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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

U n ite d S t a t e s . B ureau o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s .

BLS m easu res o f c o m p en sa tio n .

( B u l l e t i n - B ureau o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s ; 19^1) 

Bi b l i o g ra p h y : p .

1. W ages—U n ite d S t a t e s - - S t a t i s t i c a l m ethods. 

2 . Non-wage p a y m e n ts--U n ite d S t a t e s - - S t a t i s t i c a l 

m ethods. 3 . U n ite d S t a t e s . B ureau o f Labor 

S t a t i s t i c s . I . T i t l e . I I . S e r i e s : U n ite d

S t a t e s . B ureau o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s . B u l l e t i n : 

19*1-1.

HDif973<,B85 1977 3 3 1 .2 ’ 973 77-1*1-87

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BLS Measures

of Compensation

U.S. Department of Labor 

Ray Marshall, Secretary 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1977

Bulletin 1941

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.75

Stock No. 029-001-02005-8

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Preface

T he responsibilities o f a data-collecting agency such as the Bureau o f L abor Statistics (BLS) 

m ust extend beyond the preparation and publication o f statistical series. T he agency m ust also make 

available descriptions o f its data, indicating both appropriate uses and limitations.

This bulletin is designed as an introduction to the various BLS series on em ployee com pensation. 

It describes each set o f data, indicates the m anner in w hich it is developed, and points out its uses 

and limitations. Illustrative statistics supplem ent the discussion. T he publication thus indicates to a 

potential data user the scope of the m aterial available and provides guidance in the selection of 

series for particular studies.

O m itted from this bulletin are several BLS program s in the general area o f com pensation w hose 

uses differ from those under discussion. Exam ples are studies of the incidence o f various types of 

collective bargaining agreem ent provisions; w age chronology studies, w hich deal intensively w ith 

w age and benefit developm ents in one com pany or a group o f com panies; and m onthly listings o f 

term s o f contract-renew al settlem ents in individual bargaining units.

This bulletin was prepared in the Office o f D ata A nalysis o f the Bureau. Individual chapters 

w ere w ritten by the program office responsible for the particular body o f data. C oordination o f the 

w ork was provided by the Division o f T rends in E m ployee C om pensation under the direction o f 

V ictor J. Sheifer.

M aterial in this publication is in the public dom ain and m ay be reproduced w ithout perm ission of 

the Federal G overnm ent. Please credit the Bureau o f L abor Statistics and cite the nam e and 

num ber o f the publication.

Ill

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Contents

Chapter: page

1. In tro d u c tio n .................................................................................................................................................. 1

2. O ccupational w age s u rv e y s ..................................................................................................................... 7

3. Union w age rate surveys .......................................................................................................................... 18

4. E m ployer expenditures for em ployee com pensation ........................................................... *.......... 24

5. A verage hourly and w eekly earnings—establishm ent d a ta ....................................................... .. • 29

Appendix: T he H ourly Earnings Index ........................................ ................................................ 39

6 . Earnings statistics from the C urrent Population S urvey—household data ............................... 41

7. W ages o f w orkers covered by unem ploym ent insurance program s ........................................... 48

8 . A nnual earnings and em ploym enFpafterns- .......7 . .......................................................................... 55

9. H ourly com pensation m easures o f the Office o f P roductivity and T echnology ..................... 60

10. Changes in w age rates and benefits—the C urrent W age D evelopm ents program ............. 63

11. Salary data for governm ent em p lo y ees................................................................................................ 68

12. T he Em ploym ent C ost Index .................................................................................................................. 73

13. Incom e and earnings data from the 1972-73 Consum er Expenditure Survey .......................... 77

14. C om paring statistical series ..................................................................................................................... 81

Appendix:

A. Selected com pensation series published by other Federal a g e n c ie s............................................. 86

B. Selected b ib lio g rap h y ................................................................................................................................ 118

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Chapter 1. Introduction

Excluding the self-em ployed and unpaid family 

w orkers, over 80 million persons are em ployed in the 

A m erican econom y. T he wages, salaries, and supplem entary com pensation paid to these w orkers account 

for about three-fourths of our national income. T he 

m agnitude of these figures underscores the im portance 

o f an adequate statistical program covering em ployee 

com pensation. O ver the years, in response to the 

varying needs o f data users, the Bureau of L abor 

Statistics (BLS) has developed a variety o f series on 

com pensation.

This bulletin is designed to aid data users in finding 

and selecting from am ong these measures the statistical 

inform ation appropriate for their studies. It describes 

each series and provides illustrative data. T he publication thus com bines descriptive m aterial like that found 

in the B L S H a n d b o o k o f M eth o d s f o r Surveys a n d

S tu dies1 w ith pertinent sum m ary statistics of the type 

published in the H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r Statistics 1 9 7 5 ,1 2

although not in the detail found in these tw o works. T o 

further aid data users, an appendix briefly describes 

series issued by other Federal agencies.

This chapter serves as a point o f departure by briefly 

indicating the conceptual differences am ong the series 

and their significance to users of the data. It also 

provides a tabular sum m ary com parison of the series for 

easy reference.

Pay concepts

A t the outset, it is im portant to recognize that the 

individual statistical series vary in concept and, hence, 

in appropriate usage. T hey m ay measure rates o f pay, 

earnings, com pensation, or income. A lthough these 

concepts, of course, are related, the differences am ong 

th e i- are significant.3

T he fundam ental concept is the rate o f pay, consisting 

o f the basic m oney return to a w orker for a unit o f time 

w orked or output produced, plus the various supple1 BLS Bulletin 1910(1976).

2 BLS Bulletin 1865(1975).

3 For a more detailed discussion of pay concepts than that which

follows, see Robert H. Ferguson, Wages, Earnings, and Incomes:

Definitions of Terms and Sources of Data, Bulletin 63 (Ithaca: New

York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell

University, 1971), pp. 15-26. See also Glossary of Current Industrial

Relations and Wage Terms, Bulletin 1438 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

1965).

m entary (“fringe”) benefit practices in effect. This 

package o f a w age rate plus benefit provisions is usually 

thought o f as the “price” o f labor and is a dom inant 

factor in union-m anagem ent negotiations and personnel 

policies o f em ployers.

In one sense, the rate o f pay, as just defined, 

functions as a building block; together w ith other 

factors, such as hours w orked, it determ ines the size of 

em ployer paym ents to or on behalf o f a w orker. Such 

expenditures constitute em ployee earnings or com pensation, the form er if limited to em ployer payroll outlays 

and the latter if paym ents to public and private pension, 

health, and w elfare funds are included.

W e should note that the term “com pensation” is used 

in tw o distinct contexts—first, to denote a specific 

concept, and, second, as a label for the total group of 

concepts relating to w orker rem uneration. T he first of 

these usages is developed in the preceding paragraph; 

the second is used, for example, in the title o f this 

publication.

A lthough w age and salary rates m ay be quoted on 

either a tim e or output basis—depending upon the pay 

system in force—earnings and com pensation are almost 

always expressed in units o f tim e—hourly, weekly, 

m onthly, or annual.4 Since earnings and com pensation 

series are developed by dividing em ployer expenditures 

by time units, they too express paym ents as a rate, that 

is, dollars per hour, week, m onth, or year. H ow ever, 

the term “rate o f pay” will be limited in this publication 

to the building-block concept used in the price-of-labor 

context.

In c o m e is an even broader concept, including receipts from all sources, for example, interest on savings 

accounts; it is not limited to paym ents for w ork 

perform ed, as are com pensation measures. Incom e data 

are alm ost alw ays presented in annual terms. Incom e 

m easures tend to have uses that differ from those of 

com pensation series and, consequently, statistical p ro ­

gram s limited to the production o f data on incom e will 

not be treated in this bulletin.

Com pensation series typically exclude nonm onetary 

items such as food, lodging, other services, or m erchan4 With regard to hourly compensation, it should be remembered

that paid leave normally results in time off from work with a

continuation of pay, rather than additional money receipts. To

account for this, data on employer outlays' for worker compensation

may be expressed as expenditures per hour worked as well as on an

hours paid for basis.

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dise received by w orkers. Also, data usually are 

presented before deductions such as incom e taxes 

w ithheld, em ployees’ share o f social security taxes and 

insurance premium s, and union dues; that is, they refer 

to gross earnings rather than take-h o m e p a y *

Statistics on the level and structure of pay

T he distinctions discussed in the preceding section 

are evident in the B ureau’s com pensation m easurem ent 

program . T he foundation o f this program is the collection o f data on occupational w age and salary rates. 

T hese rates, as is true o f prices generally, are im portant 

as allocators o f productive resources. Pay differentials 

am ong various occupations, firms, industries, and areas 

affect the relative attractiveness o f alternative w ork 

opportunities and, consequently, are am ong the forces 

influencing w orkers in their labor m arket behavior. 

Similarly, from the em ployer’s side, geographic differentials in w age rates, for example, are given w eight in 

decisions regarding location o f new productive facilities.

O ccupational w age and salary rate data often are 

collected by industry in individual labor m arkets and, as 

a result, are useful in studies o f both levels o f pay and 

variations in pay according to occupation, industry, and 

geographic area. D ata are sum m arized to present 

average pay levels and, also, distributions o f w orkers by 

pay level in each occupational-industrial-geographic 

unit o f observation to perm it consideration o f differentials relating to personal characteristics and em ploying 

unit. T o perm it consideration of institutional forces, 

separate sets of data m ay be developed for union and 

nonunion em ployers and for m etropolitan and nonm etropolitan areas.6

T hese occupational data are used for a variety o f 

purposes, including w age and salary adm inistration, 

union-m anagem ent contract negotiations, m ediation 

and arbitration proceedings, plant location planning, 

occupational counseling, evaluation o f jo b offers to 

unem ploym ent insurance recipients, minimum w age 

policy guidance, and analyses o f w age differentials 

am ong occupations, industries, and areas.

F o r the m ost part, occupational pay data are limited

* Although the conceptual distinctions drawn between wage rates

and hourly earnings are well recognized, little is known about their

practical significance. One study is reported in Victor J. Sheifer, “The

Relationship Between Changes in Wage Rates and in Hourly

Earnings,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1970, pp. 10-17. Analysis of

average hourly earnings data is considered in John T. Dunlop, Wage

Determination Under Trade Unions (New York, Augustus M. Kelley,

Inc., 1950), pp. 19-27. For a discussion of the importance of pay

concepts to the development of a compensation series, see Victor J.

Sheifer, “Employment Cost Index: A Measure of Change in the ‘Price

of Labor’,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1975, pp. 3-12.

6 The discussion here emphasizes the ideal. Budget constraints may

limit the amount of detail actually collected and published.

to basic w age rates; com m only, hourly earnings excluding prem ium paym ents for overtim e, w eekend, holiday, 

and late-shift w ork are collected as a proxy for w age 

rates. Benefit practices norm ally are excluded. T w o 

factors are involved. First, benefits often are not 

occupationally determ ined and are uniform for larger 

em ployee groupings w ithin an establishm ent. Second, 

vacation and holiday practices are norm ally spelled out 

in term s o f a stipulated num ber o f days off, overtim e in 

term s o f a prem ium pay rate, pensions in term s o f the 

size o f m onthly paym ents to retired w orkers or a m oney 

rate o f em ployer contribution to a pension fund, and so 

forth. T o com bine w age rates and the various supplem entary benefit practices, it is necessary to m easure all 

pay elem ents in com m on terms. T he usual denom inator 

is em ployer expenditures—thereby departing from the 

rate-of-pay concept developed earlier in this chapter.

O ne BLS program studies average hourly expenditures for the various w age-benefit elem ents o f the 

com pensation package, individually and com bined, 

thereby providing data on both the level and structure 

o f em ployee p ay.7 O ther series m easuring the level of 

em ployer expenditures are limited to payroll outlays 

and provide data expressed on an hourly, weekly, or 

annual basis.

A lthough differing in industrial and occupational 

coverage, portion o f the total com pensation package 

m easured, m ethod o f data collection, detail published, 

and timeliness, expenditure series have key elem ents in 

com m on. Essentially, they reflect the com bined influence o f basic rates o f pay, some or all paym ents for 

fringe benefits, and labor utilization, that is, the aggregate m oney paym ents resulting from the em ploym ent 

relation. T o the w orkers, these sums constitute the 

prim ary source o f funds needed to finance purchases of 

goods and services. T o the em ployers, these sums affect 

the cost o f the items produced and, therefore, influence 

decisions regarding selling prices, volum e o f output, 

and level o f em ploym ent.

Consequently, series on the level o f em ployer payroll 

outlays and total com pensation expenditures are particularly useful in studies em phasizing m oney flow s in the 

econom y, that is, those concerning purchasing pow er 

and w elfare o f w orkers or em ployer costs. Since the 

data often are for broad w orker groupings, they m ay be 

useful also as convenient sum m ary statistics for overall 

interindustry o r interarea com parisons. C aution m ust be 

exercised in such usage, how ever; the broader the 

w orker coverage o f a series, the m ore difficult it is to 

interpret the data. F o r example, if one com pares 

average hourly earnings data to detect, in a sum m ary 

way, interindustry variations in w age rates, it is 

necessary to consider the degree to w hich the industries

7 Published data on benefits cover both employer expeditures and

the types of benefit practices in force and their prevalence. Only the

former are treated in this bulletin.

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studied differ in jo b mix, w hich also affects the level of 

average hourly earnings.

Statistics on changes in pay

In a dynam ic environm ent, data users are often 

interested in pay changes. T hey m ust be aw are that a 

com parison o f average pay at tw o points in time does 

not necessarily provide a m eaningful m easure o f change 

over the time span. F o r example, average hourly 

earnings m ay change not only as a result o f changes in 

w age rates but also because o f such factors as em ploym ent shifts w ithin and am ong industries, changes in the 

volum e o f w ork paid for at prem ium rates, and changes 

in the volum e o f output under incentive pay plans. 

Simple analysis of changes in average hourly earnings 

provides no clue as to the specific forces giving rise to 

the change.8

Exam ination o f changes in average hourly earnings is 

appropriate for studies o f changes in m oney flows over 

a time span, w ithout regard to the causes o f the change. 

H ow ever, for those w ho wish to study separately 

changes in rates o f pay, special statistical series are 

available and should be used.9 These include changes in 

w age and benefit rates in m ajor collective bargaining 

units and general w age-rate changes for production and 

related w orkers in m anufacturing establishments. In 

addition, indexes o f changes in union scales are prepared for several industries, as are salary trend indexes for 

selected groups o f governm ent employees. Pay setters 

use these data w idely as indicators of decisions reached 

elsew here as to appropriate w age adjustm ents. T he 

series are also examined by econom ists concerned w ith 

the im plications o f w age-rate developm ents for the 

functioning o f the econom ic system.

T o provide such pay-rate-change data on a m ore 

com prehensive basis, a m ajor new series—the E m ploym ent C ost Index (E C I)—is now being developed. 

W hen this w ork is com pleted, the E C I will measure, on 

a m onthly basis, changes in the price (wages plus 

benefits) o f a standardized mix of purchased labor 

services throughout the civilian econom y, m uch as the 

B ureau’s w ell-know n C onsum er Price Index measures 

changes in the price of a standardized “m arket basket” 

o f consum er goods and services. In June 1976, the first

8 For a more detailed discussion, see references cited in footnote 5.

9 In some cases, it is possible to adjust existing series better to reveal

underlying wage-rate movements. Thus, the Bureau’s Hourly Earnings Index adjusts average hourly earnings data to exclude the effects

of fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only

industry sector for which overtime data are available) and shifts in the

proportion of workers in high- and low-wage industries. Similarly,

indexes developed from occupational data collected in the area wage

survey program minimize the impact of employment shifts. Nevertheless, while these adjustments provide closer approximations, they do

not yield the ideal measures.

E C I data w ere published, covering, on a quarterly 

basis, percentage changes in w age and salary rates in 

the private nonfarm econom y, excluding households.

Current-dollar and deflated series

Studies o f pay changes m ay be concerned w ith 

effects on w orkers’ purchasing pow er, in w hich case it 

is necessary to take into account m ovem ents in consum ­

er prices. T o facilitate such studies, a num ber o f pay 

series are deflated, that is, adjusted for price changes, by 

dividing the pay data for individual time periods by the 

C onsum er Price Index for the respective periods. Pay is 

thus expressed over the time period in dollars of 

constant purchasing pow er.

Selection of series

As the preceding discussion emphasizes, several 

general questions need to be answ ered before data users 

can determ ine w hich statistical series w ould be m ost 

suitable for their work:

1. Should the data cover rates o f pay or m oney 

flows?

2. A re w age data sufficient, or is there need for 

statistics on the total com pensation package?

3. Should the data be for pay levels or for pay 

changes?

A nsw ers to those questions will limit the range o f 

series from w hich a choice m ust be made. N evertheless, 

several series m ay still seem appropriate. F o r example, 

the Bureau produces several data sets for analyses of the 

level o f em ployee earnings.

C hoice o f a p articular series involves such considerations as the portion o f the econom y covered by the 

data—few series cover all groups of w orkers or all 

industrial sectors. A nother im portant consideration 

m ay be the am ount o f detail provided—in term s of 

industry, area, and type o f w orker. Also, the time 

period covered m ay be significant; for some purposes 

annual series m ay suffice, w hile other investigations 

m ay require m onthly or quarterly data.

Finally, users should be familiar w ith the m ethods of 

com piling the series, since both the conceptual fram ew ork and the accuracy o f the data m ay be affected. As 

observed above, there are several sets o f earnings data. 

Some com e from em ployer reports on em ploym ent, 

payrolls, and hours; others from household responses in 

the C urrent Population Survey. N evertheless, both 

these sets o f data stem from survey w ork specifically 

designed to produce the series. Earnings statistics are 

also produced based on reports filed pursuant to

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Table 1. Comparison of BLS compensation series

Characteristic

Occupational

wage

surveys

Union

wage rate

surveys

Employer

expenditures

for employee

compensation

Average hourly

and weekly

earnings—

establishment

data

Earnings

statistics from

Current

Population

Survey—

household data

Wages of

workers

covered by

unemployment

insurance (Ul)

programs

Type of data ...................................... Primarily Hourly scales Hourly expen- Primarily hourly Hourly, weekly, Weekly earnings;

hourly, weekly, and indexes, ditures for and weekly and annual aggregate

or monthly by occupa- components earnings, with earnings; payrolls.

straight-time

earnings, by

occupation

tion of compensation

industry and

area detail1

hourly rates

of pay.

Demographic

detail

Industry and

area detail

Frequency of publication................. Annual or

longer

Quarterly,

annual, or

biennial

Comprehensive

surveys biennially

Monthly Annual Quarterly

Compensation coverage................... Wages and Minimum wage Wages and Wages and Wages and Wages and

salaries scales plus

employer payments to benefit funds

salariq? plus

employer contributions for

social insurance

and private

benefit plans

salaries salaries salaries

Workers included............................... Primarily non- Workers under All employed Production and Wage and All employed

supervisory

employees2

collective

bargaining

agreements

workers nonsupervisory

workers

salary workers workers

Industrial coverage .......................... Private nonfarm

economy, excluding households, plus

large city

governments

Local trucking,

printing, local

transit, construction, and

grocery stores

Primarily

private nonfarm economy,

excluding

households

Private nonfarm

economy, excluding households

All industries Industries subject to Ul

laws

Emphasis on pay rates or

employer expenditures................... Rates3 Rates Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures

and rates

Expenditures

Emphasis on pay levels or change. . Levels Levels and

change4

Levels Levels Levels and

change

Levels

Data source........................................ Statistical Statistical Statistical Statistical Statistical Employer resurvey survey survey survey survey ports for administration

of Ul laws

Where published5............................... BLS bulletins BLS bulletins

for annual and

biennial

surveys; Current Wage

Developments

for quarterly

building trades

surveys

BLS bulletins Employment

and Earnings

and Current

Wage Developments

Special labor

force reports;

M onthly Labor

Review articles

Em ployment

and Wages

See footnotes on page 6.

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Table 1. Comparison of BLS compensation series— Continued

Characteristic Annual

earnings

Hourly compensation measures of

Office of Productivity and

Technology

Developments

in major

collective

bargaining

units

Wage

developments in

manufacturing

Salary data

for government

employees

Employment

Cost Index6

Type of data........................................ Annual Indexes of Pay rate Pay rate Annual Percent change.

earnings. change changes <n changes in salaries and with industry.

Demographic

and durationof-employment detail

and labor

share

cents per hour

and percent

cents per hour

and percent

indexes occupation,

region, unionstatus detail

Frequency of publication................. Annual Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Annual or

biennial

Quarterly

Compensation coverage................... Wages and

salaries

Wages, salaries, and

supplements

plus estimate

of labor compensation of

self-employed

Wage rates

and private

supplementary benefits

Wage rates Wage and

salary rates

Wages and

salaries

Workers included............................... All employed All persons Production Production Teachers, All employed

workers (employees

and selfemployed)

and nonsupervisory

workers in

bargaining

units of 1,000

workers or

more (5,000

or more for

wages and

benefits combined)

and related

workers in

establishments making

general wage

rate changes

police, firefighters, refuse

collectors, and

Federal General

Schedule employees

workers

Industrial coverage............................. Private nonfarm economyPrivate

business

_ 7 sector

Private nonfarm economy

Manufacturing

sector

Government Private nonfarm economy,

excluding

households

Emphasis on pay rates or

employer expenditures................. Expenditures Expenditures Rates Rates Rates Rates3

Emphasis on pay levels or change. . Levels Change Change Change Levels and

change4

Change

Data source........................................ Sample of Employee com- Developed Statistical Secondary Statistical

social

security and

railroad retirement administrative

files ^

pensation data

from National

Income

Accounts.

Hours and proprietors' compensation estimated by BLS

largely from

secondary

sources

survey supplemented by

data from

secondary

sources

sources supplemented by

direct inquiries

by BLS

survey

Where published 5.......................... BLS bulletins Employment

and Earnings

and Current

Wage Developments

Curren t Wage

Developments

Current Wage

Developments

Current Wage

Developments

Current Wage

Developments

See footnotes on page 6.

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-FO O TN O T E S TO TABLE 1 -

In d e x e s a ls o a re d e v e lo p e d r e m o v in g e f fe c ts o f o v e r t im e

c h a n g e s in m a n u f a c t u r in g a n d i n t e r in d u s t r y e m p l o y m e n t s h ifts .

2 M a jo r e x c e p t io n is e x p a n d e d c o v e r a g e o f N a t io n a l S u r v e y o f

P r o fe s s io n a l, A d m i n i s t r a t i v e , T e c h n ic a l, a n d C le r ic a l P a y .

S t r a i g h t - t im e e a r n in g s a r e s t u d ie d as an a p p r o x im a t io n o f

ra te s o f p a y .

D i f f e r e n t w e ig h tin g p r o c e d u r e s a r e e m p lo y e d f o r c o m p u t in g

m e a s u re s o f le v e l a n d c h a n g e .

S u m m a r y d a ta f o r m a n y o f t h e s e rie s c a n b e f o u n d in th e

M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w a n d t h e H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

I n it i a l p u b lic a t io n o f d a ta m a y b e in p re s s re le a s e s o r s u m m a r y

r e p o r ts .

D e s c r ip tio n a p p lie s t o d a ta p u b lis h e d as o f e a r ly 1 9 7 7 . S e e

c h . 1 2 f o r e x p a n s io n p la n s .

P r io r t o J u ly 1 9 7 6 , d a ta w e r e p u b lis h e d q u a r t e r l y f o r t h e

t o t a l p r iv a t e e c o n o m y . T h is s e rie s is s till m a in ta in e d b u t o n an

a n n u a l b asis.

regulations o f agencies adm inistering the unem ploym ent com pensation and social security program s. Such 

data, o f course, are affected by the needs and legal 

authority o f the adm inistrative agencies.

Table 1 and the detailed descriptions in the follow ing 

chapters are designed to aid users in treating these 

considerations. T he table classifies the series in accordance w ith their em phasis on rates of pay or em ployer 

expenditures and on levels o f pay o r changes in levels. 

In addition, inform ation is presented on industry and

w orker coverage, frequency o f publication, types of 

com pensation included, and data sources.10

D espite the great variety o f series produced, available statistics m ay not precisely m eet the needs o f an 

investigator. In such instances, an effort should be m ade 

to select the closest approxim ation to the desired data 

and to take account o f the deficiency in the analysis.

10 Income and earnings data from the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey, described in ch. 13, are not included in the tabular

summary, which is limited to continuing series.

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Chapter 2. Occupational Wage Surveys

T he Bureau o f L abor Statistics (B LS) has system atically collected w age data by occupation since the turn 

o f the century—first by industry, then across industry 

lines by m etropolitan area, and m ost recently, across 

industry lines on a nationw ide basis. F o u r m ajor types 

o f surveys are conducted currently in the B ureau’s 

Office o f W ages and Industrial R elations to provide 

inform ation on the level o f straight-tim e earnings by 

occupation: (1) In d u stry wage surveys in selected m anufacturing and nonm anufacturing industries covering 

occupations peculiar to a particular industry; (2) area

wage surveys in selected m etropolitan areas (and, on a 

m ore limited scope, nonm etropolitan areas) covering 

occupations com m on to a variety of m anufacturing and 

nonm anufacturing industries; (3) a n a tio n a l su rvey o f

professional, adm in istrative, technical, a n d clerical p a y in 

private industry; and (4) m u n icip a l govern m en t wage

surveys in large cities. A lthough differing in industrial, 

geographic, and occupational coverage, these surveys 

form an integrated program on occupational w ages.1

D ata for all four types o f surveys are supplied 

voluntarily by em ployers. T he B ureau’s field economists com pile the data, w hich are subsequently published in BLS bulletins, summaries, and M o n th ly L a b o r

R eview articles in a m anner that will avoid disclosure of 

an individual establishm ent’s rates. This restriction on 

disclosure does not apply to m unicipal governm ent 

w age surveys since the data supplied are a m atter on 

public record.

Description of surveys

In d u stry wage surveys provide data for occupations 

selected to be representative o f the range of rates and 

different m ethods o f w age paym ent in the industry. 

C onsideration also is given, in selection o f occupations, 

to their prevalence in the industry, their im portance as 

reference points in collective bargaining, and the degree 

to w hich their jo b duties can be clearly defined.

Surveys in m ost industries provide straight-tim e 

earnings averages o f w age data collected for individual 

w orkers, and w age frequency distributions o f these 

individual earnings data (figures 1 and 2). This type of 

inform ation is often show n for broad em ploym ent

1 Union wage rate surveys are also part of this program. These are

discussed separately in ch. 3 because of major differences in concepts

and methodology.

groups, such as production and related w orkers or 

nonsupervisory w orkers, in addition to that for selected 

occupations. Inform ation also is published, for broad 

em ploym ent groups, on w eekly w ork schedules; shift 

operations and differentials; paid holiday and vacation 

practices; health, insurance, and pension benefits; and 

additional items w hich m ay be applicable only to 

certain industries (figure 3). T he studies also provide 

estim ates o f labor-m anagem ent agreem ent coverage, 

proportions o f w orkers em ployed under incentive pay 

plans, and the extent to w hich establishm ents provide a 

single rate o r range o f rates for individual jo b categories.

A bout 50 m anufacturing and 20 nonm anufacturing 

industries, accounting for over 20 million employees, 

are surveyed on a regularly recurring basis. A m ajority 

are studied on a 5-year cycle, but a num ber of 

com paratively low -w age industries are studied on a 3- 

year cycle. Also, special w age surveys are carried out, 

under contract, for o ther Federal agencies.

N early all m anufacturing, utilities, and m ining industries are studied on a nationw ide basis; estim ates also are 

provided for regions and m ajor areas o f concentration. 

Surveys in construction, trade, finance, and service 

industries usually are limited to about 25 m etropolitan 

areas. N ationw ide surveys generally develop separate 

estimates by size o f establishm ent, size o f com m unity, 

and labor-m anagem ent agreem ent coverage.

A rea wage su rveys consist o f tw o basic types: R egular 

surveys conducted annually as part o f the B ureau’s 

program , and special limited surveys. T he latter, 

conducted for the U.S. D epartm ent o f L abor’s E m ploym ent Standards A dm inistration, are used in setting 

minimum pay rates for w orkers providing services to 

the Federal G overnm ent under the Service C ontract 

A ct.

R e g u la r surveys m easure the level and distribution of 

wages by occupational category in over 70 labor 

m arkets. T he 75 occupational categories currently 

studied include 28 office clerical; 17 professional and 

technical; and 30 m aintenance, toolroom , pow erplant, 

custodial, and m aterial m ovem ent jobs. (See figure 4.) 

In addition, these surveys provide measures o f w age 

m ovem ent for five occupational groups. (See figure 5.)

Industry divisions included in the regular surveys are 

(1) m anufacturing; (2) transportation, com m unication, 

and other public utilities; (3) w holesale trade; (4) retail 

trade; (5) finance, insurance, and real estate; and (6) 

selected services. Establishm ents em ploying few er than

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50 w orkers are excluded in all industries; in addition, 

establishm ents em ploying 50-99 w orkers are excluded 

in m anufacturing, in transportation, com m unication, 

and o ther public utilities, and in retail trade in the 

N ation’s 13 largest communities.

Separate data are provided for m anufacturing and 

nonm anufacturing in each geographical area and, 

w herever possible, for individual industry divisions in 

the nonm anufacturing sector. In 31 of the largest areas, 

w age data are presented separately for establishm ents 

that have 500 w orkers or m ore.

D ata on scheduled w eekly hours and days; paid 

holiday and vacation practices; and health, insurance, 

and pension benefits are published separately for fulltim e nonsupervisory office and plant w orkers (nonoffice). Shift operations and differentials are published for 

plant w orkers in m anufacturing. D ata on minimum 

entrance rates for inexperienced office w orkers are 

published separately for m anufacturing and nonm anufacturing industries. These establishm ent practices and 

em ployee benefits are studied every 3 years in all areas.

A sample o f 70 areas is selected to represent all 

S tandard M etropolitan Statistical A reas o f the U nited 

States. This enables the Bureau to publish national and 

regional estim ates o f w age levels, w age trends, and 

related benefits.

Pay levels in the individual areas are com pared to 

national levels for four broad occupational groups— 

office clerical, electronic data processing, skilled m aintenance, and unskilled plant w orkers. (See figure 6). 

T hese estim ates (pay relatives) eliminate differences 

caused by varying survey dates and occupational 

structures am ong the areas surveyed.

S p ecia l surveys m easure the level and distribution o f 

w ages by occupational category in over 100 labor 

m arkets but are m ore limited than regular surveys in 

that: (1) F ew er occupational categories and establishm ent practices are studied; (2) published data are 

restricted to all-industry estim ates (no industry detail); 

(3) measures o f w age trends are not provided for 

occupational groups; (4) data are not projected beyond 

the individual area estimates.

The N a tio n a l S u rvey o f Professional, A dm in istrative,

Technical, a n d C lerica l P a y (P A T C survey) provides 

inform ation annually on nationw ide salary levels and 

distributions in private industry for approxim ately 80 

w ork level categories in about 20 w hite-collar occupations. D efinitions for these occupations provide for 

classification o f em ployees according to appropriate 

w ork levels (or classes). A lthough reflecting duties and 

responsibilities in private industry, the definitions w ere 

designed to be translatable to specific pay grades in the 

G eneral Schedule applying to Federal w hite-collar 

em ployees. Thus, this survey provides inform ation

suitable for com paring the com pensation o f salaried 

em ployees in the Federal civil service w ith pay in 

private industry.

A verage salaries relate to straight-tim e salaries 

corresponding to em ployees’ norm al w ork schedules, 

excluding overtim e hours. Salary distributions and 

averages are published for the N ation as a whole. 

A verages also are show n for establishm ents in all 

m etropolitan areas com bined and for establishm ents 

em ploying 2,500 w orkers or m ore. Inform ation is 

presented on annual increases in average salaries since 

1961. F igure 7 show s m onthly and annual salary data 

for the occupations surveyed.

Industry divisions included in the national w hitecollar study are: (1) M anufacturing; (2) transportation, 

com m unication, electric, gas, and sanitary services; (3) 

w holesale trade; (4) retail trade; (5) finance, insurance, 

and real estate; and (6) engineering and architectural 

services, and com m ercially operated research, development, and testing laboratories.

M u n ic ip a l go vern m en t wage surveys cover the 26 U.S. 

cities w ith 500,000 inhabitants or m ore plus A tlanta. 

A verages and distributions o f straight-tim e earnings are 

presented for a w ide range of white- and blue-collar 

occupations in city governm ents, including office 

clerical; data processing; m aintenance, custodial, trades, 

and labor; public safety; and professional, adm inistrative, and technical. (See figure 8.) Inform ation on a 

city’s salary structure and w ork practices, along w ith 

brief descriptions o f em ployee benefits, is also provided. 

T he surveys exclude city em ployees in educational 

facilities and hospitals, and all w orkers in special 

districts and authorities operating autonom ously from 

the city.

Survey methods

P l a n n in g •

Consultations are held w ith appropriate m anagement, labor, and G overnm ent representatives to obtain 

views and recom m endations on scope, timing, selection 

and definitions o f survey items, and types o f tabulations. 

Particularly in planning surveys in specific industries, 

these discussions form im portant supplem ents to BLS 

regional office com m ents and suggestions m ade at the 

conclusion o f the previous study. T he design o f the 

N ational Survey o f Professional, A dm inistrative, T ech ­

nical, and Clerical Pay was developed in conjunction 

w ith the Office o f M anagem ent and B udget and the 

Civil Service Com mission so that it could be used in 

evaluating Federal w hite-collar pay. C hanges in the 

survey’s scope, item coverage, and jo b definitions are 

initiated by these agencies.

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D a t a C o l l e c t i o n

Bureau field econom ists collect data by personal 

visits to each o f the sample establishments. First, job 

functions in the establishm ent are carefully com pared 

w ith those included in the B ureau’s jo b definitions. This 

jo b m atching m ay involve review o f com pany records 

such as pay structure plans, organizational charts, and 

position descriptions, as w ell as interview s w ith appropriate officials and, on occasion, observation o f jobs 

w ithin plants. G enerally, once jo b m atching has been 

com pleted, field econom ists secure w age or salary rates 

(or hours and earnings, w hen needed) from payroll or 

other records and obtain data on com pensation practices and supplem entary benefits from com pany officials, com pany booklets, and labor-m anagem ent agreements. If com pany officials prefer, they m ay prepare 

and submit reports if jo b m atching has been com pleted 

by Bureau economists.

A fter the initial visit, data for the annual area w age 

surveys are collected by personal visit every third year 

and by mail in the intervening years. Establishm ents 

participating in the mail collection receive a transcript 

o f the jo b m atching and w age data obtained earlier by 

the field economist, together w ith the jo b definitions. 

T he updated returns are scrutinized and questionable 

entries are checked w ith the respondent. Personal visits 

are m ade to establishm ents not responding to the mail 

request and to those reporting unusual changes from the 

previous year.

T he w ork o f all field econom ists is checked for 

quality of reporting, w ith particular attention directed 

to accuracy in jo b m atching. T he revisits are m ade by 

supervisory and senior economists. F o r the technically 

com plex nationw ide w hite-collar salary survey, system ­

atic technical audits o f the validity o f survey definitions, 

m ade by staff having specialized training, also are 

maintained.

Uses and limitations

O ccupational w age data developed in these surveys 

have a variety o f uses. T hey are used by Federal, State, 

and local agencies in w age and salary adm inistration 

and in form ulation o f public policy on wages, such as 

setting m inimum wages. T hey are o f value to Federal 

and State m ediation and conciliation services and to 

State em ploym ent security agencies in judging the 

suitability o f jo b offers to unem ploym ent insurance 

recipients. K now ledge o f levels and trends o f pay rates 

by occupation, industry, locality, and region is required 

by econom ists both in and out o f governm ent to analyze 

current econom ic developm ents and to study w age 

dispersion and w age differentials.

Bureau data are used by em ployers and unions in

w age and salary determ inations and negotiations. To 

the extent that wages are a factor, survey data also are 

considered by em ployers in selecting locations for new 

facilities and in estim ating costs.

O ccupational w age surveys are not designed to 

supply m echanical answers to questions o f pay policy. 

T he applicability o f survey results depends upon the 

selection and definition o f industries, the geographic 

units for w hich estimates are developed, the occupations and associated items studied, and the reference 

dates o f particular surveys. D epending upon specific 

needs, the user m ay find it necessary to interpolate for 

occupations o r areas missing from the survey.

In addition, users will find that the m ethod o f w age 

paym ent can affect earnings averages, and that the 

incidence o f the different m ethods o f paym ent varies 

greatly am ong the occupations and establishm ents 

studied. Since hourly averages for w orkers under 

incentive plans generally exceed those for hourly rated 

w orkers in the same job, averages for some incentivepaid jobs m ay equal o r exceed averages for jobs 

positioned higher on a jo b evaluation basis but norm ally 

paid on a time basis. Thus, w herever possible, data are 

show n separately for time w orkers and incentive 

w orkers in the industry surveys. In area w age surveys, 

incentive plans (generally plantw ide in application) 

apply to only a very small proportion o f w orkers in the 

nonproduction jobs.

Users o f survey data m ust also be aw are that, 

although changes in averages for a jo b or jo b group 

prim arily reflect general w age and salary changes or 

m erit increases received by individuals, these averages 

also m ay reflect other factors—changes in the labor 

force resulting from labor turnover, labor force expansions and reductions for other reasons, and changes in 

the proportion o f w orkers em ployed in establishm ents 

w ith different pay levels. F o r example, a labor force 

expansion m ight increase the proportion o f low er paid 

w orkers, thereby low ering the average, or the closing 

o f a relatively high-paying establishm ent m ight cause 

average earnings in the area to drop.

T he regular area w age survey program provides 

w age trend indexes for five occupational groups: Office 

clerical, electronic data processing, industrial nurses, 

skilled m aintenance, and unskilled plant occupations. 

T hese indexes are published, w here possible, for all 

industries com bined and for m anufacturing and nonm anufacturing industry groups separately. T o elim inate 

changes in average earnings resulting from em ploym ent 

shifts am ong establishm ents or turnover o f establishm ents included in survey samples, these indexes are 

based on changes in average hourly earnings only in 

establishm ents reporting the same jobs in both the 

current and previous year. T he indexes are, how ever, 

still affected by factors other than w age increases.

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Hirings, layoffs, and turnover m ay affect average 

earnings w ithin an establishm ent w hen w orkers are paid 

under plans providing a range o f rates for individual 

jobs.

T he effects of em ploym ent shifts am ong occupations 

betw een survey dates are elim inated in m easuring 

average earnings increases for w orkers covered by the 

P A T C survey and by selected industry w age surveys. 

E m ploym ent shifts am ong establishm ents or turnover 

o f establishm ents included in survey samples, how ever, 

are not controlled in these com putations.

R e l i a b i l i t y

R esults o f the surveys generally will be subject to 

sam pling error. T his erro r will not be uniform, since, 

for m ost occupations, the dispersion of earnings am ong 

establishm ents and the frequency o f occurrence o f the 

occupation will differ.

T he sam pling erro r o f the percentage o f w orkers 

receiving any given supplem entary benefit differs w ith 

the size o f the percentage. H ow ever, the erro r is such 

that rankings o f predom inant practices alm ost alw ays 

will appear in their true position. Small percentages 

m ay be subject to considerable error, but will always 

rem ain in the same scale o f m agnitude. F o r instance, the 

proportion o f em ployees in establishm ents providing 

m ore than 4 w eeks’ paid vacation to long-service 

em ployees m ay be given as 2 percent, w hen the true 

percentage for a ll establishm ents m ight be only 1 

percent. Such a sam pling error, while considerable, 

does not affect the essential inference that the practice is 

a rare one.

Estim ates o f the num ber of w orkers in a given 

occupation are subject to considerable sam pling error, 

due to the w ide variation am ong establishm ents in the 

num ber o f w orkers found in individual occupations. (It 

is not unusual to find these estim ates subject to sampling 

erro r o f as m uch as 20 percent.) H ence, the estim ated 

num ber o f w orkers can be interpreted only as a rough 

m easure o f the relative im portance of various occupations.

— R E F E R E N C E S —

Baldwin, S.E., and Daski, R.S. “Occupational Pay Differences Among Metropolitan Areas,” M onthly L abor

Review, May 1976, pp. 29-35.

An article discussing the use of multiple regression

techniques in analyzing interarea pay differences.

Cohen, Samuel E. “Studies of Occupational Wages and

Supplementary Benefits,” M onthly L abor Review,

March 1954, pp. 292-97.

A description of the methods of wage surveys.

Douty, H.M. “Survey Methods and Wage Comparisons,”

L ab o r L a w Journal, April 1964, pp. 222-30.

A discussion of the uses of wage survey results and the

pitfalls to be avoided. A short discussion of the factors

affecting survey methods is also included.

Field V, Charles, and Keller, Richard L. “How Salaries of

Large Cities Compare with Industry and Federal Pay,”

M onthly L ab o r Review, November 1976, pp. 23-28.

A comparison of municipal workers’ salaries in 24 of the

Nation’s largest cities with private industry and Federal

Government pay, as well as with each other.

Houff, James N. “Improving Area Wage Survey Indexes,”

M onthly L a b o r Review, January 1973, pp. 52-57.

A description of the method used in computing wage

change in area wage surveys.

Kanninen, Toivo P. “New Dimensions in BLS Wage Survey

Work,” M onthly L a b o r Review, October 1959, pp. 1081—

84.

An outline of the occupational wage survey programs as

expanded in 1960. Lists the type of survey and cycle for each

of 70 industries studied separately, and identifies the area

sample as originally determined for the labor market survey

program.

Schwenk, Albert E., and Personick, Martin E. “Analyzing

Earnings Differentials in Industry Wage Surveys,”

M onthly L a b o r Review, June 1974, pp. 56-59.

An article on a study undertaken to test the feasibility of

using multiple regression techniques as an analytical tool in

the BLS industry wage survey program.

Smith, William M. “Federal Pay Procedures and the Comparability Survey,” M onthly L ab o r Review, August 1976,

pp. 27-31.

A discussion of the procedures used to tie white-collar

salaries in the Federal service to wage rates in private

industry.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. B L S

H andbook o f M ethods. Bulletin 1910, 1976, pp. 133-43.

________ , ________ D irectory o f O ccupational Wage Surveys,

Jan. 1950-D ec. 1975. Report 468, 1976.

A listing of publications from the Bureau’s occupational

wage programs between 1950 and 1975.

________ , ________ H andbook o f L abor Statistics 1975.

Bulletin 1865, 1975, pp. 6-8; 201-17; 254; 259-84; and

286-90.

________ __________ M ajor Program s 1976: B ureau o f L ab o r

Statistics. Report 459, 1976, pp. 20-23.

Ward, Virginia L. “Area Sample Changes in the Area Wage

Survey Program,” M onthly L abor Review, May 1975,

pp. 49-50.

A description and listing of the area sample used in the area

wage survey program.

1 0

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Figure 1

Table 1. Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings1 of production and related workers2in men's and boys'

separate trousers manufacturing establishm ents. United States and selected regions,3 June 1974

CHARACTERISTIC

ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS---------------

MEN----------------------------------

WOMEN--------------------------------

SIZE OF COMMUNITY:

METROPOLITAN AREAS 1 / --------------

NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS--------------

SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENT:

20-249 WORKERS----------------------

250 WORKERS CR MORE----------------

LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONTRACT COVERAGE: 

ESTABLISHMENTS WITH--

MAJORITY OF WORKERS COVEREO----

NONE OR MINORITY COVEREO--------

SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 6 /

ADJUSTERS------------------------------

ASSEMBLERS (GARMENT BUNGLERS)------

CUTTERS, CLOTH, MACHINE--------------

CUTTERS AND MARKERS, CLOTH----------

GARMENT REPAIRERS---------------------

INSPECTORS, FINAL---------------------

JA NIT ORS --------------------------------

MARKERS---------------------------------

PACKERS---------------------------------

PRESSERS, FINISH, MACHINE-----------

SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS 1/ ---------

ATTACH CROTCH PIECES---------------

ATTACH POCKETS----------------------

ATTACH BELT LCOPS------------------

ATTACH FLY---------------------------

ATTACH WAISTBAND--------------------

ATTACH ZIPPER-----------------------

BARTACKING---------------------------

BUTTONHOLE MAKERS-------------------

HEM LEG BOTTOMS---------------------

JOIN INSEAMS AND OUTSEAMS---------

JOIN SEATSEAMS----------------------

MAKE LOOPS---------------------------

MAKE POCKETS------------------------

PIECING FLYS------------------------

PIECING POCKETS---------------------

SERGING-------------------------------

SEW ON BUTTONS----------------------

SEW ON WA 1ST BANC LIN I NG-----------

STITCH POCKETS----------------------

SHIPPING CLERKS-----------------------

SPR EADERS-------------------------------

STOCK CLERKS, GARMENTS---------------

STOCK CLERKS, PIECE GOODS-----------

THREAD TRIMMERS

AND BASTING PULLERS----------------

UND ERP RE SS ER S--------------------------

WORK DISTRIBUTORS---------------------

UNITED TATES 4 / MIDDLE ATLANTIC BORDER STATES SOUTHEAST GREAT LAKES MIDDLE WEST

WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS EARNINGS

7 1 ,0 8 6 $ 2 .6 4 4 , 9 9 4 $ 3 .1 9 3 , 3 7 5 $ 2 . 7 2 3 0 , 6 8 0 $ 2 .6 0 1 ,8 0 8 $ 2 .7 0 2 , 9 3 6 $ 2 . 5 3

1 0 ,3 0 5 2 . 9 5 8 7 6 3 .6 4 4 4 8 2 . 9 8 4 , 6 3 2 2 . 8 7 2 6 1 3 .1 3 . 3 36 2 . 9 2

6 0 ,7 8 1 2 . 5 9 4 , 1 1 8 3 . 1 0 2 , 9 2 7 2 . 6 9 2 6 ,0 4 8 2 . 5 5 1 , 5 4 7 2 . 6 3 2 , 5 9 8 2 . 4 8

2 8 ,7 9 6 2 . 7 2 4 , 2 2 0 3 . 2 4 - - 1 ,8 0 6 2 . 6 8 1 ,0 3 7 2 . 6 9 -

4 2 ,2 9 0 2 . 59 7 7 4 2 .9 3 1 ,6 0 9 2 . 8 2 2 8 , 8 7 4 2 . 6 0 7 7 1 2 . 7 2 2 ,4 5 1 2 . 5 3

2 6 ,1 0 5 2 . 6 5 3 , 3 3 1 3 . 2 5 6 1 5 2 . 6 8 1 3 ,3 1 4 2 . 5 2 1 ,2 8 5 2 . 6 5 1 , 4 2 0 2 . 4 1

4 4 ,9 8 1 2 . 6 4 1 , 6 6 3 3 . 0 9 2 ,7 6 0 2 . 7 3 1 7 ,3 6 6 2 .6 6

‘

1 , 5 1 6 2 . 6 4

2 3 ,8 6 8 2 . 8 5 4 , 6 3 0 3 .2 1 - -

3 , 9 0 1 2 . 9 0 1 , 8 0 8 2 . 7 0 1 ,9 3 8 2 . 6 9

4 7 ,2 1 8 2 . 5 4 2 6 ,7 7 9 2 . 5 6 9 9 8 2 .2 1

8 3 5 3 . 8 0 4 4 4 . 2 4 - -

3 9 9 3 .6 8 14 3 . 7 6 24 3 .8 8

7 9 4 2 . 6 4 8 6 2 . 9 9 " 3 3 9 2 . 6 3 41 2 . 7 0 87 2 . 4 3

7 2 9 3 . 6 2 5 4 4 . 2 7 3 3 9 3 . 6 4 31 3 . 5 4 4 9 3 . 4 3

1 65 3 . 6 2 22 4 .4 4 36 3 . 9 8 18 3 . 2 2 - - -

7 5 2 2 . 5 0 - 33 2 . 4 1 2 6 2 2 . 3 2 24 2 . 6 3 19 2 .6 1

2 , 0 3 9 2 . 6 6 1 8 6 3 . 0 6 - 9 0 6 2 . 6 6 6 9 2 . 6 8 71 2 . 5 3

6 41 2 . 3 2 24 2 . 6 7 39 2 . 4 8 2 78 2 . 2 0 2 4 2 . 5 2 36 2 . 4 2

4 1 5 3 . 1 4 12 3 . 9 9 1 92 3 . 0 9 14 3 . 3 5 13 3 . 35

5 8 4 2 . 7 1 3 4 3 .2 5 34 2 . 5 8 2 9 5 2 .5 9 18 3 . 0 1 22 2 . 4 9

3 , 3 9 0 3 . 0 1 1 4 6 4 .1 2 - - 1 , B 16 2 * 9 8 109 3 . 2 5 9 8 3 . 0 5

4 3 , 2 9 2 2 . 5 9 2 , 7 1 0 3 .2 1 1 ,9 5 2 2 . 7 4 1 7 ,6 3 5 2 . 5 6 9 2 9 2 . 6 2 1 , 3 4 5 2 . 4 7

4 3 8 2 . 5 2 41 3 . 2 9 * * 1 18 2 . 2 8 12 2 . 5 0 13 2 . 2 5

3 ,8 2 2 2 . 6 0 2 5 8 3 . 1 6 1 7 2 2 . 7 5 1 , 5 6 6 2 .5 9 58 2 . 5 7 9 5 2 . 3 6

1 ,6 2 1 2 . 4 9 86 3 .2 9 5 6 2 . 6 9 6 4 0 2 .5 0 29 2 . 5 1 20 2 .4 4

1 ,9 2 2 2 .6 1 1 01 3 .5 0 8 9 2 . 9 9 8 0 0 2 .5 7 27 2 . 7 0 4 5 2 . 4 4

2 ,1 2 1 2 .6 1 1 5 7 3 . 1 4 1 1 5 2 . 7 1 8 9 6 2 . 5 0 4 7 2 . 5 1 5 9 2 . 5 2

8 78 2 . 7 0 51 3 .3 3 17 3 .4 7 1 9 0 2 .7 5 19 2 . 6 4 _

3 , 2 8 9 2 . 5 7 1 2 6 3 .0 8 1 0 0 2 .8 1 1 ,4 8 0 2 . 5 3 35 2 . 4 2 101 2 .4 4

4 8 2 2 . 6 8 5 3 3 .0 5 16 2 . 7 8 2 0 9 2 . 5 9 26 2 . 2 8 17 2 . 5 4

1 ,2 9 6 2 . 5 6 36 3 .0 5 40 2 . 7 7 5 4 3 2 . 5 4 22 2 . 4 0 35 2 . 37

3 ,7 7 9 2 . 5 7 2 0 1 3 . 1 9 1 8 8 2 . 5 3 1 , 5 8 4 2 .5 5 79 2 .6 1 1 2 9 2 . 3 4

1 ,6 1 5 2 . 6 0 8 2 3 .3 1 6 9 2 . 6 0 7 27 2 . 5 3 33 2 . 6 3 44 2 . 5 9

4 8 8 2 . 7 0 4 6 3 . 0 0 . 2 0 2 . 9 6 2 1 3 2 . 6 8 11 2 . 9 8 14 2 . 5 «

1 , 6 1 0 2 . 7 1 1 6 7 3 . 5 7 6 9 6 2 .5 7 76 2 . 7 2 - -

6 2 2 2 . 8 0 3 6 3 .7 4 4 7 2 . 9 5 2 3 0 2 . 6 6 23 2 . 6 3 1 2 . 8 4

1 ,6 5 7 2 . 59 1 08 3 .2 1 96 2 . 8 0 8 3 1 2 . 5 6 37 2 . 4 5 4 b 2 . 3 0

1 ,8 9 6 2 . 6 4 1 3 4 2 . 9 4 1 2 6 2 . 7 5 6 2 7 2 . 6 0 55 2 . 5 1 62 2 . 4 7

3 36 2 . 6 2 4 5 3 . 0 9 2 7 2 . 5 4 1 29 2 . 5 5 14 3 . 0 5 14 2 . 5 0

6 3 9 2 . 6 5 4 9 3 . 55 5 8 2 .7 1 2 7 9 2 . 5 5 26 2 . 5 5 2 5 2 . 5 9

1 ,3 0 1 2 . 6 6 1 0 4 3 .2 7 96 2 . 7 9 7 0 7 2 . 6 1 46 2 . 7 9 39 2 . 3 7

149 3 . 0 2 2 6 3 . 6 5 " 4 6 2 . 7 6 - “ - -

6 7 4 2 . 9 8 3 4 3 . 2 7 2 6 3 . 2 8 3 3 6 3 . 1 3 21 2 . 8 6 2 8 2 . 8 4

3 49 2 . 5 9 10 3 .3 2 • 114 2 . 6 7 25 2 . 6 1 -

2 7 9 2 . 5 8 9 3 .6 5 31 2 .6 1 121 2 .4 3 15 2 . 9 5 1 7 2 . 4 9

1 ,6 8 0 2 . 6 8 1 0 0 3 .3 2 6 0 2 . 7 9 6 0 2 2 . 6 0 4 9 2 . 7 5 71 2 .6 2

1 ,6 2 7 2 . 7 6 2 2 5 3 . 5 8 1 3 6 2 . 6 1 6 6 4 2 .6 5 76 2 . 8 1 71 2 . 73

1 ,9 4 0 2 .4 2 1 0 9 2 .8 7 81 2 . 4 7 7 35 2 . 3 8 46 2 . 6 3 83 2 . 3 9

1/ EXCLUDES PREMIUM PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR WORK ON WEEKENDS, HOLIDAYS, AND LATE SHIFTS.

2 / THE TERMS "PRODUCTION WORKERS" AND "PRODUCTION AND RELATED WORKERS," ARE USED INTERCHANGEABLY IN THIS REPORT AND INCLUDE WORKING FOREMEN AND ALL 

NONSUPERVISORY WORKERS ENGAGED IN NONOFFICE FUNCTIONS. ADMINISTRATIVE, EXECUTIVE, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AND FORCE-ACCOUNT CONSTRUCTION 

EMPLOYEES, WHO ARE UTILIZED AS A SEPARATE WORK FORCE ON THE FIRMS OWN PROPERTIES, WERE EXCLUDED.

2 / THE REGIONS IN THIS STUDY INCLUDE: MIDDLE ATLANTIC - -NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND PENNSYLVANIA; BORDER STATES - -DELAWARE. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, KENTUCKY,

MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA; SOUTHEAST--ALABAMA. FLORIDA, GEORGIA, M ISSISSIPPI, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TENNESSEE; GREAT LAKES- - 

I L L I N O I S , IN D IA N A , M IC H IG A N , M IN N ESO TA , O H IO , AND W IS C O N S IN ; AND MIDDLE W EST--IO W A . K A N SA S , M IS S O U R I, N E B R A SK A , NORTH DAKOTA, AND SOUTH DAKOTA.

£ / INCLUDES DATA FOR REGIONS IN ADDITION TO THOSE SHOWN SEPARATELY. ALASKA AND HAWAII WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY.

£ / STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AS DEFINED BY THE U .S . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET THROUGH APRIL 1973.

6 / WORKERS CLASSIFIED IN DIRECT PROCESSING JOBS, SUCH AS CUTTING, SEWING, AND PRESSING WERE LIMITED TO THOSE ENGAGED IN THE FABRICATION OF MEN'S 

AND BOYS' SEPARATE TROUSERS.

2 / INCLUDES DATA FOR WORKERS IN CLASSIFICATIONS IN ADDITION TO THOSE SHOWN SEPARATELY.

NOTE: DASHES INDICATE NO DATA REPORTED OR DATA THAT DO NOT MEET PUBLICATION CRITERIA.

1 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 2

Area PAU LAS -F P B J U y O R IH . TEX.*

N u m b e r o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h 4 o r m o r e w o r k e r s 3 . .

R epair activity

em ploym ent4 ........................

Estim ated total 

in industry 

and area

J42_

1 , 159

Actually studied

Electrical Appliance Repair

Occupational Earnings

Payroll NOVEMBER 1975

O ccupation5

Number

of b

workers6

N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S R E C E IV IN G S T R A IG H T -T IM E H O U R LY E A R N IN G S O F -

hourly _ 

earning*

$ 2 .2 0 

a n d 

u n d e r 

$ 2 .4 0

$ 2 .4 0

$ 2 .6 0

$2.6 0 

$ 2 .8 0

$ 2 .8 0

$ 3 .0 0

$ 3 .0 0

$ 3 .2 0

$ 3 .2 0

$ 3 .4 0

$ 3 .4 0

$ 3 .6 0

$ 3 .6 0

$ 3 .8 0

$ 3 .8 0

$ 4 .0 0

$ 4 .0 0

$ 4 .2 0

$4.20

$ 4 .4 0

$ 4 .4 0

$ 4 .6 0

$ 4 .6 0

$ 4 .8 0

$ 4 .8 0

$ 5 .0 0

$ 5.00

$ 5.20

$ 5 .2 0

$ 5 .4 0

$ 5 .4 0

$ 5 .6 0

$ 5 .6 0

$ 5 .8 0

$ 5 .8 0

$ 6 .0 0

$ 6 .0 0 

$ 6 .2 0

$6.20

$ 6 .4 0

$ 6 .4 0

$ 6 .6 0

$ 6 .6 0 

$ 6 .8 0

$ 6 .8 0

$ 7 .0 0

$ 7 .0 0

$ 7 .2 0

$ 7 .2 0

a n d

o v e r

$4.7 7 1 6 31 16 26 9 64 44 24 ' 70 16 31 21 13 42 30 24 2 8 11 2 5

4.91 - - 1 - 1 5 11 16 4 19 27 9 35 1 12 5 6 27 11 4 1 8 11 2 - 5

4 .6 1 - - - - - 15 5 10 5 34 17 6 15 11 14 8 6 10 18 3 1 - - - - -

4 . 74 - - - -5 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 9 20 4 5 8 1 5 1 17 - - - - - -

3. 12 _ 11 6

_ 1 1_ 2 2 1 2 - _ _ _ 1

4 .8 8 - 5 - - 5 15 8 50 17 24 24 22 18 9 36 49 19 37 6 0 18 2 6 - - 6 -

4 . 62 - _ - - - - 5 15 - 5 6 2 1 - 10 3 5 - 5 4 1 - - - - -

4 . 96 - 5 - - 5 15 3 30 16 4 11 10 12 7 19 35 14 26 55 1 0 1 6 - - 6 -

4 . 77 - - - - - - * 5 1 15 7 10 5 2 7 1 1 - 1 1 -

4 - - - "

2 .8 0 1 0 1 - -1 - - 1 1 2 1

T elev isio n -ra d io technicians

(487 m e n , 9 w o m e n ) --------- ----------

Inside (bench) ----------------------------

O u t s i d e ( h o m e r e p a i r ) --------------

C o m b i n a t i o n -------------------------------

T elev isio n -ra d io technicians,

a p p r e n t i c e -------------------------------------

E lectrical appliance technicians

Inside (bench) ----------------------------

O u t s i d e ( h o m e r e p a i r ) --------------

C o m b i n a t i o n -------------------------------

E lectrical appliance technicians,

a p p r e n t i c e - -------------------------------------

496

221

178

97

27

430

62

290

78

17

The study covered majo

industries are defined in the

and m ajor electrical household

radio and television stores (Ind

e ^ ^ R e ^ e r s iit o ° a lf 'n o n s u p e r W s o ^ r y ^ n o n o f f iw o r k e r s engagedT n the m ajor household e le ctr ic a l appliance repair activ itie s of the establishm en t.

‘ E s t f m a t e s ^ r e d a t e t o T i e ^ L b U s W n t T m t T i n d u s t r i e s and l o c a l i t y as d e fin e d for the s u r v e y and a r e inten ded a s a g e n e r a . gu id e t ^ th e s . a e and c o m p o s i t i o n of the l a b o r f o r c e . The ad van c e

of establishm en t lists a s sem b led con siderab ly in advance of the payroll period studied.

p“ nning n e c e ssa r y to m ake ^ wage .Tnd‘ s ^ ^ w ^ l ^ " 0 ^ ^ ^ d for the sales of maintenance contracts, parts or appliances P rem ium s

Da id f o r l i c e n s e s i f a n y h e l d by e m p l o y e e s a r e i n c l u d e d . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u o a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s at a p a r t i c u l a r

tim e. Thus, com parison s m ade with previous studies may not reflect expected wage m ovem ents because of change in

pay l e v e ls . Such sh ifts, for e x a m p le , could d e c r e a s e an occupational a v e r a g e , even though m ost esta b lish m en t* me r

the sa m p le co m p o sitio n , and shifts in em p lo y m en t am ong e sta b lish m en ts with different

. r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . N i n e t y - t w o p e r c e n t o l the p r o d u c t i o n

pay

w orkers vered by the s u rv ey w e r e paid on a tim e b a sis.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 3

Electrical Appliance Repair— Continued

Area DALLAS-FO RT WORTH. TEX.

Establishment Practices and Supplementary Wage Provisions pavroii period November 1975

C urrer t 1 job

openings

N um ber

N u m ber re -

of rm in in g

cu rren t u n filled

job for a

o p en - m onth

m g s2

lo n g er

6

3 _

5 4

(D ) V a c a t io n P o lic ie s

P e rc e n t of 

te c h n ic ia n s ^

ALL WORKERS ---------------------------------------- 1 0 0

IN E S TA B LIS H M E N TS n o t p r o v i d i n g

p a i d V A C A TIO N S ----------------------------------- 2

IN E S TA B LIS H M E N TS P R O V ID IN G

P A ID V A C A TIO N S ----------------------------------- 9 8

L E N G T H -O F -T IM E PAYMENT ------------ 9 7

OTHER P A Y M E N T --------------------------------- 2

AMOUNT OF P A ID V A C A TIO N AFTER 1

6 MONTHS OF S E R V IC E 1

1 WEEK — — — — — — 13

OVER 1 ANO UN0ER 2 WEEKS - 5

1 YEAR OF S E R V IC E *

1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------- 4 2

OVER 1 ANO UNDER 2 WEEKS - 4

2 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 5 3

2 YEARS OF S E R V IC E :

1 WEEK 12

o v e r i a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s - 7

o v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s - 2

3 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e :

1 WEEK — — — — — — — 10

OVER 1 AND UNDER 2 WEEKS - 7

7 9

0 V E r "”2 ~ A N 0 UNDER 3 WEEKS - 2

4 YEARS OF S E R V IC E :

1 WEEK ------------------------------------------------ 10

OVER 1 AND UNDER 2 WEEKS - 7

2 WEEKS — — — — — 7 9

OVER 2 AND UNDER 3 WEEKS - 2

5 YEARS OF S E R V IC E :

1 WEEK — — — — — 6

OVER 1 ANO UNDER 2 WEEKS - 7

2 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 7 3

OVER 2 AND UNDER 3 WEEKS - 7

3 WEEKS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

10 YEARS OF S E R V IC E :

1 WEEK — — — — — — — 6

OVER I AND UNDER 2 WEEKS - 4

2 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 4 5

3 WEEKS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 2

OVER 3 AND UNDER 4 WEEKS - 2

12 YEARS OF S E R V IC E :

OVER 1 AND UNDER 2 WEEKS - 4

2 WEEKS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 5

3 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 4 2

4 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 2

1 5 YEARS OF S E R V IC E *

1 WEEK ------------------------------------------------ 6

OVER 1 AND UNDER 2 WEEKS - 4

2 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 4 3

3 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 15

4 WEEKS --------------------------------------------- 31

T V -radio technician -----------------------

T V -radio tecnnician, apprenticeE lectrical appliance tech nician --

E lectrical appliance technician,

a p p r en tice --------------------------------------

(B) Scheduled W eekly Hours

a l l w orkers

3 7 1 / 2 HOURS -

AO HOURS ------------

4 2 HOURS ------------

4 4 HOURS ------------

4 5 HOURS ------------

4 7 1 / 2 HOURS -

4 8 HOURS ------------

(C) Paid Holidays

ALL WORKERS ----------------------------------

R E C E IV IN G P A ID H O L ID A Y S -----------

4 H O L ID A Y S ---------------------------------------

5 H O L ID A Y S ---------------------------------------

6 H O L ID A Y S ---------------------------------------

PLUS 1 HALF DAY -------------------

7 H O L ID A Y S ----------------------------------------

8 H O L ID A Y S ------------------- — ------- -------

9 H O L ID A Y S ----------------------------------------

PLU S 1 HALF DAY -------------------

10 H O L ID A Y S -------------------------------------

R E C E IV IN G NO P A ID H O L ID A Y S —

P e rc e n t of 

te c h n ic ia n s 3

100

P e rc e n t of 

serv ice 

te c h n ic ia n s 3

100

9 8

1

3 3

11

6

10

5

21

3

9

2

Footnotes:

1 U n w e i g h t e d o b s e r v a t i o n s in N o v e m b e r 1975.

? F u l l - t i m e o p e n i n g s a v a i l a b l e f o r f i l l i n g i n S e p t e m b e r and f o r w h i c h th e f i r m w a s a c t i v e l y

trying to recruit w orkers from outside the firm .

3 R e f e r s to t e l e v i s i o n - r a d i o t e c h n i c i a n s , e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e t e c h n i c i a n s , and a p p r e n t i c e

technicians.

* E stim ates of provisions for longer periods of service are identical.

ID) Vacation Policies— Continued

AMOUNT OF R A ID VACATIO N 

AFTER — CONTINUED

2 0 YEARS OF S E R V IC E *

OVER 1 AND UNDER 2 WEEKS -

2 WEEKS --------------------------------------------

6

4

38

4 1

YEARS OF S E R V IC E * *

OVER 1 ANO UNDER 2 MEEKS - 4

5 W E E K S -------------------------------------------- 33

(E ) H e a lth . In s u ra n c e , and

R e tire m e n t P lans

ALL WORKERS -------------------------------------

IN E S T A B L IS H M E N T S P R O V ID IN G AT

LEA S T ONE OF THE B E N E F IT S

SHOWN BELOW ----------------------

life Insurance -----

A C C ID E N T A L DEATH ANO

DISM EM BERM ENT INSURANCE

S IC K N E S S AND A C C ID E N T INSURANCE

OR S IC K LEA VE OR BOTH -----------------

S IC K N E S S ANO A C C ID E N T

IN SU R A N C E --------------------------------------------

S IC K LEA V E (F U L L PAY AND NO

W A IT IN G P E R IO D ) -------— -----------------

S IC K LEA V E (P A R T IA L PAY OR

W A IT IN G P E R I0 0 ) ---------------------------

LO N G -TE R M D IS A B IL IT Y

IN SU R A N C E ----------------------— ----------------------

H O S P IT A L IZ A T IO N INSURANCE ------------

S U R G IC A L IN SU R A N C E

M E D IC A L IN SURANCE

MAJOR M E D IC A L IN SURANCE

R E T IR E M E N T PLA N S ---------------

P E N S IO N PLANS -----------------

SEVERANCE PAY -----------------

Percent of

service

technicians 3

100

96

71

56

76

32

32

31

96

96

96

95

49

49

NOTE: "Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave", and

"Retirement plans" present unduplicated totals of workers receiving plans

shown separately. ____________

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 4

Average earnings' for selected occupations in 6 industry divisions2 in 41 areas,

July—December 1975

O c c u p a tio n

A k r o n ,

O h io

A lbany^ 1 

S c h e n e c ta d y ^ 

T r o y , N .Y .(

D e c . 1975 S e p t. 1 9 7 5 1

Office

B il l e r * , m a c h in e (b illin g m a c h in e ).

