NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Operations 

for 1984 and 1985 I 

T.W. Thompson 

Editor I 

J \ 

1 

(hASA-Ch-180237) NASA/JPL A.I&CKAFII SAB N87-18YCE 

OEEBAlICPiS FOki 19€4 Ah1 1485 (Jet Propulsion Laf;.) 126 p CSCL 1711 

Unclas t 

I G3/U3 43740 

I 

November 1, 1986 , 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

California Institute of Technology 

Pasadena, California 

JPL PUBLICATION 86-20 

NASAIJPL Aircraft SAR Operations 

for 1984 and 1985 

T.W. Thompson 

Editor 

T. Andersen 

W. Brown, Jr. 

G. DiGiorgi 

N. Donovan 

D. Evans 

Contributors 

T. Farr 

D. Harrison 

D. Held 

E. McMillan 

T. Miller 

November 1, 1986 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Ad m i n i st rat ion 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

California Institute of Technology 

Pasadena, California 
The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade 

name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its 

endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

California Institute of Technology. 
PREFACE 

An impetus for this report was the NASAIJPL Aircraft SAR Workshop 

held in Pasadena, California, on 4-5 February 1986. Two recommendations of 

that workshop were to (1) catalog existing data and (2) document the aircraft 

system. This report is an attempt to satisfy those recommendations. Also, 

this report replaces an Aircraft SAR/Scatterometer User's Manual published in 

1983 because that manual is largely out of date. 

Another reason for this report was the unfortunate fire on the 

night of 17 July 1985 that destroyed the NASAIAmes CV-990 Airborne Laboratory 

and the NASAIJPL aircraft SAR. 

and the aircraft SAR with a goal of having them in the air again in 1987. The 

new systems will be modelled on what was destroyed. 

documents what was destroyed in the fire but also provides a model for the 

rebuilt radar. 

NASA is rebuilding both the Airborne Laboratory 

This report not only 

The aircraft radar complements the Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR) 

Program. We at JPL conducted a major aircraft expedition in the fall of 1984 

when we supplied aircraft SAR data to several SIR investigators. The next SIR 

flight will be SIR-C, which is scheduled for the early 1990's and will provide 

multiwavelength, multiple-polarization SAR data for the first time from space. 

The aircraft SAR provided useful inputs to the SIR Program via the multiple 

polarization data that have been routinely acquired since 1983. This report 

emphasizes the Fall-84 and Summer-85 Expeditions when the aircraft radar was 

equipped with microstrip antennas that permitted a direct measurement of the 

phase differences between the multiple polarizations. 

iii 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Many people contributed to the success of our aircraft radar 

program. 

providing us with early indications of their data requests both during the 

premission planning and the postmission data-production phases. We welcome 

the momentum provided by the Aircraft Users Meeting held at JPL in February 

1986 and the Airborne Science Meeting held at NASA Headquarters in October 

1983. Both meetings provided useful insights to our operations via 

interactions with potential users. 

First, we thank the investigators (the users) for their efforts in 

The NASA/Ames Medium Altitude Missions Branch supported our efforts 

with a very professional operation. 

accurate scheduling efforts. 

mission managers. We thank Bob Morrison and Gene Moniz for their support as 

navigators and for their work in getting to all of our data sites. We thank 

Fred Drinkwater and the other pilots for their help in getting the CV-990 to 

our sites. 

professional group and a pleasure to work with. 

We thank John Reller for his careful and 

George Grant and George Alger were excellent 

The NASA/Ames Medium Altitude Missions Branch was a thoroughly 

The editor wishes to thank those at JPL who played a major part in 

the production of data. The flight operations were supported by the untiring 

efforts of Elmer McMillan, Tim Miller, and Bill Fiechter. Godfrey DiGiorgi 

and Neva Donovan were primarily responsible for the production of the digital 

images. Bi Trinh, Tom Andersen, Tom Bicknell, and Dave Deats were primarily 

responsible for the production of the optical survey data. Gina Nelson, Annie 

Holmes, and Don Harrison were responsible for data archiving and distribution 

of products to the users. Howard Zebker, Tae Joo, Yun-Ling Lou, Godfrey 

DiGiorgi, and Charles Werner have produced the correlation software through 

many years of effort. Many members of the Aircraft Radar Group (Walter 

Skotnicki, Bob Blakely, George Williams, and John McCluskey) have supported 

many efforts that provided successful aircraft hardware. Neil Herman and Dan 

Held have provided invaluable guidance throughout the past few years. 

Peter Mouginis-Mark of the University of Hawaii and NASA 

Headquarters as well as Prof. David Weissman of Hofstra University provided 

valuable inputs to this report. Roger Carlson of JPL provided very useful 

support in the production of this report. 

iv 
ABSTRACT 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory (NASA/JPL) aircraft synthetic aperture radar (SARI was used to 

conduct major data acquisition expeditions in 1983 through 1985. Substantial 

improvements to the aircraft SAR were incorporated in 1981 through 1984 

resulting in an imaging radar that could simultaneously record all four 

combinations of linear horizontal and vertical polarization (HH, EV, VH, W) 

using computer control of the radar logic, gain setting, and other functions. 

Data were recorded on high-density digital tapes and processed on a generalpurpose computer to produce 10-km square images with 10-• resolution. These 

digital images yield both the amplitude and phase of the four polarizations. 

All of the digital images produced so far are archived at the JPL Radar Data 

Center and are accessible via the Reference Notebook System of that facility. 

Sites observed in 1984 and 1985 included geological targets in the 

western United States, as well as agricultural and forestry sites in the 

Midwest and along the eastern coast. This aircraft radar was destroyed in the 

CV-990 fire at March Air Force Base on 17 July 1985. 

flights in 1987 and will likely be operated in a mode similar to that 

described here. The data from 1984 and 1985 as well as those from future 

expeditions in 1987 and beyond will provide users with a valuable data base 

for the multifrequency, multipolarization Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR-C) 

scheduled for orbital operations in the early 1990's. 

It is being rebuilt for 

V 
CONTENTS 

I. 

11. 

111. 

IV . 

V. 

VI. 

INTRODUCTION ........................ 1-1 

OPERATIONS OVERVIEW .................... 2-1 

A. PREMISSION PLANNING ................. 2-3 

B. REAL-TIME (FLIGHT) OPERATIONS ............ 2-3 

C. POSTMISSION DATA DISSEMINATION ............ 2-6 

AIRCRAFT HARDWARE DESCRIPTION ............... 3-1 

A. PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT ...... 3-1 

B. HARDWARE FUNCTIONS .................. 3-5 

C. HARDWARE SUMMARY AND DATA QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS ... 3-8 

DATA PROCESSING--OPTICAL AND SUPPORT DATA ......... 4-1 

A. QUICK-LOOK OPTICAL SURVEY IMAGERY .......... 4-1 

B. SUPPORT PHOTOGRAPHY ................. 4-2 

C. RADAR LOGS. ..................... 4-3 

DATA PRODUCTS--DIGITAL IMAGES ............... 5-1 

A. PLAYBACK ESTIMATION VIA PROGRAMS TTFT AND TTFTMM ... 5-2 

B. DIGITAL PROCESSING .................. 5-3 

C. DIGITAL IMAGE PRODUCTS ................ 5-8 

D. DIGITAL DATA SUMMARY ................. 5-13 

DATA ACQUISITION SUMMARY .................. 6-1 

A. TRACKPLOTS ..................... 6-1 

B. OPTICAL SURVEY MOSAICS ................ 6-15 

C. DIGITAL DATA EXAMPLES ................ 6-21 

VII. SUMMARY .......................... 7-1 

REFERENCES .............................. 8-1 

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 8-1 

APPENDIXES 

A. FLIGHTSUMMARY.. ..................... A-1 

B. DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITIONS ................. B-1 

C. AIRCRAFT SAR DIGITAL IMAGE SUMMARY ............. C-1 

D. PARTICIPANT ADDRESSES ................... D-1 

E. ABBREVIATIONS/NOMENCLATURE/ACRONYMS ............ E-1 

vi i 
Figures 

2.1 . 1.2 . 

1.3 . 

2.1 . 

2.2 . 2.3 . 

2.4 . 2.5 . 2.6 . 

3.1 . 3.2 . 

3.3 . 3.4 . 3.5 . 

4.1 . 

4.2 . 4.3 . 4. . 4.5 . 4.6 . 

5.1 . 5.2 . 5.3 . 5.4 . 5.5 . 

5.6 . 5.7 . 

6.1 . 

6.2 . 6.3 . 6.4 . 6.5 . 6.6 . 6.7 . 6.8 . 6.9 . 6.10 . 

NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Program: 1981-1987 .......... 1-2 

the NASA/JPL Aircraft Radar in 1984 and 1985 ........ 1-4 

The NASA/Ames CV-990 Airborne Laboratory .......... 1-4 

Geographic Location of Sites Observed with 

Aircraft Operations Overview Emphasizing SAR 

Imaging Geometries ..................... 2-1 

NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR End-to-End Operations ........ 2-2 

Lineplanning ....................... 2-4 

Description of Aircraft Data Acquisitions ......... 2-5 

Overview of Real-Time Flight Operations .......... 2-6 

Overview of Postmission Data Dissemination ......... 2-7 

Overview of Premission Aircraft SAR Flight 

Physical Layout of the Radar Racks on the Aircraft ..... Interfaces Between the NASA/JPL Aircraft Racks and 

3-3 

the CV-990 Aircraft .................... 3-3 

Equipment Racks on board the CV-990 ............ 3-6 

NASA/JPL Aircraft Radar Block Diagram ........... 3-7 

NASA/JPL Aircraft Radar Hardware Block Diagram ....... 3-8 

Block Diagram for Production of Quick-Look Optical 

Survey Data ........................ 4-2 

Details of Optical Survey Data Production ......... 4-2 

Optical Correlator Block Diagram .............. 

KS-87 Nadir Photography Example .............. 4-5 

KS-87 Off-Nadir Photography Example ............ 4-5 

4-3 

Example of Optical Survey Imagery ............. 4-4 

Hardware Block Diagram for Production of Digital Imagery . . 5-1 

Block Diagram for Steps in Production of Digital Imagery . . 5-2 

Geometry for Geometric Rectification of Digital Images ... 5-7 

Example of Quad-Pol Black-and-white Mosaic. File 1 of 

DICO Tape/IPL Photograph Format .............. 5-9 

DICO Tape ......................... 5-10 

Example of Header Printout ................. 5-11 

Example of STC and RMS Estimation Plots .......... 5-12 

Geographic Locations of Track Plots in Figures 6-2 

through 6-18 ........................ Track Plots for Northern California ............ Track Plots for Central California ............ Track Plots for Nevada SIR-B Sites ............. Track Plots for Los Angeles. California ........... Track Plots for Southern California Desert ......... Track Plots for Snake River. Idaho ............. Track Plots for Wind River. Wyoming ............ Track Plots for Konza Grasslands. Kansas .......... Track Plots for the Ely Pines Site. Minnesota (1) and 

Ottawa National Forest Site (2) on the Border of 

Michigan and Minnesota ................... 

6-2 

6-6 

6-6 

6-7 

6-7 

6-8 

6-8 

6-9 

6-9 

6-10 
Figures 

6.11 . 6.12 . 6.13 . 6.14 . 6.15 . 6.16 . 

6.17 . 

6.18 . 

6.19 . 6.20 . 

6.21 . 

I 6.22 . 6.23 . I 

6.24 . 

6.25 . 

1 6.26 . I 6.27 . 

I 

I I Tables 

~ 1.1 . 

I 3.1 . 3.2 . 

5.1 . 

6.1 . 6.2 . 6.3 . 6.4 . 

A-1 . A.2 . A.3 . A.4 . 

Track Plots for SIR-B Supersite. Illinois ......... Track Plots for Traverse City. Michigan .......... Track Plots for Ann Arbor. Michigan ............ Track Plots for the NSTL Site. Mississippi ......... Track Plots for Jacksonville Forest Site. Florida ..... Track Plots for (1) Winchester. Virginia. and (2) 

Blackwater River. Maryland Sites .............. Track Plots for the (1) Cockaponset Forest. Connecticut 

and (2) Albany. New York Sites ............... Track Plots for Upstate New York (1) and Vermont 

Forest (2) Sites ...................... Track Plots for Moosehead Lake. Maine ........... Optical Survey Mosaic for Cima Volcanic Site. 

in the Mojave Desert in Southern California ........ Optical Survey Mosaic of the Supersite Located in South 

Central Illinois where the Ascending and Decending Passes 

of the SIR-B Overlap .................... Optical Survey Mosaic of Traverse City. Michigan Site on the 

Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan East of Green Bay Wisconsin . Optical Survey Mosaic of Winchester. Virginia Site Located 

Digital HH Image of Cima Volcanics Located in the Mojave 

Desert East of Los Angeles ................. Digital HH Image of Supersite. Illinois Observed Within a 

Few Hours of SIR-B Data Acquisition ............. Digital HH Image of Jacks Forest Site. Just West of 

Jacksonville. Florida ................... Digital HH Image of NOSC Tower Area Located in the Ocean 

WestofSanDiego ..................... 

West of Washington. DC ................... 

6-10 

6-11 

6-11 

6-12 

6-12 

6-13 

6-13 

6-14 

6-14 

6-16 

6-17 

6-18 

6-19 

6-20 

6-22 

6-23 

6-2’4 

Recent NASAIJPL Aircraft SAR Expeditions .......... 1-3 

NASAIJPL Aircraft SAR Parameters .............. 3-2 

Major Hardware.. Data Quality Factors ............ 3-9 

VAX Computer Log Data Files ................ 5-4 

Track Plot Summary ..................... 6-3 

Track Plots for Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition ... 6-4 

Track Plots for Summer-85 Expedition ............ 6-5 

Summary of Optical Survey Mosaics ............. 6-15 

Flight Summary for Summer-83 Expedition .......... A-2 

Flight Summary for Winter-84 Expedition .......... A-3 

Flight Summary for Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition . A-4 

Flight Summary for Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions .... A-5 

ix 
Tables 

B-1 Digital Data for Summer-83 Expedition ........... B-2 

B.2 . Digital Data for Winter-84 Expedition ........... B-4 

B.3 . Digital Data for Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition . . B-5 

B.4 . Digital Data for Spring-85 Expedition ........... B-10 

B.5 . Digital Data for Smer-85 Expedition ........... B-12 

c.1 . SAR Imagery Sorted by Title ................ C-2 

c.2 . SAR Imagery Sorted by Correlation Date ........... C-15 

X 
SECTION I 

INTRODUCTION 

The aircraft Synthetic Aperture Radar (SARI Program at the Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) commenced in 1970 when a coherent L-band radar 

originally flown on an Aerobee rocket (Ref. 1) was refurbished for flights on 

the Ames Research Center CV-990 Airborne Laboratory. This airborne radar was 

flown throughout the 1970's and was a "pathfinder" for several spaceborne 

radars, including the Apollo Lunar Sounder in 1972, the Seasat-1 SAR in 1978, 

and the Spaceborne Imaging Radars (SIR-A and SIR-B) in 1981 and 1984. One 

research area in the 1970's was to develop a spacecraft radar for mapping 

Venus. In response to that goal, the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR was at L-band, a 

frequency that could penetrate the Venusian atmosphere. Also, this radar 

recorded echoes near nadir where the echo strengths were higher and represented 

a reasonable Venusian spacecraft geometry. 

developed airborne SARs in the 1960's and 1970's. These SARs tend to be 

X-band (to obtain higher resolution), and they observe near the horizon for 

tactical reasons. Several references to the NASA/JPL aircraft SAFt hardware 

configurations in the 1970's are given in the Bibliography. Recent multipolarization results are described in the NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop 

Proceedings (Ref. 2) and by Evans et al. (1986) (Ref. 3). 

The Department of Defense also 

The NASA/JPL aircraft SAR was used in an "operational mode" from 

1983 to 1985 to provide digital imagery to NASA-approved users during a number 

of expeditions. The recent history of this radar is given in Figure 1-1. 

Key events include the system upgrades in 1981-1983, the four expeditions in 

1983-1985, and the rebuild currently under way. The major upgrades to the 

NASA/JPL aircraft SAR in the early 1980's provided the ability to interleave 

horizontally polarized and vertically polarized pulses. This permitted the 

simultaneous recording of all four possible combinations of linearly polarized 

waves (HH, HV, VH, and W). Also, digital recording was accomplished by 

refurbishing a surplus Sabre-I11 high-density digital recorder (HDDR) to 

record the aircraft data. Furthermore, the aircraft radar was controlled via 

a desk-top (Hewlett-Packard) HP-9845 computer, which controlled the radar 

parameters (e.g., logic and gain) and provided logging of the radar state 

throughout its data acquisition. A handbook for this radar was published in 

1983 (Ref. 4). It is largely out of date and is being replaced by this report. 

The expeditions performed with this upgraded radar are summarized 

in Table 1-1. The first expedition with these upgrades was the Summer-83 

Expedition, a 12-flight mission flown in August and September 1983. Shortly 

thereafter, the first digital image was produced on a JPL (Digital Equipment 

Corporation) VAX computer, largely through the software efforts of Charles 

Werner and Dan Held and through the hardware efforts of Walter Brown and 

others who created a fiber-optics link from the Aircraft Radar Laboratory to 

the VAX computer in another building at JPL. Another mission, the ll-flight, 

Winter-84 Expedition, was flown in February and March 1984. 

1-1 
MAJOR EQUIP UPGRADES 

SUMMER-83 (12 FLIGHTS 

FIRST DIGIT. IMAGES 

WINTER-84 (11 FLIGHTS) 

UPGRADE DIGIT. RECORDER1 

MICROSTR I P ANTENNA 

FALL-84 IS I R-B (27 FLI GHTS 1 

UPGRADE HP 9845 

S PRI NG-85 (9 FLI GHTS 

ADD C-BAND I PATCH ANT. 

SUMMER-85 (12 FLIGHTS 1 

CV-990 FIRE 

REBUILD AIC SAR 

ENGINEER I NG TEST FLIGHTS --- 

1981 I 1982 

1981 

= 

I 1983 

- 

1982 

m 

- 

- 1983 

v 

1984 

'I 

rn 

1984 

1985 

v 

v 

1986 1987 

Figure 1-1. NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Program: 1981 - 1987. Key elements 

include the major upgrades in 1981-1983, the four 

expeditions, and the rebuild, currently underway. 

The next aircraft expedition was a major undertaking--the 

This mission was preceded by two substantial equipment upgrades, 

27-flight, Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) mission in August through November 

1984. 

replacement of the baggage door antenna with a microstrip antenna and 

replacement of the Sabre-I11 HDDR with a new Fairchild Model 80 HDDR. The new 

microstrip antenna permitted accurate measurement of phase differences among 

the various polarizations because the horizontal and vertical antenna elements 

were colocated while the horizontal and vertical antenna elements of the older 

baggage door antenna were not. 

the digital data quality via error-correcting circuitry in the M-80 HDDR that 

did not exist on the Sabre-I11 HDDR. 

The replacement of the HDDR greatly improved 

The last expedition of the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR was the 21-flight 

Spring-Sunrmer-85 Expedition from March through July 1985. This mission came 

to an ill-fated end on the night of 17 July 1985 when the CV-990 aircraft blew 

tires on its take-off roll at March Air Force Base in Riverside, California. 

The plane caught fire and was a total loss. Although the 19 crew members 

on board escaped without injury, the NASA/JPL aircraft radar equipment was 

also destroyed. NASA is providing funds to rebuild the equipment with the 

goal of operating the L-band SAR in 1987. 
Table 1-1. Recent NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Expeditions 

~~ ~~ 

Aircraft Expedition 

Summer-83 Winter-84 Fall-84- SpringS IR-B Summe r-8 5 

Dates 11 Aug 83- 12 Feb 84- 16 Aug 84- 08 Mar 85- 

16 Sept 83 15 Mar 84 06 Nov 84 14 Jul 85 

Data Flights 12 11 27 21 

Investigators 19 12 29 24 

Flight Requests 3 6 12 11 

Sites 40 20 73 56 

Along-Track 22,000 16,000 26,500 28,400 

Optical Coverage (km) 

Along-Track 6,600 8,800 18,600 16,400 

Digital Coverage (km) 

To complete this introduction to the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR, 

Figure 1-2 shows the geographic location of sites observed in 1984 and 1985 

with the quadruple polarization "Quad-Pol" (HH+HV+VH+W) data. There is a 

cluster of sites in the western U.S. that has been flown for JPL and SIR-B 

investigators. The sites in the Midwest and eastern U.S. for the most part 

have been flown for SIR-B investigators and for the following NASA centers: 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Johnson Space Center (JSC), and National 

Space Technology Laboratory (NSTL). The eastern U.S. sites tend to be 

agricultural or forested, while the western U.S. sites tend to be geological 

in nature. Figure 1-3 shows the NASA/Ames CV-990 Airborne Laboratory. This 

was a commercial airliner (similar to the Boeing 707 or Douglas DC-8 aircraft) 

that was refurbished to carry scientific payloads for NASA investigators by 

the NASA/Ames Medium Altitude Missions Branch (MAMB). 

The remaining sections of this report are devoted to the following 

topics. Section I1 describes operations in an end-to-end sense. Section I11 

describes the aircraft hardware. Sections IV and V describe the data products. 

Section VI describes the location of data acquisitions and shows a few examples 

of typical data. Background information on flights, data, and investigators 

is given in Appendixes A, B, C, and D. Abbreviations, nomenclature, and 

acronyms are defined in Appendix E. 

1-3 
Figure 1-2. Geographic Location of Sites Observed with the NASA/JPL 

Aircraft Radar in 1984 and 1985. The western U.S. sites 

are primarily geological while the midwestern and eastern 

U.S. sites are primarily agricultural or forested land. 

More detail on site locations is given in Section VI. 

Figure 1-3. The NASA/Arnes CV-990 Airborne Laboratory (Galileo I1 or 

NASA-712). 

Missions Branch, NASA/Ames Research Center. 

Photograph courtesy of Medium Altitude 

1-4 
SECTION I1 

OPERATIONS OVERVIEW 

This section describes end-to-end operations. Some essence of the 

operations is given in Figure 2-1, which shows the aircraft SAR imaging 

geometry and its output in the form of radar images. 

images showing radar backscatter as a function of range and azimuth. 

aircraft SAR geometry was defined by a broad-beam antenna, which was aligned 

perpendicular to the aircraft fuselage and which illuminated a swath parallel 

to the aircraft ground track. The antenna was 75 deg wide and was pointed 

45 deg off nadir. 

extended off to the right side of the airplane. Normal aircraft altitudes 

were 7 to 13 km (20,000 to 40,000 ft); normal ground speeds were 200 to 250 m/s 

(400 to 500 knots (kt)). Nominal ground coverages were controlled by data 

recording limits. 

to about 10 km to the right side of the aircraft. Nominal angles of incidence 

varied from 0 deg at nadir to 60 deg at the furthest recorded ranges. 

The data products are 

The 

The illuminated swath commenced near the aircraft nadir and 

The coverages extended from directly beneath the aircraft 

Processing of radar data produces radar images as shown in Figure 2-1. 

Position of the echo can be located in distance from the aircraft (i.e., its 

slant range) and in distance along track (i.e., its azimuth). In some cases 

slant range is converted to ground range (the distance from nadir to the 

scattering element). In black-and-white renditions of a single polarization, 

stronger echoes have brighter, white-portrayed tones. When more than one 

polarization is used, the radar images can be portrayed via false-color 

photographs, where different polarizations are assigned different colors. 

Several of these false-color photographs are given in the NASA/JPL Aircraft 

SAR Workshop Proceedings (Ref. 2) and in the frontispiece. 

El SIGNAL FILM 

/ 

0 * DIGITAL 

SLANT 

RANGE 

I I 

QUAD-POL 

DIGITAL 

IMAGES 

Figure 2-1. Aircraft Operations Overview Emphasizing SAR Imaging Geometries. 

The production of the images is described in Sections IV and V. 

Section VI gives examples of typical data. 

2- 1 
While Figure 2-1 shows the core of aircraft SAR data acquisitions, 

Figure 2-2 shows the aircraft and radar operations 

more description is needed to acquaint users with the entire chain of events 

during data acquisitions. 

in an end-to-end sense. These operations were initiated by a NASA Office of 

Space Science Applications (OSSA) flight request for NASA/Ames CV-990 flight 

time and were ended with the dissemination of the data to the users. The time 

from flight request to data delivery was 1 to 2 years. 

J PL 

RADAR 

DATA 

CENTER 

J PL 

These data acquisitions were in the following three major phases: 

r 

.) 

*u 

S 

+ E 

R 

S 

.) 

L 

(1) Premission planning 

(2) Real-time (flight) operations 

(3) Postmission data production and dissemination 

The major steps in the premission phase included the submission and acceptance 

of the user's flight request and the planning of flight lines for data 

acquisitions. 

flights (generation of a flight plan), flight operations where data were 

acquired, through shipment of data to JPL. 

phase included collection and dissemination of the optical survey and digital 

data to the users. 

