of the manner in which it fills the orders, it is not a “florist” within the 

meaning of and subject to section 212.05(1)(l) or rule 12A-1.047. 

American Business appealed the Department’s final order to the Fourth 

District Court of Appeal where the company contended that the imposition of taxes

on American Business for sales of flowers and other items of tangible personal 

property to be delivered out of state violated the due process clause of the 

Fourteenth Amendment and the “dormant Commerce Clause” emanating from 

article 1, section 8, of the United States Constitution.2 

As to the challenge to section 212.05(1)(l) imposing a tax on florists, the 

Fourth District held that the imposition of taxes on sales to out-of-state customers 

 

2. “[T]he Constitution’s express grant to Congress of the power ‘to regulate 

Commerce . . . among the several states,’ Art. I, § 8, cl. 3, contains a ‘further 

negative command, known as the dormant Commerce Clause,’ . . . . This negative 

command prevents a State from ‘jeopardizing the welfare of the Nation as a whole’ 

by ‘plac[ing] burdens on the flow of commerce across its borders that commerce 

wholly within those borders would not bear.’ ” Am. Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. Mich.

Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 545 U.S. 429, 433 (2005) (citations omitted). 
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for out-of-state flower and gift deliveries violates the dormant Commerce Clause; 

and that the tax is thus “unconstitutional as applied to [American Business’s] sales 

to out-of-state customers for out-of-state delivery.” Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 

70. In so holding, the Fourth District recognized the factors necessary to evaluate

whether a tax complies with the commerce clause:

“The Commerce Clause and the Due Process Clause impose 

distinct but parallel limitations on a State’s power to tax out-of-state 

activities.” MeadWestvaco Corp. ex rel. Mead Corp. v. Ill. Dep’t of 

Revenue, 553 U.S. 16, 24 (2008). When it comes to evaluating a tax 

regarding its compliance with the commerce clause, the decisions of 

the United States Supreme Court

have considered not the formal language of the tax statute 

but rather its practical effect, and have sustained a tax 

against Commerce Clause challenge when the tax is 

applied to an [1] activity with a substantial nexus with 

the taxing State, [2] is fairly apportioned, [3] does not 

discriminate against interstate commerce, and [4] is fairly 

related to the services provided by the State.

Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 279 (1977). This 

has come to be known as the Complete Auto test. If the state tax fails 

any prong of the four-part test, then the tax violates the dormant 

commerce clause. Thus, if the taxing state is able to show only three 

of the four prongs under Complete Auto, the tax will not be sustained 

under a commerce clause challenge.

Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 71. After applying the Complete Auto test to the 

facts of the case, and concluding the tax at issue here was an undue burden on 

interstate commerce, the district court stated, “Merely registering in a state does 

not give the taxing state the right to assess sales taxes on transactions without any 

other facts to constitute ‘substantial nexus.’ ” Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 73.
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As to the Due Process Clause claim, the Fourth District, relying on the 

United States Supreme Court decision in Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, 504 U.S. 

298 (1992), noted that a tax on a vendor may violate the Commerce Clause but not 

the Due Process Clause 

because “the two, the Due Process clause and the Commerce Clause 

are analytically distinct.” [Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 305]. “[A] 

corporation may have the ‘minimum contacts’ with a taxing State as 

required by the Due Process Clause, and yet lack the ‘substantial 

nexus’ with that State as required by the Commerce Clause.”

 

Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 74 (quoting Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 313). In finding 

that due process was not violated in this case because minimum contacts were 

present, the Fourth District explained that “traditional notions of fair play and 

substantial justice were not offended because the taxpayer’s company was 

registered in Florida and had a mailing address in Florida.” Id. at 73. In 

distinguishing claims under the Commerce Clause from Due Process claims, the 

Fourth District noted that “the Commerce Clause and its nexus requirement are 

informed not so much by concerns about fairness for the individual defendant as by 

structural concerns about the effects of state regulation on the national economy.” 

Id. at 74 (quoting Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 312). 

In sum, the Fourth District concluded that American Business had minimum 

contacts with the State of Florida such that no due process violation occurred, but 

that the business activities lacked a “substantial nexus” to Florida to allow tax on 
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sales involving out-of-state customers and out-of-state delivery of flowers, gift 

baskets, and tangible property that were never located in Florida. For the reasons 

discussed below, we disagree that the tax on American Business violates the 

dormant Commerce Clause. 