B i l l e r s , m a c h in e (b o o k k e e p in g m a c h in e ) 

B o o k k e e p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A 

B o o k k e e p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B 

C le r k s , a c c o u n tin g , c l a s s A 

C le r k s , a c c o u n tin g , c l a s s B 

C le r k s , f i l e , c la s 

C le r k s , f i l e , c l a s s B 

C le r k s , f i l e , c l a s s C.

C le r k s , o r d e r

C le r k s , p a y r o l l-----------------

K e y p u n c h o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A

K e y p u n c h o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B ----------------------

M e s s e n g e r s 

S e c r e t a r i e s

S e c r e t a r i e s , c l a s s A —

S e c r e t a r i e s , c l a s s B

S e c r e t a r i e s , c l a s s C -----

S e c r e t a r i e s , c l a s s D.

S te n o g r a p h e r s , g e n e r a L 

S te n o g r a p h e r s , s e n io r 

S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t o r s 3 

S w itc h b o a rd o p e r a t o r s , c la s

S w itc h b o a rd o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B 3-------- -------

S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t o r - r e c e p t i o n i s t s ------------

T a b u la tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A — 

T a b u la tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c la s 

T a b u la tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s C _

T r a n s c r i b i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , g e n e r a l.

T y p is ts , c la s s A______________________________

T y p i s t s , c l a s s B

C o m p u te r o p e r a t o r s 

C la s s A 

C la s s B 

C la s s C

C o m p u te r p r o g r a m m e 

C la s s A 

C la s s B

C o m p u te r s y s t e m s - a n a l y s t s , b u s 

C la s s A—

C la s s B_.

C la s

D r a f te r

C la s s A_.

O c c u p a tio n

A k r o n ,

O h io

A lbany^- 1 

S c h e n e c ta d y -^ 

T r o y , N .Y . '

D e c . 1975 S e p t. 1975

Professional and technical—Continued

D r a f t e r - t r a c e r s ------— ------— ------------------ .-----------------

E l e c tr o n i c s te c h n ic ia n s ..

C la s s A________________

C la s s B_______________

C la s s C_______________

N u r s e s , i n d u s tr i a l ( r e g i s t e r e d ) .

Maintenance and powerplant

B o ile r t e n d e r s -------------------------

C a r p e n t e r s ------------------------------

E l e c t r i c i a n s —

E n g i n e e r s , s t a t i o n a r y —

H e lp e r s , t r a d e s ---------------- — ------- -----

M a c h in e - to o l o p e r a t o r s , t o o l r o o m .

M a c h in is ts------------------------------------------

M e c h a n ic s , a u to m o tiv e --------------------

M e c h a n ic s ____________________________

M illw r i g h t s-----------------------------------------

P a i n t e r s ----------------------------------------------

P i p e f i t te r s ...

S h e e t- m e ta l w o r k e r s -------------

T o o l a n d d ie m a k e r s--------------

Custodial and material movement

G u a r d s an d w a tc h m e n -----— ----——

J a n i t o r s , p o r t e r s , a n d c l e a n e r s .

L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g -------

O r d e r f i l l e r s . —. —--------------------------

P a c k e r s , s h ip p in g ...---------------------

R e c e iv in g c l e r k s .--------------------------

S h ip p in g c l e r k s .

S h ip p in g a n d r e c e iv in g c l e r k s . 

T r u c k d r i v e r s 3

T r u c k d r i v e r s , lig h t ( u n d e r lVz to n s ) — 

T r u c k d r i v e r s , m e d iu m ( l 1/* to an d 

in c lu d in g 4 t o n s ) .

u c k d r iv e r s , h e a v y ( o v e r 4 to n s ,

t r a i l e r ty p e ) -------------------------------------------------

T r u c k d r i v e r s , h e a v y ( o v e r 4 t o n s ,

o t h e r th a n t r a i l e r t y p e )-----------------------------

T r u c k e r s , p o w e r (f o r k lif t) --------------------------------

T r u c k e r s , p o w e r ( o th e r th a n f o r k l i f t ) ------------

W a r e h o u s e m e n ---------------------------------------------------

$ 5 .8 2 $ 5 .1 2

5 .9 7 6 .1 4

6 .1 5 5.83

6 .0 9 5.11

5 .1 6 -

6 .4 5 -

5.9 6 5.9 5

6 .8 8 6 .3 1

6 .0 4 5 .7 6

7.13 5 .8 4

6 .0 2 5.41

6 .0 8 5 .8 4

6 .2 3 5 .8 6

3 .7 4 2 .8 3

4 .0 4 3 .7 5

5 .9 2 4 .4 8

4 .7 2 3 .6 9

4 .1 3 3 .6 0

5.0 2 4 .5 3

_ 4 .8 5

4 .6 8 4 .4 5

6 .4 5 6 .0 9

4 .7 9 -

5.9 9 5 .5 9

6 .7 6 6 ,5 7

. 5.5 6

5 .7 2 4 .9 7

4.8 1 4.6 3

5 .2 9 4 .9 0

Figure 5

Table A-7. Percent increases in average hourly earnings for selected 

occupational groups, adjusted for employment shifts.

in Portland, Oreg.—Wash., for selected periods

Industry and occupational group

(m en and w om en com bined)

M ay 1972

to

M ay 1973

M ay 1973

to

M ay 1974

M ay 1974

to

M ay 1975

M ay 1975

to

M ay 1976

A ll indu stries:

O ffice c l e r i c a l ____________________________________________ 5.4 9.0 10.3 8.3

E lectron ic data p r o c e ssin g .....................................................-

* * 10.4 7.7

I n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s ________________________ ______ - - 4.6 4.3 * * **

Skilled m ain ten an ce tr a d e s *** ----- 7.0 7.3 10.6 10.3

U n s k i l l e d p l a n t w o r k e r s * * * — - . . . . - - 7.2 7.9 11.0 9.1

M anufacturing:

O ffice c le r ic a l ____________________________________________ 4.7 8.0 10.8 8.7

E le ctro n ic data p r o c e s s in g ________ ______ ______

* * * * *

Industrial n u r s e s _____________________ _________ _________ 3.5 4.2 ** * *

Skilled m aintenance tr a d e s *** ----- 4.7 7.8 11.3 11.6

U nskilled plant w o r k e rs * * * __________________ _______ 5.9 9.3 11.1 10.0

N onm anufacturing:

O ffice c le r ic a l _______________________________________ ____ 5.6 9.3 10.0 8.1

E lectron ic data p r o c e s s in g ____________________________

* ** * *

Industrial n u r s e s _________________ __________________

** ** * * * *

Skilled m ain ten an ce tr a d e s * * * ___ __________

* * ** * * * *

U nskilled plant w o r k e rs *** . ------------------- 8.2 6.7 10.7 8.6

______________________

* Data not available.

** Data do not m e e t publication cr iter ia .

★ * * P e r c e n t i n c r e a s e s f o r p e r i o d s e n d i n g p r i o r t o 197 6 r e l a t e t o m e n o n ly .

14

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 6

Relative pay levels for selected occupational groups in 92 metropolitan areas, March 1974 through July 1975

(Average pay levels for each industry and occupational group in 262 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas = 1 00 )'

Office clerical Electronic data processing Skilled maintenance Unskilled plant

Area All

industries

Manufacturing

industries

Nonm anufacturing

industries

All

industries

Manufacturing

industries

Nonm anufacturing

industries

All

industries

Manufacturing

industries

All

industries

Manufacturing

industries

Nonm anufacturing

industries

A k ro n ,O h io ............................................... 102 99 103 103 100 _ 100 100 129 116 117

A lb a n y -S c h e n e c ta d y -T ro y , N .V . . 101 - 104 - - - 94 94 108 98 109

Albuquerque, N. M ex.............................

A llen to w n -B eth leh em -E asto n ,

88 - 90 - - 73 73 73

P a .-N .J ..................................................... 113 113 100 103 - - 98 100 110 105 106

A naheim -S anta A n a -

Garden Grove, C alif............................. 104 105 102 109 108 107 99 102 92 - 88

A tlanta, Ga................................................. 103 103 105 102 - 105 100 98 90 93 89

Austin, T e x ................................................. 85 82 86 91 - - - - 70 66 73

Baltimore, M d............................................ 99 103 98 96 - 98 101 102 90 101 83

Muskegon-Muskegon Heights,

M ich........................................................... 98 96 - - - - 92 92 113 108 -

N assau-Suffolk, N .Y .............................. 97 94 99 104 - 108 94 92 99 88 104

Newark, N .J................................................ 104 101 106 107 105 109 99 99 104 101 108

New Orleans, La........................................ 90 - 90 - - - 93 95 71 89 67

New Y o rk, N .Y .-N .J ..............................

N o rfo lk—Virginia B each108 104 110 111 107 113 100 98 121 102 127

Portsmouth, V a .-N .C ......................... 85 - 84 - - - 91 90 73 83 72

Northeast, Pa.............................................. 84 86 82 - - - 81 77 93 79 100

Oklahoma City, O kla.............................. 89 89 90 89 - - 94 93 78 82 77

Omaha, N e b r.-lo w a ............................ 94 93 96 93 _ 95 98 95 89 99 87

P aterson-C lifton-Passaic, N.J. . . . 98 96 96 97 - 95 95 94 93 91 92

Philadelphia, P a .-N .J ............................. 98 100 96 100 99 101 97 97 108 103 109

Phoenix, A riz ............................................. 90 96 88 98 - 96 99 100 85 80 87

Pittsburgh, Pa............................................. 104 108 99 99 102 93 102 103 111 113 100

Portland, M e............................................... 86 - 87 - - - 75 74 89 78 94

Portland, O reg.-W ash............................ 101 94 104 96 - - 106 108 121 116 121

Poughkeepsie, N .Y ................................... 110 - - - - - - - 93 93 -

Providence-W arw ick-P aw tucket,

R .I.-M a s s ................................................ 87 84 87 - - - 81 78 83 75 90

R aleigh-D urham , N .C ............................ 89 93 88 96 - - 90 90 78 84 73

Richm ond, V a ............................................ 94 97 93 93 100 90 100 99 85 92 78

Rockford, III............................................... 93 91 91 89 87 - 97 97 117 108 -

Sacramento, Calif..................................... 101 _ 102 - - - 103 104 112 112 -

Saginaw, M ich............................................ 112 - - - - - - 137 - -

St. Louis, M o .- I ll..................................... 101 101 100 99 - 102 103 104 112 111 107

Salt Lake C ity -O g d e n , U t a h ............. 91 88 92 93 - 93 97 95 90 88 92

San A ntonio, Tex..................................... 81 - 83 - - - - - 66 69 65

San Diego, Calif......................................... 99 103 98 98 99 - 101 104 104 - -

San Francisco-O akland, Calif. . . . 110 111 111 107 110 107 117 116 136 126 140

San Jose, C alif........................................... 110 110 109 110 109 - 113 115 118 112 -

Savannah, Ga.............................................. 94 _ _ _ _ _ 86 87 78 79 _

S eattle-E verett, Wash............................ 102 - 101 101 - 103 108 108 - 120 -

South Bend, Ind........................................ 91 92 90 96 - _ 95 96 102 101 88

Spokane, Wash........................................... 97 - 95 - - - - - 106 - 105

Syracuse, N .Y ............................................ 97 95 97 94 _ _ 94 95 97 99 87

Toledo, O h io -M ic h ................................. 104 106 96 95 96 - 104 105 123 114 118

Trenton, N .J............................................... 99 96 - 100 - - 94 92 96 92 -

Washington, D .C .- M d .- V a .................. 105 - 107 100 - 102 103 105 89 103 90

W aterbury, Conn...................................... 95 92 - - - - 88 87 79 83 -

W ichita, Kans............................................. 96 95 95 - - - 87 86 93 93 87

Worchester, Mass...................................... 95 92 95 93 - 96 85 87 98 90 89

Y o rk, Pa....................................................... 89 90 - - - - 87 85 106 97 108

'2 6 2 S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S tatis tical A reas in th e U n ite d N O T E : Dashes in d ic a te data th a t d o n o t m eet p u b lic a tio n c rite ria .

S tates (exclu d in g A laska and H a w a ii) as established b y th e O ffic e

o f M an ag e m e n t and B u dget th ro u g h F e b ru a ry 1 9 7 4 .

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Figure 7

Ave rage s a l a r i e s o f e m plo y ee s in s e l e c t e d w h i t e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s In p r i v a t e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , March 1976 17

-----------------------------------------------------------------1

O ccupation and c l a s s

Number

o f

employees 2j_

Average sa la r ie s 3/

Occupation and c la s s

Number

o f

employees 2 7

Average sa la r ie s 3/

Monthly Annual Monthly Annual

A ccountants and Auditors Chemists and E ngineers— Cont'd.

Accountants I----------------------------------- 5,636 $955 $11,453 Engineers I--------------------------------------- 11,648 $1,160 $13,918

Accountants I I --------------------------------- 15,559 1,117 1 3 , 3 9 4 E n g i n e e r s I I ------------------------------------- 2 9 , 2 3 5 1 , 2 6 6 1 5 , 1 8 4

Accountants I I I ------------------------------- 31,603 • 1,286 1 5 , 4 2 8 E n g i n e e r s I I I ----------------------------------- 82,307 1,457 17,482

Accountants IV--------------------------------- 20,498 1,562 18,738 E n g i n e e r s IV------------------------------------- 119,970 1,730 20,749

Accountants V----------------------------------- 7,423 1,951 2 3 , 4 0 2 E n g i n e e r s V--------------------------------------- 8 5 , 9 0 7 2 , 0 0 7 2 4 , 0 8 2

E n g i n e e r s VI------------------------------------- 44,284 2,312 27,737

Auditors I----------------------------------------- 1,428 981 1 1 , 7 6 9 E n g i n e e r s V I I ----------------------------------- 17,608 2,571 30,850

Auditors II --------------------------------------- 2,756 1,119 1 3 , 4 2 7 E n g i n e e r s V I I I --------------------------------- 4,526 3,020 36,236

Auditors I I I ------------------------------------- 5,304 1,339 16,059

A uditors IV--------------------------------------- 3,529 1,663 19,952 Technical Support

Chief accountants I----------------------- 552 1,705 20,460 Engineering tech nician s I----------- 3,005 756 9,064

Chief accountants II --------------------- 1,132 1,897 22,753 Engineering tech nician s II --------- 12,355 904 10,841

Chief accountants I I I ------------------- 742 2,345 28,136 Engineering tech nician s I I I ------- 23,869 1,022 12,258

C h ief a c c o u n ta n ts IV--------------------- 340 2,827 33,916 Engineering technicians IV--------- 28,795 1,182 14,178

Engineering tech nician s V----------- 18,407 1,341 16,086

Attorneys

Dr af t e r - t r a c e r s ------------------------------- 4 , 2 8 1 698 8 , 3 6 9

740 1,285 15,413 17,602 814 9,763

Attorneys I I ------------------------------------- 1,565 1,556 1 8 , 6 6 7 D r a f t e r s I I --------------------------------------- 2 9 , 3 9 5 1 , 0 0 3 1 2 , 0 2 9

Attorneys I I I ----------------------------------- 1,916 2,018 24,205 D r a f t e r s I I I ------------------------------------- 3 1 , 4 2 6 1,274 15,288

Attorneys IV------------------------------------- 1,948 2,486 29,828

Attorneys V--------------------------------------- 1,133 3,026 36,308 Computer op erators I --------------------- 2,783 647 7,761

Attorneys VI------------------------------------- 625 3,646 43,747 Computer op erators I I ------------------- 8,172 732 8,774

Computer op erators I I I ----------------- 21,718 847 10,162

Buyers Computer op erators IV------------------- 13,617 991 11,881

Computer op erators V--------------------- 2,647 1,127 13,523

B u y e r s I --------------------------------------------- 4 , 2 2 2 978 1 1 , 7 3 2 Computer op erators VI------------------- 777 1,254 15,038

B u y e r s I I ------------------------------------------- 12,480 1,184 14,200

Buyers I II ----------------------------------------- 13,726 1,427 17,122 C lerical Supervisory

B u y e r s IV------------------------------------------- 5 , 0 1 0 1 , 6 7 3 2 0 , 0 7 5

Keypunch su p e r v iso r s I ----------------- 892 829 9,939

P ersonn el Management Keypunch su p ervisors I I --------------- 1,970 956 11,470

Keypunch su p e r v iso r s I I I ------------- 1,254 1,068 12,815

Job a n a ly sts II ------------------------------- 274 1,130 13,559 Keypunch su p e r v iso r s IV--------------- 298 1,241 14,883

Job a n a ly sts I I I ----------------------------- 576 1,341 16,091

Job a n a ly s t s IV------------------------------- 484 1,596 19,142 C lerical

D irectors of personnel I------------- 1,163 1,517 18,193 Clerks, accounting I --------------------- 91,001 637 7,636

D irectors of personnel II ----------- 1,735 1,810 21,720 Clerks, accounting I I ------------------- 74,328 805 9,652

D irectors of personnel I I I --------- 1,079 2,238 26,845 C l e r k s , f i l e I --------------------------------- 2 5 , 6 8 5 4 90 5 , 8 7 5

D ir e c to r s of p ersonnel IV----------- 271 2,755 33,060 C l e r k s , f i l e I I ------------------------------- 1 7 , 5 5 6 554 6,637

C l e r k s , f i l e I I I ----------------------------- 6 , 4 4 8 684 8,205

Chem ists and E ngineers Keypunch o p e r a t o r s I --------------------- 5 5 , 4 0 4 639 7,660

Keypunch op erators I I ------------------- 44,358 735 8,811

12,473 21,257 557 6.676

Chemists I I --------------------------------------- 3,337 1,174 14,077 S e c r e t a r i e s I ----------------------------------- 4 3 , 6 6 0 741 8,882

Chemists I I I ------------------------------------- 8,538 1,383 16,589 S e c r e t a r i e s I I --------------------------------- 6 4 , 5 5 3 804 9,641

Chemists IV--------------------------------------- 9,699 1,703 20,429 S e c r e t a r i e s I I I ------------------------------- 69,748 868 10,413

24,099 43,981 954 11,442

Chemists VI--------------------------------------- 4,104 2,406 2 8 , 8 6 8 S e c r e t a r i e s V----------------------------------- 13,752 1,029 12,342

Chemists VII------------------------------------- 1,477 2,797 33,559 Stenographers, general ----------------- 32,578 706 8,472

Chemists V III----------------------------------- 412 3, 394 40 ,7 2 3 Stenographers, sen io r ------------------- 39,135 788 9,445

T y p i s t s I ---------------------------------------— 4 6 , 2 1 4 569 6,827

T y p i s t s I I ----------------------------------------- 3 3 , 7 8 4 665 7 , 9 7 5

1/ In clu d es e st a b lis h m e n ts w ith 250 workers or more in m anufacturing and r e t a i l trad e; and 100 or more in tr a n s p o r t a tio n , communication,

e l e c t r i c , g a s, and s a n it a r y s e r v i c e s , w h o le s a le tr a d e , en g in e e r in g and a r c h i t e c t u r a l s e r v i c e s , com m ercially op erated re s e a r c h , developm ent, and

t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s , and f in a n c e , in su ra n ce , and r e a l e s t a t e .

2 / O ccupational employment e s t im a te s r e la te to the t o t a l in a l l esta b lis h m e n ts w ith in scope o f the survey and not to the number

a c tu a lly surveyed.

3/ S a la r ie s reported r e la t e to the standard s a la r ie s that were paid for standard work sch ed u les; i . e . , the s tr a ig h t- tim e sa la ry co r r e sponding to the em ployee's normal work sch ed u le e x c lud ing overtim e h ours. Nonproduction bonuses are ex c lud ed , but c o s t - o f - l i v i n g bonuses and

in c en tiv e earnings are included.

1 6

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Figure 8

Table 1. Average straight-time weekly hours and monthly earnings for selected occupations, Houston, Texas, Municipal Government, July 1976

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chapter 3. Union Wage Rate Surveys

Union w age rate surveys, part o f the B ureau’s 

occupational w age survey program ,1 have been conducted annually since 1907. A t present, these studies 

provide data on union w ages and hours in four 

industries: C onstruction (building and heavy construction), local transit, local trucking, and printing. Since 

1971 a biennial survey of grocery stores also has been 

conducted.

U nion w age rates and hours are those agreed on 

through collective bargaining betw een em ployers and 

trad*: unions; they are defined as (1) the basic minimum 

w age rates (excluding holiday, vacation, or other 

benefit paym ents regularly m ade or credited to the 

w orker each pay period) and (2) the m aximum num ber 

o f hours per w eek at straight-tim e rates.

T he use o f union agreem ents or other union records 

in studies o f occupational w ages is practicable in 

industries that are highly unionized and in w hich (1) 

w ell-defined craft groupings exist, as in building construction or printing, or (2) key occupations can be 

clearly delineated, as in local transit. In these industries, 

obtaining inform ation from union sources, rather than 

em ployer payrolls, is an efficient means o f com piling 

large masses o f data.

Description of surveys

E ach survey currently covers 66 cities, appropriately 

w eighted to represent all cities having 100,000 inhabitants o r m ore.2 T he surveys are designed to include all 

local unions in the covered industry w hose jurisdiction 

includes the selected cities.

T he annual survey o f union w age rates and hours in 

building construction covers virtually all journeym an 

and helper and laborer classifications. W age rates, 

indexes, and o ther data are show n as o f the first 

w orkday in July for each im portant building trade as 

well as for all trades com bined. (See figure 9.) W age 

rates and data on benefits are provided as well for each

1 For other surveys in this program see chapter 2, “Occupational

Wage Surveys.”

2 Beginning with the July 1976 survey, a new sample of 66 cities, of

100,000 inhabitants or more. It will continue to include the 27 largest

cities (500,000 inhabitants or more) and nearly half of the 43 cities

previously studied in the 100,000-500,000 size group. Twenty new

cities will fill out the sample.

o f five m ajor trades in the heavy construction sector.

T he annual survey o f construction trades is supplem ented by a quarterly survey o f seven m ajor building 

trades in 121 cities. Questionnaires are m ailed to 

approxim ately 175 union officials to obtain inform ation 

on w age rates and em ployer contributions to selected 

benefit funds as of the first w orkday o f each calendar 

quarter. Estim ates, relating to cities of 100,000 inhabitants or m ore, are published in a press release issued the 

m onth follow ing the survey reference date. (See figures 

10 and 11.) T he release is reprinted in its entirety in 

C u rre n t W age D evelopm ents 2 m onths after the survey 

reference date.

T he annual trucking study em braces drivers and 

helpers engaged in local trucking. O ver-the-road d riv ­

ers and local city drivers paid on a mileage or 

com m ission basis are excluded. All data are presented 

separately for the tw o classifications studied—drivers 

and drivers’ helpers.

Surveys o f union w ages and hours in the local-transit 

industry are lim ited to operating employees. C urrent 

data are show n separately for (1) operators of surface 

cars and buses and (2) operators on elevated and 

subw ay lines. T rend data (indexes), how ever, are 

show n only for the industry as a whole.

In the printing industry, 15 book and job trades, 8

new spaper trades, and 6 lithography trades are studied. 

F o r the new spaper trades, separate data are show n for 

dayw ork and nightw ork. D ata are presented separately 

by type o f printing (except lithography) for each trade 

and for all trades com bined. (See figure 9.)

T he grocery store survey develops average w age 

rates for a num ber o f jobs selected to represent the retail 

grocery industry. F igure 12 show s com parative pay 

levels in the occupations studied in 10 of the largest 

cities in 1975.

Survey methods

Inform ation is collected by mail from local unions in 

the cities selected. W hen necessary, inform ation also is 

collected from international unions and regional union 

organizations. Personal visits are m ade to unions that do 

not respond to the mail questionnaire.

O n the basis o f the survey data collected, an overall 

average hourly rate is com puted for each o f the

18

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
industries except for the heavy construction sector, 

w here only individual jo b rates are presented. In 

addition, averages are presented by industry branch, 

trade, city, and region for building construction and 

printing; by city and region for local transit and local 

trucking; and by trade and departm ent, at the U.S. level 

only, for grocery stores.

A verage union rates are calculated by w eighting 

each quotation for the current year by reported active 

union m em bership, i.e., m em bers w orking or im mediately available for w ork. T hese averages are designed to 

provide com parisons am ong trades and cities at a given 

time; they are not designed to m easure changes over 

time. T rends in w age rates are provided by the index 

series described below.

Indexes. T o m easure the trend of w age rates and 

w eekly hours, chain indexes are calculated for each of 

the four annual surveys.3 In calculating these indexes, 

the percent change in aggregates is com puted from 

quotations for all identical classifications in the industry 

for tw o successive years. T o obtain the aggregates, 

rates and hours (for both the previous and current year) 

are w eighted by m em bership in the particular classification for the current year. T he index for the current year 

is com puted by m ultiplying the index for the preceding 

year by the ratio o f the aggregate change.

T he series date back to different years: Building 

trades and the printing industry, 1907; local transit, 

1929; and local trucking, 1936. T he base year for all 

indexes is 1967.

Presentation

T he averages and indexes m entioned, together w ith 

other sum m ary data, are contained in BLS bulletins 

published annually for each industry (biennially for 

grocery stores). Inform ation for individual occupations 

includes the proportion o f union m em bers at different 

hourly rates o f pay and the proportion o f union 

m em bers w ho received w age rate increases o f specified 

am ounts, in cents per hour and percent. T he average 

increase registered by the trade also is shown.

In addition, bulletins for each industry show individual city w age rates for each classification for both the 

previous and current year. (See figure 13.) T hese 

listings o f union contract inform ation also present data 

on em ployer paym ents for insurance (health and 

w elfare) funds, pension funds, and also, for construction 

trades, vacation and other funds.

3 In the local transit industry, irregular hours of work for operating

employees in many of the covered cities prevent the computation of

an index for weekly hours.

Uses and limitations

D ata from the B ureau’s union w age series are used 

by both m anagem ent and labor in collective bargaining 

in the private and public sectors. W age-setting conferences at the U.S. G overnm ent Printing Office, for 

example, refer to data obtained from the annual printing 

survey. D ata on w age rates o f building trades w orkers 

are especially im portant in estim ating construction 

costs since labor expenditures constitute an im portant 

elem ent in the total expense o f building construction. 

C oncern over rising food and transportation costs is 

expected to increase the use m ade o f the grocery store 

and local trucking surveys. R enew ed interest in mass 

transit m ay lead to greater use o f the local transit 

survey. Prim ary users o f the union w age survey data 

thus include: Federal, State, and local governm ent 

agencies; labor and m anagem ent officials; and private 

researchers, jo b counselors, consum er groups, and 

lawyers.

D ata on average w age rates are suitable for com parisons am ong industries, trades, and cities at a given time, 

but should not be used to m easure year-to-year changes. 

T o m easure changes over time, the indexes should be 

used, since they have been adjusted to eliminate 

changes resulting from fluctuations in union m em bership and o ther factors.

Union rates are not necessarily the actual rates paid 

to all w orkers, and union hours are not necessarily 

hours actually w orked. W orkers w ith above-average 

experience and skill m ay be em ployed at rates above the 

union w age rates, especially during prosperous times 

w hen a tight jo b m arket creates com petitive bidding for 

the better w orkers. D uring periods o f depressed business activity, actual hours w orked often are less than 

those specified in union agreem ents.

— R E F E R E N C E S —

David, Lily Mary, and Kanninen, T.P. “Workers’ Wages in

Construction and Maintenance,” M on th ly L ab o r Review,

January 1968, pp. 46-49.

Mobley, Thomas C. “Use of BLS Survey Data in Wage

Setting at GPO,” M onthly L ab o r Review, April 1970, pp.

66- 68.

Rose, Arthur. “Wage Differentials in the Building Trades,”

M onthly L ab o r Review, October 1969, pp. 14-17.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. B L S

H andbook o f M ethods. Bulletin 1910, 1976, pp. 144-50.

------------ , -------------, H andbook o f L abor Statistics 1975.

B ulletin 1865, 1975, p. 7 a n d pp. 225-34.

------------ , -------------, M ajor Program s 1976: Bureau o f L abor

Statistics. Report 459, 1976, p. 22.

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TABLE 95. Indexes of Union Wage Rates1 in Selected Building and Printing Trades, 1 9 0 7-7 3 — Continued

[1967 = 100]

Figure 9

Trade

July

1,

1955

July

1,

1956

July

1,

1957

July

1,

1958

July

1,

1959

July

1,

1960

July

1,

1961

July

1,

1962

July

1,

1963

July

1,

1964

July

1,

1965

July

1,

1966

July

1,

1967

July

1,

1968

July

1,

1969

July

1,

1970

July

1,

1971

July

1,

1972

July

1,

1973

Hourly wage rates

All building trades. 60.0 62.8 66.0 69.0 72.4 75.4 78.4 81.3 84.2 87.3 90.9 94.7 100.0 106.6 115.4 128.8 144.0 153.2 160.8

Jou rn ey m en ............... 60.6 63.3 66.5 69.5 72 7 75.5 78. 4 81.4 84.4 87.4 90.9 94.7 100.0 106.7 115.7 128.9 143.9 153.4 160.8

Asbestos w orkers... 60.4 62.8 65.6 69.6 72.5 75.0 77.3 80.6 83.6 86.7 90.5 94.3 100.0 107.0 116.6 129.5 145.9 155.8 161.9

Boilermakers_____ 60.5 63.1 66.9 70.4 73.8 76.9 80.0 82. 8 85.4 88.9 92.3 95.8 100.0 106.2 114.1 125. 7 139.9 148.4 156.4

Bricklayers............... 65.3 68.3 70.9 73.3 76.5 78.8 81.8 84.3 86.7 89.3 91.8 95.0 100.0 106.8 115.0 127.7 144.9 153.4 159.5

C arpenters........... 59.8 62.3 65.6 68.6 72.1 75.0 77.9 80.7 83.6 86.6 90.7 94.6 100.0 107.0 115.8 128.9 141.5 150.9 160.1

Cem ent finishers... 60.9 63.9 67.1 69.9 73.4 76.2 79.1 81.6 84.2 86.9 90.9 94.6 100.0 106.3 114.6 127.0 143.8 154.7 161.4

Electricians (inside

w irem en)............. 60.3 63.6 66.8 70.3 72. 7 76.4 79.4 83.6 86.2 89.2 91.5 94.9 100.0 106.5 117.1 130.4 148.4 158.8 164.9

Elevator

constructors.......... 62.3 64.7 67.3 70.7 73.9 76.3 79.9 82.3 86.4 89.1 92.4 95.6 100.0 104.1 110.4 124.9 141.4 152.4 159.5

Glaziers..................... 59.2 62.2 65.4 68.7 72.0 75.3 78.1 80.5 83.6 86.9 90.4 95.6 100.0 107.2 115.8 130.7 145.9 156.6 165.7

L athers................... 65.2 68.0 70.9 73.9 76.5 79.1 81.4 84.1 86.2 89.2 92.4 95.2 100.0 106.3 115.4 128.6 147.0 155.9 165.4

M achinists________ 59.1 61.4 63.7 67.8 71.1 73.8 76.8 79.9 83.3 86.9 96.6 95.1 100.0 105.7 111.8 121.1 135.6 148.7 156.0

Marble setters.......... 61.5 64.4 68.2 70.8 73.4 76.2 78.9 81.2 84.3 87.0 96.2 94.6 100.0 106.1 113.4 124.6 138.2 148.3 154.8

Mosaic and terrazzo w orkers___ 61.7 64.9 68.0 70.8 74.1 76.7 79.6 82.4 85.2 88.1 91.8 95.8 100.0 105.8 112.9 124.0 136.4 143.9 150.5

Painters .................... 60.9 63.4 66.7 69.1 71.8 74.9 77.7 80.6 84.3 87.3 90.9 94.6 100.0 106.3 115.1 126.6 139. 5 152.1 160.6

Paperhangers.......... 60.7 63.1 67.1 69.9 72.9 75.8 78.5 81.2 83.7 87.1 90.5 94.4 100.0 107.5 117.3 131.0 145.4 155.9 164.1

Pipefitters________ 60.0 62.8 66.1 69.5 72.5 75.2 78.0 80.9 83.6 86.8 90.4 94.6 100.0 106.6 115.7 129. 5 145.8 154.0 159.5

Plasterers________ 66.7 69. 2 71.7 74.0 76.4 79.6 81.4 84.0 86.0 89.7 92.1 95.6 100.0 105.1 113.3 126.0 140.9 150.9 157.5

Plum bers...... .......... 60.3 62.9 66.4 69.3 72.9 75.3 78.1 81.1 84.4 87.8 91.4 94.6 100.0 106.8 115.9 130.5 145.8 152.8 158.8

Rodm en................... 58.7 61.4 64.8 67.4 71.0 74.2 77.0 80.5 83.2 86.6 89.4 93. 8 100.0 107.3 118.0 130.4 145.7 154.9 160.8

Roofers,

composition.......... 59. 2 62. 2 65.4 67.8 71.3 74.6 77.6 80.7 83.8 87.0 90.6 94.6 100.0 107.7 116.4 130.0 147.4 156.1 164.3

Roofers, slate and

tile...... .................... 61.3 64.5 67.7 70.9 73.9 76.8 79.5 81.7 85.3 89.0 92.1 95.4 100.0 106.4 114.3 125.4 142.1 151.7 160.4

Sheet-metal

w o rk ers................ 59.1 61.:-: 64.7 68.3 71.6 74.8 77.4 80.4 83.9 86.7 90.3 94.5 100.0 106.8 116.7 131.8 149.9 160.1 166.7

Stonemasons......... 65.0 67. 9 69. 9 72.5 74.9 77.4 80.7 82.7 85.2 87.5 90.0 94.6 100.0 105. 7 114.0 128.6 142.0 151.0 157.5

Structural-iron

workers................. 60.7 63.3 66.6 68.8 72.6 75.1 78.0 81.4 84.1 87.2 90.2 94.8 100.0 106.8 117. 1 129.5 144.7 152.2 158.6

Tile layers.......... . 61.7 64. 1 67.6 69.5 73.2 76.2 80.0 81.7 85.4 88.2 92.7 95.8 100.0 106.2 113.5 123.8 138.3 149.3 156.6

Helpers and laborers. 56.5 59. 9 63.4 66.5 70.7 74.0 76.7 80.3 83.2 86.8 90.8 94.6 100.0 105.9 113.9 128.1 144.4 152.2 160.8

Bricklayers’ tenders. 55. 3 59.6 62.8 65.8 70.4 73.2 76.6 80.4 82.8 86.7 91.5 94.5 100.0 105.1 111.7 126.0 145.6 152.3 162.5

Building laborers.. 56. 1 59. 3 63.0 66.1 70.5 73.8 77.4 80.0 82.9 86.4 90.5 94. 5 100.0 106.5 114.8 129. 3 144.4 152.2 160.5

Composition

roofers’ h elp ers... 65. 1 58.3 62.3 65.1 68.7 71.6 74.8 77.2 80.8 84.6 89.3 94.0 100.0 107. 2 116.7 128.6 148.5 159.5 169.7

Plasters’ laborers... 62.1 65.4 68.6 71.5 74.5 77.8 80.7 83.3 85.7 89.8 91.6 94.6 100.0 106.1 116.4 131.6 148. 2 156.2 166.5

Plum bers’ laborers. 55.2 58.1 61.4 64.7 68.4 72.4 75.9 79.4 81.9 86.1 90.2 94.1 100.0 107.0 115. 1 130.1 148.8 157.5 166.1

Tile layers’ helpers. 56,9 59.7 62.2 64.9 69.2 73.8 76.8 80.4 84.2 87.7 91.9 95.4 100.0 107.3 114.4 128.5 149.1 159.6 167.5

All printing

trades 2 ______ 69.0 70.8 73.3 75.8 78.3 80.6 83.2 85.6 88.1 90.4 93.0 96.1 100.0 105.0 111.9 121.2 133.6 144.2 153.3

Book and job----------- 68.1 70.0 72.6 75.1 77.8 80.3 83.1 85.6 88.2 90.7 93.5 96.6 100.0 105.2 111.8 121.0 133.7 144.4 155.1

B indery women---- 63.9 65.8 69.4 71.7 75.4 78.3 81.5 84.4 87.5 90.3 93.5 96.9 100.0 106.4 114.0 121.4 136.0 148. 9 162.8

Bookbinders______ 66.1 68.1 70.6 73.2 76.4 79.0 81.8 84.1 86.9 90.2 92.7 96.7 100.0 104.6 111.7 121.8 135.3 147.9 157.3

Compositors, hand. 69.1 70.8 73.4 75.6 77.7 80.4 83.1 85.6 88.2 90.5 93.6 96.6 100.0 105.9 111.8 121.9 135.4 145.5 157.4

E lectrotypers.......... 72.2 74.7 77.3 80.1 82.7 85.1 87.6 89.7 91.8 93.4 94.9 96.9 100.0 103.6 110.0 115.4 123.5 131.1 139.6

Macine operators... 69.4 71.0 73.7 75.9 78.2 80.9 83.4 86.1 88.5 90.8 93.8 96.7 100.0 105. 9 111.8 121.3 164. 2 L43.9 155.6

Machine tenders

(machinists)------- 63.8 65.3 67.8 69.9 71.7 74.2 76.7 79.1 81.7 90.0 93.4 96.7 100.0 106.6 112.5 122.3 137.1 148.1 159.5

M ailers.. ________ 68.8 70.8 73.5 76.4 79.2 82.1 84.7 87.8 90.1 91.o 93.4 95.6 100.0 104.0 112.7 119.2 132.4 140.1 149.3

Photoengravers----- 70.6 72.2 74.4 76.8 79.5 82.1 84.7 87.6 90.0 92.0 94.5 97.5 100.0 104.0 110.2 119.8 128.9 138.3 147.7

Press assistants

and feeders-------- 66.4 68.4 70.9 73.5 75.9 78.3 81.1 83.5 86.1 89.1 91.5 95.7 100.0 105.9 113.1 122.5 141.6 154.0 165.8

Pressmen, cylinder. 69 3 71.1 73.3 76.0 78.5 80.6 83.2 85.6 87.9 90.4 93.3 96.2 100.0 104.7 111.5 120.6 131.9 142.3 151.4

Pressmen, platen... 67. v, 69.5 72.2 75.1 78.0 80.0 83.3 85.7 88.4 90.8 93.7 96.7 100.0 104.8 112.5 121.7 133.5 145.1 154.3

Stereotypers--------- 84.4 84.5 85.7 86.7 86.8 86.4 85.8 88.1 90.1 92.8 94.5 96.7 100.0 104.4 111.5 117.0 126.6 134.1 141.4

Newspaper_________ 70.5 72.3 74.6 77.1 79.4 81.1 83.4 85.7 88.1 90.1 92.5 95.4 100.0 105.1 112.0 120.8 133. 1 144.2 152. 2

Compositors, hand. 70.7 72.5 74.8 77.2 79.4 81.1 83.1 85.5 87.9 90.3 92.5 95.4 100.0 105.1 111.6 120.2 132.1 143.4 150.7

Machine operators.. 70.5 72.1 74.6 76.9 79.1 80.8 82.7 85.2 87.6 90.2 92.2 95.0 100.0 105.3 112.1 121.6 133.4 145.0 150.9

Machine tenders

(m achinists)------- 70.6 72.3 74.6 76.8 79.2 80.9 82.9 85.5 87.9 90? 5 92.6 95.4 100.0 105.0 111.4 119.8 131.9 .42.7 149.6

Mailers___________ 69.0 71.0 73.4 76.3 79.2 81.3 84.0 86.6 89.2 90.2 93.1 95.9 100.0 105.4 113.8 121.7 138.9 .51.2 160.5

Photoengravers----- 72.0 73.6 75.7 78.2 80.5 82.4 85.0 86.7 89.2 91.7 93.8 96.3 100.0 105.1 112.0 123.1 132.9 144.2 152.5

Web pressmen:

Journeym en____ 70.5 72.3 74.7 77.1 79.3 81.1 83.9 85.5 87.8 89.7 91.9 95.3 100.0 104.5 111.2 120.0 131.9 .41.8 151.4

Men-in-charge---- 70.3 72.1 74.5 76.8 78.8 80.6 83.4 84.8 86.6 88.5 90.6 93.9 100.0 104.2 111.0 120.3 129.2 .37.8 146. 9

Journeym en and

men-in-charge. 70.4 72.2 74.5 76.9 79.1 80.9 83.8 85.4 87.6 89.5 91.7 95.1 100.0 104.4 111. 1 119.9 131.5 .41.3 150.9

Stereotypers______ 71,6 73.2 75.4 77.8 80.0 82.1 84.6 86.9 89.1 91.0 93.3 96.0 100.0 105.7 112.4 120.9 132.0 142.2 152. 9

i Union scales are the minimum wage scales (excluding holiday and vacaon paym ents made directly to the worker each pay period) or maximum 

hedule of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade

unions and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated m inim um which 

may be paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.

2 Lithography (offset) workers are included in the index beginning in 1968

2 0

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 10

T a b l e 1. U n i o n w a g e r a t e s in b u i l d i n g t r a d e s in

c i t i e s o f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s or m o r e

T r a d e

or

o c c u p a t i o n

H o u r l y

a v e r a g e ,

J a n u a r y 3, 1977

C h a n g e to J a n u a r y 3, 19 7 7 f r o m 1/:

O c t o b e r 1, 1976 J a n u a r y 2, 1976

C e n t s P e r c e n t C e n t s P e r c e n t

A l l t r a d e s --------------- $ 9 . 5 9 7.4 0.7 5 3 . 0 5 . 9

B r i c k l a y e r s ----------- 1 0 . 0 0 4 . 3 .4 5 2 . 6 5 . 5

B u i l d i n g l a b o r e r s — 7.5 6 5 . 1 . 6 4 7 . 2 6.6

C a r p e n t e r s ------------ 9 . 9 2 5 . 0 .5 5 0 . 1 5. 3

E l e c t r i c i a n s --------- 1 0 . 6 2 19.1 1.8 6 6 . 4 6. 6

P a i n t e r s -------------- 9.4 5 10.7 1.1 5 4 . 6 6. 2

P l a s t e r e r s ------------ 9 . 6 0 5 . 2 .5 5 0 . 7 5 . 6

P l u m b e r s -------------- 1 0 . 5 3 3 . 8 .3 5 7 . 1 5.7

4

1 / I n c o m p u t i n g c h a n g e s in w a g e r a t e s , i n c r e a s e s in e a c h t r a d e w e r e a v e r a g e d

a m o n g a l l w o r k e r s in the t r a d e , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e t h a t d i d n o t r e c e i v e w a g e r a t e

i n c r e a s e s .

Figure 11

T a b l e 2. U n i o n w a g e r a t e s

w o r k e r b e n e f i t f u n d s

of 1 0 0 , 0 0 0

p l u s e m p l o y e r p a y m e n t s to s p e c i f i e d

in b u i l d i n g t r a d e s in c i t i e s

i n h a b i t a n t s or m o r e

C h a n g e to J a n u a r y 3, 1977, f r o m 1/:

T r a d e H o u r l y

or a v e r a g e , O c t o b e r 1, 1 9 7 6 J a n u a r y 2, 19 7 6

o c c u p a t i o n J a n u a r y 3, 19 7 7

C e n t s P e r c e n t C e n t s P e r c e n t

A l l t r a d e s ........... $llo55 9.9 0 . 8 75.7 7.1

B r i c k l a y e r s ------------- 1 1 . 9 0 6 . 0 .5 6 5 . 9 5 . 8

B u i l d i n g l a b o r e r s ------ 9 . 2 5 6 . 4 .7 6 5 . 8 7.6

C a r p e n t e r s --------------- 1 1 . 9 8 5 . 8 .4 7 6 . 3 6.8

E l e c t r i c i a n s ------------ 1 2 . 5 7 2 7 . 6 2 .2 9 3 . 8 8 . 0

P a i n t e r s ----------------- 1 0 . 8 6 1 3 . 5 1.2 7 2 . 2 7.2

P l a s t e r e r s --------------- 1 1 . 4 0 11 . 3 1.0 7 0 . 2 6 . 6

P l u m b e r s ----------------- 1 3 . 2 0 5 . 8 .4 8 2 . 2 6 . 6

1 / Se e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e 1.

2 1

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 12

Table 4. Occupational pay relationships: All cities combined and 10 major population centers

(July 1, 1975; fu ll-tim e grocery clerks = 100)

Northeast South N orth Central West

D epartm ent and 

occupation

A ll

citie s1

New

Y ork

Philadelphia HoustonWashington Chicago

Cleveland D e tro it

M ilw aukee

St.

Louis

Los

Angeles

Chec kou t:

Head ca sh ie rs ...................... 108 101 107 105 109 107 — 111 107 104 109

Cashiers:

Full t i m e ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 100 100 100

Part t i m e ......................... 81 80 100 98 96 — - 99 65 — 102

Baggers ................................. 54 - 59 52 78 49 - 44 58 47 50

G ro ce ry:

Head grocery c le r k s .......... 115 106 125 124 109 122 132 118 125 122 109

Clerks:

Full t i m e ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Part t i m e ......................... 83 80 99 98 96 100 100 100 65 69 102

Meat:

Head m e a tcu tte rs ............... 133 136 138 158 129 122 - 143 133 138 136

F irst c u tte rs ......................... 126 125 126 — 118 — - _ ft - — —

J o u rn e ym e n ......................... 122 122 124 149 114 117 - 137 126 120 128

W ra p p e rs .............................. 95 100 93 118 95 81 - 100 94 93 107

D airy:

Head dairy c le rk s ............... 105 105 105 — — — 107 110 — — —

Produce:

Head produce clerks . . . . 115 110 125 122 109 119 132 118 125 120 109

Clerks:

Full t i m e ......................... 98 100 100 100 100 _ _ _ _ __ 100

Miscellaneous: 

Stockers, day:

Full t i m e ......................... 95 100 - 100 100 — — — — - -

1 In clu d es all cities w i t h 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n h a b ita n ts or m o re , e x c e p t

Honolulu. The 70 cities studied were appropriately weighted to

represent all cities of this size, based on the 1 9 7 0 Census. T h e 10

cities shown separately were among the largest population centers at that time.

N O T E : For the 10 cities shown separately, the pay relatives

are based on the highest top rate among all union agreements

covering each occ upation w ith in a city. T h e "all cities" pay relatives, however, relate to averages of occupational rates computed

by weighting each agreement's top rate by the total number of

union members reported for the occupation. Dash indicates no

data reported.

2 2

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 13

Union Wage Rates and Hours and Employer Contributions to Selected Funds in the Building Trades

H O U S T O N , T E X .

July 1, 1974 and July 1, 1975

(Hours are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indicated by footnote.)

Trade or occupation

July 1, 

1974

July 1, 1975

Trade or occupation

July 1, 

1974

July 1, 1975

Rate

per

hour1

Rate

per

hour1

Employer contributions 

for selected benefits2 Rate

per

hour1

Rate

per

hour1

Employer contributions 

for selected benefits2

Insurance3 Pension Vacation

pay

Other4 Insurance3 Pension Vacation

pay

Other4

BUILDING TRADES BUILDING TRA D E S -

Continued

Journeymen

$ $ Journey men-Continued

Asbestos workers ................ 8.100 8.950 704 704 - 564

Boilermakers......................... 7.800 8.000 504 764 - -

Bricklayers........................... 7.840 8.690 32'/24 404 - 74 $ $

Carpenters ........................... 7.770 8.675 504 504 - - Stonemasons......................... 7.840 8.690 321/24 40 4 - 74

M illwrights....................... 8.040 9.005 504 504 - - Structural-iron workers. . . . 7.645 8.770 554 704 - -

Piledrivers ....................... 7.770 8.675 504 504 - - Sheeters and buckersCement finishers.................. 7.300 8.320 49 4 42 4 - - UP .................................. 7.645 8.770 554 70 4 - -

Electricians (inside Tile layers.............................. 7.560 7.560 - - 254 54

wirers) ................................ 8.064 9.264 304 2% 5 4% -

Elevator constructors......... 7.360 7.790 441 /24 294 (6) 24 Helpers and laborers

Engineers — Power

equipment operators: Bricklayers' tenders ........... 5.775 6.385 284 40 4 - -

Heavy equipment: Mortar mixers ................ 5.875 6.485 284 404 - -

Bulldozers, cat Building laborers.................. 5.600 6.210 28 4 40 4 - -

tractors, cranes, Elevator constructors'

derricks, draglines. helpers ................................ 5.150 5.450 441/24 294 (6) 24

hoists ( 2 drums Marble setters' helpers .... 5.150 5.450 - - 254 154

or more), mixers Plasterers' laborers .............. 5.875 6.485 284 404 - -

(14 cu. ft. or Terrazzo workers'

more), piledrivers helpers ................................ 5.150 5.450 - - 254 154

shovels ..................... 7.650 8.880 354 65 4 - Base machine.................. 5.450 5.750 - - 25 4 154

Light equipment: Floor m achine ................ 5.300 5.600 - - 254 154

Air compressors. Tile layers' helpers .............. 5.150 5.450 - - 254 154

hoists (1 drum),

mixers (less than OTHER HEAVY

14 cu. ft.). CONSTRUCTION

pum ps....................... 6.920 7.520 354 654 - -

Glaziers.................................. 7.910 8.070 471/24 204 5 154 - Journeymen

Lathers.................................. 7.470 8.370 30 4 154 5 504 54

Machinists.............................. 8.750 10.100 - - - - Carpenters ........................... 7.770 8.675 504 504 - -

Marble setters....................... 7.560 7.560 - - 254 54 Engineers — Power

Mosaic and terrazzo equipment operators:

workers................................ 7.560 7.560 - - 25 4 54 Pipelines:

Painters .................................. 6.285 7.085 36’ /24 354 404 - Group 1 - Heavy

Industrial......................... 6.385 7.185 361 /24 354 40 4 - equipment .............. 8.350 9.330 504 604 - -

S pray................................ 6.660 7.460 361/2 4 354 40 4 - Group 2 - Light

Industrial .................. 6.710 7.510 361/24 354 404 - equipment .............. 6.350 7.040 504 604 - -

100 feet and o ver........... 6.910 7.710 361124 354 40 4 - Group 3 - Oilers . . . 4.350 4.750 50 4 604 - -

Paperhangers......................... 6.535 7.335 361/24 354 404 - Engineers — Power

Pipefitters.............................. 7.100 8.100 404 604 5 704 - equipment operators:

Plasterers .............................. 7.275 7.680 424 304 s521/24 64 Industrial plants:

Plumbers................................ 7.310 7.860 364 524 504 8 1/24 Heavy equipment

Reinforcing iron workers . . 7.645 8.770 554 704 - - operators ................ 7.650 8.880 354 654 - -

Roofers, com position......... 6.690 7.540 20 4 104 154 104 Light equipment

Roofers, slate and t ile ......... 7.440 8.290 204 25 4 154 104 operators ................ 6.920 7.520 354 654 - -

Sheet-metal w o rke rs............ 8.335 8.585 221/24 471/24 204 84 Oilers ......................... 6.340 6.870 354 654

1 Basic (minimum) wage rates (excluding holiday, vacation pay, or other benefits made or regularly credited to the employee) agreed upon through collective bargaining between 

employers and unions. Wage rates shown represent rates available and payable on July 1 of the survey year, and do not include increases made later that are retroactive to July 1 or before.

2 Shown in terms of cents per hour or as percent of rate; in actual practice, however, some employer payments are calculated on the basis of total hours or gross payroll. These variations 

in method of computation are not indicated in the above tabulation. Amounts shown include contractually-authorized deductions from negotiated wage rates as well as direct employer contributions to specified benefit funds. Excluded, however, are voluntary deductions from wage rates authorized by individual employees.

3 Includes life insurance, hospitalization and other types of health and welfare benefits; excludes payments into holiday, vacation, and unemployment funds when such programs have been 

negotiated.

4 Includes all other nonlegally required employer contributions, except those for apprenticeship fund payments, as indicated in individual agreements.

Part of negotiated rate; not included in base rate shown.

*' After 6 months of service, 2 percent of hourly rate for all hours worked; after 5 years of service, 4 percent of hourly rate for all hours worked. An additional amount equal to one-half 

percent of the hourly rate shall accrue the employee on the effective date of each rate change until this amount reaches 2 percent.

NOTE: Dashes indicate no data, or no data reported.

23

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chapter 4. Employer Expenditures

for Employee Compensation

Background

Prior to W orld W ar II, most American workers 

were compensated for time worked or for their product 

solely by the wages and salaries they received. A lthough forms of compensation other than wages and 

salaries were not unknown (the American Express 

Company had a pension plan as early as 1875), they 

were relatively rare.

Paid leave was provided to some salaried workers by 

the middle of the last century but it was not available to 

production workers until the beginning of this century. 

Another 20 years passed before paid leave became a 

widely accepted compensation practice.

By the Great Depression, most States had enacted 

workers’ compensation laws to protect workers against 

the adverse economic effects of occupational accidents 

and diseases. In 1935, the Social Security A ct was 

passed. For the first time, employers across the Nation 

were required by law to provide their employees with 

two types of supplements to pay for time worked—oldage insurance and unemployment insurance. Subsequent increases in supplements arose mainly out of 

collective bargaining and competition for labor rather 

than from legal fiat. The policy of the War Labor Board 

during W orld W ar II encouraged employers to hold the 

line on wages and to increase supplemental compensation items instead (vacations, life insurance, etc.). 

Shortly after the war, the National Labor Relations 

Board (NLRB) ruled that management must bargain 

with unions over nonwage supplements. Backed by 

court decisions upholding such NLRB rulings,1 employees have successfully negotiated for many and 

varied benefit plans, notably health insurance, life 

insurance, and pension plans. Today, the portion of the 

compensation dollar paid for supplements is at its 

highest point in history; in all likelihood the importance 

of supplements will continue to increase.

D evelo p m en t o f B L S m easures. Along with these significant changes in the way American workers were being 

paid came the need to measure the incidence and 

magnitude of these relatively new nonwage components of compensation. As early as 1951 the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) attempted to measure the cost of

1 For example, Inland Steel vs. National Labor Relations Board, 170

Federal Reports, Second Series 247 (1948), 251 (1949).

supplementary wage benefits in the basic iron and steel 

industry. In 1959 BLS inaugurated its current series on 

employer expenditures for employee compensation 

(EEEC) by a study limited to production workers in 

manufacturing. F or that study the Bureau collected 

information for the first time on three aspects of 

employee compensation: (1) Total wages and salaries, 

or gross payroll, which included, in addition to pay for 

time worked, payroll items such as vacation and 

holiday pay; (2) nonwage supplemental compensation 

items, both those that were legally required, such as 

social security and unemployment insurance and those 

that were privately initiated, such as pensions and life, 

accident, and health insurance; and (3) the composition 

of payroll hours, w hether hours worked or paid leave 

hours.

In this study, the Bureau produced estimates of the 

cost per hour of wages and salaries and of each item of 

supplemental compensation. The study thus portrayed 

the structure of the compensation package—that is, the 

relative importance of individual compensation items 

when compared with each other. It also showed how 

paid hours were distributed among working time, 

vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other forms of paid 

leave.

In 1960, compensation and payroll hours for production workers were studied in the mining industries 

and in 1962 in manufacturing again. Between these 

surveys the Bureau conducted a study of compensation 

and payroll hours for white-collar workers in the 

finance, insurance, and real estate industries. Although 

outside salespeople were omitted from the scope of this 

survey, by its conclusion the Bureau had studied 

virtually every occupation.

In 1963 the Bureau approached an economy wide 

survey of compensation. In that year it conducted a 

special study of supplementary compensation for whitecollar employees in manufacturing and in many nonmanufacturing industries. That study foreshadowed the 

expansion in the scope of the surveys from selected 

industries to the entire private nonfarm economy.

During the following 2 years, in the course of 

measuring compensation in 15 industries, the Bureau 

made a major change in its method of analysis. Instead 

of continuing to measure the importance of compensation components relative to gross payroll, all compo24

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
nents (including gross payroll) were measured in terms 

of their importance relative to total compensation.

In 1966, the Bureau undertook its first comprehensive study of the compensation of all workers in the 

entire private nonfarm economy. This study, employing 

the analytical techniques developed over the previous 7 

years, has been conducted biennially since then; in the 

alternate years, selected industries are studied.2

Description of survey

The survey provides two measurements of the level 

of employer expenditures for each compensation practice: (1) The average amount spent for a paid hour and 

(2) the average amount spent for a work hour. In 

addition, the survey measures the relative importance of 

each element or component of compensation—the 

structure of compensation—by expressing the expenditures made for each as a percent of total expenditures 

for compensation (figure 14). Expenditures are grouped 

according to their nature or purpose. For example, 

expenditures for the Federal social security program 

and for private retirement plans are grouped under 

expenditures for retirement programs. The survey also 

measures the prevalence of compensation items and 

practices—that is, the proportion of the work force in 

establishments with a particular type of expenditure or 

practice. Thus, the Bureau provides three kinds of 

information for each item of compensation: Cost per 

hour (both per hour worked and per hour paid); its 

importance relative to total compensation; and the 

proportion of the work force in establishments with 

expenditures for the item.

The survey produces these measures of compensation biennially for all workers in the private nonfarm 

economy, and for the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing sectors separately. The studies provide separate 

compensation data for office and nonoffice employees 

and for establishments which are unionized and those 

which are not. The surveys cover the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia; tabulations are produced at the 

national level.

Data are collected for cash expenditures and hours 

paid for during the entire calendar reference year— 

shoi i.er periods of time often do not accurately reflect 

typical expenditures or paid hours. For example, paid 

leave hours are usually spread unequally throughout 

the year. Also, the bulk of expenditures for unemployment taxes are typically paid during the first 6 months,

2 A Directory of BLS Studies in Employee Compensation, 1947-71 lists

the titles of studies published through 1971. Since then, two studies of

the private nonfarm economy have been conducted (in 1972 and

1974), in addition to four studies of compensation in banking and in

the drug, plastics, and textile manufacturing industries in 1973. A

study of compensation paid to employees of the 50 State governments

(except higher education) was conducted in 1972.

as was the case until recently for social security taxes.

Cash expenditures for compensation include both 

payments made directly to employees and payments to 

third parties on the workers’ behalf. D irect payments 

constitute gross payroll and include payments for hours 

worked (including premiums for w ork beyond the 

normal workday or workweek, or during late shifts); 

and payment for hours not worked (paid leave, severance pay, and nonproduction bonuses). Payments made 

to third parties are those paid to insurance companies, 

government agencies, trust funds, or any other third 

party which disburses the money to finance immediate 

or future benefits for the worker. These indirect 

payments may be legally required, such as those for 

social security, unemployment insurance, and workers’ 

compensation, or they may be privately initiated and 

financed, such as those expended for life, accident, and 

health insurance; private pension plans; union-management vacation and holiday funds; supplemental unemployment funds; and savings and thrift plans.

Hours paid for during the reference year consist of 

total hours worked as well as hours not worked but paid 

for (figure 15). They include straight-time and overtime 

work hours, vacation and holiday hours, sick leave 

hours, and leave hours granted for civic and personal 

reasons (generally military leave, jury-duty leave, or 

bereavement time). Lunch periods, rest breaks, and 

clean-up time are not considered leave time and are 

included in hours worked whenever they are paid for.

Survey methods

D a t a S o u r c e s a n d C o l l e c t io n M e t h o d s

Most of the expenditures and hours data are obtained 

through a survey of establishments. Generally more 

than one record source is needed by an establishment to 

arrive at the annual totals requested on the survey form. 

Records employed include Federal and State tax forms, 

payroll ledgers, check registers, union payment records, 

and others. The employers then enter the annual totals 

onto the form supplied by the Bureau (BLS Form 2868) 

in accordance with detailed instructions. Occasionally, 

when the employer cannot produce the requested data, 

BLS personnel use documents filed with regulatory 

agencies, unions, and other sources—when considered 

public information—to arrive at annual totals. All data 

reported to the Bureau by employers are held in the 

strictest confidence.

Data are collected primarily by mail, although 

personal visits are customarily made by Bureau representatives to certain large employers and to a sample of 

employers who have not responded to two previous 

mail requests. Participation in the survey is voluntary.

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S a m p l in g P r o c e d u r e s

The survey is conducted on the basis of a highly 

stratified probability sample of all nonfarm establishments.3 Sample establishments are chosen for industrial 

representation, location, and employment size. The 

sample is selected to yield the most accurate measurements with resources available by including a greater 

proportion of large establishments than of small. A 

single establishment’s chance of selection to the sample 

of the private nonfarm establishments is roughly proportionate to its employment size. D ata reported by 

each establishment are then weighted to reflect that 

establishment’s probability of selection to the sample. 

Thus, a reporting establishment with 1,000 workers in 

an industry-location-size stratum which had 10,000 

workers will be given a weight of 10 to represent its 

employees and the other 9,000 in like establishments in 

that stratum.

All establishments over a certain employment size 

are included. When data cannot be obtained from these 

establishments or from the sample of nonrespondents, 

the weights are distributed to other establishments with 

the most similar industry-location-size characteristics.

Uses

Employers use the measures produced by the surveys to compare their compensation payments and paid 

leave practices with averages in their industry and the 

economy as a whole. The three measures of compensation (percent of compensation, cents per hour, and 

prevalence) are suitable for making comparisons or 

assessing trends over time (see Limitations). The 

measures can indicate the emphasis employees and 

employers place on individual compensation items, the 

emphasis placed by them on supplements beyond those 

which are legally required, and that on immediate 

versus deferred compensation. The level of expenditures (cents per hour) for any item can indicate 

differences in benefit levels (see Limitations) or extent 

of coverage.

For example, in 1974 the proportion of office 

workers in establishments which contributed towards a 

life, accident, or health insurance plan for them was 

somewhat higher than the proportion of nonoffice 

workers—90 and 81 percent, respectively. Average 

hourly expenditures for plans for office workers (23 

cents) compared to those for nonoffice workers (19 

cents) could indicate this and also a higher level of 

benefits for office employees. Even so, more emphasis 

was placed on other items of compensation for office 

workers because these health benefits represented a

3 The discussion deals with the sampling procedure for the surveys

in the total private nonfarm economy. Though basically the same,

sampling procedures for individual industry studies may differ

slightly.

smaller proportion of the total compensation of office 

workers than of nonoffice workers (2.8 and 3.6 percent).

Labor and management use the data extensively 

during the collective bargaining process. Government 

administrative and regulatory agencies use the data for 

such purposes as formation of economic policy, and 

preparation of estimates of industry productivity (output per hour). These agencies also use the data for 

international comparisons of labor compensation and 

for studies comparing the relative importance of pay 

supplements in the compensation of employees in the 

Federal government and private industry. The data 

from the surveys are also used extensively by the 

academic community and others engaged in economic 

research and analysis.

Limitations

While the employer expenditures measured by the 

survey constitute the major components of total employee compensation, they do not represent total labor 

cost. The latter is a broader concept which includes 

items such as costs of recruiting and training labor, 

expenses of administering employee benefit programs, 

and other costs incurred in using labor.

The measurements of expenditures and hours are 

subject to both sampling and reporting errors. H ow ever, these errors are generally considered to fall within 

acceptable confidence ranges. Except for small cells 

where there are few observations, these errors in almost 

every case would have to be in the same direction to 

have a material effect on the measurements.

Although “employer expenditures” are generally 

equal to “employee compensation” (in this chapter, the 

two terms are usually used interchangeably), some 

exceptions may arise in the area of employee benefits. In 

the case of benefits, employee expenditures may not 

equal employee compensation because of differences in 

(1) the demographic composition of the work force and 

of workers’ immediate dependents; and (2) the method 

of financing benefits. An example of the first exception 

would be an employer of an especially young and 

healthy group of workers who might spend less to 

finance a specific health benefit than the average 

employer might spend for it. Though the expenditures 

of the tw o employers would differ, the amount of 

compensation (the health benefit) purchased by them 

would be equal. However, over a large group of 

employers, these differences tend to average out.

The second type of exception involves methods of 

financing benefits. For example, two pension plans, 

equal in terms of benefits, could vary significantly in 

expenditures needed to finance them if one was a payas-you-go plan and the other was fully funded for past 

service liabilities. A t least in the area of private pension

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plans, however, the funding requirements of the Em ­

ployee Retirement Income Security A ct will tend to 

lessen these differences.

Changes in expenditures for compensation, as measured by the survey, will, to a degree, reflect changes in 

the demographic composition of the work force in 

addition to actual changes in compensation. For example, the level of average straight-time pay will rise (even 

if pay rates are constant) if there is an increase in the 

proportion of employees in higher paid industries and 

occupations. The measures produced by the survey still 

provide an indication of the direction of any change and 

its magnitude.

— R E F E R E N C E S —

Bauman, Alvin. “Measuring Employee Compensation in U.S. 

Industry,” M onthly L a b o r Review, October 1970, pp. 17-

23.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

P roblem s in M easurem ent o f E xpenditures on Selected

Item s o f Supplem entary E m ployee Renum eration, M an u ­

factu rin g Estabilishm ents, 1953. Bulletin 1186, 1956.

________ , ________ B L S H andbook o f M ethods. Bulletin 1910,

1976, pp. 175-83.

________ , ________ E m ployee Com pensation in the Private

N onfarm Econom y, 1974, to be published in 1977.

