Jobseeking Methods Used

By American Workers

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jobseeking Methods Used

By American Workers

U. S. Department of Labor 

John T. Dunlop, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 

1975

Bulletin 1886

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Preface

This bulletin analyzes the methods which persons used to find jobs during 1972. The basic data were obtained in a 

questionnaire prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Manpower Administration (MA) in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. The Bureau of the Census collected the information as a supplement to its 

Current Population Survey, and tabulated the data according to specifications prepared by BLS and MA.

This report was prepared by Carl Rosenfeld, Kopp Michelotti, and William V. Deutermann of the Division of 

Labor Force Studies, under the general direction of Sophia C. Travis (retired), Division Chief during the planning 

stages of the survey, and Robert L. Stein, Division Chief during the analytical stages.

This study was financed by the Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of Labor

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Contents

Page

Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Job search m ethods............................................................................................................................................................ 1

Employment and unemployment in 1972.................................................................................................................. 2

Major findings and implications........................................................................................................................................ 2

Characteristics of jobseekers............................................................................................................................................ 3

Demographic ................................................................................................................................................................ 3

Reason for job search................................................................................................................................................... 3

Methods jobseekers u s e d ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Sex and marital status................................................................................................................................................... 5

A g e....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Occupation..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

R a c e ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

Reason for seeking work ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Method by which job was o b tain ed ............................................................................................................................... 7

Effectiveness ra te s.............................................................................................................................................................. 9

S e x .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Occupation..................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Work history and job search ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Timing of job sea rc h ............................................................................................................................................................. 12

Duration of job search....................................................................................................................................................... 13

Intensity of job search........... ............................................................................................................................................ 14

Job refusal ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Change in earnings................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Suggestions for further study............................................................................................................................................... 17

Text tables:

1. Characteristics of jobseekers and reasons for looking for w ork.......................................................................... 3

2. Methods used to look for work, by sex and race ................................................................................................ 4

3. Method by which current job was obtained, by sex and r a c e ............................................................................ 7

4. Ranking of methods by which current job was obtained, by selected characteristics.................................... 8

5. Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods, by sex and r a c e .............................................................................. 10

6. Effectiveness rates by occupation: Methods which had rates of 20 percent or m o re .................................... 11

7. Jobseekers who looked for work while still employed, by selected characteristics........................................... 12

Chart: Methods used to look for work by white and black jobseekers, selected occupational groups,

January 1973........................................................................................................................................................ 18

Reference tables:

A -l. Reason jobseekers looked for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ................................................... 19

B-l. Methods used to look for work: Age and sex, January 1973 ..................................................................... 20

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Reference tables— Continued

Page

B-2. Methods used to look for work: Occupation and sex, January 1973 .......................................................... 22

B-3. Methods white jobseekers used to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 ............................................ 25

B-4. Methods Negro and other minority race jobseekers used to look for work: Occupation,

January 1973 .................................................................................................................................................... 25

B-5. Methods used to look for work: Residence and sex, January 1973 .......................................................... 26

B-6. Methods Negro and other minority race jobseekers used to look for work: Residence and sex,

January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 26

B-7. Methods used to look for work: Reason for seeking work, January 1973 ............................................... 27

B-8. Methods used to look for work by persons who usually work full time: Usual weekly earnings,

January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 28

B-9. Methods used to look for work: Educational attainment, January 1973 ................................................. 28

C -l. Method by which current job was obtained: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ....................................... 29

C-2. Method by which current job was obtained: Occupation and sex, January 1973 ................................... 31

C-3. Method by which white jobseekers obtained current job: Occupation, January 1973 ........................... 34

C-4. Method by which Negro and other minority race jobseekers obtained current job: Occupation,

January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 34

C-5. Method by which current job was obtained: Residence and sex, January 1973 ..................................... 35

C-6. Method by which current job was obtained: Reason for seeking work, January 1973 ............................ 36

C-7. Method by which current job was obtained by persons who usually work full time: Usual

weekly earnings, January 1973 ...................................................................................................................... 37

C-8. Method by which current job was obtained: Educational attainment, January 1973 .............................. 37

C-9. Method used most often to look for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ....................................... 38

C-l 0. Method used most often to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 .................................................. 39

D -l. Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods: Occupation and sex, January 1973 ...................................... 40

D-2. Effectiveness rates of selected jobseeking methods: Race and occupation, January 1973....................... 41

D-3. Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods: Educational attainment, January 1973 .............................. 42

E -l. Methods used to look for work, by date last worked on previous job, January 1973 .............. 42

E-2. Number of methods used to look for work, by date last worked on previous job and sex,

January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 43

E-3. Method by which current job was obtained, by date last worked on previous job, January 1973 ......... 43

E-4. Methods used to look for work, by length of employment on previous job for persons who last

worked in 1968 or later, January 1973 ......................................................................................................... 44

E-5. Method by which current job was obtained, by length of employment on previous job for persons

who last worked in 1968 or later, January 1973 ......................................................................................... 44

F -l. Jobseekers who looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, age, and

race, January 1973 .......................................................................................................................................... 45

F-2. Length of time before starting job search for jobseekers who did not look for work while still

employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, age, and race, January 1973 ................................................. 45

F-3. Main reason for not looking for work within 1 -2 days after leaving previous job: Reason for

seeking work, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................................................................................. 46

F-4. Number of weeks looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, and race,

January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 46

G -l. Duration of job search, by age and sex, January 1973 ................................................................................ 47

G-2. Methods used to look for work, by duration of job search, January 1973 ................................................ 47

G-3. Method by which current job was obtained, by duration of job search, January 1973 .......................... 47

G-4. Duration of job search, by reason for seeking work and race, January 1973 ............................................ 48

G-5. Number of methods used to look for work, by duration of job search and sex, January 1973 .............. 48

G-6. Duration of job search, by number of weeks looked while still employed and sex, January 1973......... 49

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Reference tables—Continued

Page

H -l. Number of methods used to look for work: Broad occupational group, sex, and race,

January 1973 .................................................................................................................................................... 50

H-2. Hours per week looked for work: Selected characteristics, January 1973 ............................................... 51

H-3. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................. 51

H-4. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 ................................................. 52

H-5. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Residence, sex, and race, January 1973.............................. 52

H-6. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Duration of job search and sex, January 1973................. 53

H-7. Distance of current job from residence at time of job search: Age and sex, January 1973 .................... 53

H-8. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Distance of current job from residence at time of

job search and sex, January 1973.................................................................................................................... 54

1-1. Jobseekers who refused offers: Age and sex, January 1973 ........................................................................ 54

1-2. Jobseekers who refused offers: Occupation and race, January 1973 ........................................................ 55

1-3. Main reason for refusing job offer: Age and sex, January 1973 ................................................................ 55

1-4. Main reason for refusing job offer: Occupation and race, January 1973 ................................................... 56

1-5. Method of jobfinding resulting in offer refused: Occupation, January 1973 ........................................... 56

J - l. Average hourly earnings on current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or

1972: Method by which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................. 57

J-2. Change in hourly earnings between current and previous job for persons who last worked in

1971 or 1972: Method by which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973 .................... 57

Appendix: Survey concepts and questionnaire.............................................................................................................. 58

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Jobseeking Methods Used by American Workers

Workers searching for jobs can use a variety of methods to obtain work. However, many jobseekers are not 

aware of all the possible methods available to them, nor 

are they informed about which method might be the 

most effective for their purposes. To investigate the job 

search methods workers used and their relative effectiveness, a nationwide sample survey was conducted in 

January 1973.

The survey covered nearly 16 million employed wage 

and salary workers 16 years old and over who were not 

in school and who had started their current job during 

1972. About 5.5 million of these workers had not looked 

for work in 1972 because they returned to jobs held 

formerly, were offered jobs, entered a family business, 

or for other reasons did not seek employment. The 10.4 

million persons who had looked for and found work 

during 1972 were asked to complete a questionnaire 

relating to their job search which included questions on 

all methods they had used to find work; the method by 

which they had obtained their jobs; the number of weeks 

they had looked for work; the average number of hours 

spent per week in looking; the distance traveled from 

home in their search; and job offers refused. (See 

appendix for questionnaire.) About half of the 10.4 

million job finders were new entrants or reentrants to 

the labor force; the remainder had lost or quit their 

jobs or wanted to change jobs. Presented in the following pages are, first, a general description of job search 

methods, followed by a brief summary of the economic 

climate in 1972, and highlights of the survey results and 

their implications.

Job search methods. In general, job seeking workers 

have two broad categories of search methods available 

to them. First, workers can use informal methods, such 

as direct application to employers and asking friends, 

relatives, or teachers, in which the jobseeker expends 

most of the effort. Second, they can use formal methods, in which institutional intermediaries expend the 

effort on the jobseeker’s behalf. Formal methods include the State employment service, fee-type private 

employment agencies, school placement offices, labor 

union hiring halls, and advertisements in newspapers or

journals. Although the last is classified as formal from 

the jobseeker’s point of view because employers, by 

placing ads, offer jobseekers a number of opportunities from one source of information, it resembles informal methods in its low cost to the applicant in money 

and time, and its casual mode of use. In a tight labor 

market, employers may increase their reliance on newspaper advertisements and other formal methods to get 

the widest possible exposure of job openings.1

Formal methods can offer the greatest amount of 

information about job opportunities in general but may 

not yield much specific information about each job 

opening. On the other hand, informal sources of job 

leads, such as friends and relatives, may be able to provide more extensive or detailed information with respect 

to fringe benefits, prospects for promotion, working 

conditions, and training opportunities.

In searching for job information, workers are faced 

with an optimization problem— they must balance the 

potential benefit of additional information against the 

costs incurred in obtaining it .2 The jobseeking methods 

used may vary, depending on the economic climate at 

the time. In a tight labor market, for example, workers 

might depend more on informal “grapevine” search 

methods. During periods of high unemployment, some 

may prefer to use more formal methods, such as private 

employment agencies, since the return may justify any 

fees paid. 3 Workers also may choose to search for a 

job while still employed or may quit their job, depending on general economic conditions.

