§ 273.3 Liability for false claims and statements. Section 3802 of title 31, United States Code, provides for liability as follows: ( a ) *Claims.* ( 1 ) Any person who makes, presents, or submits, or causes to be made, presented, or submitted, a claim that the person knows or has reason to know— ( i ) Is false, fictitious, or fraudulent; or
( ii ) Includes or is supported by any written statement asserting a material fact which is false, fictitious, or fraudulent; or
( iii ) Includes or is supported by any written statement that— ( A ) Omits a material fact;
( B ) Is false, fictitious, or fraudulent as a result of such omission; and
( C ) Is a statement in which the person making, presenting, or submitting such statement has a duty to include such material fact; or
( iv ) Is for payment for the provision of property or services which the person has not provided as claimed Shall be subject to, in addition to any other remedy that may be prescribed by law, a civil penalty of not more than $5,500 for each such claim. As adjusted under Public Law 114-74, the penalty is $13,946 per claim.
( 2 ) Each voucher, invoice, claim form, or other individual request or demand for property, services, or money constitutes a separate claim.
( 3 ) A claim shall be considered made, presented, or submitted to the Postal Service, recipient, or party when such claim is actually made to an agent, fiscal intermediary, or other entity, including any State or political subdivision thereof, acting for or on behalf of the Postal Service, recipient, or party.
( 4 ) Each claim for property, services, or money is subject to the civil penalty referred to in paragraph (a)(1) of this section regardless of whether such property, service, or money is actually delivered or paid.
( 5 ) If the Government has made payment on a claim, a person subject to the civil penalty referred to in paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall also be subject to an assessment of not more than twice the amount of such claim or twice the amount of that portion thereof that is determined to be in violation of paragraph (a)(1) of this section. This assessment shall be in lieu of damages sustained by the United States because of such claim.
( b ) Statements. ( 1 ) Any person who makes, presents, or submits, or causes to be made, presented, or submitted, a written statement that— ( i ) The person knows or has reason to know— ( A ) Asserts a material fact which is false, fictitious, or fraudulent; or
( B ) Is false, fictitious, or fraudulent because it omits a material fact that the person making, presenting or submitting such statement had a duty to include in such statement; and
( ii ) Contains or is accompanied by an express certification or affirmation of the truthfulness and accuracy of the contents of the statement. As adjusted under Public Law 114-74, the penalty is $13,946 per claim.
( iii ) Shall be subject to, in addition to any other remedy that may be prescribed by law, a civil penalty of not more than $5,500 for each such statement.
( 2 ) Each written representation, certification, or affirmation constitutes a separate statement.
( 3 ) A statement shall be considered made, presented, or submitted to the Postal Service when such statement is actually made to an agent, fiscal intermediary, or other entity, including any State or political subdivision thereof, acting for or on behalf of the Postal Service.
( c ) In any case in which it is determined that more than one person is liable for making a claim or statement under this section, the civil penalty referred to in paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be imposed on each such person without regard to the amount of any penalties collected or demanded from others.
( d ) In any case in which it is determined that more than one person is liable for making a claim under this section on which the Government has made payment, an assessment may be imposed against any such person or jointly and severally against any combination of such persons. The aggregate amount of the assessments collected with respect to such claim shall not exceed twice the portion of such claim determined to be in violation of paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
[52 FR 12901, Apr. 20, 1987, as amended at 56 FR 55825, Oct. 30, 1991; 61 FR 55750, Oct. 29, 1996; 87 FR 1676, Jan. 12, 2022; 88 FR 1515, Jan. 11, 2023; 89 FR 1461, Jan. 10, 2024]