ANALYSIS

The issue before this Court is whether section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes, 

is unconstitutional as applied to certain activities of American Business. The 

constitutionality of a state statute is a pure question of law subject to de novo 

review. City of Miami v. McGrath, 824 So. 2d 143, 146 (Fla. 2002). This applies 

to a review of the constitutionality of a tax statute. See Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. 

New Sea Escape Cruises, Ltd., 894 So. 2d 954, 957 (Fla. 2005) (“[T]he 

interpretation of . . . [a] tax statute . . . [is] subject to a de novo standard of 

review.”). In this case, American Business brought a challenge to section 

212.05(1)(l), which, because it is an as-applied challenge, involves both a 

determination of law and a determination of the facts to which the law will be 

applied. “[M]ixed questions of law and fact that ultimately determine 

constitutional rights should be reviewed by appellate courts using a two-step 

approach, deferring to the trial court on questions of historical fact but conducting 

a de novo review of the constitutional issue.” Davis v. State, 142 So. 3d 867, 

871 (Fla. 2014) (quoting Henry v. State, 134 So. 3d 938, 946 (Fla. 2014)). 
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However, where, as here, “the facts are not in dispute, the only issue before the 

court is a reconciliation of the statutory provisions on which the parties 

respectively rely . . . . [and the] standard of review is de novo.” Boca Airport, Inc. 

v. Fla. Dept. of Revenue, 56 So. 3d 140, 141-42 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). Because the 

issue in this case is whether the tax statute is unconstitutional as applied to 

American Business, and because the operative facts are stipulated by the parties, 

the review by this Court remains de novo. 

As in all constitutional challenges, the statute comes to this Court clothed 

with the presumption of correctness and all reasonable doubts about the statute’s 

validity are to be resolved in favor of constitutionality. “While we review

decisions striking state statutes de novo, we are obligated to accord legislative acts 

a presumption of constitutionality and to construe challenged legislation to effect a 

constitutional outcome whenever possible.” Crist v. Ervin, 56 So. 3d 745, 747

(Fla. 2010) (quoting Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. City of Gainesville, 918 So. 2d 250, 

256 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. Howard, 916 So. 2d 640, 642 

(Fla. 2005))). With these standards in mind, we turn to the statute at issue.

Section 212.05, Florida Statutes (2012), provides in pertinent part that 

“every person is exercising a taxable privilege who engages in the business of 

selling tangible personal property at retail in this state, including the business of 

making mail order sales, . . .” The statute further provides that “[f]or the exercise 
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of such privilege, a tax is levied on each taxable transaction or incident.” 

§ 212.05(1), Fla. Stat. (2012) (emphasis added). Thus, the administrative law 

judge and the Department are correct that the statute does not place a tax on the 

items sold, but on the sales transaction itself. Subsection (1)(l) then makes clear 

that “[f]lorists located in this state are liable for sales tax on sales to retail 

customers regardless of where or by whom the items are to be delivered.” 

§ 212.05(1)(l), Fla. Stat. (2012) We turn first to the issue of whether section 

212.05(1)(l) violates the dormant Commerce Clause as applied to American 

Business’s internet sales of flowers, gift baskets, and other tangible personal 

property.

The Dormant Commerce Clause

The relevant inquiry into a claim of violation of the dormant Commerce 

Clause begins with the Complete Auto test. In Complete Auto, the United States 

Supreme Court addressed “ ‘the perennial problem of the validity of a state tax for 

the privilege of carrying on within a state, certain activities’ related to a 

corporation’s operation of an interstate business.” 430 U.S. at 274 (quoting 

Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Traigle, 421 U.S. 100, 101 (1975)). The Mississippi tax 

was to be levied on gross sales of any business within the state, and the law 

required that anyone liable for the tax is required to add it to the gross sales price 

and collect it at the time the sales price is collected. Id. at 276. The Supreme 
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Court upheld the tax, which was imposed on a motor carrier transporting vehicles 

manufactured outside the state and shipped into the state by a company that did 

business within the state. The basis for affirmance announced in Complete Auto is 

the four-prong test that has come to be applied to determine if a taxing statute

violates the dormant Commerce Clause. The Supreme Court in Complete Auto

upheld that tax because no claim or showing was “made that the activity is not 

sufficiently connected to the State to justify a tax, or that the tax is not fairly 

related to benefits provided the taxpayer, or that the tax discriminates against 

interstate commerce, or that the tax is not fairly apportioned.” Id. at 287. 