A job search intermediary such as the State employment service may generate job information and also 

provide counseling, aptitude tests, and preliminary contact with employers. The nationwide system of State 

public employment service offices, which is affiliated

1 Peter B. Doeringer and Michael J. Piore, Internal Labor

Markets and Manpower Analysis, (Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company, 1971), pp. 96-97.

George J. Stigler, “Information in the Labor Market,”

Journal o f Political Economy, October 1962.

Denis R. Maki, Search Behaviour in Canadian Job

Markets, Special Study No. 15, Economic Council of Canada

(Ottawa, Information Canada, 1972), p. 4.

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with the U.S. Employment Service of the Manpower 

Administration, has applied computer technology to increase its effectiveness and efficiency in matching jobseekers with employer needs. Over 100 metropolitan 

areas in 43 States have computerized job banks which 

daily update and disseminate a listing of all job openings 

on file with the State employment service. These area 

listings are made available to placement interviewers on 

a statewide, regional, and nationwide basis. Through the 

job bank, a single job order can be exposed to a large 

pool of potential applicants; conversely, each applicant 

is exposed to a broad range of job possibilities. Thus the 

matching of workers to jobs is improved.

Employment and unemployment in 1972. The survey 

results must be evaluated in the context of employment 

conditions prevailing during the year. Employment rose 

strongly and unemployment declined moderately during 

1972. The unemployment rate was 5.9 percent (seasonally adjusted) in January; it fell to 5.6 percent by 

midyear and to 5.1 percent by yearend. The overall 

jobless rate in 1972 averaged 5.6 percent, somewhat 

higher than the 4.9-percent rate in 1973, but substantially below the rate of about 8.6 percent during the 

first half of 1975.

The labor supply increased over the year as a result 

of the growth of the working age population, increased 

labor force participation rates of women and teenagers, 

and a net decrease in the size of the Armed Forces as 

U.S. participation in the Vietnam War drew to a close.

Employment increased by about 2.3 million during 

the year, the largest annual expansion in a quarter of a 

century. In December, blue-collar and white-collar employment were each over 1 million higher than a year 

earlier.

Major findings and implications

Following are some of the major findings of this 

study and their implications.

1. Two out of three jobseekers applied directly to 

employers without suggestions or referrals by anyone. 

The next four methods used most frequently, but by 

much smaller proportions of workers, were: Asking 

friends about jobs where they work; answering local 

newspaper ads; asking friends about jobs at places other 

than where they work; and checking with the State employment service.

2. Thirty-five percent of the workers obtained jobs 

through direct application to employers, and 12 percent 

each by asking friends about jobs where they work and 

by answering local newspaper ads. About equal proportions (5 to 6 percent) of the jobseekers obtained their

jobs through the State employment service and through 

private employment agencies.

3. Of all persons who applied directly to employers 

for work, about half found their job that way— about 

double the percentage for the methods with the next 

two highest rates.

4. The four methods most commonly used and the 

method by which the largest proportion of workers 

obtained jobs were the same for men and for women, 

and, with minor exceptions, for most other characterisics by which jobfinders were grouped.

5. Greater proportions of blacks4 than whites asked 

friends and relatives about jobs where they work, took 

Civil Service tests, checked with the State employment 

service, and contacted local assistance organizations. 

Smaller proportions applied directly to employers or 

answered local newspaper ads, methods which have 

relatively high effectiveness rates. Blacks should be 

encouraged to use these two methods to a greater 

extent, now that government and industry programs 

are in force to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices. 

Continued high dependence on friends and relatives for 

job leads will limit the range of job opportunities for 

blacks.

6. Greater proportions of blacks than whites who 

contacted the State employment service and local organizations found jobs through these methods. Smaller proportions of blacks than whites who applied directly to 

employers, answered local newspaper ads, and checked 

with private employment agencies and school placement 

offices obtained jobs through these methods.

7. Before finding a job, the average jobseeker used 

four methods. The number tended to rise with the length 

of the search and to vary widely by occupation and 

demographic characteristics. Men used more methods 

than women. Many persons who did not find a job 

within relatively few weeks subsequently tried additional methods, which suggests that use of as many 

methods as possible early in the search could improve 

the chances of finding a job.

8. Of the 5.4 million jobseekers who were employed 

just before beginning their job search, nearly half started 

to look for a new job while still on the old one. Of those 

who did not look while still working, 2 out of 5 began 

their search within 1 or 2 days after leaving their old 

job. Among persons who waited more than 2 days, 2 

out of 5 waited because they wanted to take some time 

off. It took about as long to find a job for persons who 

started to look for work after leaving their job as for

4

Data for all persons other than white are used to

represent data for Negroes (blacks) since Negroes constitute

about nine-tenths of all persons other than white in the

United States.

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those who started their search while still employed. 

Some joblessness could be decreased, if not prevented, 

if employers could notify employees well in advance of 

a layoff and permit them to take off a few hours a week, 

with pay, to look for another job.

9. A majority of jobhunters found jobs within 4 

weeks, including time spent looking while still employed. Relatively fewer men than women found jobs 

within 4 weeks. Duration of job search was generally 

about the same regardless of the method by which the 

job was found. In a given economic climate, finding a 

job quickly depends more on many other factors, such 

as wage expectations, geographic location, experience 

and skills, motivation, and financial resources, than on 

methods used.

10. Jobseekers searched for work comparatively few 

hours a week and looked relatively close to home. About 

two-thirds of the jobseekers spent 5 hours or less per 

week on their job search, and nearly 3 out of 4 traveled 

no farther than 25 miles from home to look for work. 

Intensity or hours of job search a week apparently had 

no effect on the duration of the search.

11. One out of three jobseekers turned down an offer. 

Three out of 10 who declined offers did so because of 

low pay, and an equal proportion because the location, 

hours, or other working conditions were unsatisfactory. 

A greater proportion of whites than blacks refused job 

offers.

Characteristics of jobseekers

Demographic. Persons who had looked for and found 

work tended to be younger than the labor force as a 

whole at the time of the survey, and a greater proportion were women. Nearly 50 percent of the jobseekers 

were under age 25, and 45 percent were women (table 1), 

compared to 22 and 39 percent, respectively, for the 

whole labor force. Young people and women tend to 

have higher unemployment rates than others in the 

labor force, not only as newcomers but also when they 

have had work experience. Somewhat over one-half 

of the female jobseekers were married.

Reason for job search. Some persons look for work 

only after losing or quitting their job, some look while 

still employed because they want to change jobs, and 

others look upon entering or reentering the labor force. 

Over one-half of the jobseekers were already in the 

civilian labor force when they started to look for work— 

they had quit or lost their last job or were still working 

but looking for a different job. (See tables 1 and A-l.) 

This proportion was greater for men than for women 

but was about the same for whites and blacks. Onefourth of the jobseekers under age 25 had recently 

left or finished school, and about one-third of the 

married women had been devoting full time to their 

families when they started their job search. Two out of 

five of those age 45 and over, compared with 1 out of 

5 for younger persons, looked for work after they had 

lost their jobs. One out of five teenagers in the job 

market wanted to work while still in school.

Table 1. Characteristics of jobseekers and reasons

for looking for work

(Percent distribution)_____________

Total: Number'(thousands)................... 10,437

Percent ........................................... 100.0

Sex

Men ..................................................................................... 55.1

Women ................................................................................ 44.9

Married ......................................................................... 23.8

Other marital status.................................................... 21.1

Age

Under 25 y e a rs .................................................................. 47.4

25 to 44 years..................................................................... 39.1

45 years and over .............................................................. 13.5

Race

White ................................................................................... 89.1

Negro and other races .................................................... 10.9

Reason for looking

Employed before current job:

Quit j o b ......................................................................... 16.9

Lost job1 ....................................................................... 22.7

Wanted different job before q u ittin g ...................... 13.5

Not in labor force before current job:

Left school .................................................................. 15.0

Left military ................................................................ 2.6

Wanted work while in school.................................... 5.5

Had family responsibilities and wanted j o b .......... 9.1

All other reasons ......................................................... 14.8

Includes persons who sold, lost, or gave up a business.

Methods jotiseekers used

Workers generally used more than one method of 

jobseeking. Although substantial numbers used formal 

methods, more used informal methods. One researcher

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has characterized the typical job search as “fumbling and disorganized,” rather than “calculating and 

rational.” 5

Informal methods are generally easier to use than 

formal methods and have minimal or no cost. Underlying the importance of informal methods is the large 

proportion of jobseekers who used these methods during 

1972. About two-thirds of all jobseekers applied directly 

to employers without suggestions or referrals from 

anyone— the highest proportion by far using any one 

method, regardless of sex, race, age, occupation, or 

other characteristics. (See tables 2 and B-l through B-9.) 

The next two most popular informal methods were 

asking friends about job openings at work or elsewhere. 

Relatives were asked less extensively than friends since 

jobseekers probably have more friends than relatives in 

the locality who might be of assistance.6

Table 2. Methods used to look for work, by sex and race

(Percent of jobseekers)

All

Sex Race

Method Mil

persons Men Women White

Negro and

other

races

Total (thousands)......................................................... 10,437 5,749 4,688 9,302 1,135

Applied directly to employer ...........................................................

Asked friends:

66.0 67.3 64.4 66.6 60.7

About jobs where they work .................................................... 50.8 53.8 47.2 49.9 58.4

About jobs elsewhere ..................................................................

Asked relatives:

41.8 45.9 36.6 41.6 43.5

About jobs where they work .................................................... 28.4 31.0 25.1 27.4 36.5

About jobs elsewhere ..................................................................