Figure 14

Table 3. Employee compensation, private norfarm economy, 1966, 1972, and 1974

1966 1972 1974

Compensation item

All

Industries Manufacturing

Nonmanu

tacturing

All

industries Manufacturing

Nonmanufacturing

All

Industries Manufacturing

Nonmanu

facturmg

Percent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

houi

Per

cent

of

compensation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Per

cent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Percent

of

compensation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Percent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Percent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Per

cent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Per

cent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Per

cent

of

compen

sation

Dollars

per

work

hour

Total compensation 100 C S3 44 100 0 S3 76 1000 S3 23 1000 $5 23 1000 S5 64 100 0 $5 00 1000 S6 33 1000 S6 72 100 0 S6 13

Pay tor time worked.......................... ........... 83 0 2 85 81 6 3 07 84 0 2 71 80 5 421 78 5 4 43 81 8 4 09 78 2 4 95 76 2 5 12 79 4 4 86

Straight time pay 80 6 2 77 78 1 2 94 82 4 2 66 78 5 4 11 75 5 4 26 80 3 4 02 76 3 4 83 73 3 4 93 78 0 4 78

Premium pay 24 08 35 13 1 6 05 20 11 30 17 1 5 07 1 9 12 29 19 1 4 09

Overtime weekend and

holiday work 2 1 07 29 11 1 5 05 1 8 09 25 14 1 3 07 1 7 10 23 16 1 3 08

Shift differentials . 03 01 06 02 0 1 03 01 05 03 02 01 03 02 05 04 01 01

Paid leave (except sick leave)............. 52 18 58 21 4 7 15 56 29 65 36 5 1 26 60 38 69 47 54 33

Vacations 3 1 11 35 13 2 7 09 33 17 38 21 30 15 34 22 39 26 3 1 19

Holidays 1 9 07 22 08 1 7 05 20 11 24 14 1 8 09 23 14 2 7 18 20 12

Civic and personal leave 01 0 1 0 1 I'l 01 01 02 01 0 1 0 1 02 01 02 01 0 1 01

Employer expenditures for vacation

and holidays funds 0 1 n 02 01 02 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 0 1 01 02 01

Employer expenditures lor

retirement programs 56 20 59 22 5 5 17 70 36 7 1 40 69 34 8 1 51 84 56 79 49

Social security 3 1 11 30 11 32 10 37 19 36 20 37 19 44 28 43 29 44 27

Private plans 25 09 29 11 23 07 33 17 36 20- 32 16 37 23 40 27 35 21

Employer expenditures for life insurance and

health benefit programs-' 35 12 38 15 34 11 4 7 24 54 31 42 21 49 31 59 39 44 27

Lite, accident, and

health insurance. 2 1 07 26 10 1 8 06 30 16 40 22 24 12 33 21 43 29 2 7 16

Sick leave 05 02 05 02 06 02 07 04 06 03 08 04 07 04 06 04 07 04

Workers compensation . 09 03 07 03 1 0 03 09 05 09 05 09 05 1 0 06 09 06 1 0 06

Employer expenditures for unemployment

benefit programs 1 1 04 1 2 04 1 2 04 1 0 05 1 2 07 1 0 05 1 1 07 1 1 08 1 0 06

Unemployment insurance 1 1 04 1 1 04 1 1 04 09 05 09 05 09 05 09 06 1 0 06 09 06

Severance pay.......................................... r . r 0 1 01 i ’ i 01 01 ! i i’ i l’i 0 1 ! 1 I’ l I')

Severance pay funds and supplemental

unemployment benefit funds 1' 1 01 I’ l 01 01 I’l : 01 01 01 1’ ) i'l

Nonproduction bonuses 1 2 04 1 3 05 1 2 04' 1 0 05 1 0 05 09 05 1 5 09 1 2 08 1 6 10

Savings and thrift plans............................. 01 >' 02 01 0 1 02 01 02 01 0 1 01 02 01 03 02 02 01

Wages and salaries (gross payroll)■'......... 89 9 3 09 89 2 3 35 90 4 2 92 87 8 4 59 86 5 4 88 885 4 43 86 3 5 46 84 9 571 87 0 5 33

Supplements to wages and salaries4 . 10 1 35 108 41 96 31 12 2 64 135 76 11 5 57 137 87 151 1 01 130 79

' Less than 0.05 percent or $0 005

2 Includes other health benefit programs, principally State temporary disability insurance 

not presented separately

3 Wages and salaries include all direct payments to workers They consist of pay for time 

worked pay for vacations, holidays, sick leave and civic and personal leave, severance pay: and 

nonproduction bonuses

4 Supplements to wages and salaries include all employer expenditures lor compensation 

other than for wages and salaries They consist of expenditures for retirement programs (including 

direct pay to pensioners under pay-as-you-go private pension plans), expenditures for health benefit 

programs (except sick leave): expenditures for unemployment benefit programs (except severance 

pay), payments to vacation and holiday funds, and payments to savings and thrift plans

NOTE Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals

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Figure 15

Table 5. Composition of payroll hours, private nonfarm economy, 1972 and 1974

(Percent distribution of paid hours)

Industry and All workers Office workers Nonoffice workers

compensation item 1972 1974 1972 1974 1972 1974

A ll Ind u stries

All paid hours......................................... 100 0 100 0 100 0 100.0 100.0 100 0

Work hours................................................ 934 92 8 91 6 91 2 94 4 93 7 Straight-time hours......................................... 890 887 89.9 89 5 88 5 88 1 Overtime hours.............................................. 44 4.1 1.7 1.7 5.9 56

Paid leave hours........................................................................................................................................ 6.6 7.2 8.4 8.8 5.6 6.3

Vacations........................................................................................................................................... 34 36 4.2 4.3 3.0 3.3

Holidays............................................................................................................................................. 2.3 2.6 28 31 2.0 2.3

Sick leave......................................................................................................................................... 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.6

Civic and personal leave.................................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

M anufacturing

Ali paid hours............................................................................................................................... 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 1000

Work hours................................................................................................................................................. 921 91 4 906 902 927 91.9

Straight-time hours........................................................................................................................... 858 854 881 878 85.0 84.6

Overtime hours.................................................................................................................................. 6.3 6.0 2.5 2.4 7.7 7.3

Paid leave hours........................................................................................................................................ 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.8 7.3 8.1

Vacations........................................................................................................................................... 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.9 3.9 4.2

HoMays............................................................................................................................................. 2.9 33 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.2

Sin1 leave.......................................................................................................................................... 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.5

Civic and personal leave.................................................................................................................. 0.2. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

N onm anutacturlng

All paid hours............................................................................................................................... 100 0 1000 100 0 100.0 100.0 100 0

Work hours............................................................................................................................................... 94.0 935 91.9 91.5 95.4 95.0

Straight-time hours......................................................................................................................... 906 904 906 901 906 90.6

Overtime hours................................................................................................................................ 3.4 3.1 1.4 1.4 4.8 4.4

Paid leave hours...................................................................................................................................... 6.0 6.5 8.1 8.5 4.6 5.0

Vacations......................................................................................................................................... 3.0 3.2 4.0 4.1 2.4 2.6

Holidays........................................................................................................................................... 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 1.5 1.7

Sick leave....................................................................................................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6

Civic and personal leave............................................................................................................... 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

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Chapter 5. Average Hourly and Weekly Earnings —

Establishment Data

Average hourly and weekly earnings statistics are 

developed from a monthly survey of employment, 

payrolls, and hours in nonagricultural establishments 

conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 

cooperation with the Employment and Training A dministration (formerly the M anpower Administration) 

of the U.S. Department of Labor, State employment 

security agencies, and State departments of labor.

Background

The first monthly studies of employment and payrolls by the BLS began in October 1915 and covered 

four manufacturing industries. By November 1916, the 

BLS program had been expanded to cover 13 manufacturing industries; this number remained unchanged until 

1922.

The depression of 1921 directed attention to the 

importance of current employment statistics, and in 

1922 Congress granted additional funds to provide for 

program expansion. By June 1923, the number of 

manufacturing industries covered by the monthly 

employment survey had increased to 52. In 1928, 

concern over increasing unemployment induced Congress to provide additional appropriations for the 

program. During the next four years, 53 industries were 

added—38 manufacturing industries and 15 nonmanufacturing industries.

In 1930, the deepening economic crisis impelled 

President Hoover to appoint an Advisory Committee 

on Employment Statistics to study the need for additional data in this field. The Committee made its report 

in the spring of 1931 with a number of recommendations for extension of the Bureau’s program. The most 

important of these called for the development of series 

on hours and earnings. For the fiscal year 1932, 

Congress granted the Bureau a substantial increase in 

the appropriation for the program. In January 1933, 

average hourly earnings and average weekly hours 

were published for the first time for all manufacturing, 

for 90 manufacturing industries, and for 14 nonmanufacturing categories.

Throughout the period from 1915 to the beginning of 

W orld W ar II, there was a constantly growing interest 

in employment statistics for States and areas. Even 

before the BLS entered the field in 1915, three States 

(Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey) were 

preparing employment statistics. As early as 1915, New 

York and Wisconsin had entered into “co-operative”

agreements with the Bureau, whereby sample data 

collected by the State agency were to be used jointly 

with the BLS for the preparation of State and national 

series. By 1928, five other States had entered into such 

compacts, and another five were added by 1936. Over 

the years the amount of published data on employment 

and payrolls for States and areas underwent a constant 

expansion. In 1940, estimates for all 48 States and the 

District of Columbia were published for the first time.

Over the years, the feeling grew that the proper 

place to estimate State and area employment was in the 

State agencies rather than in Washington. By 1949, all 

States had joined the system, and since that year the 

industry employment statistics program has been a fully 

integrated Federal-State project which provides employment, hours, and earnings information on a national, State, and area basis in considerable industrial detail. 

This cooperative program has as its formal base of 

authority a Congressional act of July 7, 1930 (ch. 873, 

46 Stat. 1019; 29 U.S.C. 2). In 1976, cooperative 

arrangements were in effect with 49 State employment 

security agencies affiliated with the Employment and 

Training Administration and with 2 State labor departments.

Description of survey

The monthly survey collects data from a nationwide 

sample of over 160,000 nonagricultural establishments 

to provide detailed industry data for the Nation, States, 

and most major labor areas on the earnings of production and related workers in manufacturing and 

mining, construction workers in contract construction, 

and nonsupervisory workers in the other nonmanufacturing components of the private nonfarm sector.

C o n c e p t s

Definitions of the data requested in the survey are as 

follows:

P roduction a n d rela ted w orkers include working 

supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, 

storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, 

maintenance, repair, janitorial and guard services, 

product development, auxiliary production for a 

plant’s own use (e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the 

above production operations.

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C onstruction w orkers include the following employees in the contract construction division: Working 

supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanic’s 

apprentices, laborers, etc., whether working at the 

site of construction or in shops or yards, at jobs (such 

as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. 

N onsu pervisory em ployees include employees (not 

above the working supervisory level) such as office 

and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aids, teachers, drafters, 

photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant 

workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers 

and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and similar 

occupational levels, and other employees whose 

services are closely associated with those of the 

employees listed.

P a yro ll covers the payroll for full- and part-time 

production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period 

which includes the 12th of the month. The payroll is 

reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for oldage and unemployment insurance, group insurance, 

withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included 

is pay for overtime, holidays, vacations, and sick 

leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless 

earned and paid regularly each pay period), other 

pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., 

retroactive pay), tips, and the value of free rent, fuel, 

meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. 

“Fringe benefits’’ (such as health and other types of 

insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by 

the employer) are also excluded.

H ou rs cover hours paid for, during the pay period 

which includes the 12th of the month, for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. 

The hours include hours paid for holidays and 

vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received 

directly from the firm.

O vertim e hours cover hours worked by production 

and related workers for which overtime premiums 

were paid because the hours were in excess of the 

number of hours of either the straight-time workday 

or the workweek during the pay period which 

includes the 12th of the month. Weekend and holiday 

hours are included only if overtime premiums were 

paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, 

incentive, or other similar types of premiums were 

paid are excluded.

E sta b lish m en ts are classified into industries according to the 1967 S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification

M a n u a l (SIC) on the basis of their major activity 

during the previous year.

C o l l e c t io n M e t h o d s

The primary collection of the current sample data is 

conducted by State agencies which have cooperative 

agreements with the BLS. In most States, this is the 

employment security agency, affiliated with the Em ­

ployment and Training Administration. In a few cases 

the State department of labor acts as the agency. The 

agencies mail schedules to a sample of establishments in 

the States each month. A “shuttle” schedule is used; 

that is, one which is submitted each month in the 

calendar year by the respondent, edited by the State 

agency, and returned to the respondent for use again 

the following month. The State agency uses the 

information provided on the forms to develop State and 

area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, and 

then forwards the data, either on the schedules themselves or in machine readable form, to the Washington,

D.C., office of the BLS, where they are used to prepare 

estimates at the national level.

Earnings estimates

G r o ss A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s

Gross average hourly earnings are probably the most 

widely used of the BLS earnings series based on 

establishment data. They are derived by dividing the 

total production or nonsupervisory worker payroll by 

total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 

Figure 16 shows gross average hourly earnings by 

industry division from 1932 through 1974.

Changes in gross average hourly earnings reflect not 

only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates 

but also such variable factors as premium pay for 

overtime and late-shift work and changes in output of 

workers paid on an incentive plan. Shifts in the volume 

of employment between relatively high-paid and lowpaid work and changes in workers’ earnings in individual establishments also affect the general earnings averages. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect 

changes in average hourly earnings for individual 

industries.

Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. 

Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated 

period of time; rates are the amounts stipulated for a 

given unit of w ork or time. The earnings series does not 

measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the 

employer since the following are excluded: Irregular 

bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare 

benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings 

for those employees not covered under the definitions 

of production workers, construction workers, or nonsupervisory employees.

Factors are applied to gross average hourly earnings

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to elim inate purely seasonal fluctuations. By eliminating 

that part o f the change w hich can be ascribed to usual 

seasonal variation, it is possible to observe the cyclical 

and other nonseasonal m ovem ents in the series.

S t r a ig h t -T im e A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s

A verage hourly earnings excluding overtim e prem ium pay are com puted for the m anufacturing sector by 

dividing the total production w orker payroll for the 

industry group by the sum o f total production w orker 

hours and one-half o f total overtim e hours. This m ethod 

eliminates only earnings due to overtim e paid for at 

1 1/2 times straight-tim e rates. N o adjustm ent is m ade 

for other prem ium paym ent provisions, such as holiday 

w ork, late-shift w ork, and overtim e rates other than 

time and one-half.

G ro ss A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n in g s

G ross average w eekly earnings (figure 17) are 

derived by m ultiplying average weekly hours by 

average hourly earnings. Therefore, w eekly earnings 

are affected not only by changes in gross average 

hourly earnings but also by changes in the length o f the 

w orkw eek. M onthly variations in such factors as the 

proportion o f part-tim e w orkers, w ork stoppages, labor 

turnover, and absences for w hich em ployees are not 

paid m ay cause the average w orkw eek to fluctuate.

Long-term trends o f gross average w eekly earnings 

can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of 

the w ork force. F o r example, persistent long-term 

increases in the proportion o f part-tim e w orkers in retail 

trade and m any o f the service industries have reduced 

average w orkw eeks in these industries and have affected the average w eekly earnings series.

T he seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings 

series is derived by m ultiplying seasonally adjusted 

average w eekly hours by seasonally adjusted average 

hourly earnings.

S p e n d a b l e A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n in g s

Spendable average w eekly earnings (for a w orker 

w ho earned the average am ount) in current dollars are 

obtained by deducting estim ated Federal social security 

and incom e taxes from average weekly earnings. T he 

am ount o f incom e tax liability depends on the num ber 

o f dependents, m arital status, and gross income. T o 

reflect these variables, spendable earnings are com puted 

for a w orker w ith no dependents and a m arried w orker 

w ith three dependents. T he com putations are based on 

gross average w eekly earnings for all production or 

nonsupervisory w orkers in the industry division, excluding all other family income.

T he series reflect the spendable earnings o f only 

those w orkers w hose gross w eekly pay approxim ates 

the average earnings indicated for all production and

nonsupervisory w orkers. It does not reflect, for example, the average earnings o f all m arried w orkers w ith 

three dependents; such w orkers, in fact, have higher 

gross average earnings than w orkers w ith no dependents.

Since part-tim e as w ell as full-time w orkers are 

included, and since the proportion o f part-tim e w orkers has been rising, the series understates the increase in 

earnings for full-time w orkers. A s noted, “fringe 

benefits” are not included in earnings.1

This series (as well as gross average w eekly earnings) 

can also be expressed in “real” dollars. “R eal” earnings 

are com puted by dividing the current Consum er Price 

Index into the earnings averages for the current m onth; 

the level o f earnings is thereby adjusted for changes in 

purchasing pow er.

Presentation

T he earnings series appear in several BLS publications. T he earliest source o f prelim inary national data 

on gross average hourly and w eekly earnings for 

industry divisions and m ajor m anufacturing groups is 

the press release, The E m p lo y m e n t Situ ation , usually 

issued 3 weeks after the w eek o f reference for the data. 

These prelim inary estim ates are based on tabulations of 

data for less than the full sample to perm it early release 

of figures. A figure for a particular m onth is listed as 

prelim inary for tw o consecutive m onths; a final figure is 

show n in the third m onth o f publication. These data 

also appear in the same detail in the M o n th ly L a b o r

R eview approxim ately 1 1/2 m onths later.

T he press release, R e a l Earnings, issued during the 

third w eek o f each m onth, contains the m ost up-to-date 

spendable average w eekly earnings statistics for industry divisions.

C urrent earnings statistics are printed in greater 

detail in the m onthly publication, E m p lo y m e n t a n d

Earnings. This periodical is published approxim ately 2 

weeks after The E m p lo y m e n t S itu ation is issued. Figure 

18 indicates the num ber o f industries for w hich the four 

earnings series are published. C om plete national historical data can be found in the latest edition o f E m p lo ym en t

a n d Earnings, U n ited S ta tes (Bulletin Series 1312).

C urrent gross average hourly and w eekly earnings 

data for States and m etropolitan areas are also published 

in E m p lo ym en t a n d E arnings; how ever, these data are 

limited to the m anufacturing sector (see figure 19). 

H istorical statistics (annual averages) are presented for 

the full range o f m ajor industrial categories in the latest 

edition of E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, S ta te s a n d A reas

(Bulletin Series 1370). In addition, detailed industry

1 For a more complete discussion of the uses and limitations of these

series, see the article by Paul M. Schwab, “Two Measures of

Purchasing Power Contrasted,” in the Monthly Labor Review for

April 1971. Reprints of this article are available from the Bureau of

Labor Statistics.

31

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rates are available m onthly in releases published by the 

cooperating State agencies (addresses are show n in 

figure 20).

T he data also are dissem inated through the publications o f m any other Federal agencies; e.g., the D ep artm ent o f C om m erce, the Board of G overnors o f the 

Federal R eserve System, and the Council of Econom ic 

A dvisers. T hey are also regularly republished in sum ­

m ary form or for specific industries in m any trade 

association journals, the labor press, and in general 

reference works.

Uses

These series are used by labor unions, business firms, 

universities, trade associations, private research organizations, and m any governm ent agencies. R esearch 

w orkers in labor unions and industry, as well as others 

responsible for analyzing business conditions, use the 

trends reflected in these particular statistics as econom ­

ic indicators. L abor econom ists and other social scientists find these series to be an im portant indicator o f the 

N ation’s econom ic activity, as well as a m easure o f the 

well-being o f the millions o f A m ericans w ho depend on 

salaries and wages.

Executives use the em ploym ent, earnings, and hours 

data for guidance in plant location, sales, and purchases. 

Also, firms negotiating long-term supply or construction contracts often utilize series on average hourly 

earnings as an aid in reaching an equitable agreem ent; 

“escalation clauses” m ay be included in the contracts, 

w hich perm it an increase or a low ering of the settlem ent price depending on the m ovem ent o f average 

hourly earnings in a selected industry. W ide need has 

been dem onstrated by both labor and business for 

industry series on hourly earnings and w eekly hours, to 

provide a basis for labor-m anagem ent negotiations. 

T hey not only furnish current and historical inform ation on a given industry but provide com parative data 

on related industries.

Limitations

T he gross average hourly earnings series reflect 

actual earnings o f w orkers, including prem ium pay. 

T hey differ from w age rates, w hich are the am ounts 

stipulated for a given unit o f w ork or time. G ross 

average hourly earnings do not represent total com pensation costs per hour for the em ployer, for they exclude 

retroactive paym ents and irregular bonuses, various 

w elfare benefits, and the em ployer’s share o f payroll 

taxes. E arnings for those em ployees not covered under 

the production w orker and nonsupervisory em ployee 

categories are, o f course, not reflected in the estimates. 

T he hourly earnings series does not exclude the effects 

o f interindustry shifts, such as the shift o f w orkers 

betw een high-w age and low -w age industries.

T o approxim ate straight-tim e average hourly earnings, gross average hourly earnings are adjusted by 

elim inating only prem ium pay for overtim e at the rate 

o f time and one-half. Thus, no adjustm ent is m ade for 

other prem ium paym ent provisions such as holiday 

w ork, late-shift w ork, and prem ium overtim e rates 

o ther than at time and one-half.

T he w orkw eek inform ation relates to average hours 

paid for, w hich differ from scheduled hours or hours 

w orked. A verage w eekly hours reflect the effects of 

such factors as absenteeism, labor turnover, part-tim e 

w ork, and strikes.

T he series on spendable w eekly earnings m easures 

the net earnings o f w orkers w ho earn the average gross 

w eekly earnings, have the specified num ber o f dependents and the appropriate m arital status, and take the 

standard deductions for Federal incom e tax purposes. 

T hus they represent a very small num ber; only about 15 

percent o f all husband-w ife families w ith one earner and 

three dependents earned this am ount. Spendable earnings reflect deductions only for Federal incom e and 

social security taxes. T hey do not take into account 

payroll deductions for such purposes as State incom e 

taxes, union dues, or group insurance.

T he “real” earnings data (those expressed in 1967 

dollars), resulting from the adjustm ent of gross and 

spendable average w eekly earnings by means o f the 

B ureau’s C onsum er Price Index, indicate the changes in 

the purchasing pow er o f m oney earnings as a result of 

changes in prices for consum er goods and services. 

T hese data cannot be used to m easure changes in living 

standards as a w hole, w hich are affected by other 

factors.

R e l ia b il it y

T he earnings estim ates are subject to sam pling errors 

w hich m ay be expressed as relative errors o f the 

estimates. (A relative erro r is a standard erro r expressed 

as a percent o f the estim ate.) R elative errors for m ajor 

industries are presented in figure 21 and for individual 

industries w ith the specified num ber o f em ployees in 

figure 22. T he chances are about 2 out o f 3 that the 

earnings estim ates from the sample w ould differ by a 

sm aller percentage than the relative erro r from the 

averages that w ould have been obtained from a com ­

plete census.

F o r the tw o m ost recent m onths, estim ates of 

earnings are prelim inary and are so footnoted in the 

tables. T hese figures are based on less than the total 

sample and are revised w hen all the reports in the 

sample have been received. Revisions o f prelim inary 

earnings estim ates are norm ally not greater than 1 cent 

for hourly earnings.

A nnually, em ploym ent figures are benchm arked to 

reflect reasonably com plete em ploym ent counts. T he 

earnings estim ates for cells are not subject to benchm ark revisions, although the broader groupings m ay be 

affected slightly by changes in em ploym ent weights.

32

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—R E F E R E N C E S—

Alterman, Jack. “Compensation per Man-Hour and TakeHome Pay,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1971, pp. 25- 

34.

Dmytrow, Eric, and Janet Grimes. “Changes in the Spendable Earnings Series for 1976; Effects of the Tax 

Adjustment Act of 1975 and the Social Security Tax 

Base Change,” Em ploym ent and Earnings, March 1976, 

pp. 6-13.

Early, John F. “Factors Affecting Trends in Real Spendable 

Earnings,” M onthly Labor Review, May 1973, pp. 16-19.

Gavett, Thomas W. “Measures of Change in Real Wages and 

Earnings,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1972, pp. 

48-53.

Goings, Gloria P. “BLS Establishment Estimates Revised to 

March 1974 Benchmark Levels,” Employment and

Earnings, October 1975, pp. 8-13.

Perry, George L. “Real Spendable Weekly Earnings,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3:1972, pp. 779-87.

Schwab, Paul M. “Two Measures of Purchasing Power 

Contrasted,” M onthly Labor Review, April 1971, pp. 3-

14.

Sheifer, Victor J. “The Relationship between Changes in 

Wage Rates and in Hourly Earnings,” Monthly Labor

Review, August 1970, pp. 10-17.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics B LS

Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 1910, 1976, pp. 26-42.

_______ , ________“Explanatory Notes—Establishment

Data,” Em ploym ent and Earnings, monthly.

-------------, -------------, Southeastern Regional Office. BLS Series for

Use in Escalation Clauses (Regional Report Number 9).

February 1975 (rev.).

Utter, Carol M. “The Spendable Earnings Series: A Technical 

Note on its Calculation,” Em ploym ent and Earnings and

Monthly Report on the Labor Force, February 1969, pp. 

6- 10.

Figure 16

Tame t. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workersa on private

nonagricuitural payrolls, by industry division, 1932-74

1909 0 191 1922 0 482 1927 0 544

1914 221 1923 516 1928 556

1919- 472 1924 541 1929- 560

1920 549 1925 541 1930- 546

1921 509 1926- 542 1931 - 509

NOTE Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959

33

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 17

Table 5. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers3 on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division, 1909-74

(In dollars |

Year Total

private

Mining

Contract

constructionManufactoring"

Transpor 

tation and

Wholesale and retail trade Finance, 

insurance, 

and real 

estate

Services

public

utilities Total Wholesale

trade

Retail trade

190S 9 74

1914 i0 92

1919 21 84

1920 26 02

1921 21 94

1922 21 28

1923 23 56

1924 23 67

1925 24 11

1926 24.38

1927 24 47

1928 24 70

1929 24.76

1930 23 00

1931 20 64

1932 16 89 26 75

1933 16 65 25 19

1934 18.20 25 44

1935 19 91 25 38

1936 21 56 26 96

1937 23 82 28 36

1938 22 07 28 51

1939 23 64 28 76 21 01

1940 24 96 29 36 21 34

1941 29.48 31 36 22 17

1942 36 68 34 28 23 37

1943 4307 37 99 24 79

1944 45 70 40 76 26 77

1945 44 20 42 37 28 59

1946 43 32 46 05 32 92 •

1947 45 58 59 94 58 87 49 17 38 07 50 14 c33 77 43 21

1948 49 00 65 56 65 27 53 12 40 80 53 63 36 22 45 48

1949 50 24 62 33 67 56 53 88 42 93 55 49 38 42 47 63

1950 53 13 67 16 69 68 58 32 44.55 58 08 39 71 50 52

1951 57 86 74 11 76 96 63 34 47 79 62 02 42 82 54 67

1952 60 65 77 59 82 86 67 16 49 20 65 53 43 38 57 08

1953 63 76 83 03 86 41 70 47 51 35 69 02 45 36 59 57

1954 64 52 82 60 88 91 70 49 53 33 71 28 47 04 62 04

1955 67 72 89 54 90 90 75 70 55 16 74 48 48 75 63 92

1956 70 74 95 06 96 38 78 78 57 48 78 57 50 18 65 68

1957 73 33 98 65 100 27 81 59 59 60 81 41 52.20 67 53

1958 75 08 96 08 103 78 32 71 61 76 84 02 54 10 70 12

1959 78 78 103 68 108 41 88 26 64 41 88 51 56 15 72 74

1960 80 67 105 44 113 04 89 72 66 01 90 72 57 76 75 14

1961 82 60 106.92 118 08 92 34 67 41 93 56 58 66 77.12

1962 85 91 110 43 122 47 96 56 69 91 96 22 60 96 80 94

1963 88 46 114 40 127 19 99 63 72 01 99 47 62 66 84 38

1964 91 33 117 74 132 06 102 97 118 37 74 28 102.31 64 75 85 79 69 84

1965 95 06 123 52 138 38 107 53 125 14 76.53 106 49 66 61 88 91 73 60

1966 98 82 130 24 146 26 112 34 128.13 79 02 111 11 68 57 92 13 77 04

1967 101 84 135 89 154 95 114 90 131.22 81 76 116 06 70 95 95 46 80.38

1968 107 73 142 71 164 49 122.51 138 85 86 40 122.31 74 95 101 75 83 97

1969 114 61 155 23 181 54 129 51 148 15 90 78 129 85 78 66 108 70 90 57

1970 119 46 164 40 195 45 133 73 155 93 95 66 137 60 82 47 113 34 96 66

1971 127 28 172.14 211 67 142 44 169 24 100 39 146.07 86 61 120 66 103 28

1972 136 16 187 43 222 51 154 69 187.92 105 65 154 81 90 99 126 88 no 14

1973 145 43 201 03 235.69 166 06 204 62 111 04 162 74 95 57 132 10 117.64

1974 154 45 220.90 249 08 176.40 218 29 118 33 174 66 101.04 140 19 127 46

?See Footnote a. table 3 

DSee footnote c. table 3

cBegmnmg in 1947. includes data on eating and drinking places 

NOTE Oata include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959

Figure 18

Number of industries for which earnings series are published under BLS Industry Employment Statistics Program

Industry division

Gross average

hourly earnings

Straight-time

hourly earnings

Gross average

weekly

earnings1

Spendable

average weekly

earnings1

T o t a l ............................................................................................................................ 3 6 6 2 4 3 6 6 8

T o ta l p r i v a t e .................................................................................................................................. 1 - 1 1

M in in g ........................................................................................................................................ 11 — 11 1

C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n .................................................................................................... 11 - 11 1

M a n u f a c t u r in g ...................................................................................................................... 2 7 7 2 4 2 7 7 1

T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s ..................................................................... 1 9 - 1 9 1

T ra d e ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2 - 3 2 1

F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e state ..................................................................... 9 - 9 1

Services .................................................................................................................................. 6 — 6 1

In c u r r e n t a n d 1 9 6 7 d o lla r s .

3 4

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 19

Availability of gross average weekly and hourly earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls,

by State and area

State and area

ALABAMA

Birmingham

Mobile

ILLINOIS

INDIANA

State and area State and area

NEBRASKA

Lincoln

Omaha

ALASKA

ARIZONA

Phoenix

Tucson

ARKANSAS

Fayetteville—Springdale

Fort Smith

Little Rock—North Little Rock

Pine Bluff

CALIFORNIA

Anaheim —Santa Ana—Garden Grqve

Bakersfield

Fresno

Los Angeles-Long Beach

Modesto

Oxnard—Simi V alley—Ventura

Riverside—San B ernardino-O ntario

Sacramento

Salinas—Seaside-M onterey

San Diego

San Francisco-Oakland

San Jose

Santa Barbara-Santa Maria—Lompoc

Santa Rosa

Stockton

V a lle jo -F a irfie ld -N a p a

COLORADO

D enver-Boulder

CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport

Hartford

New Britain

New Haven—West Haven

Stamford

Water bury

DELAWARE

Wilmington

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:

Washington SMSA

FLORIDA

Fort Lauderdale-H ollyw ood

Jacksonville

Miami

Orlando

Pensacola

T a m p a-S t. Petersburg

West Palm Beach-Boca Raton

GEORGIA

Atlanta

Savannah

HAWAII

Honolulu

IDAHO

Indianapolis

IOWA

Cedar Rapids

Oes Moines

Dubuque

Sioux City

W aterloo-C edar Falls

KANSAS

Topeka

Wichita

KENTUCKY

Louisville

LOUISIANA

Baton Rouge

New Orleans

Shreveport

MAINE

Lewiston—Auburn

Portland

MARYLAND

Baltimore

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston

Brockton

Fall River

Law rence-Haverhill

Lowell

New Bedford

S pringfield-C hicopee-H olyoke

Worcester

MICHIGAN

Ann Arbor

Battle Creek

Bay City

Detroit

Flint

Grand Rapids

Jackson

Kalam azoo-Portage

Lansing-East Lansing

Muskegon—Norton Shore—Muskegon Heights

Saginaw

MINNESOTA

D uluth—Superior

Minneapolis—St. Paul

MISSISSIPPI

Jackson

MISSOURI

Kansas City

St. Joseph

St. Louis

Springfield

MONTANA

NEVADA

Las Vegas

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Manchester

Nashua

NEW JERSEY

Atlantic City

Camden

Hackensack

Jersey City

New Brunswick—Perth A m boy-S ayreville

Newark

Paterson—Clifton-Passaic

Trenton

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque

NEW YORK

Albany-Schenectady—Troy

Binghamton

Buffalo

Elmira

Monroe County

Nassau—Suffolk

New York-N ortheastern New Jersey

New York and Nassau—Suffolk

, New York SMSA

New York City

Poughkeepsie

Rochester

Rockland County

Syracuse

Utica—Rome

Westchester County

NORTH CAROLINA

Asheville

C harlotte-G astonia

Greensboro-W inston-Salem -High Point

Raleigh—0

NORTH DAKOTA

Fargo-M oorhead

OH IO

Akron

Canton

Cincinnati

Cleveland

Columbus

Dayton

Toledo

Youngstown -W arren

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma

Tulsa

OREGON

Eugene—Springfield

Jackson County

Portland

35

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 19— Continued

Availability of gross average weekly and hourly earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls,

by State and area— Continued

State and area State and area State and area

PENNSYLVANIA TENNESSEE VIR G I Nl A-Continued

Allentown—Bethlehem—Easton Chattanooga Northern Virginia

Altoona Knoxville Richmond

Delaware Valley Memphis Roanoke

Erie Nashville-Davidson

Harrisburg WASHINGTON

Johnstown TEXAS Seattle—Everett

Lancaster Amarillo Spokane

Northeast Pennsylvania Austin Tacoma

Philadelphia SMSA Beaum ont-Port Arthur-O range

Pittsburgh Corpus Christi WEST V IR G IN IA

Reading Dallas— Fort Worth Charleston

Scranton El Paso Huntington—Ashland

Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton Galveston-Texas City Parkersburg-Marietta

Williams por Houston Wheeling

York Lubbock 

San Antonio

Waco WISCONSIN

RHODE ISLAND Wichita Falls Appleton-Oshkosh

Providence-War wick-Pawtucket

UTAH Kenosha

Salt Lake City-Ogden La Crosse

SOUTH CAROLINA Madison

Charleston—North Charleston VERMONT Milwaukee

Columbia Burlington Racine

Greenville—Spartanburg Springfield

V IR G IN IA WYOMING

SOUTH DAKOTA Lynchburg Casper

Sioux Falls N o rfo lk-V irg in ia Beach-Portsmouth Cheyenne

36

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 20

COOPERATING STATE AGENCIES

State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program (LAUS), Current Employment Statistics Program (CES), and

Labor Turnover Statistics Program (LTS)

A L A B A M A

A L A S K A

A R IZ O N A

A R K A N S A S

C A L I F O R N I A

C O L O R A D O

C O N N E C T IC U T

D E L A W A R E

D IS T . O F C O L .

F L O R I D A

G E O R G IA

H A W A II

ID A H O

I L L I N O IS

I N D I A N A

IO W A

K A N S A S

K E N T U C K Y

L O U I S I A N A

M A IN E

M A R Y L A N D

M A S S A C H U S E T T S

M IC H IG A N

M IN N E S O T A

M IS S IS S IP P I

M IS S O U R I

M O N T A N A

N E B R A S K A

N E V A D A

N E W H A M P S H IR E

N E W J E R S E Y

N E W M E X IC O

N E W Y O R K

N O R T H C A R O L I N A

N O R T H D A K O T A

O H IO

O K L A H O M A

O R E G O N

P E N N S Y L V A N IA

R H O D E IS L A N D

SOUTH CAROLINA

S O U T H D A K O T A

T E N N E S S E E

T E X A S

U T A H

V E R M O N T

V I R G IN IA

W A S H IN G T O N

W E S T V I R G I N I A

W IS C O N S IN

W Y O M IN G

-D e p a rtm e n t o f In d u s tria l R e la tio n s , In d u s tria l R e la tio n s B u ild in g , M o n tg o m e ry 3 6 1 0 4

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, P .O . B o x 3 - 7 0 0 0 , Ju n e a u 9 9 8 0 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E c o n o m ic S e c u rity , P .O . B o x 6 1 2 3 , P h o e n ix 8 5 0 0 5

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, P .O . B o x 2 9 8 1 , L itt le R o c k 7 2 2 0 3

-E m p lo y m e n t D e v e lo p m e n t D e p a rtm e n t, P .O . B o x 1 6 7 9 , S a c ra m e n to 9 5 8 0 8 ( L A U S an d C E S ).

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t, D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r an d E m p lo y m e n t, R o o m 2 2 2 , 1 2 1 0 S h e rm a n S tre e t,

D e n v e r 8 0 2 0 3

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , L a b o r D e p a rtm e n t, 2 0 0 F o lly B ro o k B o u le v a rd , W e th e rs fie ld 0 6 1 0 9

D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, 2 0 5 W est 1 4 th S tre e t, W ilm in g to n 1 9 8 9 9

- O ffic e o f A d m in is tra tio n a n d M a n a g e m e n t S e rv ice, D .C . M a n p o w e r A d m in is tra tio n , R o o m 6 2 6 ,

5 0 0 C S tre e t, N .W ., W a s h in g to n 2 0 0 0 1

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e , C a ld w e ll B u ild in g , T alla h asse e 3 2 3 0 4

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity A g e n c y , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, 2 5 4 W a s h in g to n S tre e t, S .W ., A tla n ta 3 0 3 3 4

-D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r an d In d u s tria l R e la tio n s , P .O . B o x 3 6 8 0 , H o n o lu lu 9 6 8 1 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t, P .O . B o x 7 1 8 9 , Boise 8 3 7 0 7

-B u re a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, 1 6 5 N o rth C a n al S tre e t, C h ica g o 6 0 6 0 6

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , 1 0 N o rth S e n a te A v e n u e , In d ia n a p o lis 4 6 2 0 4

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , 1 0 0 0 E ast G ra n d A v e n u e , Des M o in e s 5 0 3 1 9

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, 4 0 1 T o p e k a A v e n u e , T o p e k a 6 6 6 0 3

-D e p a rtm e n t o f H u m a n Resources, 2 7 5 East M a in S tre e t, F r a n k fo r t, K e n tu c k y 4 0 6 0 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , P .O . B o x 4 4 0 9 4 , C a p ito l S ta tio n , B a to n R o u g e 7 0 8 0 4

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f M a n p o w e r A ffa irs , 2 0 U n io n S tre e t, A u g u s ta 0 4 3 3 0

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t an d S o c ia l Services, 1 1 0 0 N o rth E u ta w S tre e t, B a ltim o re 2 1 2 0 1

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , C h arles F. H u rle y E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity B u ild in g , G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r

B o sto n 0 2 1 1 4

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, 7 3 1 0 W o o d w a rd A v e n u e , D e tr o it 4 8 2 0 2

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t Services, 3 9 0 N o rth R o b e rt S tre e t, S t. Paul 5 5 1 0 1

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 1 6 9 9 , Jac kso n 3 9 2 0 5

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s tria l R e la tio n s , P .O . B o x 5 9 , J e ffe rs o n

C ity 6 5 1 0 1

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D iv is io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r and In d u s try , P .O . B o x 1 7 2 8 , H e le n a 5 9 6 0 1

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t, D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, P .O . B o x 9 4 6 0 0 , S ta te H o use S ta tio n , L in c o ln 6 8 5 0 9

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D e p a rtm e n t, P .O . B o x 6 0 2 , C ars o n C ity 8 9 7 0 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , 3 2 S o u th M a in S tre e t, C o n c o rd 0 3 3 0 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r an d In d u s try , 2 0 2 J o h n F itc h P laza, T r e n to n 0 8 6 2 5

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 1 9 2 8 , A lb u q u e rq u e 8 7 1 0 3

-D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t, N .Y . S ta te D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, S ta te C a m p u s — B u ild in g 1 2 , A lb a n y 1 2 2 0 1

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 2 5 9 0 3 , R a le ig h 2 7 6 1 1

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity B u re a u , P .O . B o x 1 5 3 7 , B ism arck 5 8 5 0 5

-D iv is io n o f R esearch a n d S ta tis tic s , B u re au o f E m p lo y m e n t S ervices, 1 4 5 S . F ro n t S t., C o lu m b u s 4 3 2 1 6

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , W ill R ogers M e m o ria l O ffic e B u ild in g , O k la h o m a C ity 7 3 1 0 5

-E m p lo y m e n t D iv is io n , D e p a rtm e n t o f H u m a n R esources, R o o m 4 0 2 , L a b o r a n d In d u s trie s B u ild in g ,

S a le m 9 7 3 1 0

-B u reau o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s try , S e v e n th and F o rs te r S tre e ts ,

H a rris b u rg 1 7 1 2 1

-D iv is io n o f S ta tis tic s and Census, D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, R o o m 1 1 7 , 2 3 5 P ro m e n a d e S tre e t, P ro v id e n c e 0 2 9 0 8

(C E S ). D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , 2 4 M aso n S tre e t, P ro v id e n c e 0 2 9 0 3 ( L A U S and L T S )

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 9 9 5 , C o lu m b ia 2 9 2 0 2

-D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, P .O . B o x 1 7 3 0 , A b e rd e e n 5 7 4 0 1

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , R o o m 5 1 9 , C o rd e ll H u ll O ffic e B u ild in g , N a s h v ille 3 7 2 1 9

-E m p lo y m e n t C o m m is s io n , T E C B u ild in g , 1 5 th and Congress A v e n u e , A u s tin 7 8 7 7 8

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , P .O . B o x 1 1 2 4 9 , S a lt L a k e C ity 8 4 1 4 7

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , P .O . B o x 4 8 8 , M o n tp e lie r 0 5 6 0 2

-D iv is io n o f Research a n d S ta tis tic s , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s try , P .O . B o x 1 2 0 6 4 , R ic h m o n d

2 3 2 4 1 (C E S ). E m p lo y m e n t C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 1 3 5 8 , R ic h m o n d 2 3 2 1 1 ( L A U S and L T S )

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity D e p a rtm e n t, P .O . B ox 3 6 7 , O ly m p ia 9 8 5 0 4

-D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity , S ta te O ffic e B u ild in g , 1 1 2 C a lifo rn ia A v e n u e , C h a rle s to n 2 5 3 0 5

-D e p a rtm e n t o f In d u s try , L a b o r, a n d H u m a n R e la tio n s , P .O . B o x 6 0 8 , M a d is o n 5 3 7 0 1

-E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity C o m m is s io n , P .O . B o x 2 7 6 0 , C asper 8 2 6 0 1

3 7

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 21 Figure 22

Relative errors 1 for average hourly earnings Relative errors for average hourly earnings by size

by industry division of employment estimate

In d u s t r y d iv is io n

R e la t iv e e r r o r

(in p e r c e n t)

T o tal p r iv a te .............................. 0 . 2

M ining ............................................................... .5

C o n s tru c tio n .................................................. .3

M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................ .1

Durable goods ........................................ .1

N ondurable goods ................................. .1

T ransportation and public u tilitie s .......... .4

T ra d e ................................................................. .2

W holesa le.................................................. .3

R e ta il.......................................................... .2

Finance, insurance, and real esta te.......... .4

S e rvice s ............................................................ 8

S iz e o f e m p l o y m e n t

e s t im a te

R e la t iv e e r r o r

( in p e r c e n t)

50 0 0 0 .......................................................................... 1 . 5

1 0 0 0 0 0 .......................................................................... 1 .1

2 0 0 0 0 0 ............................................................................. .9

5 0 0 0 0 0 ............................................................................. .8

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...................................................................

.5

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 ....................................................................... .5

1 Relative errors relate to March 1971 data.

38

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Appendix to Chapter 5. The Hourly Earnings Index

T he B ureau’s H ourly Earnings Index, a key econom ­

ic indicator, was first published in 1971 as an outgrow th 

o f the basic hourly earnings series described in chapter

5. T he index m ore closely reflects underlying w age rate 

m ovem ents than do other available m onthly m easures 

because it excludes the effects o f tw o types o f changes 

unrelated to w age-rate developm ents: fluctuations in 

overtim e prem ium s in m anufacturing (the only sector 

for w hich overtim e data are available); and changes in 

the proportion of w orkers in high-w age and low -w age 

industries. In addition, the seasonal adjustm ent eliminates the effect o f changes that norm ally occur at the 

same time and in about the same m agnitude each year.

T he index is constructed by w eighting the average 

hourly earnings in each industry (at the 3-digit level o f 

detail, as defined in the S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M a n u a l) by the em ployee-hours paid for in that 

industry in 1967. T he w eighted average for that m onth 

is then com pared w ith the 1967 level o f earnings.

Starting w ith January 1964, data are available by 

m onth in both current and deflated (1967) dollars for 

the private nonfarm econom y and for seven broad 

industry divisions; for the m anufacturing division only, 

m onthly data are available back to 1947. A nnual 

averages are available from 1947 to 1963, for the private

nonfarm sector only, calculated at the 1-digit SIC level 

o f industry detail. These are linked to the series starting 

in 1964.

T he index is both tim ely and com prehensive. It has, 

how ever, certain shortcom ings: (1) It provides no 

occupational or regional data; (2) it is not adjusted for 

the influence o f overtim e prem ium pay in the nonm anufacturing sector, w hich accounts for tw o-thirds o f total 

em ploym ent; (3) it is restricted to the earnings of 

production and nonsupervisory employees; (4) it does 

not cover the farm and governm ent sectors; and (5) 

supplem ents to pay are excluded. These shortcom ings 

have in part, prom pted the developm ent o f the E m ploym ent Cost Index. (See chapter 12.)

T he data are published m onthly in Bureau periodicals, including C u rren t W age D evelopm en ts and the 

M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , after initial presentation in the 

m onthly press release, The E m p lo ym en t Situation. A 

bulletin containing historical data, The H o u rly E arn in gs

In dex, 1964 - A u g u st 1975, BLS Bulletin 1897, was 

published in 1976. (See figure 23.)

— R E F E R E N C E S —

Samuels, Norman J. “New Hourly Earnings Index,” Monthly

Labor Review, December 1971, pp. 66 -6 7 .

39

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 23

Table 1. Hourly Earnings Index, private nonfarm economy, 1964-August 1975—Continued

(1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 )

P e rio d

1970:

A nnual a v e ra g e — -----------—-----------------------

J u n e ---------------------------- —— --------------------

A u g u s t---------------------------- ---------------—-----

O c to b e r --------------------------------------- ----------

N o v e m b e r ---------------------------------------------

D e c e m b e r ----------------------------------------------

1971s

A nn u al a v e r a g e -------------------------------------- —

A p ril ----------------------------------------------------

S e p t e m b e r--------------------------------------------

D e c e m b e r ----------------------------------------------

1972:

A nnual a v e r a g e ---------------------------- ------------

M a y -------------------------------------------------------

J u n e ------------------------------------------------------

J u l y ------------------------------------------------------

S e p t e m b e r---------------------------------------------

N o v e m b e r ----------------------------------------------

D e c e m b e r ----------------------------------------------

1973;

A nnual a v e r a g e ------------— -------------------------

J a n u a r y — --------------------------------------------

J u n e ---------------------------—-----------------------

S e p t e m b e r--------------------------------------------

N o v e m b e r ------------------- ------------------------

1974:

A nnual a v e r a g e ---------------------------------— 

J a n u a r y -------------------------------------------------

F e b r u a r y ----------------------——-------- ----------

M a rc h --------------------------------------------------

A p r i l -----------------------------------------------------

J u n e ------------------------------------------------------

O c to b e r----------------------------- -------------------

1975:

A nnual a v e r a g e ---------------------------------— —

J u n e ------------------------------------------— --------

J u l y ------------------------------------------------------

A u g u s t------------------------------------ -------------

U n a d ju ste d

d a ta

S e a so n al

fa c to r

S e a so n a lly

a d ju s te d

d a ta

Q u a r te r ly 

a v e ra g e o f 

s e a s o n a lly 

a d ju s te d 

d a ta

P e r c e n t ch a n g es a t an n u a l r a t e s 1

F ro m

p re v io u s

q u a r te r

F ro m sa m e 

q u a r te r 

a y e a r 

e a r l ie r

F ro m 

6 m o n th s 

e a r l i e r

F ro m 

12 m o n th s 

e a r l i e r

120. 8

117.2 100.2 1 17. 0 • . 6. 1 6. 6

117. 9 100. 1 117. 8 117. 8 5. 6 6. 6 6. 5 6. 6

118.4 99. 9 118. 5 • • 6. 7 6. 7

118. 8 99. 9 119. 0 • . 5. 9 6. 6

119.7 100. 0 119. 7 11 9 .7 6. 6 6. 6 5. 8 6. 6

120. 2 99. 8 120. 4 • • 6 .7 6. 5

121. 0 99. 9 121. 1 - . 7. 1 6. 6

121. 8 9 9 .7 122.2 122. 0 7. 9 6. 8 7. 6 7. 0

123.2 100.4 122. 7 • . 7. 1 6. 9

123.2 100. 0 123.2 . . 7 .2 6. 5

123. 9 100. 0 123. 9 123. 8 6 .2 6. 6 7. 1 6. 5

124. 5 100. 0 124. 5 - - 6 .9 6. 8

129.4 m m .

125. 8 100.2 125. 5 • • 7 .4 7 .3

126. 6 100. 1 126. 5 126. 3 8 .2 7 .2 7 .2 7 .4

126. 8 99. 9 126. 9 • • 7. 1 7. 1

127. 6 99. 9 127. 8 • 7. 6 7. 4

128. 7 100. 0 128. 7 128. 5 7. 3 7 .4 8 .0 7. 6

128. 9 99. 8 129.2 - • 7 .7 7 .3

129. 6 99. 8 129. 9 _ • 7. 1 7 .2

130. 3 99. 7 130. 6 130. 5 6. 3 7 .0 6. 7 6 .9

131. 5 100. 4 131. 0 _ • 6. 5 6. 8

131.4 100. 1 131.3 • • 5. 5 6. 6

131. 6 100. 0 131. 6 132. 0 4. 8 6 .6 4 . 5 6 .2

133.3 100. 0 133.3 - - 6. 5 7. 1

137. 8 m

134. 6 100.2 134. 3 . • 7 .0 7 .0

134. 9 100. 1 134. 8 1 3 4 .9 8. 8 6. 8 6. 5 6. 6

135.3 99. 9 135.4 • . 6 .9 6. 7

136.4 99. 9 136. 6 • 8 .3 6. 9

136. 7 100. 0 136. 7 136. 8 5 .9 6 .4 8. 0 6 .2

136. 8 9 9 .8 137. 1 . • 5. 8 6. 1

137. 6 9 9 .8 137. 9 . • 5 .4 6 .2

137. 9 9 9 .7 138.4 138. 5 4 .9 6. 1 5 .3 5. 9

139.7 100.4 139. 1 . • 5. 5 6 .2

140. 3 100. 1 140. 2 • 5 .4 6 .8

140. 7 100. 0 140. 7 140. 9 7 .2 6. 7 5. 9 6. 9

141. 9 100. 1 141. 7 - - 6 .9 6 .3

146, 6 .

142. 6 100. 2 142.3 • • 6. 5 6 .0

142. 8 100. 1 142. 7 142. 8 5. 5 5 .9 6 .3 5. 8

143. 2 99. 9 143.3 . 6. 1 5. 8

144. 5 99. 9 144. 6 - • 6 .4 5. 9

145. 0 100. 0 1 4 5 .0 145. 2 6. 9 6. 1 6. 1 6. 0

145.7 99. 8 146. 0 . • 6. 1 6. 5

146. 7 9 9 .8 147. 0 . - 6. 6 6. 6

147. 3 9 9 .7 147. 7 147. 8 7 .4 6. 8 7 .2 6. 8

149. 5 100. 5 148. 8 • • 7. 7 6. 9

149. 6 100. 1 149. 5 • • 6 .9 6. 6

150. 3 100. 0 150.3 150. 3 7. 0 6. 7 7. 5 6. 8

151.4 100. 1 151.2 - - 7 .3 6 .7

158. 6

152. 1 100.2 151. 8 • • 6 .7 6. 7

153. 0 100. 1 15 2 .8 152. 8 6. 8 7. 0 7. 0 7. 1

153. 6 99. 8 153. 9 • • 7. 0 7 .3

154. 7 100. 0 154. 7 - 7. 0 6. 9

156. 5 100. 0 156. 5 156. 5 10. 1 7. 8 8. 5 8. 0

158. 1 99. 8 158. 5 . . 9. 8 8. 5

158. 8 99. 8 159.2 - - 9. 9 8. 3

160. 1 99. 7 160. 6 160. 6 10. 7 8. 6 10 .4 8. 7

162. 8 100. 5 16 2 .0 • 10. 9 8. 9

163. 5 100. 1 163.3 • • 11. 5 9 .2

164.2 100. 0 164.2 164. 3 9 .6 9 .3 10. 0 9 .2

165 .6 100. 1 1 6 5 .4 * *

9 .0 9. 4

166. 6 100. 2 166. 3

- *

9. 1 9 .5

167. 8 100. 0 167. 8 167. 7 8. 6 9 .7 9 .2 9. 8

168. 9 9 9 .9 169. 1 • - 8. 9 9 .9

169.4 100, 0 169.4 • - 7. 6 9. 6

170. 6 100. 0 170. 6 170. 7 7. 5 9. 1 8. 0 9 .0

171. 9 9 9 .8 172. 2 • . 8 .4 8. 7

172. 8 9 9 .8 173. 1 - • 8 .4 8 . 8

174. 1 99. 7 174. 6 * *

8 . 3 8 . 8

1 C o m p u ted fro m s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta to two d e c im a l p la c e s .

4 0

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Chapter 6. Earnings Statistics from the Current Population

Survey—Household Data

T he C urrent Population Survey (CPS), conducted 

by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau o f L abor 

Statistics (BLS) prim arily to obtain statistics on em ploym ent and unem ploym ent, also has becom e an increasingly valuable source o f statistics on earnings.

W hat makes earnings statistics from the C PS so 

valuable is that they are derived from a household 

survey from w hich the age, sex, race, occupation, 

education, and other dem ographic characteristics of 

w age earners (and other m em bers of their families) also 

can be easily obtained. M ost o ther earnings inform ation 

is collected from adm inistrative records and surveys o f 

establishm ent payrolls; these sources are extrem ely 

limited in dem ographic detail and usually cannot 

provide earnings inform ation for specific population 

groups.

BLS publishes tw o m ajor earnings series from the 

basic C PS data: 1) A nnual earnings o f household heads 

in production and nonsupervisory jobs, and 2) hourly 

and w eekly earnings o f all w age and salary w orkers.

Description of survey

T he C PS is a probability sam ple survey o f approxim ately 47,000 households, conducted in 461 areas in 923 

counties and independent cities in the 50 States and the 

D istrict o f C olum bia.1 Participation in the survey is 

voluntary and respondents, w ho reply for them selves 

and all other m em bers o f the household, are assured 

that all inform ation obtained is com pletely confidential.

A lthough em ploym ent and unem ploym ent statistics 

are collected every m onth in the CPS, earnings statistics have, so far, been collected only in M arch and M ay 

from responses to supplem ental questions.

A n n u a l E a r n in g s

T he earnings questions asked in M arch relate to the 

am ount o f wages and salaries w orkers living in that 

household received during the previous calendar year. 

T he am ount o f other incom e such as interest, dividends,

1 For a discussion of the Current Population Survey and the

collection of monthly employment and unemployment statistics, see

ch. 1, “Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment,” BLS

Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

1976), pp. 5-23.

public assistance, and so on, also is collected at that 

time. A ll this incom e inform ation, collected each year 

since W orld W ar II, is used by the Bureau o f the Census 

to estim ate the distribution o f family and personal 

income. T he estimates, covering about 100 million 

w orkers in 1974, are published regularly in the Census’ 

C u rren t P opulation R eports.2

F rom the w age and salary data, the BLS develops its 

series on gross annual earnings, after-tax annual earnings, and real after-tax annual earnings o f household 

heads em ployed in production and nonsupervisory jobs 

in the private nonfarm sector—about 30 million w orkers in 1974.3

W age and salary earnings represent m oney wages 

and salaries (thus excluding any paym ents in kind) 

received for w ork perform ed as an em ployee. T hey 

m ay take the form o f wages, salaries, commissions, tips, 

piece-rate paym ents, and cash bonuses earned before 

deductions for taxes, bonds, pensions, union dues, and 

the like.

T he precise w ording o f the questions w hich ultim ately provide the w age and salary statistics for the 

BLS annual earnings series is as follows:

“Last year did . . . receive any m oney in wages and 

salaries?”

(If yes)

“H ow m uch did . . . receive before any deductions?”

M arch is considered the best m onth to obtain such 

inform ation since know ledge o f the prior year’s incom e 

and earnings is usually relatively fresh in the respondents’ minds because o f the deadline for filing incom e 

tax returns in the follow ing m onth.

W e e k l y a n d H o u r l y E a r n in g s

T he earnings questions asked each M ay relate to 

w eekly and hourly earnings o f em ployed w age and

2 See “Money Income in 1974 of Families and Persons in the United

States,” Current Population Reports: Consumer Income, Series P-60,

No. 101, January 1976.

3 See Robert L. Stein and Paul M. Ryscavage, “Measuring Annual

Earnings of Household Heads in Production Jobs,” Monthly Labor

Review, April 1974, pp. 3-11, for a thorough discussion of the

development of these earnings statistics. For more recent data, see

Paul M. Ryscavage, “Annual Earnings of Household Heads,”

Monthly Labor Review, August 1975, pp. 14-21.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
salary w orkers, about 63 million in M ay 1976. W eekly 

earnings data are available for the 1967-76 period4. T he 

collection o f hourly earnings statistics from the C PS 

was begun in M ay 1973. A series o f questions was added 

that m onth — and each M ay thereafter — to obtain the 

rates o f pay o f w age and salary w orkers paid by the 

hour (about 34 million in M ay 1976) as well as to derive 

the usual hourly earnings o f all w age and salary 

w orkers.

T he precise w ording o f the questions is as follows:

“H ow m any hours per w eek does . . . usually w ork 

at this job?”

“H ow m uch does . . . usually earn per w eek at this 

jo b before deductions?”

“I s . . . paid by the hour on this job?”

(If yes)

“H ow m uch does . . . earn per hour?”

T he time reference to w hich the term “usual” 

applies, — as in “usual w eekly earnings” — is not 

specified in the survey. Thus, the reference period is 

that w hich the household respondent perceives as 

determ ining how m uch is “usually” earned, or w hat is 

the “usual” num ber o f hours w orked in a week. 

Presum ably, asking for “usual” weekly earnings instead 

o f earnings and hours in a specific week reduces the risk 

o f obtaining data w hich, because o f sudden fluctuations 

in hours and earnings (such as m ight be produced by a 

few days of bad w eather), w ould not represent the 

typical earnings pattern. In addition, a person supplying 

inform ation for other m em bers o f the household is m ore 

likely to know the usual am ount o f weekly earnings or 

hours than the actual am ounts in a given week. O n the 

o ther hand, for those w orkers w ho are paid by the hour, 

the term “usual” is not used, since respondents are 

likely to be familiar w ith the current hourly rate o f pay.

T he Bureau o f the Census conducted a test in 

N ovem ber 1975 to determ ine the usefulness o f special 

questions focusing on earnings o f w orkers w ho are not 

paid at either a w eekly or hourly rate—for example, 

those paid at m onthly or yearly rates, on a piecew ork 

basis, salary plus commissions, etc. A nother test conducted in January 1977 was designed to com pare the 

earnings reported in the C PS for a given num ber of 

w orkers w ith the payroll records of their em ployers. 

T he results o f these tw o tests are to be used by the 

B ureau o f L abor Statistics and the Bureau o f the Census 

to chart the future course for the collection o f earnings 

data from the CPS.

4 See Paul O. Flaim, Weekly and Hourly Earnings Data from the

Current Population Survey, Special Labor Force Report No. 195

(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977), for a comprehensive discussion of

the merits and limitations of weekly and hourly earnings data.

BLS calculation procedures

A n n u a l E a r n in g s

U pon receipt o f the C PS annual M arch supplem ent 

tapes containing data on w age and salary earnings, BLS 

identifies and tabulates the earnings o f all household 

heads w hose longest civilian em ploym ent the year 

before was as a w age and salary w orker in a production 

or nonsupervisory job. H ousehold heads m ay be either 

husbands in husband-w ife families, other m ale family 

heads, w om en w ho head families, or unrelated individuals, that is, persons w ho live alone or w ith persons other 

than relatives. P roduction and nonsupervisory w orkers, 

as defined in this earnings series, are those w hose 

longest em ploym ent during the preceding year was in 

clerical, sales, blue-collar, or service (excluding private 

household jobs) occupations in the private nonfarm 

sector o f the econom y.

T o calculate after-tax earnings, BLS deducts the 

appropriate Federal incom e and social security tax 

liabilities from the gross annual earnings o f household 

heads, arrayed by household type and family size. G ross 

earnings are not adjusted for State and local taxes or 

other deductions.

F o u r assum ptions are m ade for the calculations: (1) 

T he w age and salary earnings o f the household head are 

the only incom e o f the household; (2) the num ber of 

family m em bers is equivalent to the num ber o f allow able personal exemptions; (3) all household heads use the 

standard deduction; and (4) husbands file jo in t returns, 

other male and female family heads file as heads of 

households, and unrelated individuals file as single 

individuals. Social security tax liabilities are calculated 

on the basis o f the household head’s gross annual 

earnings in the year. (It should be noted, w ith respect to 

assum ption (1) how ever, that the data base is sufficiently detailed and flexible to perm it the estim ation of 

spendable earnings distributions for households w here 

both husbands and w ives are w orkers. Som e developm ental w ork along these lines has been initiated.)

T o derive the real after-tax earnings o f household 

heads, BLS deflates the after-tax earnings by the 

C onsum er Price Index (1967 = 100).

Since data on the length o f time w orked in the 

preceding year also are obtained in the M arch C PS, it is 

possible to develop separate annual earnings inform ation for those household heads w ho w ork full tim e (35 

hours or m ore a w eek) year round (50 to 52 weeks a 

year).

G ross, after-tax, and real after-tax earnings are 

published by BLS in the form of medians.

W e e k l y a n d H o u r l y E a r n in g s

T he w eekly and hourly earnings statistics collected 

in the M ay CPS, unlike the annual earnings statistics

42

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ju st discussed, relate to all earners in all occupations. 

W eekly and hourly earnings statistics, how ever, are not 

adjusted for Federal incom e and social security tax 

liabilities by the BLS. T hey represent earnings at the 

gross level before deductions.

BLS tabulates medians and means for usual w eekly 

earnings, usual hourly earnings, and hourly rates o f pay. 

Usual w eekly earnings and hourly rates o f pay are 

obtained directly from responses to the M ay questions; 

usual hourly earnings m ust be calculated by dividing 

hours per w eek into usual w eekly earnings.

Usual hourly earnings and the hourly rate o f pay are 

different m easures o f hourly earnings. Usual hourly 

earnings approxim ate the average hourly earnings 

derived from establishm ent surveys and can be obtained 

for all w age and salary w orkers. T he hourly rate o f pay, 

on the other hand, approxim ates the w age rate, and is 

obtained only for w age earners w ho w ork at stipulated 

rates o f pay per hour.

Analysis

A n n u a l E a r n in g s

As m entioned at the outset, earnings statistics from 

the C PS are extrem ely useful for econom ic analysis 

because they can be cross-classified by a great num ber 

o f personal characteristics o f w orkers to determ ine the 

earnings levels and trends o f specific population groups 

(i.e., household heads, youths, blacks, etc.) As show n in 

figure 24, levels o f gross, after-tax, and real after-tax 

earnings vary w idely by type o f household head. 

H usbands tend to have the highest earnings am ong all 

household heads em ployed in production and nonsupervisory jobs, follow ed, in descending order, by other 

male heads o f families, unrelated individuals, and 

w om en w ho head families.

O bviously, am ong the 30 million household heads in 

production and nonsupervisory jobs, some w ork m ore 

during the course o f the year than others. F o r example, 

the m ajority o f husbands w ork full time, year round, 

w hereas only slightly m ore than half of the w om en w ho 

head families and half o f the unrelated individuals w ork 

full time, year around.

Betw een 1963 and 1974, inflation, and to some extent 

higher taxes, eroded gains in gross annual earnings. F o r 

all household heads em ployed in production and 

nonsupervisory jobs gross annual earnings rose from 

$5,040 in 1963 to $8,865 in 1974 or at a com pound 

annual rate o f 5.3 percent. A fter adjusting these 

earnings for increases in Federal incom e and social 

security taxes and consum er prices, the com pound 

annual rate o f increase in real after-tax earnings am ounted to only 0.5 percent. A nnual gains in real after-tax 

earnings for husbands (1.3 percent) w ere significantly

greater than those for all household heads, but gains for 

unrelated individuals and w om en w ho head families 

w ere significantly less (0.5 and 0.6 percent, respectively)-

W e e k l y E a r n in g s

T he usual w eekly earnings statistics published by the 

BLS provide earnings inform ation for a m uch w ider 

spectrum o f w age and salary w orkers than the annual 

earnings statistics just discussed.5

As show n in figure 25, usual w eekly earnings o f all 

w age and salary w orkers w ere $169 in M ay 1976, up 

from $100 in M ay 1967, an annual rate o f gain of 6.0 

percent. A m ong male heads o f households w ho w ork 

full time (35 hours or m ore a week), usual weekly 

earnings rose from $131 in M ay 1967 to $245 by M ay 

1976, an annual rate o f increase o f 7.2 percent. D uring 

the same period, w ives and other relatives of family 

heads earned low er w eekly pay than male heads, and 

their w eekly earnings rose som ew hat m ore slowly.

Usual w eekly earnings can be analyzed for many 

other groups o f w orkers. F o r example, figure 25 shows 

that black men, w orking full time, have substantially 

low er w eekly earnings than w hite men, but black 

w om en have earnings nearly as high as their w hite 

counterparts. A m ong occupational groups, managers, 

professionals, and craft w orkers have the highest 

w eekly earnings; private household and farm w orkers 

have the lowest. Statistics o f earnings by age group 

show that older w orkers generally earn m ore than 

younger w orkers.

A lthough not show n in figure 25, usual w eekly 

earnings are also available for various educational, 

industrial, and regional groupings o f w orkers as well as 

for part-tim e w orkers, and even for some w orkers w ho 

w ere unem ployed at the time o f the survey.

H o u r l y E a r n in g s

Figure 26 presents some statistics on usual hourly 

earnings and hourly rates o f pay for the N ation as a 

w hole and for the m anufacturing industry, cross-classified by race-sex groups. This table also illustrates how 

C PS earnings statistics can be disaggregated.

A bout one-half o f all em ployed w age and salary 

w orkers (about 34 million in 1976) are reported in the 

C PS as being paid at an hourly rate (as opposed to a 

w eekly, m onthly, or annual rate o f pay). H ourly 

w orkers tend to be em ployed in blue-collar occupations 

in the goods-producing sector o f the econom y. In M ay 

1976, the m edian hourly rate o f pay for these w age and

5 See Paul O. Flaim and Nicholas I. Peters, “Usual Weekly

Earnings of American Workers,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1972,

pp. 28-38 for a comprehensive analysis of these data for the year 1971.

For a review of the trends in these data between May 1967 and May

1975, see John Stinson and Thomas Bradshaw, “An Analysis of

Trends in Weekly Earnings of American Workers,” Monthly Labor

Review, August 1975, pp. 22-32.

43

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salary w orkers was $3.55, com pared w ith $3.39 in M ay 

1975 and $3.20 in M ay 1974. Yearly increases in 

percentage term s am ounted to 5.9 percent betw een 

1974 and 1975 and 4.7 percent betw een 1975 and 1976.

W hite male w orkers in m anufacturing have the 

highest hourly rate o f pay am ong the race-sex groups— 

$5.05 an hour in M ay 1976. T he hourly rate o f pay of 

black m en was about 12 percent low er, w hile for black 

and w hite w om en em ployed in m anufacturing, the 

hourly rates o f pay w ere about 35 to 40 percent low er.

These earnings statistics could have been disaggregated by o ther dem ographic characteristics. F o r example, it is possible to examine the hourly rates o f pay for 

full-time and part-tim e w orkers in all industries com ­

bined.

Usual hourly earnings, w hich relate to all w age and 

salary w orkers, are generally higher than hourly rates 

o f pay because they include the earnings o f m ore highly 

paid salaried w orkers. A s shown, in figure 26, usual 

hourly earnings for all w age and salary earners rose 

from $3.71 in M ay 1974 to $4.02 in M ay 1975 and $4.26 

in M ay 1976.

Uses

A nnual earnings statistics o f household heads in 

production and nonsupervisory jobs, developed from 

the M arch CPS, provide some indication o f long-run 

trends in earnings o f rank-and-file w orkers. In addition, 

the dem ographic orientation o f the CPS and the design 

o f the data base make it possible to gauge the progress 

m ade by heads o f households o f different types and 

sizes.

Usual w eekly earnings, usual hourly earnings, and 

hourly rates o f pay, developed from the M ay CPS, on 

the other hand, are m ore useful in observing the im pact 

o f recent econom ic activity on the earnings o f the 

various dem ographic groups in the Nation. These 

statistics not only are m ore com prehensive in their 

coverage, but are available m ore quickly from the 

Bureau o f the Census and, therefore, are m ore useful for 

current analysis.

Earnings inform ation from the CPS, w hether from 

the M arch or M ay surveys, also are useful in interpreting changes in o ther m easures o f earnings. Because CPS 

statistics can be disaggregated, they can help determ ine 

w hether changes in some broad measure o f earnings 

result from changes in com pensation or simply from 

shifts in the dem ographic com position o f the w ork 

force.

Lastly, C PS earnings statistics are useful in research 

designs requiring m icro-oriented data bases.6 Since the 

earnings statistics o f individual w orkers and their

* Usual hourly earnings statistics have recently been used (at the

micro-level) in an analysis of union-nonunion earnings differentials.