Major steps in the real-time operations included planning of 

The major steps in the postmission 

PREMISSION 

OPERATIONS 

SUBMIT 

'LIGHT 

REQUESl 

AMES 

SUBMIT 

RTO P 

HDQTRS 

- 

A 

P 

P 

R 

0 

v 

A 

L 

- 

REAL-TIME (FLIGHT) 

OPERATIONS 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

POSTMISSION 

OPERATIONS 

I 

I 

I 

I I I 

MISSION I 

-20 DAYS I 

I 

I 

a RADAR 

UI 

SAR 

PROC 

J PL 

Figure 2-2. NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR End-to-End Operations. The phases were 

premission planning, real-time flight (data acquisition), and 

postmission data production and dissemination. 
A. PREMISSION PLANNING 

The primary purpose of the premission (planning) phase was to make 

optimal use of the aircraft and radar based upon the flight requests from the 

users. There were many requests for SAR data acquisitions on the CV-990 and 

still more requests for CV-990 time for other (non-radar) purposes. In order 

to optimize the usage of the aircraft, several flight requests were combined 

into missions of ten to twenty flights. Missions were defined primarily by 

the NASA/Ames CV-990 Program Manager (John Reller) who had the task of 

efficiently satisfying all of the approved CV-990 flight requests. 

mission had been planned, specific flight lines for SAR data were defined via 

VAX computer programs operated by the JPL Aircraft Radar Coordinator (Tomy 

Thompson). 

acquisition program was defined. Also at that time, a collection of potential 

SAR flight lines was forwarded to the NASA/Ames navigation and flight 

planners, and a matrix of SAR sites was entered into the HP-9845 for real-time 

data acquisition. 

flight of the mission. Users were expected to describe SAR lines about 2 to 3 

months before data collection. User flight requests, the initiation of the 

entire operations process, were required by NASA about 1 year prior to an 

aircraft SAR data acquisition. 

Once a 

Premission operations were completed when a preliminary data 

This was accomplished about 1 month prior to the first 

An overview of premission aircraft SAR planning is given in Figure 

2-3. 

flight planning and identification of sites during the data acquisitions. 

Requests for data acquisitions were compiled as a set of potential data tracks 

via computer programs at JPL. 

positions via center position in latitude and longitude, track length, heading 

angle of incidence, and also site elevation. This information, after review 

and interaction with users, was stored as "Site Matrix" in the HP-9845 

computer. 

as pairs of waypoints for the NASA/Ames navigators. 

The primary output of this phase was the flight-line package used for 

As shown in Figure 2-4, users provided site 

The planning programs at JPL also produced a listing of data tracks 

The goal was to produce reasonable plans about 1 month before the 

first flight of a mission. This in turn meant that the JPL planning had to 

start 2 to 3 months before the first flight of a mission. Most users provided 

their inputs in a timely manner providing us with sufficient time to plan the 

real-time (data-acquisition) phase of the operations. 

B. REAL-TIME (FLIGHT) OPERATIONS 

The key phase of the aircraft radar operations was the flight 

(real-time) operations, when the SAR data were acquired on a day-by-day basis 

as shown in Figure 2-5. Generally, a strawman flight plan was defined by the 

JPL Aircraft Radar Coordinator (Tommy Thompson) and given to the NASA/Ames 

navigators by 1O:OO a.m. preceding the day of the flight. This allowed about 

6 h to generate an official flight plan for the next day's activities. Often 

this flight plan followed a strawman flight plan described in the preliminary 

flight-line package. 

deployments. 

were conducted almost daily, so flight plans had to be generated before the 

first (transit) flight of a deployment. 

One important deviation from this normal plan was 

When the aircraft was stationed away from Moffett Field, flights 

2-3 
FLIGHT 

-1 DAY 

sMISSION 

-20 days 

L PACKAGE 

RUN TO AMES 

A KT CONTACT 

T.THOMPSON PROGRAMS * LINE 

JPL PACKAGES 

T. THOMPSON 

FLIGHT 0 

WRITE REAL-TIME 

AIC HEADING 

DATA MODE 

TARGET ELN. 

TARGET NAME 

I NVESTl GATOR NAME 

t 

t 

t 

t 

Figure 2-3. Overview of Premission Aircraft SAR Flight Line 

Planning. The key product was the Flight Line Package 

used by the CV-990 navigators and the radar computer 

operator. 

The flight plan was a collection of flight lines, where each flight 

line was a CV-990 ground track described by a beginning waypoint and an end 

waypoint at a requested altitude. Often, flight plans had intermediate 

waypoints that described how the CV-990 would fly between data areas using the 

standard jetways for commercial airliners. On the day of the flight, the 

flight plan was a very important document because it was used by the pilots, 

the NASA/Ames Mission Manager, and the NASA/JPL radar personnel as their work 

plan for that day. 

to these waypoints. Generally the CV-990 was flown sequentially through the 

waypoints on the flight plan. All SAR data acquisitions were logged via the 

waypoints the plane was flying when the data were taken. 

All minute-by-minute positions were described with respect 

A flight generally consisted of a number of data runs like the one 

shown in the lower part of Figure 2-5. 

acquisition was optical survey imagery for the entire leg between the two 

waypoints defined by the flight plan. Digital SAR data acquisition generally 

started 1 min after passing the start waypoint and was completed 1 min before 

the end waypoint. The digital recording medium, the high-density digital tape 

(HDDT), was a precious commodity. 

lasted only 15 min at a rate of 3.05 m/s (10 ft/s, 120 in./s). Often several 

digital runs were recorded on a single HDDT, and the nominal 1-min pads at the 

During a normal data leg, the SAR data 

Tapes were 2800 m (9,200 ft) long and 

2-4 
W 

t 

NORTH 

T n 

@ = SITE LATITUDE-LONGITUDE 

- = SITE TRACK LENGTH 

Os = SITE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 

Figure 2-4. Description of Aircraft Data Acquisitions. The key information 

provided by the users included the site position in latitude and 

longitude, track length, and track direction. The key information 

used during the flight was the start and end waypoints. 

2-5 
FLI GHT 

-SEVERAL FLIGHT FLIGHT 

PREMISSION SELECT 

PIAN FLIGHT 

FLIGHT FOR 

LINE FLIGHT 

PACKAGE 

-e LINES 

FLIGHT 

SHIP 

DATA 

TO 

NAVl GAT0 R 

FLIGHT 

PLAN 

FLIGHT 

+ OBTAIN + (REAL-TIME) 1 PL 

CLEARANCES 0 PER AT1 ONS 

AMES JPL OPS 

- 

DURING 

RUN 

MONITOR 

DATA ACQ 

LOG 

JPL OPS 

CREW 

LAST 

RUN 

END-OF- END-OF-RUN 

1 MIN OPTICAL 

RUN - STOP 

RECORD I NG 

+ 

STOP STOP 

-D DIGITAL - 

RECORD 

-m 

MISSION 

DIR 

JPL ops AMES PHOTO 

CREW +JPL 6PS 

BEFOPE 

cv-990 

POS ITION 

PI LOTS 

NAV'S 1 CREW I 

START-OF-RUN 

START OPTICAL 

DATA ACQ L START CV-990 

PHOTOS 

MISSION DIR 

JPL OPS CREW 

AMES PHOTO 

S TA RT -OF - 

RUN + 1 

=1 MIN 

t START 

D I G I TAL 

RECORD I NG 

NEXT 

' RUN 

Figure 2-5. Overview of Real-Time Flight Operations. The flights were 

planned in a 24-h period prior to the flights. 

a series of data legs where the data collection started and ended 

at the waypoints. 

optical data logs and digital data logs were shipped to JPL for 

the postmission data production and dissemination. 

The flights were 

The data from these flights in the form of 

beginning and end of a digital run were adjusted to make best use of this 

recording medium. 

the HP-9845 site matrix defined in the premission phase of operations. The 

flight operations ended when the data were shipped to JPL for reduction and 

distributions to the users. 

The optical and digital data acquisitions were logged using 

C. POSTMISSION DATA DISSEMINATION 

The postmission production and distribution of data following the 

flights were accomplished via the operations shown in Figure 2-6. The radar 

data from the flights were the raw radar data in the form of exposed optical 
HP-9845 PRINTOUT 4-1 I 

*U 

S 

E 

R 

S 

AMES FLIGHT PLANA ha A 

* 

CV-990 CAMERA PHOTOS 

I I- I 

LOG 

IN 

- 

I I OPTICAL LOG 9 

J PL 

RADAR 

DATA 

CENTER 

LABEL ~ 

SCP'S 

a ;;E; H P~CK 

LAT -LON CORRELATION PHOTO IpL H 

u- -1 

LOG 

IN t 

Figure 2-6. Overview of Postmission Data Dissemination. The operations 

included the collation of the radar logs, the production of 

optical survey data, and the correlation of the digital data. 

signal film and recorded digital data on the HDDTs. These data were 

documented with logs, where the prime log was the printout from the HP-9845 

computer supplemented by the handwritten logs kept by the Optical and Digital 

Rack Operators (Elmer McMillan and Bill Fiechter). In addition, the NASA/Ames 

personnel provided Airborne Digital Data Acquisition System (ADDAS) printouts, 

ADDAS tapes, and support photography. 

and archived in the Radar Data Center. This data center also collects and 

archives spacecraft SAR data from the JPL Seasat SAR Program and the SIR 

Programs. The Radar Data Center still serves as a single point of contact for 

aircraft SAR users after the data acquisition has been completed. All of the 

digital imagery is accessible via a Reference Notebook System described later 

in this report. 

All of these data were shipped to JPL 

The first radar data from the flights were optically correlated 

survey imagery, which was produced for all data acquisitions. 

at optical processing was done quickly with a goal of producing quick-look 

images that could be used for digital image selection. 

for describing the geographic location of the radar images and was sometimes 

The first pass 

It was the best medium 

2-7 
drift (yaw) angle. The optical data are described in Section IV of this 

report. 

imagery, the computer processing for digital images was initiated. One 

important difference between the optical and digital imagery is that the 

digital images are only 11 km along track (equivalent to 40-60 s of flight) 

while optical images cover 4 or more minutes of real-time data acquisitions. 

The digital data products are described in Section V of this report. 

When areas for digital processing were located in the survey optical 

Other data, such as support logs and photography, were archived at 

the JPL Radar Data Center and distributed to users. Immediately after a data 

flight, an aircraft SAR log was generated from the real-time HP-9845 printout, 

the flight plan, and the optical and digital operator logs. 

SAR logs were often 50 to 100 pages in length and often distributed to users 

within days of the flight. 

distributed within a month of a flight. Support photography was normally done 

with false-color infrared (IR) film provided by the NASA/Ames Photography 

Group. Photography in 1983 through 1985 was generally KS-87 aerial photography, which was 12.7-cm (5-in.) format. One KS-87 aerial camera was 

generally a 72 deg field-of-view (FOV) aerial camera pointed at nadir; the 

second KS-87 aerial camera had a 36-deg FOV pointed 45 deg off nadir to the 

right side of the aircraft. A few flights had RC-8 or RC-9 photography; the 

RC-8 and RC-9 had 22.9-cm (9-in.) film. Photography for JPL users was stored 

at the JPL Radar Data Center, and photography for non-JPL users was generally 

shipped directly to those users. This support photography was generally 

available 1 or 2 months after a flight. In addition to the aerial photography, 

NASA/Ames also supplied ADDAS printouts and computer-compatible tapes (CCT's) 

for various aircraft parameters (such as aircraft position, altitude, and 

speed), and these could be used to determine a flight listing on a minute-byminute basis. 

These aircraft 

The optically processed SAR SCP's were often 

Thus, the final phase of these operations was (and continues to be) 

the production and dissemination of digital SAR data. Often during a mission, 

a series of "quick-look" digital images was produced to assess data quality. 

These "quick-look" images were sometimes produced without the benefit of the 

optical survey imagery. Somewhat later, when optical imagery was available, 

the normal digital data processing commenced. As a general rule, JPL produced 

five images per week for a nominal allocation of five images per flight. The 

normal processing of a mission took 3 to 9 months. The processing of the 

Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Mission produced 120 images; the processing of the 

Spring-Summer-85 digital data produced 130 images. 

processing plans and schedules were defined about 1 month after the last 

flight of a mission and distributed to users in a mission data plan. 

The optical and digital 

2-8 
SECTION I11 

AIRCRAFT HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 

The characteristics of the aircraft radar image eventually delivered 

to a user depend in large part upon the radar equipment on board the aircraft. 

Thus, this section describes the onboard radar equipment to give users a 

description of what occurred during the real-time acquisition of the real data. 

In a broad sense, radar pulses were generated on board the aircraft and 

transmitted toward the earth via a skin-mounted broad-beam antenna. Then 

echoes from targets were received via the same antennas, converted to video 

frequency, and recorded on both optical and digital media. 

of the NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR was the ability to interlace horizontally and 

vertically polarized transmitter pulses and to simultaneously record both 

horizontal and vertical polarizations for every echo. 

of the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR were to have computer control of many radar 

functions via a desk-top HP-9845 computer and to record echoes using an HDDR. 

The parameters for this radar are given in Table 3-1. 

One major capability 

Other major capabilities 

There were two major changes in hardware equipment in 1984 and 1985 

that affect the data. 

Recorder (HDDR) with a newer model and the use of microstrip antennas described 

at the end of this section. 

These were the replacement of the High-Density-Digital 

A. PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT 

The radar functions were implemented via configurations suited to 

the CV-990 style of operations as shown in Figures 3-1 and 3-2. The heart of 

the radar was the radar box, which performed many functions. These included 

generation of swept-frequency (chirp) transmitter pulses, which were then fed 

to the skin-mounted antenna via a cable network. Other functions accomplished 

in the radar box were reception of radar echoes, front-end amplification, 

hetrodyning from radar frequencies (1215 to 1235 MHz) to video frequencies 

(1 to 20 MHz), and routing of echoes to recording equipment in racks located 

on the CV-990's main floor. The radar box was 0.6 0.6 1.5 m (2 2 5 ft) 

and mounted in the aft cargo area near the main skin-mounted antennas. 

The radar box was inaccessible in normal flights, so many control 

and data-recording functions were performed via rack-mounted equipment on the 

main cabin floor. One rack housed the HP-9845 computer which both controlled 

many radar functions and monitored radar acquisitions. The computer acquired 

flight parameters from the CV-990 INS, ADDAS, and radar altimeter systems and 

used these parameters to control various radar functions. 

aircraft ground speed was used to determine the radar pulse-repetition 

frequency (PRF). Each polarization had a PRF of (1.5 GS) where GS is 

aircraft ground speed in knots. 

vertical polarization pulses were interlaced, the actual radar PRF was [3.0 GS]. 

The PRF was tied to ground speed in order to facilitate processing of the data. 

The HP-9845 computer also used aircraft altitude and ADDAS parameters to set 

optical and digital recorder delays. Other functions performed by the HP-9845 

computer were setting data mode, inserting site title and position into the 

annotator, and/or setting optical channel assignments. During a data acquisition run, the HP-9845 computer also monitored radar echo strengths and had the 

In particular the 

In the Quad-Pol mode where horizontal and 

3-1 
Table 3-1. NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Parameters 

Parameter Value 

Frequency 

Wavelength 

1225 MHz 

24.6 cm 

Pulse length 

Bandwidth 

4.9 ps 

19.3 MHz 

Peak radiated power 4 kW 

Transmitted polarizations 

Received polarizations 

Horizontal and vertical interlaced 

HH, HV, W, VH 

Antenna azimuth beamwidth 5 deg (Summer-85, microstrip 11) 

18 deg (baggage door, see note) 

7 deg (Fall-84 microstrip I) 

Antenna range beamwidth 75 deg (all antennas) 

Antenna beam center gain 18 dB (Summer-85, microstrip 11) 

12 dB baggage door, see note) 

16 dB (Fall-84, microstrip I) 

Nominal altitude 

Nominal velocity 

6.0 to 12.0 km 

200 to 250 m/s 

Pulse repetition frequency 1.5 (aircraft velocity in knots) 

Look angle range 0-60 deg 

Optical sweep time 

Optical sweep film width 

55 ps 

25 mm 

DIGITAL IMAGES 

Raw data quantization 6 bits 

Azimuth pixel spacing/resolution 

Number of azimuth pixels 

11 m/13 m 

1024 

Number of looks 4 

Slant range pixel spacing/resolution 7.5 m/7.9 m 

Ground range pixel spacing 

Ground range resolution 

Number of range pixels 927 

15 m at 30 deg, 10 m at 50 deg 

16 m at 30 deg, 10 m at 50 deg 

Note: The baggage door antenna was used during the Summer-83, Winter-84, and 

Spring-85 Expeditions. 

3- 2 
m RADAR BOX 

\ ANTENNA \ 

Figure 3-1. Physical Layout of the Radar Racks on the Aircraft. The 

antenna was mounted on the skin of the aircraft; the radar 

box was in aft cargo hold near the antenna; all other racks 

were on the cabin floor. 

ADDAS 

PRINTOUT 

RADAR 

ALTIMETER 

/ 

AERIAL 

CAMERA 

I 

NAVIGATION 

SYSTEM CODE 

OPTICAL 

JPL RADAR RECORDER 

-- t 

I 

r-7 SIGNAL FILM 

-1 

4 

Figure 3-2. Interfaces Between the NASA/JPL Aircraft Racks and the 

CV-990 Aircraft. The radar used the aircraft altitude (from 

the radar altimeter via the ADDAS) and the ground speed 

(directly from the aircraft INS) as major parameters for 

setting up the data acquisitions. 

the aircraft IRIG time code. 

The optical recorder used 

3-3 
ability to adjust receiver gains accordingly. 

provided the major log for NASA/JPL aircraft SAR via its printout. 

logging functions included the following: 

The HP-9845 computer also 

Principal 

(1) Optical start/stop time, location, and delay 

(2) Digital start/stop time, location, and delay 

(3) 

(4) Echo level versus delay 

Transmitter forward and reverse power 

Yet another rack on the main cabin floor was the optical control 

rack, the oldest rack in the setup. This rack controlled the radar box, the 

optical recorders, and the calibration and power monitoring systems. 

the manual controls were located here as well. The stable local oscillator 

(STALO), the INS readout unit, the PRF generator, and the antenna switching 

and video distribution chassis were in the rack also. Other racks on the main 

floor of the CV-990 aircraft provided optical and digital recording of the 

echoes. The optical recording of radar echoes was accomplished via two 

surplus, modified military optical recorders. Each optical recorder had two 

2.54-cm (1-in.) data swaths embedded in 12.7-cm (5-in.) film. 

were annotated in real time via an IRIG time-code repeater which transferred 

the CV-990 IRIG aircraft time code to a 2.54-cm (1-in.) wide block on the edge 

of the 12.7-cm (5-in.) data film. (This IRIG time code was subsequently 

transferred to the output survey imagery in postmission data processing as 

described in the next section, see Figure 4-4.) The optical signal film 

recorded on the aircraft was also annotated with a site title and geographic 

location although this annotation was not transferred to output optical products. There were two optical recorders yielding four channels of optical 

data. These four channels were normally assigned to the HH, HV, VH, and W 

polarizations when Quad-Pol data were acquired. The optical recorder capacity 

was 58 m (190 ft) of film, and this was consumed at a rate of 3 cm (0.1 ft) 

per kilometer of along-track travel. Most data flights were 5 to 6 h in 

duration and used only one roll of film per recorder. A few flights recorded 

more than one roll of optical film; while in other cases, optical data from 

two or three shorter flights were combined on a single roll of film. 

Most of 

Optical data 

Digital recording was accomplished via two racks, one for digital 

sampling equipment and another for an HDDR. 

digital rack included: 

Functions performed on the 

(1) Analog-to-digital conversion of the radar echoes 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) Signal averaging for logging purposes (digital gate) 

(5) 

Generation of header record annotation 

Digital sampling of the radar echo video 

Generation of analog check signals from a digital signal 

stream (video generator) 

After the radar echoes were converted to a digital bit stream, the data were 

merged with the header information, formed into tape records, and recorded via 

the HDDR. Echoes were quantized at a 40-megasample/s rate with a resolution 

of 6 bits per sample. 

(9,200 ft) long and 2.54 cm (1 in.) wide. 

error-correction tracks were recorded. Each track had its own clock and 

synchronization signal. 

10 ft/s) yielding a total data time per HDDT of 15 min. 

The HDDT is a mylar-based tape which is 2,800 m 

Twelve data tracks and two 

Data recording was done at 305 cm/s (120 in./s or 

Several HDDT's were 

3-4 
recorded on each data flight; tape changes were often done in the few minutes 

between data legs. This was something of a physical feat as the HDDT's 

weighed as much as 9.1 kg (20 lb) in the high-g regimes of the tight turns 

between some of the data runs. 

Figure 3-2 shows the major functional interfaces between the 

NASA/JPL aircraft SAR and the CV-990 Airborne Laboratory. The key interface 

was the INS reader/repeater as the INS parameters of ground speed, roll, 

pitch, and yaw as well as aircraft position were important to the processing 

and logging of the radar data. The ADDAS provided the SAR with the CV-990 

radar altimetry data, provided timing for the aerial cameras, and provided 

another log of aircraft position and altitude. 

copied onto the optical signal films and then translated onto the optical 

survey images. As mentioned previously, the radar equipment was adapted to 

the CV-990 operation. All radar equipment, except for the skin-mounted 

antennas, was installed and removed from the aircraft once or twice each 

year. Installation of racks for a mission was a major activity normally 

requiring a month of premission system tests at JPL followed by several weeks 

of installation and flight checkout on board the CV-990 aircraft. Sensor 

checkout flights, the first flights of a mission, were vital to all users as 

they provided necessary debugging of the essentially "new" aircraft 

installations. 

The CV-990 IRIG time code was 

Figure 3-3 shows several of the racks as they existed during a 

typical installation. Figure 3-3a shows the computer control rack which 

contained the desk top HP-9845 computer as well as oscilloscopes, which 

displayed annotator outputs and echoes. The computer operator sat next to the 

window and kept track of data-taking progress via the displays in the rack or 

his view out the window. Figure 3-3b shows the optical control rack, which 

contained several commercial and custom-built panels. Many radar control 

functions could be controlled from this rack. The television screen on the 

top of this rack displayed ADDAS information (such as aircraft position, 

attitude, and altitude) and provided a means of keeping track of the progress 

through the flight plan. The optical control panel rack operator also sat 

next to the window and could visually assess the observation area. Figure 3-3c 

shows the two optical recorders as they were mounted on a "low boy" rack. 

B. HARDWARE FUNCTIONS 

Block diagrams of the radar emphasizing radar signal flow are shown 

in Figures 3-4 and 3-5. One major element of the hardware was the dualreceiver chain. 

polarized echoes, while the Receiver-B chain was normally assigned to 

horizontally polarized echoes. 

the transmitted pulses, were recorded automatically in the header for each 

pulse via the formatter. Optical channel assignments, set by the HP-9845, 

were recorded by hand via the optical logs as well as on the HP-9845 log. 

During the Summer-85 Expedition, a switching panel was installed to facilitate 

these channel assignments; this also permitted the experimental recording of 

C-band echoes. 

The Receiver-A chain was normally assigned to vertically 

The polarizations of the receivers, as well as 

3-5 
(a) COMPUTER CONTROL RACK 

(b) OPTICAL CONTROL RACK 

(c) OPTICAL RECORDER RACK 

Figure 3-3. Aircraft Equipment Racks on Board the CV-990. The computer 

controlled most radar functions while the key cabin hardware 

elements were contained in the optical control rack. The 

optical recorders were military surplus adapted for use in the 

cabin area of the CV-990 Airborne Laboratory. 

A capability of this radar was to interlace horizontally and 

vertically polarized pulses. 

shuttled alternate pulses to the vertical and horizontal ports of the antenna. 

Dual-direction couplers and a circulator (to protect the receivers) were 

between this diode switch and the antenna port. These couplers permitted both 

the measurement of forward and reflected powers and the insertion of a 

continuous wave (CW) tone for calibration of the echoes. The switches at the 

antenna ports provided the mechanism for implementing various data acquisition 

This was accomplished via a diode switch which 

3-6 
ANT SELECT 

SWITCH 

1220 MHz 

DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL 

COUPLERS COUPLERS 

I XMTR 

4 

1 

CHIRP GEN 

I 

t LOGIC I t 

VIDEO VIDEO 

AMP AMP 

OPTICAL RECORDER POWER I POWER 

METER 4 METER 

I AM: SIGNAL FILM ADC + 

LOG I I LOG 

ANNOTATOR 

TAPE RECORDER I I 1 

LOG LOG 

Figure 3-4. NASA/JPL Aircraft Radar Block Diagram. This figure demonstrates I 

I 

division of echoes into two receiver chains for vertically and I horizontally polarized echoes. 

i 

I 

modes such as along-track and cross-track interferometry, as well as a "test 

mode" where a dummy load replaces the antennas. 

Another capability of this radar was to modulate echoes on a 

microsecond-to-microsecond basis via a sensitivity-time-control (STC) circuit. 

Empirical curves of expected received power versus incidence angle for three 

nominal surface roughnesses (smooth, medium, and rough) were used to generate 

the STC function for each polarization. Various hardware-dependent parameters 

were measured and factored into the calculation, such as the antenna pattern, 

the total system gain in each channel, and the transmitted power. The HP-9845 

loaded four STC functions, one for each direct and cross-polarized combination 

into the random access memory (RAM) of the STC unit, which cycled through the 

memory continously at 1 MHz. Each RAM value in turn was then converted to an 

analog voltage which varied the gain of an amplifier in the receiver chain. 