Answered newspaper ads:

27.3 30.1 23.9 26.8 30.9

Local ................................................................................................. 45.9 44.6 47.5 46.7 39.6

Nonlocal .......................................................................................... 11.7 14.2 8.6 11.7 11.9

Private employment agency ............................................................. 21.0 19.9 22.4 21.0 20.9

State employment service ................................................................ 33.5 37.1 29.2 32.1 44.9

School placement office .................................................................... 12.5 12.0 13.0 12.2 14.4

Civil Service test ................................................................................... 15.3 15.4 15.2 14.6 21.1

Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ 10.4 9.2 11.8 10.3 10.7

Went to place where employers come to pick up people ..........

Placed ads in newspapers:

1.4 2.0 .7 1.1 3.9

Local ................................................................................................. 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.3 3.4

Nonlocal .......................................................................................... .5 .7 .2 .5 1.0

Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................. 4.9 6.7 2.6 4.7 6.4

Union hiring hall ................................................................................ 6.0 9.9 1.1 5.7 8.4

Contacted local organization ........................................................... 5.6 5.5 5.7 4.0 18.6

Placed ads in professional or trade journals.................................... .6 .8 .4 .5 1.1

Other ...................................................................................................... 11.8 11.9 11.5 11.8 11.7

Among formal methods, answering local newspaper 

ads was used by the greatest proportion of jobseekers, 

close to one-half. The State employment service, another 

formal jobfinding source, was used by one-third of the 

jobseekers. A smaller proportion checked with private 

employment agencies. Persons applying for unemployment insurance benefits frequently are required to register for a job at State employment offices. Also, the 

State employment office is uniquely attractive to some

5 Edward D. Kalachek, Labor Markets and Unemployment (Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.,

1973), p. 58. 6 To compare data for 1972 with methods used by

unemployed persons in 1970 and 1971, see Thomas F. Bradshaw,

“Jobseeking Methods Used by Unemployed Workers,” Monthly

Labor Review, February 1973, pp. 35-39, reprinted with

supplementary tables as Special Labor Force Report 150.

NOTE: The approximately 3.5 million persons in this survey represent all persons who filed new or renewed job applications

who checked for jobs with the State employment service do not during 1972.

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groups of jobseekers because it can provide a variety 

of job search assistance— e.g., aptitude testing, job 

counseling— and no fee is charged the claimant for the 

services.7

Smaller proportions of persons residing in the largest 

metropolitan areas than those living outside these areas 

contacted the State employment service. However, persons living in the largest population areas were twice 

as likely as jobseekers in smaller areas to use private 

employment agencies. This may reflect differences in 

the occupational distribution of workers in these areas, 

the size of the labor market, and availability of the 

agencies.

Of the remaining formal sources used by jobseekers, 

comparatively greater proportions contacted school placement offices or tried for jobs through Civil Service procedures than used union hiring halls, community organizations, or professional and trade journals.

Sex and marital status. Greater proportions of men than 

women jobseekers applied directly to employers, asked 

friends or relatives, and contacted the State employment 

service. 8 As shown in the following tabulation, men 

used a greater variety of methods to look for work than 

women:

Average number

o f methods used

All persons .................................................... 4.0

Men .......................................................... 4.2

W om en...................................................... 3.7

Married women .................................. 3.3

All other women ............................... 4.1

White ........................................................ 3.9

Black ........................................................ 4.5

On the other hand, larger proportions of women answered local newspaper ads, visited private employment 

agencies, and asked teachers or professors for job leads. 

Fewer women than men responded to ads in out-of-area 

newspapers, probably because they are less free to move 

than men; also, very few checked labor union hiring 

halls, a reflection of the much smaller proportion of 

women who are members of labor unions. 9 Smaller 

proportions of married women than other women asked 

friends and relatives about jobs or checked with the 

State employment service and private employment 

agencies.

Age. The proportions of jobseekers using some of the 

methods differed sharply by age. Younger workers,

under 35 and particularly under 20, were more likely 

than workers age 45 and over to ask friends and relatives 

about jobs, two important informal jobseeking methods. 

Not unexpectedly, greater percentages of younger workers contacted school placement offices or asked teachers 

or professors for job leads.

Only a small proportion of jobseekers went to union 

hiring halls, but the proportion increased with age, which 

reflected in part the higher union membership rates 

among older workers. Smaller proportions of teenagers 

than older persons used the State employment service 

and private employment agencies. Age made virtually 

no difference in the proportions of workers who applied 

directly to employers for jobs or who used local newspaper ads.

Occupation. The proportions of jobseekers trying the 

most frequently used methods varied widely by occupation, but the ranking of the methods varied little.10 

For each occupational group except private household 

workers, the largest proportion applied directly to an 

employer without suggestions or referrals by anyone. 

For blue-collar and service w orkers,11 the next most 

common methods after direct application were asking 

friends about jobs where they work and elsewhere, and 

answering ads in local newspapers. On the other hand, 

white-collar workers were more likely to respond to local 

newspaper ads than to ask friends. Relatively more 

white-collar than blue-collar and service workers used 

private employment agencies, a reflection of the types 

of jobs on which private agencies tend to concentrate. 

The top three methods used by private household workers were answering local newspaper ads, applying directly 

to employers, and asking friends about jobs where they 

work. The importance of the last two methods indicates 

that some persons who accepted jobs as private household workers may have looked for other kinds of work.

7

For an analysis of the effects of a State employment

service on jobfinding success of male blue-collar workers,

see Harold L. Sheppard and A. Harvey Belitsky, The Job

Hunt, Job Seeking Behavior o f Unemployed Workers in a

Local Economy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1966),

p. 79. 5 See Sheppard and Belitsky, The Job Hunt, pp. 44-45,

for proportions of male and female blue-collar workers using

selected jobfinding techniques. Selected Earnings and Demographic Characteristics of

Union Members, 1970, Report 417 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

1972), table 1.

10 Close differences in the order of rankings should be interpreted with caution since rankings are based on percentages

which statistically may not differ significantly.

In this article, all references to service workers exclude

private household workers.

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Of the 20 possible methods, the State employment 

service ranked fourth for nonfarm laborers and private 

household workers, and fifth or sixth for each of the 

other occupational groups except professional and technical. Professional workers used the State employment 

system less than any other occupational group except 

sales and private household workers. Professionals were 

most likely by far to apply for jobs at a school placement office or to ask teachers and professors about 

potential openings. Recent college graduates probably 

use these two jobfinding sources the most. A larger 

proportion of white-collar than blue-collar and service 

workers took Civil Service tests or applied for government jobs; government agencies are staffed primarily 

by clerical and professional workers.

Though a relatively small proportion of all jobseekers 

applied at labor union hiring halls, 20 percent of craft 

and kindred workers did so, over three times the average for all workers. Among union members who looked 

for work, 29 percent checked with hiring halls, which 

ranked sixth among the methods they used. The proportion rose to 53 percent for unionized craft workers, 

about equal to the proportion who applied directly to 

an employer.

Race. The most frequently used jobseeking methods 

were the same for blacks as for whites, but the order 

in which they were ranked varied, as shown in the 

tabulation below:

Percent

Black White

Applied to em ployer............................. 61 67

Asked friends/work ............................. 58 50

State employment service.................... 45 32

Asked friends/elsewhere ...................... 44 42

Newspaper ads ...................................... 40 47

Asked relatives/work............................. 36 27

Among blacks, the State employment service ranked 

third and newspaper ads fifth; these positions were 

reversed for whites. Even though the methods ranked 

the same, larger proportions of blacks asked friends and 

relatives about jobs where they work and a smaller 

proportion applied directly to employers.

One jobfinding method was used by a substantial 

minority of black jobseekers, regardless of occupation, 

but by very few whites. One out of five black jobseekers but only 1 out of 25 whites contacted a local area 

organization, such as a community action group or a welfare agency. Apparently black workers were more familiar with the services available from these organizations.

Also, a larger proportion of blacks than whites 

took Civil Service tests or filed for a government job. 

Blacks may believe that they would have better job 

opportunities and be less subject to discrimination in 

government than in private industry.

Occupational differences in the proportions of jobseekers using each of the several methods also were 

evident between blacks and whites. (See chart on p. 18.) 

For example, the three most common methods used by 

black clerical jobseekers were asking friends about jobs 

where they work, applying directly to employers, and 

checking with the State employment service. White 

clerical workers applied directly to employers, answered 

local newspaper ads, and asked friends about jobs where 

they work. One-half of the black clerical workers but 

one-third of the whites contacted the State employment 

service, and the proportions of black clerical workers 

who sought jobs through Civil Service and school placement offices were double those for white.

Reason for seeking work. The proportions of workers 

using each of the several jobfinding methods varied 

widely by the major reason they looked for work. The 

State employment service was contacted by about 35 

percent of the job leavers but 56 percent of the job 

losers (those who had been laid off indefinitely or had 

lost their jobs for reasons other than a temporary layoff 

or the end of a temporary job). Also, smaller proportions 

of job leavers than job losers asked friends and relatives 

about jobs and answered ads in local newspapers. Job 

leavers, on average, used fewer methods altogether— 

3.8 compared with 4.8 among job losers. Job leavers 

might not have needed a job as badly as job losers 

and therefore did not look for work as extensively.

Students and persons just leaving school differed from 

job losers in the extent to which they used some jobfinding methods. Smaller proportions of students and 

former students applied directly to employers, used the 

State employment service, answered ads, or checked 

with union hiring halls; larger proportions went to school 

placement offices or asked teachers and professors about 

jobs.

Men who looked for work because they had left 

the Armed Forces used the State employment service 

to a greater extent than most other groups of jobseekers. 

Men who are about to be separated from the Armed 

Forces are given orientation about the job market and 

usually are advised to visit the State employment service. Also, veterans are eligible for ex-servicemen’s unemployment compensation which can be obtained from

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employment service offices. Veterans also tried for 

Civil Service jobs to a greater extent than other jobseekers, most likely because they receive preference 

points on tests.