The Supreme Court in Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Jefferson Lines, Inc., 

514 U.S. 175 (1995), later explained that the Court has “often applied, and 

somewhat refined, what has come to be known as Complete Auto’s four-part test.” 

Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 183. As noted above, the Court explained the test as 

requiring in its first prong that “a sale of tangible goods has a sufficient nexus to 

the State in which the sale is consummated to be treated as a local transaction 

taxable by that State.” Id. at 184.

The second prong of the Complete Auto test, as interpreted in Jefferson 

Lines, looks at whether the tax is properly apportioned to ensure that each state 

taxes only its fair share of an interstate transaction. Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 

184. The Court explained that “[f]or over a decade now, we have assessed any 
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threat of malapportionment by asking whether the tax is ‘internally consistent’ and, 

if so, whether it is ‘externally consistent’ as well.” Id. at 185 (quoting Goldberg v, 

Sweet, 488 U.S. 252, 261 (1989)). The first component of prong two, internal 

consistency, “is preserved when the imposition of a tax identical to the one in 

question by every other State would add no burden to interstate commerce that 

intrastate commerce would not also bear.” Id. The Supreme Court in Jefferson 

Lines concluded that the tax at issue was internally consistent because “[i]f every 

State were to impose a tax identical to Oklahoma’s, that is, a tax on ticket sales 

within the State for travel originating there, no sale would be subject to more than 

one State’s tax.” Id. The second component of prong two is external consistency, 

which looks “to the economic justification for the State’s claim upon the value 

taxed, to discover whether a State’s tax reaches beyond that portion of value that is 

fairly attributable to economic activity within the taxing State.” Id. “[T]he threat 

of real multiple taxation (though not by literally identical statutes) may indicate a 

State’s impermissible overreaching.” Id. 

The third prong of the Complete Auto test, whether the tax discriminates 

against interstate commerce, looks at whether the tax provides a direct commercial 

advantage to local business. Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 197. As the Supreme 

Court in Jefferson Lines noted, such a discriminatory advantage was found in 

American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. Scheiner, 483 U.S. 266, 285-86 (1987), where 
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the tax imposed a cost per mile on trucks operated by an interstate motor carrier 

that was five times as heavy as the cost per mile borne by local trucks. Jefferson 

Lines, 514 U.S. at 197 (citing Am. Trucking, 483 U.S. at 269).

Finally, the fourth prong of the Complete Auto test looks at whether the tax 

is fairly related to the services provided by the State. Id. The Supreme Court in 

Jefferson Lines explained that “the Commerce Clause demands a fair relation 

between a tax and the benefits conferred upon the taxpayer by the State.” Id. at 

199. However, “[t]he fair relation prong of Complete Auto requires no detailed 

accounting of the services provided to the taxpayer on account of the activity being 

taxed, nor, indeed, is a State limited to offsetting the public costs created by the 

taxed activity.” Id. The Court further noted that “police and fire protection, along 

with the usual and usually forgotten advantages conferred by the State’s 

maintenance of a civilized society, are justifications enough for the imposition of 

the tax.” 514 U.S. at 200 (citing Goldberg, 488 U.S. at 267). The test “asks only 

that the measure of the tax be reasonably related to the taxpayer’s presence or 

activities in the State.” Id. at 200. 

The Department of Revenue in this case contends that only prong one of the 

Complete Auto test—substantial nexus—is at issue because prongs two through 

four were not contested by American Business. Even though American Business
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does not dispute that contention, we review whether all four prongs of the test have 

been met, and discuss each in turn.

(1) There must be a “substantial nexus” with the State.

The facts establish that American Business had more than a slight presence 

in Florida. Its economic activities and transactions transpired from its principal 

place of business in Florida, in taking internet orders for flowers, gift baskets, and 

other tangible personal property and arranging for those items to be located and 

delivered out of state. The Supreme Court in National Bellas Hess, Inc. v. 