This technique increased the effective dynamic range of the SAR. 

3-7 
I I 

I ( RFGAIN 

I 

DIGITAL 

VIDEO 

OPT. REC. 

VIDEO 

70-50 MHz 

STALO 

10.0 MHz > 

t MHz STALO X 243 1215 MHz 

5.0 MHz MULT 

1215 MHz I (RCVR STALO) 

L 

1 

DIGITAL 

VIDEO 

OPT. REC. VIDEO 

RF GAIN 

-< STC 

CONTROL 

Figure 3-5. NASA/JPL Aircraft Radar Hardware Block Diagram. 

of this radar were its ability to switch polarizations on 

alternate transmitter pulses and to simultaneously record two 

polarizations through nearly identical channels. 

The key elements 

C. HARDWARE SUMMARY AND DATA QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS 

This section has described the NASAIJPL Aircraft SAR equipment as 

it existed during the expeditions flown in 1983 through 1985. This hardware 

was adapted to the CV-990 mode of operation where the radar consisted of 

several floor racks, a radar box in the aft cargo hold, and a skin-mounted 

antenna. 

linear polarization. 

basis via an STC circuit and calibrated via a CW signal fed into the receiver 

chain at a point near the antenna ports. The HP-9845 desk-top computer was a 

key element of the system, providing both logging and control functions. 

The key functions of this hardware produced all four combinations of 

Echoes were modulated on a microsecond-by-microsecond 

There were two major hardware changes which had a profound effect 

on the data quality. One change was the replacement of the surplus Sabre-I11 

HDDR with the new Fairchild model-80 HDDR prior to the Fall-84 (SIR-B 

Underflight) Expedition. The new HDDR had error-correcting code, which 

significantly improved the quality of the digital data. 

susceptible to data outages and degradations from mechanical shaking during 

The new HDDR was less 

3-8 
turbulence. The other significant hardware change was the replacement of the 

baggage door antennas with skin-mounted microstrip antennas, manufactured by 

Ball Brothers. The new microstrip antennas had colocated horizontally and 

vertically polarized radiating elements that permitted the construction of 

phase-difference images like those shown in the frontispiece. The radiating 

elements on the baggage-door antenna were 15 cm (6 in.) apart and created 

artificial phase differences which could not be modelled. There were two 

different microstrip antennas because the original microstrip antenna used 

throughout the Fall-84 Expedition was damaged and had to be replaced for the 

Summer-85 Expedition. 

Spring-85 Expedition as it was the only antenna available. 

The baggage-door antenna had to be used for the 

The impact of the changes in the HDDR and antennas is shown in 

Table 3-2. The older Sabre-I11 HDDR used in the Summer-83 and Winter-84 

Expeditions had poor quality digital data; the newer Model-80 HDDR used in the 

Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) and Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions had better 

quality digital data. 

possible only with the microstrip antennas used in the Fall-84 and Summer-85 

Expeditions. Thus, the best data comes from the Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) 

and Summer-85 Expeditions as shown in Table 3-2. One factor not described in 

Table 3-2 is the replacement of the antenna diode switch early in the Summer85 Expedition. 

vertical polarization and provided improved data. 

between Fall-84 and Summer-85 data should select the Summer-85 data. 

Generation of polarization phase differences is 

The new switch had better isolation between horizontal and 

Users having a choice 

Table 3-2. Major Hardware--Data Quality Factors 

Expedition 

Summer-83 Winter-84 Fali-84 Spring-85 Summer-85 

Dates 11 Aug 83- 12 Feb 84- 16 Aug 84 08 Mar 85- 21 May 85- 

16 Sep 83 15 Mar 84 06 Nov 84 24 Apr 85 14 Jul 85 

HDDR Sabre-I11 Sabre-I11 Model-80 Model-80 Model-80 

Antenna Baggage Baggage Micro- Baggage MicroDoor Door strip I Door strip I1 

Digital Data Poor Poor Good Good Good 

Quality 

Polarization No No Yes No Yes 

Phase Difference 
SECTION IV 

DATA PROCESSING--OPTICAL AND SUPPORT DATA 

As noted in the overview of the aircraft SAR data acquisition 

(Section 11), there were several major data products from the flights. 

section describes the preliminary products, the quick-look optical survey 

imagery, and the supporting products such as logs and ground photography, 

while the next section (Section V) describes the digital imagery, the final 

data product. The preliminary data products described here are important 

because the optical-survey imagery and the logs provide the prime data for 

selecting areas for digital correlation. The key radar data product type 

described here is the quick-look optical survey image, which provides a timely 

indication of the geographical coverage in the digital data sets. In general, 

these optical survey images and logs were distributed to users before the 

production of digital images got under way. 

This 

A. QUICK-LOOK SURVEY OPTICAL IMAGERY 

Figures 4-1 and 4-2 show an overview of the optical processing. 

The raw data consisted of two 2.5-cm (1-in.) swaths and an accompanying IRIG 

code on a 12.7-cm (5-in.) film 58 m (190 ft) long. There were two films 

providing four data swaths for the four possible combinations of linear 

polarizations. These raw data were a holographic representation of the radar 

image. This holograph was reduced to an optical image via the JPL aircraft 

optical correlator shown in Figure 4-3 and operated by Tom Bicknell, Tom 

Andersen, and Bi Trinh, using standard SAR optical techniques. The output of 

the optical correlator was an exposed image film which was developed for 

further processing by a D-Log E printer operated by the JPL Photo Lab (by Dave 

Deats and Bob Saul). 

few centimeters) horizontal and lateral film density variations. 

prints (SCP's) of the D-Log E output were then annotated with site title, 

optical and digital run numbers, and drift (yaw) angles and distributed to 

users. Annotated SCPs for all data acquisitions are archived in the JPL Radar 

Data Center. 

The D-Log E printer removed long term (greater than a 

Strip-contact 

The optical data processing compressed the data along-film length 

by a factor of 20:1, yielding an along-track scale of 1:250,000. Figure 4-4 

is an example of optical survey data. Optical survey processing for the 

recent missions was limited to one channel (normally HH or VV) to indicate 

geographic coverage of' the digital data acquisitions. The optical and digital 

cross-track coverage were both near 10 km. Users should be aware that digital 

data acquisitions generally started 1 minute after optical data start and were 

terminated about 1 minute before the optical data end. Thus, the first and 

last 50 mm of optical survey data rarely had digital data acquisitions. On 

occasion, optical-only data were required on long transits between data sites 

to run out optical film and facilitate film changes at the end of a flight. 

4-1 
/ 1- n/ 

- + D-LOG E 

PRINTER 

OPTICAL 

FILM 

+ - IMAGE OPTICAL OPTICAL 

SIGNAL COR RELATOR 

Figure 4-1. Block Diagram for the Production of Quick-Look Optical Survey 

Data. 

The output was an image film produced by the optical correlator 

shown in Figure 4-3. 

continuous print from the image film. 

The input was the signal film exposed during the flights. 

The output was distributed as SCP's, a strip 

/- r3 

STRIP 

CONTACT 

PRINTS 

---c 

JPL ARCHIVES LOGS 

4 

FILM 

FLIGHT - 

OPS 

L d 

q S I GNAL 

2 JL 

SHIP TO 

JPL 

LOG -IN 

t 

I 1 IPLPHOTC 

JPL DATA LAB 

DEVELOP 

SI GNAL 

FILM 

CENTER I I 

OPTICAL 

CORRELATOR 

- D EV 

+ SIG. --e 

FILM 

EXP. 

IMAGE 

FILM 

DATA 

CENTER 

DEVELOP 

IMAGE 

PHOTO 

LAB 

f 

MAKE ANNOTATE 

J PL 

PHOTO T. THOMPSON 

\ -LAB 

D EV. SCP'S SCP'S 

FILM 

+ L IMAGE d. - m 

I 

t 

JPL DATA CENTER 

t 

JPL DATA CENTER 

Figure 4-2. Details of Optical Survey Data Production. The input from the 

real-time operations was the exposed signal film; the output to 

the users was annotated SCPs. 

B. SUPPORT PHOTOGRAPHY 

As mentioned in previous sections, aircraft SAR data acquisitions 

were documented via ground photography from the aerial cameras that were 

carried on board the NASA/Ames CV-990 aircraft. The normal camera configuration was two KS-87's where one camera had a 72-deg FOV pointed at nadir, and 

the second camera had a 36-deg FOV pointed 45 deg off nadir to the right side 

of the aircraft. KS-87 aerial cameras used 12.7-cm (5-in.) film and produced 

4-2 
LASER 

SPHERICAL SPHRICAL n 

MIRROR FILTER TELESCOPE 

Figure 4-3. Optical Correlator Block Diagram. Focused laser light converted 

the holographs on the signal film to imagery. 

provided a folded optical path. 

permitted selection of both range and azimuth bands. 

telescope expanded the image by a factor of two. 

The mirrors 

The frequency plane filter 

The output 

photographs like those shown in Figures 4-5 and 4-6. This KS-87 photography 

was normally done with false-color IR film (although black-and-white film was 

normally used on the checkout flights). Also, the normal picture-to-picture 

overlap was 10% as controlled by the ADDAS computer. There were about twice 

as many off-nadir photographs as nadir photographs because of the smaller FOV 

of that camera. On a few flights, the CV-990 photography was via RC-8 or RC-9 

aerial camera with a 22.9-cm (9-in.) format and an FOV similar to those of the 

KS-87. 

photography for JPL investigators is stored in the JPL Radar Data Center. 

This support photography was shipped to non-JPL investigators while 

C. RADAR LOGS 

The radar observations were also supported by the radar logs. 

The major portion of the radar log was the HP-9845 printout provided by the 

HP-9845 operator (Tim Miller). 

optical run, which normally occurred as the CV-990 flew past the start 

waypoint of a run. 

acquisition was initiated. 

digital data acquisition. 

providing a profile of received power over the sample interval. 

data provided during the run were intermediate positions and HDDT footages. 

The next-to-last entry was made at the termination of the digital recording. 

The first entry was made at the start of the 

The second entry was made when the digital data 

There were two types of data provided during the 

The echoes were sampled by the digital gate, 

The other 

4-3 
- AZIMUTH 

NADIR TRACE (AIRCRAFT GROUND TRACK) 

I RUNTITLE / OPT. ID/DIG. ID/DRIFT ANGLE 1 -fFigure 4-4. Example of Optical Survey Imagery. The azimuth scale is 

1:250,000. The range coverage of the data on the ground is 

nearly 10 km, the nominal widths of digital images. 

The final entry was made when the optical recording was terminated, and this 

normally occurred when the CV-990 reached the end waypoint of a run. 

During the Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions, the HP-9845 also 

cataloged the optical and digital data acquisitions for an entire flight. 

These summaries were printed out at the end of a flight--the last entries in 

HP-9845 printout. The HP-9845 printout normally contained 80 to 120 pages and 

provided a detailed view of data acquisitions during a flight. 

computer printout was supplemented by the handwritten optical and digital 

logs, which detailed the optical and digital data acquisitions on a run-by-run 

basis. 

excellent and concise insight to data acquisitions during a flight. 

digital log was an adaptation of the optical log to digital recording. 

The HP-9845 

The optical log form evolved over 15 yr of usage and provided an 

The 

The entire radar log contained the HP-9845 log, the flight plan, 

the optical log, and the digital log. These were collected on a flight-byflight basis, duplicated, and distributed to investigators. The original 

versions of these radar logs were archived in the JPL Radar Data Center. The 

radar log and optical-survey imagery provide the key elements in selecting 

areas for digital correlation. 

digital data from this system should be acquiring the logs and survey optical 

prints of sites in which he or she may be interested. 

The first step of any investigator who wants 

4-4 
Figure 4-5. KS-87 Nadir Photography Example (San Diego Area). 

The photographs were taken on day of year 304 at 

23:34:19.2 and 23:34:39.3. 

Figure 4-6. KS-87 Off-Nadir Photography Example (Colorado River between 

California and Arizona). 

the right side of the aircraft; the same areas being imaged 

by the radar. 

These photographs show areas on 

4-5 
SECTION V 

DATA PRODUCTS--DIGITAL IMAGES 

The NASA/JPL aircraft SAR data are still being used to derive 

digital images. As mentioned previously, the major product from the aircraft 

data acquisitions is the Quad-Pol digital images where the digital recordings 

of the echoes are converted to images via processing on a VAX computer. 

Overviews to this process are given in Figures 5-1 and 5-2. Figure 5-1 shows 

the major pieces of the hardware, and Figure 5-2 shows the interfaces with the 

user. Digital image production consists of five processing steps: 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) Digital correlation 

(4) Production of photographic products 

(5) 

Site selection and playback footage estimation 

Playback and storage on disk 

Archiving and shipment of products 

Figure 5-1. Hardware Block Diagram for Production of Digital Imagery. Steps 

include playback of digital data to disks in the VAX computer, 

production of the image converting raw data from the disk to 

CCT's, and production of photographic products. 

5-1 
REVIEW + 

FOOTAGE TARGET 

LAT-LON 

RUN NUM'S 

rrFr 

T. THOMPSON 

PLAY BACK 

G. DlGlORGl 

VER I PI 

LOGS IAT-LON 

* JPL 

ARCHIVES 

I 

I 

PHOTO 

PLAYBACK 

AT IPL * 

JPL-I PL 

COPY TO USERS 

I PL 

PHOTO 

LOG IN 

ARCH I VE 

SHIPTO 

USERS 

+ 

+ 

Figure 5-2. Block Diagram for Steps in Production of Digital Imagery. 

addition to production steps shown in Figure 5-1, there is 

estimation of HDDT footage prior to playback and a logging, 

archiving, and distribution of imagery products after production. 

In 

Steps (2) and (3) are generally completed in 24 h while Step (41, the 

photographic production, requires 1 to 2 weeks. All of the digital images 

produced at JPL are archived in the Radar Data Center; they are accessible via 

a Reference Notebook System described later. The production of digital images 

at JPL was conducted in two periods. The digital images for the Fall-84 

(SIR-B Underflight) Expedition were produced between August 1984 and August 

1985. Some 120 images were produced for 21 users. The digital images for the 

Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions were produced between August 1985 and August 

1986. Some 130 images were produced for 23 users. 

A. PLAYBACK ESTIMATION VIA PROGRAMS TTFT AND TTFTMM 

The first step at JPL in the production of a digital image is the 

estimation of playback HDDT footages. 

input of a geographic position for the center of the image and various "log 

files" stored in the VAX computer. 

the image is a line on the ground perpendicular to the aircraft ground track. 

The goal of the TTFT programs is to predict which 150 m (500 ft) of HDDT 

correspond to the 50 s of real-time data centered on the plane's passage over 

the centerline of the requested image. 

corresponds to when the aircraft was abeam of the centerline of the image. 

This is accomplished via the user's 

The geographic position at the center of 

The key time and tape footage 

5-2 
The basic input to the TTFT programs is a latitude and longitude 

position provided by the user. Background inputs to the TTFT programs were 

provided by three VAX data sets corresponding to the optical, digital, and 

HP-9845 logs as shown in Table 5-1. To communicate between these logs and the 

requested position, the TTFT programs require other information which identify 

day, optical run, and digital run. After all the pertinent information is 

stored in the computer, the TTFT programs basically reconstruct the plane's 

ground track on a second-by-second basis and find the point of closest 

approach to the requested target. The ground track is reconstructed from the 

times arid positions given in the HP-9845 log file. 

file essentially records the plane's position from the INS, there may be 1- to 

Although the HP-9845 log 

1 2-km differences between the plane's true position and the INS position. 

A second method of computing playback tape footages has evolved in 

response to both the INS position-error problem as well as ease of identifying 

areas for playback from the optical survey data. 

identified by its position from the start (left-hand edge) of the optical 

image. This position is compared with the plane's position at the start and 

end of the optical data runs given in PLOGSX.DAT, and the latitude and 

longitude of the center-of-image is computed. This position computed from 

position on the optical image is then handled in the computer as if it were a 

map position as described previously. 

Here a center-of-image is 

B. DIGITAL PROCESSING 

The NASA/JPL aircraft digital correlator is a software and hardware 

instrument implemented on a general purpose VAX 11/780 computer supplemented 

with a Floating Point Systems 120B array processor and several disks. This 

subsection describes the sequence of processor steps necessary to reconstruct 

the image from the "signal" state of reformatted data. 

The starting point of the digital data production is the HDDT data. I 

I 

1 data streams and, along with the tracks of error correction data, written on 

, an HDDT at a speed of 305 cm/s (120 in./s, 10 ft/s). The first processing 

1 through the use of a dedicated VAX DRllW interface board, a high-speed 12-line 

i 

The SAR digital data collection system wrote a serial stream of six-bit input 

data using a 14-track HDDR. The input data stream was split into 12 parallel 

I 

step is to load this raw data onto the VAX computer. This is accomplished 

parallel fiber-optics link, and custom driver software. A large volume of 

data is needed for the production of images because all the reformatting and 

prefiltering operations are performed in the VAX computer. This restricts the 

image frame to about 11 km in azimuth, dependent upon actual ground speed. 

The data are loaded into a series of forty-nine 8.2-megabyte files as a serial 

stream, recombined from the 12 parallel streams of the tape recorder. This 

playback requires approximately 35 min with the Fairchild M-80 HDDR, and it 

corresponds to 60 s of real-time data. 

Following a successful playback, the next step is reformatting the 

data to line up all the transmit/receive events, in essence producing a 

digital equivalent of the optical signal film. The reformatting includes 

conversion of six-bit bytes to standard eight-bit bytes of VAX-11 FORTRAN. 

5-3 
Table 5-1. VAX Computer Log Data Files 

Optical Logs 

(PLOG8X.DAT) 

Digital Logs 

(DLOG8X.DAT) 

HP-9845 Logs 

(HPLOG8X.DAT) 

Day 

GMT 

Latitude 

Longitude 

Site Title 

Aircraft Track 

Optical Roll 

Optical Run 

Footage 

Delay 

Channel Polarizations 

Drift Angle 

Day 

HDDT Reel 

HDDT Run 

Si te-Name 

Investigator 

Footage 

GMT 

Day 

HDDT Reel 

HDDT Run 

GMT 

La t i t ude 

Longitude 

Ground Speed 

Barometric Altitude 

Radar Altitude 

Pitch 

Roll 

Yaw 

Note: GMT = Greenwich Mean Time 

I This requires another 30 min of processing time and typically produces 40 

reformatted output files. The digital header is stored in the first 32 bytes 

of each receiver event in subcommutated form, and the data are truncated at 

4096 bytes per receive event. 

The next processing step produces a series of four one-look, 

high-resolution digital images, one each for the four polarizations of the 

Quad-Pol data. Each image is a set of four disk files. Each pixel is 

represented by a double-precision complex number. 

pixels with a spacing of 2.75 m and 927 slant range pixels at a spacing of 

7.5 m. Processing here includes header extraction, azimuth prefiltering, STC 

estimation, root mean square (RMS) estimation and radiometric calibration of 

each polarization, as well as range and azimuth compression. 

processing of this one-look data sums four adjacent azimuth pixels producing 

the four-look digital images that are delivered to users and archived at JPL. 

Processing steps here include annotation, incoherent integration of the 

one-look data, and ground-range rectification. 

the two principal polarizations (HH and W) is extracted by an additional 

processing step. 

There are 4096 azimuth 

Subsequent 

The phase difference between 

This processing is done at night as a batch job. 

5-4 
Following the overnight batch processing, the next processing steps 

These steps include verification 

Verifying 

provide the products delivered to the users. 

of the output, plotting of the RMS and STC estimates, and printing of the 

header record, as well as production of the archive and DICO CCT's. 

the correlation is done by examining the output listings of the reformatter, 

the STC estimates, the RMS estimates, and the digital header listing and by 

visually inspecting the image outputs on a Ramtek high-resolution colorgraphics display. 

One measure of data quality is provided by the listing from the 

reformatting at the start of processing. The reformatter writes a listing of 

missing lines based upon whether it was able to find the correct codes at the 

expected intervals in the input stream. 

zeros to replace missing elements. 

image quality and data authenticity, particularly if a large number of missing 

lines occurs in a small number of groups. 

missing line counts less than 40, and distributed grouping. Correlations 

exhibiting more than 70 missing lines are generally rejected and a new attempt 

to transfer and process the data is performed. In a few cases, where some 

documented real-time condition of the radar in the data collection phase has 

acted on the recorded data stream to degrade it, the processed image is 

accepted as of sufficiently good quality even if the missing line counts are 

high. 

It generates "fake" lines of all 

Large numbers of missing lines degrade 

Nominally, data are accepted with 

A careful inspection of the digital header listing can reveal other 

problems with the data collection at some point in the subsystem interfaces. 

The digital header listing also contains important parameters used in the 

correlation and calibration process with regard to the aircraft attitude and 

motion. 

the processing can be rerun with the corrected parameters based upon other 

sources in our logs. The RMS and STC estimate plots are inspected because 

they indicate the derived values €or total received power and attenuation 

curves used in data collection. 

If any of those values depart significantly from the expected values, 

All of the digital images are displayed on a Ramtek graphics 

display and checked visually for anomalies and other image degradation. 

Various programs implementing color overlaying and other analytical technique 

are utilized to look for anomalies and interesting features of the image. At 

this point, the average magnitude value is inspected for each polarization. 

The expected relative magnitudes for a calibrated Quad-Pol image should be 

HV ZVH and HH Z W Z (2 HV). 

Following these inspections, the digital image is archived by 

writing the four-look output files and the phase difference output files to a 

1600-Bpi tape. The tape format is compressed from the disk file format to 

minimize space: the 1025 records by 8192 byte disk file is written to 205 

records by 40960 bytes on tape. Using this packing strategy, we are able to 

fit 41 megabytes of imaging data on one 1600-Bpi tape. On a few occasions the 

set of one-look data files is also saved in the same formats on 6250-Bpi tape. 

5-5 
In addition to archiving the digital image, photographic DICO tapes 

are created by finding the average magnitude of the four-look image file and 

scaling that average to be the mean value for an eight-bit gray scale, compatible with the DICO and Optronics machines the IPL uses for creating the 

negatives. The resulting output values are written to tape as byte records 

for reading: 

so the actual on-tape format is listed on the tape label for each image output. 

This is the standard distribution media delivered to users, and each of the 

outputs is described later under Digital Image Products (Subsection V.C). 

there are a number of possible paths for this process to take, 

The digital images in slant-range format can be described as four 

927 (range) by 1024 (azimuth) pixel arrays where each of the four images 

represents the HH, HV, VH, and W polarizations, respectively. The 1024 

azimuth pixels represent some 11.2 km along track direction (i.e., in that 

direction parallel to aircraft defined by the aircraft's ground track). 

927 range pixels represent some 8.8 km in distance from the aircraft starting 

from the first sample in time delay. In this slant range representation, the 

range pixel spacing on the ground is [9.498 m/sin (angle of incidence)]. 

Slant range pixels are not evenly spaced on the ground because the angle of 

incidence varies from near zero for the earliest echoes near nadir to 60 deg 

for the latest echoes at the furthest ranges of the scene. To compensate for 

this distortion, a geometric rectification based on a "flat earth" model is 

performed. This rectification will have up to 1024 range pixels if enough 

data exist in the 927 slant-range pixels. Rectified images have a square 

ground pixel of 10.98 by 10.98 m. The formula for this ground-range pixel 

rectification is: 

The 

Ri = Rg - H2 

where 

Rg = distance on the ground from the aircraft's nadir to the pixel 

in question 

Rs = observed slant-range from the aircraft to pixel in question 

H = aircraft altitude 

The translation of slant-range to ground-range images uses linear 

interpolations. The phase difference image is not rectified since 

interpolation destroys phase differences. The relationship between the 

various parameters associated with the ground-range rectification is shown in 

Figure 5-3. The photograph annotation, as well as the header listings, gives 

the aircraft altitude, the key parameter in the geometric rectification 

equation. 

5-6 
// 

AZIMUTH 

NEAR FAR 

RANGE RANGE 

- 

RANGE 

NADIR NEAR FAR 

RANGE RANGE 

H GROUND RANGE 

Figure 5-3. Geometry for Geometric Rectification of Digital Images. 

Elements in the radar image (the pixels) are located in 

the orthogonal coordinates of ground or slant range and 

azimuth. The geometry of the scattering element with 

respect to the radar is described by an incidence angle 

that is related to the complementary look and depression 

angles. 

5-7 
C. DIGITAL IMAGE PRODUCTS 

The output products from the digital correlator include the 

following: 

(1) DICO CCT 

(2) IPL photographs 

(3) Header listing 

(4) STC and RMS estimation plots 

The DICO CCT, output product (l), is shipped to the user and not archived at 

JPL. Output products (2), (3), and (4) are produced in duplicate; one set is 

sent to the user, and one set is retained at the JPL Radar Center. 

The DICO CCT and IPL photographs are two versions of the same 

product as shown in Figure 5-4. 

first file is used to generate a black-and-white four-polarization check print 

like that shown in Figure 5-5. Files 2, 3, and 4 on the DICO CCT form the 

false-color Quad-Pol power-amplitude photograph, while files 5, 6, and 7 of 

the DICO CCT form a false-color phase-difference photograph. The radar image 

for each of the four polarizations is a 927-line by 1024-sample array for a 

slant-range image and a 1024-line by 1024-sample array for a ground-range 

image. When annotation is added to these images, they exist as 1280-line by 

1024-sample arrays. 