See Paul M. Ryscavage, “Measuring Union-Nonunion Earnings

Differences,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1974, pp. 3-9.

dem ographic characteristics are contained on the same 

com puter tape record, inform ation can be tabulated 

according to any specification and used in m ore 

sophisticated statistical routines such as m ultiple regression analysis.

Limitations

C PS earnings statistics are, how ever, subject to 

im portant limitations. In obtaining earnings data 

through a household survey, some reliability is sacrificed. E arnings derived from a sam ple o f households are 

subject to erro r because: 1) the household respondent 

m ay incorrectly report his or her earnings and the 

earnings o f o ther m em bers o f the household; 2) the 

respondents m ay refuse to report the earnings and this 

nonreporting m ay be m ore com m on am ong some 

groups than others; and 3) the earnings averages 

estim ated from a sample o f w orkers m ay differ from 

those averages obtained through a com plete census of 

w orkers.

T he erro r due to m isreporting earnings is difficult to 

quantify. O bviously, in m any cases, the household 

respondent’s m em ory serves as the only source of 

earnings inform ation. T he Bureau o f the Census attem pts to minimize the errors associated w ith faulty 

m em ories by scheduling the questions on annual incom e 

and earnings for the M arch survey. T he deadline for 

filing incom e tax returns is then less than a m onth aw ay, 

and respondents should at this time be fairly familiar 

w ith the earnings they or other m em bers o f the 

household received in the previous year. W ith respect 

to the M ay survey, the Bureau o f the Census asks 

respondents for their “usual” am ount o f w eekly earnings in contrast to their actual earnings. Presum ably, 

respondents are m ore likely to know the general level 

o f earnings rather than the actual am ount for a 

particular week. O n the other hand, it is assumed that 

the respondents w ould have a m uch firm er idea as to 

w hat the hourly rate o f pay is for those w orkers paid by 

the hour, since it is this rate for w hich the w orker has 

contracted his or her labor.

T he nonreporting o f earnings in both the M arch and 

M ay surveys is another source o f potential erro r w hich 

is difficult to quantify. E rro r due to nonresponse can be 

large if the nonreporting o f earnings is clustered at one 

end of the earnings distribution. In the M arch survey, 

the nonresponse rate on the earnings question has 

ranged from about 6 percent to 11 percent during the 

past several years. In the M ay survey, the nonresponse 

rate on the w eekly earnings question has ranged from 

about 16 to 20 percent over the 1967-76 period, and the 

nonresponse rate on the hourly rate o f pay question has 

been som ew hat low er, 14 percent in 1976. T o lessen the 

degree of erro r that can arise because o f nonresponse,

44

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the Bureau of the Census generally imputes earnings to 

those workers for whom no earnings were reported; the 

basis of the imputation is the earnings of workers with 

characteristics similar to those who did not report 

earnings. This procedure is currently used with the data 

derived from the M arch survey, but not with the 

findings from the May survey.

Since the CPS is based upon a scientifically drawn 

probability sample, measures of sampling variability, 

such as the standard error, can be calculated and are 

presented below for earnings obtained from both 

surveys. These errors show the amount of variation that 

occurs by chance because only a sample of the 

population is surveyed rather than the whole universe. 

In terms of income and earnings, the standard error also 

partially measures the effect of those response and 

enumeration errors which occur at random. It does not, 

however, measure the impact of any systematic bias 

such as a possible tendency on the part of a majority of 

respondents to underreport earnings. Provided there is 

no such systematic bias, an estimate based on a sample 

of the population should not, in two out of three cases, 

on average, differ from one based on a complete survey 

of the universe by more than one standard error.

Standard errors have been calculated on the median 

gross annual earnings in 1973 of the four groups of 

household heads discussed above, as follows:

S ta n d a rd

M edian error

Husbands ............................... ... $9,859 $ 50

Other male family heads .... 8,117 280

Female family heads ........... 4,205 125

Unrelated individuals .......... 5,281 75

Since estimates of median after-tax and median real 

after-tax earnings are derived from the actual median 

gross annual earnings collected in the survey, standard 

errors can only be approximated for these data. As a 

rough approximation, the relationship between the 

error and the median at the gross level can be applied to 

the median after-tax and median real after-tax earnings 

levels.

For the May data on earnings, the standard errors 

associated with some of the largest numbers for 1975 

were estimated by the Bureau of the Census to be of the

following magnitudes:

M ed ia n

S ta n d a rd

error

Usual weekly earnings of all 

wage and salary workers __ $161.00 $0.60

Usual weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers ........................................... 185.00 .80

Hourly rates of pay of wage 

and salary workers paid by 

the hour ................................. 3.39 . 0 2

Usual hourly earnings of all 

wage and salary workers __ 4.02 . 0 2

The standard errors on the median earnings from the 

M arch and May survey, then, provide some measure of 

the extent of the error associated with earnings statistics 

obtained through the CPS.

In sum, while obtaining estimates of workers’ earnings through a household survey such as the CPS 

involves some imprecision, this handicap must be 

viewed in light of the fact that the CPS is the only 

regular source of earnings statistics which provides a 

wealth of demographic detail.

—R E F E R E N C E S —

Flaim, Paul O. Weekly and Hourly Earnings D ata from the

Current Population Survey, Special Labor Force Report 

195. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, 1977.

Ryscavage, Paul M. “Annual Earnings of Household Heads,” 

M onthly Labor Review, August 1975, pp. 14-21.

Stein, Robert L., and Ryscavage, Paul M. “Measuring Annual 

Earnings of Household Heads in Production Jobs,” 

M onthly Labor Review, April 1974, pp.3-11.

Stinson, John, and Bradshaw, Thomas. “An Analysis of 

Trends in Weekly Earnings of American Workers,” 

Monthly Labor Review, August 1975, pp.22-32.

45

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Figure 24

Median annual earnings of household heads employed in production and nonsupervisory jobs, 1963-74

Group 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Annual

average

percent

change1

A ll household heads:

Gross earnings .................... $5 ,040 $5,199 $5,409 $5,693 $5,948 $6,342 $6,739 $6,956 $7,271 $7,823 $8,430 $8,865 5.3

A fte r-ta x earnings ............. 4,385 4,597 4,815 4,980 5,173 5,431 5,697 5,889 6,245 6,763 7,153 7,485 5.0

Real after-tax earnings . . . 4,782 4,948 5,095 5,123 5,173 5,212 5,189 5,064 5,148 5,397 5,374 5,068 0.5

Husbands:

Gross earnings .................... 5,418 5,681 5,989 6,322 6,611 7,105 7,626 7,876 8,272 8,947 9,859 10,408 6.1

A fte r-ta x earnings ............. 4,741 5,047 5,356 5,549 5,772 6,103 6,465 6,696 7,130 7,730 8,353 8,775 5.8

Real a fter-tax earnings . . . 5,170 5,433 5,668 5,709 5,772 5,857 5,888 5,758 5,878 6,169 6,276 5,941 1.3

O ther m ale fa m ily heads:

Gross earnings .................... 4,686 4,745 5,009 5,043 5,612 5,756 6,449 6,620 6,786 7,113 8,117 8,121 5.1

A fte r-ta x earnings ............. 3,988 4,131 4,400 4,385 4,832 4,909 5,382 5,751 5,774 6,521 6,840 6,861 5.1

Real afte r-ta x earnings . . . 4,349 4,447 4,656 4,511 4,832 4,711 4,902 4,945 4,760 5,204 5,139 4,645 0.6

Female fa m ily heads:

Gross earnings .................... 2,685 2,753 2,814 2,933 3,223 3,377 3,482 3,614 3,866 4,058 4,205 4,629 5.1

A fte r-ta x earnings ............. 2,427 2,501 2,575 2,661 2,913 3,029 3,096 3,220 3,449 3,728 3,813 4,165 5.0

Real a fter-tax earnings . . . 2,647 2,692 2,725 2,738 2,913 2,907 2,820 2,769 2,843 2,975 2,865 2,820 0.6

U nrelated individuals:

Gross earnings .................... 3,403 3,320 3,502 3,741 3,901 4,115 4,220 4,493 4,686 4,933 5,281 5,682 4.8

A fte r-ta x earnings ............. 2,778 2,782 2,960 3,128 3,246 3,375 3,426 3,615 3,866 4,197 4,430 4,726 4.9

Real after-tax earnings . . . 3,029 2,994 3,132 3,218 3,246 3,239 3,120 3,108 3,187 3,350 3,328 3,200 0.5

R e fle c ts c o m p o u n d e d ra te s o f c h a n g e fo r 1 9 6 3 -7 4 p e rio d .

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, in current dollars.

Figure 25

May 1967-May 1976

Charac teris tic May

1967

May

1969

May

1970

May

1971

May

1972

May

1973

May

1974

May

1975

May

1976

Average

annual

percent

change 1/

ALL WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS

Total............................................ $100 $ m $118 $124 $130 $140 3151 $161 $169 6.0

FULL-TIME WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS

Total............................................. 109 121 130 138 144 159 169 185 197 6.8

Household status:

Male head of household............................... 131 147 158 170 175 198 214 231 245 7.2

Male relative of head................................ 88 101 105 108 111 122 131 136 144 5.6

Male nonrelative of head............................. 104 119 121 131 135 147 157 160 174 5.9

Female head of household............................. 81 91 100 106 114 124 134 149 156 7.6

Wife of head........................................ 79 87 95 101 108 117 126 139 147 7.1

Female relative of head.............................. 72 79 85 89 93 99 105 115 121 5.9

Female nonrelative of head........................... 69 84 89 95 105 110 115 138 144 8.5

Sex and age:

Male, 16 years and over.............................. 125 142 151 162 168 188 204 221 234 7.2

16 to 24 years..................................... 97 108 112 114 118 136 146 149 159 5.6

25 years and over.................................. 131 148 160 172 178 203 219 235 251 7.5

Female, 16 years and over............................ 78 86 94 100 106 116 124 137 145 7.1

16 to 24 years..................................... 74 82 88 91 96 103 111 117 125 6.0

25 years and over.................................. 79 88 96 103 110 121 131 146 154 7.7

Race and sex:

White, total........................................ 113 125 134 142 149 162 173 190 202 6.7

Male..................... ........................ 130 146 157 168 172 193 209 225 239 7.0

Female............................................ 79 88 95 102 108 117 125 138 147 7.1

Black and other, total............................... 79 90 99 107 115 129 140 156 162 8.3

Male.............................................. 90 104 113 123 129 149 160 173 187 8.5

Female............................................ 63 73 81 87 99 107 117 130 138 9.1

Occupation:

Professional and technical workers.................... 145 167 181 189 192 212 228 246 256 6.5

Managers and administrators, except farm............... 164 178 190 200 214 238 250 274 289 6.5

Sales workers....................................... 113 123 133 141 151 163 172 189 198 6.4

Clerical workers..................................... 91 102 109 115 121 130 140 150 158 6.3

Craft and kindred workers............................ 131 146 157 167 172 195 211 223 239 6.9

Operatives, except transport 2/....................... — 119 132 141 157 162 8.0

Transport equipment operatives 2/..................... — — — — 152 169 180 198 214 8.9

Nonfarm laborers..................................... 93 106 110 117 122 138 149 154 161 6.3

Private household workers............................ 32 34 38 38 40 39 50 54 60 7.2

Other service workers........... ..................... 75 82 87 96 104 111 117 123 134 6.7

Farm workers........................................ 58 66 71 74 80 96 107 111 120 8.4

1/ Reflects compounded rates of change for 1967-1976 period.

2,1 Separate data for these two groups not available prior to 1972.

Figure 26

Median usual hourly earnings and hourly rates of pay of wage and salary workers in the manufacturing industry, by race-sex group.

May 1974, May 1975, and May 1976

Group

Usual hourly earnings Hourly rates of pay

Amount Percent change Amount Percent change

May

1974

May

1975

May

1976

1974 to

1975

1975 to

1976

May

1974

May

1975

May

1976

1974 to

1975

1975 to

1976

A ll industries ........................................ $3.71 $4.02 $4.26 8.4 6.0 $3.20 $3.39 $3.55 5.9 4.7

M anufacturing .............................. 4.06 4.61 4.78 13.5 3.7 3.71 4.16 4.29 12.1 3.1

W hite:

Male ...................................... 4.81 5.34 5.59 11.0 4.7 4.33 4.77 5.05 10.2 5.9

Female ................................. 2.97 3.27 3.41 10.1 4.3 2.81 3.06 3.21 8.9 4.9

Black and other:

Male ...................................... 3.85 4.54 4.65 17.9 2.4 3.76 4.34 4.45 15.4 2.5

Female ................................. 2.70 3.00 3.10 11.1 3.3 2.58 2.90 2.93 12.4 1.0

47

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chapter 7. Wages of Workers Covered by

Unemployment Insurance Programs

Employment and wage data for workers covered by 

State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and for 

Federal civilian workers covered by the program of 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees 

(U CFE) provide a virtual census of workers and their 

wages in private nonagricultural employment and in 

the Federal Government. As of the first quarter of 1975, 

almost 81 percent of State government employees, 20 

percent of local government employees, and 5 percent 

of agricultural workers were covered. Beginning in 

1978, all State and local government employees will be 

included.

The data are compiled by State employment security 

agencies from quarterly tax reports submitted by 

employers subject to UI laws and by Federal installations covered by U C FE programs. More than 3.9 

million employers in private industry and about 34,000 

reporting units of the Federal Government submitted 

reports in the first quarter of 1975, covering about 64 

million workers and representing $165.1 billion in total 

quarterly wages. State employment security agencies - 

in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto 

Rico - summarize the data from these reports and 

transmit them quarterly to the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS). The BLS, in turn, summarizes and 

publishes the data quarterly in E m p lo ym en t a n d Wages.

Background

When the Federal Unemployment Insurance Tax 

A ct first became effective in January 1938, it applied 

only to firms employing at least eight persons in 20 

weeks in a calendar year and excluded certain categories of workers. Amendments to the Social Security Act 

extended coverage to Federal civilian employees on 

January 1, 1955, and to workers in firms employing four 

to seven workers on January 1, 1958.

In 1958, the Unemployment Compensation for Exservicemen (UCX) program, covering a significant 

portion of men and women who had served in the 

Armed Forces, became effective. Earlier programs for 

former service personnel had been temporary.

Over the years many States, through changes in 

State legislation, have provided unemployment insurance protection to additional categories of workers 

above the base established through Federal legislation.

Federal legislation effective January 1, 1972, extended UI coverage in 28 States to firms employing one or 

more workers, and expanded some statutory coverage 

provisions. The remaining States had expanded coverage for small employers before the Federal minimum 

requirement was passed. These amendments as well as 

additional changes in State legislation have broadened 

the base of workers protected by UI to 4 out of 5 

workers.

D ata on employment and wages of workers covered 

by UI have been published quarterly since 1950. Earlier 

reports were issued semiannually beginning with 1938.

Description of data

T o t a l W a g e s

Total wages, as reported on the quarterly contribution report of employers in private industry covered 

by State UI laws, are, in most States, the total 

compensation paid by the employer during the quarter 

for services performed, w hether or not they were 

performed during the calendar quarter. A few State 

laws specify that the wages reported shall be on a 

payable basis, i.e., for services performed during the 

quarter. Under most State laws or regulations, wages 

include bonuses, the cash value of meals and lodging 

when supplied, and tips and other gratuities.

Employer contributions for old-age, survivors’, disability, and health insurance (OASDHI), unemployment 

insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension 

and welfare funds are not reported as wages. On the 

other hand, employee contributions for the same 

purposes, as well as money withheld for income taxes, 

union dues, etc., are reported even though they are 

deducted from the w orker’s gross pay.

Wages of Federal workers represent the gross 

amount of all payrolls for all periods ending within the 

quarter, including cash allowances, the cash equivalent 

of any type of remuneration, and all payments for sick 

leave, lump-sum payments for terminal leave, w ithholding taxes, and civil service retirement deductions. 

Federal employee remuneration generally covers the 

same types of services as those for workers in private 

industry. Depending upon the method used by the 

Federal agency in preparing its quarterly summary 

balance (cash or accrual basis), the gross amount of 

payrolls is either paid or payable.

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T a x a b l e W a g e s a n d C o n t r ib u t io n s

Taxable wages, that part of wages subject to the 

State UI tax, and contributions paid on such wages, also 

are reported quarterly.

State law, which has varied substantially over time, 

determines the portion of wages subject to taxation. In 

all but five States, an employer pays contributions on 

only the first $4,200 of an employee’s annual wage. In 

25 States, employers may obtain lower tax rates by 

contributing voluntarily to the unemployment fund. 

Three States—Alabama, Alaska, and New Jersey—also 

accept contributions from employees. Such contributions are not identified separately.

Under Federal law, certain units of State and local 

government after 1942 and certain nonprofit establishments in the private sector after 1972 could reimburse 

the State to which they were liable for any claims filed 

against them. For these reimbursable accounts, which 

are not subject to quarterly assessments, and for 

accounts under UCX and U CFE, the taxable wage item 

would not be reported.

W o r k e r s C o v e r e d

P rivate industry. Employment data, as reported quarterly by employers in private industry, represent the 

number of workers earning wages during the pay 

period including the 12th of the month. The pay period 

will vary in both date and length from employer to 

employer. For most employers, the payroll period is a 

7-day period, not necessarily a calendar week. An 

employer who pays on more than one basis (such as 

production employees weekly and office employees 

semimonthly) reports the total number of workers on 

each type of payroll for the appropriate period.

The count of workers in private industry includes all 

corporation officials, executives, supervisory personnel, 

clerical workers, wage earners, persons on paid vacations, piece workers, and part-time workers. Since the 

employment count is based on individual establishments, workers are reported as working in the State of 

the physical location of their job.

Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday, paid 

vacation, and so forth, are included, but those on leave 

without pay for the entire payroll period are excluded. 

Persons on the payroll of more than one establishment 

during the period are counted each time reported. 

W orkers are counted even though, in the latter months 

of the year, their wages may not be subject to the 

unemployment insurance tax. The employment count 

excludes the following: (1) Workers who earned no 

wages during the entire applicable pay period because 

of strikes or work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, 

or unpaid vacations; (2) workers who earned wages 

during the month but earned no wages during the

applicable pay period; and (3) proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, most farm workers, 

and most domestics in private households.

S ta te a n d local g overn m en t em ployees. Federal legislation, according to provisions of PL 91-373, now 

requires States to cover employees in State-owned and 

operated hospitals and State institutions of higher 

education. In addition, UI laws of 42 States provide 

coverage for some portion of State and local government employees, although some States do not implement these laws. In 21 States coverage is mandatory for 

all State employees, and in 2 States coverage is 

mandatory for both State and local government w orkers. In the remaining States only 25 percent of all State 

and local government employees are now covered. 

Complete coverage will begin in 1978.1

F e d era l em ployees. Employment data for Federal civilian employees are a byproduct of the operations of 

State employment security agencies in administering 

provisions of Title XV of the Social Security A ct—the 

program of Unemployment Compensation for Federal 

Employees.

In government, the equivalent of a reporting unit is 

an “installation” and the organization of which it is a 

part, i.e., the department, agency, or instrumentality 

responsible for an activity of government, is the 

employer (firm equivalent). A Federal installation is a 

single physical location at which an organizational unit 

of a Federal department or agency has civilian employment.

Data are based on reports of monthly employment 

submitted each quarter to State agencies for all installations of Federal agencies having employees covered by 

the act, except the Central Intelligence Agency and the 

National Security Agency, which are omitted for 

security reasons.

The Departm ent of Defense (except units paid from 

nonappropriated funds) submits data under a special 

arrangement. In lieu of quarterly reports, installations 

of the Departments of Army, Navy, Air Force, and 

other Defense units submit monthly reports to State 

agencies covering each installation with 101 employees 

or more. Quarterly data for all installations including 

those with fewer than 101 employees are reported 

directly to the BLS, which then transmits the figures to 

the States for inclusion in the Departm ent of Defense 

totals.

As in private industry, the employment count in any 

given month for all agencies (except the Departm ent of 

Defense) is based on the number on the payroll for the

1 Details on coverage are provided in Comparisons of State

Unemployment Insurance Laws, available on request from the Employment and Training Administration - UI Service, U.S. Department of

Labor, Washington, D.C. 20213.

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period including the 12th of the month. The count in 

installations of the Department of Defense includes 

persons employed on the last workday of the month 

plus all intermittent employees during the month. 

Intermittent workers are those employed occasionally 

at any time during the month.

Classification of data

Reporting units which are summarized to produce 

the aggregate statistics are classified individually according to several attributes—industrial economic activity, geographic location, and employment size interval. Such classification enables tabulation of data for 

any combination of these attributes. However, the 

accuracy of the resulting aggregates depends on both 

the validity of the classifications and the proper 

definition of the reporting unit.

R ep o rtin g unit. An establishment is defined as a single 

physical location at which one, or predominantly one 

type of economic activity is performed. Most employers covered under UI laws operate only one place of 

business. In such instances the establishment, the 

reporting unit, and the employer are identical. State 

agencies request employers who operate at two or more 

locations and employ more than 50 workers in all 

secondary locations to identify separately the employment and payrolls of each location. To the extent that 

State agencies have successfully obtained employer 

cooperation, reporting units and establishments of such 

employers are identical. When multi-establishment 

employers do not furnish this breakdown, employment 

and payrolls for secondary locations are combined with 

the primary location as one reporting unit. Also, 

particularly in industries characterized by small branch 

establishments (e.g., food stores, drug stores, banks), 

employers may combine all branch establishments in a 

county as a single reporting unit.

In contrast to reporting by private industry, Federal 

agencies may combine as a single statewide reporting 

unit (a) all installations of 10 or fewer workers or (2) all 

installations which have fewer than 50 workers. Also, 

fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a 

State may be reported with the major installation. 

Because of these procedures, the number of reporting 

units is always larger than the number of employers (or 

government agencies) but is smaller than the number of 

establishments (or installations).

In du stry. Each of these reporting units is assigned an 

industrial code on the basis of its principal activity 

according to the S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification

M an u al. Detail of classification has varied over time. 

Presently, almost all States assign a 4-digit code to all

reporting units, using “nature of business” information 

collected every 3 years. The possibility that a reporting 

unit comprises several establishments is also determined 

from this information.

L ocation. In most States each reporting unit is assigned 

the county code of its location, or its principal location, 

according to the criteria delineated above. In some 

industries, however, the degree to which small establishments have been lumped into one reporting unit 

does affect the county aggregates of these reporting 

units.

E m p lo ym en t size. Reporting units also are classified by 

employment into nine size classes in the first quarter of 

each year. Except for nonprofit organizations of fewer 

than four employees, the actual business population is 

accurately represented by the size class distribution.

Presentation

E m p lo y m e n t a n d Wages, a quarterly BLS publication, 

contains national aggregates of employment and wage 

data to the 3-digit industry level (figure 27). The data 

also are distributed by State and region for important 

industry groups (figure 28). Because of space limitations, BLS does not publish State and regional data for 

all industry detail but such information may be requested for specific industries. Publications for the first 

quarter of each year include national totals for 4-digit 

manufacturing industries. Employment and wage data 

also are tabulated for Federal workers by agency and, 

for the largest agencies, by State.

Except for 3 years (1964-66), tabulations are published for the first quarter of each year from 1959 to the 

present to show the distribution of employment and 

wages by employment size class of reporting unit for 

each major industry division within each State and for 

2-, 3-, and 4-digit (manufacturing) reporting units for the 

United States as a whole.

Many State agencies either publish or have figures 

available on covered employees and wages by county 

and for important local labor areas. A number of 

agencies can furnish such data for detailed industries 

within the industry groups for which totals are shown. 

Requests for such detail should be made directly to the 

State employment security agencies listed in chapter 5.

D is c l o s u r e R e s t r ic t io n s

To preserve the anonymity of establishments, the 

BLS withholds release of employment and wage data 

for any industry level containing fewer than three 

reporting units. A State may request that data also be 

withheld for any industry level if (1) the “fewer than 

three” rule would not prevent disclosure of information

50

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relating to an individual reporting unit and (2) a single 

installation or establishment accounts for over 80 

percent of the industry.

Uses and limitations

D ata produced by this program represent the largest 

universe of monthly employment and quarterly wage 

information by industry, county, and State regularly 

available. In addition to their basic use in administering 

the UI laws, they have broad economic significance in 

evaluating labor trends and major industry developments, both for the Nation as a whole and for individual 

States.

Private employer contribution reports and government reports provide data for administering State UI 

programs. Private industry employment data reflect the 

extent of UI coverage of individual State laws, and 

corresponding wage data provide a basis for estimating 

the future flow of income into State UI funds. The 

revenue for these funds is derived from a tax on payrolls 

of covered private employers. Actuarial studies and 

evaluation of the financial solvency of State UI funds 

must take into account employment and payroll fluctuations, and the State’s industrial composition.

Other organizations use these data, either independently or in cooperation with the BLS and the State 

agencies, to prepare other statistical series. For example, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of 

Commerce, uses State UI wage data as the major wage 

and salary component of national income and its 

distribution by State. In addition, State UI data are used 

to estimate that part of wage and salary supplements 

accounted for by employer contributions to State UI 

funds, as well as the Federal employer taxes paid for 

OASDHI.

D ata on wages and average employment of both 

private and Federal workers are used to calculate, with 

reasonable accuracy, average weekly wages of covered 

workers. The average weekly wage is computed by 

dividing total wages for the year by 52 to derive a figure 

on wages paid during the average week of the year. 

This figure is then divided by the corresponding figure 

on average monthly employment. Similarly, quarterly 

wages are divided by 13. This procedure assumes that 

“average monthly employment” is approximately the 

same in an average week, since pay periods for which 

employment is reported are in most cases single weeks.

Caution should be exercised in using these average 

weekly wages, particularly those developed from 

quarterly total wages. The wage data for quarters may 

be affected by strikes, bonus payments (usually in the 

October-December quarter), retroactive payments, and 

the influx of young summertime workers in the JulySeptember quarter. The average weekly wage per 

covered worker will not measure precisely the average 

annual or quarterly wage of workers, since such 

averages would be overstated due to the effect of labor 

turnover, short-time jobs, etc. The number of different 

workers employed at one time or another during an 

entire quarter or year, and hence sharing in the wages 

paid for the quarter or year, is substantially larger than 

the average number employed in the pay periods 

including the 12th of each month of the quarter or year. 

More extensive data on annual per capita earnings of 

workers can be obtained from individual continuous 

work history tabulations prepared by the Social Security Administration (see chapter 8) and from special 

studies prepared by some State employment security 

agencies from their files.

L im it a t io n s o f C o v e r a g e

In analyzing and comparing UI data geographically 

and over time, the effects of nonuniform coverage of 

the UI laws among States must be taken into consideration, particularly for periods prior to 1972. Starting in 

1972, Federal legislation extended coverage to practically all private nonagricultural employers of one or 

more employees in all States. Beginning in 1978, 

coverage will be extended to include employees of 

State and local governments, agricultural laborers of 

larger firms, and domestic workers. M ajor groups of 

workers still not covered by Federal requirements will 

be self-employed workers, agricultural laborers of 

smaller firms, and employees of private educational 

institutions and religious organizations.

Excluded from private industry coverage during 

January-M arch 1975 were approximately 1.0 million 

agricultural workers, 1.6 million self-employed farmers,

5.4 million self-employed nonagricultural workers, 1.3 

million domestic workers, 1.3 million employees of 

nonprofit religious, charitable, medical, scientific, and 

educational institutions, 0.7 million unpaid family workers, and 0.6 million workers covered by the railroad 

unemployment insurance system.

In addition, 7.8 million State and local government 

workers were not protected by unemployment compensation laws. Also excluded from the data were 2.2 

million members of the Armed Forces.

R e l ia b il it y

Because the data comprise a universe count of 

employees covered by UI, the report is not subject to 

sampling variability. E rror sources, of course, do exist. 

One of the most important arises from the need to 

estimate delinquent accounts — estimates may be 

required for as many as 10 percent of the total reporting 

units in a State. A nother source of error is the lack of

51

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adequate inform ation on w hich to base industrial 

classification o f establishm ents. Efforts are being m ade 

to lessen the erro r arising from these sources.

—REFERENCES—

Bunke, Alfred L. “Quarterly Report of Employment, Wages, 

and Contributions (ES-202),” Selected Papers from

North American Conference on Labor Statistics, 1973.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 

1973, pp. 132-33.

Ehrenhalt, Samuel M. “Some Thoughts on Planning a 

Comprehensive Employment Statistics Program,” Selected Papers from North American Conference on Labor

Statistics, 1973. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of 

Labor Statistics, 1973, pp. 136-38.

Interstate Conference of Employment Security Agencies. The

ES-202 Needs a New Priority in Federal-State Cooperation. June 1971.

“Technical Notes on Insured Unemployment, Covered Employment, and Wage Statistics: Their Source, Nature, 

and Limitations,” Summary o f Employment Security

Statistics Report. U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower 

Administration, May 1975.

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Comparisons o f State Unemployment Insurance Laws.

52

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 27

INDUSTRY DETAIL

U S. TOTALS

Table C-1. Private industry, monthly employment and quarterly wages.first quarter 1975

IN D U S TR IA L CODE AND T IT L E

P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y T O T A L ...........................................................................................................................

A G R I C U L T U R E , F O R E S T R Y , AND F I S H E R I E S ..............................................................................

0 1 C O M M E R C I A L F A R M S ....................................................................................................................................

0 1 1 F I E L D CR OP F A R M S ..............................................................................................................................

0 1 2 F R U IT , TREE N U T , AND VEGETABLE FARMS..............................................................

0 1 3 L I V E S T O C K F A R M S .................................................................................................................................

0 1 A G E N E R A L F A R M S ........................................................................................................................................

0 1 9 M I S C E L L A N E O U S C O M M E R C I A L F A R M S .................................................................................

07 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES AND HUNTING AND TR A P P IN G ....................................

0 7 1 AGRICULTURAL S E R V IC E S , EXCEPT ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

AND H O R T I C U L T U R A L S E R V I C E S ...........................................................................................

0 7 2 A N I M A L H U S B A N D R Y S E R V I C E S .................................................................................................

0 7 3 H O R T I C U L T U R A L S E R V I C E S ...........................................................................................................

0 7 4 H U N TIN G AND T R A P P IN G , AND GAME P R O PAG ATIO N ...........................................

0 8 F O R E S T R Y ..............................................................................................................................................................

0 8 1 T I M B E R T R A C T S .......................................................................................................................................

0 8 2 FOREST N U R S E R IE S AND TREE SEED G A TH ER IN G AND E X T R A C T IN G .

0 8 4 G A T H E R I N G OF GUMS AND B A R K S ...........................................................................................

0 8 5 F O R E S T R Y S E R V I C E S ...........................................................................................................................

0 8 6 G A TH E R IN G OF FOREST P R O D U C TS, NOT ELSEWHERE C L A S S I F I E D . .

0 9 F I S H E R I E S ..........................................................................................................................................................

0 9 1 F I S H E R I E S ....................................................................................................................................................

0 9 8 F I S H E R Y S E R V I C E S .................................................................................................... .........................

M I N I N G ..............................................................................................................................................................................

1 0 M E T A L M I N I N G .................................................................................................................................................

1 0 1 I R O N O R E S ....................................................................................................................................................

1 0 2 C O P P E R O R E S ..............................................................................................................................................

1 0 3 L E A D AND Z I N C O R E S .......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 GO LD AND S I L V E R O R E S .................................................................................................................

1 0 5 B A U X I T E ANO O T H E R A L U M I N U M O R E S ..............................................................................

1 0 6 F E R R O A L L O Y O R E S , E X C E P T V A N A O I U M ...........................................................................

1 0 8 M E T A L M I N I N G S E R V I C E S ..............................................................................................................

1 0 9 M I S C E L L A N E O U S M E T A L O R E S ....................................................................................................

1 1 ( 1 1 1 ) A N T H R A C I T E M I N I N G ..............................................................................................................

1 2 ( 1 2 1 ) B I T U M I N O U S C O A L AND L I G N I T E M I N I N G ........................................................

13 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ....................................................................................

1 3 1 C R UDE P E T R O L E U M AND N A T U R A L G A S ..............................................................................

1 3 2 N A T U R A L GAS L I Q U I D S ....................................................................................................................

1 3 8 O I L AN D GAS F I E L D S E R V I C E S ..............................................................................................

14 M IN IN G AND QUARRYING OF N O NM ETALLIC M IN E R A L S , EXCEPT FUELS

1 4 1 D I M E N S I O N S T O N E ................................................................................................................................

1 4 2 C R U S H E D AND B R O K E N S T O N E , I N C L U D I N G R I P R A P ...........................................

1 4 4 SAND AND G R A V E L .................................................................................................................................

145 CLA Y, C E R A M IC , AND REFRACTORY M IN ER A LS .......................................................

1 4 7 C H E M I C A L ANO F E R T I L I Z E R M I N E R A L M I N I N G ........................................................

1 4 8 N O N M E T A L L I C M I N E R A L S ( E X C E P T F U E L ) S E R V I C E S ........................................

1 4 9 M I S C E L L A N E O U S N O N M E T A L L I C M I N E R A L S , E X C E P T F U E L S .........................

C O N T R A C T C O N S T R U C T I O N ...............................................................................................................................

15 ( 1 5 1 ) B U IL D IN G CONSTRUCTION— GENERAL CONTRACTORS ..............................

16 CONSTRUCTION OTHER THAN B U IL D IN G CONSTRUCTION— GENERAL

CONTRACTORS ................................. ...............................................................................................................

161 HIGHWAY AND STREET C O N S TR U C TIO N , EXCEPT ELEVATED

H I G H W A Y S ....................................................................................................................................................

162 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION, EXCEPT HIGHWAY AND STREET

C O N S T R U C T I O N .......................................................................................................................................

1 7 C O N S T R U C T I O N — S P E C I A L TR A D E C O N T R A C T O R S .............................................................

1 71 P L U M B IN G , H E A T IN G , AND A IR C O N D IT IO N IN G .................................................... .

172 P A IN T IN G , PAPER HANGING, AND DECORATING .................................................... ..

1 7 3 E L E C T R I C A L WORK...................................................................................................................................

174 MASONRY, STONEWORK, T IL E S E T T IN G , AND P L A S TE R IN G ....................... ..

1 7 5 C A R P E N T E R I N G ANO WOOD F L O O R I N G ...................................................................................

1 7 6 R O O F I N G ANO S H E E T M E T A L WORK.........................................................................................

1 7 7 C O N C R E T E WORK....................................................................................................................................... ..

1 7 8 WATER WE LL D R I L L I N G ......................................................................................................................

179 MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL TRADE CONTRACTORS .................................................... ..

M A N U F A C T U R I N G .........................................................................................................................................................

1 9 OR DNANCE AND A C C E S S O R I E S .............................................................................................................

191 ( 1 9 1 1 ) GUNS, HO W ITZERS, MORTARS, AND RELATED E Q U IP M E N T ..,

1 9 2 A M M U N I T I O N , E X C E P T FOR S M A L L A R M S ..........................................................................

1 9 2 5 GUIOED M IS S IL E S AND SPACE V E H IC L E S , COMPLETELY

A S S E M B L E D .............................................................................................................................................

1 9 2 9 A M M U N I T I O N , NOT E L S E W H E R E C L A S S I F I E D ..........................................................

1 9 3 ( 1 9 3 1 ) TA N K S AND T A N K C O M P O N E N T S .............................................................................

194 ( 1 9 4 1 ) S IG H T IN G AND F IR E CONTROL EQUIPM ENT .............................................

1 9 5 ( 1 9 5 1 ) S M A L L A R M S .............................................................................................................................

1 9 6 ( 1 9 6 1 ) S M A L L ARMS A M M U N I T I O N .........................................................................................

1 9 9 ( 1 9 9 9 ) OR D N A N C E ANO A C C E S S O R I E S , N . E . C ..........................................................

2 0 FOOD ANO K I N D R E D P R O D U C T S ..........................................................................................................

2 0 1 MEA T P R O D U C T S ..........................................................................................................................................

EMPLOYMENT QUARTERLY

WAGES

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH ( I N OOOS)

5 9 , 9 7 3 , 2 7 4 5 9 , 2 5 3 , 5 9 1 5 9 , 3 3 5 , 7 0 8 $ 1 1 * 1 ,5 5 0 ,6 0 1

2 7 7 , 4 2 7 2 7 0 , 4 9 0 2 8 4 , 3 1 0 4 7 8 , 4 8 4

5 4 , 9 7 2 5 4 ,0 5 4 5 7 ,6 7 3 1 0 8 ,5 6 1

8 ,7 9 8 8 , 7 7 8 8 ,4 6 8 2 4 ,8 9 3

1 5 , 8 7 9 1 5 ,6 4 1 1 7 ,2 8 4 2 9 ,3 4 4

8 , 002 7 , 9 1 5 7 , 9 4 6 1 3 ,6 7 3

5 , 6 0 8 4 , 6 6 9 5 ,6 1 6 9 , 9 2 4

1 6 ,6 8 5 1 7 ,0 5 1 1 8 , 3 5 9 3 0 , 7 2 6

1 9 9 ,4 3 3 1 9 3 ,5 3 0 2 0 2 ,9 5 0 3 1 6 ,8 2 3

3 2 ,6 2 2 3 0 , 7 1 7 3 3 ,2 9 3 5 4 , 3 5 8

9 4 , 6 9 2 9 3 , 3 7 4 9 4 ,6 5 1 1 3 5 ,1 3 2

7 1 , 7 6 7 6 9 , 1 1 4 7 4 ,6 9 1 1 2 6 ,8 7 2

352 325 315 4 6 2

1 0 ,5 1 1 1 0 ,4 7 4 1 0 ,6 7 6 1 9 ,8 0 3

4 , 174 4 , 2 3 4 4 , 1 1 3 9 ,4 7 2

836 858 845 1 ,3 6 7

5 1 5 2 5 3 7 8

5 ,3 6 8 5 , 2 3 0 5 ,5 6 9 8 , 7 4 5

8 2 1 0 0 9 6 140

1 2 ,5 1 1 1 2 ,4 3 2 1 3 ,0 1 1 3 3 ,2 9 6

1 1 ,2 0 8 1 1 ,1 2 5 1 1 ,6 2 5 3 1 ,0 5 4

1, 303 1 ,3 0 7 1 ,3 8 6 2 ,2 4 3

7 3 1 ,9 0 8 7 3 0 ,8 5 2 7 3 5 ,1 9 3 2 , 5 4 3 , 5 1 6

9 6 ,3 9 1 9 4 , 7 9 0 9 3 , 0 2 6 3 2 3 , 9 4 6

2 3 ,4 5 2 2 3 ,5 0 1 2 3 , 5 1 6 8 5 ,7 1 7

4 3 , 2 3 9 4 1 , 5 8 9 3 9 , 7 9 8 1 4 5 ,1 5 2

8 , 3 0 0 8 , 3 0 8 8 ,3 6 1 2 4 , 8 3 6

3 ,6 1 7 3 ,6 6 1 3 , 7 2 6 1 0 ,6 5 8

4 6 9 471 471 1 ,5 2 5

4 , 587 4 , 6 2 3 4 , 6 1 7 1 5 ,6 0 6

4 , 125 3 ,9 6 0 3 ,8 1 8 1 2 ,9 6 5

8 , 602 8 ,6 7 7 8 , 7 1 9 2 7 , 4 8 7

3 , 565 3 ,5 6 8 3 ,6 1 8 9 ,9 8 2

1 9 7 ,0 3 3 1 9 8 ,3 4 6 2 0 1 , 5 8 9 7 5 3 ,6 3 2

3 2 4 ,9 7 2 3 2 5 , 9 6 9 3 2 6 ,8 2 8 1 , 1 5 4 , 5 6 8

1 5 0 ,5 8 6 1 5 1 ,3 2 4 1 5 1 ,8 2 5 6 1 5 ,0 9 4

3 ,9 8 2 3 , 9 8 4 4 , 0 0 6 1 4 ,8 5 7

1 7 0 ,4 0 4 1 7 0 ,6 6 1 1 7 0 ,9 9 7 5 2 4 ,6 1 7

1 0 9 ,9 4 7 1 0 8 , 1 7 9 1 1 0 ,1 3 2 3 0 1 ,3 8 7

3 , 834 3 , 7 8 2 3 , 8 1 4 8 ,3 3 7

3 7 , 9 2 5 3 7 ,1 5 1 3 7 ,7 6 1 1 0 0 ,4 6 6

3 2 ,3 2 8 3 1 , 2 5 9 3 2 , 1 5 5 8 5 ,1 4 1

7 , 7 9 4 7 , 7 0 4 7 ,7 0 0 1 9 ,8 5 0

2 3 ,0 0 1 2 3 , 1 1 8 2 3 ,4 6 8 7 4 ,1 1 4

705 7 2 3 718 2 ,1 0 7

4 , 3 6 0 4 , 4 4 2 4 , 5 1 6 1 1 ,3 7 2

3 , 3 4 1 , 8 3 3 3 , 2 2 4 , 8 8 9 3 , 2 4 0 , 2 5 4 9 , 6 7 4 , 4 5 1

1 , 0 4 4 , 7 0 3 1 , 0 0 3 , 9 3 2 1 , 0 0 2 , 1 5 7 2 , 9 2 9 , 1 6 7

6 0 3 ,2 2 5 5 9 1 , 6 2 7 6 0 5 ,4 5 0 1 , 9 2 7 , 6 8 7

2 1 9 , 7 5 1 2 1 3 , 0 1 7 2 2 1 ,3 3 3 6 3 3 ,0 2 3

3 8 3 ,4 7 4 3 7 8 ,6 1 0 3 8 4 ,1 1 7 1 , 2 9 4 , 6 6 4

1 , 6 9 3 , 9 0 5 1 . 6 2 9 , 3 3 0 1 , 6 3 2 , 6 4 7 4 , 8 1 7 , 5 9 6

4 3 5 , 119 4 2 1 , 0 9 1 4 1 5 ,9 2 1 1 , 3 4 8 , 9 8 5

1 0 4 ,4 3 9 1 0 0 ,3 1 1 1 0 1 ,5 8 0 2 5 1 ,6 0 5

3 3 1 , 1 4 9 3 1 9 , 9 6 5 3 1 7 ,1 9 3 1 , 0 8 5 , 5 1 3

1 7 7 ,8 1 5 1 6 9 ,8 1 7 1 7 3 ,2 2 0 4 2 2 , 0 1 6

9 1 , 1 6 5 8 6 ,9 1 5 8 7 ,2 3 8 2 0 6 ,3 0 5

1 1 6 ,6 3 3 1 0 9 ,6 8 9 1 1 1 ,5 5 5 2 7 9 ,8 1 7

6 9 , 7 6 9 6 5 , 7 4 3 6 8 ,8 5 2 1 6 1 ,2 6 2

1 5 ,7 1 7 1 5 ,2 1 8 1 5 ,3 7 2 3 6 ,6 3 0

3 5 2 , 0 9 9 3 4 0 ,5 8 1 3 4 1 ,7 1 6 1 , 0 2 5 , 4 6 3

1 8 , 5 7 0 , 0 4 8 1 8 , 2 3 2 , 6 0 9 1 8 , 1 0 2 , 2 5 0 5 0 , 6 4 9 , 7 7 6

1 7 9 ,0 6 3 1 7 7 ,2 4 5 1 7 5 ,7 5 2 6 3 6 ,0 7 1

2 , 5 3 4 2 , 5 0 8 2 ,4 8 1 8 ,0 5 5

1 3 3 ,5 8 8 1 3 1 ,7 9 8 1 3 0 ,1 3 9 4 9 4 , 3 6 2

1 0 0 ,0 9 1 9 9 , 3 6 6 9 8 ,5 1 7 4 1 2 , 1 1 0

3 3 , 4 9 7 3 2 ,4 3 2 3 1 ,6 2 2 8 2 ,2 5 2

5 , 5 7 3 5 , 6 7 0 5 ,8 0 8 1 8 ,7 9 9

5, 316 5 ,2 7 1 5 ,2 7 1 2 0 , 1 7 4

1 5 ,5 9 1 1 5 ,7 8 1 1 5 ,9 5 6 4 5 , 7 7 0

1 2 ,7 4 5 1 2 ,6 5 8 1 2 ,5 8 2 3 7 , 8 9 6

3 , 7 1 6 3 , 5 5 9 3 ,5 1 5 1 1 ,0 1 5

1 , 6 2 3 , 1 7 0 1 , 5 9 7 , 3 5 3 1 , 5 9 8 , 6 0 5 4 , 1 0 8 , 8 4 6

3 3 2 , 2 2 4 3 2 8 , 2 0 9 3 2 5 ,5 7 3 8 3 4 ,6 2 2

See notes at end of table.

53

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Figure 28

STATE AND REGION

DETAIL

Table C-6. Total all industries, monthly employment and quarterly wages of workers covered under

State Ul and UCFE programs,first quarter 1975 —Continued

STATE AND REG IO N

INDUSTRY D IV IS IO N - M IN IN G

EMPLOYMENT QUARTERLY

WAGES

( IN 0 0 0 ' S )

PERCENT CHANGE

FROM SAME P E R IO O

OF PR EC ED IN G YEAR

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH MARCH

EMPL.

OUARTERLY

w a g e s

M A I N E ........................................... 2 1 3 215 2 1 7 5 1 9 6 . 9 1 8 . 0

NEW HAM PSHIRE ................. 3 0 0 2 9 3 2 8 4 741 - 1 2 . 3 2 - 6

V E R M O N T .... ....................... 705 711 7 2 0 2 . 0 5 7 " 4 - 9 2 0 . 3

MASSACHUSETTS ................. 6 1 5 571 574 1 ,6 7 6 - 1 7 . 9 - 1 2 . 3

RHOD E I S L A N D ..................... 7 6 6 6 78 2 1 5 - 2 0 . 4 - 3 5 . 4

CONNECTICUT 721 6 8 5 761 2 , 7 3 7 8 . 3 2 1 . 7

NEW ENGLAND .................... 2 , 6 3 0 2 , 5 4 1 2 , 6 3 4 7 , 9 4 4 - 5 . 4 7 . 9

NEW YORK ................................. 7 ,7 9 5 7 , 6 3 3 7 , 7 3 4 3 4 , 5 3 4 - 2 . 6 5 . 9

NEW J E R S E Y ........................... 2 , 5 6 4 2 , 5 5 4 2 , 6 0 8 8 , 0 2 5 - 1 2 . 9 - 3 . 9

PENNSYLVANIA .................... 4 4 , 2 7 6 4 4 , 2 5 6 4 5 , 0 1 8 1 6 0 ,1 4 5 1 0 . 9 3 0 . 0

MIDDLE A T L A N T IC ... 5 4 ,6 3 5 5 4 ,4 4 3 5 5 , 3 6 0 2 0 2 , 7 0 4 7 . 4 2 3 . 5

O H I O .............................................. 2 5 , 6 3 7 2 5 , 6 3 6 2 5 , 9 2 3 8 9 , 1 8 8 9 . 2 2 4 . 1

I n d i a n a .................................... 6 , 8 8 6 6 . 9 6 2 7 , 1 0 0 2 4 , 0 9 3 2 . 7 1 8 . 7

I L L I N O I S ................................. 2 5 . 1 8 7 2 4 , 9 5 0 2 5 , 3 4 8 9 1 , 0 6 8 5 . 4 1 9 . 7

M IC H IG A N ................................. 1 2 , 9 2 5 1 2 ,8 0 6 1 2 ,9 4 8 4 3 , 7 0 4 2 . 3 1 7 . 5

W IS C O N S IN .............................. 1 ,9 3 6 1 .8 3 9 1 .9 0 4 5 , 6 6 4 - 8 . 9 3 . 8

EAST NORTH CENTRAL 7 2 ,5 7 1 7 2 .1 9 3 7 3 , 2 2 3 2 5 3 , 7 1 9 5 . 4 2 0 . 3

MINNESOTA .............................. 1 3 ,2 6 5 1 3 ,2 8 0 1 3 ,3 4 3 4 6 , 7 9 8 3 . 0 2 4 . 2

I O W A .............................................. 2 , 4 4 5 2 ,4 0 8 2 , 5 0 6 6 , 7 5 0 - 1 0 . 1 - 1 . 0

M I S S O U R I ................................. 8 * 6 ^ 8 , 5 9 3 8 , 6 3 0 2 6 , 8 1 9 2 . 4 1 5 . 7

NORTH DAKOTA .................... 1 ,6 2 6 1 .6 4 1 1 ,6 9 2 5 , 2 4 6 1 8 . 0 3 9 . 1

SOUTH DAKOTA .................... 2 ,4 2 1 2 ,3 7 3 2 , 3 8 8 6 , 5 6 6 4 . 6 1 2 .7

NEBRASKA ................................. 1 ,3 1 1 l t 2 7 8 1 ,3 3 0 3 ,0 1 7 - 1 8 . 6 1 . 9

K A N S A S ........................................ 1 0 , 1 2 0 1 0 .2 1 7 1 0 ,3 9 2 2 8 , 4 0 7 8 . 6 2 6 . 0

WEST NORTH CENTRAL 3 9 ,8 3 2 3 9 , 7 9 0 4 0 , 2 8 1 1 2 3 ,6 0 3 3 .1 2 0 - 2

DELAWARE ................................. 2 3 7 2 3 4 2 3 0 9 7 6 - 1 9 . 6 8 . 4

MARYLAND ................................. 1 ,7 3 1 1 ,7 0 5 1 .6 9 2 4 , 7 0 3 3 . 3 3 3 . 8

D I S T . OF C O L ..................... 52 51 5 1 2 9 6 3 0 . 8 5 6 .1

V IR G IN IA ................................. 1 9 ,4 9 7 1 9 ,7 6 4 1 9 ,9 9 7 6 6 , 1 6 0 1 7 . 4 3 5 . 8

WEST V IR G I N I A ................. 5 9 , 2 6 6 5 9 , 9 6 4 6 0 , 7 6 5 2 1 4 , 7 8 8 1 4 . 7 4 0 . 7

N O R T H C A R O L I N A .............. 4 , 1 6 0 4 , 0 1 4 4 , 0 3 4 9 , 1 2 8 - 1 . 2 5 . 5

S O U T H C A R O L I N A .............. 1 ,9 9 4 1 .9 7 0 1 ,9 5 7 4 , 2 7 6 1 . 6 3 . 4

G E O R G I A ..................................... 7 ,0 3 4 6 , 9 1 2 6 , 7 8 0 1 6 , 6 0 6 - 1 2 . 2 - 4 . 7

F l o r i d a .................................... 1 0 , 2 4 7 1 0 .1 2 9 1 0 ,3 5 0 3 1 , 7 9 9 1 .7 1 3 . 4

SOUTH A T L A N T I C . . . . 1 0 4 ,2 1 8 1 0 4 ,7 4 3 1 0 5 , 8 5 6 3 4 8 , 7 3 3 1 0 . 4 3 2 . 0

KENTUCKY ................................. 4 3 , 9 6 3 4 3 , 7 5 6 4 4 , 3 6 8 1 5 8 ,4 2 3 2 7 . 2 5 4 . 9

TENNESSEE .............................. 8 ,4 3 4 8 , 4 4 5 8 , 4 9 9 2 4 , 0 6 5 1 3 .9 4 4 . 0

ALABAMA .................................... 1 0 ,6 3 4 1 0 .9 4 3 1 1 , 0 3 4 4 0 , 7 1 5 2 1 . 6 5 2 .1

M I S S I S S I P P I ....................... 6 , 3 9 6 6 , 4 8 7 6 , 5 7 2 1 7 ,0 3 2 9 . 2 2 0 . 5

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL 6 9 , 4 2 7 6 9 . 6 3 1 7 0 , 4 7 3 2 4 0 , 2 3 6 2 2 . 7 5 0 . 3

ARKANSAS ................................. 4 ,0 4 3 4 , 0 3 1 4 , 0 3 1 1 1 , 0 1 0 - 2 . 9 1 4 .3

L O U I S I A N A .............................. 5 8 , 8 8 2 5 9 ,5 8 1 5 9 , 3 4 9 1 9 7 ,9 0 9 9 . 7 2 6 . 1

OKLAHOMA ................................. 4 1 , 6 8 4 4 1 , 5 8 3 4 1 , 6 1 8 1 4 8 ,3 3 1 1 0 .4 3 3 . 3

T E X A S ........................................... 1 3 1 ,8 1 5 1 3 2 ,1 4 1 1 3 2 .8 7 2 4 7 6 . 0 9 2 1 4 .5 3 4 . 4

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL 2 3 6 , 4 2 4 2 3 7 ,3 3 6 2 3 7 . 8 7 0 8 3 3 ,3 4 2 1 2 . 2 3 1 . 8

MONTANA .................................... 7 , 1 9 3 6 , 9 1 4 6 , 9 4 4 2 2 , 9 8 0 - . 9 1 5 .3

I D A H O ........................................... 3 , 5 3 4 3 . 5 6 6 3 , 5 6 0 1 0 ,4 0 9 3 . 7 2 3 . 8

WYOMING .................................... 1 7 ,7 0 2 1 7 ,7 8 1 1 7 ,6 8 8 6 0 ,2 5 ? 2 1 . 4 4 4 . 6

COLORADO ................................. 1 8 ,1 8 5 1 8 ,2 0 2 1 8 ,2 5 9 6 8 , 1 6 4 1 9 .2 3 7 . 0

NEW M E X IC O .......................... 1 9 ,7 3 2 1 9 ,8 2 6 1 9 , 9 2 9 5 9 , 5 5 4 8 . 5 2 7 . 0

A R IZO N A .................................... 2 7 ,0 5 2 2 5 , 6 2 9 2 5 ,1 2 1 9 0 , 6 7 4 - 1 1 . 2 8 . 9

U T A H .............................................. 1 4 ,1 9 1 1 3 ,9 3 8 1 3 ,1 7 7 4 6 , 3 9 4 3 .1 2 9 . 9

NEVADA ....................................... 4 , 6 6 5 4 , 5 4 5 4 , 4 6 4 1 4 ,1 9 1 . 2 7 . 7 4 3 . 6

M O U N T A I N .............................. 1 1 2 , 2 5 4 1 1 0 ,4 0 1 1 0 9 ,1 4 2 3 7 2 , 6 1 9 5 . 7 2 6 . 1

W A S H I N G T O N ........................... 1 ,7 5 3 1 ,7 2 3 1 , 7 9 9 5 ,8 9 2 - 4 . 0 2 2 . 3

OREGON ....................................... 1 ,3 9 3 1 ,3 6 1 1 .4 4 1 4 , 0 4 7 . 4 1 2 . 6

C A L IF O R N IA .......................... 3 2 ,3 4 3 3 1 , 9 6 6 3 2 , 2 3 4 1 2 3 ,4 0 4 2 . 2 1 6 .5

ALASKA ....................................... 3 , 5 1 9 3 , 8 0 6 3 , 9 7 7 2 5 , 9 8 9 4 5 . 4 1 1 4 . 9

H A W A II ....................................... 4 4 3 6 - 8 6 . 4 - 8 7 . 9

P A C IF IC ................................. 3 9 ,0 1 2 3 8 , 8 6 0 3 9 , 4 5 4 1 5 9 ,3 3 8 4 . 9 2 6 . 0

P U E R T O R I C O ........................ 9 0 5 9 1 4 9 0 0 1 .2 7 8 - 1 3 . 6 3 . 6

V IR G IN IS LA N D S ..............

t o t a l 1........................................... 7 3 1 ,9 0 8 7 3 0 ,8 5 2 7 3 5 , 1 9 3 S 2 , 5 4 3 ,5 1 6 9 . 7 2 9 . 5

See footnotes at end of table.

54

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Chapter 8. Annual Earnings and Employment Patterns

T he B ureau’s series on annual earnings and em ploym ent patterns (A E E P ) is the m ost accurate and com prehensive source o f data available on annual earnings of 

w age and salary w orkers. T he prim ary classification of 

the earnings data is by industry, w ith cross-classification by dem ographic characteristics o f w orkers, such as 

age, sex, and race, and by num ber o f quarters w orked 

and geographic location o f em ploym ent.

F o r 1964, the first year for w hich the series is 

available, inform ation was presented only for private 

nonagricultural w orkers w ho w ere covered under the 

provisions o f old-age, survivors, disability, and health 

insurance, m ore com m only referred to as social security. F o r 1965, the series w as extended to include w orkers 

covered by the R ailroad R etirem ent A ct. T he series 

does not include w orkers in agriculture and governm ent (civilian and m ilitary) and self-em ployed individuals.

Description of data

T he data for the A E E P program are obtained from a 

1 -percent random sample o f the earnings records of 

individual em ployees m aintained by the Social Security 

A dm inistration and the R ailroad R etirem ent Board. A 

m ulti-stage system atic cluster procedure insures that 

the sample is strictly random and that the same 

individuals are included in the sample in each year. 

E ach individual em ployee’s record contains inform ation on sex, race, year o f birth, em ployers’ locations, 

and total estim ated annual wages and salaries. This total 

includes estim ates by the Social Security A dm inistration o f earnings that exceed the limits for w hich social 

security taxes are collected ($15,300 in 1976).

Em ployers covered under the R ailroad R etirem ent 

A ct are required to report m onthly em ployee earnings, 

also subject to a taxable limit. T o com pensate for this 

lim itation the R ailroad R etirem ent Board has developed a series of step-up factors for each occupation 

w hich raises creditable earnings to total earnings for 

w orkers w ho earn m ore than the taxable limit.

S u m m a ry data. Sum m ary tables, w hich are published 

annually in the bulletin A n n u a l E arnin gs a n d E m p lo ym e n t P attern s o f P rivate N o n a g ricu ltu ra l E m ployees,

contain means, m edians and frequency distributions, by 

industry, o f the annual earnings of w age and salary 

earners by selected characteristics. These include race,

sex, age, region, industry o f m ajor earnings, and the 

num ber o f quarters w orked during the year. T w o kinds 

of earnings inform ation are tabulated for each w orker 

by industry division, by 2-digit Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC ) industry groups, and by m ost 3- 

digit SIC industries: (1) Earnings in the industry o f 

m ajor earnings during a given year; and (2) total 

earnings, regardless o f industry, in that year (figure 29).

D e ta ile d data. Extensive cross-tabulations also are 

available for a com bination o f any o f the following: 

Industry, geographic area, race, sex, quarters o f w ork, 

num ber o f em ployers, age a n d /o r earnings interval 

(figure 30).

M easu res o f in equ ality o f in com e distribution. T he A E E P 

program also provides measures o f the degree o f 

inequality o f the distribution o f incom e in a population 

through the use o f G ini indexes. T he Gini index 

m easures the cum ulative percent o f total incom e 

received by cum ulative population percentiles. T he 

graphic representation o f this relationship, a Lorenz 

curve, provides the concept from w hich the index is 

derived. (See figure 31.) W hen a situation of com plete 

incom e equality exists (all units receiving the same 

income), the L orenz curve for the distribution becomes 

a straight line (line o f equality). This indicates that any 

percentage o f the total population, as plotted on the Xaxis, receives a like percentage o f total income. A n 

actual incom e distribution results in a curve w ith the 

same end points but lying beneath this straight line. 

Figure 31 show s this relationship w ith the hypothetical 

line o f equality AB and the actual L orenz curve o f a 

distribution. T he G ini index is the proportion o f the 

area bounded by the L orenz curve and the line o f 

equality to the area o f the triangle ABC. T he less 

equally distributed the incom e, the greater will be the 

area betw een the line o f equality and the L orenz curve, 

and consequently the larger the G ini index.

Uses and limitations

T he A E E P program provides data for use in public 

and private policy determ ination as well as in general 

econom ic analysis. O f particular significance in this 

program is the capability to stratify industry data in 

num erous ways according to the needs o f the data user.

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T he result is the ability to gain some insights, at several 

levels o f detail, into the dem ographic and industrial 

characteristics w hich affect the econom ic behavior o f 

an individual or group o f individuals.

O ne distinguishing feature o f the data is the ability to 

classify w orkers by the num ber o f quarters w orked. 

T he data for individuals em ployed in four quarters o f 

the year (approxim ately 65 percent of the w ork force) 

present the m ost m eaningful picture w hen assessing the 

overall w ork and earnings experience o f the private 

nonfarm labor force. This is because w orkers w ho w ere 

only peripherally attached to the labor force or who 

w ere either entering or leaving the labor force during 

the year w ould generally not be included am ong the 4- 

quarter w orkers. T he value o f o ther than 4-quarter data 

lies in the aid they provide in the identification of 

possible seasonal and other em ploym ent patterns w ithin 

certain econom ic groups.

T he data are used in collective bargaining, in m aking 

interindustry com parisons, in analyzing earnings and 

em ploym ent distributions by industry for different 

dem ographic groups, and in determ ining quarterly 

em ploym ent patterns by industry.

T w o prim ary limitations o f the series are the inability 

to determ ine hours or weeks w orked or paid for and the 

lack o f occupational inform ation. T he tim e lag o f 2-3 

years betw een the reference year and publication also 

limits the use o f the data in analyzing current econom ic 

conditions. D espite the delays caused by the reporting 

requirem ents established by law, the data requirem ents 

o f the collecting agencies, and the time required to 

extract a sample and reduce the raw data to statistical 

tables, it is expected that the lag can soon be reduced to 

2 years. T here is also reason to believe that, ow ing to an 

interagency effort, occupational inform ation will becom e available in the not too distant future.

Comparison with other series

T he A E E P series is the m ost accurate source o f data 

on the annual earnings o f w age and salary w orkers. 

O ther series, such as the B ureau’s data on average 

w eekly earnings based on establishm ent reports (see 

chapter 5), do not provide any inform ation on annual 

earnings since they lack data on the average num ber o f 

weeks w orked during the year. T he m ost com parable 

data are found in the Census B ureau’s reports on annual 

incom e,1 but these contain the omissions and inaccuracies inherent in household interview data. O nly the 

A E E P series show s annual earnings for all o f the 

follow ing classifications and cross-classifications: 

W orkers’ dem ographic characteristics, quarters of 

w ork, industry o f em ploym ent, and the geographic 

location o f place of em ploym ent. It also provides the 

capability for follow ing a cohort o f w orkers through 

many years of employment. The Census Bureau series, 

on the other hand, has the advantage of showing total 

money earnings for occupational groups in each industry 

division and a few industry subdivisions.

1 See Current Population Reports, series P-60, No. 97, pp. 179-80.

—REFERENCES—

Gastwirth, Joseph L. “The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve 

and Gini Index,” The Review o f Economics and Statistics,

Vol. LIV, No. 3, August 1972, pp. 306-16.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annual

Earnings and Employment Patterns o f Private Nonagricultural Employees, 1971 and 1972. Bulletin 1928, 1976.