Department of Revenue, 386 U.S. 753 (1967), held that the use tax in that case 

violated the dormant Commerce Clause because the taxing state lacked the 

required nexus to tax an out-of-state vendor under these circumstances. That case 

presented the question of taxation on an out-of-state seller whose only connection 

with customers in the taxing state was by common carrier or mail. Bellas Hess 

owned no tangible property in the taxing state, and had no representatives or 

solicitors there. Orders were sent to a plant outside the taxing state. In holding 

taxation was improper in that case, the Supreme Court in Bellas Hess distinguished 

between sellers with retail outlets, solicitors, or property in the taxing state. Id. at 

758. Ten years later, in National Geographic Society v. California Board of 

Equalization, 430 U.S. 551 (1977), the Supreme Court affirmed the continuing 

vitality of Bellas Hess’s “sharp distinction . . . between mail order sellers with 
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retail outlets, solicitors, or property within [the taxing] State, and those [like Bellas 

Hess] who do no more than communicate with customers in the State by mail or 

common carrier as part of a general interstate business.” Nat’l Geographic Soc’y, 

430 U.S. at 559 (quoting Bellas Hess, 386 U.S. at 758). In 1992, the Supreme 

Court reaffirmed the Bellas Hess distinction, for purposes of the Commerce 

Clause, between businesses that have a physical presence in the state and those 

whose only contacts with the state are by mail or common carrier. See Quill Corp., 

504 U.S. at 314. American Business falls into the first category, having a business 

location, business property, and business activities in Florida. 

This Court has applied the principle set forth in National Geographic, and 

the distinction discussed there concerning companies that only make sales in a 

state by mail or common carrier and have no physical presence in the state. In 

Department of Revenue v. Share International, Inc., 676 So. 2d 1362 (Fla. 1996), 

we held that a “slight[] presence” of a company in Florida by way of attending a 

chiropractic seminar for several days each year would be an insufficient nexus to 

enforce a use tax against the company that sold products by direct mail order to 

residents in Florida. The Court cautioned, however, that “[i]f such a company has 

additional connections to the taxing state, then those connections must be analyzed 

under the ‘substantial nexus’ test.” Id. at 1363 (emphasis omitted). This Court 

reaffirmed the principle “that out-of-state mail order sales companies . . . which 
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have no physical presence in the taxing state, are immune from state sales or use 

tax liability.” Dep’t of Banking & Fin., State of Fla. v. Credicorp, Inc., 684 So. 2d 

746, 751 (Fla. 1996) (citing Quill Corp., Nat’l Bellas Hess, and Share Int’l). 

Thus, the law is established that without any physical presence in Florida, 

the sales tax imposed on American Business in this case for its out-of-state sales to 

out-of-state customers would clearly be in violation of the dormant Commerce 

Clause. However, the record shows that American Business does have a physical 

presence in Florida—it is headquartered in Wellington, Florida, and has been doing 

business in Florida since 2001. From its Florida location, American Business 

accepts internet orders and arranges for delivery of out-of-state flowers and 

tangible personal property. Based on the facts of this case, we find that the 

“substantial nexus” test is met. We turn next to the second prong of the Complete 

Auto test.

(2) The tax must be fairly apportioned.

The internal consistency test, one component of prong two of the Complete 

Auto test, helps courts identify tax schemes that, in operation and application, 

would discriminate against interstate commerce. The test “looks to the structure of 

the tax at issue to see whether its identical application by every State in the Union 

would place interstate commerce at a disadvantage as compared with commerce 

intrastate.” Comptroller of the Treasury of Md. v. Wynne, 135 S. Ct. 1787, 1802
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(2015) (quoting Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 185). “By hypothetically assuming 

that every State has the same tax structure, the internal consistency test allows 

courts to isolate the effect of a defendant State’s tax scheme.” Id. “[T]ax schemes 

that inherently discriminate against interstate commerce without regard to the tax 

policies of other States” are “typically unconstitutional.” Id. “[T]ax schemes that 

create disparate incentives to engage in interstate commerce (and sometimes result 

in double taxation) only as a result of the interaction of two different but 

nondiscriminatory and internally consistent schemes” are not typically 

unconstitutional.3 Id. 

In the present case, if all states taxed only the entity initially receiving the 

order for flowers, and not the florist to whom the flower order and delivery is 

referred, then no florist would be taxed twice. Jefferson Lines also explained that a 

“failure of internal consistency shows as a matter of law that a State is attempting 

to take more than its fair share of taxes from the interstate transaction, since 

allowing such a tax in one State would place interstate commerce at the mercy of 

those remaining States that might impose an identical tax.” 514 U.S. at 185. But, 

“[i]f every state were to impose [an identical tax] . . . no sale would be subject to 

 

3. However, the Supreme Court also noted, “Our cases have held that tax 

schemes may be invalid under the dormant Commerce Clause even absent a 

showing of actual double taxation.” Wynne, 135 S. Ct. at 1802 n.5. 
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more than one State’s tax.” Id. That principle applies equally to the tax at issue in 

this case.4

We are also mindful of the principle discussed in Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.,