The DICO CCT contains seven files where the 

The Quad-Pol black-and-white mosaic combines four of these arrays 

with a 100-line and 100-sample spacing yielding a 2660-line by 2148-sample 

array. Each pixel in this array is related to surface cross-section 

(sigma-zero) via the following: 

Sigma-zero = [20 log (DN/Scale Factor)] + (K) (2) 

where DN is the digital number (0-255) for that pixel. The Scale Factor is 

determined by the correlator operator to keep the output pixel values between 

0 and 255, the range needed for the photographic displays. These Scale 

Factors are in the photograph header. As our digital correlator is 

"compensated," the output numbers are only proportional to sigma-zero, and 

factor (K) is unknown. 

I 

False-color photographs of the radar images are produced by 

combining three 1280-line by 1024-sample arrays such that they are colored 

blue, green, and red. Files 2, 3, and 4 form a power-amplitude false-color 

photograph where the square-root of the HH, W, and VH polarizations are 

assigned to the colors blue, green, and red. Files 5, 6, and 7 form a 

phase-difference false-color photograph where brightness in the photograph is 

controlled by the average powers in the HH and W polarizations and where 

color is controlled by the phase difference between the HH and W voltage 

phasors. 

the frontispiece. 

Examples of these two types of false-color photographs are given in 

5 -8 
QUAD -POL 

MOSAIC 

1 PHOTOGRAPH I PHOTOGRAPH I PHOTOGRAPH I 

POWER-AM PL 1 TU DE 

FALSE-COLOR FALSE-COLOR 

PHASE-D IFFERENCE 

BLACK&WHITE 

FILE 1 

1280 LINES 

1024 SAMPLES 

2660 LINES I 1280LlNES I 

I 

2148 SAMPLES I 1024SAMPLES I 

2148 SAMPLES BLUE I JFWmT+dm- I BRIGHTNESS I 2 

PHASE (HH) - PHASE (VV) * I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GREEN = dm 

RED = dm- COLOR 

(VV) 

2148 SAMPLES I 

BLUE GREEN RED BLUE GREEN RED 

FILE2 FIE3 FILE4 FILE5 FILE6 FILE7 

Figure 5-4. DICO Tape/IPL Photograph Format. 

files. The first file is a Quad-Pol mosaic like that shown 

in Figure 5-5. The remaining six files produce two color 

photographs like those shown in the frontispiece. 

The computer tape has seven 

In addition to these IPL photographs and the DICO CCT's, users 

receive a header printout and STC/RMS estimation plots like those shown in 

Figures 5-6 and 5-7. 

of the digital annotation recorded during data collection. 

information concerning flight parameters of the aircraft in attitude and 

position as well as relative position to the specified investigator target. 

Additionally, information reflecting the state of various setup parameters of 

the SAR system is recorded: operational mode, gain curve settings, user, 

operator, etc. 

digital delay. 

The digital header printout is a decoded ASCII listing 

It contains 

Of primary interest to the user are the drift angle and 

All of these parameters refer to the center frame of the image. 

The drift angle (or yaw of the aircraft relative to the ground 

track) is a critical parameter to the correlation because it determines how 

far from the Doppler centroid processing will occur. 

processor, until the summer of 1986, made no correction for drift angle; 

therefore, data authenticity degrades as drift angle increases. 

The operational 

5-9 
Figure 5-5. Example of Quad-Pol Power Black-and-white Mosaic, File 1 of 

DICO Tape. (See Figure 5-4.) The images for the four 

polarizations are 1024 x 1024 pixel arrays supplemented with 

the annotation shown. 

5-10 
NUMBER OF ERRORS DETECTED = 0 

FIRST FRAME COUNT = 182545 

DISTANCE TO GO 0017. 9 NAUTICAL MILES 

TIME TO GO 002. 3 MIN. 

CROSS TRACK DEV. 000. 1 NAUTICAL MILES 

DESIRED TRACK ANG. 140. 1 DEGREES 

TRACK ANG. ERROR -000. 1 DEGREES 

DRIFT ANGLE -03. 6 DEGREES 

ALIGN STATUS 067 

LAT 44 DEG. 48. 2 HIN. N. 

LONG 085 DEG. 52. 4 HIN. W. 

GROUND SPEED 0461 KNOTS PER HOUR 

TRACK ANGLE 140. 0 DEGREES 

TRUE HEADING --> 143.5 DEG. 

WIND SPEED 070 KNOTS PER HOUR 

WIND ANGLE 299 DEGREES 

DAY OF YEAR: 191 

TIME GMT: 18:07: 19 

PRESSURE ALTITUDE 20034 FEET 

RADAR ALT I TUDE 19426 FEET 

AIRCRAFT PITCH 01. 8 DEG. UP 

AIRCRAFT ROLL 00. 5 DEG. LEFT 

DIGITAL DELAY 054 MICROSECONDS 

MONTH/DAY /YEAR : 07/ 10/85 

RUN NUMBER 04 

DIGITAL SWATH WIDTH 060 MICROSECONDS 

ANTENNA = DOOR 

PRF FREQUENCY IS CONTROLLED BY INS 

TARGET LATITUDE 42 DEG. 21. 5 MIN. NORTH 

TARGET LONGITUDE 085 DEG. 52.4 MIN. WEST 

TARGET ELEVATION IS 01000 FEET 

TARGET LOOK ANGLE = 35 DEGREES 

SCENE TITLE: TRAV CITY-140 

INVEST I GATOR : DOBSON-ULABY 

OPERATOR: Tim Mi 1 ler 

OPTICAL RECORDER DELAY = 038 MICROSECONDS 

FIXED GAIN: HH = 505 HV = 515 

FIXED GAIN: VH = 529 VV = 494 

RECHIRP DELAY = 450 MICROSECONDS 

INJECTED SINE WAVE FREG. = 005000 MHZ. 

HORIZONTAL (LEFT) FORWARD POWER = 65.64 DB 

HORIZONTAL (LEFT) REVERSE POWER = 52.93 DB 

VERTICAL (LEFT) FORWARD POWER = 64.69 DB 

VERTICAL [LEFT) REVERSE PGWER = 51. 56 DB 

CAL CHAN G 

ATTENUATOR SETTING 45 

CAL POWER 0. 1 DBM 

STC DELAY 53 

Receiver Gain 

Step P VV HH 

0 53.2 54.0 

1 53. 6 54.0 

2 53.8 54.5 

3 54.0 54.5 

4 54.2 54.9 

5 54. 6 55.4 

6 54.9 55.4 

7 54.9 55.9 

8 55. 6 55.9 

9 55.6 55.9 

10 56. 0 56. 5 

Curves 

VH 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

61. 4 

HV 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

62. 5 

42. 5 

Figure 5-6. Example of Header Printout. Important parameters include the 

aircraft position and attitude given as UT, LONG, GROUND 

SPEED, TRACK ANGLE, RADAR ALTITUDE, AIRCRAFT PITCH, AIRCRAFT 

ROLL, DRIFT ANGLE. 

5-1 1 
15 01 I I I 

I I I 15 0- I I I 

f 

a 

S 

- I 100- - 

a 

Iv, 

00 51 10 2 15 4 20 5 00 51 10 2 15 4 20 

RANGE SAMP (X10)2 RANGE SAMP (X10)2 

-- e-=- 

I I I 

15 0 

m 

1 

d. 10 0 

a 

a 

u 

3 

250 

(D 

S 

I.?! 

00 

w50- 

V 

tv, 

00 

1 I I I 

00 51 10 2 15 4 20 5 00 51 10 2 15 4 20 

RANGE SAMP (X10)2 RANGE SAMP (X10)2 

00 51 10 2 15 4 20 5 00 51 10 2 15 4 20 

15 0 

m 

ZT 

I 10 0 a 

a 

w50 

km 

u 

ku) 

00 

00 51 10 2 15 4 20 5 00 51 10 2 15 4 20 

RANGE SAMP (X10)2 RANGE SAMP (X10)2 

Figure 5-7. Example of STC and RMS Estimation Plots. The STC estimate is 

the average STC compensation applied to the echoes. The RMS 

estimate is echo power as viewed by the radar; it includes 

STC, range factor, and antenna gain. 

5-12 
The "digital delay" refers to the time in microseconds from the 

anticipated start of a receive event to the point at which recording of the 

digital data actually begins. Using this digital delay, the distance to the 

first line in range can be calculated by the following formula: 

near range (in meters) = [[(ps of DD) - 14.211 c]/2 (3) 

where 

I 

DD = digital delay from the header 

14.21 = ps of system offset (constant) 

c = speed of light in m/ps 

Look angles, depression angles, and incidence angles for a particular pixel 

position can then be calculated utilizing the radar altitude information and 

the "flat earth" model shown in Figure 5-3. 

The STC and RMS plots provide information about average signal 

levels as a function of range. The STC plots are an estimate of the CW 

calibration signal that was inserted in the radar receiver chain at a point 

between the antenna port and the front-end switches. They are derived in the 

processing by a narrow-band software filter centered on the calibration-tone 

frequency. A "correct" set of STC plots would be the "inverse" of sigma-zero 

modulated by the range factor and the antenna gain. The RMS plots are an 

estimate of the received power as a function of range. They include the STC 

modulation as well as the range factor and antenna gain effects. If the STC 

were perfect, the RMS plots would be flat. Any large deviations of the RMS 

power from a flat curve would indicate areas where either saturation occurred 

(for large RMS values) or the echo was not adequately sampled (for low RMS 

values 1. 

D. DIGITAL DATA SUMMARY 

The production of digital images for the Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) 

and Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions has produced some 250 images for 46 

users between August 1984 and August 1986. The steps needed to produce these 

images are the following: 

(1) Collection of request from the user 

(2) Estimation of playback footage 

(3) Production of the digital image 

(4) Production of photographic products and dessimination of the 

data to the requestor 

The products delivered to the users include the DICO CCT and corresponding 

black-and-white and color photographs described above. JPL maintains two 

archives of this data. The basic image data in the form of four-look floating 

point files is stored in an off-site computer tape library. 

graphs are archived in the JPL Radar Data Center and are available to any 

requestor. 

The IPL photo5-13 
All of the duplicate photographs are archived in the Radar Data 

Center using a Reference Notebook System. Also, a data base exists in the JPL 

VAX computer; this data base allows rapid access to the photographs in these 

notebooks. 

and each notebook has a table of contents. Sorts of the data base provide 

listings by corelation date, title, or tape number. 

date and title, are given in Appendix C. 

The reference notebooks are accessed via book and page numbers; 

The sorts, by correlation 

In general, correlations which have AXK serial numbers should be 

recorrelated to take advantage of the compensation correlations described 

above. 

tapes without new correlations. Thus, many existing digital images can be 

reproduced with little effort, and this Reference Notebook System provides 

users with easy access to the existing data. 

Correlations with AXC serial numbers can be duplicated from the archive 

5-14 
SECTION VI 

DATA ACQUISITION SUMMARY 

The data acquired from 1983 through 1985 (summarized in Appendixes A, B, and C) represent some 189 sites for 84 investigators, a 

substantial amount of data. However, as mentioned previously, the Fall-84 

(SIR-B Underflight) and Summer-85 Expeditions produced superior data because 

these two expeditions were equipped with a microstrip antenna and the Fairchild 

Model-80 HDDR (see Table 3-2). The microstrip antenna provided straightforward 

measurement of the phase differences between the polarizations, and the 

Model-80 HDDR provided superior digital data quality via its error-correcting 

codes. Consequently, the remainder of this report discusses only the digital 

data acquired in the Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) and Summer-85 Expeditions. 

This still represents a substantial amount of data because these two 

expeditions had 39 flights to 116 sites for 31 investigators. 

Two methods are used to describe the data acquisitions. The first 

method uses track plots of digital data to give the geographic location of the 

data. The second method uses survey optical mosaics and typical digital images 

of a few sites to give an overview of the appearance of sites in the radar 

images. Both methods concentrate on those sites that were observed on 

multiple tracks. 

A. TRACK PLOTS 

Track plots were generated for some 20 sites observed with multiple 

passes during the Fall-84 and/or Summer-85 Expeditions. Figure 6-1 gives the 

location of these track plots while Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 list these sites. 

Often several targets appear in a single plot, and flight directions are given 

where possible. The order of the track plots in the following pages is from 

west to east (left-to-right on standard maps). 

1 

I 

As mentioned previously, the western U.S. targets tend to be 

geological in nature for primarily JPL investigators. The midwestern and 

used by non-JPL primary investigators (either SIR-B investigators or those 

from the NASA Goddard, Johnson, and NSTL Centers). 

1 eastern U.S. targets tend to be agricultural or forested in nature and to be 

1 

Figures 6-2 through 6-6 show a number of sites located in 

California and Nevada. 

SIR-B investigators. The Los Angeles site in Figure 6-5 covers an urban area 

(San Francisco provides another urban area since it was observed on several 

checkout flights because it was close to the NASA/Ames CV-990 base at Moffett 

Field). The Raisin City site in Figure 6-3 is an agricultural site that was 

observed on many flights. 

Idaho and Wyoming, shown in Figures 6-7 and 6-8, complete the geologic sites 

in the western U.S. 

Many of these were flown in the Fall-84 Expedition for 

The Snake River Plain and Wind River Basin, in 

6-1 
Figures 6-9 through 6-12 show sites in the Midwest. These tend to 

be forested sites. Other forested sites include the NSTL site in Mississippi 

and the Jacksonville Forest site located in northern Florida near the border 

of Georgia. 

location of crossing orbital SIR-B coverage, was agricultural. 

Figure 6-12.) 

(See Figures 6-13 and 6-14.) The Supersite in Illinois, the 

(See 

Figures 6-15 through 6-18 show various sites in the eastern U.S. 

The Winchester, Virginia site has excellent coverage of the Appalachian Mountains, while the Blackwater River in Maryland was a wetland site. 

Figure 6-15.) The New England and upstate New York sites are forested sites. 

(See 

Figure 6-1. Geographic Locations of the Track Plots in Figures 6-2 

through 6-18. 

west to east. 

The track plot numbers progress from 

6-2 
Table 6-1. Track Plot Summary 

Figure Target Discipline Investigator(s) 

6-2 

6-3 

6 -4 

6-5 

6 -6 

6-7 

6-8 

6-9 

6-10 

6-11 

6-12 

6-13 

6-14 

6-15 

6-16 

6-17 

6-18 

6-19 

Northern CA, SIR-B Geology, 

Forestry 

Various 

Paris (JPL), Held (JPL) 

Rock (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Raisin City, CA 

Owens Valley, CA 

Death Valley, CA 

Agriculture 

Geobotany 

Geology 

Taranik (U of NV), 

Parr (AS Corp) 

SIR-B, NV Geology 

Geology 

Los Angeles, CA Wasowski (Notre Dame) 

California Desert 

Land Use 

Geology Various 

Snake River, ID Geology Farr (JPL) 

Wind River, WY Geology Evans (JPL) 

Konza Grasslands, KS Hydrology Schmugge (GSFC 

Ely Pines, MN 

Ottawa National Forest, 

MI-MN 

Forestry 

Forestry 

Pitts (JSC) 

Hof f er (Purdue) 

Calibration, 

Agriculture 

SIR-B Supersite, IL Dobson (U of MI) 

Traverse City, MI Land Use Dobson (U of MI) 

Ann Arbor, MI Land Use Dobson (U of MI) 

NSTL, MS 

Jacksonville Forest, FL 

Forestry wu (NSTL) 

Forestry Hof f er (Purdue) 

Masuoka (GSFC) 

Ormsby (GSFC) 

Winchester, VA 

Blackwater River, MD 

Geology 

Hydrology 

Paris (JPL) 

Paris (JPL) 

Cockaponset, CT 

Albany, MI 

Forestry 

Forestry 

Paris (JPL) 

Paris (JPL) 

Upstate New York 

Vermont Forests 

Forestry 

Forestry 

Moosehead, ME Forestry Hof f er (Purdue 

6-3 
Table 6-2. Track Plots for the Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition 

Date Site Investigator 

840911 

840914 

840916 

840 9 20 

840921 

840926 

940928 

841008 

841010 

841013 

841017 

841018 

841019 

841024 

841025 

841104 

841106 

NASA-NSTL, MS 

Jacksonville Forest, FL 

Winchester, VA 

Blackwater River, MD 

Connecticut and Upstate NY 

ElY, MN 

Shasta, CA 

Medicine Lake, CA 

Northern California 

Death ‘Valley, CA 

Nevada SIR-B 

Raisin City, CA 

Supersite, IL 

Supersite, IL 

Wind River, WY 

Raisin City, CA 

Windriver, WY 

Snake River, ID 

Raisin City, CA 

Glass Mountain, CA 

Shasta, CA 

Cinder Cones, CA 

Goldstone, CA 

Cima Volcanics, CA 

Kelso Dunes, CA 

Pisgah Lava, CA 

Means Valley, CA 

Los Angeles, CA 

Goldstone, CA 

Cima Volcanics, CA 

Kelso Dunes, CA 

Wu (NSTL) 

Hoffer (Purdue) 

Masuoka (GSFC) 

Ormsby (GSFC 

Paris (JPL) 

Pitts (JSC) 

Simonett (UCSB) 

Kaupp (Univ. of Arkansas) 

Farr (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Taranik (U of NV) 

Paris (JPL) 

Dobson (U of MI) 

Dobson (U of MI) 

Evans (JPL) 

Held (JPL) 

Evans (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Held/Paris (JPL) 

Simonett (UCSB) 

S imone t t (UCSB ) 

Blom (JPL) 

Held (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Blom (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Evans (JPL) 

Wasowski (Notre Dame) 

Zebker (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Blom (JPL) 

6 -4 
Table 6-3. Track Plots for Summer-85 Expedition 

Date Site Investigator 

850612 

850614 

Konza Grass, KS Schmugge (GSFC) 

Konza Grass, KS 

Ann Arbor, MI 

Schmugge (GSFC) 

Dobson (U of MI) 

850616 Paris (JPL) 

850617 

Vermont Forests 

Traverse City, MI 

Konza Grasslands, KS 

Dobson (U of MI) 

Schmugge (GSFC) 

850618 

850621 

Konza Grasslands, KS Schmugge (GSFC ) 

Wind River, WY 

Snake River, ID 

Evans (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

850627 Owens Valley, CA 

Cima Volcanics, CA 

Vidal Junction, CA-AZ 

Pisgah Lava, CA 

Raisin City, CA 

Rock (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Farr (JPL) 

Paris (JPL) 

Pitts (JSC) 

Hoffer (Purdue) 

Dobson (U of MI) 

850710 Ely Pines, MN 

Ottawa Forest, MI-MN 

Traverse City, MI 

850713 t Upstate New York 

Moosehead Lake, MN 

Cockaponset, CT 

Paris (JPL) 

Hoffer (Purdue) 

Paris (JPL) 

850714 

1 850714 

Raisin City, CA Paris (JPL) 

Raisin City, CA Paris (JPL) 

6-5 
KLAMATH 

OREGON FALLS 120-w 124-W 

I I 1 

I I 42-N 

+- + -r t v/A + LALIWKN IA + 

IN-W 

Figure 6-2. Track Plots for Northern California. These data support 

SIR-B and were flown on 840926 or 841024. 

121-w 

37-N + 

36-N f 

121-w 

ESNO 

+ 

+ 

+ \+ 0 

OWENS DRY 

+ 

\ 116-W 

f 37-N Y 

116-W ' 

Figure 6-3. Track Plots for Central California: 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) Death Valley (Flown 840928). 

Raisin City (Several Flights in 1984 and 1985) 

Owens Valley (Several Flights in 1984 and 1985) 
117-W 

39-N 

\ 

3'-N + 

120-w 

+ 37-N 

117-W 

\ e 

BISHOP 

t + 

Figure 6-4. Track plots for Nevada SIR-B Sites (Flown on 840928) 

119-W 

35-N + 

I .--_ 

+ 

117-W 

-/- 35-N 

+ 

+ 33-N 

117-W 

Figure 6-5. Track Plots for Los Angeles, California (Flown on 841104) 
118-W 

36-N + 

114-W 112-w 

44-N -k +@N 

+ 

a 

E 

os 

IO 

34-N -/- 

112-w 

+@N 

+ t 

a 

E 

os 

IO 

DUNES 

PI SGAH 

SAN BERNARDINO 

I DAHO 

+ P 

I 

118-W 

+ 

dLAS VEGAS 114-W + f 36-N 

+ 1 + 

\ 

V IDAL JUNCTION 

+ l7ty-N 114-W 

Figure 6-6. Track Plots for the Southern California Desert. 

This, the densest coverage for 1984 and 1985 

expeditions, was flown on various dates. 

114-W 

44-N -I- + 

+ 44-N 

0 112-w 

43-N + + 

114-W 

SNAKE RIVER 

Figure 6-7. Track Plots for the Snake River, 

(Flown on 841018 and 850621) 

6-8 

Idaho 
109-w 

44-N + + + 106-w + 44-N 

I 

+ 43N 

106-w 

43-N + 

109-w 

CASPER 

Figure 6-8. Track Plots for Wind River, Wyoming (Flown on 

841013, 841018, and 850621) 

91-w 96-W 

40-N-40-N NEBRASKA 

KANSAS 

I U SALINA 

38-N + + 38-N 

91 -W 96-W 

Figure 6-9. Track Plots for the Konza Grasslands, Kansas. These were 

flown on 850612, 850614, 850617, and 850618. The first two 

(850612 and 850614) were flown in the north and south 

directions. The last two (850617 and 850618) were flown in 

the east and west directions. 

6 -9 
MINNESOTA CANAnA 

48-N + + 

(1) ELY, MINNESOTA 

PlllS - (JSC) 

840921 t 850710 

+ t 

DULUTH 

.. .. ., 

4 /- 

4bN + 

93-w 

Figure 6-10. 

Figure 6-11. 

+ 4bN 

88-W 

(2) OllAWA NAT'L FOREST 

HOFFER (PURDUE) 

850710 

+ t 

Track Plots for the Ely Pines Site, Minnesota(1) and 

Ottawa National Forest Site(2) on the Border of Michigan 

and Minnesota. 

and revisited on 850710. The Ottawa National Forest Site 

was flown on 850710. 

The Ely Pines Site was flown on 840921 

! 

92-W 

41-N + Y ' 90-w 

GALESBURG+ 41-N 0 

IOWA A 

39-N t '\' 

92-W 

PEOR IA 

90-W 

Track Plots for the SIR-B Supersite, Illinois. Although 

this site was flown daily for 4 days, there are useful data 

only for 841008 and 841010. 

6-10 
97-\A1 pI 85-W 

-N 

t t 44-N 

85-W 

Figure 6-12. Track Plots for Traverse City, Michigan. This site lies east 

of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and was flown on 850617 and 850710. 

85-w 

43-N t 

42-N t 

85-W 

t 42. 

.W 

-N 

Figure 6-13 Track Plots for Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Ann Arbor site 

which is west of Detroit was flown on 850614. There were 

six lines in total, three each with headings of 0 deg and 

45 deg. 

6-1 1 
90-W 

32-N + 

HATTIESBURG 

89-W 

f 32-N 

+ 

GULFPORT 

Figure 6-14. Track Plots for the NSTL Site, Mississippi. 

eight legs in total, four each with headings of 360 deg (due 

north) and 180 deg (due south). 

840911. 

There were 

This site was flown on 

84-W 

31-N + 

29-N + 

81 -w 

84-W 81-W 

Figure 6-15. Track Plots for Jacksonville Forest Site, Florida. 

Site flown on 840914 with six total legs, three each at 

headings of 180 deg (due south) and 360 deg (due north). 

6-12 
79-W 

79-W 

Figure 6-16. Track Plots for the (1) Winchester, Virginia and (2) Blackwater River, Maryland Sites. Sites were flown on 840916; 

both had eight legs, with four each at headings of 90 deg 

(due east) and 270 deg (due west). 

754 

43-N + 

7 2-W 

MASSACHU SmS 

SPR INGF IELD 

Figure 6-17. Track Plots for the (1) Cockaponset Forest, Connecticut and 

(2) Albany, New York Sites. These sites were flown first 

on 840920 supporting Sir-B and were flown in opposite 

directions. When revisited on 850713, the Albany site was 

flown with a heading of 16 deg and the Cockaponset site was 

flown with a heading of 180 deg (due south). 

6-13 
- UT ICA + SYRACUSE +43-N 

76-w 

+ 

VERMONT 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE 

+ + 43-N 

7 2-W 

Figure 6-18. Track Plots for Upstate New York(1) and Vermont Forest(2) 

Sites. The Upstate New York Sites were flown on 840920 and 

850713. The Vermont Site was flown on 850713 with six 

legs. All of these sites were flown in opposite directions 

on parallel tracks. 

71-W 

n+ t 

MAINE 

+ + 0 

BANGOR 

68-W 1 

46-N 

I 

Figure 6-19. Track Plots for Moosehead Lake, Maine. This site was 

flown on 850713. There were two westbound legs and one 

eastbound leg. 

6-14 
B. OPTICAL SURVEY MOSAICS 

Some sense of radar scattering from natural targets is provided by 

the optical survey mosaics shown in Figures 6-20 through 6-23. These were 

constructed by mosaicking SCP's of optical survey images for those targets 

observed from closely spaced parallel paths. 

observed with parallel tracks, only six mosaics are included here. The width 

of each optical survey image is about 10 km. Thus, the widths of these 

optical survey mosaics are 10 to 30 km; their lengths are 50 to 100 km. Like 

the track plots, these are presented in a west-to-east manner. Table 6-4 

gives background information on these mosaics. 