Partly because they found a job sooner, women 

who devoted full time to their families before searching for a job used an average of 2.8 methods compared 

with 4.4 methods for women who had lost their jobs. 

Contrasted with job losers, these entrants or reentrants 

to the labor market may not have looked as extensively 

because they did not have time or were less pressed 

financially. Also, persons who are new to the job 

market may be less informed about or unable to use 

some jobfinding approaches.

Method by which job was obtained

About 35 percent of the workers found their current 

jobs by applying directly to employers; another onethird, by asking friends or answering newspaper ads, 

the next two most frequently used informal methods. 

(See table 3.) As expected, a strong positive relationship is evident among the rankings of the methods used 

by the largest proportions of workers, the methods used 

most often, and the methods by which jobs were 

obtained. For each of these rankings, applying to employers was first; asking friends and answering newspaper ads, second or third.

Table 3. Method by which current job was obtained, by sex and race

(Percent of jobseekers)

All

persons

Sex Race

Method

Men Women White

Negro and

other

races

Total: Number (thousands) ...................................... 10,437

100.0

5,749

100.0

4,688

100.0

9,302

100.0

1,135

Percent ............................................... ............. 100.0

Applied directly to employer ........................................................... 34.9 35.1 34.6 35.7 27.7

Asked friends:

About jobs where they work .................................................... 12.4 13.8 10.7 12.0 16.4

About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. 5.5 6.2 4.8 5.7 4.0

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they work ............................................... .... 6.1 6.9 5.1 5.7 9.3

About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. 2.2 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.9

Answered newspaper ads:

Local ............................................................................................... 12.2 10.3 14.5 12.8 6.4

Nonlocal ........................................................... .............................. 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.3 .8

Private employment agency ............................................................. 5.6 3.8 7.9 5.8 3.8

State employment service ................................................................ 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.4 10.8

School placement office .................................................................... 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.3

Civil Service test ................................................................................... 2.1 1.6 2.8 2.0 3.3

Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6

Went to place where employers come to pick up p eople............ .1 .1 .2 .1 .4

Placed ads in newspapers:

Local ................................................................................................ .2 .1 .4 .2 .1

Nonlocal .......................................................................................... <>> t1)

Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................. .4 .5 .3 .4 .2

Union hiring h a ll................................................................................. 1.5 2.6 .1 1.4 1.9

Contacted local organization ........................................................... .8 .7 .9 .4 3.9

Placed ads in professional or trade journals ................................. <‘ ) (*>

Other ...................................................................................................... 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.1

Less than 0.05 percent. who obtained jobs through the State employment service do

not represent all persons who were helped to get a new job

NOTE: The approximately 500,000 persons in this survey during 1972.

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One out of five workers obtained jobs through 

relatives, private employment agencies, or the State 

employment service. These three methods also ranked 

fourth, fifth, or sixth, but not necessarily in the same 

order, among methods used most often and methods 

used by the largest proportions of workers.

Except for the two highest, the methods by which 

most jobs were obtained varied in rank by sex, age, 

race, and major occupational group. (See tables 4 and 

C-l through C-10.) Applying to employers held top

position regardless of characteristic; asking friends about 

jobs where they work or elsewhere ranked second for 

nearly all groups. Answering newspaper ads and private 

employment agencies ranked higher for women than 

for men. The State employment office ranked higher 

and answering newspaper ads ranked lower for blacks 

compared with whites.

There were few significant differences by age in 

the proportions who obtained jobs by each of the 

methods. Teenagers were less likely than persons age

Table 4. Ranking of methods by which current job was obtained, by selected characteristics

Characteristic Employer Friends1

Answered

newspaper

ads2

Relatives1

Private

em ployment

agency

State

em ployment

service

Other

method

All persons ................. 1 2 3 4 5 6 -

Sex

M e n ........................................................ 1 2 3 4 _ 5

_

Women .................................................. 1 3 2 5 4 6 -

Race

White .................................................... 1 2 3 4 5

_ _

Black .................................................... 1 2 5 3 - 4 -

Age

16 to 24 years .................................... 1 2 4 3 5 6 —

25 to 4 4 years .................................... 1 2 3 4 5 6 —

45 years and over ............................... 1 3 2 — — — -

Occupation

Professional........................................... 1 2 3% _ 6

_

(3 )

Managerial............................................. 1 3 2 5 4 — —

Sales ...................................................... 1 2% 2% 4 - — —

Clerical .................................................. 1 2 3 5 4 6 —

Craft .................................................... 1 2 3 4 - — <4 )

Operatives, except transport............ 1 2 4 3 - 5 -

Transport equipment operatives . . . 1 2 3 4 - - -

Laborers, except fa r m ........................ 1 2 4 3 - 5

Service, except private household .. 1 2 3 4 — 5 -

Includes jobs where they work and elsewhere. 2

^ Includes local and nonlocal ads. 3

School placement office tied for third; asked teachers

ranged fifth.

Union hiring hall ranked fifth.

NOTE: Excludes methods which resulted in fewer than 5

percent of jobs in any group. Narrow differences in ranking

below the top method should be viewed with caution since

they may be based on percent differences which are too

small to be significant.

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35 and over to get jobs by applying directly to employers. The proportions of workers who obtained jobs 

through newspaper ads and labor union hiring halls 

tended to increase with age. The proportions who 

obtained jobs by asking relatives for leads decreased 

with age.

Regardless of occupation, the largest proportions of 

workers who found jobs generally obtained them by 

applying directly to an employer, asking friends, and 

answering newspaper ads. These three methods provided 8 out of 10 jobs obtained by sales workers, 6 out 

10 jobs of other white-collar workers, and 3 out of 4 

jobs of service workers and blue-collar workers (except 

laborers).

For each occupational group except private household workers, the largest proportion of workers obtained 

jobs by applying to employers, but this percentage varied 

widely, ranging from about 25 percent for managers and 

for clerical workers to 40 percent or more for sales 

workers and for blue-collar workers. Only about 8 percent of private household workers obtained jobs by 

applying to employers.

The proportions who obtained jobs by asking friends 

varied little by occupation, but the proportions who got 

jobs by answering newspaper ads ranged from 7 percent 

for nonfarm laborers to 19 percent for private household workers and managers.

Methods ranked similarly for managerial, sales, and 

clerical workers but they differed for professional 

workers. Private employment agencies were an important 

source of jobs for white-collar workers but were far 

down on the list for blue-collar and service workers. On 

the other hand, the labor union hiring hall was an important source of jobs only for craft workers.

For some occupational groups, the proportion of 

jobseekers who obtained jobs through a specific method 

differed widely between men and women. Among professional and technical workers, a smaller proportion of 

men than women obtained their jobs by applying directly 

to employers but larger proportions by answering newspaper ads and checking with private employment agencies. More men than women clerical workers obtained 

jobs through friends, relatives, and school placement 

offices and fewer through newspaper ads, private employment agencies, and Civil Service procedures. A 

higher proportion of men than women service workers 

found jobs through friends, relatives, the State employment service, and Civil Service, and smaller proportions 

by applying directly to employers and from newspaper 

ads.

In each occupational group for which comparisons 

could be made, relatively more blacks than whites 

obtained jobs through some methods. For example,

among professional and technical workers, more blacks 

than whites obtained jobs through friends and Civil 

Service, and fewer through private employment agencies or employers directly. Fewer black than white 

clerical or service workers or operatives (except transport) found jobs by answering newspaper ads, but 

more were hired through the State employment service. Local organizations also were an important source 

of jobs for black service workers (8 percent) and black 

operatives (5 percent).

Effectiveness rates

Earlier sections of this report presented the proportions of workers who used each jobfinding method 

and the proportions who found jobs through each one. 

This section will examine the effectiveness of the various 

methods, i.e., how likely they are to result in a job. 

(See tables D-l through D-3.) Effectiveness may be 

expressed as a rate (percent) obtained by dividing the 

number of persons who found their current job through 

a particular method by the total number who used that 

method.

The method with by far the highest effectiveness 

rate was application directly to employer— 48 percent 

of all persons who used this method reported that 

they had obtained their job that way. (See table 5.^ 

As indicated earlier, this method was also the one 

used by the greatest proportion of jobseekers (66 

percent).

Next in effectiveness were six other methods which 

had rates about one-half as large, ranging from 24 percent down to 19 percent: Checking with private employment agencies, answering ads in local newspapers, 

checking with labor union hiring halls, asking friends 

about jobs where they work, contacting school placement offices, and asking relatives about jobs where they 

work. Although the effectiveness rates were comparatively high for persons who used union hiring halls 

and school placement offices, comparatively few persons 

used these methods, 6 and 12 percent of all jobseekers, 

respectively.

On the other hand, comparatively large proportions 

of jobseekers used three other methods, but relatively 

few obtained jobs in these ways. The effectiveness rates 

were 14 percent for workers who checked with the 

State employment service, 12 percent for those who 

asked friends about jobs other than where they work, 

and 7 percent for those who asked relatives about jobs 

other than where they- work. Relatively small proportions used methods which had effectiveness rates between 10 to 13 percent— contacting community action 

and other local organizations, taking Civil Service tests,

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All

persons

Sex Race

Method

Men Women White

Negro and

other

races

Applied directly to employer ........................................................... 47.7 47.0 48.5 48.8 38.1

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w o r k ...................................................... 22.1 23.2 20.5 21.9 23.4

About jobs elsewhere..................................................................... 11.9 12.1 11.7 12.5 7.7

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w o r k ...................................................... 19.3 20.1 18.2 19.0 21.3

About jobs elsewhere..................................................................... 7.4 8.0 6.4 7.7 5.1

Answered newspaper ads:

Local ................................................................................................. 23.9 20.9 27.5 25.0 13.6

Nonlocal .......................................................................................... 10.0 9.1 11.9 10.5 5.9

Private employment agency .............................................................. 24.2 17.1 31.9 25.3 15.2

State employment service ................... ............................................ 13.7 12.1 16.2 12.6 20.1

School placement office ..................................................................... 21.4 23.0 19.6 22.5 13.5

Civil Service test ................................................................................... 12.5 9.2 16.6 12.4 13.0

Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ 12.1 11.9 12.5 12.1 12.4

Went to place where employers come to pick up people............ 8.2 4.3 (2 ) 7.9 (2 )

Placed ads in newspapers:

Local ................................................................................................. 12.9 5.1 (2) 16.0 (2)

Nonlocal .......................................................................................... (2 ) (2 ) <2) (2 ) (2 )

Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................ 7.3 6.5 9.9 8.1 (2 )

Union hiring hall ................................................................................ 22.2 23.7 (2) 22.6 18.9

Contacted local organization.............................................................. 12.7 11.0 14.7 9.9 17.6

Placed ads in professional or trade journals.................................... (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 )

Other ...................................................................................................... 39.7 38.5 41.5 40.1 36.4

1 Number of persons reporting method used to get job

divided by total number of persons who used the method to

placing ads in local newspapers, asking teachers or professors for job leads, and answering ads in nonlocal 

papers.