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Figure 29

Table B-1. Median annual earnings of all workers em ployed in any quarter and in four quarters, by industry

of major earnings, 1972

INDUSTRY

EABNINGS FROH MAJOR INDUSTBY 

BY QUARTERS WORKED IN —

EABNINGS FROM ALL EMPLOYMENT 

BY QUARTEBS WORKED IN —

MAJOR INDUSTRY ANY INDUSTRY MAJOR INDUSTRY 4)T? INDUSTRY

ANY QTB 4 CTBS 4 QTBS ANY QTR | 4 QTBS 4 QTBS

PRIVATE ECONOMY .................................................................... S 4 . 6 4 0 S 7 , 2 2 8 S 7 , 2 2 8 S 4 . 6 4 0 S 7 , 2 2 8 * 7, 228

BINING ............................................................................................................. 8,428 10,214 9 ,8 0 5 8 ,757 10,284 9 . 920

HETAL MINING .......................................................................................... 9,071 9,885 9,683 9 ,205 9,980 9, 796

COAL B I I I I G ............................................................................................. 9,731 10,629 10,425 9 , e 28 10,663 10, 504

ANTBBACITE BINING ......................................................................... 6,2 5 0 7,500 7 ,3 3 3 6 .750 7,583 7 , 583

BITUMINOUS COAL AMD L IGN IT E MINING .......................... 9,807 10,688 10,488 9 ,896 10,721 10, 570

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION .............................................................. 7,740 10,490 9,847 8 .098 10,528 9 . 973

CBODE PETBOLEUfl, NATURAL GAS S LIQUIDS ............... 9,653 10,842 10,538 9 ,750 10,879 10, 613

OIL AND GAS FIELD SERVICES ................................................ 5,458 9,705 8.3 7 5 6 ,250 9,797 8 , 875

BONHETALLIC MINERALS, EXCEPT FUELS ............................. 6,913 9,096 8,432 7 .538 9,146 8 . 740

STONE, SAND, AND GBAVEL ......................................................... 6,609 9,107 8,333 7 ,279 9,167 8 , 676

OTHER NONBETALLIC MINERALS ................................................ 7,750 9,092 8,750 8 ,071 9. 125 8 . 917

CONTBACT CONSTBUCTION .................................................................... 5,495 9,753 8.8 4 5 5 ,914 9,953 9, 178

GENEBAL BUILDING CONTBACTOBS ............................................. 4,386 9,220 7,7 5 0 5 ,213 9,790 8 , 768

HEAVY CONSTBUCTION CONTRACTOBS ........................................ 5 , 4 3 7 9 , 5 3 7 8,263 6 , 120 9,844 8 , 962

HIGHWAY AND STREBT CONSTRUCTION .................................. 5, 177 8 ,4 5 2 7,513 5 ,779 8,706 8 , 076

HEAVY CONSTRUCTION, NEC ........................................................ 5,486 1 1 , 0 4 8 8,894 6 ,596 11,500 10, 078

SPECIAL TRADE CONTBACTOBS ...................................................... 5 , 6 0 6 10,074 8,9 4 0 6 ,228 10,411 9 , 565

PLUMBING, HEATING, AIB CONDITIONING ....................... 6.858 10,797 9,4 2 7 7 ,556 11,181 10, 228

PAINTING, PAPEB HANGING, DECORATING ....................... 3,533 8,738 7 .3 3 3 3 ,956 8,934 7 , 917

ELECTRICAL WORK ............................................................................... 8,608 11,824 10,859 9 ,083 12,056 11, 429

MASONRY, STONEWORK, AND PLASTERING .......................... 4,270 8,724 7,5 3 8 4 ,970 9,227 8, 462

CARPENTERING AND FLOORING .............................................. 3,208 8,313 6,587 3 ,908 8,537 7 , 300

ROOFING AND SHEET METAL WOBK .......................................... 4 , 4 06 8 , 9 C6 7,971 5 ,000 9,136 8, 526

CONCBETE WORK .................................................................................... 3 , 7 1 1 8 , 8 5 9 7,0 4 2 u ,620 9,375 8, 000

OTHER SPECIAL TRADE CONTRACTORS .................................. 5,288 10,481 8,730 6 ,404 11,229 10, 042

MANUFACTURING .......................................................................................... 6 , 2 7 5 8,572 8 ,2 1 5 6 ,437 8,654 8, 361

ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES ......................................................... 9 , 2 1 3 10,481 10,134 9 ,375 10,600 10, 291

AMMUNITION, EXCEPT FOB SMALL ARMS ............................. 9 , 6 56 16,948 10,510 9 ,778 11,038 10. 680

OTHER ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES ................................. 8,511 9,783 9,5 4 3 8 ,656 9,875 9, 716

FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS ................................................ 4,866 8,330 7,727 5 177 8,440 7, 957

MEAT PRODUCTS ............................................................................ 5,325 8,875 8,1 3 7 5 ,625 8,969 8, 39 0

DAIRY PRODUCTS ......................................................................... 6,085 8,391 7,7 4 5 6 438 8. 536 8, 044

CANNED, CURED, AND FBOZEN FOODS ..................................... 1,734 6,417 5 ,7 7 5 1 .953 6, 511 5, 968

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS .................................................................... 6,445 8,907 8,4 6 0 6 ,700 8,977 8, 663

BAKEBY PRODUCTS ............................................................................... 6,400 8,663 8.220 6 ,726 8,776 8, 417

BEVERAGES ............................................................................................... 6,952 9,155 8,681 7 ,238 9,229 8, 880

OTHER FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS .................................. 4,726 7,770 7,112 5 ,054 7, 959 7, 378

57

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Figure 30

Table B-12. Median annual earnings of black four-quarter workers, by age, 1972 —Continued

INDUSTRY UNDER

18 18-19 20-29 25-29 30-39 90-99 50-59 60-69 65-69

70 AND 

OVER

PBIVATE ECOMOBY - CONTINUED

SERVICES - COMTIMOED

PERSONAL SERVICES .......................................................................... S - $ 2 , 7 5 0 9, 150 S 3,700 9,192 S 3.9CC 9 , 2 1 9 $ 3 , 8 3 3 3 , 0 0 0 1 , 6 6 7

LAUNDRIES AND DRY CLEANING PLANTS ............................ - 2,750 9,250 3 ,6 0 0 9, 179 9.05C 9,339 9,125 2,250 1,583

PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIOS ................................................................ - - - - - - - - - -

BEAUTY SHOPS AND BAHBEB SHOPS ....................................... - - 3,250 3,500 9,0 9 2 3 ,1 2 5 3, 125 1 , 0 0 0 - -

APPAREL REPAIR AND CLEANING SHOPS ............................ - ~ - 9,000 3,750 3,688 3,500 - - -

OTHER PERSONAL SERVICES ........................................................ - - 9,250 5.250 3,250 9,500 9,750 - -

HISCELLANEOOS BUSINESS SERVICES .................................... 1,875 2,750 9 ,500 5, 193 5,979 5,000 9,583 5,083 3,625 9,250

AUTO REPAIR, SERVICES, AND GARAGES ............................ 1,500 3,250 5,250 6,917 7,625 6.50C 6 , 500 9 ,5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 -

AUTO RENTALS AND PARKING ..................................................... - - 6,583 7,250 8 , 0 0 0 6,667 7,000 - - -

AUTO REPAIR SHOPS AND SERVICES .................................... 1,500 3,250 9.250 5,500 6,500 6,250 5,000 9,500 2 , 0 0 0 *

HISCELLAHEOUS REPAIR SERVICES .......................................... - - 6 , 0 0 0 7,625 8,750 6.875 5,750 - - -

BOTION PICTURES ................................................................................ - - 3,750 6 , 0 0 0 8,500 5.375 3,500 _ _ _

MOTION PICTURE FILBING 6 DISTRIBUTING ................. - - 9,750 6,500 8,500 5,500 5,750 - - -

BOTION PICTURE THEATERS AND SERVICES .................... 2,500 - - 5,250 3,375 * - -

AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES, NEC ................. 2 , 0 0 0 2, 167 9, 125 5,000 5,625 9 ,6 6 7 5,000 5,250 9,250 9,250

INDOOB AHUSEHENTS AND RECREATION ............................... - 9,000 - 3,500 1,750 3,250 - - -

BIS C . AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICE .............. 1,500 2,250 9,250 5,000 5,750 9,750 5,000 5,250 9,250

BEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES ............................... 2 . 0 0 0 2,833 9,982 5.083 5,901 5,563 5,216 5,375 9,333 9,500

HOSPITALS .............................................................................................. 2 , 1 6 7 2 , 7 5 0 9 , 7 0 3 5 , 9 9 7 5,811 5,921 5,789 5,722 9,750 5,500

OTHER BEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES ............................ 1 , 0 0 0 3,000 3,833 3.929 9,318 9,396 3,865 9,083 2,250 2 , 0 0 0

LEGAL SERVICES .................................................................................. * - 5,250 6 , 583 6,250 6 , 0 0 0 1 , 7 50 1 , 5 0 0 - -

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES .................................................................. 1 , 0 0 0 2 , 0 8 3 5 , 0 9 5 6 , 6 0 3 6 , 7 0 0 6 ,2 8 1 5,982 5 ,8 7 5 9, 188 2 ,2 5 0

ELEBENTABY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS ............................... 917 2 , 1 0 0 5, 500 6,865 6,903 6,639 5,857 6,125 9,000 2,250

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES .................................................. 1 , 5 0 0 3 , 0 0 0 9 , 8 9 3 5,786 6,333 5,899 5, 182 5 ,5 0 0 5,000 9,750

OTHER SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICES .............. - - 3,250 6,250 6.625 5,750 6,250 - - -

MUSEUMS, BOTANICAL 6 ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS .............. * • - - 8 . 500 * - - - -

NONPROFIT BEBBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS ............................ 7 78 1 ,3 2 1 9 , 3 7 5 5 , 5 3 1 5,292 5 ,8 0 0 9, 339 9,917 2,125 1,938

RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................ - 5, 375 9,250 9,500 9,250 3.167 9,750 1,563 2,500

CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS ..................................................... - - 9,750 5,833 5. 167 6,250 9, 625 9,750 - 2.250

BUSINESS, LABOR, 6 OTHER NONPROFIT ORG .............. 769 1 . 2 8 6 9 , 2 1 9 5 , 6 0 7 5,700 6,025 9,750 5,000 3,500 1,750

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................................ - * 2 , 2 5 0 1 , 9 6 9 1> 586 1,987 1,992 1,369 1,175 1 , 0 0 0

HISCELLANEOOS SERVICES ............................................................. - 5,125 6 , 0 0 0 7 , 8 7 5 8 , 5 0 0 7.500 5, 000 _ _ _

ENGINEERING 6 ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES .................... - 6,333 5,500 10, 125 10,750 - - - -

NONPROFIT RESEARCH AGENCIES ............................................ - 5,833 9.250 8,500 7,750 7,750 - - -

OTHER HISCELLANEOOS SERVICES .......................................... 6 , 500 8 , 0 0 0 8,250 6 , 0 0 0 3,250

NOTH. A dash (-) indicates either that the sample did not include any workers with these characteristics, or that the data did not meet the Bureau publication criteria

58

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Figure 31

Chart 3. Income distribution (Lorenz) curves, 1972

Earnings from major industry of em ploym ent for workers with 

earnings in any quarter and in four quarters

P e rc e n t o f earnings

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Chapter 9. Hourly Compensation Measures of

the Office of Productivity and Technology

The Office of Productivity and Technology (OPT) 

of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops 

measures of hourly compensation and real hourly 

compensation in its program of productivity and cost 

measurement. These measures are published quarterly 

for the private business sector and the nonfarm business, 

nonfmancial corporate, and manufacturing sectors, and 

annually for major nonmanufacturing sectors. For the 

most part the series extend back to 1947.

The measures are in index form and cover total 

compensation including wages and salaries, supplemental payments (such as employer contributions for social 

security, unemployment insurance, and private health 

and pension plans), payments in kind, and estimates of 

the labor compensation of proprietors. Hourly compensation is compensation divided by payroll hours; real 

hourly compensation is hourly compensation divided 

by the Consumer Price Index. (See figure 32.)

Sources and methods

The O PT series of hourly compensation combines 

compensation information primarily from data developed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. 

Departm ent of Commerce, with BLS hours data.

C o m p e n s a t i o n

BEA develops employee compensation data as part 

of the national income accounts. These data include 

both direct payments and supplements. D irect payments are wages and salaries (including executive 

compensation), commissions and tips, bonuses, and 

payments in kind which represent income to the 

recipients. Supplements include such items as employer 

contributions for social insurance, private pension and 

health and welfare plans, compensation for injuries, 

doctors’ fees, and pay for military leave.

BEA compensation measures cover only wage and 

salary workers, and therefore omit the cost of labor 

inputs contributed by proprietors. Since labor costs 

would be seriously underestimated as a result of this 

omission in sectors where these hours represent a 

substantial portion of the labor input, as in farming and 

retail trade, the O PT imputes a payment for proprietors’ 

labor services. (No payments are imputed for unpaid

family workers, although their hours are included when 

computing productivity.) The hourly labor compensation of proprietors is assumed to be the same as that of 

the average employee in that sector.

H o u r s

The hours data used in the O PT compensation series 

come from various surveys. Hours for the all-employee 

series—the private business sector, and the nonfarm 

business, nonfmancial corporate, and major nonmanufacturing sectors—are provided by the Bureau’s Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which gathers data monthly on employment and average weekly 

hours of production workers in nonagricultural establishments. (See chapter 5.) These statistics represent 

hours paid rather than hours at work, and are based on 

payroll records from a sample of establishments.

Estimates of hours paid are developed annually for 

each major sector, and are then aggregated to private 

business and nonfarm business sector levels. Hours are 

treated as homogeneous; no distinction is made between 

hours of employees at different levels of skill or pay.

Since the CES establishment survey covers only 

nonfarm wage and salary workers, statistics from the 

Current Population Survey are used for the rest of the 

employed population (farm workers, proprietors, unpaid family workers, and private household workers) to 

develop estimates of the hours of all persons for the 

private business sector, and the nonfarm business, 

manufacturing, and major nonmanufacturing sectors. 

These statistics represent hours at work, not hours paid, 

and are based on a monthly survey of a nationwide 

sample of households conducted for the BLS by the 

Bureau of the Census.

In the manufacturing sector, estimates of total hours 

are derived separately for production and nonproduction workers and then combined to produce the entire 

manufacturing sector. Since the establishment survey 

covers only production workers, the length of the 

average workweek for nonproduction workers is developed from BLS studies of wages and supplements 

which provide data on the regularly scheduled w orkweek of white-collar employees. For nonmanufacturing 

sectors, it is assumed that hours for supervisory 

employees are the same as for the nonsupervisory wage 

and salary workers covered.

Digitized 

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Presentation

The hourly compensation indexes produced by the 

Office of Productivity and Technology are published in 

the quarterly BLS press releases P ro d u ctivity a n d Costs:

Private Business, N onfarm Business, and M anufacturing

Sectors and P ro d u ctivity an d Costs: N onfinancial Corporations. The former appears 1 month after the reference 

period; the latter, 2 months after. Tables 31—34 in the 

M on thly L abor R eview contain information on productivity and related measures each month. The indexes 

for the major sectors, which are derived annually, are 

not published regularly, but are available from the Office 

of Productivity and Technology.

Uses and limitations

The hourly compensation series are designed to be 

used with the related productivity and cost measures 

for economic analysis. These series are useful in areas 

such as wage determination and analysis of prices and 

living conditions. However, since the O PT compensation series are presented in index form, their use is 

limited to analysis of changes over time.

Hourly compensation measures are especially relevant to a discussion of productivity and production 

costs. Unit labor cost, or compensation per unit of 

output, represents a major portion of total unit cost and 

reflects the combined effects of changes in compensation per hour and productivity (output per hour). An 

increase in compensation per hour tends to increase unit 

labor costs, while an increase in output per hour tends 

to reduce these costs. Therefore, the degree to which 

gains in compensation put pressure on prices or profits 

depends in large part on what is happening to productivity.

Indexes of hourly compensation help to provide 

understanding of what is occurring in the economy. For 

instance, in the recent recession, real compensation did 

not recover from the initial decline (which began with 

the second quarter of 1973) until the fourth quarter of 

1976. Thus a total of 14 quarters elapsed before real 

hourly compensation returned to its former level. 

During the period, the index initially registered four 

straight quarters of decline (the longest decline on 

record) before showing any upward movement. Beginning with the fourth quarter of 1975, the index grew 

steadily and in the fourth quarter of 1976 surpassed its 

previous peak. This was the longest recovery period in 

the series (which begins in 1947); previously, the 

longest recovery period included only 3 quarters.

The labor share (compensation as a percent of output

measured in current dollars) was virtually unchanged 

over the entire postwar period. (See figure 32.) This 

shows that nonlabor payments (profits, depreciation, 

interest, and indirect taxes) were also affected by the 

recent recession.

One limitation of the hourly compensation measures 

arises from the manner in which the indexes are 

extended from compensation per hour of a ll em ployees

to compensation per hour of a ll persons. Since compensation data are reported directly only for employees, 

forcing an imputation of labor compensation for proprietors, the measures are not as reliable at the all-persons 

level as at the employee level, although they are 

obviously more complete. This problem is mitigated 

somewhat for the annual series, as opposed to the 

quarterly series, because the annual aggregates are built 

up from the estimates for the major sectors.1

Over the long term, the aggregate compensation 

measure is affected by shifts in the relative importance 

of the various component sectors as well as by changes 

in compensation within them. Studies of labor productivity have shown that the shift in employment from 

the farm sector into the nonfarm sector that occurred 

from W orld W ar II to 1965 contributed to the increase 

in labor productivity over that period since productivity is higher in the nonfarm sectors. Similarly, the shift 

to nonfarm employment, where compensation levels 

tend to be higher, raised the level—and rate of 

grow th—of hourly compensation for the entire private 

business sector.

1 In the private business sector, about 15 percent of 1975 hours of all

persons were worked by proprietors and unpaid family workers. The

reliability of the proprietors’ imputation undoubtedly varies from

sector to sector: It may be adequate for manufacturing, where the

labor compensation of the proprietor of a toolmaking shop may well

approximate that of an employee in a similar enterprise, but may be

inadequate for services, where the labor compensation of a proprietor

such as a doctor or a lawyer generally exceeds an employee’s labor

compensation by a substantial amount. However, since indexes of

hourly compensation are developed rather than measures of levels,

the imputation poses less serious problems.

—REFERENCES—

Mark, Jerome A. “Wage-Price Guidepost Statistics: Problems 

of Measurement”, in Proceedings of the Business and

Economic Statistics Section (1968), American Statistical 

Association.

Norsworthy, J.R., and Fulco, L.J. “Productivity and Costs, 

First Quarter 1976,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1976, 

pp. 31-34.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. BLS

Handbook of Methods. Bulletin 1910, 1976, pp. 219-24.

6 1

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Figure 32

Indexes of hourly compensation and labor share in the private business sector, all persons, selected years, 1947-76

(1967=100)

Year Compensation

per hour

Consumer Price

Index

Real compensation

per hour

Labor share

1947 ............................................................................................. 35.1 66.9 52.5 103.0

1950 ............................................................................................. 41.6 72.1 57.7 98.2

1955 ............................................................................................. 54.9 80.2 68.5 99.4

1960 ............................................................................................. 71.4 88.6 80.5 102.3

1965 ............................................................................................. 88.4 94.5 93.6 99.1

1970 ............................................................................................. 123.3 116.3 106.0 103.7

1971 ............................................................................................. 131.5 121.3 108.4 102.5

1972 ............................................................................................. 138.9 125.3 110.8 101.6

1973 ............................................................................................. 150.3 133.1 112.9 102.0

1974 ............................................................................................. 164.3 147.7 111.2 104.6

1975 ............................................................................................. 180.2 161.2 111.8 102.7

1976 ............................................................................................. 195.0 170.5 114.3 101.7

6 2

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Chapter 10. Changes in Wage Rates and Benefits —

the Current Wage Developments Program

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) prepares 

quarterly statistical summaries of general changes in 

wage rates for 1) workers covered by major collective 

bargaining agreements and 2) all production and related 

workers in manufacturing industries. Major collective 

bargaining summaries present data relating to the size of 

newly negotiated settlements and total wage-rate 

changes effective in a time period. The quarterly 

manufacturing series tabulates general wage-rate 

changes by the bargaining status (union versus nonunion) of the establishments involved. Summaries are 

published in the monthly periodical C u rren t W age

D evelopm ents.

Background

The quarterly statistical summaries of major collective bargaining agreements grew out of a monthly 

listing of settlements by company and union. This 

listing was initiated because of the rapid increase in 

wage rates and prices in the early post-World W ar II 

period, the interest in determining the extent to which 

settlement patterns spread from industry to industry, 

and the discontinuance of an index of wage rates that 

had been initiated during W orld W ar II. Interest was 

further stimulated by the Korean emergency when the 

Wage Stabilization Board needed data on the extent to 

which wages and benefits were being changed. In 1949, 

and again in 1951 and 1952, statistical summaries of 

wage-rate changes were prepared to supplement the 

listing, but regular preparation of a statistical summary 

began in 1954.

Beginning in 1959, another statistical summary, 

entitled W age D evelopm en ts in M a n u fa ctu rin g (WDM), 

was instituted. It is limited to manufacturing, but 

includes information on general wage-rate changes for 

nonunion and small union units, as well as for large 

collective bargaining units. From 1959 through 1970, 

this summary also included information on changes in 

supplementary benefits.

Growing concern during the 1960’s over the extent 

to which increased labor costs were contributing to 

inflation heightened interest in the size of collective 

bargaining settlements. Whereas in earlier years the 

economic terms of negotiated settlements could be 

equated largely with agreed-upon changes in wages 

rates, more recently changes in a host of pay supplements have grown in importance. The BLS began

estimating the cost of wage and benefit (package) 

changes in a limited number of key settlements in 1964. 

The work was expanded the following year and, since 

1966, the Bureau has attempted to determine the price 

of all settlements affecting 5,000 workers or more in the 

private nonfarm sector. In addition, a separate series has 

been developed for the construction industry, covering 

settlements for 1,000 workers or more.

Description of data

The statistical summary of developments in major 

collective bargaining units hereafter is referred to as the 

“m ajor” series; the summary based on changes in wage 

rates in manufacturing firms of all kinds is described as 

the “manufacturing” series.

The major series describes general wage-rate 

changes and changes in benefits1 in all collective 

bargaining settlements involving 1,000 production and 

related workers or more in manufacturing and 1,000 

nonsupervisory workers or more in the nonmanufacturing sector, excluding government.2 Contracts covering 

multiplant firms are included if the agreement as a 

whole covers 1,000 workers or more even though each 

individual plant employs fewer workers. Also included 

are contracts with trade associations or with groups of 

firms that bargain jointly with a union or unions, even 

though the firms are not associated formally and each 

has fewer than the minimum number of workers 

covered by the series. Tw o unions or more (together 

representing more than 1,000 workers but individually 

accounting for fewer than this number) are tabulated as 

one bargaining unit when essentially identical contracts 

with one firm or a group of firms are negotiated.

The manufacturing series represents all establishments with four employees or more that adjust wages 

by means of general wage-rate changes,3 regardless of 

whether the workers are represented by a union.

A wide variety of measures of wage change are 

available for analysis from both the major series and the

1 Only changes in benefits that represent changes in costs are

included.

2 Prior to 1966, the construction, service, and finance industries

were also excluded.

3 General wage-rate changes are defined as changes affecting at

least one-tenth of the workers at any one time or all workers in an

occupation. Changes resulting from promotions, merit increases, etc.,

are excluded.

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manufacturing series. While it is not feasible to describe 

all of these measures in this brief summary, some key 

features are as follows:

1. The data on major collective bargaining settlements focus on newly negotiated contracts and 

thus provide information on the current economic 

bargaining climate.

2. Separate statistics are presented on second- and 

third-year wage-rate increases in long-term contracts, in addition to first-year increases and annual 

rates over the life of the contracts.

3. D ata are presented on the impact of escalator 

adjustments on first-year settlements.

4. Quarterly and annual data are also available on 

“effective” wage-rate changes, i.e., those wage 

gains going into effect in a given time period, 

regardless of when they were negotiated. (Figures 

33 and 34 present annual data.)

5. The data available on wage developments in 

manufacturing focus primarily on the differential 

movement of current wage decisions in the union 

and nonunion sectors of the economy. (See figure

35.)

Data sources and collection methods

The major series is compiled primarily from secondary sources, including general circulation newspapers 

and periodicals and union, management, and trade 

publications. Other important sources of information 

are the file of union contracts maintained by the BLS 

and the files of pension and health and welfare agreements maintained by the Office of Employee Benefits 

Security of the U.S. Departm ent of Labor. A t the end 

of the year, the BLS contacts either management or 

labor representatives if information on wage and benefit 

changes during the year has not been obtained from 

these other sources.

For the manufacturing series, information for nonunion and small unionized firms is gathered quarterly 

(semiannually in 1965 and 1966) by a questionnaire 

mailed to participating establishments. This information 

on general wage changes is supplemented by the 

contract file (for unionized establishments) and newspaper clippings purchased from a commercial clipping 

service. A t the end of each year, BLS field representatives contact (primarily by telephone) a sample of firms 

that have failed to respond to the mail questionnaire or 

have not provided complete information.

Sampling and estimating procedures

F or the major collective bargaining series, it is 

believed that the current list of about 2,200 major

collective bargaining units, built up since the listing was 

begun in 1948, represents the universe of such units. A 

bargaining unit is withdraw n from the universe list if it 

ceases to be within the scope of the survey (e.g., a 

change to a business classification outside the scope of 

the survey, a change to nonunion from union, or an 

apparently permanent drop in employment to substantially below 1,000).

For the manufacturing series, a sample is derived 

from State unemployment insurance (UI) listings which 

show reporting units with four employees or more by 

location, number of employees, and industry classification. The sample is a highly stratified probability design, 

with sampling ratios varying from 1 out of 150 

establishments with 4 to 19 employees to all establishments with 1,000 employees or more. The ratios are 

uniform for all industries. Since data are available from 

secondary sources for those unionized units with at 

least 1,000 production and related workers, data for all 

establishments meeting this criterion also are included 

in the summary for manufacturing. The sample selected 

from the UI listings is compared with this list of 

establishments for which information already is available. Since data for these sample members are obtained 

from secondary sources, these establishments are not 

sent questionnaires. Approximately 6,000 establishments are left for the questionnaire survey.

A lthough the sampling design yields a sample in 

which large firms are relatively overrepresented, this 

bias is overcome by the estimating procedure. Each 

establishment in the sample is assigned a weight which 

is the reciprocal of the sampling ratio in the stratum 

from which it was selected. An establishment selected 

from a stratum from which 1 out of 4 establishments is 

chosen is assigned a weight of 4, so that it represents 

itself and three other establishments. Information for 

each establishment is multiplied by the weight assigned 

to the establishment. Thus, all establishments, regardless of size, are represented appropriately in the final 

estimates.

A new sample of nonunion and small unionized 

plants in manufacturing usually is selected every 3 

years. After the initial contact, establishments of any 

size indicating that they have a policy of adjusting 

wages on an individual basis, rather than by means of 

general wage changes, are omitted from the survey.

Presentation

Preliminary information on both the general wage 

changes resulting from collective bargaining settlements involving the major units (1,000 workers or 

more) and the wage and benefit “package” cost in units 

covering 5,000 workers or more is presented in press 

releases issued about 4 weeks after every quarter. In 

addition, the information is presented in the monthly

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
publication, C u rren t W age D evelopm en ts. Final data are 

not available until sometime early in the following year, 

at which time they are published in C u rren t W age

D evelo p m en ts and the M o n th ly L a b o r Review .

Quarterly tabulations of the manufacturing data and 

an article covering the full year are published in C u rren t

W age D evelopm en ts. The 3-, 6-, and 9-month tabulations 

which are based on preliminary data primarily stress 

wage changes resulting from settlements or management decisions made during the period, while the yearend article, based on final data, also analyzes trends in 

the size, frequency, and type of wage changes, and the 

prevalence and results of wage escalation policies. 

Because data are available separately for large and small 

establishments, unionized and nonunionized, the analysis can provide many useful comparisons.

Uses and limitations

Both the major series and the manufacturing series 

are used extensively by labor, management, and the 

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service in collective bargaining; by private institutions and universities 

in studies of industries or groups of industries; and by 

local and Federal Governm ent agencies and others 

interested in current and future trends in wages and 

benefits.

In the pricing of collective bargaining settlements, 

since a value is placed on settlements at the time they

are reached, the costs attributed to them obviously are 

estimates of outlays to be made in the future. The 

estimates are made on the assumption that conditions 

existing at the time the contract is negotiated will not 

change. For example, estimators assume that methods 

of financing pensions will not change, and that expenditures for insurance will not change except as a result of 

altered benefit provisions or modified participation 

because of changes in company contributions. They 

also assume that the composition of the labor force will 

not change. Although package cost estimates are 

extremely valuable as comprehensive measures of 

change resulting from union-management negotiations, 

to use the estimates as precise, unambiguous, and 

unfailing measures of the economic effects of collective 

bargaining is adding an assignment which the data are 

incapable of fulfilling.

—REFERENCES—

David, Lily Mary, and Sheifer, Victor J. “Estimating the Cost 

of Collective Bargaining Settlements”, Monthly Labor

Review, May 1969, pp. 16-26.

Sheifer, Victor J. “The Relationship Between Changes in 

Wage Rates and in Hourly Earnings,” Monthly Labor

Review, August 1970, pp. 10-17.

Sheifer, Victor J. “New Measures of Wage-Rate Changes,” 

Monthly Labor Review, December 1974, pp. 10-15.

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Figure 33

Table 1. Average general w age-rate changes in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1954-75

1 E s t i m a t e d .

2 N o t a v a i la b l e .

N O T E : A d j u s tm e n ts in c lu d e t h e s e ty p e s o f w a g e - r a t e a c t io n s : N o

w a g e c h a n g e s , d e c r e a s e s in w a g e s , a n d i n c r e a s e s in w a g e s . I n c r e a s e s 

in c lu d e o n ly th o s e s i tu a t io n s w h e r e w a g e s w e r e r a i s e d . F o r y e a r s p r i o r 

to 1 9 66, th e c o n s t r u c t io n , s e r v i c e , f in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e 

i n d u s t r i e s w e r e e x c lu d e d .

6 6

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 34

Table 2. Average percent changes in hourly cost of w ages and benefits in

collective bargaining units covering 5 ,0 0 0 workers or more, 1965-75

Y e a r

P r i v a t e n o n f a r m 

i n d u s t r i e s M a n u f a c tu r in g N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g

M e a n

a d j u s t m e n t

M e d ia n

a d j u s t m e n t

M e a n

a d j u s t m e n t

M e d ia n

a d j u s t m e n t

M e a n

a d j u s t m e n t

M e d ia n

a d j u s t m e n t

F i r s t - y e a r c h a n g e s in c o n t r a c t s n e g o t i a t e d d u r in g y e a r 3

1966 - ---------------------- -------------- 6. 1 5 .8 5. 6 5. 6 6. 9 6. 0

1967 ------------------------------------------------ 7 . 4 7 . 3 8 . 4 9 . 0 6. 5 4 . 9

1968 ----------------------------------------------- 8. 7 8. 1 8 . 7 8. 1 8. 6 8 .2

1969 ----------------------------------------------- 10. 9 10. 9 9 .6 8.8 12. 3 1 1 . 8

197 0 ----------------------------------------------- 13. 1 1 2 . 0 9. 9 8.8 1 5 .9 14. 0

1971 ----------------------------------------------- 13. 1 1 3 .9 11. 7 13. 5 14. 1 16. 0

1972 ----------------------------------------------- 8. 5 7 .9 8. 5 8 . 2 8 . 5 7 . 9

1973 ----------------------------------------------- 7 . 1 6. 8 7 . 0 5 .9 7 . 1 7 . 0

1974 ----------------------------------------------- 10. 7 10. 5 8.8 7 . 0 1 1 . 6 10. 5 1975 1 1 .4 11. 4 10. 4 1 1 .3 1 1 .6 1 1 .9

A n n u a l r a t e o f c h a n g e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t s n e g o t i a t e d d u r in g y e a r

1 9 6 5 1 - ------------------------ ------------- ( 2> 3. 3 (2) (2) (2) (2)

1966 ----------------------------------------------- 4 . 1 4 . 0 4 . 1 3 .8 4 .2 4 . 1

1967 - ------------------------------------------- 5. 1 5 .2 5. 1 5. 2 5. 2 4 .8

1968 ----------------------------------------------- 6. 5 6. 0 5 .9 5 .9 7 . 1 6. 5

1969 ----------------------------------------------- 8 .2 7 . 4 6. 6 6. 6 9 . 7 9 .6

1 9 7 0 ----------------------------------------------- 9 . 1 8 . 4 6.2 5. 5 11. 5 11. 7

1971 ----------------------------------------------- 8. 8 9. 0 7 . 7 8.8 9 . 5 9 . 0

1972 ----------------------------------------------- 7 . 4 6. 9 6. 3 6.2 7 .9 7 .9

1973 ----------------------------------------------- 6. 1 5. 5 6. 0 5. 5 6 .2 6. 1

1974 ----------------------------------------------- 7 .8 6. 5 6. 7 6.2 8. 3 7 .2

1975 ----------------------------------------------- 8. 1 7 .8 9 .2 11. 3 7 .8 7 .8

C h a n g e s e f f e c tiv e in y e a r

1968 ----------------------------------------------- 6.8 6. 4 6. 3 6. 3 7 . 1 7 . 1

1969 ----------------------------------------------- 6. 5 5. 7 5. 7 5. 0 7 . 4 6.2

1970 ----------------------------------------------- 9. 0 8. 7 7. 7 6. 3 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 6

1971 ----------------------------------------------- 9 .8 8. 5 8 .2 8. 5 1 1 . 1 1 1 .6

1972 ----------------------------------------------- 7 .6 6. 7 6.2 5. 7 8. 7 8. 0

1973 ----------------------------------------------- 7 . 9 7 .8 8. 0 7 .8 7 . 9 8. 5

1974 ----------------------------------------------- 1 0 .4 10. 5 1 2 . 1 1 3 .2 9 .2 8. 1

197 5 ----------------------------------------------- 9 .4 8 .4 9. 0 8 . 0 9 .3 9 .4

1 C o v e r a g e l i m i t e d to s e t t l e m e n t s f o r 10, 0 00 3 C h a n g e s n e g o tia te d d u r in g th e y e a r a n d g o in g

w o r k e r s o r m o r e in 1 9 6 5 . in to e f f e c t w ith in 12 m o n th s f r o m th e e f f e c tiv e d a te

N ot a v a i la b l e . Qf th e c o n t r a c t .

Figure 35

T a b le 1. M e a n f ir a t - y e a r w a g e c h a n g e s in u n io n a e ttle n n e n te a n d w a g e d e c is io n s in n o n u n io n e s ta b lis h m e n ts a n d 

p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d , 1 9 6 9 -7 5 1

I te m 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

W o r k e r s c o v e r e d ( in t h o u s a n d s ) ------------------------------------ 6 . 193 6, 664 6 , 190 6, 038 8 ,2 2 3 8 .3 9 2 5 . 812

P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g i n c r e a s e s :

A ll m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 7 .4 8 8 . 6 8 5 . 9 8 9 . 9 94. 9 9 3 . 7 89.2

A ll u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 8 . 9 9 8 . 1 9 8 .3 9 7 . 8 9 8 . 7 9 8 .3 9 8. 6

M a j o r u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------ 99. 8 9 9 . 8 9 8 . 8 9 8 . 3 9 9 .2 9 9 .2 9 7 .3

N o n u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 5 . 8 7 6 . 7 6 9 . 6 8 2 . 9 8 9 . 8 8 7 .4 8 2 . 3

M e a n a d j u s t m e n t ( p e r c e n t ) :

A ll m a n u f a c t u r i n g -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 9 6.2 6. 9 5 .0 6. 0 7 . 8 7 . 0

A ll u n i o n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 . 3 7. 6 9 .2 5. 7 6. 0 8 . 1 8. 7

M a j o r u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. 9 8. 1 10. 9 6. 6 5 . 9 8. 7 9 .8

N o n u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 . 6 4. 6 3 . 9 4 . 4 5 . 9 7. 5 5. 7

M e a n i n c r e a s e ( p e r c e n t ) :

A ll m a n u f a c t u r i n g -------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 8 7. 1 8. 1 5 . 6 6 .3 8 .4 7. 8

A ll u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 . 4 7. 7 9. 4 5. 8 6. 1 8. 2 8. 9

M a j o r u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. 9 8. 1 1 1 . 0 6 . 7 6 . 0 8 . 7 1 0 . 1

N o n u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 1 6. 0 5. 7 5. 3 6. 6 8. 6 6 . 9

M e a n a d j u s t m e n t ( c e n t s p e r h o u r ) :

A ll m a n u f a c t u r i n g -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6 .4 1 9 .3 2 4 . 3 16. 6 2 1 .6 3 1. 1 2 9 . 7

A ll u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1 . 2 2 5 . 0 3 3 . 7 2 0 . 1 2 3 . 8 3 5 .3 4 1. 0

M a j o r u n i o n -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 3 . 0 2 8 . 2 4 0 . 8 2 4 .2 2 5 .4 4 1 . 0 4 5 . 9

N o n u n io n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. 7 12.2 11. 7 1 3 .4 18. 5 2 6. 1 2 1 .4

M e a n i n c r e a s e ( c e n t s p e r h o u r ) :

A ll m a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------------------—------------------------------------- 18. 8 2 1 . 8 2 8 . 3 1 8 .4 2 2 . 8 3 3 .4 3 3 .3

A ll u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1 .4 2 5 .4 3 4 . 3 2 0 . 6 2 4 . 2 3 5 . 9 4 1 . 6

M a jo r u n i o n -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 3 . 0 2 8 . 2 4 1 . 3 2 4 . 7 2 5 . 6 4 1. 3 4 7 . 2

N o n u n i o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15. 5 16. 0 17. 0 16. 2 2 0 . 7 2 9 . 7 2 6. 1

1 T h i s t a b l e i n c l u d e s u n io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by c o l l e c t iv e b a r g a i n ­

in g a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h w e r e n e g o t i a t e d d u r in g th e p e r io d a n d a l l n o n u n io n 

w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d b y f i r m s w h ic h n o r m a l l y g r a n t g e n e r a l w a g e i n c r e a s e s . 

T h e B u r e a u a s s u m e s t h a t e x c e p t in th o s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h ic h m a k e 

in d iv id u a l w a g e a d j u s t m e n t s o n ly , a l l n o n u n io n f i r m s m a k e a n n u a l w a g e 

d e c i s i o n s w h e th e r w a g e s a r e a c t u a l l y c h a n g e d o r n o t, s in c e , in th e a b s e n c e 

o f r e p o r t s o f w a g e c h a n g e s , t h e r e is n o o b je c tiv e w a y o f d e t e r m in i n g if 

a c h a n g e w a s c o n s i d e r e d . E x c e p t a s n o te d b e lo w , th e f i r s t - y e a r m e a s u r e s 

f o r u n io n w o r k e r s in c lu d e a l l c h a n g e s n e g o tia te d d u r in g th e p e r io d an d

s c h e d u le d to g o in to e f f e c t d u r in g th e f i r s t 1 2 m o n th s o f th e a g r e e m e n ts ; 

f o r n o n u n io n w o r k e r s th e y in c lu d e a l l c h a n g e s r e s u lt i n g f r o m u n i l a t e r a l 

m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s d u r in g th e p e r io d . E x c e p t f o r g u a r a n t e e d m in im u m 

i n c r e a s e s , a u t o m a t i c c o s t- o f - liv in g e s c a l a t o r a d j u s t m e n t s r e s u lt i n g f r o m 

m o v e m e n ts in th e p r i c e in d e x a r e e x c lu d e d . M e a s u r e s o f i n c r e a s e in c lu d e 

o n ly t h o s e w o r k e r s w h o s e w a g e s w e r e i n c r e a s e d ; m e a s u r e s o f a d ju s t m e n t 

in c lu d e w o r k e r s w h o s e w a g e s w e r e u n c h a n g e d o r d e c r e a s e d a s w e ll a s 

i n c r e a s e d . M e d ia n s a r e a v a i la b l e f r o m 1959 to th e p r e s e n t . M e a n s 

a r e n o t a v a i la b l e f o r p e r io d s p r i o r to 1 9 69.

67

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chapter 11. Salary Data for Government Employees

The Bureau of Labor Statistics currently prepares 

reports on salary levels and trends for selected categories of government employees—U.S. General Schedule 

employees, firefighters, police of the patrol rank, urban 

public classroom teachers, and refuse collectors. Salary 

levels published are minimum and maximum annual 

salary scales for firefighters, police, and refuse collectors; average salaries for teachers; and both salary scales 

and average salaries for U.S. General Schedule employees. All except the relatively new report on refuse 

collectors contain indexes of long-term salary movements.

D ata for the four occupations of firefighters, police, 

teachers, and refuse collectors apply to cities of 100,000 

inhabitants or more in 1970, and are published for the 

Nation as a whole and by region and city-size group 

(figures 36—38). Material on individual cities is not 

presented. Data for U.S. General Schedule employees 

are published only for the Nation as a whole (figure 39); 

they are supplemented by textual discussion of wage 

developments.

Data sources

Salary trend reports are prepared largely from 

secondary sources. F or U.S. General Schedule employees, reports are based on data published by the U.S. 

Civil Service Commission in its annual report P a y

S tru ctu re o f the F e d era l C ivil Service; for teachers, 

reports are based mainly on data from the Educational 

Research Service, Inc. (formerly obtained from the 

National Education Association); and for firefighters, 

police, and refuse collectors, data are obtained mainly 

from the International City Management Association. 

This information is supplemented by data from annual 

surveys of salaries and working conditions conducted 

by the International Association of Fire Fighters and 

the Fraternal O rder of Police and, when necessary, by 

direct inquiries by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Statistical procedures

Statistical analysis for these series is confined largely 

to the preparation of indexes of salary movements of the 

various groups of government employees. Sampling 

problems do not arise since in each case an effort is

made to examine the total universe, i.e., all U.S. General 

Schedule employees; all firefighters and police in cities 

of 100,000 population or more in 1970; all refuse 

collectors in cities of this size which have municipal 

refuse collection systems; and all public classroom 

teachers in cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more and 

also, since 1967, in counties of this size in Standard 

M etropolitan Statistical Areas that have countywide 

school systems.

Indexes are computed by a method that minimizes 

the effect of year-to-year changes in relative employment in the cities or occupational categories covered. 

As a rule, chain indexes are employed; i.e., the index for 

the current year is obtained by adjusting the index for 

the prior year by the percentage change in average 

salaries over the intervening period. To preserve a pure 

measure of salary change, average salaries for each of 

the 2 years are computed using constant weights 

(employment in the most recent year).

Presentation

Reports appear annually in the monthly periodical 

C u rren t W age D evelo p m en ts (CWD). Press releases 

containing summary data for firefighters and police 

precede publication of the articles. Until 1977, salary 

changes for teachers were reported biennially, since the 

basic data were issued at 2-year intervals.

Uses and limitations

Salary trend reports are useful as sources of com parative wage data for union, management, and government officials engaged in wage setting and as research 

tools for economic analysts. These reports are one of 

the relatively few sources of data on wage movements 

and levels in the government sector, in which labormanagement negotiations have become increasingly 

important. The temptation may be to use salary trend 

reports as indicators of salary movements for government employees in general. However, the particular 

groups covered by these reports are by no means a 

representative sample for this purpose. Since the 

statistical series presented are largely derived from 

materials collected by other agencies, presentation of 

consistent data for all employee groups is not always 

possible.

6 8

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—REFERENCES—

Borum, Joan. “Police and Firefighters’ Salary Scales, January 

1976,” Current Wage Developments, February 1977.

Kuhmerker, Peter. “Teachers’ Pay Rises 15.2 Percent from 

1973 to 1975, and 7.2 Percent from 1975 to 1976,” 

Current Wage Developments, February 1977.

Lacombe, John. “Moderate Rise in Salary Scales of Refuse 

Collectors Recorded in 1975,” Current Wage Developments, February 1977.

LeRoy, Douglas. “Salaries for U.S. General Schedule Employees Rose 5.1 Percent in October 1976,” Current

Wage Developments, March 1977.

Figure 36

Table 1. Percent change in minimum and maximum annual salary scales of firefighters and police, by city population

size and region, 1971-76

C ity p o p u latio n s iz e Region 2/

O ccupational 

group 

and year

All c i t i e s 

100,000 

and 

over

Over

999,999

500,000

t o

999,999

250,000

t o

499,999

100,000

t o

249,999

Northe a st SouthNorth

C e n tra l Best

Minimum

F ir e f ig h te r s and p o lic e

1971-1976 ..................................................... 35.9 35.4 36.8 36.5 35.4 34.8 39.1 32.3 39.3

1971-1972 ..................................................... 6.5 8.2 5.9 4.0 5.5 9.6 3.9 4.6 6. 1

1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 3 ..................................................... 5.3 4.0 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.3 8.4 3.3 4. 8

1973-1974 ..................................................... 6.2 6. 7 4.5 7.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.4

1974-1975 ..................................................... 6.7 3.9 9.7 8.7 7.6 3. 2 9.8 7.8 8. 5

1975-1976 ..................................................... 6.9 8. 6 5.7 6.0 5.8 6.6 5.9 7.0 8. 6

F ire f ig h te rs

1971-1976 ..................................................... 36.4 36. 4 36.5 37.2 35.8 34.4 39.8 33.0 39. 7

1971-1972 ..................................................... 6.4 8.4 6.5 3.7 5.7 9.3 4.0 5.0 6. 0

1972-1973 ..................................................... 5.5 4.3 5.6 6.8 6.2 5.4 8.1 3.8 4. 9

1973-1974 ..................................................... 6. 1 6.6 4.3 7.6 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.2 6. 5

1974-1975 ..................................................... 7.2 3.8 10.4 8.3 7.8 3.4 9.8 8.9 8. 7

1975-1976 ..................................................... 6.8 9. 1 5.6 6.4 5.7 6. 3 6.5 6.5 8. 6

P o lice

1971-1976 ..................................................... 35.6 35.0 36.9 35.9 35.1 35. 0 38.6 32.0 39. 1

1971-1972 ..................................................... 6.6 8. 1 5.6 4.3 5.4 9.7 3.9 4. 4 6. 1

1972-1973 ..................................................... 5.2 3.9 7. 1 6.0 6.0 5. 3 8.7 3.0 4. 7

1973-1974 ..................................................... 6.2 6.7 4. 7 6.9 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4

1974-1975 ..................................................... 6.4 4.0 9.3 9.0 7.4 3. 1 9.9 7.3 8. 4

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ...................................................... 6.9 8.4 5.7 5.7 5.8 6. 8 5.4 7.2 8.6

Maximum

F i r e f ig h t e r s and p o lic e

1971-1976 ..................................................... 42. 1 44. 1 42.3 40.9 39.1 42.2 47.0 37.8 42. 4

1971-1972 ..................................................... 7.1 8.7 6.0 4.8 6.4 8.6 4.9 6.3 7. 6

1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 3 ...................................................... 8.5 9. 9 8.6 6.6 6.4 12. 5 10.7 4.3 4.4

1973-1974 ..................................................... 6.4 6.6 5.1 8.1 6.4 6.3 6.6 5.9 7. 3

1 97 4 - 1975...................................................... 7 . 6 4.7 11. 1 9.6 8.6 3. 3 12.0 9.5 8.5

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ...................................................... 7.0 8.3 5.7 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.2 7.0 9. 0

F ir e f ig h te r s

1971-1976 ..................................................... 41.9 44.4 42.0 42.0 38.9 40. 3 47.8 38.1 41.5

1971-1972 ..................................................... 6.8 8. 4 6.6 4.8 6.4 8. 2 5.3 6.3 6.7

1972-1973 ..................................................... 8.1 10.6 7.4 7.0 6.2 11.6 9,6 4.8 4. 4

1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 4 ..................................................... 6.6 6. 6 5.3 8. 3 6.5 6.6 7.0 5.6 7.3

1974- 1975 ..................................................... 6. 1 4. 6 1 1 .4 9 . 5 8 .6 3. 5 1 1.9 1 0 . 0 8. 7

1975-1976 ..................................................... 6.9 8.7 5.6 6.8 6.2 6. 1 6.8 6.6 8. 8

P o lice

1971-1976 ..................................................... 42. 2 43.9 42.5 40.0 39.2 43.2 46.3 37.7 42. 9

1971-1972 ..................................................... 7.2 8. 9 5.6 4.8 6.4 8. 8 4.6 6.4 8. 2

1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 3 ..................................................... 8.7 9.7 9.4 6. 3 6.6 13.0 11.4 4.1 4.4

1973-1974 ..................................................... 6.4 6.6 5.0 7 . 8 6 .3 6 . 2 6.4 6.0 7. 3

1974-1975 ..................................................... 7.3 4.7 10. 9 9.8 8.5 3. 2 12. 1 9.2 8.3

1975-1976 ..................................................... 7.0 8. 1 5.7 6.1 6.6 6.6 5.6 7.2 9. 1

1 / Data fo r 1976 a re p r e lim in a ry .

£ / R e g i o n s c o m p r i s e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e s : N o r t h e a s t - - C o n n e c t i c u t . H a i n e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , NeB H a m p s h i r e , New J e r s e y , New York,

Pennsylvania, Rhode Is la n d , and Vermont; South--Alabama. A rkansas, Delaware, D i s t r i c t of Columbia, F lo rid a , G eorgia, Kentucky, 

L o u isian a, Maryland, M is s is s ip p i, North C a ro lin a , Oklahoma, South C aro lin a, Tennessee, Texas, V irg in ia , and Nest V irg in ia ; North 

Centr a l - - I l l i n o i s . In d ia n a , Iowa, Kansas, M ichigan, M innesota, M issouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and W isconsin; 

B e s t — A l a s k a , A r i z o n a , C a l i f o r n i a , C o l o r a d o , H a w a i i , I d a h o , M o n ta n a , N e v a d a , New M e x ic o , O r e g o n , U t a h , W a s h i n g t o n , a n d Hyoming. 

However, n o t every s t a t e i s rep re se n te d .

NOTE: To l i m i t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f e x t r a n e o u s f a c t o r s i n c o m p u t i n g p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n a v e r a g e minimum o r maximum s a l a r i e s b e t w e e n 

each p a ir of years (for example, 1975-76 o r 1971-76), th e average i s obtain ed fo r each of th e two p e rio d s using c o n s ta n t weights 

(employment in the l a s t of each p a ir of y e a rs ) . S lig h t re v is io n s in some of th e d ata a re due to re v is e d com putational procedures.

69

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 37

Table 1. Percent change in minimum and maximum annual salary scales of refuse collectors, by city population

size and region, 1972-761

Year

C ity p o p u latio n s iz e Region 2/

A ll

c i t i e s

100,000

and

over

Over

999,999

500,000

t o

999,999

250,000

t o

999,999

100,000

t o

299,999

Northe a st South

North

C e n tra l West

Minimum

1972-1976 ............................................................................ 28. 8 26.9 31.8 30.6 31.0 29.1 39.1 33.6 30. 6

1972- 1973 ............................................................................ 5.8 5.2 6.6 5.9 7.1 5. 1 7.3 6.2 9. 6

1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 9 ............................................................................. 6.9 6.6 8.6 5.6 7. 1 6.0 8.7 7.0 7.9

1 9 7 9 - 1 9 7 5 ............................................................................. 8. 0 8.2 6.7 9.2 7.6 7.9 7.9 9.9 8. 9

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ............................................................................ 5.9 9.6 6.9 6.5 6.2 3.8 6.8 7.2 7. 9

Maximum

1972-1976 ............................................................................ 39.5 36.5 26.8 39.7 35. 1 35.7 35.6 32. 1 29.6

1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 3 ............................................................................ 10.6 19.2 3.7 5.7 7.2 15.2 6.0 5.3 3. 8

1973-1979 ............................................................................ 7.2 6.6 7.3 9.7 7.9 6.5 9.9 6.5 7.7

1979-1975 ............................................................................ 8.6 8.1 8.3 9.9 9.9 7.5 10.1 10.3 9. 3

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ............................................................................ 5.0 9.2 6.2 5.5 6.6 3.9 6.6 6.8 6. 3

\ y Data fo r 1976 a re p r e lim in a r y .

E e g i o n s c o m p r i s e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e s : No r t h e a s t - - C o n n e c t i c u t . M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , New H a m p s h i r e , New J e r s e y , New Yo rk ,

Pennsylvania, Rhode I s la n d , and Vermont; South--Alabama. A rkansas, Delaware, D i s tr i c t of Columbia, F lo rid a , G eorgia, Kentucky, 

L o u isia n a , Maryland, M is s is s ip p i, North C a ro lin a , Oklahoma, South C a ro lin a , T ennessee, Texas, V irg in ia , and Best V irg in ia ; North 

Ce n t r a l — I l l i n o i s , I n d i a n a , I o w a , K a n s a s , M i c h i g a n , M i n n e s o t a , M i s s o u r i , N e b r a s k a , N o r t h D a k o t a , O h i o , S o u t h D a k o t a , a n d H i s c o n s i n ; 

ye s t — A l a s k a , A r i z o n a , C a l i f o r n i a , C o l o r a d o , H a w a i i , I d a h o , M o n ta n a , N e v a d a , New M e x ic o , O r e g o n , D t a h , W a s h i n g t o n , a n d Wyoming. 

However, n o t every s t a t e i s rep re se n te d .

NOTE: To l i m i t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f e x t r a n e o u s f a c t o r s i n c o m p u t i n g p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n a v e r a g e minimum o r maximum s a l a r i e s b e t w e e n 

each p a ir of years 'fo r example, 1975-76 or 1972-76), th e average i s ob tain ed fo r each of th e two p e rio d s using c o n s ta n t w eights 

^employment in the l a s t of each p a ir of y e a rs ) . S lig h t re v is io n s in some of th e d ata a re due to re v is e d com putational procedures.

70

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure 38

Table 4. Percent distribution of urban public classroom teachers by change in average annual salary, 1971 to 1973

C h a n g e in a v e r a g e 

a n n u a l s a l a r y

A ll

s y s t e m s

In h a b ita n ts R e g io n 1

1 , 000, 000 

o r

m o r e

50 0 , 000 

an d 

u n d e r 

1 . 000.000

2 5 0 , 000 

a n d 

u n d e r 

500. 000

100, 000 

a n d 

u n d e r 

2 5 0 . 000

N ew

E n g la n d

M id d le

A tla n tic

B o r d e r

S ta te s

S o u th ­

e a s t

G r e a t 

L a k e 8

M id d le

W e s t

C e n tr a l

S o u th ­

w e s t

M o u n ­

ta in P a c if ic

P e r c e n t

T o ta l — 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100. 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100. 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100. 0 100 . 0

I n c r e a s e s :

U n d e r 2 . 5 ------------------------------ 1 . 8 - 2 . 2 - 4 . 6 - - 3 . 1 2. 7 - 12. 9 3 .6 - 0. 4

2 . 5 a n d u n d e r 5. 0 ----------------- 8. 9 5. 9 7. 7 1 3 .2 9 .3 6. 6 - 2 . 7 15. 8 3. 8 3 2 . 1 3 4 .3 - 1 .2

5. 0 a n d u n d e r 7. 5 - - 14. 0 - 2 3 . 2 15. 6 18. 2 10 . 2 1 . 0 8. 9 13. 2 1 2 . 0 2 1 . 7 2 6 . 4 2 1 . 1 2 7 . 1

7. 5 a n d u n d e r 10. 0 ----- ~ 12. 7 - 2 0 . 2 17. 7 14. 4 13. 7 2 . 3 2 3 . 3 11. 3 14. 4 1 8 .4 2 2 . 5 1 2 . 6 6 .9

10. 0 a n d u n d e r 12. 5 ------------- 12. 4 6. 8 12. 5 14. 8 15. 6 13. 0 7. 7 13. 9 2 4 . 7 13. 5 5. 7 6. 0 8 .4

12. 5 a n d u n d e r 15. 0 ------- ~ 1 4 .2 15, 7 15. 1 17. 7 9. 2 16. 9 4. 5 13. 9 7. 6 4. 1 6. 7 7. 4 4 5 . 1 4 6 . 9

15. 0 a n d u n d e r 17. 5 — ----- 10. 9 7 .4 14. 7 9. 7 11. 9 2 8 . 3 16. 0 2 3 . 9 8. 2 9. 6 - - - 7. 3

17. 5 a n d u n d e r 2 0 . 0 ------------- 3. 3 - 4. 4 - 8. 1 4. 5 . 6 8. 0 2 . 2 4. 9 4 . 9 - 15. 2 -

20. 0 a n d u n d e r 2 2 . 5 ------------- 4 . 6 6 .4 - 6. 8 5. 0 6. 8 2. 9 2 . 3 9 .2 1 0 . 9 - - - -

2 2 . 5 a n d u n d e r 2 5 . 0 ------------- 11. 5 4 1 . 6 - 1 . 6 0. 9 - 65. 0 - - - - - - 1. 9

2 5 . 0 a n d u n d e r 2 7 . 5 ------------- 4 . 5 1 6 .2 - . - 1 . 1 - - - 1. 7 2 4 . 6 - - - -

2 7 . 5 a n d u n d e r 3 0 . 0 — - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 0 . 0 a n d u n d e r 3 2 . 5 ------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 2 . 5 a n d u n d e r 35. 0 ------------- . 8 - - 2 . 8 . 5 - - - 3. 4 - 3 . 3 - - -

3 5 . 0 a n d u n d e r 3 7. 5 ------------- - - - - - * - - - - - - -

3 7 . 5 o r m o r e ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

D e c r e a s e s ” ------ — " . 4 - - -

1. 3 - - - -

2 . 1

- - - -

D o lla r s

T o ta l ----- 100. 0 100 , 0 100. 0 100. 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100. 0

I n c r e a s e s :

U n d e r $ 1 0 0 - 0. 8 - 2 . 2 - 1 . 0 - - - 1 . 2 - 12. 9 - - 0. 4

$100 a n d u n d e r $200 ----------- 1 . 0 - - - 3 . 6 - - 3 . 1 1. 5 - - 3. 6 - -

$ 2 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 3 0 0 1 . 2 - - 2 . 9 2 . 0 - - - 3. 5 - 4. 9 2 .3 - 1 . 2

$ 3 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 4 0 0 - -- - 5. 0 - 7. 7 1 0 . 2 3. 3 - - 2. 7 11. 3 1. 2 2 7 .2 1 3 .2 - -

$ 4 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 5 0 0 ----------- 5. 5 5. 9 2 . 5 6. 0 7. 2 6. 6 - 1 . 6 5. 1 2 . 6 - 3 7 . 7 - -

$ 5 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 6 0 0 ------------ 3. 6 - 6. 1 1 . 8 6. 2 - - 3. 3 4 . 9 8. 2 - - 2 1 . 1 -

$ 6 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 7 0 0 -- - — 7 .2 - 6 .9 13. 7 8 .9 - 1 . 0 9. 1 1 0 . 2 3. 8 2 1 . 7 18. 5 - 4. 9

$ 7 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 0 0 - 5 . 8 - 8. 8 7. 2 7. 6 1 8 .3 1 . 0 6. 8 5. 2 1. 1 12. 3 2 . 1 - 17. 6

$ 8 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 0 0 ----------- 5 .3 - 13. 9 2 . 1 5. 7 - 1. 3 11. 4 3. 4 2 . 7 6. 1 13. 6 7. 5 4 .6

$ 9 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 , 000 ------- 6. 7 - 13. 1 5. 2 8. 9 1 2 .4 - 4. 2 8. 6 16. 9 - 3. 6 5. 1 5. 5

$ 1, 000 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 100 — 6 .4 6. 8 - 1 0 . 6 7. 8 - 7. 7 - 2 2 . 5 2 . 1 - - 6. 0 1 .4

$ 1, 100 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 200 — 2 . 6 - - 4 . 1 5. 9 6. 2 - 1 .4 1 . 0 5. 0 6. 7 5 .4 - 3. 0

$ 1, 2 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 30 0 — 3. 0 - 4 . 7 4 . 6 2. 9 7. 4 . 9 8 .4 1. 7 2 . 6 - - - 5. 5

$ 1, 3 00 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 4 0 0 — 2. 7 - . 6. 7 4. 3 - - 7. 9 3 .2 - - - 14. 3 4 . 3

$ 1, 4 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 500 — 4 . 3 - 1 2 . 2 1 . 8 3. 7 - 4 . 5 1 0 . 8 2 . 2 1. 5 - - 30. 9 1. 7

$ 1, 500 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 60 0 — 7. 3 15. 7 9 .9 - 3 .3 9. 5 1. 3 9 . 1 - 6. 5 4 . 9 - - 3 2 .4

$ 1 , 6 00 a n d u n d e r $ 1 , 700 — 4 .4 - 3. 9 1 2 . 6 2 . 2 - 2 . 5 2 .3 8.2 3. 1 - - - 11. 7

$ 1, 700 a n d u n d e r $ 1, 800 — 5. 0 7 .4 3. 8 4 . 7 4 . 2 2 8. 3 1 2 . 0 8. 3 1.0 - - - 15. 2 1 .9

$ 1 , 800 a n d u n d e r $ 1 , 900 — . 5 - - 1 . 2 . 8 - - 1. 7 - - - - - 2 . 1

$ 1 , 900 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 000 — 1. 5 - 4 . 4 - 1. 7 4 . 5 - 8. 0 - 1 .9 - - - -

$ 2 , 000 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 100 — . 7 - - - 2 .4 6. 8 1 .2 - - 1 .4 - - - -

$ 2 , 100 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 200 — . 3 - - - 1 . 0 - - - - 1 . 6 - - - -

$ 2 , 2 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 3 00 — . 9 - - - 3. 0 - 1 . 6 - 1. 7 - - - - 1 .9

$ 2 , 3 00 an d u n d e r $ 2 ,4 0 0 — 1. 7 6. 4 - - - - - - - 9. 8 - - - -

$ 2 , 4 0 0 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 500 — . 4 - - 1 . 6 - - 2 . 2 - - - - - - -

$ 2 , 500 an d u n d e r $ 2 , 600 — . 1 - - - . 5 - - - - - 3 . 3 - - -

$ 2 , 600 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 700 — 11. 7 41. 6 - 2 . 8 . 7 - 62. 8 - 3 .4 1.2 - - - -

$ 2 , 700 a n d u n d e r $ 2 , 800 — 4 . 2 16. 2 - - - - - - - 2 4 . 6 - - - -

$ 2 , 800 o r m o r e --------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

D e c r e a s e s ----- — — ------ . 4 - - -

1. 3 - - - ' 2 . 1

- - - -

N u m b e r of t e a c h e r s (in

th o u s a n d s ) “ 562 146 129 127 159 17 97 72 106 96 22 55 22 75

b r a s k a , N o r th D a k o ta , S o u th D a k o ta ; C e n t r a l S o u th w e s t- A r k a n s a s , L o u is ia n a , O k la h o m a , T e x a s ; M o u n ta in - A r i z o n a . C o lo r a d o , Id a h o , M o n ta n a , 

N e v a d a , N ew M e x ic o , U ta h , W y o m in g ; a n d P a c i f i c -^ A la sk a . C a lif o r n ia , 

H a w a ii, O r e g o n , W a s h in g to n .

N O T E : B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o ta ls .

1 T h e r e g io n s u s e d in t h i s s tu d y a r e : N e w E n g la n d —C o n n e c tic u t, 

M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N e w H a m p s h ir e , R h o d e I s la n d , V e r m o n t; M id d le 

A t la n tic —N e w J e r s e y , N ew Y o rk , P e n n s y lv a n ia ; B o r d e r S ta te s —D e la w a r e . 

D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia , K e n tu c k y , M a r y la n d , V ir g in ia , W e st V ir g in ia ; 

S o u th e a s t—A la b a m a , F lo r id a , G e o r g ia , M i s s is s i p p i , N o r th C a r o lin a , 

S o u th C a r o lin a , T e n n e s s e e ; G r e a t L a k e s —I llin o is , In d ia n a , M ic h ig a n , 

M in n e s o ta , O h io , W is c o n s in ; M id d le W e s t-I o w a . K a n s a s , M i s s o u r i , N e -

7 1

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Figure 39

Table 2. Minimum General Schedule salary scalea by grade, selected dates, August 1939-October 1975

E f f e c tiv e d a te o f c h a n g e

A u g u s t 1 9 3 9 -------------------------------------------

A u g u s t 1 9 4 2 -------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 4 5 --------------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 4 6 --------------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 4 8 --------------------------------------------------

N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 9 ---------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 5 1 -------------------------------------------------

M a r c h 1955 ---------------------------------------------

J a n u a r y 1 9 5 8 ------------------------------------------

J u l y I9 6 0 -------------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1 9 6 2 -------------------------------------------

J a n u a r y 1 9 6 4 -------------------------------------------

J u l y 1964 --------------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1965 -------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 6 6 --------------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1967 ------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 6 8 -------------------------------------------------

J u l y 1 9 6 9 -------------------------------------------------

D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 9 --------------------------------------

J a n u a r y 1971 ------------------------------------------

J a n u a r y 1 972 ------------- ---------— - ■

J a n u a r y 1 9 7 3 -------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1 9 7 3 -------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1 9 7 4 -------------------------------------------

O c to b e r 1975 -------------------------------------------

A u g u s t 1 9 3 9 --------

A u g u s t 1942 --------

J u l y 1945 --------------

J u l y 1946 --------------

J u l y 1 9 4 8 --------------

N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 9 -

J u l y 1 9 5 1 --------------

M a r c h 1955 ----------

J a n u a r y 1 958 ------

J u l y I9 6 0 ------------

O c to b e r 1962 ------

J a n u a r y 1 9 6 4 -------

J u l y 1 9 6 4 -------------

O c to b e r 1965 -------

J u l y 1966 -------------

O c to b e r 1967 ------

J u l y 1968 --------------

J u l y 1 9 6 9 -------------

D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 9 —

J a n u a r y 1971 ------

J a n u a r y 1972 ------

J a n u a r y 1973 ------

O c to b e r 1973 -------

O c to b e r 1974 ------

O c to b e r 1 9 7 5 -------

M in im u m b a s i c s a l a r y s c a l e , b y g r a d e

1 ‘ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

$ 1 , 180 $ 1 , 4 4 0 $ 1 , 6 2 0 $ 1 , 8 00 $ 2 , 000 $ 2 , 300 $ 2 , 6 0 0 $ 2 , 9 00 $ 3, 2 00

1 ,2 6 0 1, 4 4 0 1 , 6 2 0 1 , 800 2 , 000 2, 3 00 2 , 6 0 0 2 , 900 3 ,2 0 0

1, 5 06 1, 70 4 1, 9 02 2 , 100 2, 320 2, 6 5 0 2, 9 80 3, 310 3, 6 4 0

1. 7 56 1, 95 4 2 , 168 2, 394 2, 645 3, 021 3, 397 3, 7 73 4 , 150

2 , 0 86 2. 28 4 2, 4 9 8 2, 7 24 2, 975 3, 351 3, 727 4, 103 4 , 4 80

2 , 200 2 ,4 5 0 2 , 6 5 0 2 , 875 3 . 100 3, 4 5 0 3, 825 4 , 2 00 4 , 6 0 0

2, 5 0 0 2, 7 5 0 2, 9 5 0 3, 175 3, 4 1 0 3, 795 4, 205 4 , 6 20 5, 0 6 0

2 , 690 2, 9 6 0 3, 175 3, 41 5 3, 6 7 0 4, 0 8 0 4, 525 4 , 9 70 5, 4 4 0

2, 9 60 3, 255 3, 4 95 3, 755 4 , 0 4 0 4 , 4 9 0 4, 980 5 , 4 7 0 5, 985

3, 185 3, 5 0 0 3, 7 60 4, 0 40 4 , 345 4 , 830 5, 355 5, 885 6, 4 3 5

3, 245 3, 5 60 3, 8 20 4 , 110 4 , 565 5 , 035 5, 5 4 0 6, 0 9 0 6 , 675

3, 305 3, 6 2 0 3, 880 4 , 215 4 , 6 9 0 5, 235 5 , 795 6, 390 7, 0 30

3, 385 3, 6 8 0 4, 005 4 , 4 8 0 5, 00 0 5 , 505 6, 0 50 6 , 6 3 0 7, 2 2 0

3, 5 0 7 3, 814 4, 149 4 , 641 5, 181 5, 7 02 6, 2 69 6, 869 7, 4 9 7

3, 6 0 9 3, 925 4 , 2 6 9 4, 776 5, 331 5, 867 6 , 451 7, 0 6 8 7, 696

3, 776 4 , 108 4, 4 6 6 4, 995 5, 565 6, 137 6 , 734 7, 384 8, 0 54

3, 889 4 , 231 4 , 6 00 5, 145 5, 732 6, 321 6 , 981 7, 6 9 9 8, 4 6 2

3, 889 4 , 3 60 4, 917 5, 5 22 6, 176 6 , 882 7, 6 3 9 8, 4 4 9 9, 320

4 , 125 4 , 621 5, 212 5, 853 6, 5 4 8 7 , 2 94 8, 0 9 8 8, 956 9, 881

4 , 326 4 , 98 7 5, 5 24 6 , 202 6, 9 3 8 7, 727 8, 582 9, 4 9 3 10, 4 7 0

4, 5 64 5, 166 5, 8 28 6 , 5 44 7, 319 8, 153 9, 053 10, 01 3 11, 0 46

4 , 7 9 8 5, 4 3 2 6 , 612 6, 882 7, 694 8, 572 9, 5 2 0 10, 5 2 8 11, 6 1 4

5, 017 5, 6 82 6, 4 0 8 7, 198 8, 055 8, 9 77 9, 969 11, 0 2 9 12, 167

5, 2 9 4 5, 99 6 6, 7 64 7 , 5 9 6 8 , 5 0 0 9, 4 7 3 10, 5 2 0 11, 6 4 0 1 2 , 841

5, 5 59 6, 2 96 7, 102 7 , 9 76 8, 925 9, 9 46 11, 0 46 1 2 , 222 13, 4 8 2

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

$ 3 , 5 0 0 $ 3 , 8 0 0 $ 4 , 6 0 0 $ 5 , 6 0 0 $ 6 , 5 0 0 $ 8, 000 (1 2) (2) (2)

3, 5 00 3, 800 4, 6 0 0 5 , 6 0 0 6, 50 0 8, 000 (2) (2) (2)

3. 9 70 4 , 30 0 5, 100 6, 2 3 0 7, 175 8, 7 50 (2) (2) (2)

4 , 5 26 4 , 902 5, 905 7 , 102 8, 180 9, 975 ( 2) (2) (2)

4 , 856 5. 2 32 6 , 235 7 , 43 2 8, 510 10, 305 (2) (2) (2)

5, 0 00 5, 4 0 0 6, 4 0 0 7, 6 00 8 , 800 310 , 000 $ 1 1 , 200 $ 1 2 , 200 $ 14, 0 00

5, 5 00 5, 94 0 7, 0 4 0 8, 3 60 9, 60 0 1 0 , 800 1 2 , 000 13, 00 0 14, 800

5 , 915 6 , 390 7, 5 7 0 8, 9 9 0 10, 320 1 1 , 6 10 12, 9 00 13, 975 414, 80 0

6 , 5 00 7, 0 30 8, 3 30 9, 890 11, 355 1 2 ,7 7 0 14, 190 15, 375 17, 5 0 0

6, 995 7, 5 60 8, 955 10, 6 35 1 2 , 2 10 13, 7 30 15, 255 16, 5 3 0 18, 5 0 0

7, 2 9 0 8. 0 45 9, 4 75 11, 150 12, 845 14, 565 16, 000 18, 000 2 0 , 000

7, 6 90 8, 4 1 0 9, 9 80 11, 72 5 13, 615 15, 665 16, 000 18, 000 2 0 , 000

7. 900 8, 6 5 0 10, 2 50 12, 07 5 14, 170 16, 4 6 0 18, 935 2 1 ,4 4 5 2 4 , 5 00

8, 184 8, 961 10, 6 1 9 12, 5 1 0 14, 6 8 0 17, 0 55 19, 6 19 2 2 , 217 2 5 , 382

8, 4 21 9, 221 10, 927 12, 873 15, 106 17, 5 50 2 0 , 075 2 2 , 7 6 0 2 5 , 890

8, 821 9, 6 57 11, 461 13, 50 7 15, 841 18, 4 0 4 2 0 , 982 2 3 , 78 8 2 7 ,0 5 5

9, 29 7 10, 2 0 3 12, 174 14, 4 0 9 16, 946 19, 7 80 2 2 , 835 2 6 , 2 64 52 8 , 000

10, 252 11, 2 33 13, 389 15, 812 18, 531 2 1 , 5 89 2 5 , 044 2 8 , 9 76 33, 4 95

1 0 , 869 11, 905 14, 192 16, 7 60 19, 6 43 2 2 , 885 2 6 , 5 47 30, 7 14 35, 505

11, 51 7 12, 615 15, 0 40 17, 761 2 0 , 815 2 4 , 251 28, 129 32, 546 36, 0 00

12, 151 13, 309 15, 866 18, 73 7 2 1 , 96 0 2 5 , 5 83 2 9 , 6 7 8 3 4 , 355 36, 0 00

12, 775 1 3 ,9 9 6 16, 6 82 19, 70 0 2 3 , 0 8 8 2 6 , 8 9 8 31, 2 03 36, 0 00 36, 0 00

13, 379 1 4 ,6 7 1 17, 4 9 7 2 0 , 677 2 4 , 247 2 8 , 2 63 32, 806 36, 0 00 36, 0 00

1 4 ,1 1 7 15, 481 18, 4 6 3 2 1 , 816 2 5 ,5 8 1 2 9 , 818 34, 607 36, 0 00 36, 0 0 0

14, 824 16, 2 25 19, 386 2 2 , 906 2 6 , 861 31, 309 36, 3 3 8 37,‘ 800 37, 800

1 A ll g r a d e s in th e s u b p r o f e s s i o n a l , th e c l e r i c a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , 

a n d f i s c a l , a n d in th e p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h e d u le s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e C l a s s ­

i f i c a t i o n A c t o f 1923 h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d to e q u i v a le n t G e n e r a l S c h e d u le 

g r a d e s a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e C la s s i f i c a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 4 9 . M in im u m b a s i c 

s a l a r y s c a l e s o f g r a d e 1 u n d e r th e 1923 A c t w e r e c o m p u te d b y w e ig h tin g 

e q u a l ly t h e b a s e p a y f o r e a c h o f th e t h r e e g r a d e s ( s u b p r o f e s s i o n a l g r a d e s 

1 a n d 2 a n d c l e r i c a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , a n d f i s c a l g r a d e 1 ) t h a t w e r e c o m ­

b in e d in to t h i s G e n e r a l S c h e d u le g r a d e .