Although many sites were 

The Cima volcanic site shown in Figure 6-20 is located east of 

Los Angeles and is shown in track plots in Figure 6-6. 

modulations respond primarily to topography and differences in small scale 

(centimeter-to-meter) roughness as there is little vegetation here. 

The scattering 

The Supersite in Figure 6-21 is primarily agricultural fields, and 

the primary modulation of radar echoes comes from field-to-field differences 

in vegetation. 

agricultural fields, forests, and lakes. In almost all of the sites with 

lakes, the smooth surface provides little if any echo power, and the lakes 

appear as the dark areas in the images. The Winchester site in Figure 6-23 is 

heavily forested. The slopes of mountain sides provide the primary modulation 

of the radar image. 

The Traverse City site in Figure 6-22 is a mixture of 

The Cima volcanic site is shown in the example of the optical 

survey image of Figure 4-4, in the optical survey mosaic of Figure 6-20, and 

in an example of a digital image of Figure 6-24. A comparison of these three 

examples of aircraft SAR data will give users a sense of the scale of these 

image products. The semicircular feature in the center of these three images 

is 3 km x 5 km. 

Table 6-4. Summary of Optical Survey Mosaics 

Figure Target Date Investigator 

6-20 Cima Volcanics, CA 

6-21 Supersite, IL 

6-22 Traverse City, MI 

6-23 Winchester, VA 

850627 Tom Farr (JPL) 

841008 Dobson (U. of MI) 

8506 17 Dobson (U. of MI) 

840916 Masuoka (GSFC) 

6-15 
VI .lu 

6-16 
ORtGlNAL PAGE 19 

OF,'POOR QUALm 

6-17 

d 

N 

I 

\o 

a, 

k 

3 

M 

k 

.d 
*.rl w xm a 

UC -C 

6-18 
6-19 
~FGINAL PAGE IS 

OF POOR QUALm 

Figure 6-24. Digital HH Image of the Cima Volcanics Located in the Mojave 

Desert East of Los Angeles. There is little vegetation, so 

backscatter is controlled by slope and surface roughness. 

The bright area in the scene center is a young volcanic flow 

rougher than the adjacent sandy desert floor. 

shows the optical mosaic of this site. This scene is in the 

middle of the Figure 4-4 optical survey image. 

Figure 6-20 

6-20 
C. DIGITAL DATA EXAMPLES 

Some sense of the radar scattering from natural targets as they 

appear in digital images is given in Figures 6-24 through 6-27. These figures 

show the digital radar images in HH polarization for areas which are 11 km 

across. There are 1024 azimuth pixels with a pixel spacing of 10.98 m, and 

they are geometrically rectified. 

a spacing of 10.98 m. 

10 km with resolutions and pixel spacings of 10 m. 

scenes are located in the optical survey mosaic described above. 

There are as many as 1024 range pixels with 

These digital images to first order are nearly 10 km by 

Several of these digital 

The Cima site (Figure 6-24) is located in the Mojave desert east of 

Los Angeles. Here there is little vegetation, and radar backscatter is 

controlled by surface slope and/or roughness at centimeter-to-meter scales. 

The bright area in the center of the scene is a young, rough lava flow. 

optical mosaic for this site is given in Figure 6-20; the track plot is given 

in Figure 6-5. 

The 

The Supersite image in Figure 6-25 is an agricultural area located 

in southern Illinois. This area was observed within a few hours of SIR-B data 

acquisition of the same area. The large rectangular bright and dark areas in 

this scene are fields in different stages of cultivation. The radar dark 

fields are likely fallow and have little backscatter; they appear like mirrors 

which reflect the radar pulses away from the radar. The radar bright fields 

have standing crops which scatter radar energy back toward the aircraft and 

the radar receivers. Several stream patterns are also visible in this scene. 

Here trees along the stream banks have strong echoes and outline the dendritic 

stream beds. The quasi-rectangular pattern in the upper right hand corner of 

this scene is the small town of Macomb, Illinois. The optical mosaic for this 

site is given in Figure 6-21; the track plot is given in Figure 6-11. 

The Jacks Forest scene in Figure 6-26 is a mixed forestry site 

located west of Jacksonville, Florida. This area, like the Supersite site, 

was also observed with the SIR-B radar. Here the forested areas have stronger 

echoes than the nonforested areas. The dark stripe running top to bottom is a 

cleared *area for an interstate highway; this radar smooth area has little 

backscatter. The track plot for this site is given in Figure 6-15. 

The NOSC Tower image in Figure 6-27 shows an ocean area just west 

of San Diego, California. An ocean swell pattern is visible via differences 

in the number of small ocean waves between the peak and trough of the larger 

ocean waves. Here the backscatter is controlled by the Bragg conditions where 

the ocean wave must have wavelengths that match the radar wavelength [i.e., 

ocean wavelength = radar wavelength/2 sin(ang1e of incidence)]. 

An example of digital imagery for an urban area is given in the 

frontispiece, which shows the false-color three-polarization composite and 

phase difference images of San Francisco. 

double-bounce corner-reflector geometries which have strong polarized 

backscatter. 

City buildings often create 
Figure 6-25. Digital HH Image of the Supersite, Illinois Observed Within a 

Few Hours of SIR-B Data Acquisition. The radar backscatter 

is controlled by the amount of cultivation of the fields. 

Also, dendritic patterns associated with streams are outlined 

by the trees that line the stream beds. The quasi-rectangular 

pattern in the upper right corner is the town of Macomb, 

Illinois. Figure 6-21 gives the optical mosaic for this site. 

6-22 
GW0,EdAL PAGE ts 

OF POOR QUALITY 

Figure 6-26. Digital HH Image of the Jacks Forest Site, Just West of 

Jacksonville, Florida. The bright areas are forested, and 

the dark stripe running top to bottom is an interstate 

highway where the pavement and shoulders reflect most radar 

energy away from the receivers on board the aircraft. 

6-23 
Figure 6-27. Digital HH Image of the NOSC Tower Area Located in the Ocean 

West of San Diego. 

radar echo modulation from differences in the number of small 

ocean waves between the peak and trough of the larger ocean 

waves associated with the swell. Backscatter from the ocean 

is controlled by those small ocean waves that satisfy the 

Bragg condition. 

An ocean swell pattern is visible from 

6-24 
This report h 

SECTION VI1 

SUMMARY 

described how JPL a quired ircraft digit 1 radar 

data during four expeditions in 1983 through 1985. 

acquisition as it was performed until the NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR was destroyed 

by fire on the night of 17 July 1985. These past operations will serve as a 

model for future work when the radar is rebuilt and airborne again. 

We have described data 

This report has also provided an overview to when and where data 

1 were acquired in the Fall-84 and Summer-85 Expeditions when the highest quality 

I data were obtained. This was done with the track plots, optical survey I mosaics, and examples of digital imagery shown in Section VI. Appendixes A 

I the Summer-83 Expedition in August 1983 through the last data flight of the 

I and B provide listings for digital data acquisitions since the first flight of 

Surmner-85 Expedition in July 1985. Appendix C lists all of the digital image 

data currently archived at JPL in the Reference Notebook system. Appendix D 

gives the addresses for various users who have obtained aircraft SAR data. 

These data, which are being archived in the JPL Radar Data Center, are 

excellent source material for multiple-polarization studies and provide background information for the SIR Program. Queries regarding the data can be 

addressed to either of the following: 

I 

Aircraft Radar Coordinator 

T. W. Thompson 

Mail Stop 183-701 

NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

(818) 354-3792 Commercial 

792-3792 FTS 

Radar Data Center Manager 

D. Harrison 

Mail Stop 183-701 

NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

(818) 354-2386 Commercial 

792-2396 FTS 

7-1 
REFERENCES 

1. Brown, W. E., Jr., "Radar Studies of the Earth," Proc. of the IEEE, 

Vol. 57, No. 4 , April, 1969, pp. 612-620. 

2. Donovan, N., Evans, D., and Held, D., NASA/JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop 

Proceedings Feb. 4-5, 1985, Pasadena, CA, JPL Publication 85-39, 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, June 15, 1985. 

, 3. Evans, D. L., Farr, T. G., Ford, J. P., Thompson, T. W., and Werner, C. L., 

"Multipolarization Radar Images for Geologic Mapping and Vegetation 

Discrimination," IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 

Vol. GE-24, No. 2, March 1986, pp. 246-257. 

I 4. Thompson, T. W., A User's Manual for the NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar 

l and the NASA/JPL L- and C-Band Scatterometers, JPL Publication 

83-38, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, June 1, 

1983. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Brown, W.E., Jr., Elachi, C., and Thompson, T.W., "Radar Imaging of Ocean 

Surface Patterns," J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 81, No. 15, May 20, 1976, 

pp. 2657-2667. 

Thompson, T. W., Weissman, D. E., and Gonzalez, F. I., "L-Band Radar 

Backscatter Dependence upon Surface Wind Stress: 

Seasat-1 and Aircraft Observations," J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 88, 

No. C3, Feb. 28, 1983, pp. 1727-1735. 

A Summary of New 

Thompson, T. W., The Radar Operations: Marineland/GASP Test Series 25 November I to 16 December 1975, JPL Internal Document 622-13, Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory, Pasadena, California, April 1, 1976. 

Thompson, T. W., McMillan, E. S., and King, D. B., Jr., JPL Radar Operations 

Summer '76 Hurricane Expedition for the period 17 August to 3 

Laboratory, Pasadena, California, Dec. 10, 1976. I October 1976, JPL Internal Document 622-18, Jet Propulsion 

Weissman, D. E., King, D. B., and Thompson, T. W., "Relationship Between 

Hurricane Surface Winds and L-Band Radar Backscatter from the Sea 

Surface", J. Applied Meteorology, Vol. 18, No. 8, Aug., 1979, pp. 

1023-1034. 

Zebker, H. A. and Goldstein, R. M., "Topographic Mapping from Interferometric 

Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations", J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 91, 

No. B5, April 10, 1986, pp. 4993-4999. 

8-1 
APPENDIX A 

FLIGHT SUMMARIES 

Flight Summary for Summer 83 . . . . . . A-1 

Flight Summary for Winter 84 . . . . . . A-2 

Flight Summary for Fall 84 (SIR-B). . . A-3 

Flight Summary for Spring-Summer 85 . . A-4 

A- 1 

- 
Table A-1. Flight Summary for Summer-83 Expedition 

Sensor Checkout 

830811 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

830812 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

830824 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

830830 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

Western U.S. 

830826 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern Calif. Calibration 

830828 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern Calif. Geology 

830901 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Rockies Geology 

830914 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern Calif. Abort 

830916 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern Calif. Calibration 

Eastern U. S. Deployment 

830906 - Moffett-to-New Orleans: Transit Anadarko Basin, OK 

830907 - New Orleans-to-New Orleans: Alabama and Mississippi 

830908 - New Orleans-to-New Orleans: Alabama and Kentucky 

Number of Data Flights = 12 

A-2 
Table A-2. Flight Summary for Winter-84 Expedition 

Sensor Checkout 

840217 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

Eastern U. S. Deployment 

840328 - Moffett-to-Houston: Transit (East Texas) 

840229 - Houston-to-Houston: North Texas 

840301 - Houston-to-Langley: Transit (Savannah River Plant Swamp (GA and SC) 

840303 - Langley-to-Langley: 

and Cedar Island (NC)) 

Virginia and Maryland 

Western U.S. 

840306 - Moffett-to-Moffett: SIR-B Calibration 

Alaskan Deployment 

840309 - Moffett-to-Anchorage: 

840311 - Anchorage-to-Anchorage: 

840313 - Anchorage-to-Anchorage: 

840314 - Anchorage-to-Anchorage: 

840315 - Anchorage-to-Anchorage: 

Gulf of Alaska 

Gulf of Alaska 

Gulf of Alaska 

Gulf of Alaska 

Gulf of Alaska 

Ei’umber of Data Flights = 11 

A- 3 
Table A-3. Flight Sumnary for Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition 

Sensor Checkout 

840816 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

840831 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

840906 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

Eastern U.S. Deployment 

840910 - Moffett-to-Houston: SIR-B, Meteor Crater and Tucson, AZ 

840911 - Houston-to-Houston: NASA-NSTL, MS 

840913 - Houston-to-McQuire: SIR-B, Jacksonville Forest, FL 

840916 - McQuire-to-McQuire: Winchester, VA and Blackwater River, MD 

840920 - McQuire-to-Duluth: SIR-B, Connecticut and Upstate New York 

840921 - Duluth-to-Moffett: Ely Pines, MN 

Premission SIR-B 

840926 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Northern California SIR-B 

840928 - Moffett-to-Moffett: California-Nevada SIR-B 

Mission Support for SIR-B (7) 

841006 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Northern California Bistatic 

841008 - Moffett-to-Topeka: Bistatic and Supersite, IL 

841009 - Topeka-to-Topeka: Bistatic and Supersite, IL 

841010 - Topeka-to-Topeka: Bistatic and Supersite, IL 

841011 - Topeka-to-Topeka: Bistatic and Supersite, IL 

841012 - Topeka-to-Topeka: Bistatic and Supersite, IL 

841013 - Topeka-to-Moffett: Wind River, WY 

Postmission SIR-B and RTOP 

841017 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841018 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841019 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841024 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841025 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841031 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841104 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841106 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

841107 - Moffett-to-Moffett: 

NOSC Tower and Raisin City, CA 

Wind and Sanke Rivers, WY and ID 

Raisin City, CA 

Northern California 

Southern California 

NOSC Tower, CA 

NOSC Tower and Los Angeles, CA 

Southern California 

NOSC Tower and Monterey Bay, CA 

Number of Data Flights = 27 

A-4 
Table A-4. Flight Sunrmary for Spring- and Summer-85 Expeditions 

Spring - 85 Sensor Checkout 

850308 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

850314 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

850323 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Artificial Comet Piggyback 

Spring - 85 Western U. S. Data 

850319 - Moffett-to-Moffett: First NOSC Tower Flight, CA 

850327 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Second NOSC Tower Flight, CA 

850424 - Moffett-to-Moffett: California Geobotany 

Spring - 85 Costa Rica Deployment 

850329 - Moffett-to-Houston: Transit, California and Arizona 

850331 - San Jose-to-San Jose: Costa Rica: East-West Survey 

850401 - San Jose-to-San Jose: Costa Rica Study Areas 

Summer - 85 Sensor Checkout 

850521 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

850610 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

Summer - 85 First Eastern U. S. Deployment 

850612 - Moffett-to-Omaha: Transit, Konza, KS 

850014 - Omaha-to-New Jersey: Transit, Konza, KS and Ann Arbor, MI 

850616 - New Jersey-to-New Jersey: Wetlands and Forests, Maryland, 

850617 - New Jersey-to-Omaha: Transit, Traverse City, MI and Konza, KS 

850618 - Omaha-to-Moffett: Transit, Konza, KS 

New York and Vermont 

Summer - 85 Western U. S. Data 

850621 - Moffett-to-Moffett: Wind, WY and Snake, ID Rivers Geology 

850627 - Moffett-to-Moffett: California - Nevada Geology 

Summer - 85 Second Eastern U. S. Deployment 

850710 - Duluth-to-New Jersey:. Transit, Ely, MN and Traverse City, MI 

850713 - New Jersey-to-New Jersey: 

850714 - New Jersey-to-Moffett: Transit, Raisin City, CA 

Wetlands and Forests, Maryland and 

New England 

Number of Data Flights = 9 (Spring-85) 

12 (Summer-85) 

21 (Spring and Summer-85) 

A-5 
APPENDIX B 

DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITIONS 

Summer-83 Expedition ...... B-1 

Winter-84 Expedition ...... B-2 

Summer-85 Expedition ...... B-5 

Fall-84/SIR-B Expedition .... B-3 

Spring-85 Expedition ...... B-4 

B- 1 
Table B-1. Digital Data for Summer-83 Expedition 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s) 

830811 Moffett-to-Moffett - Sensor Checkout 1 

830 1-8303 Death Valley (81, CA Brown, Schaber 

Pisgah, Amboy, CA Brown 

San Joaquin Valley, CA Brown 

830812 Moffett-to-Moffett - Sensor Checkout 2 

8304-8306 Death Valley (9), CA Brown, Schaber 

Pisgah, Amboy, CA Kobrick 

Means Valley (2), CA Farr, Blom 

San Joaquin Valley, CA Brown 

830824 Moffett-to-Moffett - Sensor Checkout 2 

830 7-8 30 7 Death Valley (81, CA Brown, Thompson, Held 

830826 Moffett-to-Moffett - S. California Calibration 

8309-8312 Pisgah (71, CA Held, Brown, 

Death Valley (31, CA Kob r i ck 

Means Valley (2), CA Kobrick 

Los Angeles, CA Bryan 

Rose Bowl, CA Roth 

830829 Moffett-to-Moffett - S. California Geology 

831 3-83 15 Owens Valley, CA Farr 

Death Valley (31, CA Evans 

Pisgah (41, CA Blom 

Means Valley (21, CA Kobrick 

830830 Moffett-to-Moffett - Sensor Checkout 4 

8316-8317 Death Valley (6), CA Brown, Held, 

San Francisco Bay (2), CA Thompson 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-2 
Table B-1 (continued) 

HDDT No. (s) Site Location User(s) 

830901 Moffett-to-Moffett - Rockies Geology 

8319-8322 Wind River (41, WY Evans 

Patrick Draw (41, CO Evans 

Capitol Reefs (21, UT Farr 

Paradox Basin, NV Farr 

830906 Moffett-to-New Orleans - Transit 

83 22-83 24 Anadarko Basin (3), OK Dixon, Stern 

830907 New Orleans-to-New Orleans 1 - Alabama/Mississippi 

No digital data on this flight 

830908 New Orleans-to-New Orleans 2 - Kentucky/Alabama 

8325-83 2 7 Hazard, KY (31, Ford 

Mobile, AL (2) Wu, Paris 

830914 Moffett-to-Moffett - S. Calififornia Abort 

8328 Pisgah (21, CA Held, Werner 

830916 Moffett-to-Moffett - California Calib./Geology 

83 29-8334 Pisgah (71, CA Held, Werner 

Cos0 Hills (21, CA Dixon 

Coastal Range (31, CA Dixon 

San Francisco Bay (41, CA Goldstein 

Napa Valley, CA Dixon 

( ) = number of data runs 

Total number HDDTs = 32 

Total digital along-track coverage = 6400 km 

Number sites = 31 

Number of users = 17 

B-3 
Table B-2. Digital Data for Winter-84 Expedition 

HDDT No. (s) Site Location User(s 1 

840217 Moffett-to Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

840 2-840 6 Death Valley (91, CA KobrickjBrown 

San Joaquin Valley, CA Brown 

San Francisco (21, CA Brown 

840328 Moffett-to-Houston: East Texas 

8408-8409 East Texas (7) Deme 1 

840229 Houston-to-Houston: North Texas Soil Moisture 

8410-8414 North Texas (9) Sc hmug g e 

840301 Houston-to-Langley-Transit 

8414-8419 SRP Swamp (lo), GA and SC Ford 

Cedar Island (61, NC Ormsby/Blanchard 

840303 Langley-to-Langley: Virginia and Blackwater 

841 9-8425 G. Washington Forest (41, VA Masuoka 

Winchester (51, VA Masuoka 

Blackwater River (6), MD Ormsby/Blanchard 

840306 Moffett-to-Moffett: SIR-B Calibration 

8425-8430 Death Valley (31, CA Held/Werner 

Pisgah (31, CA Held/Werner 

Raisin City (51, CA Paris 

San Francisco (21, CA Held 

( = number of data runs 

Total Number HDDTs = 28 

Total Along-Track Coverage = 5600 km 

Number of sites = 14 

Number of users = 11 

B-4 
Table B-3. Digital Data Fall-84 (SIR-B Underflight) Expedition 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User (s 

840816 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

8450-8455 Mono Lake (11, CA 

Death Valley (51, CA 

Bistatic Tests (11, CA 

Cinder Cones (21, CA 

San Francisco Bay, CA 

Brown 

Brown 

Golds t ein 

Blom 

B ickne 1 1 

840831 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 

8460-8463 Owens Valley (1 ) , CA Farr 

Death Valley (1 1, CA Held 

Rais in-Fresno ( 1 1, CA Paris 

San Joaquin Valley (21, CA Brown 

Bistatic Tests (2) Go Ids t e in 

Cinder Cones (41, CA Blom 

Golden Gate (41, CA Go 1 ds t e in 

840910 Moffett-to-Houston: Transit 

8476-8478 Meteor Crater (41, AZ 

Tucson SIR-B, AZ 

Imaging Tests (2) 

8479-8481 

840911 Houston-to-Houston: NSTL 

NASA-NSTL (8 9 MS 

Mouginis-Mark 

Farr 

Brown 

wu 

840914 Houston-to-McQuire: Transit 

8484-8485 Jacksonville, SIR-B (61, FL Hof f er 

840916 McQuire-to-McQuire: Winchester and Blackwater 

8486-8491 Winchester (81, VA Mosuoka 

Blackwater River (81, MD Ormsby 

840921 McQuire-to-Duluth: SIR-B New England 

8494-8497 Connecticut SIR-B (2) Paris 

Upstate New York SIR-B (5) Paris 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-5 
Table B-3 (continued) 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s1 

840922 Duluth-to-Moffett: Ely Pines 

849 7-8498 Ely (31, MN Pitts 

840926 Moffett-to-Moffett: Northern California SIR-B 

8499-84103 Shasta SIR-B (61, CA Simone t t 

Medicine Lake SIR-B (61, CA Kaupp/Farr 

Northern Calif. SIR-B (21, CA Far r 

Golden Gate (21, CA Golds te in 

840928 Moffett-to-Moffett: California-Nevada SIR-B 

8410 3-84 110 Imaging Test (1) 

Owen's Valley (11, CA 

Death Valley (21, CA 

Amargosa SIR-B (11, NV 

Goldfield SIR-B (31, NV 

Soda Springs SIR-B (21, NV 

Candeleria SIR-B (21, NV 

Raisin-Fresno SIR-B (2), CA 

Brown 

FarrIGillespie 

Farr/Gillespie 

Tar an ik 

Parr 

Ta ran i k 

Taranik 

Paris 

841006 Moffett-to-Moffett: Bistatic 

84111 Bistatic, Lava Flows (21, CA Golds tein 

841008 Moffett-to-Topeka: Transit and SIR-B Supersite 

841 12-841 14 Bistatic, Evansville (21, IL Golds tein 

SIR-B Supersite (61, IL Dobson 

841009 Topeka-to-Topeka: SIR-B Supersite 

84115-84116 Bistatic, Evansville (21, IL Go 1 ds t e in 

SIR-B Supersite (61, IL Dobson 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-6 
Table B-3 (continued) 

HDDT No. (s) Site Location User(s) 

841010 Topeka-to-Topeka: SIR-B Supersite 

84117-84119 Bistatic, St. Louis (21, MO Golds tein 

SIR-B Supersite (61, IL Dobson 

Imaging Test (1) Brown 

841011 Topeka-to-Topeka: SIR-B Supersite 

84120-84121 Supersite (6), IL Dobson 

841012 Topeka-to-Topeka: SIR-B Supersite 

84122-84124 Bistatic-Sioux City (2), IA Go Ids te in 

SIR-B Supersite (6) Dobson 

841013 Topeka-to-Moffett: Transit and Wind River 

84125 Wind River (51, WY Evans 

841017 Moffett-to-Moffett: First NOSC Tower Flight 

82126-84129 Los Angeles, (11, CA Brown 

NOSC Tower (141, CA Shemdin 

Raisin City SIR-B (41, CA Held 

841018 Moffett-to-Moffett: Wind and Snake River 

84130-84132 Imaging Test (1) Brown 

Wind River (41, WY Evans 

Snake River SIR-B (41, ID Farr 

841019 Moffett-to-Moffett: Raisin City SIR-B 

84133-84134 Raisin City (41, CA Held/Wang 

Raisin - Fresno SIR-B (21, CA ParislSchmugge 

( ) = number of data runs 

B- 7 
Table B-3 (continued) 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s) 

841024 Moffett-to-Moffett: Northern California SIR-B 

841 35 -84 140 Glass Mountain SIR-B (61, CA Simonett 

Bistatic Lava SIR-B (l), CA Go Ids te in 

Newberry Crater (l), OR Farr 

Shasta SIR-B (61, CA S imone t t 

Cinder Cones (31, CA Blom 

841025 Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern California 

84141 9-84145 Imaging Test (1) 

Goldstone (2), CA 

Cima (21, CA 

Kelso Dunes (41, CA 

Pisgah (6), CA 

Means Valley, CA 

Brown 

Evans 

Farr 

Blom 

Evans 

Evans 

841031 Moffett-to-Moffett: Second NOSC Flight 

84146-84 148 Catalina (11, CA 

NOSC Tower (141, CA 

Brown 

Shemdin 

841104 Moffett-to-Moffett: Third NOSC Flight 

84149-84151 Palmdale (I), CA 

NOSC Tower (91, CA 

Los Angeles (3), CA 

Brown 

Shemdin 

Bryan 

841106 Moffett-to-Moffett: Southern California 

84152-84152 Imaging Test (1) 