Sex. The effectiveness rate of a given method differed 

little between men and women, with two major exceptions. Rates of women were about double those of 

men for private employment agencies and Civil Service, 

reflecting in part the high rates for women clerical 

workers. Rates for married women were similar to those 

for all women.

Occupation. In each occupational group, with one exception, the effectiveness rate was highest for persons 

who applied directly to employers— ranging from 35 

percent for managers to 55 percent for operatives, 

except transport. Only among clerical workers did the 

rate for those who applied to employers (40 percent) 

fail to exceed the rate for any other method; 42 percent of clerical workers who looked for jobs through 

private agencies found jobs that way.

find a job.

2 Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.

In nearly all occupational groups, two additional 

methods (other than applying to employers) were highly 

effective, with rates of 20 percent or more. (See table 

6.) Answering local newspaper ads had high effectiveness rates in 8 of the 9 occupational groups for 

which data were developed; in 4 of the 8, the rates 

exceeded 25 percent. Rates for persons who asked 

friends about jobs where they work were above 20 

percent in all occupational groups except professional 

and managerial, and exceeded 25 percent in two. For 

jobseekers who asked relatives about jobs where they 

work, rates were generally high for blue-collar and 

service workers; for workers using union hiring halls, 

rates were high for blue-collar workers, the only group 

to use this method in significant numbers. School placement offices were highly effective for professional, 

clerical, and service workers, and private employment 

agencies for managers and clerical workers.

The effectiveness rates for black workers exceeded 

those for whites for only two jobfinding sources, both 

of which were used by larger proportions of blacks

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Method

Professional

and

technical

workers

Managers Sales

workers

Clerical

workers

Craft

workers

Operatives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

Laborers,

except

farm

Service

workers,

except

private

household

Applied directly to employer ................. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Answered local newspaper ads .............. X X X X X X X X X X X X

Asked friends about jobs where

they w o r k .................................................. X X X X X X X X X

Asked relatives about jobs where

they w o r k .................................................. X X X X

Union hiring hall ...................................... X X X X

School placement office .......................... X X X X

Private employment agency ................... X X X X

Asked friends about jobs elsewhere___ X

State employment service........................ X

Contacted local organization ................. X

Double "x" indicates rate of 25 percent or more.

than whites. For persons who used the State employment service, the rate for blacks was 20 percent compared with 13 percent of whites; for those who contacted local organizations, the comparable rates were 

18 and 10 percent, respectively. All other rates for 

blacks were divided about equally between those which 

were lower than for whites and those which were 

about the same.

Work history and job search

Data on work histories of jobseekers were analyzed to 

find out if there were any differences in job search techniques among those who had recent work experience, 

those who had been out of the labor force several years, 

and those who had never worked. (See tables E-l 

through E-5.)

Jobseekers who had last worked in 1968 or earlier 

tended to use fewer job search methods than those with 

more recent work experience. A majority used only two 

methods. Only one-third used four methods or more 

compared to nearly one-half of those whose last job was 

as recent as 1970.

The six methods used by the largest proportions of 

jobseekers with work experience ranked exactly the 

same regardless of the date they last worked. About 

two-thirds of the jobseekers in each category used 

direct application to employers as the primary method. 

The year jobseekers last worked also made little difference in the method by which they obtained their 

jobs. Regardless of the year, at least one-third had

obtained jobs by applying directly to an employer; 

about 12 percent each had received job leads from 

friends about jobs where they worked and from newspaper ads.

The jobseeking pattern for those who had never 

worked was in some respects different from that for 

persons who had worked in recent years. Asking relatives ranked higher for jobseekers who had never worked 

but local newspaper ads and the State employment service ranked lower. The distribution of major methods by 

which persons with no work experience obtained jobs 

differed from that for recent workers. A larger proportion of new workers obtained employment by asking 

friends and relatives about jobs where they work and 

fewer by answering local newspaper ads or going to 

private employment agencies.

To determine whether jobseeking methods used varied 

by length of employment on the last job, jobseekers who 

had worked in 1968 or later were asked how long they 

had worked at their last job. Among persons who had 

worked fewer than 10 years on their last job, there were 

relatively minor differences by length of employment in 

the average number of methods used to look for work, 

in the proportions using the various methods, and in the 

distribution of methods by which they obtained their 

job.

However, differences were significant between those 

who had worked 10 years or more and those who had 

worked fewer years. Jobseekers with the longest employment used an average of 3.2 methods in their job

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search compared with about 4 for those with fewer 

years. Smaller proportions of persons with the longest 

job tenure asked, friends and relatives about jobs or 

contacted private employment agencies. Also, much 

smaller proportions of persons who had worked 10 

years or more on their last job than of those with fewer 

than 5 years’ tenure applied to school placement offices 

or asked teachers for jobs. This difference may reflect 

variations in both the occupational and age distributions 

of the two groups of jobseekers.

Although jobseekers with 10 years or more on the 

same job checked newspaper ads to the same extent 

as workers with relatively short employment, they were 

not only more likely to use ads most often but a greater 

proportion obtained jobs through ads. Regardless of the 

duration of their previous job, over one-third of all 

workers obtained jobs by applying directly to employers.

Timing of job search

Nearly one-half of the 5.4 million jobseekers who 

were employed before beginning their job search started 

to look for a new job while still working on their old 

one. (See tables 7 and F-l through F-4.) Men and 

women were equally likely to seek new employment 

while still on their old jobs; a somewhat larger proportion of whites than of blacks did so. The proportion 

who looked for jobs while still working declined 

with age.

Many persons are dissatisfied with their jobs but 

do not leave until they get a different one. About 

one-fourth of all jobseekers who were still employed 

when they started their search reported that they 

wanted to get a different job before leaving the one 

they had.

The proportion of employed jobseekers who started 

to look for work before their job ended varied widely 

by reason for their job search. Among jobseekers 

who quit their job, or who sold, lost, or gave up a 

business, about 4 out of 10 looked while still employed; 

for workers who had been laid off indefinitely, the 

proportion was only 2 out of 10.

The number of weeks jobseekers looked for work 

while still employed varied, based on the reason for 

termination of their jobs. For those who quit their 

jobs or whose temporary jobs ended, one-half looked 

for only 1 or 2 weeks while still working and 1 out of 

5 looked for 5 weeks or more. Among those who lost 

their jobs for reasons other than a layoff, equal 

proportions— 2 out of 5— looked for 1 or 2 weeks 

and for 5 weeks or more. The large proportion who 

searched more than a month before their jobs ended 

may have known or suspected that they would lose 

their jobs.

Table 7. Jobseekers who looked for work while still

employed, by selected characteristics

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Total

jobseekers

employed

before job

search

Proportion

who began

search

while still

employed

T o ta l............................ 5,390 48.7

Sex

M e n ........................................... 3,544 49.5

Women...................................... 1,846 47.1

Race

White ...................................... 4,794 49.3

Negro and other races.......... 596 43.7

Age

16 to 24 years ..................... 2,168 51.2

25 to 44 years........................ 2,377 50.9

45 to 54 years........................ 543 38.0

55 years and over................... 302 31.3

Reason for looking

Quit job ................................. 1,714 39.5

Temporary job ended .......... 448 33.9

Laid off tem porarily............ 91 37.4

Laid off indefinitely.............. 974 17.9

Lost job for other reasons .. 641 22.3

Sold, lost, or gave up

business................................. 150 43.3

Wanted different job

before quitting..................... 1,373 100.0

One-half of the jobseekers did not look for work 

until their jobs ended, either because they did not 

know that their jobs would terminate or because 

they did not have time to look. Two out of five of 

these persons started their job search within 1 or 2 

days after their jobs ended. The proportion who started 

looking in 1 or 2 days jumped from 34 percent for 

16- to 24-year-olds to 44 percent for older workers. 

Except for teenagers, more men than women began 

looking in 1 or 2 days. Overall, the proportions were 

47 percent compared to 28 percent. The smaller 

percentage of young workers and women who started 

to look for work immediately after their job terminated 

reflects, in part, the fact that they are less likely than 

adult men to be the main family breadwinner. On the 

other hand, about 1 out of 5 workers waited 5 weeks or

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more before starting to look for work. Relatively twice 

as many women as men waited at least 5 weeks to look 

for new jobs— 32 percent compared with 15 percent.

One-half of those laid off indefinitely or who lost 

jobs for reasons other than layoff began their job 

search within 1 or 2 days. Only 12 percent of those 

who sold, lost, or gave up a business began looking 

for work in 1 or 2 days; nearly one-third waited 9 

weeks or more. This long delay may reflect these 

persons’ need to assess their situation before deciding 

to search for another job or business. Persons who 

quit jobs did not start to look for work as soon as 

those who lost jobs. Only 30 percent of the job leavers 

started to look within 1 or 2 days after leaving their 

last jobs, and 26 percent waited for at least 5 weeks.