2 G e n e r a l S c h e d u le g r a d e s 1 6 -1 8 w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e C l a s s ­

i f i c a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 4 9 . S o m e e m p l o y e e s p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d in p o s i ti o n s

c l a s s i f i e d a t a le v e l e q u i v a le n t to th e G S -1 6 . T h e r a t e s p a id w o r k e r s 

in t h e s e p o s i t i o n s , h o w e v e r , w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y s p e c if i c l e g i s l a t i o n .

3 U n d e r p r o v i s i o n s o f th e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 4 9 , th e f o r m e r 

r a t e o f $ 1 0 ,3 3 0 ( th e s e c o n d s t e p o f th e g r a d e u n d e r p r e c e d i n g l e g i s ­

l a t i o n ) w a s c o n v e r t e d to $ 1 0 ,5 0 0 , th e m id d le r a t e o f th e n e w G S -1 5 .

4 R a i s e d to $ 1 6 ,0 0 0 b y t h e F e d e r a l E x e c u tiv e P a y A c t o f 1 9 5 6 , 

a p p r o v e d J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 5 6 , e f f e c t iv e o n th e f i r s t d a y o f th e f i r s t p a y p e r io d 

a f t e r J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 5 6 .

5 I n c r e a s e d to $ 3 0 ,2 3 9 o n th e f i r s t d a y o f th e fir=*t p a y p e r io d 

a f t e r F e b . 14, 1 9 6 9 .

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Chapter 12. The Employment Cost Index

In May 1975, representatives of the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS) began visiting employers across the 

Nation to gather information on wages and salaries for a 

major new compensation series - the Employment Cost 

Index (ECI). This survey was the first step in the 

development of a monthly measure of the trend in 

wages, salaries, and benefit costs in the total civilian 

economy, which would provide, as well, detailed 

subindexes for occupational, industrial, geographic, and 

other characteristics of the measure.

The index is being implemented in stages. The first 

stage, publication of a quarterly measure of changes in 

straight-time hourly earnings in the private nonfarm 

economy, was completed in 1976. The second stage, 

expansion to a measure of total compensation including 

benefits for the same industrial coverage, is now 

underway. This is to be followed by coverage of the 

remainder of the civilian economy (governments, 

agriculture, and households), and finally, to complete 

the index, publication of monthly measures with expanded industry detail.

Background

For many years a need had been evident for a 

comprehensive measure of change in the price of labor 

(defined as the rate of compensation) comparable to the 

measure of change in the price of commodities provided by the Consumer Price Index. The attempt to 

understand and cope with inflation in the late 1960’s 

provided the immediate stimulus to fill this gap in our 

national statistics.

In the course of developing the ECI, the Bureau 

obtained the advice of representatives of government, 

business, labor, and the academic and professional 

statistics communities, and tested alternative methods 

to accomplish the objectives of the program at minimum cost to taxpayers and with a minimum burden on 

employers participating in the survey. Taking into 

consideration the suggestions received and the experience gained in testing, the Bureau established the 

conceptual and statistical framework for the ECI.

Description of survey

The current survey covers all employees in the 

private nonfarm economy with the exception of private

household workers. Agricultural and government employees are excluded, as well as the self-employed, 

proprietors, unpaid family workers, and the initial and 

temporary exclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. Establishments of all sizes are included.

The ECI is based on a probability sample of both 

establishments and occupations. Approximately 2,300 

establishments, representing the entire spectrum of 

employers in the private nonfarm economy, are participating in the survey. This size was determined to be the 

minimum from which reliable subindex statistics could 

be obtained. These establishments were selected in two 

phases.

The first phase consisted of selecting 10,000 establishments from the complete universe of employers in 

the private nonfarm economy and obtaining employment information for a sample of 23 occupations per 

industry from a total of 441 occupations. Five certainty 

occupations were selected for each industry in the firstphase sample on the basis of their importance in the 

industry according to the 1970 Census; the remaining 18 

( 2 per occupational group) were selected by probability 

sampling.

The occupational employment information reported 

by the establishments in the first-phase survey (or in 

some instances from a prior independent occupational 

employment survey) was used to select the final sample 

of 2,300 establishments and a set of up to 23 occupations 

for which data would be collected from each establishment. This sample has a built-in statistical flexibility for 

expansion in detail and scope, and for sample replenishment within the framework of the survey design.

Data collection

The basic unit of data collection is an occupation in 

an establishment. These occupations—such as accountant, electrician, truckdriver, and nurse—are generally 

broader in scope than required in other BLS occupational wage surveys. Each occupation in an establishment is broken down into specific jobs for which 

compensation data are collected. In situations where it 

is not feasible to report data for every job in the 

occupation, sampling procedures are used to select a 

limited set of jobs or workers to represent the occupation.

In addition to being capable of disaggregation into 

specific jobs, the data reported for occupations can be

Digitized 

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aggregated into the broader families of occupational 

classifications which are the major occupational 

groups. Thus a complete and integrated framework is 

available for organizing the survey data.

The primary information collected in the ongoing 

wage and salary survey is the straight-time average 

hourly earnings for the pay period encompassing or 

closest to the 12th of the survey month. Straight-time 

earnings are total earnings before deductions, excluding 

premium payments (for overtime and for work on 

weekends and holidays) and shift differentials. Production bonuses and cost-of-living allowances are 

included in straight-time earnings. Earnings are calculated as an hourly rate, even for workers paid on some 

other basis, such as salaried employees or employees 

paid under an incentive wage system.

The computation of the average pay rate for an 

occupation involves averaging the individual rates by 

workers, using employment rather than hourly weights 

for the component jobs.

O ther data collected in the wage and salary survey 

are employment for occupations in the index, certain 

characteristics of workers in the occupation, such as 

union or nonunion status, or part- or full-time employment, incentive or time-rated work, and year-round or 

seasonal work, and certain characteristics of the establishment, i.e., industry and location. These characteristics are used in controlling for employment shifts and in 

tabulation of the data.

Data on benefits are now also being collected along 

with wage and salaries. The benefit data include 

information on benefit practices, employer expenditures, and workweeks, from which an employer’s cost 

in cents per hour worked is calculated for the survey 

occupations. This cost is added to the occupational 

earnings to obtain a total compensation cost per hour 

worked. A quarterly report of changes in benefit 

practices provide data for repricing benefit costs, which 

are also automatically recalculated, if wage-related, 

when wage changes occur.

A nother area of ECI expansion now underway is the 

extension of coverage to include governments. The 

sampling frame for this phase is being developed. Data 

from governments will be combined with data from the 

private economy to compute measures for the total 

civilian economy, excluding agriculture and households, and will provide an industry subseries “Public 

Administration”, as defined in the 1972 S ta n d a rd

In d u stria l C lassification M a n u a l

Computation

The EC I is a fixed employment, base-weighted 

average of changes in the rate of compensation expressed as a relative of average rates in a reference base

period. EC I statistics are computed from comparable 

wage and benefit cost data collected from a matched 

sample of establishments and occupations from quarter 

to quarter. Average compensation for each occupation 

in each of 62 industry groupings is computed for the 

current and previous survey quarters. These averages 

are weighted by occupational employment reported in 

the 1970 census. The ratios of the weighted aggregates 

of one quarter to the prior quarter form a time series of 

relatives that can be chained to form indexes which are 

expressed as a percentage of the base reference period. 

The EC I statistics are now published as quarterly 

percentage changes rather than in index form to avoid 

confusion caused by shifts of the reference base as the 

index is expanded in scope. When the expansion is 

complete, indexes will be published.

Presentation

EC I statistics are now regularly published for the 

reference months of March, June, September, and 

December. The statistics appear quarterly in a press 

release, in the second month after the survey period. 

F or example, statistics computed from the survey data 

for December, March, June, and September, are 

published in February, May, August, and December, 

respectively. D ata from the press release presenting the 

September 1976 EC I are shown in figure 40. Reprints of 

the release and the complete series starting with 

September 1975 appear in the monthly BLS publication 

C u rren t W age D evelopm en ts.

Separate detail is now published for the total private 

nonfarm economy, for each of four broad geographic 

areas of the United States, for five major industry 

divisions, and for eight major occupational groups. At 

the national level, measures are also published for 

workers covered by collective bargaining agreements 

and those not covered, and for establishments in or 

outside of metropolitan areas.

The regional coverage is as follows: N o rth ea st - 

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont; S outh - Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, 

District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, 

Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, N orth Carolina, 

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

and West Virginia; N o rth C e n tra l - Illinois, Indiana, 

Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, N orth Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; 

and West - Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, W ashington, and Wyoming.

The five major industry divisions are:

Contract construction

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Manufacturing 

Wholesale and retail trade

Transportation, communication, electric, gas, and 

sanitary services

Services, except private household

All other private nonfarm industries, except households, are covered in the survey and in the overall 

measure, but the sample size is insufficient to support 

publication at this time for the other private nonfarm 

major industry divisions, e.g., mining, and finance, 

insurance, and real estate.

The eight occupational groups are:

Professional, technical, and kindred workers

Managers and administrators, except farm

Clerical and kindred workers

Craft and kindred workers

Operatives, except transport equipment

Transport equipment operatives

Laborers, except farm

Service workers, except private household

In 1978 the group “Salesworkers” will be added to 

the published series.

When sufficient benefit data are collected to establish 

a base period, a set of measures of changes in compensation will be computed from the data, generally in the 

same manner and with the same detail as for wages and 

salaries. In addition some limited series on benefits 

alone are under consideration for publication.

Comparison with other series

The ECI, when fully developed, will differ from 

other major series primarily in the greater degree of 

occupational detail it will provide. Also, it will cover 

more industries and types of compensation than the 

hours and earnings series (chapter 5); be more timely 

than the survey of employer expenditures for employee 

compensation (EEEC ) (chapter 4), and be freer of the 

effects of employment shifts which influence the 

movement of most of the other major series. On the 

other hand, the EC I does not have the industrial detail 

provided by the hours and earnings series, and was not 

designed to provide the information on levels of pay 

available from either the hours and earnings or the 

E E E C surveys.

There are also differences in the statistical design 

between the EC I and other compensation series. ECI 

data are collected from a joint probability sample of 

occupational and establishment employment, rather 

than from a universe or sample of establishments. The 

EC I statistics therefore represent changes in occupational compensation rather than changes in compensation for the establishment.

Uses and limitations

The Employment Cost Index will provide, for the 

first time, a comprehensive and timely measure of 

changes in the rate of employment compensation, free 

of much of the influence of employment shifts. Such a 

measure may be especially useful for understanding and 

explaining trends in compensation, forecasting such 

trends, and relating them to other economic variables. 

In addition, it may be of use in the formation of wage 

decisions by parties to collective bargaining and in 

contract cost escalation, as well as for those presently 

unforseen uses which inevitably arise from the ingenuity of the users. The EC I is not, however, intended as a 

substitute for existing measures of compensation, all of 

which are useful for their purposes. In many instances, 

it may complement or illuminate existing statistical 

series.

The limitations of the index must be kept in mind. 

Because the EC I is an index, it measures changes rather 

than levels of compensation. Further, the index is not a 

measure of the total cost of employing labor. Some 

labor costs (e.g., training expenses, retroactive pay, etc.) 

do not fall under the Employment Cost Index definition 

of compensation. Also, total employment costs vary 

with the amounts and types of labor used—factors 

which are held constant in the Employment Cost Index. 

In its initial stage the EC I will not cover all employers 

and employees and all compensation; ultimately this 

limitation will be eliminated. Moreover, the index is not 

a pure rate measure. Although straight-time hourly 

earnings provide a close approximation of the rate and 

the Employment Cost Index is designed to eliminate 

employment shifts among establishments, industries, 

and occupations, employment shifts within the occupations and longevity pay increases will influence the 

level of earnings reported by the respondent.

Some of these limitations are temporary; some are 

built into the conceptual framework of the measure; 

others stem from deficiencies in the state of the art of 

measurement which will be resolved in time with 

research and improvements in technique.

—REFERENCES—

Sam uels, N orm an J. “D ev elo p in g a G eneral W age Index,”

Monthly Labor Review, M arch 1971, pp. 3-8.

Sheifer, V icto r J. “E m ploym ent C ost Index: A M easure o f

C hange in the ‘Price o f L abor’,” Monthly Labor Review,

July 1975, pp. 3-12.

U .S. D epartm ent o f L abor, Bureau o f L abor Statistics. “T he

E m p loym en t C ost Index”, Ch. 25, BLS Handbook of

Methods, B ulletin 1910, 1976.

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Figure 40

Rate of wage and salary changes in Employment Cost Index,

September 1975 through September 1976

(In percent)

Series

December

1975

3 months

March

1976

ending

June

1976

September

1976

12 months ending

in September 1976

All private nonfarm workers ......... 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.5 7.2

Workers, by occupational group

Professional, technical, and kindred workers. 1.7 l.U 1.1 1.7 6.1

Managers and administrators, except farm .... 1.3 1.3 2.1 1.0 5.8

Clerical and kindred workers ............... 1.8 2.2 1.3 2.0 7.1*

Craft and kindred workers .................. 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 7.9

Operatives, except transport ............... 2.2 2.8 0.8 2.0 8.0

Transport equipment operatives ............. 1.7 1.2 1*. 5 0.6 8.3

Laborers, except farm ...................... 2.U 2.1 1.9 1.2 7.8

Service workers, except private household ... 3.3 1.9 3.3 o.i* 9-1

Workers, by industry division

Construction .............................. - - 3.1 2.6 -

Manufacturing ............................. 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.8 7.1*

Transportation and public utilities ........ 2.6 1.9 2.8 1.3 8.9

Wholesale and retail trade ................. 1.8 2.2 2.2 0.9 7.3

Services .................................. 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 6.6

Workers, by region

Northeast ................................. l.»* 0.9 1.1* 2.5 6.3

South ..................................... 1.5 2.1* 1.3 1.7 7.0

North Central ............................. 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 7.1

West .............................. t...... 2.1 3.3 2.3 0.5 8.6

Workers, by bargaining status

Occupations covered by collective bargaining

agreements .............................. 2.1* 1.6 1.8 2.1* 8.5

Occupations not covered by collective bargaining agreements ....................... 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.1 6.5

Workers, by area

Metropolitan areas ......................... 1-9 1.9 1.5 1.7 7.1

Other areas ............................... 1.6 2.2 2.1* 0.9 7.1

Bote: The statistics are percent changes in straight-time average hourly earnings over the period indicated. For

example, the 1.7 percent change for the "all private nonfarm worker" series in the second quarter 1976 is the

actual percent change in straight-time average hourly earnings from the pay period including the 12th of the

survey month of March to the comparable period in June. The statistics are not annualized, nor are they

adjusted for seasonal influences.

The computation of percent changes spanning more than one survey period is accomplished by compounding

successive changes for individual quarters. In actual practice, the compounding calculations are made to the

fifth decimal place.

Dashes in the table indicate that the data collected were insufficient to meet statistical criteria for

publication during the periods indicated.

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Chapter 13. Income and Earnings Data from the 1972-73

Consumer Expenditure Survey

Consumer expenditure surveys are specialized studies in which the primary emphasis is on collecting data 

relating to family expenditures for goods and services. 

In order to analyze the determinants of expenditures, 

the surveys also collect information on the amount and 

composition of family income, on changes in savings 

and debts, and on major demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of families.

Since 1888, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has 

periodically conducted surveys of consumer expenditures, savings, and income. These have been the only 

comprehensive sources of detailed information on 

expenditures, income, and changes in assets and liabilities related to the socioeconomic and demographic 

characteristics of families in the United States. The 

Consumer Expenditure Survey of 1972-73, the eighth 

major survey of this type, and the first since 1960-61, 

extends this tradition. Unlike previous surveys, the 

collection of data was carried out by the Bureau of the 

Census under contract to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Past surveys have been designed to meet a great variety 

of user demands. The 1972-73 survey was undertaken 

in part to revise the weights and associated pricing 

samples in the current Consumer Price Index, and in 

part to help meet the need for timely, accurate, and 

detailed information on how American families earn 

and spend their income.

Description of survey

The BLS completed the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey in June 1974. Covering the civilian 

noninstitutional population over a period of 2 years, the 

survey consisted of tw o separate components: (1) A 

diary or recordkeeping survey completed by respondents for two 1-week periods, and (2) an interview 

panel survey in which consumer units, or families, 

reported information to interviewers every 3 months 

over a 15-month period.1 The diary component covered 

the period July 1972-June 1974, and the interview 

component covered the 1972 and 1973 calendar years.

1 A consumer unit is defined as (1) a family of two persons or more

usually living together who pool their income and draw from a

common fund for their major items of expense, or (2) a single

consumer who is financially independent of any family group. The

single consumer may be living alone in a separate housing unit;

rooming in a private home, lodging house, or hotel; or sharing a unit.

In each year, the sample for each component consisted 

of approximately 10,000 families. More complete information concerning the design and conduct of both 

components of the survey appears in “The 1972-73 

Consumer Expenditure Survey,” published in the 

December 1974 issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r Review.

R e f e r e n c e P e r io d

The interview survey collected information on 

wages and salaries from employment and on income 

from self-employment for each member of the consumer unit aged 14 years old and over. In addition, data 

were obtained on income received by the consumer unit 

from other sources. (See figure 41 for details.) Income 

data reported in 1972, the first year of the interview 

survey, consisted of estimates of total income from all 

sources for 1971 and estimates of income detail for 1972; 

income data reported in the second survey year 

consisted of total estimates for 1972 and detailed 

estimates for 1973.

In the diary survey, income data were collected for 

each consumer unit member for the previous 12 months. 

Income from other sources covered the same period. 

(See figure 42 for details.) Thus, the reference period 

for income covered the 12 months prior to the time that 

the consumer unit participated in the survey.

C o n c e p t o f In c o m e

Income as collected in both the diary and interview 

surveys is conceptually identical—that is, it reflects 

total money income from all sources earned by all 

family members during a 12-month period. The concept 

excludes other money receipts such as inheritances or 

bequests, lump-sum settlements from casualty insurance, and occasional gifts of cash from persons outside 

the family. On the other hand, the estimates of income 

as published in separate reports of the two surveys can 

vary due to differences in the collection of income 

detail. A review of figures 41 and 42 points out these 

differences in collection detail. The estimate of income 

as presented in tables from the interview survey 

provides for a reduction in money wages and salaries 

for occupational expenses but includes food and rent 

received as pay. These adjustments are not possible in 

the diary survey because such detailed information was 

not collected.

The estimates of income as published may differ

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between the tw o surveys in several other respects. The 

income estimate in the interview survey is adjusted for 

the net value of food stamps (exchange value minus 

cost). This adjustment cannot be made in the diary 

survey because food stamp information was not collected in the first-year diary. A similar explanation applies 

to the net value from the sale of stock (sale price minus 

cost). This value is included in the income estimate in 

the interview survey, but since it was not specifically 

collected in the diary survey, it is excluded from the 

estimate of income in that survey.

Uses and limitations

The BLS consumer expenditure survey is the only 

nationwide study which links the levels of family 

income to patterns of consumer expenditure and saving. 

This linkage permits the user to classify expenditures by 

income alone or in conjunction with other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the consumer 

unit. For example, the income information can be of 

value in studies of the welfare of particular population 

groups such as the aged, low-income earners, urban 

dwellers, or food stamp recipients. The Internal Revenue Service has used average expenditures of families 

classified by income and family size as the basis for 

revising its average sales tax tables, which taxpayers 

may use in filing Federal income tax returns. Aside 

from its importance in the CPI revision program, the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics will use the information to 

revise and update its family budget estimates. The 

income data from the survey will be of interest to 

policymakers studying income differences over time or 

the distribution of income among different socioeconomic groups or different geographic areas. Econom etricians will find the data useful in constructing models 

of consumption and savings behavior. Market researchers will find them valuable, together with the expenditure data, in analyzing the demand for a broad group of 

consumer goods and services.

R e l ia b il it y

The income data from the interview and diary 

surveys are subject to two types of errors—sampling 

and nonsampling. Sampling errors could have occurred 

because observations were not taken from the entire 

population. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to 

many sources, such as inability to obtain information 

about all the respondents in the sample, definitional 

difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of the respondent to 

provide correct information, mistakes in recording or 

coding the data obtained, and other errors of collection, 

response, processing, and coverage. With regard to 

consumption categories, this applies especially to the 

“alcoholic beverages” and “tobacco” components,

which historically have been underreported in household surveys. The accuracy of the results of a survey is 

determined by the joint effects of sampling and nonsampling errors.

The limitations of income data collected from 

household surveys are discussed in chapter 6 in some 

detail. Most of the caveats apply to the data collected in 

the expenditure survey as well. While standard errors 

for the expenditure survey income data have not been 

computed, they are likely to be larger than those shown 

in chapter 6 for the CPS because the sample is smaller 

for each year. A rough estimate is that the standard 

error for 1 year’s data would be about twice that shown 

in chapter 6 and about 1.6 times that for the 2 years’ 

data combined.

Comparison with other series

Tw o agencies of the Departm ent of Commerce—the 

Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis—regularly publish estimates of family income. 

While there are some similarities between the BLS 

income concept and that of the Bureau of the Census, 

which collects family money income information annually in its Current Population Survey (CPS), some 

differences do exist.2 First, the population coverage of 

the CPS is somewhat broader than that of the BLS 

survey, as the CPS includes military personnel living 

on-post with their families. Second, the CPS definition 

of a family differs from the BLS definition of a 

consumer unit. The CPS defines a family as a group of 

persons living together who are related by blood, 

marriage, or adoption. Members of a group who are 

unrelated to the head of the family are treated as 

separate families or unrelated individuals. A third 

difference, which applies only to the BLS diary survey, 

concerns the time period covered by the income data. 

The CPS income estimates are based on surveys 

conducted in M arch of each year and cover the 

preceding calendar year (as does the BLS interview 

survey). Income data from the diary survey, on the 

other hand, are obtained throughout the year, covering 

the 12 months preceding the time of the interview. 

Finally, the Bureau of the Census imputes values when 

respondents fail to answer income questions; the BLS 

does not apply imputation techniques to the income 

section. In addition, the BLS interview survey collected income in more detail than the CPS survey.

There are also differences between income in the 

BLS survey and the income estimate published by the 

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), which annually 

compiles the National Income and Product Accounts.

2 For a detailed discussion of earnings data from the CPS, see ch. 6.

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First, the population coverage of the BLS survey is not 

as broad as that of the BEA, the latter including 

nonprofit institutions, inmates of institutions, and onpost military personnel. Second, personal income data 

in the National Accounts reflect various imputed 

values, the most important of which are rental value of 

owner-occupied homes and services furnished without 

payment by financial intermediaries. Third, BEA includes as income the value of food and clothing issued 

to military personnel and the accrued interest on 

government bonds. None of these items are considered 

as income in the BLS survey.

Excluded from total personal income in the National 

Accounts is a large and growing component in the BLS 

survey—that is, the Social Security contribution of 

employees and the self-employed. These contributions 

are a part of BLS wages and salaries and self-employment income but are deducted in arriving at personal 

income in the National Accounts. Other exclusions 

from B EA ’s income component are income received in 

the form of alimony, separate maintenance payments, 

and contributions for support. All of these are included 

in the BLS definition of income.

Presentation

The 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey data are

being made available in two different forms. First, 

publications can be obtained containing tables which 

are similar to those produced for the 1960-61 Survey, 

showing income in detail by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Second, tapes are to be made 

available with as much detail as is consistent with the 

confidentiality policies of BLS and the Bureau of the 

Census. Users may then decide on their own definition 

of income.

—REFERENCES—

U .S. D epartm ent o f Labor, Bureau o f L abor Statistics.

Consumer Expenditures and Income: Survey Guidelines.

B ulletin 1684, 1971.

D ocu m en ts the planning, operation, and evaluation o f the

Survey o f C onsum er E xpenditures, 1960-61, and lays the

foundation for planning surveys in the 1970’s.

Carlson, M ichael D . “T h e 1972-73 C onsum er E xpenditure

S u rv ey ,” Monthly Labor Review, D ecem b er 1974, pp.

16-23.

U .S. D epartm ent o f Labor, Bureau o f L abor Statistics.

Consumer Expenditure Survey Series: Diary Survey, 1972

and 1973. R eport Series 448, 1976.

_________ , __________Consumer Expenditure Survey Series:

Interview Survey, 1972 and 1973. R eport Series 455,

1976.

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Figure 41 Figure 42

Level of income detail collected— interview survey

Money income before taxes

Wages and salaries

Civilian occupations

Wages and salaries

Minus: Occupational expenses

Plus: Food received as pay

Rent received as pay

Armed Forces

Pay on active or reserve duty

Quarters and subsistence allowances

Self-employment income

Net income from own business and professional practice

Net income from own farm

Income from roomers and boarders

Income from rental property and royalties

2

Profit from stocks and bonds

Interest from bonds, savings accounts, loans, etc.

Dividends from stock, mutual funds, etc.

Other income

Social security and railroad retirement

Federal civil service retirement

State and local government retirement

Private pensions, annuities, and retirement

Veterans' compensation and benefits

Unemployment insurance, government

Unemployment insurance, private

Welfare and other public assistance

Regular contributions for support

Insurance refunds

Other money income, including workers' compensation

Income from subleasing

Federal food stamps (value received minus cost)

Refunds from property taxes, from Federal, State, and

local taxes, from social security taxes,

or from other taxes received in the survey year

Personal taxes paid

Federal income taxes

State and local income taxes

Personal property taxes

Other taxes

Level of income detail collected— diary survey

Money income before taxes

Wages and salaries

Net income from own business and professional practice

Net income from own farm

Social security and railroad retirement

Estates, trusts, and dividends; net rental income; and interest

on savings accounts and bonds

Welfare payments and other public assistance

Unemployment and workers' compensation, government

pensions, and veterans' payments

Private pensions and annuities, alimony, and other income

Money income after taxes

* T h e le v e l o f d e ta il in p u b lic a t io n s m a y v a r y f r o m t h e le v e l o f

c o lle c tio n d e p e n d in g o n t h e r e l ia b i l it y o f t h e d e ta il.

2 T h e tr a n s a c tio n s v a lu e o f s e c u r itie s s o ld in t h e s u r v e y y e a r

less t h e c o s t o f th o s e s a m e s e c u r itie s p u r c h a s e d in t h e s u rv e y y e a r .

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Chapter 14. Comparing Statistical Series

A nalysts frequently com pare statistical series.1 One 

goal is the indirect study o f the d ifferen ce betw een tw o 

available series. A t other times, the aim is to explain 

variations in the signals given out by different sets o f 

data w hich purport to m easure the same basic phenom ­

enon. Such studies m ay be com plicated by a m ultiplicity o f factors. A side from reporting errors, variations in 

series findings m ay be the result o f differences in:

1. C oncept

2. W orker coverage

3. G eographic coverage

4. Industrial coverage

5. Establishm ent size cutoff

6 . Tim ing

7. U nit o f m easurem ent

8 . Collection techniques

9. Estim ating techniques

10. Sample size and variability

T he m ore closely related the series being com pared, 

the few er are the factors that have to be considered and 

the greater the confidence that can be placed in the 

result. T he follow ing examples use a relatively simple 

technique and serve as an introduction to the com parison o f statistical series.

F igure 43 illustrates m easurem ent o f the factors 

resulting in different levels o f series on average w eekly 

earnings and real spendable w eekly earnings for a 

m arried w orker w ith three dependents w ho earned the 

average w eekly earnings. Since the latter series is 

derived from data on average w eekly earnings, the 

factors causing variation are controlled and it is possible 

accurately to account for differences betw een the 

series. Thus, application o f the form ula2 for com puting 

current-dollar spendable w eekly earnings to seasonally 

adjusted average w eekly earnings o f $176.89 in the 

third quarter o f 1976 yields spendable earnings of 

$156.95, im plying a tax liability o f $19.94 for Federal

1 For example, see Paul M. Schwab, “Two Measures of Purchasing

Power Contrasted,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1971, pp. 3-14;

Victor J. Sheifer, “The Relationship Between Changes in Wage Rates

and in Hourly Earnings,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1970, pp. 10-

17; and Victor J. Sheifer, “Reconciling Labor Department and

Stabilization Agency Wage Data,”Monthly Labor Review, April 1973,

pp. 24-30.

2 See Eric Dmytrow and Janet Grimes, “Changes in the Spendable

Earnings Series for 1976: Effects of The Tax Adjustment Act of 1975

and the Social Security Tax Base Change,” Employment and Earnings,

March 1976, pp. 6-13.

incom e and social security taxes. By separately com puting social security contributions (5.85 percent o f earnings), w e can estim ate the independent influence of 

incom e taxes. In similar fashion, by com paring currentdollar and real spendable earnings—the latter obtained 

by dividing the form er by the C P I—w e can isolate the 

im pact o f price changes since 1967.

Figures 44 and 45 are illustrative o f reconciliation o f 

some o f the com pensation series discussed in the 

preceding chapters. In figure 44 an attem pt is m ade to 

identify and quantify the factors responsible for differences in the m ovem ent o f the H ourly Earnings Index 

and the hourly com pensation series, using the interm ediate series show n in the upper half o f the table. 

Com parison o f the 7.1-percent annual rate o f increase in 

the H ourly E arnings Index during the third quarter of 

1976 w ith the 6.5-percent gain in gross hourly earnings 

implies a com bined im pact o f -0.6 percentage points 

because o f fluctuations in overtim e in m anufacturing 

and interindustry em ploym ent shifts.3 T he separate 

effect o f overtim e in m anufacturing can be approxim ated by m ultiplying the difference betw een changes in 

straight-tim e and gross hourly earnings in m anufacturing by one-third, the relative w eight o f m anufacturing 

in the private nonfarm econom y. By subtraction, the 

separate im pact o f interindustry em ploym ent shifts can 

then be found.

Assum ing that the difference betw een the 6.5-percent rise in hourly earnings in the private nonfarm 

econom y aijd the 6.2-percent gain in hourly wages and 

salaries reflects coverage differences in the tw o series, 

w e attribute a -0.3 percentage-point im pact to the 

inclusion o f supervisory or nonproduction w orkers in 

the private sector and all em ployees in governm ent 

enterprises in the wages and salaries series and the 

exclusion from these data o f em ployees in nonprofit 

institutions. Finally, com parison o f hourly wages and 

salaries and hourly com pensation indicates a 0.5-percentage-point effect o f changes in supplem entary benefits.

T he individual factors show n in the low er half of 

figure 44 “explain” the different m ovem ents o f the 

H ourly E arnings Index and hourly com pensation.

Moreover, the sum of their effects, -0.4 percentage points in

the third quarter o f 1976, equals the difference between

the changes in the two series.

3 The effect is negative since gross earnings rose less rapidly than

the Index.

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F igure 45 presents a similar com parative analysis—in 

this case betw een changes in hourly com pensation o f all 

persons in the private business sector and real spendable 

w eekly earnings o f m arried production or nonsupervisory w orkers in the private nonfarm econom y w ith 

three dependents w ho earned the average w eekly 

earnings.

T he procedure follow ed in figures 43-45 is m ost 

satisfactory w here the differences am ong series can be 

attributed solely to conceptual and coverage differences, rather than m easurem ent errors. Thus, in figure 

44 the com bined effect o f overtim e in m anufacturing 

and interindustry em ploym ent shifts is readily apparent 

in the com parative m ovem ents o f the H ourly Earnings 

Index and gross hourly earnings, w hich are generated 

from the same statistical data base and differ solely in 

term s o f com putational procedures designed to isolate 

the Index from the tw o forces under consideration.4 

M oreover, since consistent gross and straight-tim e 

hourly earnings data are available for m anufacturing, it 

is possible to separate the influence o f overtim e fluctuations in this sector, thereby allow ing the isolation of 

em ploym ent shifts.

4 See above, p. 39.

W hen series are developed independently, how ever, 

errors in m easurem ent in both sets o f data—reporting 

errors, random sampling errors, and so forth—m ay 

affect the spread betw een them . Therefore, differential 

changes in hourly wages and salaries o f all em ployees in 

the nonfarm business sector and hourly earnings of

production o r nonsupervisory w orkers in the private 

nonfarm econom y, although attributed in figures 44 and 

45 to the coverage differences o f the tw o series, also 

reflect the m easurem ent errors in the tw o sets o f data. 

In this regard, attributing the 1.4-percentage point 

difference in the second quarter o f 1976 betw een the 

8.3-percent increase in wages and salaries o f all em ployees and the 6.9-percent increase in earnings o f p ro ­

duction o r nonsupervisory w orkers to the effect o f pay 

changes for the residual group implies substantial 

adjustm ents for these em ployees, w ho constitute a small 

fraction o f the total w ork force.5

* For detailed comparisons of series emphasizing these techniques,

see Jack Alterman, “Compensation per Man-Hour and Take-Home

Pay,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1971, pp. 25-34; John F. Early,

“Factors Affecting Trends in Real Spendable Earnings,” Monthly

Labor Review, May 1973, pp. 16-19; and Thomas W. Gavett,

“Measures of Change in Real Wages and Earnings,” Monthly Labor

Review, February 1972, pp. 48-53.

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Figure 43

Factors accounting for differences between average weekly earnings and real spendable weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers

in the private nonfarm economy, 1974 I - 1976 III

(Earnings data are seasonally adjusted.)

Item

1974 1975 1976

I II III IV I II III IV 1 II III

Average weekly earnings ......................................................... $149.87 $152.76 $156.55 $158.39 $159.63 $161.61 $165.07 $169.16 $172.34 $174.61 $176.89

Less:

Income taxes1 ................................................................ 10.27 10.75 11.41 11.71 11.92 7.98 6.38 7.05 8.78 9.18 9.59

Social security taxes1 .................................................. 8.77 8.94 9.16 9.27 9.34 9.45 9.66 9.90 10.08 10.21 10.35

Current-dollar spendable weekly earnings2 ........................ 130.83 133.07 135.98 137.41 138.37 144.18 149.03 152.21 153.48 155.22 1 56.95

Less:

Price change .................................................................. 38.45 41.60 45.16 48.26 50.37 53.85 57.51 60.23 61.76 63.50 65.55

2

Real spendable weekly earnings ........................................... 92.38 91.47 90.82 89.15 88.00 90.33 91.52 91.98 91.72 91.72 91.40

Percent of average weekly earnings

Income taxes ................................................................ 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.5 4.9 3.9 4.2 5.1 5.3 5.4

Social security taxes .................................................... 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

Consumer price change ............................................... 25.7 27.2 28.8 30.5 31.6 33.3 34.8 35.6 35.8 36.4 37.1

T a x e s a r e th o s e w h ic h a r e a p p lic a b le t o a m a r r ie d w o r k e r w it h 3 d e p e n d e n ts

w h o e a r n e d t h e a v e ra g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s .

M a r r ie d w o r k e r w i t h 3 d e p e n d e n t s w h o e a r n e d t h e a v e ra g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s .

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Figure 44

Factors "explaining" differences in changes1 in the Hourly Earnings Index for the private nonfarm economy and in hourly compensation

of employees in the nonfarm business sector, 1974 I - 1976 III

Item

1974 1975 1976

1 II III IV 1 II III IV 1 II III

Quarterly percent changes at annual rates

Basic measures

Production or nonsupervisory workers:

Hourly Earnings Index, private nonfarm econom y.......... 7.2 10.3 10.4 9.4 9.0 7.3 8.4 8.0 6.9 6.5 7.1

Straight-time hourly earnings, manufacturing ................. 6.1 11.7 14.1 12.3 11.0 6.0 6.5 6.4 7.8 7.6 10.1

Gross hourly earnings, manufacturing................................. 5.2 10.1 14.6 10.5 7.8 6.1 8.4 6.8 9.2 6.8 10.3

Gross hourly earnings, private nonfarm econom y............ 6.5 9.1 10.3 8.7 6.3 5.8 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5

All employees:

Hourly wages and salaries, nonfarm business sector .... 8.4 11.0 11.0 10.5 11.0 7.0 6.6 7.4 8.3 8.3 6.2

Hourly compensation, nonfarm business sector .............. 9.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 12.1 7.6 6.6 7.2 9.3 8.4 6.7

Analysis o f spread

Hourly Earnings Index, production or nonsupervisory

workers, private nonfarm economy ...................................... 7.2 10.3 10.4 9.4 9.0 7.3 8.4 8.0 6.9 6.5 7.1

Effect (in percentage points) of:

Overtime in manufacturing2 .................................................. - . 3 - .5 .2 - . 6 -1.1 - .6 .1 .5 -.3 .1

Interindustry employment shifts ........................................

Supervisory or nonproduction workers in the private

- . 4 -.7 - . 3 - .1 -1 .6 -1 .5 -1 .4 - . 6 -.1 .7 -.7

sector and all employees in government enterprises.

less employees in nonprofit institutions .......................... 1.9 1.9 .7 1.8 4.7 1.2 -1 .0 -.1 1.0 1.4 - .3

Supplementary benefits ......................................................... .8 .3 .3 .7 1.1 .6 — - .2 1.0 .1 .5

Equals: Hourly compensation, all employees, nonfarm

business sec to r.............................................................................. 9.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 12.1 7.6 6.6 7.2 9.3 8.4 6.7

1 C o m p u t e d f r o m s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta . C o m p u te d b y m u l t i p l y in g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h a n g e s in s t r a ig h t- t im e a n d

g ro s s h o u r l y e a r n in g s in m a n u f a c t u r in g b y o n e -t h ir d .

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Figure 45

Factors "explaining" differences in changes' in hourly compensation of all persons in the private business sector and real spendable

weekly earnings of married production or nonsupervisory workers (with three dependents) in the private nonfarm economy, 1974 I -1976 III

Item

1974 1975 1976

'

II III IV '

II III IV I II Ill

Quarterly percent changes at annual rates

Basic measures

Private business sector:

Hourly compensation, all persons...................................... 8.0 12.7 12.6 9.9 13.1 6.9 5.2 8.3 10.9 7.5 7.4

Nonfarm business sector:

Hourly compensation, all persons ................................... 9.3 11.5 11.5 10.9 11.8 7.9 6.8 6.6 9.5 8.9 6.9

Hourly compensation, all employees ............................ . 9.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 12.1 7.6 6.6 7.2 9.3 8.4 6.7

Hourly wages and salaries, all employees ........................ 8.4 11.0 11.0 10.5 11.0 7.0 6.6 7.4 8.3 8.3 6.2

Hourly earnings, production or nonsupervisory workers . . 6.5 9.1 10.3 8.7 6.3 5.8 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5

Weekly earnings, production or nonsupervisory workers . . 4.2 7.9 10.3 4.8 3.2 5.1 8.8 10.3 7.7 5.4 5.3

Spendable weekly earnings, production or nonsupervisory

workers2 ........................................................................................ 3.7 7.0 9.1 4.3 2.8 17.9 14.1 8.8 3.4 4.6 4.5

Real spendable weekly earnings, production or

nonsupervisory workers2 ......................................................... -8 .0 -3 .9 -2 .8 -7 .2 -5.1 11.0 5.4 2.0 -1.1 - -1 .4

Analysis o f spread

Hourly compensation ................................................................ 8.0 12.7 12.6 9.9 13.1 6.9 5.2 8.3 10.9 7.5 7.4

Effect (in percentage points) of:

Farm economy .................................................................... 1.3 -1 .2 -1 .1 1.0 -1 .3 1.0 1.6 -1 .7 -1 .4 1.4 - .5

Self-employed......................................................................... -.1 - .2 - .2 .3 .3 - .3 - .2 .6 - .2 -.5 -.2

Supplementary benefits...................................................... - .8 - .2 - .3 -.7 -1.1 - .6 — .2 -1 .0 '-.1 - .5

Supervisory or nonproduction workers in the private

sector and all employees in government enterprises,

less employees in nonprofit institutions........................ -1 .9 -2 .0 -.7 -1 .8 -4 .7 -1 .2 1.0 .1 -1 .0 -1 .4 .3

Weekly hours ......................................................................... — 2.3 -1 .2 - -3 .9 -3.1 - .7 1.2 2.8 .4 -1 .5 -1 .2

Federal income and social security taxes ........................... - .5 - .9 -1 .2 - .5 - .4 12.8 5.3 -1 .5 -4 .3 - .8 -.8

Consumer price change ...................................................... -1 1 .7 -1 0 .9 -1 1 .9 -1 1 .5 -7 .9 -6 .9 -8 .7 -6 .8 -4 .5 -4 .6 -5 .9

Equals: Real spendable weekly earnings ............................... -8 .0 -3 .9 -2 .8 -7 .2 -5.1 11.0 5.4 2.0 -1.1 - -1 .4

i

C o m p u t e d f r o m s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta . 2M a r r ie d w o r k e r w it h 3 d e p e n d e n ts w h o e a r n e d t h e a v e ra g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s .

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Appendix A - Selected Compensation Series Published by

Other Federal Agencies

A lthough the Bureau o f L abor Statistics is the 

principal source o f F ederal data on em ployee com pensation, other Federal agencies also com pile and publish 

such data. Several o f the m ore im portant or representative series are sum m arized in this appendix.

Statistics on com pensation are produced by three 

types o f agencies—analytic and research agencies, 

adm inistrative and regulatory agencies, and generalpurpose statistical agencies.1

A N A LY TIC A L AND RESEARCH AGENCIES

A nalytical and research agencies prim arily com pile, 

analyze, and interpret com pensation series obtained or 

derived from other sources; they seldom collect prim ary data. T he principal Federal agency o f this type is the 

Bureau o f Econom ic Analysis (B EA ) o f the D ep artm ent o f C om m erce. Based on statistics com piled from 

o ther sources and various internal estim ating procedures, the Bureau produces annual and quarterly data 

on com pensation, including series on total com pensation, w ages and salaries, and supplem ents to w ages and 

salaries; and average annual earnings per full-time 

em ployee, by industry.

A ll except the last are aggregates o f m oney flows at 

annualized rates. T he m easure o f earnings is an average 

derived from the w age and salary statistics and estim ates o f full-time em ploym ent. These series appear in 

the S u rvey o f C u rren t B usiness as part of the N ational 

Incom e and P roduct A ccounts. C orresponding inform ­

ation for historical periods is available in the N a tio n a l

In co m e a n d P ro d u ct A ccou n ts o f th e U n ited S tates, 1 9 2 9 -

65, S ta tistic a l Tables, a supplem ent to the S u rvey o f

C u rren t Business.

T he series on total com pensation, wages and salaries, 

supplem ents, and em ployer contributions for social 

insurance appear in table 7 o f the Survey, as show n in 

figure A -l.

T he series on wages and salary disbursem ents 

appears w ith subtotals for m ajor industry groupings in 

table 10 o f the Survey, as show n in figure A-2.

1 An introductory orientation to Federal statistical sources is

presented in J. E. Morton’s, “A Student’s Guide to Federal Government Statistics,” Journal of Economic Literature, June 1972, vol. X, 2;

pp. 371-97.

T he series on com pensation, w ages and salaries, and 

em ployer contributions to social insurance, classified by 

industry, as show n in figures A -3-5, appear annually in 

the July issue o f the S u rvey o f C u rren t Business. A verage 

annual earnings per full-time em ployee by industry 

(figure A-6) also are published in the July issue.

A D M IN ISTR A TIVE AND REGULATORY AGENCIES

A dm inistrative and regulatory agencies collect com ­

pensation statistics to carry out their statutory responsibilities or produce them as byproducts o f their operations. A m ong such adm inistrative agencies are the 

Social Security A dm inistration, the R ailroad R etirem ent Board, the E ducation D ivision o f the D epartm ent 

o f H ealth, E ducation, and W elfare, the Internal R evenue Service o f the T reasury D epartm ent, the Civil 

Service Commission, and the N ational Science F oundation. R egulatory agencies producing com pensation 

series include the Interstate C om m erce Commission, 

the Federal A viation A dm inistration, the M aritim e 

A dm inistration, and the Securities and Exchange C om ­

mission.

Social Security Administration (SSA)

T he SSA publishes statistics on the annual earnings 

o f w orkers in em ploym ent covered by the Social 

Security program . Statistics are based on a 1-percent 

sample o f all covered w orkers. M edian annual earnings 

o f w age and salary w orkers and the self-em ployed, by 

sex, are published annually in the S o cia l S ecu rity

B u lletin , A n n u a l S ta tistic a l S u p p lem en t (figure A-7). 

Periodically, the SSA publishes distributions o f covered 

w orkers’ earnings by age bracket, sex, and race, for all 

w orkers and for those w orking in four quarters o f the 

year. N ational sum m aries and geographic and m etropolitan area detail are available for these distributions. 

A verage earnings by age bracket and by four quarter 

and all-w orker classifications are also published w ith 

corresponding geographic detail. T h e latest publication 

containing these statistics is E arn in gs D istrib u tio n s in the

U n ited States, 1969, prepared by the Office o f R esearch 

and Statistics, Social Security A dm inistration.

T he 1-percent sam ple data are also the source o f the 

detailed annual earnings statistics com piled and published by BLS. (See chapter 8.)

8 6

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The S o cia l S ecu rity B u lletin , A n n u a l S ta tistica l S u p ­

plem en t, also prepared by the Office of Research and 

Statistics, contains a chronology of employer contribution rates dating back to the inception of the social 

security program (figure A-8), and an annual series of 

employer aggregate contributions to private pension 

and profit-sharing plans (figure A-9).

The Social Security Administration also prepares 

annual statistics on coverage, contribution, and benefits 

under private employer benefit and pension plans. 

These statistics appear in articles in the S o cia l S ecu rity

B u lletin . Tables from these articles are shown in figures 

A-10 and -11.

Railroad Retirement Board

The Railroad Retirement Board publishes annual and 

quarterly statistics on the financing and amount of 

benefits provided under the Railroad Retirement A ct to 

employees (or their survivors) of railroads and other 

organizations affiliated with railroad transportation. 

The principal source of annual statistics is the S ta tistica l

S u p p lem en t to the A n n u a l R e p o rt of the Railroad 

Retirement Board. These annual statistics include 

aggregate contributions and payments under the act; 

average amounts of annuities, unemployment, and 

sickness benefits by various classifications of recipients, 

including occupational groups (figures A -12 and -13); 

and data on the average and distribution of taxable 

compensation for covered employees of Class 1 railroads (figures A -14 and -15). Some data are available by 

age, sex, and employer.

The Q u a rterly R eview , published by the Railroad 

Retirement Board, contains current quarterly statistics 

on contributions to the fund and the average amount of 

benefit payments under the program.

Education Division of Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare

The National Center for Educational Statistics of the 

Education Division, Departm ent of Health, Education, 

and Welfare, collects and publishes compensation 

statistics for instructional staff in elementary, secondary, and higher education. Average annual salaries of 

professional educational staff and classroom teachers in 

public elementary and secondary schools are published 

annually for the school year for States, other areas of 

the United States, and the 20 most populous cities 

(figure A -16).

Statistics also are published, by school year, on the 

salaries and fringe benefits of faculty in institutions of 

higher education (figures A -17 and -18).

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

The IRS annually publishes statistics on aggregate 

salaries and wages for the calendar year based on a 

sample of tax returns, in S ta tistics o f In com e: In d ivid u a l

In com e T ax R e tu rn s (figure A -19).

Civil Service Commission (CSC)

The Bureau of Intergovernm ent Personnel Programs 

of the CSC conducts an annual survey of salary ranges 

now covering 104 State government job titles in 31 

occupational categories. The survey is conducted to 

assist States in the establishment of pay systems consistent with the Intergovernmental Personnel A ct of 1970. 

The results of the survey are published each year in 

S ta te S a la ry Survey. The mean minimum and maximum 

salaries are shown for each occupation for every State 

reporting that occupation. An example of these data is 

shown in figure A-20.

Average annual pay and pay distributions for Executive Branch employees, by pay system, are presented in 

P a y S tru ctu re o f the F e d era l C ivil S ervice (annual). 

Statistics are shown for the United States, the Washington, D.C., area (figure A-21), U.S. territories, and 

foreign countries.

Average annual salaries of Federal white-collar 

workers by occupation, occupational group, and sex are 

presented in O ccupations o f F e d era l W h ite-C ollar W orkers (annual). D ata are presented at a national level and 

for the Washington, D.C., area (figure A-22).

Monthly data on Federal employment and payrolls 

are presented in F e d era l C ivilian M a n p o w er S ta tistics

(monthly)(figure A-23).

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

T h e In te r sta te C o m m e r c e C o m m issio n c o m p ile s

statistics on compensation of employees of railroad 

companies, electric railways, carriers by water, pipelines, m otor carriers, freight forwarders, and private 

railroad car owners subject to the Interstate Commerce 

Act. The ICC reports statistics for each type of 

regulated carrier for the calendar year in an annual 

report, T ran sport S ta tistics in th e U n ited States. Part I of 

this report covers railroads, the REA, and electric 

railways. Statistics are provided on aggregate employment, hours, and payrolls by occupational classification.

Part II contains statistics on annual aggregate employment, hours paid or worked, salaries and wages by 

occupational category, and fringe benefit costs for 

motor carriers.

Parts III, IV, V, and VI show total annual compensation costs and employment for employees of freight

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forwarders, private railroad car lines, carriers by water, 

and pipelines, respectively.

The Interstate Commerce Commission also collects 

monthly data on payrolls and hours for employees of 

Class I railroads. Data are published in June and 

December, in total and for 128 occupations, in W age

S ta tistics o f C lass I R a ilro a d s in the U n ited S ta tes

(Statement No. 300). Average straight-time wage rates 

and overtime rates are shown for six occupational 

groupings (figure A-24).

Annual summaries of the monthly data appear in 

Statement A-300 under the same title as the monthly 

publication.

National Science Foundation

The median annual salaries of full-time employees in 

selected science fields reporting to the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel were published biennially in A m erican S cience M an pow er until 

1970, when the register was discontinued. D ata are 

classified by sex, experience, level of education, age, 

type of employer, and work activity. A national mail 

survey of scientific and engineering personnel was 

subsequently conducted from which salary data could 

be obtained. Median annual salaries obtained from this 

survey are shown in figure A-25.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Payrolls, employment, and average annual salaries 

for employees of domestic and international air carriers 

regulated by the FA A are published in the F A A

S ta tistic a l H a n d b o o k o f A viation (annual) (figure A-26).

Maritime Administration

M onthly base rates paid to licensed and unlicensed 

personnel employed on board oceangoing ships covered by collective bargaining agreements were published biennially until 1968, in S eafarin g W age R ates, by 

the Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of 

Commerce. Rates are shown by occupation and type of 

ship for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific districts. A 

chronology of employer contributions per day to 

pension, welfare, and vacation plans is also included in 

the publication. The source materials used in preparation of this publication are records of the Maritime 

Administration, labor-management agreements, arbitrators’ awards, trustees’ actions, and pension, welfare, and 

vacation plans. Excerpted data from the publication are 

shown in figure A-27.

Although publication has ceased, the data continue 

to be collected by the Office of Maritime Manpower, 

Maritime Administration. Current data are therefore

available in their files. Computer printouts of data may 

be obtained on a fee basis by writing to the Office of 

Maritime Manpower.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

The SEC publishes a series covering employer 

contributions to private noninsured pension funds in an 

annual release, P rivate N o n in su red Pension Funds. This 

series covers all pension funds o f corp oration s, n o n p ro fit o rgan ization s, and u n io n and multiemployer groups, 

except funds managed by insurance companies. It also 

includes deferred profit-sharing plans but excludes 

health, welfare, and bonus plans. These statistics are 

shown in figure A-28.

GENERAL-PURPOSE STATISTICAL AGENCIES

General-purpose statistical agencies produce the 

great bulk of Federal statistics on compensation. In 

addition to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, these 

agencies include the Bureau of the Census of the 

Departm ent of Commerce and the Statistical Reporting 

Service of the Departm ent of Agriculture.

Bureau of the Census

The Bureau of the Census collects and publishes two 

basic types of compensation statistics—individual income data and payroll data.

The data on individual wage and salary income are 

obtained every 10 years from a census of households 

and annually from a sample of households which 

comprise the Current Population Survey. The decennial census provides average annual wage and salary 

information and earnings distributions on a national, 

regional, and State basis for the entire labor force, with 

detail by occupation, sex, industry of employment, class 

of worker, and weeks worked annually. The basic 

published source is the 1 9 7 0 C ensus o f P opulation, which 

is published in a national summary volume as W£ll as by 

State. An excerpt from the summary document is 

shown in figure A-29.

The Current Population Survey provides annual 

average wage or salary income for the sample of 

persons in the household on a national basis by major 

industry division and occupational group, sex, race, and 

class of worker, for year-round full-time workers. The 

source is Bureau of the Census, C on su m er Incom e,

Current P o p u la tio n R eports, Series P -60, pub lish ed annually. A n exam p le o f in fo rm a tio n in that p u b lica tio n is

show n in figure A -30.

For an explanation of CPS methodology, see Bureau 

of the Census, The C u rren t P opulation S u rvey— A R e p o rt

on M ethodology, Technical Paper No. 7, Series P-60, 

No. 51, January 12, 1967.

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Annual aggregate payroll data and corresponding 

employment totals are obtained from mail enumerations 

of business enterprises and political units, usually 

conducted at 5-year intervals. Hours data are also 

obtained for production workers in manufacturing, and 

an average wage per production worker is calculated. 

The data pertain to the calendar year of the census.

The censuses include the C ensus o f A griculture,

C ensus o f Business, C ensus o f M an ufactures, C ensus o f

C o m m ercia l Fisheries, C ensus o f M in era l Industries, and 

the C ensus o f G overnm ents. Similar but less detailed data 

are obtained annually from a sample of manufacturing 

establishments—the A n n u a l S u rvey o f M a n u fa ctu res— 

and a sample survey of local government units.

The C ensus o f A g ricu ltu re collects and reports data 

on hours worked and cash payments for hired farm 

labor (including wages to members of the farm operator’s family). Cash payments cover wages and contributions to social security. The data are available by type of 

farm product, type of farm ownership, size of farm, and 

aggregate number of hours worked. Geographic detail 

is presented in the individual State volumes published 

by the Bureau.

The C ensus o f B usiness covers retail trade, wholesale 

trade, selected service industries, and construction. 

National, State, SMSA, and, in some instances, business 

district detail are published. Detail is available by kind 

of business, size, and SIC group.

The C ensus o f M a n u fa ctu res covers manufacturing 

plants. Annual payroll and employment data are published for all employees and for production and related 

workers. Data are shown to the 4-digit SIC level, by 

geographic region, for 50 States and the District of 

Columbia, and for Standard M etropolitan Statistical 

Areas (SM SA’s). Figures A-31 and A-32 show examples of tabulations.

Hours data and wages per hour are provided for 

production and related workers. Data are published for 

422 manufacturing industries, and by State and SMSA. 

D ata are available by employment size of establishments, degree of product specialization within the 

plant, and type of ownership.

The A n n u a l S u rvey o f M a n u fa ctu res carries forward 

for the intercensal years the statistics covered in more 

detail by the quinquennial C ensus o f M anufactures.

The C ensus o f C o m m erc ia l F isheries provides data on 

payroll and employment by major type of catch, and 

region for selected States.

The C ensus o f M in era l In d u stries provides data for 53 

mineral industries and subindustries on employment, 

payroll, and work hours. Detail is shown by geographic 

region, State, and type of operation.

The C ensus o f G overn m en ts provides employment 

and payroll data from all government units in the

United States. Employment relates to all persons on 

government payrolls during a specified month; payroll 

relates to total wages, salaries, and fees paid during the 

month.

The Bureau of the Census also conducts an annual 

survey of State and local governments. This survey 

covers all State government agencies and a sample 

consisting of approximately 16,000 local government 

and public school systems. Payroll and employment 

data, by full- and part-time workers, are collected for 

the month of October. Additional data are collected 

and published on government contributions to State and 

local retirement systems. A derived published series is 

the average monthly pay of full-time employees.

Payroll, employment, and earnings statistics are 

published by function (education, police protection, 

natural resources, etc.), type of political jurisdiction, 

and State. Statistics from the annual surveys are 

published in Public Employment, G ty Employment, and

Finances o f Employee-Retirement Systems o f State and

Local Governments.

The Bureau also publishes statistics on payrolls and 

employment, by county, in C o u n ty B usiness P attern s

(annual). Payroll data pertain to the January-M arch pay 

period. Industrial detail extends to the 4-digit SIC level 

depending on the county. National and State summary 

data as well as selected SMSA and city statistics are 

presented (figure A-33).

The C o u n ty B usiness P attern s reports are statistical 

byproducts of employment and payroll information on 

Treasury Form 941 furnished by employers under the 

social security programs.

Department of Agriculture

S t a t is t ic a l R e p o r t in g S e r v ic e

The Statistical Reporting Service’s publication F arm

L a b o r provides a quarterly series of average wage rates 

and corresponding indexes for hired farm workers, with 

detail by method of pay, type of work, and geographic 

region (figure A-34). Annual averages are also shown. 

Data for this measure are obtained from a probability 

sample of agricultural employers reporting for the pay 

period including the 12th of the survey month.

E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h S e r v ic e

Annual aggregate wages, salaries, and other labor 

income of farm resident workers, and contributions of 

farm operators to social insurance are reported in The

F arm In co m e S itu ation , July (annual).

The average number of days worked, and annual and 

per day earnings are reported yearly for farm workers

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by selected demographic and other characteristics in 

The H ire d F arm W ork Force (figure A-35).

This survey of Federal Statistics on compensation is 

not intended as a comprehensive catalog or a complete 

description of existing sources. Useful reference publications for information on most of the series cited here 

and other sources are the Bureau of the Census’

S ta tistica l A b stra ct o f th e U n ited S ta tes (annual), H isto ric a l S ta tistics o f the U n ited S tates, C olon ial T im es to 1970,

P a rts 1 a n d 2 (1975), and the Bureau of the Budget’s 

S ta tistica l S ervices o f th e U n ited S ta tes G overn m en t

(1975).

Recent developments in Federal statistics, including 

those on compensation, are reported in the S ta tistica l

R eporter, a monthly publication of the Statistical Policy 

Division, Office of Management and Budget.

Figure A-1 Figure A-2

1974

1975 1976

1975 II III IV I II III »

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

Billions of dollars

1974

1975 1976

1975 II III IV I II Ille

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

Billions of dollars

T a b le 7.— N ational In com e by T yp e o f In com e (1.13)

National incom e........... 1, 1 3 5 .7 1, 2 0 7 .6 1, 1 8 2 .7 1, 2 3 3 .4 1. 2 6 4 .6 1, 3 0 4 .7 1, 3 3 7 .4

Compensation of em ployees___ 8 7 5 .8 9 2 8 .8 9 1 2 .9 9 3 5 .2 9 6 3 .1 9 9 4 .4 1, 0 1 7 .2 1, 0 3 7 .3

Wages and salaries____ .. . 7 6 4 .5 8 0 6 .7 7 9 2 .8 8 1 1 .7 8 3 6 .4 8 6 1 .5 8 8 1 .1 8 9 7 .7

Government and governm ent enterprises___ . _. 1 6 0 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 7 3 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 8 2 .2 1 8 5 .4 1 8 8 .7 1 9 1 .7

O ther.................................... 6 0 1 .1 6 3 0 .8 6 1 9 .0 6 3 4 .4 6 5 4 .1 6 7 6 .1 6 9 2 .4 7 0 6 .0

Supplements to wages and

salaries_____ __________ 1 1 1 .3 1 2 2 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 6 .7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 6 .2 1 3 9 .6

Em ployer contributions

for social insurance. ___ 6 5 .8 6 9 .7 5 8 .7 6 0 .2 6 1 .6 6 5 .9 6 7 .1 6 8 .6

Other labor income............. 5 6 .5 6 2 .5 6 1 .4 6 3 .3 6 5 .2 6 7 .1 6 9 .0 7 1 .1

Source: U.S. D epartm ent o f Com m erce, Bureau o f E conom ic

Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u rre n t Business, O ctober 1976, p. 14.

T a b le 10.— Personal In com e and Its D isposition (2.1)

Personal incom e_______ 1, 1 5 3 .3 1, 2 4 9 .7 1, 2 3 0 .3 1, 2 65. 5 1, 2 9 9 .7 1, 3 3 1 .3 1, 3 6 2 .0 1, 3 8 6 .2

W age and salary disbursem ents----------- . .......... 7 6 5 .0 8 0 6 .7 7 9 2 .8 8 1 1 .7 8 3 6 .4 8 6 1 .5 8 8 1 .1 8 9 7 .7

Com m odity-producing industries 3. ____________ 2 7 3 .9 2 7 5 .3 2 6 9 .1 2 7 6 .2 2 8 5 .8 2 9 5 .3 3 0 2 .9 3 0 6 .8

M anufacturing.___ _____ 2 2 1 .4 2 1 1 .7 2 0 6 .9 2 1 2 .5 2 2 0 .3 2 2 9 .6 2 3 5 .6 2 3 8 .8

Distributive industries 4__ 1 8 4 .4 1 9 5 .6 1 9 2 .6 1 96. 8 2 0 2 .3 2 0 8 .3 2 1 2 .8 2 1 6 .4

Service industries5........... ... 1 4 5 .9 1 5 9 .9 1 5 7 .4 1 6 1 .3 1 6 6 .1 1 7 2 .4 1 7 6 .7 1 8 2 .8

Government and governm ent enterprises................. 1 6 0 .9 1 7 5 .8 1 7 3 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 8 2 .2 1 8 5 .4 1 8 8 .7 1 9 1 .7

Other labor incom e......... ........... 5 5 .5 6 2 .5 63; 3 6 5 .2 _ 67-1 6 9 .JI 7L1

Source: U.S. D epartm ent o f Com m erce, Bureau o f E conom ic

Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u rre n t B usiness, O ctober 1976, p. 15.

Figure A-3 T a b le 6.5.— C o m p en sa tio n

o f E m p lo y ees b y In d u stry

[Millions of dollars]

T a b le 6.6.— W a g e s a n d

Salary by In d u stry

[Millions of dollars]

1972 1973 1974 1975 1972 1973 1974 1975 (

All industries..................................................................................... 715,145 799,194 875,823 928,781 633,765 701,214 764,486 806,663 |

Domestic industries------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 715,100 799,150 875,777 928,733 633,720 701,170 764,440 806,615 <

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries..................................................... . 6,287 7,378 8,399 9,054 5,798 6,734 7,639 8,208 I Farms_________________ _____________________ __________ 4,542 5,302 6,078 6,516 4, 218 4,873 5,576 5^ 962 t Agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries....................................... 1,745 2,076 2,321 2, 538 1,580 1,861 2| 063 2, 266 '

Mining.......................... .............. .............................................. ............... 7,797 8,697 10,501 12,831 6,625 7,290 8,834 10,736 < Metal mining............................... ....................... ................................. 1,104 1,252 1,429 1,532 918 1,012 1,197 1,273 < Coalmining____________________________________ _____ ____ 2,221 2,449 2,999 4,173 1,785 1,945 2,385 3,331 < Oil and gas extraction........... ........ ...................................................... 3,229 3,600 4, 531 5, 619 2,821 3,115 3,903 4,738 < Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.................................................... 1,243 1,396 1,542 1,607 1 ,1 0 1 1,218 1,349 1,394 {

Contract construction______ ______ __________________ ________ 43,005 48,440 51,517 50,220 38,857 43,339 46,003 44,651 ' Manufacturing_______________ ______________________________ 203,306 229,894 249,358 251,422 175,249 196,186 211,403 211,658 < Nondurable goods________________________________ .. ___ 76,482 83,331 90,121 93,152 66,789 72,061 77,306 79,’ 604 1 Food and kindred products_________________________ ___ 16,818 17, 906 19,513 21,104 14, 627 15,405 16,819 ik' 103 4

Tobacco manufactures_________________ .. ___ 749 839 932 988 609 '672 733 771 1 Textile mill products___________________________ .. 7,409 8 ,2 12 8,332 7,778 6,641 7, 283 7,376 6,863 Apparel and other textile products_________________________ 8, 526 9,314 9,469 9,394 7, 601 8,219 8’359 8,291 Paper and allied products___________________ ____ 7,701 8,518 9, 276 9,414 6,704 7, 290 7,885 7 ’ 96'. 1 Printing and publishing_____________ ___________ ____ . .. 11,178 12,086 12,962 13,502 10,042 10,763 lb 487 l l ’940 1 Chemicals and allied products_____ _______________ 12, 864 14, 052 16,102 17, 264 11,149 12,136 13’ 649 14’ 660 ( Petroleum and coal products_______________________ ____ 2, 893 3,073 3, 706 4,175 2,271 2,420 2 ,731 3] 085 ( Rubber and plastic products, n.e.c_______________ _________ _ 6,301 7,241 7,739 7,502 5, 333 6,039 6, 433 6,165 , Leather and leather products_______________________ ____ 2,043 2,090 2,090 2,031 1,812 1,834 1,834 1,774 (

Government and government enterprises___ ____________ _______ 152,489 165,785 180,620 199,737 137,589 148,584 160,360 175,833 *

Federal_____________________ ______ ______________________ 59, 724 62, 407 66, 732 72,302 55,095 57, 210 60, 490 64, 605 <

Government____________________________________________ 50,060 51,923 54,924 59,300 46, 484 47,913 50,124 53,395 1

Civilian. ____________________________________________ 27, 417 29,020 31, 556 35,068 24,521 25,792 27, 618 30,140 |

Military 1...................................................................... .................. 22, 643 22,903 23,368 24,232 21,963 22,121 22, 506 23, 255 ,

Government enterprises__________________________________ 9,664 10, 484 11,808 13,002 8, ill 9,297 10,366 11,210 (

State and local______________ ____________________________ 92, 765 103,378 113,888 127,435 82, 494 91,374 99, 870 111,228

Government________________ ____ .. ___ ____ 87,312 97,139 106,688 119,230 77,625 85, 834 93,526 104,029 ’

Education__________________________________ „_________ 42,380 46,402 50,334 55,755 (

Other...___ _______________ ________ _____ __________ 35,245 39,432 43,192 48,274 l

Government enterprises______ ____________________________ 5, 453 6,239 7,200 8,205 4,869 5,540 6,344 7,199 1

Rest of the world__________ . ___ 45 44 46 48 45 44 46 48 !