Goldstone (31, CA 

Cima (l), CA 

Kelso (21, CA 

Monterey Bay, CA 

Brown 

Held/Evans 

Farr 

Blom 

Zebker 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-8 
Table B-3 (continued) 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s) 

841107 Moffett-to-Moffett: Fourth (Last) NOSC Tower 

84154-84157 Palmdale (11, CA 

NOSC Tower (14), CA 

Los Angeles (11, CA 

Monterey Bay (21, CA 

Brown 

Shemd in 

Brown 

Zebker 

( ) = number of data runs 

Total number of HDDT's = 89 

Total along-track digital coverage = 17,800 km 

Number of sites = 79 

Number of users = 23 

B-9 
Table B-4. Digital Data for Spring-85 Expedition 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s ) 

850308 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 1 

8505-8508 Mina (11, NV 

Death Valley (51, CA 

Silver Lake (11, CA 

NOSC Tower (61, CA 

Wing-Wing Interferometer (1) 

850314 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 2 

8510-8513 Winnemucca (51, NV 

Thompson 

Thompson 

Farr 

Brown 

Zebker 

Thompson 

San Andreas Interferometer (41, CA Zebker 

In Transit Imaging (2) Thompson 

850319 Moffett-to-Moffett: First NOSC Tower 

8514-8517 In Transit Imaging (2) 

NOSC Tower (17), CA 

Raisin City (11, CA 

Thompson 

Brown 

Paris 

850323 Moffett-to-Moffett: Artificial Comet Piggyback 

8519 In Transit Imaging (2) Thompson 

Fore-Aft Interferometer (1) Zebker 

850327 Moffett-to-Moffett: Second NOSC Tower 

8520-85 24 NOSC Tower (151, CA Brown 

Pisgah Calibration (21, CA Thompson 

Raisin City (11, CA Paris 

850329 Moffett-to-Houston: Transit 

8525 Vidal Junction (l), CA-A2 Farr 

Tucson (11, A2 Farr 

Marker Test (1) Thompson 

~~ ~ 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-10 
Table B-4 (continued) 

t 

I 

HDDT No. (s Site Location User(s) 

850331 San Jose-to-San Jose: Costa Rica E-W-Survey 

8526-8531 Costa-Rica E-W Survey Joyce 

850401 San Jose-to-San Jose: Costa Rica Study Areas 

8532-8537 Costa Rica Study Area-A (8) Joyce 

Costa Rica Study Area-B (6) Joyce 

Costa Rica Topography (6) Joyce 

850424 Moffett-to-Moffett: California Geobotany 

8538-8545 Raisin City (1), CA Paris 

Owens Valley (61, CA Rock 

Lake Tahoe Top0 (11, NV Zebker 

Mount Shasta Top0 (21, CA Zebker 

Mount Shasta Stereo (61, CA Kob r i c k 

San Francisco Top0 (11, CA Zebker 

( ) = number of data runs 

Number of HDDTs = 39 

Along-track digital coverage = 7,800 km 

Number of sites = 29 

Number of users = 8 

B-11 
Table B-5. Digital Data for Summer-85 Expedition 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s) 

850521 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 1 

8546-8548 San Joaquin Valley (2) 

Goldstone (2), CA 

San Francisco (11, CA 

Brown 

Brown 

Brown 

850610 Moffett-to-Moffett: Sensor Checkout 2 

8551-8553 San Joaquin Valley (lo), CA Brown 

850612 Moffett-to-Omaha Transit: Kansas 1 

8554-85 55 Konza Grasslands (61, KS S c hmug ge 

850614 Omaha-to-New Jersey Transit: Kansas 2 

8555-8558 Konza Grasslands (41, KS S c hmugge 

Ann Arbor (8), MI Dobson 

Enroute Imaging (2) Thompson 

850616 New Jersey-to-New Jersey: Eastern U.S. 

8558-8563 Blackwater River (141, MD Ormsby 

Vermont (6) Paris 

Enroute Imaging (2) Thompson 

850617 New Jersey-to-Omaha Transit: Kansas 3 

8564-8566 Traverse City (7), MI 

Konza Grasslands (4), KS 

Enroute Imaging (2) 

Dobson/Ulaby 

Schmugge 

Thompson 

850618 Omaha-to-Moffett Transit: Kansas 4 

85 6 7-85 6 8 Konza Grasslands (71, KS S c hmug ge 

Test Calibration (1) Miller 

( ) = number of data runs 

B-12 
Table B-5 (continued) 

HDDT No.(s) Site Location User(s) 

850621 Moffett-to-Moffett: Wind and Snake Rivers 

8569-8572 Wind River (51, WY 

Snake River (71, ID 

Enroute Imaging (3) 

Evans 

Farr 

Brown 

850627 Moffett-to-Moffett: California Geobotany 

85 73-85 78 Owens Valley (61, CA 

Rhodes (21, NV 

Death Valley (11, CA 

Cima Volcanics (2), CA 

Vidal Junction (21, AZ-CA 

Pisgah Calib (21, CA 

Raisin City (21, CA 

Sine Wave Test (1) 

Rock 

Tar ani k 

Farr 

Farr 

Farr 

Held 

Paris 

Miller 

850710 Duluth-to-New Jersey Transit: Eastern U.S. 

8579-8582 Ely Forests (51, MN 

Ottawa National 

Forest (21, MI-MN 

Traverse City (3), MI 

Pitts 

Hof f er 

Dobson 

850713 New Jersey-to-New Jersey: Eastern U.S. 

858 2-8 58 7 Blackwater River (81, MD Ormsby 

Upstate New York (2) Paris 

Maine Forest (2) Hof f er 

Fore-Aft Interferometer (2) Go 1 ds te in 

Connecticut ( 1 ) Paris 

850714 New Jersey-to-Moffett Transit: Raisin City 

8587-8588 Enroute Imaging (2) 

Raisin City (21, CA 

Brown 

Paris 

( ) = number of data runs 

Number of HDDT's = 45 (Summer), 84 (Spring and Summer) 

Total Along-track coverage = 9,000 km (Summer), 

Number of users = 16 (Summer), 24 (Spring and Summer) 

Number of sites = 37 (Summer), 66 (Spring and Summer) 

16,800 (Spring and Summer) 

B-13 
APPENDIX C 

AIRCRAFT SAR DIGITAL IMAGE SUMMARY 

All of the digital images produced at JPL are archived in the Reference 

Notebook System, which is described via a data base on the Section 324 VAX 

Computer. The following pages are listings from that data base. 

(p. C-2) is a listing by site title; Table C-2 (p. C-15) is a listing by 

correlation date. Users should be aware that the later correlations with the 

AXC serial numbers are likely of better quality than the earlier correlations 

with the AXK serial numbers. 

Table C-1 

c-1 
Table C-1. SAR Imagery Sorted by Title 

Book Page 

No. No. 

---- ---- 

1 

1 

2 

CCT 

.--_ Title 

AXK901 

AXK902 

11/19/83 

11 /28/83 

HAZARD KY 1 (HAZARD, .;ENTUC 

MEANS VAL SIR2 (MEANS VALLEY, 

CALIFORNIA) 

CALIFORNIA) 

ROSE BOWL (JPL, PASADENA, 

PISGAH CAL3 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CAL3 (PISCAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CAL2 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CAL4 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

WIND RIVER2 (WIND RIVER, UYOHING) 

PISGAH CAL6 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CAL4 (PISCAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CALS (PISCAH, CALIFORNIA) 

JAMAICA8 (JAMAICA, WEST INDIES) 

SF BAY1 (SAN FRANCISCO BAY, 

CALIFORNIA) 

ROSE BOWL (PASADENA, CALIFORNIA) 

DTH VAL USGS5 (DEATH VALLEY, 

SF BAY2 (GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, 

CALIFORNIA) 

CALIFORNIA) 

3 12/01/83 AXK903 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

12/06/83 

12/07/83 

12/11/83 

12/ 13/83 

12/ 14/83 

12/15/83 

12/ 16/83 

12/18/83 

12/20 / 83 

12/23 / 83 

AXK9 10 

AXK?ll 

AXK912 

AXK913 

AXK914 

AXK915 

AXK916 

AXK9 17 

AXK918 

AXK9 19 

AXK920 

AXK92 1 

14 

15 

01 /04/84 

01 /06/84 

16 01 /07/84 AXK922 

2 

1 AXK923 COSO HILLS1 (RAISIN CITY 

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL7 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

WIND RIVER4 (SPRING CREEK, 

WYOMING ) 

SF BAY2 (SAN FRANCISCO, TOMALES, 

AKA BODEGA BAY, CALIFORNIA) 

WIND RIVER4 (DEAD MAN BUTTE, 

WYOM I NC ) 

ALABAMA 1 

MOBILE/BLDWNl (BALDWIN COUNTY, 

SF BAYl (SAN FRANCISCO BAY, 

CALIFORNIA, PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES) 

COSO HILLS90 (COSO HILLS, 

SF BAYl (TOMALES BAY 2, 

CALIFORNIA) 

CALIFORNIA) 

SF BAYl (SAN FRANCISCO BAY, 

CALIF.# PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES 2) 

DTH VAL USGSZ (DEATH VALLEY SAND 

DUNES, CALIFORNIA ) 

PISOAH CALS (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISCAH CALS (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

ANADARKO BASN4 (ANADARKO 1, 

OKLAHOMA ) 

OKLAHOMA ) 

CALIFORNIA) 

ANADARKO BASN4 (ANADARKO 21 

SF BAY2 (MOFFETT FIELD, 

01/11/84 

2 

3 

01 112184 

01 /13/84 

AXK924 

AXK925 

4 0 1 / 14 184 AXK92h 

5 01 / 18/84 AXK927 

6 01 / 19/84 AXK928 

7 01 /20/84 AXK930 

8 01 /20/84 AXK931 

9 01 12 1 /84 AXK929 

10 01/26/84 AXK932 

11 01 /27/84 AXK933 

12 

13 

14 

01 131 /84 

02/01/84 

02/14/84 

AXK934 

AXK935 

AXK936 

15 02/ 16/84 AXK937 

16 021 17/84 AXK938 

c-2 
, 3 

I 

4 

Page 

No. 

17 

18 

---- 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

a 

9 

Correlation 

Date 

02/20/84 

----------- 

02/21 /84 

021 221 84 

02/24/84 

021 28/84 

02/29/84 

03/01 184 

03/02/84 

03/03/84 

031 05/84 

031 06/84 

03 / 07 / 84 

03/08/84 

031 13/84 

03/14/84 

031 14/84 

03/ 16/84 

03/20/84 

4 03/22/84 

03/23/84 

03 / 27 184 

03/27/84 

03/29/84 

03/29/84 

03/ 30184 

04 /03/84 

04/ 041 84 

04 / 06 / 84 

04/08/84 

Table C-1 

CCT 

--- 

AXK940 

AXK94 1 

AXK942 

AXK944 

AXK94S 

AXK946 

AXK947 

AXK948 

AXK950 

AXK943 

AXK951 

AXK952 

AXK953 

AXK954 

AXK955 

AXK957 

AXK958 

AXK959 

AXK960 

AXK961 

AXK962 

AXK963D 

AXK964 

AXK965 

AXK966 

AXK968 

AXK967 

AXK969 

(Continued) 

Title 

----- 

DTH VAL ENGl61 (DEVIL'S GOLF 

DTH VAL TOP0158 (DEATH VALLEY 

COURSE, DEATH VALLEY, CAI 

TOPO 3, PANAMINT RANGE, CA) 

DTH VAL TOP0157 (DEATH VALLEY 

TOPO 20 PANAMINT RANGE, CA) 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 

PISGAH CALl (PISCAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CALl (PISCAH, CALIFORNIA) 

HAZARD KY3 (ELKHORN CITY, 

KENTUCKY 1 

ALABAMA ) 

DTH VAL TOP0156 (DEATH VALLEY 

MOBILE/BLDUNl (BALDWIN COUNTY 2, 

HAZARD KY5 (ZEBULON, KENTUCKY) 

TOPO 1, PANAMINT RANGE, CA) 

WIND RIVER4 (DEAD MAN BUTTE WEST, 

WYOMING ) 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 2 

SF-FARLON77 (SAN FRANCISCO SHIPS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES) 

RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

RAISIN CITY315 (AGRICULTURAL 

RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

F IELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

SRP SWAMP302 PEN BRANCH, SAVANNAH 

RIVER PLANT, SC 

RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

F IELDSi CALIFORNIA ) 

SRP SWAMP125, SAVANNAH RIVER 

PLANT SWAMP SAND HILLS, SC 

RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

NORTH TEXAS184 (NORTH TEXAS 2) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

G WASH FRST271 (LITTLE N MTNi G 

WASHINGTON FOREST, VA) 

PALASTINE TX91, PALESTINE 3, 

TEXAS 

SHIP PASS 007, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 007, EXTENDED SHIP 

WAKE, QULF OF ALASKA 

PISGAH CAL41 CALIFORNIA 

c-a c-3 
Book Page 

No. No. 

10 

11 

---- -.--- 

12 

13 

14 

1s 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

26A 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

Corr e la t ion 

Date 

041 14/84 

04) 15/84 

____--__-__- 

041 17/84 

041 18/64 

04/20/84 

04/24/84 

05/04/84 

ow i 1 /a4 

05/14/84 

05/30 / 84 

06/01 /84 

06/05/84 

06/05 /a4 

06/06/84 

06/07 /84 

06/08/84 

06/ 1 1/84 

061 13/84 

06/ 15/84 

06/20/84 

07/01 /84 

07 02 a4 

07/03/84 

07/04/84 

07/06/84 

07/07/84 

07/10/84 

07/ 10184 

07/ 11 /84 

07/ 11 /84 

07/ 12 184 

071 12/84 

071 14/84 

07/ 17/84 

07/ 18/84 

07/ 20/84 

07 /2 1 i'94 

Table C-1 

CCT 

--- 

AXH970 

AXK971 

AXK972 

AXK973 

AXK5'74 

AXK975 

AXK976 

AXK977 

AXK978 

AXK979 

AXK980 

AXK981 

AXK982 

AXK983 

AXK985 

AXK986 

AXK984 

AXK987 

AXK990 

AXK991 

AXK989 

AXK993 

AXK994 

AXK995 

AXK988 

AXK996 

AXK997 

AXK998 

AXK999 

AXCOOl 

AXCOO2 

AXC003 

AXC004 

AXCOOS 

AXCOO6 

AXC007 

Axcoo8 

AXC009 

(Continued) 

Title 

----- 

SHIP PASS 004, GULF OF ALASKA 

BLACK RVR REF2, LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND, VIRGINIA 

SRP SWAMP123, ELLENTON BAY, SOUTH 

CAROL I NA 

NORTH TEXAS181, SAND HILLS 1 

SHIP PASS 006, GULF OF ALASKA 

NORTH TEXAS002, CASTRO COUNTY 

LINE 

BLACK RVR REF1818 LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND 21 VIRGINIA 

BLACK RVR REFlB1, MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP, VIRGINIA 

PISGAH CAL 4 

PISGAH CAL 4 

SAN ANDREAS317 (SF BAY WAVES) 

WINCHSTR VA 292 

0 WASH FRST92, GREAT NORTH MT, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

SHIP PASS 010 (CROSS 

WAKE-05) 8 GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 004, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 002, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 005, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 013, GULF OF ALASKA 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 

SRP SWAMP 124 (DUMBARTON BAYS) 

DEATH VAL ENGlbl (COTTON BALL 

BASIN) CALIFORNIA 

DEATH VAL ENG9O (SAND DUNES) 

DTH VAL ENG342 

SHIP PASS 001 (GULF OF ALASKA) 

SAN ANDREAS137 (SOUTH SFO BAY) 

CAP REEF1 (SAN RAFEAL SW€LL)UTAH 

BLACK RVR REF181 (MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP NORTH) 

BLACK RIVER REF181 (MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP SOUTH) 

NORTH TEXAS001 (SOUTH OF SPADE) 

SAN ANDREAS137 (SFO-NORTH) 

BRAZOS TEXAS-DEMEL 

BRAZOS TEXAS - DEMEL 

MOBILE BLDWNl (BALDWIN CO. EAST 

OF AXK947) 

SAN ANDREAS137 (SAN 

FRANCISCO-URBAN)CALIFORNIA 

SHEMDIN'S LAST SHIP PASS 

DTH VAL ENG342 (DEATH VALLEY) 

CALI FORN I A 

CALIFORNIA) 

SHIP PASS 003, GULF OF ALASKA 

DTH VAL EN0342 (DEATH VALLEY, 

c-4 
I 

Book Page 

No. No. 

---- ----- 

5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

t, 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

394 

40 

Correlation 

Date 

07 / 24 1.84 

07 / 25 184 

07/26/84 

07 / 27 /84 

08/05/84 

081 12/84 

081 15/84 

081 18/84 

081 18/84 

08/29/84 

08/31 /84 

09/27/84 

10/01 /a4 

1 O/O4/84 

10104 /84 

10/08/84 

10/08/84 

10/ 10/84 

10/10/84 

10/19/84 

10/20/84 

10/23/84 

10/2 5 /84 

10126184 

11 /02/84 

11 102184 

11 /03/84 

11 /03/84 

1 1 / 1 1 184 

1 1 / 1 1 /84 

11 / 15/84 

1 1 / 15/84 

11 /16/84 

11 /20/84 

12/05/84 

12/ 14/84 

12/ 17/84 

12/ 17/84 

12/26/84 

12/27/84 

01 /08/8S 

CCT 

--- 

AXCOlO 

AXCO 1 1 

AXC012 

AXCO13 

AXC014 

AXCO 15 

AXCOl6 

AXCOZO 

AXCOll 

AXC022 

AXC023 

AXC024 

AXC025 

AXC026 

AXC027 

AXC028 

AXC029 

AXC030 

AXCO31 

AXC032 

AXC033 

AXC034 

AXC035 

AXC036 

AXC037 

AXC038 

AXC039 

AXC040 

AXKO4l 

AXC042 

AXC043 

AXC045 

AXC046 

AXC044 

AXC053 

AXC054 

AXC055 

AXC052 

AXC052 

AXC056 

(Continued) 

Title 

----- 

G WASH FRST272, STEVEN'S CITY, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

G WASH FRST272, MIDDLETON-1, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

PISGAH CAL7 (EARLY) CALIFORNIA 

PISGAH CAL7 (LATE) CALIFORNIA 

PISGAH CAL7 (SIGMA 0 AND 

CALIBRATION) 

NORTH TEXAS181 

WIND RIVER4 (WIND RIVER REDO) 

DEATH VALLEY ENO. 162 

DEALTH VALLEY ENC. 340 

DTH VANG342 (DEATH VALLEY 

COTTONBALL BASIN) 

JUST A TEST (MONO LAKE) 

BLCKUTER RVR-092 (MONEYSTUMP 

SWAMP -3 

BLCKUTER RVR-271 (MONEYSTUMP 

SWAMP) 

BLKWTER RVR-091 (LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND ) 

OWENS VALLEY-166 (INDEPENDENCE, 

CA) 

NASA-NSTL-003 

NASA-NSTL-003 (NASA NSTL-B, 

NORTH-EAST) 

SOUTHWEST) 

NASA-NSTL-004 

SUPERS ITE4 

SUPERSITE2 

SUPERSITE4 

SUPERSITE2 

SUPERSITE2 

ELY PINES-291 (ELY PINES-1) 

ELY PINES-291 (ELY PINES-4) 

ELY PINES-291 

ELY PINES-291 

PISGAH CAL4 

PISGAH CAL7 

RAISIN CITY003 

RAISIN CITY 315 

NOSC TOWER-1 -090 

SRP SWAMP302 

NORTH TEXAS181 (SAND HILL) 

CANDELAR IA-174 

CANDELAR IA-354 

RAISIN CITY270 

NORTH TEXAS002 (SAND HILLS-A) 

NORTH TEXAS002 

GLASS MTN-354 

NASA-NSTL-004 (NASTL-C, 

c-5 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

---- ---- 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

t 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

6 

011 1 1/85 

0111 1 /85 

011 13/85 

01/13/85 

01 / 14/85 

01 / 15/85 

01 / 15/85 

01 / 16/85 

011 16/85 

011 19/85 

01 / lW85 

01 /20/85 

01 120185 

01 /20/85 

01/23/85 

01 /24/85 

01 /25/85 

01 /26/85 

01 /26/85 

01/27/85 

01 /28/85 

01 /29/85 

01 /30/85 

01/31 185 

01 131 185 

02/01/85 

02 /O2/85 

02 / 02 / 85 

02/ 08/85 

02 108 / 85 

02/ 14/85 

02/18/85 

02/19/85 

02/22/85 

02/24/85 

02 /25/85 

021 28/85 

02/28/ 85 

02/28/ 85 

03/0 1 /85 

03/01 185 

03/05/85 

03/06/85 

031 10185 

031 12/85 

031 13/85 

03/ 19/85 

03/20/85 

CCT 

--- 

AXC057 

AXC059 

Axcose 

AXCObO 

AXCO6l 

AXC062 

AXC063 

AXC064 

AXC065 

AXCO66 

AXC067 

AXC0458 

AXC069 

AXC070 

AXC071 

AXC072 

AXC074 

AXC075 

AXC076 

AXC077 

AXC078 

AXC079 

AXC073 

AXCO8O 

AXCO82 

AXCO83 

AXC084 

AXC085 

AXC086 

AXCO87 

AXCO88 

AXC089 

AXCQ90 

AXC09 1 

AXC092 

AXC093 

AXC094 

AXC095 

AXC094 

AXC097 

AXC098 

AXC099 

AXClOO 

AXC 101 

AXC2OO 

AXClO2 

AXC 103 

AXC 104 

AXC201 

Axcoei 

Title 

----- 

OWENS VALLEY 

UINCHSTER VA-272 

(UALDENSVILLE-1) 

WINCHSTER VA-272 (STEVENS CITY) 

C IMA-255 

C IMA-255 

KELSO DUNES-270 

MEDICINE LAKE-2 

MEDICINE LAKE-4 

MEDICINE LAKE-2 

MEDICINE LAKE-5 

GLASS MTN-355 

GOLDFIELD-321 

GOLDFIELD-045 

GOLDFIELD-321 

SUPERSITE2 

SUPERSITE2 

WIND RIVER4 

SUPERS I TE4 

SUPERSITE6 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

GLASS MTN-174 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

JACKS FOREST-182 

JACKS FOREST-003 

UINCHSTER VA-091 

WINCHSTER VA-091 

JACKS FOREST-002 

JACKS FOREST-181 

MEDICINE LAKE-1 

MEDICINE LAKE-1 

GOLDFIELD-321 

GOLDEN GATE-180 

GOLDEN GATE-270 

TWT AQUEDUCT 

BURBANK-CHTSWRTH 

CANDELAR 1174 ACANDELAR 114-354 

SODA SPRING-127 

BURBANK-CHTSWRTH 

BLACKWATER RVR-274 

BLACKWATER RVR-274 

BLACKWATER RVR-092 

WINCHESTER VA-094 

NOSC 38KFT-6-180 

NOSC TOWER-A-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

RAISIN FRESNO-270 

C-6 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

43 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

7 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

---- ---- 

7 

8 

03/24/85 

03/24/85 

03/26 185 

03/27/85 

03/28/85 

03 / 30 / 8 5 

03/31 185 

03/32/85 

04/03/85 

04/10/85 

041 11 185 

04/ 11 185 

041 13/85 

04/15/85 

04/ 17/85 

04/ 18/85 

041 19/85 

04 /22 /85 

04/23/85 

04/24 185 

04/25/85 

04/26/85 

04/26/85 

05/01 185 

05/01 /85 

05/02/85 

05/02/85 

05/08/85 

05/08/85 

05/09/85 

05/09/85 

OS/ 13/85 

051 13/85 

05/13/85 

OS/ 13/85 

05/16/85 

05/17/85 

05/17/85 

05/17/85 

05/20/85 

05/21/85 

05/21/85 

05 / 24 / 85 

05/24/85 

05/27/85 

05/27/85 

05/29/ 85 

05/31 185 

05/31 1.85 

CCT 

--- 

AXClO5 

AXC106 

AXC202 

AXC 108 

AXC 107c 

AXC203 

AXC 109 

AXClOlC 

AXClOlC 

AXC 1 10 

AXC111 

AXC112 

AXC 113 

AXC115 

AXCll4 

AXC116 

AXC076C 

AXC204 

AXC 117 

AXC117C 

AXC 1 18C 

AXCl19C 

AXC205 

AXC206 

AXC085C 

AXC 120c 

AXC064C 

AXCl21C 

AXC 105c 

AXC122C 

AXC123C 

AXC 124C 

AXC125 

AXC 125C 

AXC126 

AXC 126C 

AXC129 

AXC 127c 

AXC 128C 

AXC 130C 

AXC13lC 

AXC 132c 

AXCl33C 

AXC 134c 

AXC 135C 

AXC 136C 

AXC 137c 

AXC207 

AX C 207C2 

A XC208C2 

c- 7 

Title 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

----- 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC 38KFT-1-090 

NOSC TOWER - 1 -240 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

AMPTE f ore-af t 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

WINCHSTER VA-094 

WINCHSTER VA-094 

NOSC TOWER-1-300 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-300 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER- 1 -09b 

NOSC TOWER- 1-090 

SUPERSITE6 

COSTA RICA-B-320 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

COSTA TOPO-090 

COSTA TOPO-270 

JACKS FOREST-002 

SUPERSITE6 

MEDICINE LAKE-4 

GLASS MTN-354 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

OLASS MTN-354 

GLASS MTN-355 

GLASS MTN-355 

SRP SWAMP303 

SRP SWAMP303 

SRP SWAMP124 

SRP SWAMP124 

SODA SPRING-307 

CINDER CONE-048 

CINDER CONE-228 

CINDER CONE-047 

CINDER CONE-229 

SRP SWAMP 122 

SRP SWAMP 122 

NORTH TEXAS003 

NORTH TEXAS003 

NASA-NSTL-184 

NASA-NSTL-184 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAGUIN ENG 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

---- ---- 

9 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

10 

1 

a 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Correlation 

Date 

06/01 /85 

06/01 /85 

06/01 185 

06/05/85 

06/05/85 

06/06/85 

06/07/85 

06 / 07 18 5 

06/08/85 

061 11 185 

06/ 1 1/85 

06/12/85 

06/ 13/85 

----------- 

06/27/85 

06/27/85 

06/27/85 

06/27/85 

06/30/85 

06/30/85 

07/ 03 /8 5 

07/ 10/85 

07/ 15/85 

07/ 15/85 

07/16/85 

07/ 16/85 

07/ 18/85 

07/22/85 

07/22/85 

07/24/85 

07/25/85 

07/25/85 

07/25/85 

07/27/85 

07/27/85 

07/29/85 

07/30 185 

07/30/85 

07/31 /85 

07/31 185 

08/01 185 

08/02 185 

08 /03 /85 

08/03/85 

08 / 04 / 8 5 

08/05/85 

08/06/85 

08/06/85 

08/08/85 

08/15/85 

08/15/85 

CCT 

--- 

AXC 140c 

AXC209C 

AXC2lOC 

AXC211c 

~xc2 12c 

AXC213C 

AXC2 14c 

AXC21 SC 

AXC217C 

AXC2 18C 

AXC219CC 

AXC220CC 

AXC216C 

AXC22lC 

AXC222CC 

AX C 223C C 

AXC224C 

AXC 138C 

AXC 139c 

AXC225CC 

AXC226C 

A xc 227c 

AXC228C 

AXC207C3 

AXC229C 

AXCO86C 

AXC081C 

AX C085C 2 

AXC 082C 

AXCl17C2 

AXC 1 18C2 

AXC141C 

AXC 119c2 

AXC 120c2 

AXC230C 

AXC231C 

AXC232C 

AXC233C 

AXC234 

AXC235C 

AXC236C 

AXC237C 

A XC 238C 

AXC239 

AXC240C 

AXC241C 

AX c242c 

AXC243C 

AXC244C 

AXC245C 

Title 

SHASTA-308 

SAN JOAGU IN 

JUST A TEST 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

RAISIN FRSNO-270 

RAISIN FRESNO-270 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG. 