Persons who waited more than 2 days to start 

looking for work were asked the main reason for not 

starting their job search sooner. The largest proportion, 

41 percent, delayed their job search because they 

wanted some time off. Among those who quit, nearly 

one-half gave this reason, and one-fourth gave moving. 

About 30 percent of the persons on indefinite layoff 

delayed the start of their job hunt because they 

expected to be called back to work, a proportion five 

times larger than for all other jobseekers. Women 

were more likely than men to give moving or having 

work to do around the house as reasons for delaying a 

job search. Whites were more likely than blacks to want 

time off and less likely to expect to be called back or to 

give own illness as the reason for delaying a job search.

Duration of job search

A majority of jobseekers found jobs in less than 5 

weeks after beginning their search, including time spent 

looking while still employed at former jobs. (See tables 

G-l through G-6.) Relatively fewer men than women, 

particularly in the prime working ages (25 to 54 years), 

found jobs in less than 5 weeks:

Percent

Less than 27 weeks

5 weeks or more

Men Women Men Women

T o ta l................ . . . 57.7 62.6 6.6 6.5

16 to 19 y e a rs........... . . . 65.6 68.8 1.5 4.0

20 to 24 y e a rs........... . . . 58.5 58.8 4.0 5.9

25 to 44 y e a rs........... . . . 55.4 63.9 8.8 7.3

45 to 54 y e a rs........... . . . 55.1 65.7 12.7 8.1

55 years and over . . . . . . 51.9 44.9 11.9 12.3

The proportion of men who found jobs in less than 5 

weeks declined with age. Few jobseekers had to look 

for over half a year. The proportion who looked for 27 

weeks or more increased with age and only among 

jobseekers age 45 and over did as many as 10 percent 

look that long. It generally takes older workers longer 

to find a job than younger workers. There was virtually 

no difference between blacks and whites in the number 

of weeks it took to find a job.

The duration of the job search did not vary greatly 

between those who looked while still working and those 

who did not start their search until the job ended. 

Of those who looked while still working, 63 percent 

found a job within 4 weeks and 13 percent looked for 

15 weeks or more. Among those who did not start 

their job search until the job ended, the proportions 

were 60 and 18 percent, respectively. A smaller proportion of white-collar workers (57 percent) than of 

blue-collar or service workers (64 percent) found jobs 

within 4 weeks, but the proportions who looked for 

15 weeks or more were about the same for each group. 

Of course, the 1.7 million persons who found another 

job while still working averted the loss of earnings 

experienced by those out of work for a period of time.

The duration of the job search also varied by reason 

for looking for work. Persons who had been laid off 

indefinitely or had lost a job for cause had much more 

difficulty in finding a job quickly than workers who 

had quit their jobs. Fewer than one-half of the first 

group but about 7 out of 10 of the latter group found 

jobs within 4 weeks. Among persons who had not 

been in the labor force just before their latest job 

search, about one-half of those who had left school 

or the military service found jobs within 4 weeks 

compared with about two-thirds of those who wanted 

to work while in school and those who had been 

devoting full time to their families.

Relatively fewer men who usually work full time 

rather than part time found jobs within 4 weeks. This 

tendency reflects, in part, the relatively high proportion of teenagers among the part-timers; teenagers 

are probably less selective than more experienced 

workers in the kinds of jobs they accept. Among 

women, the duration of the job search was about the 

same for full-time and part-time workers.

Duration of job search and methods used to find 

work did not appear related. The median number of 

weeks required to find a job was generally within a 

narrow range for the methods by which most of the 

jobseekers found employment. Only for persons who 

obtained jobs through Gvil Service procedures was the 

median much higher. This result is not surprising since 

many weeks may elapse between filing an application

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for a Civil Service examination, taking a test, and 

starting on the job.

Intensity of job search

A number of limitations should be considered when 

the intensity of the job search is evaluated. (See tables 

H-l through H-8.) For example, a person who uses a 

larger number of jobfinding methods is not necessarily 

looking more intensively than someone who uses fewer 

methods. No information was obtained on the frequency 

with which a method was used; a jobseeker may go to 

many different employers but may ask a friend only 

once. A person living in a small, predominantly oneemployer town may exhaust all job possibilities within 

1 or 2 hours, but someone living near a large city 

having many employment agencies and potential employers may find that 6 hours a day for 5 days a week 

only scratches the surface of potential job openings, 

since travel may consume much of the time spent 

looking each day. The amount of time spent may also 

be affected by the methods each jobseeker uses. For 

instance, direct application to an employer would 

probably consume more time than checking with friends 

or relatives. Although information is available on the 

distance traveled to look for work, no data were 

obtained on how far from home job applications 

were mailed nor on how many jobhunting trips were 

made. Place of residence also bears upon distance 

traveled. Workers in rural areas might have to travel 

longer distances than urban workers to investigate 

job opportunities. The following indicators of intensity 

should be evaluated within the framework of these 

data limitations.

The number of methods used to find work generally 

tended to rise with the duration of job search. Apparently, 

some persons who could not obtain a job within a 

few weeks used additional methods to expand their 

search.

One measure of this tendency is indicated by the 

proportions of jobseekers using specific numbers of 

methods. Overall, 38 percent of the jobseekers used 

one or two methods; the proportion declined from 

42 percent of those who looked for less than 5 weeks 

to 14 percent for those who looked for 15 weeks or 

more. Among those who looked at least 15 weeks, 

65 percent used five methods or more, about double 

the proportion for those who looked less than 5 weeks.

A second measure relating the number of methods 

to weeks looked is the average number of methods used. 

The following tabulation shows that the average number 

of methods used increased from 3.6 for persons who

looked for a job the shortest time to 5.8 for those who 

looked the longest:

Weeks looked for a job Average number o f

methods used

1 to 4 .......................................... 3.6

5 to 14 ....................................... 5.0

15 or more .................................. 5.7

15 to 2 6 ................................. 5.6

27 or m o r e............................ 5.8

Women averaged fewer jobfinding methods than men. 

For each age group except the youngest and oldest, 

women used a much smaller number of methods:

Men Women

Total ........................ ......... 4.2 3.7

16 to 19 y e a rs....................____ 3.9 4.0

20 to 24 y e a rs............................. 4.6 4.2

25 to 34 y e a rs............................. 4.3 3.5

35 to 44 y e a rs.................. ......... 4.0 3.0

45 to 54 y e a rs.................. ......... 3.6 2.7

55 years and over.............. ......... 3.4 3.2

White-collar workers were most likely to use at 

least five methods (38 percent) and service workers 

were least likely (31 percent). The following tabulation 

shows the average number of jobfinding methods used 

by men and women within broad occupational groups:

Men Women

White-collar........................... 4.4 3.9

Blue-collar............................. 4.0 3.4

Service, except private

household........................... 4.3 3.2

About 65 percent of the jobseekers usually looked 

for work 5 hours or less per week. This proportion 

was higher for women than for men but was the same 

in each of the broad age groups— 16 to 24 years, 25 

to 44 years, and 45 years and over. Overall, 13 percent 

of the workers searched as much as 2 full days (16 

hours) a week. A larger proportion of persons 25 and 

over than of younger workers searched 16 hours or more 

per week. A somewhat greater proportion of whites 

than of blacks looked for 5 hours or less, but about the 

same proportions for at least 16 hours. Part-time workers 

looked fewer hours than full-time workers, reflecting 

the more limited opportunities for part-time work.

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There was no strong relationship between duration 

of job search and the number of hours spent each 

week looking for work. However, those who looked for 

5 weeks or more spent more time each week than persons 

who found a job in a shorter time. Both men and women 

jobseekers who were employed before starting their 

search spent more hours per week looking for work 

than those who had been out of the labor force.12

Another measure of job search intensity is the 

comparative distance jobseekers traveled to look for 

work. About 4 percent of the jobseekers searched for 

work from their homes, presumably relying on letters, 

the telephone, or recommendations. Of those who 

did go out to look, a majority of the men and nearly all 

of the women confined their search to within a 

relatively short radius from their homes:

_________ Percent__________

Men Women White Black

Total who went out

to lo o k.................. 100 100 100 100

Farthest distance traveled:

Under 5 m iles.............. 15 28 20 24

5 to 10 m iles................ 18 28 22 26

11 to 25 m iles.............. 30 30 30 30

26 to 50 miles ........... 19 9 15 11

51 to 100 m iles........... 6 2 4 4

101 miles or more .... 12 4 9 5

Over 60 percent of the men and 85 percent of the

women traveled 25 miles or less to look for work.

Men 25 to 44 years old were most likely to travel 

over 100 miles to look for work. Among adult men, 

those age 55 and over, were least likely to look for a 

job that far from home. Among women, those 20 to 

24 years old had the highest percentage who traveled 

so far. A higher proportion of white than black men 

traveled over 100 miles to look for work, but there 

was no difference by race for women.

The distance traveled to look for work differed 

sharply by occupation. Among both men and women, 

much larger proportions of jobseekers who obtained 

jobs as professional workers or as managers traveled 

over 100 miles from home to look for work. Recruitment and job search in these two occupational groups 

are much more likely than in other occupations to be 

on a regional or national basis. Among men, about 

one-third of the professionals and one-fourth of the 

managers went over 100 miles to look for work;

among women, about 18 percent of jobseekers in 

these two occupations traveled that distance.

Among men, a greater proportion of service than of 

blue-collar workers restricted their job search to a 

short distance (10 miles or less). Among women, 

relatively more sales and service than blue-collar workers 

restricted their job search to this distance.

Residence substantially affected the distance men 

traveled to look for work, but for women, residence 

was not a significant factor. Among residents of the 

largest metropolitan areas, a greater percentage of men 

living in central cities than of those living outside 

these cities looked for work within a short distance 

from their homes. This reflects the greater concentration 

of large employers in central cities and possible transportation problems of central city residents. Men who 

did not reside in the largest metropolitan areas were 

as likely as those who did to look for work close 

to home, but a larger proportion looked for jobs more 

than 50 miles away, 24 and 16 percent, respectively.