Source. U.S. D epartm ent o f Comm erce, Bureau o f E conom ic Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u r re n t B usiness, July 1976, p. 51.

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Figure A-4

T able 6.13.— O ther Labor In com e by Industry and by T ype

(Millions of dollars]

1972 1973 1974 1975

Other labor incom e................ .......................-................... 41,956 48,691 55,499 62,460

By industry:

D om estic industries........ . .......... _............................................. 41,956 48,691 55, 499 62,460

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries................... ................... 200 266 314 370

986

2,194

1,147

2,401

1,473

Contract construction.................. .............................. ........ 1,874 2,563

M anufacturing....................................................................... 18,358 21,246 24,355 26,521

Nondurable goods_______ . .......... ............................... 5,968 6,623 7,771 8,463

Durable goods.......................... ....................... ................ 12,390 14,623 16,584 18,058

Transportation___ __________ ___________________ ____ 2,111 2,492 2,882 3,202

2,572 

1,068

2,889 

1,213

2,978

1,362

3,389

Electric, gas, and sanitary services............ ........................... 1,508

Wholesale and retail tra d e .. _.........._ _............................... 5,275 6, 245 7,258 8,593

Wholesale trade_________________ ____ _________ ___ 2,308 2,816 3,490 4,167

Retail trade............................. ......... ......................... .............. 2,967 3, 429 3,768 4,426

Finance, insurance, and real estate—. . - .......................... 3,268 3,713 3, 999 4,417

4,184 4,976 5,773 6,714

Government and government enterprises____________ 2,201 2,471 3,030 3,710

R est o f the world......... ........... ................. ...................................... 0 0 0 0

By type:

Employer contributions to private pension and welfare

41,240 47,897 54,643 61,539

Pension and profit-sharing____ ____ _____ ____ ______ 17,782 20,691 24, 765 28,449

15,459 

3,565

18,399

3,652

20;057

3,925

22,270

Group life insurance_______ ________ ____ _______ . . . 4,015

Workmen's compensation..................................................... 4,279 4,995 5, 731 6,633

Supplemental unemployment.............................................. 155 160 165 172

716 794 856 921

Addenda:

33,838

10,015 

17,728 

3,091

37,772 43,684

12,930

23,023

3,359

3,972

400

19,648

3,172

3,622

110

2 , 864 

140

Note.—T he industry classification is on an establishment basis and is based on the 1967 

Standard Industrial Classification.

Source: U.S. D epartm ent o f Commerce, Bureau o f Econom ic

Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u rre n t B usiness, Ju ly 1976, p. 53.

Figure A-5

T able 6.12.— E m ployer C on tribu tion s for Social Insurance by 

Industry

[Millions of dollars]

1972 1973 1974 1975

Employer contributions for social insurance.............. 39,424 49,289 55,838 59,658

Dom estic industries............. ........................................................- 39,424 49,289 55,838 59,658

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . ........... .. 289 378 446 476

327 421 520 622

Contract construction___________ _________ - ----------- 2,274 2,907 3,113 3,006

Manufacturing......................................................................... 9,699 12,462 13,600 13,243

N on durable goods.............................. ................................. 3,725 4,647 5,044 5,085

Durable goods.......................................... ............................ 5,974 7,815 8,556 8,158

Transportation......................................................................... 1,778 2,561 3,065 3,056

Communication................ ...................................................... 554 708 795 841

Electric, gas, and sanitary services.................... ................. . 360 454 508 540

Wholesale and retail trade......... ......... ............. ................ 5,754 7,349 8,249 8,676

Wholesale trade__________________ ______________ 1,986 2,570 2,942 3,101

Retail trade — --------------------------------------------------- 3,768 4,779 5,307 5,575

Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ----------------- --------- 1,662 2,126 2,382 2,531

4,028 5,193 5,930 6,473

Government and government enterprises.................... 12,699 14,730 17,230 20,194

R est of the world.............................................................................. 0 0 0 0

N ote.— The industry classification is on an establishment basis and is based on the 1967 

Standard Industrial Classification.

Source: U.S. D epartm ent o f Commerce, Bureau o f Econom ic 

Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u rre n t Business, July 1976, p. 53.

91

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-6

T a b l e 6.8. — F u l l- T i m e

E q u iv a len t E m p lo y ees by

In d u stry 1

[Thousands]

T a b le 6 .9.— W ages a n d

S a la ries p er F u ll-T im e

E q u iv a len t E m p lo y ee

by in d u str y

[Dollars]

1972 1973 1974 1975 1972 1973 1974 1975

All industries....................................................................................... 72,348 75,484 76,416 74,061 8,760 9,290 10,004 10,892

Domestic industries................................................-..........-......................... 72,359 75,493 76,424 74,071 8,758 9,288 10,003 10,890 j|

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.......................................................... 1,229 1,332 1,365 1,362 4,718 5,056 5,596 6,026 <

rarms.............................................................................................-........ 994 1,057 1,081 1,088 4,244 4,610 5,158 5,471 l1

Agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries........................................ 235 275 284 274 6,724 6,767 7,264 8,234 i1

Mining......................................................................................................... 614 624 685 733 10,790 11,683 12,8% 14,647 K

Metal mining........................................................................................... 86 88 96 95 10, 675 11,500 12,469 13,400 <>

Coal mining....................................................... ...... .................. ........... 159 158 177 210 11,227 12,310 13,475 15,862 (.

Oil and gas extraction................................................................. ......... 258 263 294 315 10,935 11,844 13,276 15,041 <

Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels....................................................... 111 115 118 113 9,919 10,591 11,432 12,336

Contract construction..................................................... .......................... 3,612 3,843 3,764 3,253 10,758 11,277 12,222 13, 726 >

Manufacturing.............................. ........................ .................... ......... 18,548 19,566 19,494 17,726 9,449 10,027 10,845 11,941 \

Nondurablegoods------------------------- ------------------------------------ 7,731 7,916 7,785 7,251 8,640 9,103 9,930 10,978

Food and kindred products............................................................... 1,650 1,645 1,635 1,587 8,865 9,365 10,287 11,407 1

Tobacco manufactures...................................................................... 74 76 77 70 8,230 8,842 9,519 11,014 <

Textile mill products....................................................................... 969 1,003 951 815 6,854 7,261 7,756 8,421

Apparel and other textile products................................. ............. . 1,307 1,344 1,267 1,155 5,816 6,115 6,597 7,178 1

Paper and allied products..... ............. ............................................ . 674 689 688 628 9,947 10,581 11,461 12,678 1

Printing and publishing---------------- ----------------------- ----------- 983 1,009 1,012 980 10,216 10,667 11,351 12,184

Chemicals and allied products...................................... ................... 993 1,022 1,045 1,021 11,228 11, 875 13,061 14,349 b

Petroleum and coal products.............................................................. 183 184 189 187 12,410 13,152 14,450 16,497 I

Rubber and plastic products, n.e.c.......... ....................................... 612 662 658 574 8,715 9,122 9,777 10,740

Leather and leather products............................ .............................. 286 282 263 234 6,336 6,504 6,973 7,581 (>

Durable goods................................................................... ..................... 10,817 11,650 11,709 10,475 10,027 10,655 11,452 12,607 <

Lumber and wood products.......................................................... . 603 623 607 502 7,606 8,238 8,883 9,916 <

Furniture and fixtures............................................... ............. .......... 488 519 496 421 7,302 7,728 8,286 9,090 <

Stone, clay, and glass products............... ......................................... 645 681 671 605 9,543 10,129 10,909 11,701 |

Primary metal industries_____________ __________________ 1,214 1,304 1,327 1,185 11,048 11,982 13,317 14,278 (

Fabricated metal products................................................................. 1,360 1,469 1,470 1,314 9,654 10,216 11,031 12,209

Machinery, except electrical.......................... ................................ 1,864 2,053 2,194 2,027 10,576 11,242 12,014 13,088 '

Electrical equipment and supplies.............................. .................. 1,810 2,001 2,015 1,700 9,487 9,899 10,574 11,876 <

Transportation equipment, except motor vehicles and equipment, and ordnance......................................................................... 1,085 1,118 1,086 1,063 11,010 11,564 12,657 13,969 |

Motor vehicles and equipment......................................................... 877 961 901 777 12,573 13,559 13,898 15,313 (

Instruments and related products..................................................... 455 488 509 492 9,930 10,455 11,165 12,270

Miscellaneous and manufacturing industries.................................. 416 433 433 389 7,796 8,095 8,711 9,522 '

Government and government enterprises.................. ............................ 14,586 14,799 15,057 15,320 9,433 10,040 10,650 11,477 ,

Federal..................................................................................................... 5,333 5,186 5,152 5,116 10,331 11,032 11,741 12,628

Government................................................................... .................. 4,487 4,350 4,302 4,270 10, 360 11,014 11,651 12,505 '

Civilian........................................................................... .............. 1,934 1,911 1,957 1,978 12,679 13,497 14,112 15,238 <

Military2....................................................................................... 2,553 2,439 2,345 2,292 8,603 9,070 9,597 10,146 <

Government enterprises..................................................... .............. 846 836 850 846 10,179 11,121 12,195 13,251 |

State and local......................................................................................... 9,253 9,613 9,905 10,204 8,916 9,505 10,083 10,900 ,

Government......................................................................................... 8,723 9,053 9,304 9,567 8,899 9,481 10, 052 10,874

Education......................................................................................... 4,577 4,753 4,912 4,990 9,260 9,763 10, 247 11,173 '

Other................................................................................................. 4,146 4,300 4,392 4,577 8, 501 9,170 9,834 10,547 1

Government enterprises.............. .. ............................................. 530 560 601 637 9,187 9,893 10,556 11,301 <

- 1 1 - 9 - 8 - 1 0

Source: U.S. D epartm ent o f Comm erce, Bureau o f E conom ic Analysis, S u rv e y o f C u rre n t B usiness, Ju ly 1976, p. 52.

92

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-7

T a b l e 37.— Workers with taxable earnings: Estimated number and median annual earnings, by type of worker and sex, 1937-74

[Based on sample data]

Year

All workers All wage and salary

workers

4-quarter wage and salary

workers 1

All self-employed

workers 2

Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

Number (in thousands)

1937____ ___________ _____ 32,904 23,811 9,093 32,904 23,811 9,093 (s) (s) (!) 1940____________________ _ 35,393 25,572 9,821 35,393 25,572 9,821 22,682 16,971 5,711

1945........................................ 46,392 28,825 17,567 46,392 28,825 17,567 26.6C9 17,575 9, Of 14

1950.._____ _________ _____ 48,283 32,621 15,662 48,283 32,621 15,662 31,932 23,051 8,881

1951.......................... ............... 58,120 38,518 19,602 54,631 35,508 19,123 36,916 25,880 11,036 4,191 3,625 566

1952___________ __________ 59,576 39,184 20,392 56,059 36,150 19,909 38,221 26,615 11,606 4,241 3,685 556

Median earnings 5

1937....__________________ $761 $945 $484 $761 $945 $484 (s) (s) (*)

1940____________________ 746 935 472 746 935 472 $1,157 $1,353 $757

1945______ _________ _____ 1,159 1,654 770 1,159 1,654 770 2,020 2,560 1,347

1950......................................... 1,926 2,532 1,124 1,926 2,532 1,124 2,759 3,212 1,862

1951............ ............. ........... 2,097 2,838 1,192 2,037 2,810 1,162 2,919 3,502 1,920 $2,663 $2,850 $1,271

1952........................................ 2,258 3,046 1,278 2,183 3,031 1,239 3,113 3,731 2,065 2,737 2,934 1,589

1953......................................... 2,400 3,275 1,357 2,336 3,258 1,338 3,325 3,973 2,181 2,788 3,001 1,619

1954........................................ 2,425 3,263 1,374 2,363 3,250 1,359 3,341 3,977 2,195 2,815 3,065 1,621

1955_________ __________ _ 2,438 3,315 1,351 2,383 3,348 1,338 3,464 4,197 2,251 2,397 2,550 1,552

1956.____ _________ _____ _ 2,599 3,546 1,454 2,548 3,572 1,451 3,605 4,355 2,346 2,573 2,746 1,610

1957_____________________ 2,651 3,538 1,544 2,612 3,575 1,544 3,619 4,343 2,454 2,674 2,863 1,641

1958_____________________ 2,674 3,516 1,589 2,629 3,548 1,581 3,692 4,424 2,528 2,777 2,957 1,642

1959......................................... 2,837 3,783 1,634 2,781 3,780 1,639 3,880 4,680 2,642 2,854 3,070 1,685

1960_____________________ 2,894 3,879 1,679 2,833 3,875 1,676 3,995 5,837 2,706 2,903 3,129 1,695

1961..___ ________________ 2,938 3,936 1,742 2,876 3,919 1,736 4,052 4,950 2,776 3,017 3,266 1,703

1962............ ..................... . 3,058 4,132 1,808 2,990 4,112 1,809 4,190 4,139 2,876 3,202 3,475 1,755

1963_____________________ 3,149 4,266 1,856 3,082 4,239 1,851 4,325 5,298 2,956 3,283 3,574 1,776

1964___ _________________ 3,298 4,480 1,945 3,224 4,449 1,941 4,511 5,629 3,063 3,499 3,834 1,803

1965___ ___________ ______ 3,414 4,685 1,984 3,319 4,630 1,979 4,675 5,739 3,168 3,858 4,242 1,898

1966_____________________ 3,566 5,010 2,082 3,449 4,902 2,077 4,883 6,124 3,338 4,327 4,775 2,069

1967................. ............ ........... 3,716 5,208 2,259 3,660 5,179 2,276 5,080 6,398 3,509 4,472 4,962 2,152

1968.___ _______________ 3,945 5,546 2,435 3,843 5,448 2,434 5,382 6,819 3,762 4,865 5,385 2,282

1969_____________________ 4,173 5,933 2,585 4,111 6,038 2,554 5,782 7,457 3,972 5,012 5,655 2,321

1,970.......................................... 4,370 6,185 2,735 4,317 6,173 2,770 6,194 7,701 4,300 5,104 5,683 2,360

1971___ _______ __________ 4,603 6,475 2,882 4,541 6,410 2,943 6,509 8,121 4,509 5,242 5,833 2,408

1972 * ...._____ ___________ 4,865 6,908 2,983 4,751 6,725 3,022 6,884 8,813 4,750 5,771 6,448 2,661

1973 *......................................... 5,170 7,445 3,146 5,069 7,356 3,179 7,362 9,429 5,036 6,586 7,513 2,780

1974 *__ _______________ 5,495 7,930 3,395 5,394 7,851 3,457 7,931 10,154 5,417 6,889 8,041 2,812

Source: Social S ecurity A d m in is tra tio n , O ffice o f Research and Statistics, S o c ia l S e c u rity B u lle tin , A n n u a l S ta tis tic a l

S u p p le m e n t, 1974, p. 69.

93

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-8 Maximum Amount of Contribution

Beginning—

Employee Self-employed

Total OASI DI HI Total OASI DI HI

Annual:

1937______________ $30.00 $30.00

1950______________ 45.00 45.00

1951______________ 54.00 54.00 $81.00 $81.00

1954______________ 72.00 72.00 108.00 108.00

1955______________ 84.00 84.00 126.00 126.00

1957______________ 94.50 84.00 $10.50 141.75 126.00 $15.75

1959______________ 120.00 108.00 12.00 180.00 162.00 18.00

1960______________ 144.00 132.00 12.00 216.00 198.00 18.00

1962______________ 150.00 138.00 12.00 225.60 207.60 18.00

1963______________ 174.00 162.00 12.00 259.20 241.20 18.00

1966________ •____ 277.20 231.00 23.10 $23.10 405.90 348.15 34.65 $23.10

1967______________ 290.40 234.30 23.10 33.00 422.40 354.75 34.65 33.00

1968______________ 343.20 259.35 37.05 46.80 499.20 396.825 55.575 46.80

1969______________ 374.40 290.55 37.05 46.80 538.20 435.825 55.575 46.80

1970______________ 374.40 284.70 42.90 46.80 538.20 427.05 64.35 46.80

1971______________ 405.60 315.90 42.90 46.80 585.00 473.85 64.35 46.80

1972______________ 468.00 364.50 49.50 54.00 675.00 546.75 74.25 54.00

1973.. 631.80 464.40 59.40 108.00 864.00 670.14 85.86 108.00

1974______________ 772.20 577.50 75.90 118.80 1,042.80 816.42 107.58 118.80

1975______________ 824.85 616.875 81.075 126.90 1,113.90 872.085 114.915 126.90

1976______________ 895.05 669.375 87.975 137.70 1,208.70 946.305 124.695 137.70

Cumulative:

1937-50____ . . 435.00 435.00

1951-60-. . . . 855.00 810.00 45.00 1,282.50 1,215.00 67.50

1961-70___________ 2,475.60 2,055.90 223.20 196.50 3 j 623.10 3'091.80 334.80 196.50

1937-76___________ 7,763.10 6,309.45 664.95 788.70 10,395.00 8,632.35 973.95 788.70

S ou rce: S o cial S e c u rity A d m in is tr a tio n , O ffic e o f R esearch a n d S ta tis tic s , Social S ecu rity B u lletin , A n n u a l S tatistical

S upplem ent, 1 9 7 4 , p . 3 3 .

F ig u r e A - 9

T a b le 18.—Selected social insurance programs: Source of funds from contributions and transfers, 1965-74

[In millions]

Program and source 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Retirement, survivor, and disability insurance:

OASI1............................................. ....................... $16,017 $20,658 $23,216 $24,100 $28,389 $30,705 $34,20 $38,256 $46,416 $52,528

Employer_______________________________ 7,618 9,966 10,923 11,284 13,519 14,489 16,264 18,231 22,199 25,031

Employee_______________________________ 7,440 9,754 10,660 11,077 13,058 14,204 15,884 17,899 21,845 24,662

Self-em ployed___________________________ 959 859 1,555 1,358 1,370 1,564 1,575 1,651 1,930 2,388 Government1....................................................... 78 78 382 442 449 488 475 442 447

D I 1.................................... ................... ................. 1,188 2,022 2,302 3,348 3,615 4,497 4,670 5,158 5,984 6,878

Employer......... ............................ ....................... 564 977 1,073 1,602 1,733 2,154 2,224 2,462 2,863 3,281

Employee__________ ________ __________ _ 551 962 1,054 1,582 1,679 2,117 2,167 2,417 2,814 3,234

Self-employed................................................. . 73 67 159 132 .187 210 229 227 255 311

Government1..................... ........... 16 16 32 16 16 50 51 52 52

Railroad retirement s_._........................................ 647 752 858 935 1,023 968 1,027 1,034 1,306 1,495

Employer........................................................... 315 369 436 473 515 510 533 556 734 1,137

Employee.......................... ................................. 315 367 405 443 489 439 454 477 528 358

Government2.......................... . ........................ 17 17 18 18 18 19 40 44

Federal civil service 4. ______ ________ _______ 2,197 2,381 2,571 2,889 3,098 3,870 5,126 5,483 5,627 7,293

Employer_________ _____________________ 1,123 1,220 1,313 1,472 1,577 2,001 3,154 3,360 3,424 4,878

Employee....... ...................................................... 1,073 1,161 1,259 1,417 1,521 1,869 1,972 2,123 2,203 2,415

State and local government5................................. 4,225 4,705 5,395 6,095 6,902 7,895 8,775 9,985 11,420 12,750

Employer____ _____________________ ____ 2,525 2,840 3,320 3,780 4,288 4,920 5,495 6,200 7,235 8,400

Employee............................... ............................ 1,700 1,865 2,075 2,315 2,614 2,975 3,280 3,785 4,185 4,350

Health insurance (Medicare) under OASDHI:

Hospital insurance (HI)18 1,911 3,464 5,160 5,101 5,818 5,537 6,223 10,540 11,495

Employer.. 937 1,497 2,028 2,194 2,411 2,441 2,839 4,935 5’348

Employee .. 937 1,497 2,008 2,121 2,364 2,378 2,791 4,883 5,261

158 81 158 169 166 164 222 362

Government2 37 312 1,044 628 874 551 429 499 519

2 5

Supplementary medical insurance (SMI)1 . . _ 322 1,573 1,691 1,821 2,189 2,615 2,771 3,255 4,029

322 640 832 914 1,096 1,302 1,382 1,492 1,664

59 140

Government........................................................ 933 858 907 1,093 1,313 1,389 1,705 2,225

S o u rc e : S o cial S e c u rity A d m in is tr a tio n , O ffic e o f R esearch a n d S ta tis tic s , Social S ecu rity B u lle tin , A n n u a l S tatistical

S up plem en t, 1 9 7 4 , p . 4 7 .

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F igure A-1 0

T a b l e 1.—Private pension and deferred profit-sharing plans:1 Estimated coverage, contributions, beneficiaries, benefit payments,

and reserves, 1940-74

Year

Coverage,3

end of year

(in thousands)

Employer

contributions

(in millions)

Employee

contributions

(in millions)

Number of beneficiaries, end of year

(in thousands)

Amount of benefit

payments

(in millions)

Reserves, book

value, end of year

(in billions)

Total,

net

Insured,

gross

NonInsured,

gross

Total Insured

Noninsured Total Insured

Noninsured Total Insured

Noninsured Total 3 Insured

Noninsured3 Total InsuredNoninsured

1940 __ __ 4,100 180 130 160 140 2.4 1.0 1.4

1945 ............ 6,400 830 160 310 220 5 4 2.6 2.8

1950 ...................... 9,800 2,600 7,200 1,750 720 1,030 330 200 130 450 150 300 370 80 290 12.1 5.6 6.5

1951 .. ............ - - 10,800 2,900 8,100 2,280 820 1,460 380 210 170 540 170 370 450 100 350 14 5 6 6 8.0

1952 ..................... 11,300 3,200 8,500 2,510 910 1,630 430 240 190 650 200 450 520 120 400 17 3 7.7 9.6

1953 ___________ 12,600 3,400 9,800 2,990 1,010 1,980 485 260 225 750 230 520 620 140 . 480 20 5 8 8 11.7

1951 _________ 13,400 3,600 10,600 3,000 1,030 1,970 515 270 245 880 270 610 710 160 550 23 8 10.0 13 8

1955 ______ _____ 14,200 3,800 11,600 3,280 1,100 2,180 560 280 280 980 290 690 850 180 670 27.5 11.3 16 1

1956 ____________ 15,500 4,100 12,800 3,600 1,110 2,490 625 290 335 1,090 320 770 1,000 210 790 31 4 12 5 18.9

1957_____________ 16,700 4,400 13,700 4,030 1,220 2,810 690 300 390 1,240 370 870 1,140 240 900 36.1 14.1 22.0

1958_____________ 17,200 4,500 14,300 4,100 1,250 2,850 720 310 410 1,400 430 970 1,290 290 1,000 40.9 15 6 25 3

1959__ __________ 18,200 4,800 15,100 4,590 1,330 3,260 770 330 440 1,590 500 1,090 1,540 340 1,200 46 6 17.6 29.1

1960_____________ 18,700 4,900 16,300 4,710 1,190 3,520 780 300 480 1,780 5:0 1,240 1,720 390 1,330 52 C 18.8 33 1

1961_____________ 19,200 5,100 17,100 4,830 1,180 3,650 780 290 490 1,910 570 1,340 1,970 450 1,520 57 8 20.2 37 5

1962_____________ 19,700 5,100 17,900 5,200 1,240 3,960 830 310 520 2,100 630 1,470 2,330 510 1,820 63 5 21.6 41.9

1963_____________ 20,300 5,400 18,400 5,560 1,390 4,170 860 300 560 2,280 690 1,590 2,590 570 2,020 69 9 23 3 46.6

1964____ ____ ____ 20,900 6,000 18,600 6,370 1,520 4,850 910 310 600 2,490 740 1,750 2,990 640 2,350 77.7 25.2 52.4

1965_____________ 21,800 6,200 19,100 7,370 1,770 5,60C 990 320 670 2,750 790 1,960 3,520 720 2,800 86 5 27 3 59.2

1966_____________ 22,700 6,900 19,400 8,210 1,850 6,360 1,040 330 710 3,180 870 2,310 4,190 810 3,380 95 5 29 3 66.2

1967_____________ 24,300 7,700 19,800 9,050 2,010 7,0iC 1,130 340 790 3,460 930 2,530 4,790 910 3,880 106 1 31.9 74.2

1968_____________ 24,800 7,900 20,100 10,020 2,320 7,700 1,230 340 890 3,920 1,010 2,810 5,530 1,030 4,500 117.8 34.7 83.1

1969_____________ 26,000 8,700 21,300 11,390 2,900 8,490 1,360 350 1,010 4,180 1,070 3,110 6,450 1,160 5,290 127.8 37 2 90 6

1970_____________ 26,100 9,300 22,000 12,580 2,86C 9,720 1,420 350 1 ,G7C 4.74C 1,220 3,520 7,360 1,330 6,030 137 1 40 1 97.0

1971_____________ 26,400 9,600 22,700 15,150 3.83C 11,320 1,49C 37C 1.12C 5,18C 1,300 3,88C 8,590 1,510 7,080 151.4 45. C 106 4

1972_____________ 27,500 10,300 23 200 16,940 4,200 12,740 1,600 400 1,200 5,550 1,350 4,200 10,000 1,700 8,300 167.8 50 3 117.5

1973_____________ 29,200 11,300 24,100 19,390 5,020 14,370 1,710 440 1,270 6,080 1,480 4,600 11,220 1,910 9,310 180.2 53.7 126 5

1974_____________ 29,800 11,700 24,400 23,020 6,050 16,970 2,000 540 1,460 6,390 1,550 4,840 12,930 2,190 10,740 191.7 58.0 133.7

1 Includes pay-as-you-go, multiemployer, and union-administered plans,

those of nonprofit organizations, and railroad plans supplementing the Federal railroad retirement program. Excludes pension plans for Federal, State,

and local government employees as well as pension plans for the self-employed. Insured plans are underwritten by insurance companies; noninsured

plans are, in general, funded through trustees.

3 Excludes beneficiaries.

3 Includes refunds to employees and their survivors and lump sums paid

under deferred profit-sharing plans.

Source: Compiled by the Social Security Administration from data furnished primarily by the Institute of Life Insurance and the Securities and

Exchange Commission.

S o u rce: A lfr e d M . S k o ln ik , " P riv a te Pension P lans, 1 9 5 0 - 7 4 ," Social S ecu rity B u lletin , June 1976, p. 4.

95

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Figure A-1 1

T a b l e 3.—Estimated total employer and employee contributions1 under employee-benefit plans,2 by typo of benefit, 1950-74

[In millions]

All wage and salary workers W age and salary workers in private industry

Year Total LifeAccidental

death

Health benefits

Temporary disability,

including formal

sick leavo Supplemental

insurance

and death5

and

dismemberment4 Total Hospitalization5 8

Surgical

and

regular

medical5

Majormedical

expense7

Total8

Written

in compliance with

law

unemployment

benefits8

Retirement10

1950... ...................

1951 ....

1952 ......

1953 ..........

1954 ___

$3,940.0

4.986.4

5.676.8

6.629.8

6.988.5

7.856.6

$480.0

524.4

619.8

693.6

731.5

$18.4

23.2

27.0

31.2

33.5

$856.3

1,139.1

1,373.4

1,663.8

1.923.6

2.193.6

$562.4

727.2

880.5

1,070.8

1,221.4

1,385.1

$293.9

411.9

492.9

593.0

684.2 $18.0

39.0

$505.3

639.7

686.6

766.2

784 9

$75.9

143.8

155.8

186.5

178.1

$2,080.0

2,660.0

2.970.0

3.475.0

3.515.0

1955.......... ............. 880.5 43.4 769.5 859.1 178.8 $40.0 3,840.0

19.56...................... 8,910.5 1,002.0 49.7 2,594.7 1,603.2 897.5 94.0 914.1 177.1 125.0 4,225.0

1957___ ________ 10,041.7 1,076.9 56.5 2,995.8 1,805.5 1,021.3 169.0 1,022.5 217.2 170.0 4,720.0

1958........................ 10,520.6 1,179.0 60.9 3,286.4 1,944.9 1,075.5 266.0 1,049.3 232.3 125.0 4,820.0

1959....................... 11,714.5 1,291.7 66.0 3,774.2 2,230.3 1,186.9 357.0 1,097.6 232.8 125.0 5,360.0

1960....................... 12,530.1 1,416.2 70.0 4,257.0 2,504.8 1,282.2 470.0 1,178.9 238.8 118.0 5,490.0

1961____________ 13,482.4 1,556.6 75.0 4,924.2 2,833.6 1,439.6 651.0 1,214.6 255.3 102.0 5,610.0

1962........................ 14,758.4 1,677.1 80.0 5,507.9 3,159.0 1,595.9 753.0 1,311.4 255.4 152.0 6,030.0

1963____ _______ 15,880.6 1,867.0 92.0 5,993.3 3,472.2 1.684.1

1.876.1

837.0 1,360.3 244.4 148.0 6,420.0

1964____________ 17,657.4 2,043.6 99.0 6,725.7 3,884.6 965.0 1,397.1 238.0 112.0 7,280.0

1965............. .......... 19,918.8 2,233.0 116.0 7,520.0 4,332.8 2,109.2 1,078.0 1,573.8 258.4 116.0 8,360.0

1966_____ _______ 21,682.6 2,375.7 131.0 8,041.5 4,546.8 2,299.7 1,195.0 1,754.4 280.1 130.0 9,250.0

1967................ . 23,419.0 2,538.0 142.0 8,548.8 4,702.7 2,552.1 1,294.0 1,897.2 310.6 113.0 10,180.0

1968...................... 26,888.8 2,936.5 169.0 10,075.6 5,539.4 2,915.2 1,621.0 2,332.7 342.0 125.0 11,250.0

1969........................ 30,568.9 3,221.9 190.0 11,594.8 6,341.4 3,363.4 1,890.0 2,702.2 399.4 110.0 12,750.0

1970..___ ______ 34,873.0 3,566.5 224.0 13,877.6 7,569.3 3.998.3

4.489.3

2,310.0 3,074.9 417.4 130.0 14,000.0

1971...___ ______ 39,792.1 3,853.9 229.0 15,702.7 8,578.4 2,635.0 3,226.5 442.8 140.0 16,640.0

1972___________ 45,299.7 4,323.2 283.6 18,248.2 9,527.5 5,152.3

5,937.8

3,568.4 3,749.7 499.3 155.0 18,540.0

1973.................... 50,370.5 4,368.7 302.8 20,500.2 10,512.0 4,050.4 3,938.8 522.2 160.0 21,100.0

1974.................... 57,512.0 4,684.6 329.2 23,068.1 11,437.2 7,022.4 4,608.5 4,250.1 517.1 160.0 25,020.0

1 Excludes dividends in group insurance.

1 See footnote 1, table 1.

! Group and wholesale life insurance premiums based on data from Institute of Life Insurance, Oroup L ife Insurance and Group A n n u ity Coverage

in the U nited States, annual issues, modified to exclude group plans not related to employment. Also excludes premiums for servicemen’s group life

insurance. Self-insured death benefit costs based on data for various tradeunion, mutual benefit association, and company administered plans.

4 Data from Health Insurance Association of America, Group H ealth

Insurance Coverages in the U nited States, annual issues.

5 Data from “ Private Health Insurance in 1974: A Review of Coverage,

Enrollment, and Financial Experience,” Social Security B u lletin , March

1976; and Health Insurance Association of America (see footnote 4). In estimating contributions for employees under plans other than group insurance

and union and company plans, it was assumed that the proportion of subscription income attributable to employed groups increased gradually from

75 percent in 19.50-60 to 85 percent in 1974.

8 Includes private hospital plans written in compliance with State temporary disability insurance law in California; separate data not available for

these plans.

7 Represents premiums for group supplementary and comprehensive

S o u rc e : A lfr e d M . S ^ o ln ik , " T w e n ty -fiv e Y e a rs o f E m p lo y e e

major-medical insurance underwritten by commercial insurance carriers.

Data from Health Insurance Association of America (see footnote 4).

8 Data from “ Cash Benefits for Short-Term Sickness, 1948-74,” Social

Security B u lletin , July 1976. Includes private plans written in compliance

with State temporary disability insurance laws in California, New Jersey,

and New York, shown separately in next column. Includes contributions

under long-term disability policies.

•Based on trade-union and industry reports, and “ Financing Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans,” M o n th ly Labor Review, November

1969. Excludes dismissal wage and separation allowances, except when

financed by supplemental unemployment benefit funds covering temporary

and permanent layoffs.

10 Estimated by the Social Security Administration from data compiled

by the Institute of Life Insurance, Pension Facts 1976, and the Securities

and Exchange Commission, 1974 Survey of Private N oninsured Pension

F u n d s. Includes contributions to pay-as-you-go and deferred profit-sharing

plans, plans of nonprofit organizations, union pension plans, and railroad

plans supplementing the Federal railroad retirement program. Excludes

contributions to plans for Federal, State, and local employees, to tax-sheltered annuity plans, and to plans for the self-employed.

B e n e fit P la n s ," Social S ecu rity B u lletin , S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 6 , p . 8 .

96

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Figure A-1 2

Table B-lla.— Number and average amount of employee annuities 

in current-payment status on Dec. 31,1974, by occupational group

Employee also receiving

VO

■^1

Occupational group

Total 2/---------------------------------

Office employees:

Executives, officials and staff

assistants------------------------------

Supervisors and professionals------------

Station agents and telegraphers----------

Clerks and other office employees--------

Train-and-engine-service employees:

Engineers---------------------------------

Conductors--------------------------------

Firemen and hostlers---------------------

Brakemen, baggagemen, and switchtenders—

Gang foremen----------------------------------

Maintenance employees:

Way and structures craftsmen-------------

Shop craftsmen----------------------------

Way and structures helpers and

apprentices-----------------------------

Shop helpers and apprentices-------------

Other maintenance-of-way employees-------

Other shop and stores employees----------

Station and platform employees— -------------

All other employees---------------------------

Regular annuities Supplemental annuity Social security benefit

Average amount Average amount

Total

number

Average

amount Number Regular

Supplemental Number

Regular

railroad

Social 

security 1/

457,410 $305 120,314 $383 $66 178,182 $235 $139

11,265 376 879 400 63 3,441 300 167

35,617 361 7,691 406 65 11,266 288 149

14,403 315 4,299 388 67 5,765 263 135

55,706 301 15,977 382 65 23,934 241 144

24,154 373 9,526 410 68 5,989 331 114

22,687 365 8,200 407 68 6,249 308 124

8,974 302 1,947 383 63 3,935 249 133

26,284 329 6,696 393 65 9,778 268 125

23,664 341 8,654 396 67 6,855 258 138

14,012 312 4,027 386 66 4,939 228 136

68,524 318 20,563 392 67 26,380 252 142

2,732 242 418 360 65 1,331 176 144

17,640 242 2,603 363 65 8,951 189 153

47,343 236 8,518 346 65 19,106 159 136

23,513 254 5,285 351 64 10,537 197 135

21,226 254 4,537 347 63 10,735 201 140

39,035 273 10,454 357 65 18,651 215 141

S o u rc e : R a ilro a d R e tire m e n t B oard , S tatistical S up plem en t, 1 9 7 5 A n n u al R ep o rt, 1 9 7 6 , p . 2 8 .

Digitized for FRASER 

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Figure A-1 3

Table C-5.— Beneficiaries both unemployed and sick in 1974-75» and related data, 

by selected occupational group

Beneficiaries Average per beneficiary

Occupational group Number Percent of all 

beneficiaries

Median

age Days on benefit rolls Amount of benefits

Unemployed Sick Total Unemployment

Sickness Total Unemployment

Sickness

Total 1/-------------------- 6,900 9 12 39 110 54 56 $906 $446 $460

Office employees:

Executives, officials, and staff 

assistants--— — — — — -— "— ” 2/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/

Supervisors and professionals------- 100 9 5 46 120 67 53 1,005 573 432

Station agents and telegraphers-— -- 100 8 6 33 112 63 49 920 521 399

Clerks and other office employees--- 800 10 10 38 111 47 63 909 383 526

Train-and-engine-service employees:

Engineers— — — — — — — — — 300 9 9 55 92 38 54 745 303 442

Conductors— — — — — — — — — 400 8 9 44 102 42 61 837 338 499

Firemen and hostlers— — — — — — — 200 6 16 45 81 42 39 632 332 299

Brakemen, baggagemen, and

switch tenders---- ---------------- 2,200 9 26 31 106 54 51 856 440 416

Gang foremen— — — — — — — — — 100 8 4 51 121 47 74 1,025 407 618

Maintenance employees:

Way and structures craftsmen— ------ 200 9 7 43 104 46 58 871. 398 473

Shop craftsmen--— — — — — — — — 1,100 10 9 41 104 51 53 873 443 430

Way and structures helpers and

apprentices— — — — — — — — — 2/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/

Shop helpers and apprentices------- 200 10 20 39 123 50 73 1,041 437 604

Other maintenance-of-way employees— 500 10 13 40 142 77 66 1,221 673 548

Other shop and stores employees— — 200 8 8 45 100 49 51 840 429 412

Station and platform employees— ------- 100 6 13 51 125 57 69 1,047 473 573

All other employees--- — ---— -------- 500 12 16 48 132 69 63 1,072 566 506

S o u rc e : R a ilro a d R e tire m e n t B o a rd , S tatistical S up plem ent, 1 9 7 5 A n n u al R ep o rt, 1 9 7 6 , p. 6 8 .

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Figure A-14

Table D-3-— Employees and averages of months of service and taxable compensation, for all classes of employer

and for class I railroads, 1964-74

All employees

Employees

of

with 12 months

service

Number

Average

months of

Average taxable

compensat i on Number

Average taxable

compensati on

(thousands) service Per month In year (thousands) Per month In year

ALL CLASSES OF

EMPLOYER

1964------------------------- 990 10.2 $417 $4,254 702 $433 $ 5,191

1965------------------------ 969 10,1 423 4,272 685 438 5,256

1966------------------------- 955 10.0 494 4,941 669 514 6,162

1967------------------------ 911 10,2 496 5,064 643 521 6,253

1968------------------------- 879 10,1 563 5,688 606 592 7,108

1969------------------------- 865 9,9 58Q 5,741 585 608 7,296

1970------------------------- 825 10.1 588 5,935 570 616 7,389

1971------------------------- 774 10.2 618 6,240 542 630 7,561

1972------------------------- 737 10,3 705 7,259 529 727 8,720

1973 y--------------------- 726 10.4 830 8,629 529 859 10,305

1974------------------------- 730 10.3 961 9,910 527 994 11,923

CLASS I RAILROADS

1964------------------------- 827 10.4 $419 $ 4,360 601 $434 $ 5,210

1965------------------------- 799 10,3 428 4,408 584 440 5,277

1966------------------------- 793 10,3 495 5,095 572 516 6,194

1967------------------------- 767 10.3 500 5,155 550 523 6,278

1968------------------------- 747 10.2 569 5,807 526 596 7,148

1969------------------------- 742 10.0 587 5,868 512 611 7,334

1970------------------------ 719 10.1 595 6,007 502 618 7,416

1971------------------------- 680 10.3 614 6,324 482 633 7,592

1972------------------------- 652 10.4 707 7,350 472 730 8,758

1973 1 / --------------------- 645 10.5 832 8,736 476 863 10,354

1974------------------------- 653 10.4 967 10,012 474 999 11,985

S o u rc e : R a ilro a d R e tire m e n t B o a rd , S tatistical S up plem en t, 1 9 75 A n n u a l R ep ort, 1 9 7 6 , p. 9 9 .

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Figure A-1 5

Table D-10.— Employees in 1974, by occupational group and by amount of taxable compensation

Number by amount of taxable compensation

Occupational group Total -------------------— ---- — — ... - ■ .... — .... . 1

Under $4000- $6,000- $8,000- $10,000- $11,000- $12,000- $13,200

$4,000 $5,999 $7,999 $9,999 $10,999 $11,999 $13,199

Total !/■ 729,763 97,015 33,392 40,888 74,124 70,559 105,080 183,484 125,221

Office employees:

Executives, officials, and staff

assis tants--------------------------— 21,177 501 301 434 343 203 399 1,545 17,451

Supervisors and professionals-------- — 63,834 2,277 1,317 1,909 1,962 2,358 5,325 17,526 31,160

Station agents and telegraphers— ■-— — 19,871 1,579 634 822 1,087 1,945 6,216 6,241 1,347

Clerks and other office employees-- - — 93,240 9,393 4,247 5,086 9,804 19,464 24,883 17,128 3,235

Train-and-engine-service employees:

Engineers---- -------------------- --- 1,291 542 1,104 1,338 958 2,100 11,462 21,366

Conductors------------------ --------- 1,569 764 1,687 2,234 1,855 3,588 17,755 14,698

Firemen and hostlers----- ----------- — 22,968 1,237 625 891 1,469 1,403 2,815 8,636 5,892

Brakemen, baggagemen, and

switch tenders---------- ------------ -- 103,232 11,655 4,911 6,653 9,682 7,042 11,916 35,590 15,783

Gang foremen--- -------------------------- — 26,375 1,016 695 1,331 1,419 2,340 5,242 9,976 4,356

Maintenance employees:

Way and structures craftsmen--------- — 35,029 4,311 1,826 2,244 3,209 5,446 6,705 8,571 2,717

Shop craftsmen------------------------- 97,437 5,529 3,743 5,263 7,002 7,245 24,539 40,174 3,942

Way and structures helpers and

apprentices------------------------- 5,057 1,516 474 441 974 875 452 295 30

Shop helpers and apprentices--------- — 13,230 3,197 1,294 1,364 4,369 1,457 739 745 65

Other maintenance-of-way employees---— 74,571 35,977 6,394 5,798 12,927 7,480 3,707 2,083 205

Other shop and stores employees— -— -•— 21,282 5,038 1,856 1,998 7,438 2,980 1,168 742 62

Station and platform employees--- ------- 2,836 765 790 1,960 1,699 906 790 160

All other employees------------------------- 33,868 7,166 2,782 2,762 6,432 5,573 4,156 3,944 1,053

S o u rc e : R a ilro a d R e tire m e n t B o a rd , S tatistical S upplem ent, 1 9 7 5 A n n u a l R ep o rt, 1 9 7 6 , p. 1 2 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

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Figure A -16

Table 10.— Estimated revenue and nonrevenue receipts for public elementary and secondary education from Federal, State, intermediate, and local

sources, by State or other area and in large cities: United States, 1975-76

State or other area

and city

Total

receipts

cols. 3

and 12)

(in thousands)

Revenue receipts by source (in thousands) Percent of revenue

receipts by source Nonrevenue

receipts

(in thousands)

Total Federal State

Intermediate Local Federal State

Intermediate Local

1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 11 12

UNITED STATES___ $70,273,125 $67,136,937 $5,345,912 $29,321,594 $341,348 $32,128,083 8.0 43.7 .5 47.8 $3,136,188

Alabama............ 870,615 858,774 1/138,308 545,029 _ 175,437 16.1 63.5 20.4 11,841 Alaska............ 242,881 232,881 35,157 151,201 ___ 46,523 15.1 64.9 ___ 20.0 10,000 Arizona............ 827,617 763,757 80,438 365,258 3,259 314,802 10.5 47.8 .4 41.2 63,860 Arkansas........... 523,396 472,634 73,361 246,733 ___ 152,540 15.5 52.2 32.3 50,762 California......... 7,013,788 6,831,788 2/630,037 2,759,494 — 3,442,257 9.2 40.4 — 50.4 182,000

Colorado........... 900,000 880,000 60,000 350,000 NA 470,000 6.8 39.8 NA 53.4 20,000 Connecticut........ 1,055,105 1,027,105 42,096 284,297 NA 700,712 4.1 27.7 NA 68.2 28,000 Delaware........... 234,220 219,220 17,500 148,420 ___ 53,300 8.0 67.7 24.3 15,000

District of Columbia. 269,420 269,420 3/47,931 — ___ 3/221,489 17.8 ___ 82.2 Florida............ 2,127,304 2,097,669 130,328 1,145,103 — 822,238 6.2 54.6 — 39.2 29,635

Georgia............ 1,217,179 1,155,179 139,506 599,488 416,185 12.1 51.9 36.0 62,000 Hawaii............ 285,881 285,881 20,736 265,145 7.3 92.7 ___

Idaho............. 254,673 225,723 24,599 111,788 6,542 82,794 10.9 49.5 2.9 36.7 28,950 Illinois........... 4,526,229 4,305,729 266,524 1,988,132 2,738 2,048,335 6.2 46.2 .1 47.6 220,500

Indiana............ 4/1,536,000 1,501,000 85,000 610,000 6,000 800,000 5.7 40.6 .4 53.3 35,000

OUTLYING AREAS:

American Samoa...... $ 6,803 6/$ 6,803 6/$ 2,394 — — 6/$ 4,409 35.2 — — 64.8 —

Canal Zone.......... 22,240 22,240 11,592 — 10,648 52.1 — — 47.9 —

Guam............... 42,363 42,363 5,501 ( 7/) 7/36,862 13.0 — — 87.0 —

Puerto Rico......... 394,969 394,969 95,959 $1,062 297,948 24.3 .3 — 75.4 —

Virgin Islands...... 37,334 37,334 3,644 — 33,690 9.8 “ — 90.2 —

DOD Overseas Schools.. N 0 R 0 R T

Trust Territory of

the Pacific Islands.. N 0 R 0 R T

LARGE CITIES:

Baltimore, Md....... 262,502 262,502 23,943 123,125 — 115,434 9.1 46.9 — 44.0 —

Boston, Mass........ NA NA NA NA NA NA — — — — NA

Chicago, 111........ 1,162,780 1,125,903 135,300 515,091 — 475,512 12.0 45.8 — 42.2 $36,877

Cleveland, Ohio..... 228,101 227,786 32,775 57,000 $33,540 104,471 14.4 25.0 14.7 45.9 315

Dallas, Tex......... 186,381 186,279 3,016 68,342 1 114,920 1.6 36.7 (8/) 61.7 102

Detroit, Mich....... 356,709 350,634 41,743 170,138 200 138,553 11.9 48.5 .1 30.5 6,075

Houston, Tex........ 242,398 242,383 5,354 111,934 — 125,095 2.2 46.2 — 51.6 15

Indianapolis, Ind... 113,969 112,969 8,000 37,669 300 67,000 7.1 33.3 .3 59.3 1,000

Los Angeles, Calif.... 1,039,022 1,038,722 89,016 282,329 3,486 663,891 8.6 27.2 .3 63.9 300

Memphis, Tenn....... 121,209 121,209 1,069 47,956 16,200 55,984 .9 39.6 13.4 46.2 —

Milwaukee, Wis...... 230,701 211,751 19,805 63,377 _ 128,569 9.4 29.9 — 60.7 18,950

New Orleans, La..... 127,395 123,395 23,190 60,255 — 39,950 18.8 48.8 — 32.4 4,000

New York, N.Y....... 2,601,000 2,601,000 232,000 801,000 — 1,568,000 8.9 30.8 — 60.3 —

Philadelphia, Pa.... 594,864 594,864 91,057 305,413 — 198,394 15.3 51.3 — 33.4 —

Phoenix, Ariz....... 264,320 259,694 13,216 130,706 79 115,693 5.1 50.3 (8/) 44.6 4,626

St. Louis, Mo....... 110,594 103,560 20,576 37,196 2,353 43,435 19.9 35.9 2.3 41.9 7,034

San Antonio, Tex.... 73,491 73,481 8,740 43,044 — 21,697 11.9 58.6 — 29.5 10

San Diego, Calif.... 196,139 195,639 19,458 47,647 1,989 126,545 10.0 24.3 1.0 64.7 500

San Francisco, Calif.. 163,822 163,322 14,748 31,095 220 117,259 9.0 19.0 .1 71.8 500

Washington, D.C..... 269,420 269,420 3/47,931 — — 3/221,489 17.8 — — 82.2 —

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Education Division, National Center for Educational Statistics,

Statistics o f Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, Fall 1975, 1976, pp. 34-35.

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Figure A-17

Table A.-Mean and percent increase in salaries of full-time instructional faculty in institutions of higher education, by sex, length of contract, *

and academic rank: 50 States and District of Columbia, 1972-73 and 1974-75

Length of contract

and academic rank

Men and women Men Women

1972-73 1974-75

Percent

increase 1972-73 1974-75

Percent

increase 1972-73 1974-75

Percent

increase ■

9-10 month contracts

All ranks combined . .. $13,580 $15,611 12.7 $14,415 $16,290 13.0 $11,925 $13,470 13.0

Professors . ............... 19,182 21,263 10.8 19,405 21,517 10.9 17,122 19,011 11.0

Associate professors. .. 14,572 16,128 10.7 14,714 16,260 10.5 13,826 15,481 12.0

Assistant professors . .. 12,029 13,290 10.5 12,190 13,452 10.4 11,510 12,857 11.7

Instructors.................... 10,736 12,691 18.2 11,147 13,350 19.8 10,099 11,740 16.2

Lecturers ...................... 11,637 12,575 8.1 12,105 13,231 9.3 10,775 11,443 7.1

Undesignated ranks . .. 12,676 13,532 6.8 13,047 14,007 7.4 11,913 12,618 5.9

11-12 month contracts

All ranks combined . .. $16,675 $18,876 13.2 $17,577 $19,815 12.7 $13,150 $15,536 18.1

Professors.................... 2,631 25,377 12.1 22,882 25,608 11.9 19,162 22,570 17.8

Associate professors. .. 17,728 20,261 14.3 17,986 20,459 13.7 16,144 19,117 18.4

Assistant professors . . . 14,859 16,710 12.5 15,288 17,035 11.9 13,562 15,795 16.5

Instructors.................... 11,773 13,378 13.6 12,284 13,791 12.3 10,919 12,718 16.5

Lecturers...................... 13,487 16,179 20.0 14,201 16,672 17.4 12,245 15,515 26.7

Undesignated ranks . . . 12,579 14,275 13.5 13,012 14,689 12.9 11,570 13,365 15.5

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Education Division, National Center for Educational Statistics,

Salaries and Tenure o f Instructional Faculty in Institutions o f Higher Education, 1974-75, 1976, p. 1.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A -18

T A BL E 5 . — MEAN F R I N G E - B E N E F T T E X P E N D I T U R E S FOP F U L L - T I M E A C A D E M IC DEANS AND R E S I D E N T F A C U L T Y ON 9 - 1 0 - M 0 N T H

C C N T R A C T S I N I N S T I T U T I O N S O F H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N , B Y A C A D E M I C R A N K , C O N T R O L OF I N S T I T U T 1 0 N, A N D T Y P R

OF B E N E F IT PLAN: 50 STATES AND D I S T R I C T OF C O L U M B IA , 1 9 7 1 - 7 ?

( ALL IN S T IT U T IO N S )

CCNTRCL

TYPE

CF

O F

I N S T I T U T I O N AND

BENEFIT PLAN

NUMBER

C F

I N S T ITUTIONS

ALL

RANKS

ACAOEMIC

DEANS

PPOFESSORS

ASSOC.

PROFESSORS

ASST.

PROFESSORS

INSTRUCT0R SLECTURE® S

UNDESIGNATED

RANKS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

P U B L I C ANC P R I V A T E , T O T A L . . 1 , 8 3 3 $ 1 , 6 1 2 $ 2 ,2 5 9 $ 2 ,3 0 0 $ 1 ,7 5 6 $ 1 ,4 5 3 $ 1 ,1 7 0 $ 1 ,4 0 3 $ 1 ,1 7 8

R E T I R E M E N T , T O T A L ............................. 1 , 5 7 8 1 ,0 5 6 1 ,6 0 9 l ,5 9 9 1 ,1 2 7 920 711 1 ,0 2 6 633

V E S T E D ......................................................... 1 , 2 0 5 1 , 1 6 4 1 , 7 3 1 1 , 6 9 5 1 ,1 8 6 968 747 1 ,1 0 5 806

NCT VESTED ........................................... 534 775 1 ,0 9 8 1 ,1 5 7 919 765 645 716 552

H O S P IT A L IZ A T IO N .................................... 1 ,4 6 2 189 171 1 7 6 17 3 172 184 198 317

D IS A B IL IT Y .................................................. 697 6 4 71 75 6 1 5 4 63 63 7 8

T U I T I O N P L A N S ........................................... 60* 584 1 ,288 971 585 *96 304 411 264

HOUSING FLAN ........................................... 9 0 656 1 ,6 1 0 717 683 614 452 589 803

S O C I A L SEC UR I T V .................................... 1 , 5 8 8 461 4 6 5 467 467 465 4 4 5 44 0 4 4 8

UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION . 454 9 3 109 9 4 9 2 9 0 9 8 9 8 9 1

GPCUF L IF E INSURANCE . . . 1 , 0 5 9 8 2 1 0 2 103 9 0 7 4 6 6 6 3 7 3

WORKMAN'S COMPENSATION . . 969 ? 7 3 7 3 9 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 7 6 0

C T H E R ....................................................................... 9 3 219 1 ,0 3 3 137 132 128 141 355 461

P U E L I C , T C T A L .................................................. 8 29 1 ,5 5 8 2 ,2 5 9 2 , 1 0 \ 1 , 7 1 2 1 ,4 7 0 1 ,222 1 , 5 0 8 1 , 16 8

R E T I R E M E N T , T O T A L ............................. 7C7 1 ,0 3 6 l , 6 6 0 l , 5 6 7 1 , 1 5 6 953 730 1 ,0 6 7 620

V E S T E D ......................................................... 4 2 0 1 ,1 7 1 1 ,8 5 6 1 ,6 9 4 1 ,2 4 4 1 ,0 2 7 778 1 , 1 7 0 794

NCT VESTEC ........................................... 406 787 1 , 1 2 2 1 , 1 8 6 944 783 656 737 547

H O SPITA LIZA TIO N .................................... 61 * 204 1 7 4 1 7 8 180 180 194 213 334

D IS A B IL IT Y .................................................. 2 1 1 6 6 71 78 62 52 6 8 6 3 8 1

T U IT IO N F L A N S ........................................... 8 8 163 240 216 191 183 119 184 106

HOUSING FLAN ........................................... 1 0 462 570 328 373 672 318 255

SOCIAL S E C U R I T Y .................................... 615 462 466 46 7 4 6 7 466 449 448 456

UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION . 1 1 2 8 6 9 3 9 0 8 1 8 0 9 9 9 4 7 1

GROUP L I F E IN SU R A N C E . . . 431 8 4 5 4 1 1 2 9 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 7 5

WORKMAN'S COMPENSATION . . 374 4 3 3 7 4 6 3 7 3 4 3 5 4 8 6 3

C T H E F .......................................................................

V

38 199 170 98 84 75 128 24? 466

P R IV A TE , TCTAL ...........................................

o

o

1 ,7 4 7 2 ,2 5 8 2 ,6 6 9 1, 852 1 , 4 1 6 9 9 8 1 , 1 2 4 1 , 2 5 8

R E T I R E M E N T , T O T A L ............................. 871 1 , 1 1 4 1 , 5 3 1 1 , 6 6 4 1 ,0 6 0 822 591 829 821

VESTED ......................................................... 785 1, 148 1 ,5 7 8 1 ,6 9 8 1, 0 8 5 841 616 859 871

N O T V E S T E D ........................................... 128 561 9 6 5 7 5 5 559 485 375 208 697

H O S P ITA LIZA TIO N .................................... 849 162 167 1 7 4 1 6 0 159 153 * 155 164

D IS A B IL IT Y .................................................. 486 6 2 7 1 73 61 56 57 6 * 55

T U IT IC N PLANS ........................................... 515 796 1 ,3 3 0 1 , 1 0 0 730 523 576 452 6 8 5

HOUSING FLAN ........................................... 8 0 700 1 ,7 8 3 763 748 597 524 589 8 9 5

S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y .................................... 9 7 * 458 464 466 466 462 435 4 2 4 428

UNEM FLCYMENT COMPENSATION . 342 9 8 118 97 1 0 0 9 7 9 7 1 0 0 115

GROUP L IF E INSURANCE . . . 6 2 8 78 1 5 6 9 3 80 70 6 4 5 7 6 ?

WCRKMAN'S COMPENSATIO N . . 595 29 37 34 29 2 5 2 7 23 33

C T H E R ....................................................................... 5 5 3 6 3 1 , 1 5 6 3 5 8 > 8 4 > 9 1 248 6 3 6 320

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Education Division, National Center for Educational Statistics,

Salaries and Fringe Benefits 1971-72 and 1972-73, 1975, p. 86.

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Figure A -1 9

Table 1 A.— Sources of Income and Selected Tax Items, 1972 and 1973

|AH figures art estimates based oe samples- number of returns are in thousands, money amounts are in millions |

Humber ef returns, total

Taxable

Nontaxable

Adjusted gross income (less deficit)

Sources of income

Salaries and wages (gross)

Business or profession net profit less net loss 

farm net profit less net loss 

Partnership net profit less net loss 

Small business corporation net profit less net loss

Sales of capital assets net gam less net loss

Dividends in adjusted gross income

Interest received

Rent net income less net loss

Royalty net income less net loss

Estates and trusts net income lesrnet loss

All other sources (net) 1

Statutory adjustments*

Taxable income 

Total credits 

Income tax after credits

Additional tax for tax preferences 

Total income tax

Self^mployment tax...........................................................

Total tax liability' .............................................................

1972 1173

lucreasa or

decrease ( ),

1973 ever 1972

i n (2) (3)

77.573 10.593 3.121

60.869 64.267 3,398

16 704 16.425 278

745.975 827.148 81.174

622.599 687,179 64.580

34.453 38.102 3 650

4.106 7.228 3.121

11.058 11.160 101

2.112 2.136 24

17.075 16.671 -404

16.794 18,734 1.940

27.400 32,174 4.774

2.989 3.763 774

911 1,160 248

1.823 2 019 195

14.218 17 488 3.270

9.565 10.665 1.100

447.633 511.929 64.297

1.083 1.493 411

93.360 107.901 14 542

216 182 -34

93.576 108 084 14 508

2.330 3.011 681

95 949 111.175 15.226

'Comprises income from pensions and annuities (taxable portion), gams and losses from sales of property other than capital assets. State income tax refunds, alimony, and other income or loss 

Comprises sick pay exclusion, moving expense deduction, employee business expense deduction, and self-employed retirement deduction

The sum of total income tax. self employment tax. social security taxes on tip income, tax from recomputing prior year investment credit, and tax from recomputing prior year Work Incentive (WIN) credit 

NOTE Detail may not add to total because of rounding

Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Statistics o f Income 1973: Individual Income Tax

Returns, p. 2.

Figure A -20

CHIEF FISCAL OFFICER

D is tr ic t of Columbia .$31309-37800

A l a s k a ................................... . 3 0 ^ 0 8 - 3 6 5 7 6 1 a )

Texas ..................................... . 2 5 70 0 ( z )

O r e g o n ................................... . 2 3 2 9 2 - 2 9 7 3 6

M ichigan ............................. . 23156 - 2 8 4 3 9 ( a . z )

N o r t h C a r o l i n a .............. . 2 2 8 3 6 - 2 9 0 1 6 1 a )

I l l i n o i s ............................. . 2 2 6 8 0 - 3 1 0 6 8

U tah ........................................ . 2 1 9 4 8 - 3 2 0 5 2

N o r t h D a k o t a ................... . 2 0 1 2 4 - 2 6 9 6 4

W ashington ........................ . 1 9 5 0 0 - 2 4 8 7 6

New J e r s e y . ...................... . 1 9 4 2 8 - 2 6 2 2 5

Ca 1 i f o r n i a ........................ . 1 9 0 6 8 - 2 2 9 9 2

Montana ................................ . 1 8 9 2 2 - 2 2 5 2 8 ( a )

T e n n e s s e e ........................... . 1 8 9 1 2 - 2 6 3 1 6

Connec t 1 c u t ...................... . 18904 - 229901 a )

Co 1o r a d o ............................. . 1 8 6 2 4 - 2 4 9 7 2

P e n n s y 1 van i a ................... . 1 8 4 8 4 - 2 4 2 9 4

Indi a n a ................................ . 1 8 3 5 6 - 2 3 8 9 4

Ar i z o n a ................................ . 1 8 1 6 5 - 2 4 7 1 4

Rhode I s l a n d ................... . 1 8 0 6 3 - 2 0 5 4 7 ( a . z )

M assachusetts ................ . 1 8 0 3 9 - 2 2 8 7 5

V i r g i n i a .............................. . 1 7 9 0 0 - 2 4 5 0 0

W i s c o n s i n ........................... . 1 7 8 6 8 - 2 5 0 0 8

Kansas ................................... . 1 7 7 9 6 - 2 2 5 6 0

GeorqJ a ................................ . 1 7 5 8 6 - 2 3 1 9 0 ( a )

West V i r g i n i a ................ . 1 7 5 6 8 - 2 5 9 5 6

Iowa .................................. . . . . $ 1 7 5 2 4 - 24648( f

I d a h o ................................

M a r y 1 a n d ......................... . . . 1 71 12- 22478( b

Hawa i i ............................. a

O h i o . ................................ a

D e 1 a w a r e ........................ .... 16642-231861 a

F 1 or.i d a .......................... . . . . 1 6 6 2 0 - 2 3 1 3 5

Wyom i n g .......................... a

M a i n e .................................... 16556-19957( a

Nevada .............................. . . . 1649 0- 22861

Ok 1a h o m a ........................ a

A 1 a b a n u ..................... .. ,

Mi n n e s o t a ...................... . . . 16 17 6- 22 14 01 z

Nebraska ..................... .... 16044-22416

Sou t h C a r o l i n a . . . . . . . 15943 - 22670

V i r g i n I s 1 a n d s . . . .... 15497-19612

Mi s s o u r i ..................... .... 14592-19224

South Dakota .......... . . . . 14551 - 21578

M is s is s ip p i ............. ...• 14 53 2-2 04 72 1! a

New Ha mpsh1 r e . . . . . . . . 1 3 9 1 6 - 1 7 0 4 6 ( a

Kentucky .....................

Lou i s i a n a ................... .... 13788-21264

Vermont..< ................ .... 13078-190581d

A r k a n s a s ......................

Puerto R ic o ............. .... 12000-16800

Mean M in im u m S a la r y - $ 1 8 1 0 6

M ean M axim um S a l a r y * $ 2 3 7 8 8

Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, State Salary Survey, August 1976, p. 4.

1 0 4

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Figure A-21

TABLE 14.— Employees by Pay Group and Pay System, Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area, M ar. 31, 1974

[See headnote, table 1[

Annual—equivalent pay group

All employees General schedule Wage system Postal Service

Other acts and 

administrative 

determination

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

All groups______________ 297, 759 100.0 226,519 100.0 34, 784 100.0 16, 039 100.0 20,417 100.

Average salary:

Mean___________________ $15, 508 $16, 129 $10, 683 $12, 689 $19 05?

Median__________________ $12, 441 $13, 522 $10,157 $11,377 $16 046

Less than $999_______________ 4 0 1 0 3 o

$1,000 to $1,499_______________ 2 0 2 o

$1,500 to $1,999_______________ 6 0 ' 6 o

$2,000 to $2,499______________ 2 0 2 0

$2,500 to $2,999_______________ 11 0 11

$3,000 to $3,499_______________ 369 . 1 369 1.

$3,500 to $3,999_______________ 138 0 2 0 136

$4,000 to $4,499______________ 44 0 44

$4,500 to $4,999_______________ 19 0 4 0 15

$5,000 to $5,499_______________ 656 .2 618 .3 1 0 37

$13,000 to $13,499_____________ 4, 408 1.5 3, 358 1.5 581 1.7 149 .9 320 1.6

$13,500 to $13,999_____________ 4,161 1.4 3,027 1.3 526 1.5 223 1.4 380 1.9

$14,000 to $14,499_____________ 3,026 1.0 1,972 .9 434 1.2 146 .9 474 2.3

$14,500 to $14,999_____________ 8, 452 2.8 7,249 3.2 464 1.3 268 1.7 471 2.3

$15,000 to $15,499_____________ 5, 006 1.7 4,026 1.8 413 1.2 132 .8 435 2.1

$15,500 to $15,999_____________ 5,139 1.7 2, 507 1.1 2, 309 6.6 128 .8 195 1.0

$16,000 to $16,499_____________ 3, 621 1.2 3,037 1.3 290 .8 76 .5 218 1.1

$16,500 to $16,999_____________ 2,713 .9 2,154 1.0 143 .4 114 .7 302 1.5

$17,000 to $17,499_____________ 7,021 2.4 6, 417 2.8 147 .4 55 .3 402 2.0

$17,500 to $17,999_____________ 1,791 .6 1,244 .5 88 .3 127 .8 332 1.6

$18,000 to $18,499_____________ 3,839 1.3 3, 463 1.5 79 .2 72 .4 225 1.1

$18,500 to $18,999_____________ 2,895 1.0 2,602 1.1 135 .4 60 .4 98 .5

$19,000 to $19,499_____________ 4, 368 1.5 3, 965 1.8 173 .5 57 .4 173 .8

$19,500 to $19,999_____________ 2,864 1.0 2,604 1.1 58 .2 64 .4 138 .7

$20,000 to $20,999_____________ 7,959 2.7 7,181 3.2 50 .1 120 .7 608 3.0

$21,000 to $21,999_____________ 4, 272 1.4 3, 840 1.7 37 .1 107 .7 290 1.4

$22,000 to $22,999_____________ 8,714 2.9 8,103 3.6 9 0 114 .7 488 2.4

$23,000 to $23,999_____________ 4,708 1.6 4,105 1.8 4 0 95 .6 504 2.5

$24,000 to $24,999______ ____ _ . 8,709 2.9 7, 989 3.5 19 .1 85 .5 616 3.0

$25,000 to $25, 999_____________ 5, 939 2.0 5,462 2.4 8 0 109 .7 360 1.8

$26,000 to $26 999_____________ 5, 300 1.8 4, 925 2.2 71 .4 304 1.5

$27,000 to $27 999_____________ 3, 418 1.1 3,078 1.4 6 0 88 .5 246 1.2

$28,000 to $28,999_____________ 3, 642 1.2 3, 268 1.4 87 .5 287 1.4

$29,000 to $29,999_____________ 5,103 1.7 4, 657 2.1 2 0 72 .4 372 1.8

$30,000 and over_________ __ 21,110 7.1 16, 515 7.3 1 0 329 2.1 4, 265 20.9

Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Pay Structure o f the Federal Civil Service, March 31,1974, p. 29.