C-BAND ONLY TEST 

RAISIN CBAND26O 

RAISIN-FRSNO-090 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

KONZA L/C-BAND-1 

C-BAND OHIO 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

MEDICINE LAKE-5 

MEDICINE LAKE-5 

RHODES L/C-BAND 

COSTA RICA-B-141 

SNAKE RIVER-151 

SNAKE RIVER-151 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG. 

WIND RIVER-355 

JACKS FOREST-181 

JACKS FOREST-003 

JACKS FOREST-002 

JACKS FOREST-182 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

NASA-NSTL-183 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

RHODES NEV-000 

TRAV CITY-140' 

WIND RIVER-355 

WIND RIVER-355 

KONZA GRASS- 182 

KONZA GRASS-270 

KONZA GRASS-090 

SHASTA-STER-136 

SHASTA-STER-137 

SHASTA-TOPO-135 

OWENS VALLEY-168 

PISGAH CAL-7 

BLCKWTER RVR-060 

COSTA RICA-A-022 

COSTA-R ICA-A-202 

COSTA RICA-A-020 

c -8 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

---- ---- 

25 

26 

11 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

16A 

16B 

16C 

17 

18 

19 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Correlation 

Date 

081 16/85 

08/16/85 

081 18/85 

08/19/85 

08/19/85 

08/20/85 

08/21 185 

08/ 27/85 

----------- 

08/28/85 

08 /28 / 85 

09/01 185 

09/01 185 

09/03/85 

09/03/ 85 

09 /04 /85 

09/05/85 

09 /06/85 

09/ 10/85 

091 10/85 

09/ 1 1 /85 

09/ 12/85 

09/ 14/85 

09/ 16/85 

O?/ 19/85 

09/21 185 

09/21 185 

03/2 5 / 85 

09/26/85 

09/26/85 

1 0/0 1 /85 

10/01/85 

10/02 185 

11 /06/85 

11 /07/85 

11/12/85 

11/13/85 

1 1 / 14/85 

11/1&/85 

11/18/85 

11 / 19/85 

11 /26/85 

12 / 02/85 

12/10/85 

CCT 

--- 

AXC246C 

AXC247C 

AX C248C 

AXC249C 

AX C2 50C 

AXC251C 

AXC252 

AXC254C 

AXC 143c 

AXC255C 

AXC 142c 

AXC253C 

AXC056C 

AXC067C 

AXC 147c 

AXC145C 

AXC 144c 

AXC 109c 

AXC 2 56C 

AXC 146C2 

AXC257C 

A XC258C 

A xc259c 

AX C 260C 

AXC26lC 

AX C 2 62C 

A X C 06 5C 

AXC066C 

AXC087C 

AXC2&5C 

AXC267C 

AXC266C 

AXC268 

AXC269C 

AXC270C 

AX C 249C 2 

AXC 148c 

AXC 1 SOC 

AXC271C 

AX C 272C 

AXC273C 

AXC274C 

A XC 275C 

c-9 

Title 

----- 

KONZA GRASS-181 

KONZA GRASS-002 

GOLDSTONE340 

RAISIN CITY-325 

KONZA GRASS-270 

GOLDSTONE339 

LAKE TAHOE TOP0 

MI CH I CAN ) 

SRP SWAMP302 (SAVANNAH RIVER 

PLANT SWAMP) 

M ICH ICAN ) 

TRAV-CITY-046 (TRAVERSE CITY, 

TRAV-CITY-047 (TRAVERSE CITY, 

SRP SWAMP302 (SAVPNNAH RIVER 

PLANT SWAMP) 

WYOMING 1 

GLASS MTN-354 (GLASS MOUNTAIN 

GLASS MTN-355 (GLASS MOUNTAIN 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER- 1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

WIND RIVER-155 

GOLDSTONE-340 

KONZA GRASS-090 

KONZA GRASS-002 

ANN ARBOR-001 

ANN ARBOR-002 

ANN ARBOR-003 

TRAV-C ITY-046 

MEDICINE LAKE-2 

MEDICINE LAKE-5 

MEDICINE LAKE-1 

NOSC 38KFT-2-270 

SNAKE R 1 VER- 1 50 

NOSC 38KFT-4-240 

WIND RIVER-355 (WIND RIVER, 

FLOW, MEDICINE LAKE, CA) 

FLOW, MEDICINE LAKE, CA) 

MA I NE FORE-AFT 

COSTA RICA-A-022 

COSTA RICA-A-021 

RAISIN CITY-325 

RAISIN-FRESNO-034 

RAISIN-FRESNO-034 

BLCKUTER RVR-274 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

NOSC 38KFT-7-300 

NOSC 38KFT-1-090 

NOSC 20KFT-2-270 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

-_-- ---- 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

13 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

Correlation 

Date 

121 12/85 

12/ 17/85 

121 19/85 

01 106186 

01 107186 

01 /09/86 

----------- 

01 /10/86 

01 / 16/86 

0 1 /2 1 186 

01 122186 

01 123186 

0 1 /23/86 

01 /30/86 

02/06/86 

02 i07/ 86 

02/09 /86 

021 10/86 

021 11 /86 

021 16/06 

021 20/ 86 

03/05 /86 

03 105 / 86 

031 12/86 

031 17/86 

03/26 186 

03/26/86 

03/27/86 

04/03/86 

04/05/86 

041 05 /86 

04/28/86 

04/28/86 

04/28/86 

04 128 /86 

05/07/86 

05/07/86 

05/15/86 

051 15/86 

07 / 03 / 86 

CCT 

--- 

AX C276C 

AXC227C 

AX C 278c 

AXC279 

AXC280 

AXC281 

AXC282 

AXC283C 

AXC15lC 

AXC284C 

AXC 152c 

AXC 153C 

AXC 154C 

AXC285C 

AXC286C 

AXC287C 

AXC288C 

AX c 289c 

AXC290C 

AX c 292c 

AX c 295c 

A XC296C 

AXC297C 

AXC299C 

A XC3OOC 

AXC3OlC 

AXC074C 

AXC291C 

AXC303C 

AXC304C 

AXC 155c 

AXC 156C 

A XC305C 

AXC306C 

AXC308C 

AXC309C 

AXC310C 

AXC311C 

AXCd7C 

Title 

NOSC 20HFT-1-090 

NOSC 20KFT-6-180 

NOSC 20KFT-1-090 

LAKE TAHOE TOP0 

SHASTA-STER-135 

SHASTA-STER-137 

(SHASTA-STEREO-2B) 

SHASTA-STER-136 

MAINE WOODS-271 

MEDICINE LAKE-1 

OTTAWA WOODS-181 

SHASTA-126 

SHASTA-127 

SHASTA-308 

OWENS VALLEY-168 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-2) 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-3) 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-4 ) 

COSTA RICA-A-202 (COSTA 

RICA-A-3-b) 

COSTA RICA-8-141 (COSTA 

RICA-E-5) 

COSTA RICA-E-322 (COSTA 

RICA-8-6) 

TUG HILL-356 

RAISIN FRSNO-270 (RAISIN 

CITY-85-1 1 

TRANSMITTER OFF TEST 

VERMONT-195 (CAMELBACK-85-11 

SNAKE RIVER-150 (SNAKE 

RIVER-130-1) 

SNAKE RIVER-150-2 

WIND RIVER4 

COSTA RICA-E-321 (COSTA 

RICA-B-7) 

CIMA-3-000 (CIMA-1-LEFT) 

CIMA-3-000 (CIMA-I-RIGHT) 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

CIMA-2-073 (CIMA-2-LEFT) 

C I MA-2-073 

SNAKE RIVER-331 

SNAKE R11 VER-33 

JACKS FOREST-003 

JACKS FOREST-003 

SAN JOAQUIN ENC 

----- 

r- 

( C 1 MA-2-R 1 GHT ) 

c-10 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book I No. Page 

No. 

---- 

5 

14 

15 

13 

14 

15 

38 

37 

16 

17 

11 

36 

34 

35 

13 

12 

13 

i 

7 

8 

17 

18 

14 

41 

41 

29 

33 

3 

25 

CCT 

--- 

7 

03 / 28 / 85 AXC203 AMPTE fore-aft 

2 

(ANADARKO 1, 

(ANADARKO 21 

ANADARKO BASN4 

OKLAHOMA ) 

ANADARKO BASN4 

OKLAHOMA ) 

02/14/84 AXK936 

021 1 6 184 AXK937 

I 11 

ANN ARBOR-001 

ANN ARBOR-002 

ANN ARBOR-003 

09/ 16/85 

09/ 19/85 

09/21 185 

A xc2 59c 

AX C260C 

AXC26 1 C 

AXK999 

I 

~ 4 

07/ 10184 BLACK RIVER REF181 (MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP SOUTH) 

BLACK RVR REF181 (MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP NORTH) 

BLACK RVR REF1811 LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND 21 VIRGINIA 

BLACK RVR REF1811 MONEY STUMP 

SWAMP, VIRGINIA 

BLACK RVR REF2, LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND, VIRGINIA 

07/ 10184 AXK998 

OS/ 03/84 AXK976 

05 / 04 / 84 AXK977 

04/ 15/84 AXK971 

6 

03/05 185 

03/01 185 

03/01 /85 

AXC 100 

AXCO98 

AXC099 

BLACKWATER RVR-092 

BLACKWATER RVR-274 

BLACKWATER RVR-274 

10 

5 

08/06 / 85 AXC242C BLCKWTER RVR-060 

AXC024 

AXC025 

09/ 27 / 84 BLCKWTER RVR-092 (MONEYSTUMP 

SWAMP-3 

BLCKWTER RVR-271 (MONEYSTUMP 

SWAMP 1 

I 

i2 

I 

13 

5 

4 

6 

9 

8 

10/01/84 

11 / 18/85 

11 / 19/85 

AXC271C 

AXC272C 

AXC 155c 

AXC 156C 

AXC026 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

041 28/86 

04/ 28/86 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

BLCKWTER RVR-274 

1 O/O4 184 BLKWTER RVR-091 (LOWER HOOPER 

ISLAND ) 

BRAZOS TEXAS - DEMEL 

BRAZOS TEXAS-DEMEL 

071 12/84 

071 12/84 

AXC004 

AXC003 

4XC093 

AXC097 

02/24/85 

02/28 /85 

BURBANK-CHTSWRTH 

BURBANK-CHTSWRTH 

06/27 185 A xc 223cc C-BAND OHIO 

06/ 11 /85 AXC219CC C-BAND ONLY EST 

c-11 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

5 

4 

5 

6 

4 

13 

---- 

5 

13 

8 

2 

10 

12 

10 

12 

13 

9 

13 

7 

13 

Page 

No. 

---- 

36 

30 

37 

31 

35 

19 

20 

44 

45 

15 

16 

4 

2 

3 

5 

1 

8 

16 

3- 

14 

2 

4 

8 

5 

17 

14 

6 

12/14/84 

02/25 / 85 

121 17/84 

02/28/85 

07/07/84 

04/28/86 

04 128186 

01/11/85 

01 /13/85 

04/05/86 

04/05/86 

05/ 17/85 

05/17/85 

05/17/85 

05 / 20/ 85 

01/11/84 

01 /20/84 

081 15/85 

11 / 12/85 

08 108 /85 

11 /07/85 

02/ 11 186 

071 10185 

021 16/86 

04/19/85 

04/03 / 86 

02/20/ 86 

CCT 

--- 

AXC053 

AXC094 

AXC054 

AXC09S 

AXK997 

AXC305C 

AXC306C 

AXC060 

AXCObl 

AXC303C 

AXC304C 

AXC 130C 

AXCl27C 

AXC 128C 

AXC131C 

AXK923 

AXK931 

AX C 245C 

AXC270C 

AXC243C 

AXC269C 

A XC 289C 

AX C226C 

AX c290c 

AXC204 

AXC291C 

AXC292C 

c-12 

Title 

----- 

CANDELARIA-174 

CANDELARIA-174 

CANDELARIA-354 

CANDELAR IA7354 

CAP REEF1 (SAN RAFEAL SWELLIUTAH 

CIMA-2-073 (CIMA-2-LEFT) 

CIMA-2-073 (CIMA-2-RICHT) 

C IMA-255 

C IMA-255 

CIMA-3-000 (CIMA-1-LEFT) 

CIMA-3-000 (CIMA-1-RIGHT) 

CINDER CONE-047 

CINDER CONE-048 

CINDER CONE-228 

CINDER CONE-229 

COSO HILLS1 (RAISIN CITY 

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

COSO HILLS90 (COSO HILLS, 

CALIFORNIA) 

COSTA RICA-A-020 

COSTA RICA-A-021 

COSTA RICA-A-022 

COSTA RICA-A-022 

COSTA RICA-A-202 (COSTA 

RICA-A-3-b) 

COSTA RICA-B-141 

COSTA RICA-B-141 (COSTA 

RICA-B-5) 

COSTA RICA-B-320 

COSTA RICA-8-321 (COSTA 

R 1 CA-B-7 ) 

COSTA RICA-B-322 (COSTA 

R ICA-B-6) 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

7 

---- 

10 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

5 

4 

5 

4 

Page 

No. 

---- 

22 

23 

15 

9 

30 

31 

8 

17 

32 

45 

46 

8 

1 

18 

11 

15 

10 

27 

28 

25 

26 

5 

2 

1 

04 / 26/ 85 

04/26/85 

08/ 15/85 

ow 1~84 

0710 1 /84 

07/02/84 

081 18/84 

02 / 20 / 84 

07/03/84 

07/20/84 

07/21 104 

O3/05/ 84 

02/22 184 

02/21 184 

01 /27/84 

01 106184 

08/29/84 

11 /03/84 

11 /03/84 

1 1 /02/84 

11 /02/84 

03/30/84 

07/25/84 

07 24 a4 

CCT 

--- 

AXC205 

AXC206 

AXC244C 

AXC021 

AXK993 

AXK994 

AXC020 

AXK995 

AXCOOE 

AXCOOS 

AXK950 

AXK941 

AXK940 

AXK933 

AXK92l 

AXC022 

AXC038 

AXC039 

AXC034 

AXC037 

AXK965 

AXCOl1 

AXCOlO 

Title 

----- 

COSTA TOPO-090 

COSTA TOPO-270 

COSTA-RICA-A-202 

DEALTH VALLEY ENC. 340 

DEATH VAL ENGl6l (COTTON BALL 

BASIN) CALIFORNIA 

DEATH VAL ENG90 (SAND DUNES) 

DEATH VALLEY ENO. 162 

DTH VAL ENG161 (DEVIL'S GOLF 

COURSE, DEATH VALLEY, CA) 

DTH VAL ENG342 

DTH VAL ENG342 (DEATH VALLEY) 

CALIFORNIA 

CALIFORNIA) 

DTH VAL EN6342 (DEATH VALLEY, 

DTH VAL TOP0156 (DEATH VALLEY 

DTH VAL TOP0157 (DEATH VALLEY 

TOPO 1, PANAMINT RANGE, CA) 

TOPO 21 PANAMINT RANGE, CAI 

DTH VAL TOP0158 (DEATH VALLEY 

DTH VAL USGSZ (DEATH VALLEY SAND 

TOPO 3, PANAMINT RANGE, CA) 

DUNES, CALIFORNIA) 

DTH VAL USGSS (DEATH VALLEY, 

CALIFORNIA ) 

DTH VANG342 (DEATH VALLEY 

COTTONBALL BASIN) 

ELY PINES-291 

ELY PINES-291 

ELY PINES-291 (ELY PINES-1) 

ELY PINES-291 (ELY PINES-4) 

G WASH FRST271 (LITTLE N MTN, G 

WASHINGTON FOREST, VA) 

G WASH FRST272, MIDDLETON-1, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

G WASH FRST272, STEVEN'S CITY, 

GEORQE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

C-13 
Table C-1 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

---- 

6 

5 

7 

11 

6 

7 

11 

6 

11 

10 

1 

3 

6 

7 

9 

6 

9 

13 

6 

Page 

No. 

22 

---- 

15 

40 

27 

29 

3 

3 

30 

31 

4 

26 

27 

5 

4 

b 

25 

10 

22 

19 

1 

5 

7 

21 

24 

15 

18 

14 

23 

24 

~ 

01 /28/85 

01 /08/85 

05/02/85 

05/08/85 

09/03/85 

01 / 16/85 

05/09/85 

05/09/85 

09 103 /8 5 

02/18/85 

02/19/85 

01 119185 

01 / 19/85 

01/20/85 

021 14/85 

091 11 185 

08 / 20 18 5 

081 18/85 

11 / 19/83 

03/01 184 

03/03/84 

02 102 /85 

05/01 185 

07/22/85 

01/31/85 

07/22/85 

051 15/86 

05/ 15/86 

CCT 

--- 

AXK982 

AXC073 

AXC056 

AXClZlC 

AXC 122c 

A XC 056C 

AXC067 

AXC 123c 

AXC 124C 

A XC 067C 

AXCO9O 

AXC091 

AXC069 

AXC068 

AXC070 

AXC089 

AXC 146C2 

AXC251C 

AXC248C 

AXK901 

AXK946 

AXK948 

AXCOBS 

AXC085C 

AXC085C2 

AXC081 

AXC08 1 C 

AX c309c 

AXC 3 1 oc 

C-14 

Title 

----- 

G WASH FRST92, GREAT NORTH MT, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON FOREST, VA 

GLASS MTN-174 

GLASS MTN-354 

CLASS MTN-354 

GLASS MTN-354 

GLASS MTN-354 (GLASS MOUNTAIN 

FLOW8 MEDICINE LAKE, CA) 

GLASS MTN-355 

GLASS MTN-355 

GLASS MTN-355 

GLASS MTN-355 (GLASS MOUNTAIN 

FLOW, MEDICINE LAKE, CA) 

GOLDEN GATE-180 

GOLDEN GATE-270 

GOLDFIELD-045 

GOLDFIELD-321 

GOLDFIELD-321 

GOLDFIELD-322 

GOLDSTONE-340 

GOLDSTONE339 

GOLDSTONE340 

HAZARD KYl (HAZARD, KENTUCKY) 

HAZARD KY3 (ELKHORN CITY8 

HAZARD KY5 (ZEBULON, KENTUCKY) 

JACKS FOREST-002 

JACKS FOREST-002 

JACKS FOREST-002 

JACKS FOREST-003 

JACKS FOREST-003 

JACKS FOREST-003 

JACKS FOREST-003 

KENTUCKY ) 
Book 

No. 

---- 

9 

6 

9 

1 

8 

5 

to 

11 

10 

11 

10 

9 

10 

12 

1 

6 

11 

12 

5 

6 

11 

5 

Page 

No. 

22 

13 

17 

16 

12 

17 

11 

46 

18 

12 

7 

11 

17 

5 

6 

21 

2 

23 

LE 

1 

19 

2 

---- 

23 

24 

16C 

20 

47 

1 

164 

Table C-2. SAR Imagery Sorted by Correlation Date 

Correlation 

Date CCT Title 

021 02 /85 AXC086 JACKS FOREST-181 

----------- e-- ----- 

07/ 18/85 AXCO86C JACKS FOREST-181 

01 130185 AXC082 JACKS FOREST-182 

07/24/85 A XCO82C JACKS FOREST-182 

1 2/ 20 /83 AXK918 JAMAICA8 (JAMAICA, WEST INDIES) 

06/01 185 AXC2lOC JUST A TEST 

08/31 184 AXC023 JUST A TEST (MONO LAKE) 

01/13/85 AXC062 KELSO DUNES-270 

08/16/85 AXC247C KONZA GRASS-002 

09/14/85 AXC258C KONZA GRASS-002 

08/02/85 A XC236C KONZA GRASS-090 

09/ 12/85 AX c2 57c KONZA GRASS-090 

081 16/85 AX c 246c KONZA GRASS-181 

07/31 185 AXC234 KONZA GRASS-182 

08/01 185 AXC235C KONZA GRASS-270 

08/ 19/85 AXC 250c KONZA GRASS-270 

06 / 27 / 85 AX C 222C C KONZA L/C-BAND-1 

08/21 /a5 AXC252 LAKE TAHOE TOPO 

01 106186 AXC279 LAKE TAHOE TOPO 

11/06/85 AXC268 MAINE FORE-AFT 

0 1 / 1 6/86 AXC283C MAINE WOODS-271 

11 128183 AXK902 MEANS VAL SIR2 (MEANS VALLEY, 

CALIFORNIA ) 

02 / 08 185 AXCO87 MEDICINE LAKE-1 

02/08/85 AXCO88 MEDICINE LAKE-1 

09/26 185 AXC087C MEDICINE LAKE-1 

01 121 186 AXC 151C MEDICINE LAKE-1 

01/14/85 AXC063 MEDICINE LAKE-;! 

01 / 15i8S AXC065 MEDICINE LAKE-2 

09/25/85 AXCO65C MEDICINE LAKE-2 

C-15 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

-_-- 

Page 

No. 

48 

---- 

CCT Title 

--- ----- 

AXC064 MEDICINE LAKE-4 

7 

26 05/02/85 AXC064C MEDICINE LAKE-4 

AXC066 MEDICINE LAKE-5 

AXC 138C MEDICINE LAKE-5 

AXC 139c MEDICINE LAKE-5 

2 01 / 16/85 

9 

5 

6 

06/ 30185 

06/ 30 185 

11 

16B 09/26/85 AXCO66C MEDICINE LAKE-5 

4 

42 07/ 14/84 AXCOO5 MOBILE BLDWNl (BALDWIN CO. EAST 

OF AXK947) 

3 

6 03/02/84 AXK947 MOBILE/BLDWNl (BALDWIN COUNTY 24 

ALAB AHA ) 

2 

6 01 / 19/84 AXK928 MOBILE/BLDWNl (BALDWIN COUNTY, 

ALABAMA) 

5 

16 10 / 08 /84 

17 1 O/ 08/84 

AXC028 NASA-NSTL-003 

AXC029 NASA-NSTL-003 (NASA NSTL-B, 

NORTH-EAST) 

AXCO31 NASA-NSTL-004 

AXC030 NASA-NSTL-004 (NASTL-C, 

SOUTHWEST) 

19 101 10/84 

18 10/ 10/84 

9 

8 

19 07/25/85 

10 05/27/85 

11 05/27/85 

39 071 11 /E4 

39A 12/27/84 

39 12/26 /84 

15 04/24/84 

4 

5 s 

4 

AXC 1 4 1 C NASA-NSTL- 183 

AXC 136C NASA-NSTL-184 

AXC 137c NASA-NSTL-184 

AXCOOl NORTH TEXAS001 (SOUTH OF SPADE) 

AXC052 NORTH TEXAS002 

AXC052 NORTH TEXAS002 (SAND HILLS-A) 

AXK975 NORTH TEXAS0024 CASTRO COUNTY 

LINE 

8 

8 

9 

6 

35 

13 

4 

12 

14 

11 

5 

4 

12 

AXC 134C NORTH TEXAS003 

AXC 135C NORTH TEXAS003 

05/24/85 

05/24/85 

081 12/84 

12/05/84 

AXCO15 NORTH TEXAS181 

AXC044 NORTH TEXAS181 (SAND HILL) 

041 18/84 

03/29/84 

AXK973 NORTH TEXAS1814 SAND HILLS 1 

AXK964 NORTH TEXAS184 (NORTH TEXAS 2) 

121 12/85 

121 19/95 

12/10/85 

AXC276C NOSC 2OKFT- 1-090 

A XC278C NOSC 20KFT- 1 -090 

AX C275C NOSC 20KFT-2-270 

C-16 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

---- 

7 

12 

11 

6 

12 

5 

6 

7 

6 

7 

6 

7 

11 

7 

6 

12 

5 

3 

Page 

No. 