397 U.S. 137 (1970), that “[w]here the statute regulates even-handedly to 

effectuate a legitimate local public interest, and its effects on interstate commerce 

are only incidental, it will be upheld unless the burden imposed on such commerce 

is clearly excessive.” Id. at 142. Thus, the Supreme Court has allowed some 

incidental effect on interstate commerce if the statute generally operates in an 

even-handed and non-discriminatory manner and the state is not attempting to take 

 

4. The tax, if enacted by all states in substantially the same form as 

Florida’s, would not present a serious risk of multiple taxation. Amici cite the rare 

case where an out-of-state florist may travel into Florida to deliver the flower order 

it received in its home state and is determined under the statute to also be a florist 

“located in” Florida; or where a florist that has an out-of-state branch and a Florida 

branch, and is a registered dealer in both states, refers its out-of-state order to its 

Florida branch. We do not consider arguments raised by amici curiae that were not 

raised by the parties. See, e.g., Riechmann v. State, 966 So. 2d 298, 304 n.8 (Fla. 

2007). Even if we consider such argument, instances of possible multiple taxation 

due only to the specific business model of certain businesses, which may subject 

those businesses to multiple taxation in rare circumstances, do not demonstrate that 

the Florida tax is placing interstate commerce at the mercy of states that might 

impose the same tax; and these examples do not show that Florida is attempting to 

garner more than its fair share of taxes. Moreover, the facts upon which the asapplied challenge operates do not fall into either of the two examples of possible 

multiple taxation cited by the amici.

 
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more than its fair share of taxes. We conclude the same can be said of the tax at 

issue in this case.

As to the second component of prong two—external consistency—the 

Supreme Court explained in Jefferson Lines that “[e]xternal consistency . . . looks 

not to the logical consequences of cloning [the statute], but to the economic 

justification for the State’s claim upon the value taxed, to discover whether a 

State’s tax reaches beyond that portion of value that is fairly attributable to 

economic activity within the taxing State.” 514 U.S. at 185. 

American Business contends in this case—albeit in its argument concerning 

prong one of the Complete Auto test and not prong two—that it is being taxed on 

out-of-state sales that are not consummated until delivery is effected out of state, 

thus the Florida tax should not apply. The Department responds that it is the 

transaction occurring in Florida that is being taxed in Florida, and that the 

transaction occurs in Florida where the business facilitated every stage of the 

transaction from advertising for customers, accepting their orders, receiving 

payment, and locating and transmitting the orders to third-party florists. We agree 

with the Department that because the statute taxes the transaction that occurs in 

Florida by the business engaging in business here, and not on the items sold or the 

activities occurring out of state, prong two of the Complete Auto test is met.
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(3) The tax must not discriminate against interstate commerce.

The Supreme Court in Jefferson Lines described a tax that discriminates 

against interstate commerce as one that provides a direct commercial advantage to 

local business. 514 U.S. at 197. “States are barred from discriminating against 

foreign enterprises competing with local businesses . . . and from discriminating 

against commercial activity occurring outside the taxing State.” Id. (internal 

citations omitted). Section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes, contains no provision 

that affords preferential treatment or any commercial advantage to a Florida 

business over an out-of-state business. It simply requires that florists located in 

Florida are liable for sales taxes on sales transactions regardless of where or by 

whom the items are to be delivered. The statute exempts from the tax florists

located in Florida that receive payments from other florists for items delivered to 

customers in this state. Thus, where a Florida florist receives an order and 

payment from another florist for delivery of flowers to customers in Florida, the 

Florida “delivering” florist will not pay the tax; and, if the other state has a statute 

similar to Florida’s, the “referring” florist in that other state will be the one that is 

liable to remit the tax in that state if similar tax provisions apply. Similarly, where

a Florida florist such as American Business sends an order for flowers or other 

items to an out-of-state florist to be delivered out of state, then the Florida florist is 

responsible for collecting and remitting the sales tax to the State of Florida. 
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Therefore, the statute does not discriminate against interstate commerce or provide 

a direct commercial advantage to local business. Finally, we examine prong four 

of the Complete Auto test.

(4) The tax must be fairly related to the services provided by the state.