105

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Figure A-22

TABLE C-2 full - time white - cullar employment and average salary by patco

CATEGORY, OCCUPATION, MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AREA, AND SEX, OCTOBER 31, 1975

OCCUPATION WITHIN 

PATCO CATEGORY

ALL AREAS |

total MFN womfn ' i

CODES titles emplt AVG SAL EMPLT AVG SAL EMPLT AVG SAL

GRAND TOTAL 1,975,7*5 15,152 1,279,1*1 17,155 696,60* 11**75 /

PROFESSIONAL

00020 P commjnity planning 39* 23,568 3*3 2 * , * 39 51 17 , 9 0 5 ('

00060 P chaplain *78 21,393 *75 21,63* 3 1 9 , 6 0 * <•

00000 miscellaneous occupations 872 22,376 818 2 2 , 65 * 5* 18,000 »

00101 P SOCIAL SCIENCE 2,210 22,66* 1,557 23,557 653 20, 53* <■

00110 P ECONOMIST *,95* 23, 588 *,317 2*,169 637 1 9 , 6 5 0 <.

00130 P foreign AFFAIRS 2,283 25,868 2*012 26,582 271 20*566 |

00131 P international relations 71 2 8 , **9 60 29,8*1 11 20*858

00135 P FOREIGN AGRI AFFAIRS 136 31,383 13* 31,553 2 19,386 /

00 1 AO P MANPOWER RES AND ANALYSIS 56 27 , 32 7 ** 2 8 , 1 5 * 12 2**256 >

00150 P GEOGRAPHY 1*8 20, 83* 122 21, 760 26 16**87

00170 P HISTORY *73 22,313 389 23,256 8* 17*897 1.

00180 P PSYCHOLOGY 2 , 8 6 * 2 3 , 9 * 8 2 , **6 2*,532 *18 20*528 1

0018* P SOCIOLOGY 85 22,651 58 2*,191 27 19*3**

00185 P SDCIAL WOR< 3,038 18,988 1,705 19,*?5 1*333 18**31 .►

00190 P general anthropology 6* 25, 687 52 2 6, 538 12 22*127 >

00193 P ARCHEOLOGY 101 18,115 86 1 9 , 3 1 0 15 1 1 , 2 6 *

00100 SOCIAL SCI PSYCH WELFARE 1 6 , * 8 3 23,001 12,982 23,958 3*501 1 9 , * 5 0 <|

Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Manpower Statistics Division, Occupations o f Federal

White-Collar Workers, October 31, 1974 and 1975, p. 18.

1 0 6

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Figure A-23

table 6 — FEDERAL CIv111 an EMPLOYMENT and COMPENSATION By BRANCH/ AGENCy, ANO AREA AS UF JULy 1976

TOTAL/ ALL AREAS UNITED states WASHINGTON/ U,C, SMSA

AGENCY employment compensation employment COMPENSATION empluyment COMPENSATION

TOTAL/ ALL AGENCIES.... ............................. 2/901/791 3,704,934,035 2/775/064 3,608,483,082 361/606 5 4 8 „ 3 5 5 , 221

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH................. .. < 3 9 , 7 2 8 ) ( 5 1 , 5 7 1 , 5 0 7 ) ( 3 9 , 6 5 2 , ( 5 1 , 4 4 1 , 4 9 6 , ( 37,131 ( 4 9 , 9 6 6 , 4 9 1 )

CONGRESS,, . , , , , , , .................... ( 18/356) ( 23/593/389) ( 18/356) ( 23/593/389, ( 18/356, ( 23/593/389,

UNITED STATES SENATE,..,.......... 7/009 8/780/230 7/009 8/780/230 7/009 8/780/230

U,S, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,,..,,, 11/347 14/913/159 11/347 14/813/159 11/347 14/813/159

ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL,,.......... 2/153 2/542/839 2/153 2/542,839 2/153 2/542/839

BUtaNIC garden,.,.................. 62 79/946 62 79,946 62 79/946

CUST accounting standards board,,..... 39 82/694 39 82/694 39 82/694

GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE,,.,,.,,... 5/ <*65 8/143/276 5/395 8/027/475 3/437 5/076/516

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.... , . . , , , 8/ 306 ,0/976/546 

5/755/030

8/3O6 ^0# 8 76 j 5<»6 7/743 1*3/ 352/ 500 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS................. 4/934 4/928 5/740/820 4/928 5/740/820

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE.,.......

NATIONAL STUDY COMMISSION,..........

216 179/175

3/179

216 179,175

3/179

216 179/175

3/179

UNITED STATES TAX COURT............ 197 315/433 197 315/433 197 315/433

JUDICIAL BRANCH',,,.... ...... .......... ( 1lr 255) ( 1&/317/172) ( 11/133) ( 16/144/170) ( 1/539) 5 2/190/754)

SUPREME COURT,,..... ....... .......... 316 425/908 316 425/908 316 425/908

UNITED STATES COURTS............. ... 10/939 15/991/264 10/817 15/718/262 1/223 1/764/846

EXECUTIVE BRANCH............................... ( 2 , 8 5 0 , 8 0 8 ) (3 ,637,045,356) { 2 , 7 2 4 , 2 7 9 ) (3,540,897,416) ( 3 2 2 , 9 3 6 ) ( 4 9 8 , 1 9 7 , 9 7 6 )

executive office of the presidenti

WHITE HOUSE OFFICE,.,,,............ 530 911/571 530 a 1 1 / 5 7 I 530 BH/5 7 I

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT........ 24 44/512 24 44/512 24 44/512

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET,.... 727 1/970/076 727 1/870/076 727 1/870/076

COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS,...,... 38 97/509 30 97/509 38 97/509

CITIZENS! ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.... ............ 1 3/ 199 1 3/ 199 1 3/ 199

council on environmental quality....

COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC

63 108/944 63 108/944 63 108/944

POLICY.................................................. 37 59/083 37 59,083 37 59/083

COUNCIL ON WAGE ANO PRICE STABILITY,,, 56 96/731 56 96/731 56 96/731

DOMESTIC COUNCIL,...... . ................ 49 131/717 49 131/717 49 131/717

EXECUTIVE MANSION AND gROUNDS, . 82 120/976 82 120/976 82 120/976

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL,..,,... , , .

OFFICE OF SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR

91 152/676 91 152/676 91 152/676

TRADE NEGOT I T I AT IONS..........., , , 47 97/863 47 97/863 47 97/863

OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,,, 94 155/700 94 155/700 94 155/700

STATE (INCLUDES AID),,,.,,.......... 30/317 36/658/243 10/759 17/196/425 9/522 15/309/332

Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Bureau of Manpower Information Systems, Federal Civilian Manpower Statistics,

M onthly Release, October 1976, p. 16.

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Figure A-24

COMP ENS AT I ON

GROUP

I E X E C U T I V E S . O F F I C I A L S AND STAFF A S S I S T A N T S .

I I P R O F E S S I O N A L , C L E R I C A L . AND G E N E R A L .....................

I l l M A I N T E N A N C E OF WAY AND S T R U C T U R E S ...........................

I V M A I N T EN A N C E OF E Q U I P M E N T AND S T O R E S ....................

V T R A N S P O R T A T I O N ( O T H E R THAN T R A I N ,

EN G IN E. AND Y A R D ) .......................................................................

V I- A TRANSPORTATION ( YARDMASTERS,

SWITCH TENOERS, AND H O S T L E R S ) .................................

V I - B T R A N S P O R T AT I O N ( T R A I N AND EN GI NE S E R V I C E ) .

ALL EMPLOYEES (E XC LUDIN G SWITCHING

AND TERMINAL C O M P A N I E S ) ....................................................

ALL EMPLOYEES (IN C L U D I N G SWITCHING

AND TERMINAL C O M P A N I E S ) ....................................................

STRAIGHT

TIME

P A I D FOR 1 C O H P E N -

PERCENT AVERAGE

OF T O T A L S T R A I G H T

TIME

OVERTIME PERCENT AVERAGE

P A I D OF T OTAL O V E R T I M E

FOR 2 C GMP E N - RATES

SAT ION RATES SATION

(H) ( 1 ) ( J ) (K) (L) (Ml

* 3 5 .1 5 5 .4 0 7 98.92 11.967 *2.651 . 0 1 *22.381

1 1 6 ,3 5 2 .1 5 7 87.78 6 . 9 5 6 5 , 7 5 2 , 3 5 9 3. 58 9 .6 5 6

9 2 .7 1 7 ,6 2 7 83.31 6 .2 3 6 1 1 , 0 5 0 . 0 1 7 9. 93 9.351

115. 111.C02 85.82 6 .8 2 5 7 ,6 7 9 ,5 7 2 5.66 10.536

3 2.359,399 83.18 6 .827 2 .2 5 2 .5 5 3 5.79 9.9C8

10,529,201 80.35 7.698 1.052,562 7.95 11.070

1 7 5,029,289 70.85 6.658 2 1 .9 9 7 ,2 9 0 8.9b 9 .9 7 3

5 7 6 ,2 5 5 ,0 7 2 80.85 6 . 8 8 6 5 8 ,7 6 6 .7 9 5 6.85 9.876

5 9 3 .6 0 1 ,8 1 5 80.72 6.895 5 0 ,9 9 1 ,1 7 0 6.93 9 . 9 C 1

Source: Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Accounts, Wage Statistics o f Class / Railroads in the United States (No. 300),

June 1976, p. 2.

Figure A-25

T ab le 2 . M edian a n n u a l s a l a r i e s o f th e 1970 s c ie n c e and e n g in e e r in g la b o r f o r c e by f i e l d and ty p e o f e m p lo y e r: 1974

F ie ld

T o ta l

Type o f em ployer

No r e p o r t

B u sin e ss

and

in d u s tr y

U n iv e rs i t y & 

4 -y e a r 

c o lle g e

2 -y e a r

c o lle g e

O th er

e d u c a ­

t i o n a l

instw

H o s p ita l

o r

c l i n i c

F e d e r a l

G overnment

S ta te

g o v e rn ­

ment

L o ca l

g o v e rn ­

ment

O th er

g o v e rn ­

ment

Nonp r o f i t

o r g a n iz a tio n s O th er

T o t a l ................................................................. $ 1 9 ,300 $19,000 $19 ,4 0 0 $ 1 7 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,0 0 0 $ 17,500 $ 2 1 ,7 0 0 $16,400 $ 1 8 ,9 0 0 $19 ,4 0 0 $2 0 , 1 0 0 $19 ,6 0 0 $ 2 5 ,1 0 0

P h y s ic a l s c i e n t i s t s ................................ 1 9 ,5 0 0 19,700 1 8 ,7 0 0 17 ,6 0 0 (1) 1 8 ,3 0 0 2 1 ,7 0 0 1 5 ,6 0 0 1 8 ,2 0 0 1 8 ,2 0 0 2 1 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,5 0 0 (1)

C h e m is ts..................................................... 18 ,9 0 0 19,000 1 8 ,7 0 0 17 ,7 0 0 (1) 1 7 ,7 0 0 2 0 ,3 0 0 1 4,300 1 6 ,5 0 0 1 8 ,3 0 0 1 8,300 1 8 ,4 0 0 (1)

P h y s ic is t s / a s t r o n o m e r s .................... 2 1 ,3 0 0 2 2,300 18 ,5 0 0 17 ,4 0 0 (1) (1) 2 2 ,6 0 0 1 8 ,9 0 0 (1) (1) 2 3 ,5 0 0 2 1 ,9 0 0 (1)

O th er p h y s ic a l s c i e n t i s t s ............ 2 1 ,7 0 0 2 1,600 1 8 ,0 0 0 ( i ) (1) (1) 2 3 ,9 0 0 ( i ) 2 0 ,0 0 0 (1) (1) 2 2 ,6 0 0 (1)

M a th e m a tic a l s c i e n t i s t s ...................... 1 9 ,8 0 0 20,700 1 9 ,4 0 0 16 ,0 0 0 (1) (1) 21 ,7 0 0 1 5,000 1 7 ,0 0 0 (1) 2 3 ,1 0 0 2 0 ,7 0 0 (1)

M a th e m a tic ia n s ....................................... 1 9 ,7 0 0 2 1 ,8 0 0 1 9 ,2 0 0 1 6,000 (1) (1) 2 0 ,9 0 0 U ) 1 6 ,8 0 0 (1) 2 3 ,9 0 0 2 0 ,2 0 0 (1)

S t a t i s t i c i a n s ......................................... 2 0 ,0 0 0 2 0,200 2 0 ,2 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 2 3 ,2 0 0 1 4,200 1 7 ,4 0 0 (1) (1) 2 1 ,8 0 0 (1)

C om puter s p e c i a l i s t s ............................. 1 8 ,4 0 0 1 8,200 1 7 ,0 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 2 0 ,9 0 0 1 5,700 1 8 ,3 0 0 1 9 ,5 0 0 1 7 ,8 0 0 1 9 ,3 0 0 (1)

E n v iro n m e n ta l s c i e n t i s t s .................... 2 0 ,1 0 0 2 0 ,2 0 0 1 9 ,3 0 0 18 ,1 0 0 (1) U ) 2 1 ,4 0 0 1 4,900 1 9 ,7 0 0 2 0 ,8 0 0 (1 ) 1 9 ,3 0 0 (1)

E a r th s c i e n t i s t s .................................. 1 9 ,7 0 0 2 0 ,2 0 0 18 ,8 0 0 18 ,1 0 0 (1) (1 ) 2 0 ,6 0 0 1 4,700 1 8 ,9 0 0 2 0 ,8 0 0 (1 ) 1 8 ,8 0 0 (1)

O c e a n o g ra p h e rs ....................................... 2 0 ,7 0 0 (1) 2 1 ,4 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 2 2 ,1 0 0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1 ) (1)

A tm o sp h eric s c i e n t i s t s .................... 2 2 ,3 0 0 (1) 20 ,9 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 2 2 ,8 0 0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1 )

E n g in e e r s ........................................................ 1 9 ,4 0 0 1 9,000 2 0 ,8 0 0 18 ,5 0 0 19 ,7 0 0 (1) 22 ,3 0 0 1 7,400 1 9 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,3 0 0 2 0 ,7 0 0 1 9 ,7 0 0 (1)

L if e s c i e n t i s t s ......................................... 1 7 ,8 0 0 1 8 ,3 0 0 1 9 ,2 0 0 1 6,500 13 ,6 0 0 15 ,2 0 0 17 ,7 0 0 1 3 ,9 0 0 1 5 ,0 0 0 (1) 1 5 ,6 0 0 1 7 ,0 0 0 (1)

B io lo g ic a l s c i e n t i s t s ...................... 1 7 ,9 0 0 1 8,900 19 ,0 0 0 15 ,7 0 0 1 3 ,4 0 0 (1 ) 18 ,8 0 0 1 4,100 1 5 ,4 0 0 (1) 1 6,000 1 6 ,8 0 0 (1)

A g r ic u lt u r a l s c i e n t i s t s ................. 1 7 ,1 0 0 1 7,900 1 8 ,6 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 1 7 ,1 0 0 1 3,400 1 4 ,7 0 0 (1) (1) 2 0 ,1 0 0 (1)

M ed ica l s c i e n t i s t s ............................. 1 9 ,7 0 0 ( i ) 20 ,7 0 0 (1) (1) 15 ,7 0 0 25 ,0 0 0 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 7 ,6 0 0 (1)

P s y c h o l o g is t s.............................................. 1 9 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,6 0 0 1 9 ,3 0 0 1 8,300 19 ,4 0 0 18 ,3 0 0 2 2,700 17,700 1 8 ,4 0 0 (1) 2 1 ,3 0 0 2 5 ,7 0 0 (1)

S o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s ..................................... 2 0 ,2 0 0 2 4 ,3 0 0 2 0 ,1 0 0 18 ,2 0 0 19 ,7 0 0 16 ,4 0 0 24 .6 0 0 14,100 1 7 ,9 0 0 2 5 ,5 0 0 1 7 ,5 0 0 2 0 ,8 0 0 (1)

E c o n o m is ts ................................................. 2 2 ,3 0 0 2 4 ,5 0 0 2 1 ,1 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 24 ,6 0 0 1 6,700 2 1 ,4 0 0 (1) 2 3 ,4 0 0 2 3 ,7 0 0 (1)

S o c i o l o g i s t s / a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s . . . 1 9 ,0 0 0 (1) 19 ,4 0 0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

O th e r s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s ............ 1 8 ,6 0 0 2 3 ,6 0 0 19 ,9 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 2 4 ,7 0 0

_____

1 2,700 1 7 ,5 0 0 (1) 1 6 ,7 0 0 (1) (1)

(1 ) L ess th a n 20 c a s e s r e p o r t i n g s a la r y

Source: National Science Foundation, "National Sample of Scientists and Engineers: Median Annual Salaries, 1974," Science

Resources Studies Highlights, December 1975.

108

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-26

TABLE 6.30 - PERSONNEL, PAYROLL, AND AVERAGE SALARY OF CERTIFICATED ROUTE AIR CARRIERS BY TYPE OF SERVICE AND CARRIER GROUP: 1974 ]_/

Type of Service and Carrier Group Total Pilots and 

Copilots

Other 

FIight 

Personnel

Pursers, 

Stewards, 

Stewardesses

Communications

Personnel

Mechanics 2/

Ai rcraft 

and Traffic 

Servicing 

Personnel

Office

Employees All Other

Personnel

Total ................................. 305.301 26,045 7,431 41 .426 1 ,713 46,581 88,103 59,600 34,402

Domestic passenger/cargo--total .. 260,453 23,580 6,075 36,209 1,094 41,044 75,280 49,781 27,390

Trunk carriers ............................... 226,146 19,429 5,922 32,501 951 36,424 63,001 43,290 24,628

Local service carriers ............... 29,337 3,712 84 3,270 112 3,881 10,570 5,536 2,172

Intra-Alaska carriers ................. 2,339 216 69 182 17 378 815 367 295

Intra-Hawaii carriers ................. 2,231 176 — 239 12 240 770 524 270 Helicopter carriers ..................... 400 47 . . . 17 2 121 124 64 25

International and Territorial

passenger/cargo carriers ............ 38,670 1 ,928 1,054 5,103 574 4,630 10,644 8,527 6,210

All-cargo carriers ........................... 6,022 518 291 114 43 876 2,118 1 ,264 798

Other carriers ................................... 156 i£ n. —

2 31 6J 28 4

Annual Payroll ($000)

Total ................................. 4,948.620 994.883 202.139 431.819 20,099 773.325 1.231.180 766,516 528,659

Domestic passenger/cargo--total .. 4,277,015 887,146 161 ,420 371,369 14,440 681 ,386 1 ,086,328 647,1 10 427,816

Trunk carriers ............................... 3,729,734 749,997 159,013 336,559 12,757 605,311 912,978 566,025 387,094

Local service carriers ............... 474,627 124,561 687 31,202 1 ,311 63,641 150,144 69,174 33,907

Intra-Alaska carriers ................. 35,200 5,897 1 ,720 1 ,333 214 6,805 11 ,538 4,719 2,974

Intra-Hawaii carriers ................. 31,974 5,764 — 2,120 142 3,921 10,187 6,355 3,485 Helicopter carriers ..................... 5,480 927 . . . 155 16 1 ,708 1 ,481 837 356

International and Territorial

passenger/cargo carriers ........... 574,214 86,723 33,507 59,408 5,276 78,897 117,468 101,220 91,715

All-cargo carriers ........................... 95,807 20,664 7,152 1 ,042 365 12,667 26,903 17,911 9,103

Other carriers ................................... 1 ,584 350 60 —

X8 375 481 275 25

Average Annual Salary

Total ................................. 16,209 38,199 27,202 10,424 11 ,733 16,602 13,974 12,861 15,367

Domestic passenger/cargo--total .. 16,421 37,623 26,571 10,256 13,199 16,601 14,430 12,999 15,619

Trunk carriers ............................... 16,493 38,602 26,851 10,355 13,414 16,618 14,491 13,075 15,718

Local service carriers ............... 16,178 33,556 8,179 9,542 11,705 16,398 14,205 12,495 15,611

Intra-Alaska carriers ................. 15,049 27,301 24,928 7,324 12,588 18,003 14,157 12,858 10,081

Intra-Hawaii carriers ................. 14,332 32,750 — 8,870 11,833 16,338 13,230 12,128 12,907

Helicopter carriers ..................... 13,700 19,723 . . . 9,118 8,000 14,116 11,944 13,078 14,240

International and Territorial

passenger/cargo carriers ............ 14,849 44,981 31,790 11,642 9,192 17,040 11,036 11 ,871 14,769

All-cargo carriers ........................... 15,909 39,892 24,577 9,140 8,488 14,460 12,702 14,170 11,407

Other carriers ................................... 10,154 18,421 5,455 —

9,000 12,097 7,885 9,821 6,250

X/ Based on average number of employees at beginning and end of last payroll period.

2/ Includes mechanics and other maintenance personnel.

Source: Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook o f Aviation, 1974, p. 82.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-27

MASTERS, MATES, AND PILOTS - PACIFIC DISTRICT

D O C U M E N T D A T E D

I N C R E A S E G R A N T E D

E F F E C T I V E D A T E

6- 9-6 6

2 \%

6 - 1 6 - 6 6

6 - 3 0 - 6 7

W

6 - 1 6 - 6 7

9-13-68

u* y

6-16-68

R A T I N G S A N D P O W E R

T O N N A G E C L A S S I F I C A T I O N M O N T H L Y B A S E W A G E R A T E S

C l a s s D ( 5 , 0 0 1 to 7 , 500

S i n g l e Screw) (3,501 to 5 , 5 0 0

T w i n Screw)

M a s t e r

F i r s t O f f i c e r

S e c o n d O f f i c e r

T h i r d O f f icer

$ 1 , 2 7 5 . 6 1

7U6.U3

6 6 0 . 0 0

6 0 0 . 2 8

$ 1 , 3 7 2 . 3 2

803.07

7 1 0 . 0 5

6U 5.80

$ 1 , 7 6 8 . 7 8 ® /

1 , 0 5 3 . 5 9 2 /

7 3 8 . U 5

671.63

C l a s s E (Less t h a n 5 , 0 0 1 S i n g l d

Screw) (Less t h a n 3 , 5 0 1 Twin

Screw)

M a s t e r

F i r s t Of f i c e r

S e c o n d O f f i c e r

T h i r d O f f i c e r

l , 2 75-6U

732. 0 0

6 U 5.57

5 8 5.86

1 ,372.32

787.52

6 9 U . 5 6

630.33

1 ,768.78®/

1 , 0 3 7 . U 2 2/

7 2 2 . 3U

6 5 5 - 5U

H O U R L Y O V E R T I M E R A T E U . 3 3 U . U 3 U .53

U. S. P o rts w h e n c a r g o a c t i v i t y is

i n v o l v e d - ov e r t i m e rate U . 8 U U . 9 5 5 . 1 5

H O U R L Y P E N A L T Y R A T E 3.07 U.U 3 U . 5 3

N O N - W A T C H S T A N D E R S M O N T H L Y P A Y ? / 1 5 3 . 2 1 2 1 0 . 0 0 218 . U O

R E L I E F O F F I C E R S - H O U R L Y R A T E ® /

( W h e n cargo a c t i v i t y is involved)

U.3 3

h.Qh

U . U 3

U . 9 5

U . 6 1

5.15

P i l o t s - (Em p l o y e d as r e g u l a r c r e w

m e m b e r s on s h ips in th e A l a s k a t r a d e ) 8 U 0.03 9 0 3 . 7 0 9 3 9 . 8 5

Wage increased 2%% plus 5.212%.

Except base wages of Masters which were increased to reflect the same percentage differential

th a t e x is te d b e tw e e n M asters a n d C h ie f E n g in eers as o f 6 -1 6 - 6 7 .

Includes non-watch pay.

a Additional sum paid monthly to non-watchstanding officers.

Receive a minimum of 7 hours pay for each call.

Source: U.S. Maritime Administration, Office of Maritime Manpower, Seafaring Wage Rates,

December 1968, April 1969, p. 59.

110

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-28

Table 1

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF PRIVATE NONINSURED PENSION FUNDS

(Killions of Dollars)

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Total Receipts

tnincv

14,151 13,195 17,545 20,070 19,673 21,063 26,583

Employer Contributions 7,702 8,487 9,717 11,324 12,745 14,368 16,971 19,828

Employee Contributions 893 1,011 1,074 1,120 1,199 1,273 1,460 1,604

Investment Income 3,193 3,549 3,866 4,102 4,302 4,843 5,982 6,703

Net Profit (Loss) on Sale of Assets 1,265 991 (1,592) 904 1,723 (924 ) (3,477) (1,659)

Other Receipts 99 113 130 95 101 ^ 3 127 107

Total Disbursements 4,621 5,428 6,180 7,263 8,493 9,539 11,030 12,597

Benefits Paid Out 4,503 5,290 6,030 7,083 8,297 9,313 10,740 12,334

Expenses and Other Disbursements 118 138 150 180 196 226 290 263

Net Receipts 8,531 8,723 7,015 10,282 11,577 10,134 10,033 13,936

NOTE: Includes deferred profit sharing funds and pension funds of corporations, unions, and multiemployer groups, and

nonprofit organizations.

Source: Securities and Exchange Commission, 1975 Survey o f Private Noninsured Pension Funds, 1976, table 1.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-29

Table 296. Occupation of the Male Experienced Civilian Labor Force by Earnings in 1969 and Race, for Regions: 1970

[Data based on sample, see text. For minimum base for derived figures (percent., median, etc.) and meaning of symbols, see text]

R e g io n s

M a le s w ith e a rn in g s in 1 9 69

M e d ia n e a rn in g s 

(d o lla rs )

T o to l. 

16 y e a rs 

o ld o n d 

o v e r

$1 to 

$ 1 ,9 9 9 

o r lo s s

$ 2 ,0 0 0

to

$ 3 ,9 9 9

$ 4 ,0 0 0

to

$ 4 ,9 9 9

$ 5 ,0 0 0

to

$ 5 ,9 9 9

$ 6 ,0 0 0

to

$ 6 ,9 9 9

$ 7 ,0 0 0

to

$ 7 ,9 9 9

$ 8 ,0 0 0

to

$ 9 ,9 9 9

$ 1 0 ,0 0 0

to

$ 1 4 ,9 9 9

$ 1 5 ,0 0 0

o r

m o re

A ll

e a rn e rs

E a rn e rs 

w o rk e d 

5 0 to 52 

w e e k s

NORTHEAST

T otal •

txp«ri«m»d ctvifian labor fore* _ 12 OM 604 097 615 915 395 644 704 970 499 139 693 283 871 1 139 91* 2 S22 663 1370 246 7 993 1 *56

P refessieeel, te d m ie d , eed tie d re d w e rfc e rs __________________ 1 890 775 94 466 100 603 47 777 66 (09 90 334 123 334 280 013 593 (93 494 546 11 19t 12 1S6

A c c o u n t a n t s __________________________________________________________ 1 5 5 9 0 5 5 49 8 6 0 3 2 3 3 2 7 4 9 8 6 6 9 9 5 10 5 5 9 2 6 231 5 5 0 4 4 3 7 23 3 11 301 11 9 7 3

A r c h ite c ts ^ ____ __________________________________________________________ 14 8 8 6 4 8 8 53 9 2 8 6 35 5 33 7 45 8 1 27 9 4 8 3 7 6 30 7 13 8 2 6 14 6 1 9

C o m p u te r s p e c ia lis ts __________ ______ ________________________________ 6 2 195 2 0 5 8 2 2 7 4 1 4 3 7 1 9 3 5 2 4 4 0 3 7 3 6 10 3 3 8 2 6 0 6 5 11 9 1 2 11 3 2 0 11 9 4 3

E n g in e e rs ________ _______ ______ _______ ____________________________ 3 2 7 181 5 9 4 3 5 0 7 9 3 2 6 6 5 6 4 3 5 641 9 4 9 4 3 3 72 0 141 3 7 4 11 7 021 13 35 3 13 7 0 4

A e ro n a u tic a l a n d a s t r o n a u t ic a l_____________________________________ 13 185 231 163 143 198 201 2 2 5 8 5 5 5 50 8 5 661 14 15 4 14 5 7 3

C i v i l _______ __________________________________________________________ 4 0 6 8 5 8 4 8 75 8 6 8 9 8 7 9 9 3 4 1 4 5 9 4 6 8 6 17 341 13 091 12 9 0 9 13 3 7 4

E le c tric a l a n d e le c tr o n ic _____________________________________________ 8 3 861 1 4 8 2 1 3 2 8 74 6 1 4 8 9 1 125 1 8 7 0 6 6 7 2 3 5 651 3 3 4 9 8 13 8 1 7 14 170

M e c h a n ic a l____________________________________________________________ 4 8 751 7 3 0 6 6 4 3 7 9 74 3 7 6 7 1 2 0 9 4 54 7 21 9 0 4 17 8 0 8 13 501 13 8 2 0

O th e r e n g in e e rs _______________ ____________________________________ 14 0 6 9 9 2 6 5 2 2 166 1 3 0 9 2 33 4 2 6 1 4 4 731 16 9 6 0 6 0 9 7 0 4 6 9 6 3 13 0 8 2 13 4 0 3

L a w y e rs a n d | u d g e s ____ . _ __________ _________ ___________ _________ 78 4 7 7 2 2 4 7 2 6 6 0 1 0 7 3 1 551 1 35 8 1 9 9 2 3 9 9 6 14 3 0 9 4 9 291 1 5 0 0 0 + 1 5 0 0 0 +

Life an d p h y s ic a l s c ie n tis ts _____________________________________________ 4 6 371 1 2 6 9 1 6 4 7 8 6 2 1 211 1 431 2 4 3 7 6 58 8 16 4 7 3 14 4 5 3 12 3 4 9 12 9 1 4

C h e m is ts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 9 5 4 8 1 7 9 5 5 53 7 83 2 99 2 1 7 5 6 4 9 8 2 12 0 3 7 9 0 4 6 12 121 12 6 5 3

P h y s ic ia n s , d e n tis ts , an d re la te d p r o c titio n e r s _______________________ 142 29 9 4 2 0 8 4 749 2 911 2 9 3 4 3 120 4 58 3 10 4 4 8 25 75 6 8 3 59 0 1 5 0 0 0 + 1 5 0 0 0 +

D e n tis ts ___________ ______ _______ ____________________________________ 2 7 0 9 5 6 9 3 70 3 3 6 6 54 8 44 9 501 1 190 3 9 3 3 18 71 2 1 5 0 0 0 + 15 0 0 0 +

P h a rm a c is ts ___________________________________________________________ 2 6 0 2 4 1 54 6 1 162 5 8 4 6 9 9 77 3 1 3 5 8 3 35 2 10 2 9 7 6 25 3 11 71 8 12 30 3

P h y s ic io n s . m e d ic a l an d o s t e o p a th ic _______________ __________ 77 28 6 1 521 2 3 8 4 1 6 8 8 1 3 3 4 1 4 7 4 2 2 8 3 4 98 8 9 195 52 4 1 9 15 0 0 0 + 15 0 0 0 +

O th e r re lo te d p r o c titio n e r s __________ ______________________________ 11 8 9 4 4 4 8 50 0 27 3 3 5 3 4 2 4 441 9 1 8 2 331 6 2 0 6 1 5 0 0 0 + 1 5 0 0 0 +

H e o lth te c h n o lo g is ts an d te c h n ic ia n s __ _____________ ______________ 18 71 6 2 2 6 5 - 2 061 9 6 5 1 52 4 1 9 3 2 1 9 6 7 2 8 7 7 3 37 5 1 75 0 7 311 8 351

R eligio us w o r k e r s _______________________________________________________ 4 3 8 1 8 5 9 1 8 8 831 3 3 3 4 4 3 6 8 4 9 8 8 4 178 5 147 4 9 4 5 2 109 5 8 7 6 6 161

S ocial s c ie n tis ts ___ ______ _______________________________________________ 2 7 7 2 0 941 9 4 8 5 2 7 57 5 8 4 0 9 0 0 2 74 8 8 47 8 11 76 3 13 76 3 14 6 5 8

S o cial an d re c re a tio n w o r k e r s _______ ______ ______________________ 31 9 5 2 3 33 8 2 4 8 2 9 0 8 1 5 1 7 2 471 3 9 6 8 7 381 7 6 2 0 2 26 7 8 3 5 0 9 135

T e a c h e rs _____________________________ __ ______________________________ 3 1 3 4 6 5 19 4 9 0 2 4 9 8 0 9 0 3 2 10 0 1 9 2 0 174 2 7 158 57 129 101 0 9 4 4 4 38 9 9 60 6 10 9 8 3

C ollege a n d u n iv e r s ity . _______________ ___________ ___________________ 8 3 156 6 0 7 6 6 8 6 7 2 50 0 2 291 2 221 2 9 0 8 8 8 6 4 2 5 6 1 6 2 5 81 3 11 9 2 3 13 80 0

E le m e n ta ry a n d p r e k m d e r g o r te n __________ ________ _____________ 6 4 56 8 4 6 9 3 6 176 2 25 8 2 56 6 6 2 0 3 7 9 9 9 13 591 17 4 4 3 3 63 9 8 35 2 9 258

S e c o n d a ry ____________________________________________________________ 14 6 4 9 5 6 0 6 5 10 192 3 4 2 7 4 0 5 3 10 4 2 3 14 67 2 31 2 7 5 53 4 1 7 12 951 9 56 0 10 301

E n gin ee rin g a n d scien ce te c h n ic ia n s ___ __ ____________________________ 19 7 3 7 0 8 94 7 10 841 6 36 3 11 2 2 8 17 0 3 3 2 3 7 7 5 5 0 541 56 6 5 8 11 98 4 8 811 9 271

D ra fts m e n o n d s u rv e y o rs ____________________________________________ 8 8 4 3 4 4 0 5 7 5 6 6 0 3 36 7 5 59 0 7 6 2 8 9 9 8 0 2 0 841 2 6 321 4 9 9 0 8 761 9 29 6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census o f Population: Detailed Characteristics, United States Summary, PC( 1 )-D1,

February 1973, vol. 1, part 1, section 2, p. 1316.

1 1 2

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NUMBER

(THOUSANDS)

60 102

3 901

700

6 29*1

814

130

4 098

1 252

16 005

3 062

1 309

9 973

1 662

10 268

1 975

724

6 542

1 027

5 737

1 086

584

3 431

635

4 621

804

476

2 689

653

2 753

703

859

847

344

XXUPATIO N OF LONGEST JOB IN 1 9 74-C IV IL IA N WORKERS 14

IN 1974, BY SEX AND WORK EXPERIENCE

YEARS OLD AND OVER BY TOTAL MONEY EARNINGS

(Persons 14 years old and over as of March 1975)

N U M B E R

WITH

E A R N ­

INGS

( T H 0 U S . )

P E R C E N T D I S T R I B U T I O N M E D I A N

E A R N ­

INGS

( D O L ­

LARS)

MEA N

E A R N ­

INGS

(D O L ­

LARS)

TOTAL

$1 TO

$499

OR L O S S

$500

TO

$999

$ 1 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 1 , 4 9 9

4 1 / 5 0 0

TO

$ 1 / 9 9 9

$ 2 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 2 , 4 9 9

$ 2 , 5 0 0

TO

$ 2 , 9 9 9

$ 3 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 3 , 9 9 9

$ 4 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 4 , 9 9 9

$ 5 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 5 , 9 9 9

$ 6 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 6 , 9 9 9

$ 7 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 7 , 9 9 9

$ 8 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 9 , 9 9 9

$ 1 0 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 1 4 , 9 9 9

$ 1 5 , 0 0 0

TO

$ 2 4 , 9 9 9

$ 2 5 , 0 0 0

AND

OVE R

59 752 100.0 6.4 4.2 3.1 2.6 3.1 1 .° 4.1 3.9 4 .8 4.8 5.5 10.8 24 , 8 15.7 4.5 9 064 9 853

3 692 100.0 26 . 2 8.6 6.2 4.2 5.2 2.5 6. 0 5.4 6 .5 5.0 3.5 4.8 7.2 5.8 2.8 2 458 5 001

70 0 i o o .o 1.8 1.2 0.7 3.0 2.0 0.5 3.0 3.2 2.6 3.6 3.3 8.2 44 , 6 18.6 3.7 11 903 11 862

6 27 7 100.0 4.4 9.1 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.1 5.0 4. 6 5. 7 6.2 6.2 I P . 7 22.3 15.5 3.0 8 537 9 359

811 100.0 3. 0 1.9 2.1 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.2 4.8 3.4 6.7 22 . 7 31 . 6 17.1 19 719 16 449

130 100.c 1.2 2.5 2.8 1.6 2.7 1.3 5.1 1.3 4. 6 5.0 8.2 14.0 26,6 19.6 3.6 9 971 10 608

4 086 ioo.o 2.6 3.2 2.6 1.9 3.2 1.5 5.3 4.2 6.2 6.2 6.6 13.9 25.6 15.9 1.1 8 949 9 216

1 25 0 100.0 11.3 8. 9 5.3 ^.2 5.0 4.3 6. 9 7.9 7.1 7.1 6 . 2 12.3 10.5 2.9 . 4 516 5 072

15 993 100.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.4 3.2 3.2 4. 5 4.9 6.2 13.3 32,0 17.9 3.8 10 586 10 896

3 062 ioo.o 0 . 7 0. 5 0. 5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 6.4 28,8 38. 5 15.3 15 981 17 148

1 302 100.0 5.8 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.6 0.8 3.4 2.1 3.9 2.4 5.2 14.4 33.7 17.6 4.3 10 838 10 772

9 968 100.0 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.4 3 .3 3.5 4.6 5.9 7.4 15.2 35.1 13.9 0.8 9 985 9 743

1 662 100.0 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.9 3.9 6.9 5.9 9. 0 6.6 7.5 13.5 18,0 3.8 0.5 5 982 6 397

10 265 100.0 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 3.1 3.2 4. 3 4.6 5.9 13.7 33.2 18.8 3.6 10 850 11 073

1 975 100.0 0.7 0. 3 0 .3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.6 1 .9 2.2 6.1 29 . 7 39. 3 19.5 15 954 17 033

723 100.0 2.1 0.2 0 .7 1.3 1.9 0.5 2.5 2.7 3.7 3.0 4.6 16.0 38.3 19.1 3.4 11 403 11 356

6 540 100.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.2 3.2 3.5 4. 7 5.3 7 .0 15.5 35.7 14.9 0.9 10 211 9 937

1 027 100.0 5.0 4 .4 4.3 5.2 3.7 3.5 6.9 5.0 8.0 6.9 7.1 15.1 20 . 5 4.2 0.3 6 592 6 649

5 729 100.0 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.8 3.4 3.3 4.7 5.4 6 .7 I P . 5 29,9 16.2 4.2 10 060 10 579

1 086 100.0 0.7 0. 7 0 .8 0.6 0.7 0. 3 0.6 1.0 1.9 2.2 2.4 7.0 27. 2 37 . 0 16.8 16 032 17 357

579 100.0 10.3 4.1 3.4 0.5 1.2 1.2 4.5 1.4 4.2 1.6 5.8 12.4 2 8 . 0 15.8 5 .5 9 886 10 042

3 428 100.0 2.0 2.4 1 .9 2.3 1.8 1.8 3.4 3.6 4.6 7.0 8.0 14.5 34.0 12.2 0.6 9 559 9 372

635 100.0 5.4 5 .6 5 .3 4.0 6.9 4.6 7.0 7.5 10.7 6.0 8.0 10.9 19.1 3.2 0.8 5 343 5 989

4 615 ioo.o 2.4 1 .4 i.i 1.8 1.8 1.0 2.7 3.7 3.9 4.5 4.9 10.7 34.8 2 1 . 9 3.5 11 462 11 464

804 ioo.o 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 2.6 3.1 5.8 26 , 8 39 . 3 15.8 16 279 16 935

476 100.0 1.1 1.7 0 .7 0.6 1.1 0.7 2.5 2.4 3.9 5.2 4.8 11.0 47,8 15.4 1.1 11 497 10 843

2 689 100.0 2.1 0.9 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.0 2.4 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.2 11.5 37 . 3 2 1 . 5 1.0 11 306 10 941

647 ioo.o 6. 9 4.6 2.8 3.5 3 .8 2.4 5.6 7.8 6.1 5.3 6 .0 13.3 24 . 5 7.2 0.2 7 203 7 292

2 797 100.0 1.8 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.7 3 .3 3 .0 3.9 5.0 7.0 12.2 26.2 18.8 7 .4 10 458 11 770

703 ioo.o 0.6 0.5 0.5 i.i 1.0 - 3.0 0.9 2.0 0.7 3.8 10.2 25.1 32 . 3 18.4 15 210 17 919

859 ioo.o 0.2 1.6 0.7 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.5 3.1 3.7 5 .5 6.8 13.1 26.2 2 4 . 6 7.6 11 605 12 674

846 100.0 3 .3 9.0 4.3 2.6 1.7 1.9 3.6 4.9 3.8 7.3 9.2 13.1 30. 7 9.2 0.4 8 517 8 468

339 ioo.o 5.8 10.5 8.0 4.0 2.3 4.0 7 .7 2.3 8.9 7.0 8*3 I P . 9 _ r v o ____ 1 _ 5 610 6 008

Consumer Income: Money Income in 1973 o f Families and Persons in the United

>, Series P-60, No. 97, January 1976.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-31

1972 CENSUS O F M AN UFACTURES__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL SUMMARY 3

table l. General Statistics for All Operating Manufacturing Establishments: 1972 and Earlier Years

(See appendix, Explanation of Terms)

Establishments All employees' Production workers Value

added by

Value of

industry

Capital

expenditures.

Index of

industrial

Total With 20 Number2 Payroll Number2 Man-hours Wages manufacture3 shipments new4 production

Year employees (1967=100)

or more

(million (million (million (million (million

(number) (number) (1.000) dollars) (1.000) (millions) dollars) dollars) dollars) dollars)

1 9 7 2 ................................... 3 1 2 ,6 6 2 1 0 9 ,9 4 1 1 8 ,0 3 2 .4 1 6 0 ,4 1 4 .4 1 3 ,5 2 6 .5 2 6 ,6 9 6 .7 1 0 5 ,4 9 4 .7 3 5 3 ,9 7 3 .4 7 5 6 ,4 6 6 .9 2 4 ,0 7 3 .1 115 1

1 9 7 1 s ................................ (NA) (NA) 1 7 ,4 2 6 .3 1 4 4 ,2 4 6 .3 1 2 ,8 7 4 .9 2 5 ,2 6 5 .9 9 3 .2 3 1 .7 3 1 4 .1 3 8 4 6 7 0 .9 7 0 .5 2 0 .9 4 0 7 106 8

1 9 7 0 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 8 ,2 8 9 .5 1 4 1 ,8 8 6 .4 1 3 .5 2 8 .0 2 6 .6 6 9 .3 91 , -'0 9 .0 3 0 0 .2 2 7 6 6 3 4 ,3 2 2 .1 2 2 ,1 6 4 .3 106 6

1 9 6 9 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 9 ,1 5 5 .6 1 4 2 ,6 4 5 .1 1 4 ,3 5 7 .8 2 8 .5 9 9 .8 9 3 .4 5 9 6 3 0 4 .4 4 0 .7 6 4 2 ,6 3 5 .8 2 2 .2 9 1 4 1 1 0 .7

1 9 6 8 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 8 ,6 8 1 .0 1 3 2 ,5 6 8 4 1 4 ,0 4 1 .2 2 8 .1 5 6 .8 8 7 .4 8 0 .4 2 8 5 .0 5 8 .9 6 0 3 .2 2 0 .1 2 0 ,6 1 3 .1 1 0 5 .7

1 9 6 7 ................................... 3 0 5 ,6 8 0 1 0 7 ,1 3 8 1 8 ,4 9 2 .0 1 2 3 ,4 8 0 .6 1 3 ,9 5 5 .3 2 7 ,8 3 7 6 8 1 ,3 9 3 .6 2 6 1 .9 8 3 .8 5 5 7 .3 9 7 .8 2 1 ,5 0 3 .0 1 0 0 .0

1 9 6 6 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 8 ,2 0 0 .3 1 1 7 ,1 5 7 .4 1 3 ,8 2 6 .5 2 8 ,1 0 2 .5 7 8 ,2 5 6 .4 2 5 0 .8 8 0 .1 5 3 8 .7 3 6 .9 2 0 .2 3 5 .8 97 9

1965 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 7 ,2 5 0 .5 1 0 6 ,6 4 3 .2 1 3 ,0 7 6 .0 2 6 ,5 6 7 .8 7 1 .3 6 1 .5 2 2 6 .9 3 9 .9 4 9 2 .0 0 5 .7 1 6 .6 1 5 0 89 2

1 9 6 4 s ................................ (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,4 8 5 .7 9 8 ,6 8 5 .3 1 2 ,4 0 3 .3 2 5 ,2 4 5 .5 6 5 ,8 3 8 .9 2 0 6 .1 9 3 .6 4 4 7 .9 8 5 .1 1 3 .2 9 4 .3 8 1 .7

1 9 6 3 ................................... 3 0 6 ,6 1 7 9 9 ,3 5 2 1 6 ,2 3 1 .9 9 3 ,2 8 3 .3 1 2 ,2 3 2 .0 2 4 ,5 0 9 .4 6 2 ,0 9 3 .6 1 9 2 ,0 8 2 .9 1 2 0 ,5 2 8 .1 1 1 ,3 7 0 .0 76 5

1962s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,1 5 4 .7 8 9 ,8 1 9 .2 1 2 ,1 2 6 .5 2 4 ,2 6 9 .5 5 9 ,1 3 4 .1 1 7 9 ,0 7 1 .1 3 9 9 .3 0 8 9 1 0 ,4 3 6 .2 7 2 .2

1961s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 5 ,7 2 9 .6 8 3 ,6 7 7 .4 1 1 ,7 7 8 .5 2 3 ,2 8 9 .4 5 4 ,7 6 4 .6 1 6 4 ,2 8 1 .1 3 6 9 .9 9 4 .3 9 .7 7 9 .8 6 6 .7

1 960s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,1 4 9 .9 8 3 ,6 7 2 .5 1 2 ,2 0 9 .5 2 4 ,1 7 4 .4 5 5 ,5 5 5 .5 1 6 3 ,9 9 8 .5 1 NA) 1 0 ,0 9 7 .8 6 6 .2

1 959s ................................ (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,0 6 2 .9 8 1 ,2 0 3 .6 1 2 ,2 7 2 .6 2 4 ,4 4 3 .6 5 4 ,7 1 4 .1 1 6 1 .5 3 5 .8 (NA) 9 ,1 4 0 .0 6 4 .8

19586 ................................. 2 9 9 ,0 1 7 9 5 ,2 7 8 1 5 ,4 2 3 .1 7 3 ,8 7 5 .2 1 1 ,6 8 1 .1 2 2 ,6 7 9 .2 4 9 ,6 0 5 .2 1 4 1 ,5 4 0 .6 3 2 6 ,7 2 2 8 9 ,5 4 3 5 5 7 .9

1957 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,6 2 1 .1 7 6 ,3 1 4 .6 1 2 ,8 3 8 .9 2 5 ,2 0 8 .0 5 2 ,5 6 9 .0 1 4 7 ,8 3 8 .4 (NA) 1 2 ,1 4 4 .0 6 1 .9

1 9 5 6 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,6 9 4 .4 7 4 ,0 1 5 .1 1 3 ,1 3 1 .3 2 6 ,0 8 8 .5 5 2 ,0 4 0 .8 1 4 4 ,9 0 9 .3 (NA) 1 1 .2 3 3 .2 “ 1. 1

1955 s ................................. (NA) (NA) 1 6 ,3 3 5 .5 6 9 ,0 9 6 .6 1 2 ,9 5 4 .4 2 5 ,8 9 8 .3 4 9 ,2 1 7 .9 1 3 5 ,0 2 2 .5 (NA) 8 ,2 3 3 .1 5 8 .5

1 9 5 4 ................................... 2 8 6 ,8 1 4 9 0 ,4 7 0 1 5 ,6 4 5 .5 6 2 ,9 6 2 .7 1 2 ,3 7 2 .0 2 4 ,3 3 4 .1 4 4 ,5 9 0 .5 1 1 7 ,0 3 2 .3 (NA) 8 ,2 0 0 .7 5 1 .9

Source: Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census o f Manufactures: Genera! Summary, p. 3.

F ig u r e A - 3 2

ta b l e 3. General Statistics for Establishments by Industry Group and Industry: 1972 and 1967

(See appendix, Explanation of Terms)

Companies Establishments All employees Production workers Value Value of

added by shipments

Total With 20 Number Payroll Number Man hours Wages manufac

Industry group and industry employees ture

or more /

(million (million (million (million

(number) (number) (number) (1.000) dollars) (1.000) (millions) dollars) dollars) dollars)

ALL MFG. ESTABS. IN C L. C .A .O .i S. . 267 422 320 701 114 186 19 026.8. 174 ie 6 .7 13 5 2 6 .5 26 6 9 6 .7 105 4 9 4 .7 353 9 7 3 .4 756 4 6 6 .9

20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS. . . . 22 171 28 183 12 325 1 5 6 9 .3 12 9 2 0 .2 1 0 8 5 .3 2 1 6 6 .8 8 0 0 7 .0 35 6 1 4 .8 2115 0 5 1 .5

201 MEAT PRODUCTS.................................................... 3 944 4 437 1 882 3 0 7 .7 2 5 4 3 .6 2 5 0 .6 5 0 6 .7 1 9 1 3 .3 4 9 6 0 .9 *31 4 7 7 ,9

2011 MEATPACKING p l a n t s .......................................... 2 291 2 474 863 1 57 .5 1 5 3 2 .1 1 2 3 ,4 2 5 4 .4 1 1 4 8 .4 2 9 6 6 .1 23 0 0 3 .4

2013 SAUSAGES AND OTHER PREPARED MEATS. . 1 207 1 311 557 5 8 .1 5 4 2 .2 4 3 .5 8 8 .2 3 7 2 .2 1 0 9 9 .9 4 6 3 2 .4

2016 POULTRY DRESSING PLANTS............................... 407 522 369 7 7 .6 3 9 1 .8 7 0 .7 1 3 9 .3 3 3 1 .1 7 2 4 .4 3 2 5 4 .1

2017 POULTRY AND EGG PROCESSING ..................... 110 130 93 1 4 .6 7 7 .5 1 3 .0 2 4 .7 6 1 .7 1 6 8 .5 5 8 8 .1

202 DAIRY PRODUCTS ............................................... 3 557 4 590 2 067 1 8 8 .7 1 5 9 6 .4 9 3 .0 1 8 8 .7 7 3 2 .5 4 0 5 4 .1 ‘ 16 3 1 1 .5

2021 CREAMERY BUTTER.................................................... 201 231 63 4 .0 3 1 .0 2 .9 6 .0 2 2 .1 8 2 .3 8 0 8 .3

2022 CHEESE, NATURAL AND PROCESSED. . . . 739 872 281 2 5 .2 1 8 6 .3 2 0 .6 4 0 .8 137 .1 4 9 2 .3 3 1 9 5 .0

2023 CONDENSED AND EVAPORATED M ILK . . . . 172 283 163 1 2 .3 1 0 8 .3 9 .4 1 9.4 7 7 .8 4 6 7 .3 1 6 6 7 .8

2024 ICE CREAM AND FROZEN DESSERTS. . . . 561 697 273 2 1 .1 1 8 4 .7 1 2 .0 2 3 .5 9 4 .7 4 5 9 .8 1 2 4 4 ,7

2026 FLUID MILK .............................................................. 2 025 2 507 1 287 1 26 .1 1 0 8 6 .1 4 8 .0 9 9 .1 4 0 0 .8 2 5 5 2 .4 9 3 9 5 .7

203 PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. . 1 923 2 557 1 389 2 3 3 .1 1 5 3 3 .5 1 9 9 .3 3 8 2 .1 1 179 .1 4 5 1 4 .4 *11 4 7 8 .6

2032 CANNED s p e c ia l t ie s .......................................... 178 203 88 2 9 .1 2 1 7 .8 2 4 .0 4 6 .9 1 6 7 .0 2 8 1 4 .6 2 1 8 7 6 .6

2033 CANNED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES . . . . 765 1 038 621 8 9 .8 5 5 9 .9 7 8 ,8 147 .1 4 4 7 .9 21 6 2 5 .1 2 4 0 4 3 .8

2034 d e h y d . f r u i t s , v e g e t a b l e s , SOUPS . . 133 178 88 1 2 .4 8 4 .3 1 0 .6 1 9 .8 6 3 .0 2 3 5 .7 6 0 7 .3

2035 PICKLES, SAUCES, SALAD DRESSINGS . . 429 495 191 2 0 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 6 .6 3 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 2 4 2 8 .0 2 1 1 6 6 .7

2037 FROZEN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES . . . . 136 208 190 4 2 .8 2 6 1 .2 3 7 .6 7 4 .5 2 0 8 .8 26 V 4 ,6 21 8 4 8 .8

2038 FROZEN SPECIALTIES .......................................... 388 435 211 3 8 .3 2 6 4 .1 3 1 .8 6 1 .5 190 .1 27 l 6 ,3 21 9 3 5 .5

204 GRAIN M ILL PRODUCTS.................................... 2 223 3 080 1 093 1 1 1 .4 1 0 1 2 .8 7 8 .5 1 68 .9 6 6 5 ,6 3 6 9 e,7 12 1 6 2 .2

2041 FLOUR, OTHER GRAIN M ILL PRODUCTS . . 340 457 101 16.1 1 5 2 .8 1 1 .9 2 6 .9 108 .1 5 0 9 .8 2 3 8 0 .0

2043 CEREAL BREAKFAST FOODS ............................... 34 47 26 1 2 .9 1 4 0 .9 1 0 .7 2 1 .6 1 1 1 ,6 6 8 8 .4 1 1 2 5 .5

2044 RICE M ILLING ......................................................... 48 57 35 4 .0 3 0 .9 3 .0 6 .6 1 9.1 1 4 8 .3 6 8 0 .6

2045 BLENDED AND PREPARED FLOUR ..................... 115 137 57 7 .9 7 4 .9 5 .7 1 2 .3 5 3 .2 3j)6a 8 7 0 4 .6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census o f Manufactures: General Summary, pp. 1-37.

114

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-33

Table 2. Counties— Employees, Payroll, and Establishments, by Industry: 1974—Continued

(Excludes government employees, railroad employees, self-employed persons, e tc — see General Explanation." Size class 1 to 4 includes establishments having payroll during 1st quarter

but no employees during mid-March pay period. "0 " denotes figures withheld to avoid disclosure of operations of individual establishments)

Number of

employees

for week

including

March 12

Payroll ($1000) Number of establishments, by employment-size class

SIC

code Industry First

quarter Annual Total 1 to 4 5 to 9

10

to

19

20

to

49

50

to

99

100

to

249

250

to

499

500

to

999

1000

or

more

C A M E R O N

T o t a l .................................................................................. 38 972 52 337 224 795 3 328 1 982 645 363 211 64 50 9 3 i

Agricultural services.forestry.fisheries................. 879 1 227 6 454 204 149 36 14 5 -

07 Agricultural services.............................................. (B) (D) (D) 21 14 6 1 - - - -

09 Fishing, hunting, and trapping............................ 781 1 122 5 931 182 134 30 13 5 - - -

M in in g .............................................................................. 72 157 573 8 3 1 3 1 - - -

Contract construction.................................................. 2 700 3 635 14 443 262 141 51 40 25 3 2

.

15 General contractors and operative builders..... 892 1 103 4 107 57 27 11 10 8 1 -

151 General building contractors........................... 781 984 3 586 50 25 9 9 6 - 1 - -

153 Operative builders................................................ 111 119 521 7 2 2 1 2

16 Heavy construction contractors.......................... 352 650 2 583 20 8 4 2 4 2 -

161 Highway and street construction..................... 194 355 1 372 10 4 2 2 1 1 -

162 Heavy construction, except highway.............. 127 235 952 9 4 2 2 1

17 Special trade contractors...................................... 1 456 1 882 7 753 J85 106 36 28 13 1 1 - -

171 Plumbing, heating, air conditioning............... 303 483 1 836 39 24 8 3 3 1 -

172 Painting, paper hanging, decorating.............. 99 120 371 13 8 1 3 1

173 Electrical work....................................................... 280 451 1 820 33 16 6 8 3 -

174 Masonry stonework, and plastering.............. 190 222 1 051 22 12 3 4 3 - -

1741 Masonry and other stonework...................... 120 160 827 14 7 2 3 2 - -

175 Carpentering and flooring................................. 188 163 757 34 23 6 4 1 -

1751 Carpentering...................................................... 126 100 512 23 17 4 1 1 .

1752 Floor laying and floor work, n e c ................. 61 63 242 10 5 2 3 .

- - -

176 Roofing and sheet metal w o rk......................... 241 262 1 115 20 9 6 4 1 -

177 Concrete w ork...................................................... (B) (D) (D) 5 2 2 1 -

-

179 Misc special trade contractors........................ 91 107 519 17 10 6 1 -

1799 Special trade contractors, nec..................... (B) (D) (D) 6 2 3 - 1 -

M anufacturing............................................................... 8 950 13 203 58 430 131 38 14 21 16 16 19 5 1 1

20 Food and kindred products.................................. 2 627 3 225 13215 33 7 2 4 3 6 9 2

201 Meat products....................................................... (B) (D) (D) 2 - 1 - 1 -

2011 Meat packing plants........................................ (B) (D) (D) 2 -

1 - -1 -

202 Dairy products....................................................... (C) (D) (D) 1 _ . . . . 1 - .

2026 Fluid milk............................................................. (C) (D) (D) 1 - - - - 1 - -

203 Preserved fruits and vegetables....................... (E) (D) (D) 2 - - - - 2

2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables........................ (E) (D) (D) 2 - - - - 2

205 Bakery products................................................... (C) (D) (D) 2 - - - 1 1 -

2051 Bread, cake, and related products.............. (C) (D) (0) 2 - - 1 1 -

207 Fats and oils 222 313 1 378 4 - - 1 ' 1 1 1 -

2074 Cottonseed oil mills ....................................... (C) (D) (0) 3 - - 1 1 1 -

208 Beverages 172 227 1 014 4 - 1 2 1 -

2086 Bottled and canned soft drinks.................... 172 227 1 014 4 - - 1 2 1 - - ■ -

209 Misc. foods and kindred products.................. 1 415 1 406 5 892 17 6 1 2 . 2 4 2

. .

2092 Fresh or frozen packaged fish...................... (G) (D) (D) 10 1 1 - 2 4 2

Source: Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns, 1972, Ohio, (January 1977), p. 14.

115

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-34

FARM WAGE RATES, OCT 1976, WITH COMPARISONS, UNITED STATES

ITEM

ANNUAL 

AVERAGE 

1974 •

: ANNUAL 

: AVERAGE 

: 1975

1 OUT 

: 12-18, 

: 1975

: JUL 

: 11-17, 

: 1976 1.....

^ o o

01 CT^

DOLLARS PER HOUR

METHOD OF PAY:

ALL HIRED FARM WORKERS 2.25 2.43 2.63 2.53 2.80

PAID BY PIECE-RATE 2.58 2.96 3.13 2.93 3.27

PAID BY OTHER THAN PIECE-RATE 2.21 2.38 2.56 2.48 2.75

PAID BY HOUR ONLY 1/ 2.23 2.39 2.57 2.50 2.74

PAID CASH WAGES ONLY 2/ 2.43 2.60 2.82 2.65 2.94

PAID BY HOUR CASH WAGES ONLY 3/ 2.32 2.45 2.65 2.52 2.81

TYPE OF WORK PERFORMED:

FIELD AND LIVESTOCK WORKERS 2.08 2.26 2.46 2.37 2.60

PACKINGHOUSE WORKERS 2.41 2.52 2.64 2.73 2.89

MACHINE OPERATORS 2.25 2.50 2.58 2.66 2.79

MAINTENANCE AND BOOKKEEPING 2.85 3.15 3.38 3.39 3.42

SUPERVISORS 3.77 4.00 4.12 4.32 4.47

OTHER AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 2.40 2.76 2.92 2.76 2.96

INDEXES 4/

(1910-14=100) 1,492 1,612 1,656 1,804 1,742

(1967=100) 176 190 196 213 206

V MAY INCLUDE PERQUISITES SUCH AS ROOM AND BOARD, INCLUDES ONLY THOSE PAID BY THE HOUR. 

2/ DOES NOT INCLUDE PERQUISITES, INCLUDES ALL METHODS OF PAY.

3/ DOES NOT INCLUDE PERQUISITES, INCLUDES ONLY THOSE PAID BY THE HOUR.

4/ INDEXES ARE BASED ON ALL HIRED FARM WORKERS AND ARE ADJUSTED FOR SEASONAL VARIATION.

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, Farm Labor, November 24, 1976, p. 3.

1 16

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figure A-35

Table 7.— Average number of days worked and wages earned at farm and nonfarm wagework, for all farm

wageworkers, by selected characteristics, 197A

Number

of

workers

Farm and nonfarm Farm Nonfarm

Selected Days

worked

Wages earned

Days 

worked‘

Wages earned

Days

worked

. Wages earned

characteristics Per

year

Per

day_

Per

year

Per 

day— /

: Per 

: year

Per

dayi/

Thou. No. Pol. Pol. N o . Pol. Pol. No. Pol. Pol.

ALL WORKERS, 197A 2,737 138 2,476 17.95 87 1,447 16.60 • 51 1,030 20.25

RACE AND SEX

White 2,277 142 2,613 18.45 86 1,461 16.95 56 1,153 20.75

Negro and other races 460 120 1,798 14.95 93 1,377 14.90 28 421 15.25

Male 2,165 154 2,871 18.60 99 1,663 16.85 56 1,208 12.65

White 1,869 154 2,941 19.10 95 1,633 17.25 59 1,309 22.10

Negro and other races 296 158 2,428 15.40 123 1,854 15.05 34 574 16.70

Female 572 76 ' 983 12.95 44 629 14.25 32 354 11.15

White 408 85 1,112 13.05 47 673 14.35 38 438 11.40

Negro and other races 164 52 662 12.65 37 518 13.95 15 144 9.45

CHIEF ACTIVITY

Farmwork 823 218 3,942 18.05 205 3,680 18.00 14 262 19.15

Farm wagework 708 239 4,303 18.05 226 4,082 18.05 12 220 18.25

Without nonfarm work 572 241 4,374 18.15 241 4,374 18.15 — — —

With nonfarm work 136 229 4,001 17.45 166 2,852 17.15 63 1,149 18.25

Other farmwork^/ 115 93 1,723 18.45 70 1,201 17.25 24 522 21.95

Nonfarm work 445 235 5,278 22.50 30 461 15.25 204 4,817 23.55

Unemployed.3/ 35 — *— — — — — — — —

Not in labor force 1,435 63 787 12.50 38 488 12.75 25 299 12.15

Keeping house 234 55 700 12.65 36 457 12.65 19 243 12.65

Attending school 1,046 65 770 11.80 40 491 12.40 26 279 10.85

Other 155 58 1,034 17.75 33 515 15.50 25 519 20.80

RESIDENCE, SEX, AND DURATION 

OF FARM WAGEWORK

All workers

REGION, MIGRATORY STATUS, 

AND RACE

All workers 

Migratory

White

3/

races—

193 139 3,097

Negro and other 16 — —

Nonmigratory

White 2,084 142 2,568

Negro and other races 444 119 1,751

South

Migratory 67 140 2,794

White

races.!/

58 134 2,730

Negro and other 9 — —

Nonmigratory 971 128 2,061

White 593 136 2,371

Negro and other races 378 116 1,575

West

Migratory 66 143 3,448

White 58 146 3,510

Negro and other 3 / races— ' 7 — —

Nonmigratory 633 145 2,845

White

3/

races—

593 143 2,775

Negro and other 40 — —

22.20 77 1,614 21.05 63 1,483 23.65

18.10 87 1,446 16.65 55 1,122 20.45

14.75 92 1,334 14.45 26 417 15.75

19.95 82 1,541 18.85 58 1,253 21.50

20.40 78 1,387 17.75 56 1,343 24.05

16.10 84 1,205 14.30 44 856 19.45

17.45 82 1,261 15.35 54 1,110 20.65

13.55 87 1,117 12.80 29 459 15.85

24.10 96 2,547 26.40 47 900 19.30

24.00 98 2,542 25.95 48 968 20.10

19.65 110 2,169 19.75 35 676 19.35

19.40 106 2,057 19.40 37 718 19.40

Numbers of workers are rounded to the nearest thousand without being adjusted to group totals. 

jL/ Rounded to the nearest 5 cents.

Includes operating a farm and unpaid family labor.

V Averages not shown where base is lass than 50,000 persons.

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, The Hired Farm Work Force o f 1974, July 1975, pp. 15-16.

117

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Appendix B. Selected Bibliography

T he w orks listed below are either indicative of the 

subject areas in w hich com pensation statistics are used 

or serve to provide introductory m aterials for data 

users. These w orks should be supplem ented by the 

references cited in the individual chapters o f this 

bulletin..

Dale, Ernest. Sources o f E conom ic Inform ation fo r Collective

Bargaining. Research Report 17. New York: American

Management Association, 1950.

Douty, H. M. The D evelopm ent o f Wage Statistics in the U nited

States. Ithaca: New York State School of Industrial and

Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1972.

Douty, H. M. et al. “Collection and Use of Occupational

Wage Statistics,” Proceedings o f the Third A nnual

M eeting. Madison, Wisconsin: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1951, pp. 220-248.

Dunlop, John T. (ed.) The Theory o f Wage D eterm ination.

London: Macmillan & Co., 1957.

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and

Budget. Statistical Services o f the U nited States G overnment, revised edition, 1975.

Ferguson, Robert H. Wages, Earnings, a n d Incomes: D efinitions o f Term s an d Sources o f D ata. Bulletin 63. Ithaca:

New York State School of Industrial and Labor

Relations, Cornell University, 1971.

Gavett, Thomas W. “Analyses of Wage Change Measures,” in

1971 Proceedings. Business and Economic Statistics

Section, American Statistical Association, pp. 46-55.

Livernash, E. Robert. “Wages and Benefits,” in Woodrow L.

Ginsburg et al. (eds.) A R eview o f Industrial R elations

Research, Vol. I. Madison, Wisconsin: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1970, pp. 79-144.

McConnell, Campbell R. (ed.) Perspectives on Wage D eterm ination: A B ook o f R eadings. New York: McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 1970.

Morgenstern, Oskar. On the A ccuracy o f E conom ic Observations. Second edition. Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1963. *

Morton, J. E. “A Student’s Guide to American Federal

Government Statistics,” Journal o f E conom ic Literature,

June 1972, pp. 371-97.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Wage D eterm ination. Papers presented at an international conference. Paris: OECD, 1974.

Pearce, C. A. Wage Statistics a n d Industrial R elations Research

In S ta te L abor Agencies. Publication B-76. New York:

New York State Department of Labor, Division of

Research and Statistics, 1954.

Raimon, Robert L. “Sources of Wage Data,” Proceedings o f

the Sixth A nnual M eeting. Madison, Wisconsin: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1954, pp. 252-65.

Rees, Albert. The Econom ics o f Work a n d Pay. New York:

Harper & Row, 1973.

Reynolds, Lloyd G., and Cynthia H. Taft. The Evolution o f

Wage Structure. New Haven: Yale University Press,

1956.

Shiskin, Julius. “Recent Trends in Wages and Industrial

Relations and Problems of Measurement.” Remarks

before the Honolulu Chapter, Industrial Relations

Research Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, September

12, 1974.

Taylor, George W., and Frank C. Pierson (eds.) N ew Concepts

in Wage D eterm ination. New York: McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 1957.

Tolies, N. Arnold, and Robert L. Raimon. Sources o f Wage

Inform ation: E m ployer Associations. Ithaca: New York

State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell

University, 1952.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

H andbook o f L ab o r Statistics, 1975 R eference Edition,

Bulletin 1865, 1975.

________ , _________B L S H andbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 1910,

1976.

________ __________ G lossary o f Current In du strial R elations

a n d Wage Terms, Bulletin 1438, 1965.

118

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