13 

2 

10 

17 

19 

38 

9 

33 

12 

16 

40 

41 

1 

4 

13 

14 

15 

14 

3 

10 

11 

13 

43 

6 

28 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

12 

39 

21 

41 

---- 

Correlation 

Date 

12/ 17/85 

031 24/85 

12 /02/85 

10/01/85 

10/02/85 

031 10185 

11 126185 

11/16/84 

01 /26/85 

01 129185 

03/ 13/85 

031 19/85 

03/24/85 

03/27/85 

04/ 13/85 

04/ 15/85 

04/ 17/85 

01/27/85 

03/26/85 

04/ 10185 

04/11/85 

01 /26/85 

03 /22 185 

03/30/85 

05/08/85 

09/04/85 

09/05/85 

09/06/85 

09/10/85 

04/03/85 

04/11/85 

03/12/85 

01 122186 

----------- 

oi /oe/e5 

CCT 

--- 

AX c 227c 

AXC202 

AXC274C 

AXC265C 

AXC266C 

AXC2OO 

AXC273C 

AXC045 

AXC077 

AXC080 

AXC 103 

AXC104 

AXC106 

AXC107C 

AXC115 

AXCll4 

AXCll6 

AXC079 

AXC108 

AXCllt 

AXC 112 

AXC078 

AXClO5 

AXC109 

AXC 105C 

AXC 147C 

AXC 145c 

AXC 144c 

AXC 109c 

AXCllO 

AXC113 

AXClO2 

AXC284C 

AXC057 

Title 

NOSC 20KFT-6-180 

NOSC 38KFT-1-090 

NOSC 38KFT-1-090 

NOSC 38KFT-2-270 

NOSC 38KFT-4-240 

NOSC 38KFT-6-180 

NOSC 38KFT-7-300 

NOSC TOWER-1 -090 

NOSC TOWER- 1-690 

NOSC TOWER- 1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER- 1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-090 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-240 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-270 

NOSC TOWER-1-300 

NOSC TOWER-1-300 

NOSC TOWER-A-090 

OTTAWA WOODS-181 

OWENS VALLEY 

I---- 

1 

C-17 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

---- 

4 

3 

5 

10 

12 

13 

8 

9 

4 

10 

3 

1 

5 

1 

4 

1 

2 

Page 

No. 

2 

27 

10 

15 

---- 

11 

25 

1 

2 

3 

18 

19 

20 

23 

1 

4 

6 

18 

19 

12 

3 

4 

6 

4 

5 

29 

7 

10 

9 

11 

12 

. 

06/13/84 

03/07/84 

10/04/84 

08 /OW85 

02 /06/86 

02/07 186 

02/09/ 86 

021 10186 

06/05/65 

06/05/85 

06 / 06 / 85 

06/08/85 

06/27/85 

06/27/85 

04/03/84 

OW 11 /84 

05/ 14/84 

08/06/85 

02 128 / 84 

02 / 29 /84 

121 1 1/83 

1 2/ 06/ 83 

12/07/83 

11 / 11 184 

12/13/83 

121 161 83 

04/08/84 

12/18/83 

01 /31/84 

CCT 

--- 

AXK942 

AXK99U 

AXK951 

AXC027 

AXC240C 

AX C 28 5C 

AXC286C 

AXC287C 

AX C 288C 

AXC211C 

AXC212C 

AXC213C 

AXC217C 

AXC221C 

AXC224C 

AXK966 

AXK978 

AXK979 

AXC241C 

AXK944 

AXK945 

AXK912 

AXK910 

AXK911 

AXC040 

AXK913 

AXK916 

AXK969 

AXK917 

AXK934 

Title 

----- 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 

OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 2 

OWENS VALLEY-166 (INDEPENDENCE, 

CA) 

OWENS VALLEY-168 

OWENS VALLEY-168 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-21 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-3) 

OWENS VALLEY-168 (OWENS 

VALLEY-85-4) 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

OWENS VALLEY-346 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

OWENS VALLEY-347 

PALASTINE TX91, PALESTINE 31 

TEXAS 

PISGAH CAL 4 

PISGAH CAL 4 

PISGAH CAL-7 

PISGAH CALl (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISOAH CALl (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL2 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISQAH CAL3 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL3 (PISGAHi CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL4 

PISGAH CAL4 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL4 (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CAL4, CALIFORNIA 

PISGAH CALS (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

PISGAH CALS (PISOAH, CALIFORNIA) 

C-18 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book Page 

No. No. 

13 

9 

30 

5 

---- ---- 

1 

5 

3 

4 

a 

26 

32 

20 

4 

31 

12 

2 

8 

5 

10 

12 

5 

3 

16 

18 

4 

2 

5 

3 

38. 

13 

15 

4 

3 

3 

14 

6 

8 

42 

22 

21 

8 

13 

Correlation 

Date CCT Title 

----------- --- 

02/01 /84 AXK935 PISGAH CALS (PISGAH, CALIFORNIA) 

121 15/83 AXK915 PISGAH CAL6 (PISOAH, CALIFORNIA) 

1 1 / 1 1 /84 AXK041 PISGAH CAL7 

08/05/ 84 AXCO14 PISGAH CAL7 (SIGMA 0 AND 

07/26/84 AXCO12 PISGAH CAL7 (EARLY) CALIFORNIA 

07/27/84 AXC013 PISGAH CAL7 (LATE) CALIFORNIA 

CALIBRATION) 

01/12/84 AXK924 PISQAH CAL7 (PISOAH, CALIFORNIA) 

06/ 12/85 A xc22occ RAISIN CBAND260 

11 / 15184 AXC043 RAISIN CITY 315 

081 19/85 A XC 249C RAISIN C ITY-325 

11 / 13/85 AXC249C2 RAISIN CITY-325 

111 15/84 AXC042 RAISIN C ITY003 

031 13/84 AXK953 RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

03/20/84 AXK958 RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

03 123 /84 AXK96O RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

03/27/84 AXK962 RAISIN CITY003 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

12/17/84 AXC055 RAISIN CITY270 

031 14/84 AXK954 RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

031 16/84 AXK957 RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

FIELDS, CAL IFORN I A ) 

03/29/84 AXK963D RAISIN CITY270 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA) 

031 14/84 AXK955 RAISIN CITY315 (AGRICULTURAL 

FIELDS, CALIFORNIA ) 

03/20/85 AXC201 RAISIN FRESNO-270 

06/ 07 185 AXC215C RAISIN FRESNO-270 

06/07/85 AXC214C RAISIN FRSNO-270 

03/05 / 86 AX C 296C RAISIN FRSNO-270 (RAISIN 

CITY-85-1) 

C-19 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

12 

---- 

8 

9 

10 

1 

4 

8 

13 

8 

9 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Page 

No. 

---- 

5 

6 

27 

7 

1 

3 

14 

43 

40 

34 

20 

16 

12 

13 

14 

25 

24 

11 

10 

13 

7 

9 

16 

16 

4 

11 

Corre lat i on 

Date 

11 114185 

11 116185 

06/13/85 

07 /03/85 

07/29/85 

12/01 183 

01 104184 

07/ 17/84 

07/11/84 

07/06/84 

05 /30/84 

06/01 185 

05/29/85 

05/31 185 

05/31 185 

07/03/86 

06/ 11 /85 

071 16/85 

01 /26/84 

12/23/83 

01 /20/84 

01/21 /a4 

01/07/84 

02/ 17/84 

01/14/84 

03/08 /84 

CCT 

--- 

AXC 148C 

AXC 150c 

A XC2 16C 

A xc 225cc 

A xc23oc 

AXK903 

AXK92O 

AXC006 

AXC002 

AXK996 

AXK980 

AXC209C 

AXC207 

AXC207C2 

AXC 208C2 

AXC311C 

AXC2 18C 

AXC207C 3 

AXK932 

AXK919 

AXK930 

AXK929 

AXK922 

AXK938 

AXK926 

AXK952 

c-20 

Title 

RAISIN-FRESNO-034 

RAISIN-FRESNO-034 

RAISIN-FRSNO-090 

RHODES L/C-BAND 

RHODES NEV-000 

ROSE BOWL (JPL, PASADENA, 

CALIFORNIA) 

ROSE BOWL (PASADENA, CALIFORNIA) 

SAN ANDREAS137 (SAN 

FRANCISCO-URBAN)CALIFORNIA 

SAN ANDREAS 137 ( SFO-NORTH ) 

SAN ANDREAS137 (SOUTH SFO BAY) 

SAN ANDREAS317 (SF BAY WAVES) 

SAN JOAQUIN 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG. 

SAN JOAQUIN ENG. 

SF BAYl (SAN FRANCISCO BAY] 

CALIF.] PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES 2) 

SF BAYl (SAN FRANCISCO BAY, 

CALIFORNIA) 

SF BAYl (SAN FRANCISCO BAY, 

CALIFORNIAi PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES) 

SF BAYl (TOMALES BAY 2, 

CALIFORNIA ) 

SF BAY2 (GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, 

CALIFORNIA) 

SF BAY2 (MOFFETT FIELD, 

CAL I FORN I A ) 

SF BAY2 (SAN FRANCISCO, TOMALES, 

AKA BODEGA BAY] CALIFORNIA) 

SF-FARLON77 (SAN FRANCISCO SHIPS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN WAVES) 
Table C-2 (Cont hued) 

Dook 

No. 

12 

---- 

8 

12 

10 

12 

10 

12 

10 

4 

11 

13 

9 

13 

6 

8 

Page 

No. 

---- 

22 

23 

15 

24 

16 

8 

18 

9 

17 

10 

44 

33 

25 

29 

10 

24 

26 

14 

8 

7 

23 

26A 

18 

11 

12 

9 

10 

21 

22 

32 

1 

6 

7 

4 

01 /23/86 

01 123186 

06/01 185 

01 /30/86 

01 107186 

08/03/85 

0 1 / 10/86 

08/03/85 

01 /0$/86 

08 / 04/85 

071 18/84 

07/04/84 

06/07/84 

06 120 /84 

04/14/04 

06/ 06/84 

06 108 / 84 

04/20 /84 

04/06/84 

04/04/84 

06/05/84 

061 11 /84 

10/01/85 

03/ 26/86 

03/26/86 

07/ 15/85 

07/ 15/85 

05/07/86 

05 /07/86 

02/28 185 

05/ 16/85 

05/21 185 

05/21 185 

CCT 

--- 

AXC 152C 

AXC 153C 

AXC 140C 

AXC 154c 

AXC280 

AXC237C 

AXC282 

A XC 238C 

AXC281 

AXC239 

AXC007 

AXK988 

AXK986 

AXK989 

AXK970 

AXK985 

AXK984 

AXK974 

AXK967 

AXK968 

AXK983 

AXK987 

AXC267C 

AXC 300c 

AXC301C 

AXC227C 

AX c 22% 

AXC307C 

AXC 308c 

AXC096 

AXC129 

AXC 132C 

AXCl33C 

c-21 

Title 

----- 

SHASTA-126 

SHASTA-127 

SHASTA-308 

SHASTA-308 

SHASTA-STER-135 

SHASTA-STER-I36 

SHASTA-STER-136 

SHASTA-STER-137 

SHASTA-STER-137 

(SHASTA-STEREO-2B) 

SHASTA-TOPO-135 

SHEMDIN'S LAST SHIP PASS 

SHIP PASS 001 (GULF OF ALASKA) 

SHIP PASS 002, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 003, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 004, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 004, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 005, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 006, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 007, EXTENDED SHIP 

WAKE, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 007, GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 010 (CROSS 

WAKE-#S),GULF OF ALASKA 

SHIP PASS 013, GULF OF ALASKA 

SNAKE RIVER-IS0 

SNAKE RIVER-150 (SNAKE 

RIVER-150-1) 

SNAKE RIVER-150-2 

SNAKE RIVER-151 

SNAKE RIVER-151 

SNAKE RIVER-331 

SNAKE RIVER-331 

SODA SPR 1127 NCSODA SPR INO-307 

SRP SWAMP 122 

SRP SWAMP 122 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

4 

---- 

7 

4 

5 

10 

11 

3 

7 

5 

b 

5 

6 

7 

9 

13 

10 

~~ 

Page 

No. 

---- 

28 

12 

34 

35 

1 

34 

25 

1 

17 

32 

33 

21 

23 

24 

7 

8 

29 

22 

10 

11 

16 

18 

19 

20 

21 

2s 

17 

18 

20 

21 

9 

Correlation 

Date 

____- ------- 

Title 

-e--- 

SRP SWAMP 124 (DUMBARTON BAYS) 

CAROLINA 

SRP SWAMP124 

SRP SWAMP124 

SRP SWAMP125, SAVANNAH RIVER 

SRP SWAHP123, ELLENTON BAY, SOUTH 

PLANT SWAMP SAND HILLS, SC 

SRP SWAMP302 

SRP SWAMP302 (SAVANNAH RIVER 

PLANT SWAMP) 

SRP SWAMP302 (SAVANNAH RIVER 

PLANT SWAMP) 

SRP SWAMP302 PEN BRANCH, SAVANNAH 

RIVER PLANT, SC 

SRP SWAMP303 

SRP SWAMP303 

SUPERSITEZ 

SUPERSITE2 

SUPERSITEZ 

SUPERSI TE2 

SUPERSITE2 

SUPERSITE4 

SUPERSITE4 

SUPERSITE4 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERS I TE6 

SUPERSI TE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSI TE6 

SUPERS ITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERS I TE6 

SUPERSITE6 

SUPERS I TE6 

TRANSMITTER OFF TEST 

CCT 

--- 

06/ 15/84 

04/ 17 /84 

AXK991 

AXK972 

05/13/85 

051 13/85 

AXC126 

AXC 126C 

03/27/84 AXK961 

11 /20/84 AXC046 

08/28 185 AXC 143c 

09/01 /85 AXC 142C 

03/22/84 AXK959 

AXC125 

AXCf25C 

051 13/85 

051 13/85 

1 O/ 20 /84 

1 0 / 25 184 

10/26/84 

AXC033 

AXC035 

01/20/85 

01 120185 

AXC071 

AXC072 

lo/ 19/84 

10/23/84 

AXC032 

AXC034 

01 /24/85 

01/25/85 

AXC075 

AXC076 

AXC076C 

AXC 1 17 

AXC 117C 

AXC 118C 

AXC 119C 

AXC 120C 

04/ 18/85 

04/22/85 

04/23/85 

04 / 241 85 

04/25/85 

09/01 185 

07/25/85 

07/25/85 

07/27/85 

07/27/85 

AXC 117~2 

AXC 118C2 

AXC 119~2 

AXC 120C2 

03/ 12/86 AXC297C 

c-22 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book 

No. 

---- 

11 

10 

13 

6 

13 

6 

7 

5 

4 

I 11 

I 

I 9 

LO 

11 

1 

b 

13 

5 

3 

2 

Page 

No. 

2 

16 

24 

26 

---- 

7 

28 

10 

37 

19 

20 

8 

7 

43 

42 

21 

9 

12 

43 

4 

2 

8 

9 

13 

7 

9 

5 

Correlation 

Date 

07/30/85 

----------- 

09/21/85 

08 127 /8 5 

08/28/85 

03/05 /86 

021 22/85 

031 17/86 

03/06/85 

01/31 /8S 

02/01/85 

03/31 /85 

03/31 185 

01/11/85 

01 / 10/85 

06/01 184 

09/10/85 

07/16/85 

07/ 30 /85 

07/31 /85 

09/01 185 

121 14 183 

01/23/85 

03/27/86 

081 15/84 

031 06/84 

011 18/84 

CCT 

--- 

AXC231 C 

AXC262C I 

AXC254C 

AXC255C 

AXC295C 

AXC092 

AXC299C 

AXClO1 

AXC083 

AXC084 

AXClOlC 

AXClOlC 

AXC058 

AXC059 

AXK981 

AXC256C 

AXC229C 

AXC232C 

AXC233C 

AXC253C 

AXK914 

AXC074 

AXC074C 

AXCO16 

AXK943 

AXK927 

Title 

----- 

TRAV CITY-140' 

TRAV-CITY-046 

TRAV-CITY-046 (TRAVERSE CITY, 

MICHICAN) 

M I CH I CAN ) 

TUG HILL-356 

TWT AQUEDUCT 

VERMONT-195 (CAMELBACK-85-11 

WINCHESTER VA-094 

WINCHSTER VA-091 

WINCHSTER VA-091 

WINCHSTER VA-094 

WINCHSTER VA-094 

WINCHSTER VA-272 (STEVENS CITY) 

W INCHSTER VA-272 

(WALDENSVILLE-1) 

WINCHSTR VA 292 

WIND RIVER-155 

WIND RIVER-355 

WIND RIVER-355 

WIND RIVER-355 

TRAV-CITY-047 (TRAVERSE CITY, 

WIND RIVER-355 (WIND RIVER, 

WYOMING) 

WIND RIVER2 (WIND RIVER, WYOMING) 

WIND RIVER4 

WIND RIVER4 

WIND RIVER4 (WIND RIVER REDO) 

WIND RIVER4 (DEAD MAN BUTTE WEST, 

WYOMING) 

WIND RIVER4 (DEAD MAN BUTTE, 

WYOMING) 

C-23 
Table C-2 (Continued) 

Book Page Correlation 

No. No. Date CCT 

---- ---- ----------- --- 

3 01/13/84 AXK925 

C-24 

Title 

----- 

WIND RIVER4 (SPRING CREEK, 

WYOM I NG ) 
APPENDIX D 

PARTICIPANT ADDRESSES 

D-1 
John Reller 

George Grant 

George Alger 

NASAIAmes Research Center 

Medium Altitude Mission Branch 

Mail Code 211-12 

Moffett Field, CA 94035 

(415) 694-5392/5525/5342 

FTS 464-53921552515342 

Jim Ormsby 

Code 624 

NASA/Goddard Spce Flight Center 

Greenbelt, MD 20771 

(301 ) 286-6811 

FTS 888-6811 

Ed Masuoka 

Code 622 

NASAIGoddard Spaceflight Center 

Greenbelt, MD 20771 

(301) 286-4743 

FTS 888-4743 

Jim Wang 

Mail Code 675 

NASA Goddard 

Greenbelt, MD 20771 

(301 ) 864-8949 

FTS 888-8949 

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 

Walter Brown, Jr. (MS 183-701) X 2110 

Diane Evans (MS 183-701) X 2418 

Tom Farr (MS 183-701) X 2418 

Dick Goldstein (MS 183-701) X 6999 

Dan Held (MS 183-701) X 7763 

Mike Kobrick (MS 183-701) X 4631 

Harold Lang (MS 183-501) X 3440 

Jack Paris (MS 183-501) X 6936 

Barry Rock (MS 183-501) X 6229 

Tommy Thompson (MS 183-701) X 3792 

Howard Zebker (MS 183-701) X 8780 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

(818) 354-XXXX 

FTS 792-Mcxx 

Dave Pitts 

Mail Code SN-3 

NASAIJohnson Space Center 

Houston, TX 77058 

(713) 483-5171 

FTS 525-5171 

Jules Lehmann 

Bob Murphy 

Diane W i c kland 

Code EEL 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, DC 20546 

(202) 453-1720 

FTS 453-1720 

Armond Joyce 

NASA/National Space Technology Lab. 

Mail Code HA10 

NSTL Station, MS 39529 

FTS 494-3830 

Steve Wu 

NASA/National Space Technology Lab. 

Mail Code HA20 

NSTL Station, MS 39529 

FTS 494-1922 

Tom Schmugge 

USDA/ARS Hydrology Laboratory 

Room 139, Bldg. 007 BARC-West 

Beltsville, MD 20705 

(301) 344-1554 

FTS 344-1554 
Peter Mouginis-Mark 

Planetary Geosciences Division 

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 

2525 Correa Road 

Honolulu, HI 96822 

(808) 948-6490 

Fawwaz Ulaby 

Craig Dobson 

University of Michigan 

Radiation Laboratory 

Department of Electrical C 

4072 E. Engineering Building 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109 

Computer Engineering 

(313) 764-0500 

Jim Taranik 

Marcus Borengasser 

Mackay School of Mines 

University of Nevada-Reno 

Reno, MV 89557-0047 

(702) 784-6987/4263 

Verne Kaupp 

University of Arkansas 

Dept. of Electrical Engineering 

Fayetteville, AR 72701 

(501) 575-6582 

Roger Hoffer 

Purdue University 

Dept. of Forestry 

Laboratory for Applications of 

Remote Sensing 

West Lafayette, IN 47907 

(317) 494-3605 

Dave Simonett 

University of California 

Santa Barbara 

Dept. of Geography 

Santa Barbara, CA 93106 

(805) 961-2013 

Thomas Parr 

The Analytic Sciences Corp. 

One Jacob Way 

Reading, MA 01867 

(617) 944-6850 

Ron Wasowski 

Department of Earth Sciences 

University of Notre Dame 

Notre Dame, IN 46556 

(219) 239-6492 

D- 3 
APPENDIX E 

ABBREVIATIONS/NOMENCLATURE/ACRONYMS 

E- 1 
A/C 

ADC 

ADDAS 

ASCII 

az . 

BP FILT 

bpi 

Bpi 

C-band 

CCT 

CV-990 

cw 

DA 

dB 

DICO 

DN 

D-log E 

Fairchild M-80 

FOV 

FPS 

GMT 

GS 

GSFC 

HDDR 

HDDT 

HH 

HV 

HP-9845 

INS 

IPL 

I /o 

IRIG 

IR 

JPL 

JSC 

KS-8 7 

kt 

L-band 

LO 

MAMB 

M-80 

PS 

aircraft 

analog-to-digital converter 

Airborne Digital Data Acquisition System 

American Standard Code for Information Interchange 

azimuth, along-track dimension 

bandpass filter 

bits per inch 

bytes per inch 

microwave frequency range (4,000 to 8,000 MHz) 

computer-compatible tape 

Convair jet airliner, Model 990 

continuous wave 

drift angle 

decibel 

Dicomed media conversion unit (CCT to photographic negative) 

film-density logarithm (exposure) 

digital number 

Fairchild brand HDDR model number 80 

field of view 

Floating Point Systems 

Greenwich Mean Time 

ground speed 

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center 

high-density digital recorder 

high-density digital tape 

transmit horizontal, receive horizontal polarizations 

Hewlett-Packard computer model number 9845 

transmit horizontal, receive vertical polarizations 

Inertial Navigation System 

Image Processing Laboratory (at JPL) 

input/output 

interrange instrumentation group 

infrared 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

NASA/Johnson Space Center 

small-format (12.7-cm, 5-in. film) 

knot (nautical mi/h) 

irborn camera 

microwave-f requency range ( 1, OOO to 2,000 MHz 1 

local oscillator 

Medium Altitude Missions Branch, NASA/Ames Research Center 

Fairchild model 80 HDDR 

microsecond 

E-2 
NASA 

NSTL 

NOSC 

OSSA 

PI 

pixel 

PRF 

RAM 

Ramtek 

rf 

RMS 

RS-8 or RS-9 

Sabre I11 

SAR 

SCP 

SIR 

SNR 

STALO 

STC 

TWT 

UCSB 

VAX 

VH 

w 

X-band 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

National Space Technology Laboratory 

Naval Ocean Science Center 

Office of Space Science Applications, NASA Headquarters 

principal investigator 

picture element 

pulse-repetition frequency 

four polarization data: HH, HV, VH, and W 

random access memory 

Ramtek brand high-resolution color image display unit 

radio frequency 

root mean square 

large-format (22.9-cm, 9-in. film) airborne camera 

Sabre brand HDDR, model 3 

synthetic aperture radar 

strip contact print 

Spaceborne Imaging Radar 

signal-to-noise ratio 

stable local oscillator 

sensitivity time control 

traveling-wave tube 

University of California, Santa Barbara 

Digital Equipment Corporation computer model line 

transmit vertical, receive horizontal polarizations 

transmit vertical, receive vertical polarizations 

microwave-frequency range (8,000 to 12,000 MHz) 

E-3