Among women, the pattern of travel differed little 

by residence. Again a higher proportion of central city 

residents than of those in suburbs of large metropolitan 

areas limited their job search to 10 miles from where 

they lived. Although women living outside the largest 

areas were more likely than area residents to look for 

work within 5 miles of home, a larger proportion also 

traveled more than 50 miles.

The proportion of men who traveled far from home 

increased as the duration of the search lengthened, 

but for women, this trend generally was not noticeable. 

Many men, after weeks of fruitless efforts close to 

home, apparently expanded their area of job search. 

Less than 10 percent of the men who looked for work 4 

weeks or less, but 25 percent of those who looked for 

27 weeks or more, traveled over 100 miles from home. 

Among women, those who searched less than 5 weeks 

traveled the shortest distance, but there was little 

difference in distances traveled after 5 weeks.

As expected, a close relationship existed between 

the farthest distance jobseekers traveled to find a job 

and the distance from home of the job they found. 

For example, one-third of the men who looked for 

work from 26 to 50 miles from home obtained jobs 

within that distance, and nearly all others found jobs 

closer to home. Of the men who went over 200 miles,

Lee D. Dyer, “Job Search Success of Middle Aged

Managers and Engineers,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review,

Vol. 26, No. 3, April 1973, pp. 969-79. Professor Dyer found

that the most successful jobseekers were those who were most persistent in their search.

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one-half found jobs at least that far from home. Only 

4 percent of women jobseekers went more than 100 

miles to look for a job, and one-half of these found 

jobs that far from home.

Most jobseekers found work relatively close to their 

residence. One-third of the men and one-half of the 

women found jobs less than 5 miles from home:

Percent

Both

sexes Men Women

T o ta l.................. ......... 100 100 100

Under 5 miles................ ......... 40 34 48

5 to 25 m iles................ ......... 45 46 44

26 to 50 m iles.............. ......... 7 8 4

51 to 100 m iles........... ......... 3 4 1

101 to 500 m iles......... ......... 3 5 1

Over 500 miles ........... ......... 2 3 1

Job refusal

One-third of all jobseekers turned down at least 

one job offer during their search. (See tables 1-1 

through 1-5.) The proportion who turned down jobs is 

somewhat inflated because it includes persons who 

refused an offer only because they had already started 

to work on their new job rather than because they did 

not like some aspect of the proffered job.

Men 20 to 44 years old were more likely than younger 

or older workers to reject an offer. A larger proportion 

of women under 35 than of older women turned down 

jobs. Older workers looked longer than younger workers 

before finding a job and apparently they were more 

willing to accept the first offer. In general, the proportion within each age group who refused jobs differed 

little by sex. One-third of the white and over one-fifth 

of the black jobseekers refused jobs;

The proportions of jobseekers who turned down 

job offers varied widely by occupation. Roughly onehalf of the professional and managerial workers turned 

down at least one job compared with fewer than onefifth of nonfarm laborers and private household workers. 

Overall, a greater proportion of white-collar than of 

blue-collar and service workers turned down jobs.

The major reasons for turning down jobs varied 

little by age, sex, or race. The highest proportion of

workers (30 percent, on average) refused work because 

of low pay, as shown below:

Percent

Both sexes Men Women

Total ............................. 100 100 100

Low pay ................................. 30 33 27

Location unsatisfactory......... 14 13 15

Hours unsatisfactory............. 9 7 12

Other conditions

unsatisfactory......................... 5 6 5

Job temporary or

seasonal................................. 4 4 3

Would not make use of

skill or training .................... 6 7 6

Did not want that kind

of w o rk................................. 11 10 12

Other ..................................... 20 20 20

This proportion tended to increase with age and was 

higher for men than for women. The second most 

common reason was unsatisfactory location (14 percent).

One out of 10 persons who refused a job did not 

want the kind of work offered; workers under age 45 

gave this reason more frequently than older workers. 

Another 1 out of 10 refused because the hours were 

unsatisfactory. A higher proportion of women than 

men gave this reason. Many married women are restricted in the hours they can work because they have 

school-age children. Among wives 35 to 44 years old 

who refused jobs, 1 out of 4 turned them down 

because the hours were unsatisfactory.

Among persons who turned down jobs, low pay 

was given as the reason by at least one-third of the 

persons in each occupational group, except sales and 

service where it was one-fourth, and professional workers, 

nearly 1 in 5. Over 1 out of 5 of the last group turned 

down a job because the location was unsatisfactory. 

Greater proportions of white-collar than blue-collar 

workers turned down a job because they did not like 

the kind of work or because the job would not make 

use of their skill or training.

The proportion of job offers turned down varied 

widely by the method which resulted in the offer. The 

job refusal rate (number of persons who turned down 

an offer from a particular source divided by the sum of

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persons who turned down and accepted offers) was 

lower for informal than formal sources:

Percent o f job

offers refused

Informal methods

Asked relatives about jobs where

they w o rk ............................................. 16

Applied directly to employer. . . . ___ 21

Asked friends about jobs where

they w o rk ............................................. 23

Asked relatives about jobs elsewhere .. 31

Asked friends about jobs elsewhere . . . 36

Formal methods

Local newspaper a d s ............................. 37

School placement office ....................... 40

State employment service.................... 42

Civil Service test .................................... 43

Asked teacher or professor.................... 44

Private employment agency.................. 46

The relatively low proportions who turned down 

jobs after applying directly to an employer and asking 

friends and relatives about jobs where they work may 

reflect the amount and detail of labor market information which the jobseeker has. A jobseeker going to an 

employer for a job may know and be willing to accept 

the wage rates and working conditions. The low incidence 

of refusals from leads furnished by friends and relatives 

about jobs where they work undoubtedly reflects 

their detailed knowledge both about available openings 

and the jobseeker’s needs and abilities; they may tell 

jobseekers only about an opening they believed would 

be accepted.

Newspaper ads may not give much information, and 

only after investigation will the jobseeker learn enough 

about the job to turn it down. Possibly jobs offered 

by private employment agencies and the State employment service do not meet all of the jobseeker’s 

requirements. The relatively high proportion who turned 

down Civil Service jobs may reflect the relatively long 

wait between filing an application and an actual offer; the 

applicant may already have a job when the offer comes.

Change in earnings

Hourly earnings of jobfinders on their current and 

former jobs were compared for those who last worked in 

1971 or 1972.13 (See tables J-l and J-2.) Earnings

averaged 12 percent more on the new job; 12 percent 

for men and 14 percent for women. Those who found 

employment by asking relatives about jobs other than 

where they work, by taking Civil Service tests, or by 

asking teachers had the greatest relative increases in 

hourly earnings— over 30 percent. Persons who found 

jobs through answering local ads or the State employment service averaged only a 7-percent increase. Only 

one group of jobseekers had a decrease in earnings— 

those who found jobs by answering nonlocal newspaper 

ads. A majority of workers who found jobs this way 

accepted less than their former earnings. On average, 

their hourly pay was 15 percent lower on their new job. 

This group contains persons who moved to a new 

location and could not find a job paying what they 

had earned, and persons who took jobs away from 

home because they could not find a suitable one 

where they resided.

Overall, 61 percent of the jobseekers earned higher 

hourly pay in the new job than in the former job. 

A larger proportion of women than men received pay 

increases. The proportions of whites and blacks who 

improved their earnings were the same, although blacks 

averaged 17 percent higher pay compared with 12 

percent for whites.

Forty-one percent of the jobseekers improved their 

earnings by 20 percent or more. Over 50 percent of 

those who found jobs through Civil Service procedures, 

school placement officers, and relatives received such 

large pay increases.

About 32 percent of the jobseekers earned less 

and only 7 percent earned exactly the same per hour 

on their new job. However, 37 percent of those who 

obtained jobs through union hiring halls experienced 

no change in pay, undoubtedly because of union wage 

scale requirements.

Suggestions for further study

Additional information is needed on job search 

methods. This survey covered a year in which unemployment averaged 5.6 percent; higher unemployment rates might result in different findings. For 

example, does the use of formal methods increase 

in a loose labor market? Does the proportion of 

workers going beyond commuting range to look for a 

job change materially when unemployment is high?

Additional information also is needed on the intensity of the job search— the number of times each

* 3 Earnings of nonagricultural production workers in private

industry in January 197 3 were 6 percent higher than in January 1972 and 10 percent higher than the average for 1971.

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method is used and whether jobseekers exert effort 

each week to find a job. Is intensity related to 

financial resources, presence of other earners in the 

family, or number of dependents?

This survey obtained information on job search 

methods only from persons who made a deliberate

effort to find a job; it excluded persons who did not 

actively seek a job but took one when it was offered. 

The dynamics of the process by which information on 

job openings is made available to potential workers 

should be examined to supplement and enhance the 

findings of this survey.

Methods used to look for work by white and black jobseekers,

selected occupational groups, January 1973

Professional and technical workers

Direct application

Ask friends about jobs where they work

Ask friends about jobs elsewhere

Clerical workers

Direct application

Ask friends about jobs where they work

Answer local ads

State employment service

Operatives, except transport

Direct application

Ask friends about jobs where they work

Answer local ads

State employment service

Service workers, except private household

Direct application

Ask friends about jobs where they work

Answer local ads

Ask relatives about jobs where they work

Percent

40

White

80

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(P ercen t distribution)

Reason T otal

A ge (in y ea rs) Sex Race :•

16

to

19

20

to

24

15

to

34

35

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

Men Women White

N egro and 

other 

m inority 

races

Total: Num ber -------------------------

10, 437 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492 5, 749 4, 688 9, 302 1, 135

P e r c e n t ------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Em ployed before current job:

Quit jo b ----------— ------------- -------------

16.9 13. 7 17. 0 18.9 18. 0 15. 3 15. 3 18. 3 15. 1 17. 0 15. 8

T em p orary job e n d e d -------------------- 4. 