The Department of Revenue contends that the tax in this case is fairly related 

to the services provided by the State because American Business, like other Florida 

residents or businesses, benefits from the state’s resources and services. This 

inquiry is closely connected to the nexus prong and serves to ensure that a state’s 

tax burden is not placed on persons who do not benefit from services provided by 

the State. See Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 313 (“The first and fourth prongs, which 

require a substantial nexus and a relationship between the tax and state-provided 

services, limit the reach of state taxing authority so as to ensure that state taxation 

does not unduly burden interstate commerce.”). As noted earlier, the Supreme 

Court in Jefferson Lines explained that “the Commerce Clause demands a fair 

relation between a tax and the benefits conferred upon the taxpayer by the State,” 

but “[t]he fair relation prong of Complete Auto requires no detailed accounting of 

the services provided to the taxpayer on account of the activity being taxed, nor, 

indeed, is a State limited to offsetting the public costs created by the taxed 

activity.” 514 U.S. at 199. Also as we noted earlier, and as the Supreme Court 

explained in Jefferson Lines, “police and fire protection, along with the usual and 
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usually forgotten advantages conferred by the State’s maintenance of a civilized 

society, are justifications enough for the imposition of the tax.” Id. at 200 (citing 

Goldberg, 488 U.S. at 267). The test “asks only that the measure of the tax be 

reasonably related to the taxpayer’s presence or activities in the State.” Id. “[T]he 

constitutional power of a state to tax does not depend upon the enjoyment of the 

taxpayer of any special benefit from the use of the funds raised by taxation.” Delta 

Air Lines, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 455 So. 2d 317, 323 (Fla. 1984). The 

“practical operation” of the tax allows the State of Florida to exert powers relative 

to “opportunities which it has given, to protection which it has afforded, to benefits 

which it has conferred by the fact of being an orderly, civilized society.” Id.

(quoting Wisconsin v. J.C. Penney Co., 311 U.S. 435, 444 (1940)).

American Business is physically located in Wellington, Florida, and operates 

its business from that location. It benefits from the public safety agencies of the 

state, as well as other infrastructure and public amenities paid for by state taxes. It 

benefits from the orderly, civilized society that is afforded it by the State of 

Florida. American Business has by its presence and transactions in Florida availed 

itself of the opportunities and protections made possible in part by the taxes 

imposed on its sales transactions. Thus, there is a reasonable relationship between 

the company’s presence and activities in the state and the tax at issue. 
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For all the foregoing reasons, we find that all four prongs of the Complete 

Auto test have been satisfied and section 212.05(1)(l) does not violate the dormant 

Commerce Clause.

Due Process Claim

American Business also claims that the tax at issue is a violation of the Due 

Process Clause of the United States Constitution. The district court found no 

violation of due process and we agree. Due process requires only that there be 

some minimal connection between the State and the transaction it seeks to tax. 

The Supreme Court in Quill Corp., citing Bellas Hess, essentially found that “some 

sort of physical presence within the State” is sufficient, and necessary, for 

jurisdiction under the Due Process Clause. Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 307. 

In the present case, American Business has a physical presence and does 

business within the state. We have concluded that American Business’s activities 

have a substantial nexus to Florida. Thus, the minimum connection required to 

satisfy due process is also met. No due process violation is present on the facts of 

this case. 

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing analysis, we quash the decision of the Fourth District 

Court of Appeal in American Business USA Corp. v. Department of Revenue to 

the extent that it holds that the assessment of sales tax on sales of flowers, gift 
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baskets, and other items of tangible personal property ordered by out-of-state 

customers for out-of-state delivery violates the dormant Commerce Clause of the 

United States Constitution.

It is so ordered.

PARIENTE, QUINCE, and PERRY, JJ., concur.

LEWIS, CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., concur in result.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 

IF FILED, DETERMINED.

An Appeal from the District Court of Appeal – Statutory or Constitutional 

Invalidity

Fourth District - Case No. 4D13-1472

(Broward County)

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Jeffrey M. Dikman, Senior Assistant Attorney 

General, and Rachel Erin Nordby, Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida,

for Appellant

Michael David Sloan, David Bedford Esau, and Dean Angelo Morande of Carlton 

Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., West Palm Beach, Florida,

for Appellee

James H. Sutton, Jr. of Moffa, Gainor, & Sutton, PA, Tampa, Florida, and Sydney 

S. Traum of the Law Offices of Sydney S. Traum, P.A., Miami Beach, Florida,

for Amici Curiae American Association of Attorney – Certified Public 

Accountants, Inc. and Florida Association of Attorney – Certified Public 

Accountants, Inc.