4 5. 1 3. 6 4. 0 '4. 6 5. 6 6. 6 5. 3 3. 3 4. 0 7. 3

Laid off te m p o ra rily ---------------------

• 9 . 4 1.0 .9 1. 1 1.4 1. 1 1. 2 . 6 . 7 2. 2

Laid o ff in d efin itely -----------------------

9.6 4. 1 7. 7 10, 5 12.9 14. 2 18. 9 12. 9 5. 5 9- 4 10. 6

Lost job fo r other re a s o n s ------------- 6. 

3 2. 8 5. 7 5.9 6. 5 13. 3 11. 5 7. 9 4. 4 6. 1 8. 4

S old ,lost, or gave up bu sin ess -------

1. 5 .6 . 5 1. 6 2. 4 2. 9 4. 9 2. 3 . 5 1. 5 1.0

Wanted a differen t job before

q u ittin g ---------------------------------------- 13. 5 10.8 12.9 17. 3 15. 6 10. 5 5.9 15. 4 11.2 13. 9 9-8

Not in labor fo rc e b efore current job:

L eft school ----------------------------------- 15. 0 31. 3 22.8 8. 4 2. 6 1. 4 . 4 13. 7 16. 5 15. 3 12. 4

L e ft m ilita ry --------------------------------- 2. 6 ( X) 5. 1 2.8 1.5 .8 . 4 4. 6 . 2 2. 5 3. 9

Wanted w ork w hile in s c h o o l ----------

5. 5 19. 4 4.9 2. 4 • . 5 . 6 C) 5. 9 5. 0 5. 6 4. 8

R ecovered from illn ess or

d is a b ility ------------------------------- ------1.6 . 5 1. 0 1.6 1.8 3.8 5. 3 1. 7 1. 5 1. 5 2. 7

Keeping house and wanted j o b ------

~

9- 1 3. 6 7. 2 11. 4 15. 7 12. 2 3. 6 . 3 19. 8 9- 1 8. 7

R etired and wanted to w o rk ------------

.8 (*) (*> . 1 .6 1.4 13. 6 1. 2 . 5 ■ 9 . 7

Other rea so n s---------------------------------- 12. 4 7. 7 10. 7 14. 2 16. 1 16. 6 12. 3 9. 4 16. 0 12. 5 11. 5

1 No one in category.

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Total,

1 6 years 

and over

16

to

19 years

20

to

24 years

25

to

34 years

35

to

44 years

45

to

54 years

55 years

and

over

10, 437 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492

66. 0 63. 6 67. 1 65. 4 69- 0 64. 0 64. 0

50. 8 62. 9 55. 0 48. 4 43. 8 35. 8 41. 7

41.8 46. 3 48. 4 41. 0 33. 9 30. 3 29. 1

28. 4 40. 0 34. 2 25. 7 16. 9 16. 2 18. 1

27. 3 34. 7 36. 5 24. 5 14. 5 14. 1 15. 9

45. 9 43. 8 48. 7 45. 0 45. 1 44. 0 44. 5

11. 7 8. 2 12. 4 12. 4 12. 9 13. 2 8. 7

21. 0 13. 8 23. 8 23. 2 21. 3 18 5 19 5

33. 5 25. 8 36. 9 33. 6 32. 9 33. 2 40. 0

12. 5 12. 3 19- 0 12. 0 5. 8 4. 2 6. 3

15. 3 9-8 19. 1 17. 3 13. 7 11.8 8. 7

10. 4 14. 5 14. 2 9- 7 5. 6 2. 3 2. 6

1. 4 1. 0 1.4 1.6 2. 0 1. 1 . 6

1.6 1.6 1. 2 2. 0 1.4 1. 6 1.8

. 5 . 4 . 2 • 9 . 4 . 7 . 8

4. 9 2. 0 3. 7 7. 4 7. 0 4. 6 2. 8

6. 0 2. 3 4. 3 7. 4 7. 5 9. 3 11.6

5. 6 3. 1 7. 1 6. 7 4. 5 4. 0 3. 7

. 6 . 3 . 3 1. 1 1. 0 . 5 C)

11.8 11.5 11.7 11.0 12. 5 13. 8 11.4

4. 0 4. 0 4. 5 4. 0 3. 5 3. 2 3. 3

5, 749 878 1, 709 1,605 736 515 306

67. 3 64. 4 69- 1 66. 5 7 L 2 66. 1 60. 8

53. 8 65. 8 59. 2 50. 9 46. 4 39- 0 44. 8

45. 9 47. 7 53. 6 44. 5 41. 1 35. 3 34. 0

31. 0 42. 1 40. 0 27. 7 19. 3 17. 1 16. 7

30. 1 36. 0 41.2 28. 2 17. 0 16. 3 14. 7

44. 6 37. 1 46. 7 45. 4 47. 2 43. 6 44. 1

14. 2 6. 6 14. 7 16. 0 17. 6 18. 2 9. 5

19. 9 9- 7 18. 1 24. 8 23. 3 22. 1 21. 6

37. 1 27. 3 41.9 36. 4 38. 2 36. 6 39- 5

12. 0 12. 1 17. 1 13. 8 4. 9 4. 3 4. 6

15. 4 7. 7 18. 1 18. 1 15. 5 13. 8 9. 5

9. 2 10. 2 11.9 10. 7 5. 3 3. 1 2. 6

2. 0 1. 1 2. 0 2. 2 3. 0 1-9 1. 0

1. 7 2. 3 1. 4 1.9 1.4 1. 6 2. 0

• 7 . 6 . 4 1. 2 . 5 . 8 1. 3

6. 7 2. 5 3. 7 10. 2 11.8 7. 0 4. 6

9. 9 3. 6 7. 7 11.4 12. 5 15. 5 16. 7

5. 5 2. 4 7. 1 6. 9 5. 0 3. 5 2. 9

. 8 . 5 . 2 1. 2 1.9 . 8

n

11.9 12. 5 10. 4 11. 7 12. 4 16. 3 11.8

4. 2 3. 9 4. 6 4. 3 4. 0 3. 6 3. 4

BOTH SEXES

Total job seek ers (thousands) -------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ----------------------------- Asked frie n d s :

About jobs where they w ork --------------------------- About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they work ---------------------------

About jobs elsew here ------------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

Nonlocal --------------------------------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency --------------------------------

State employment service ---------------------------------- School placem ent office ------------------------------------- C iv il S ervice t e s t ------------------------------------------------

Asked teacher or p rofessor --------------------------------

Went to place where em ployers com e to

pick up people --------------------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------------- Nonlocal --------------------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in professional or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------------- Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------------

Contacted local organization ----------------------------- Placed ads in p rofession al o r trade

Other -----------------------------------------------------------------

A vera ge number of methods used ---------------------- MEN

T ota l jobseekers (thousands) -------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ----------------- Asked frien d s:

About jobs where they work -------------- About jobs elsew here ------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they work -------------- About jobs elsew here ------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L ocal ------------------------------------------------ N onlocal --------------------------------------------

P riva te employment agency -------------------- State employment s e r v ic e ----------------------- School placem ent o ffic e ---------------------------

C iv il S ervice test -----------------------------------

Asked teacher or p ro fe s s o r --------------------- Went to place where em ployers com e to

pick up people --------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------------- N onlocal --------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in professional or trade

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------

Contacted local organization ------------------ Placed ads in professional or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------- Other ------------------------------------------------------

A verage number of methods used

See footnote at end of table.

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(P ercen t of job seek ers)

Method

Total,

16 years 

and over

----------n>--------

to

19 years

---------- TV--------

to

24 years

---------- 75---------

to

34 years

---------- 35---------

to

44 years

----------15---------

to

54 years

55 years 

and 

over

WOMEN

T otal jobseekers (thousands) -------------------- 4, 688 849 1,511 1,095 642 405 186

Applied d irectly to em ployer ----------------------------- 64. 4 62. 8 64. 8 63. 7 66. 7 61. 2 69- 4

Asked frien ds:

About jobs where they w o r k --------------------------- 47. 2 59. 7 50. 1 44. 7 40. 7 31. 6 36. 0

About jobs elsew here ------------------------------------ 36. 6 44. 9 42. 4 36. 0 25. 7 24. 0 21.0

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o r k --------------------------- 25. 1 37. 7 27. 5 22. 8 14. 2 15. 1 20. 4

About jobs elsew here ------------------------------------ 23. 9 33. 5 31. 1 19. 1 11. 7 11. 6 17. 7

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l-------------------------------------------------------------- 47. 5 40. 8 51.0 44. 4 42. 5 44. 4 45. 2

N o n lo ca l--------------------------------------------------------- 8. 6 9. 9 9- 9 7. 1 7. 6 6. 7 7. 5

P riva te em ploym ent agency -------------------------------- 22. 4 18. 1 30. 2 20. 8 19- 2 13. 8 16. 1

State em ploym ent service ---------------------------------- 29- 2 24. 3 31. 2 29- 4 26. 8 28.9 41.4

School placem ent o ffice ------------------------------------- 13. 0 12. 5 21. 2 9. 4 6. 9 4. 2 9- 1

C iv il S ervice t e s t------------------------------------------- 15. 2 12. 0 20. 1 16. 3 11.5 9- 4 8. 1

Asked teacher or p rofessor -------------------------------- 11.8 18. 8 16. 8 8. 3 5.9 1. 2 2. 7

Went to place w here em ployers com e to

pick up people ------------------------------------------------- . 7 • 9 . 7 . 7 . 6 n n

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o ca l ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. 4 . 8 1. 0 2. 1 1.4 2. 0 1.6

N o n lo ca l--------------------------------------------------------- . 2 . 2 ( M . 4 . 3 . 5 ( M

A nsw ered ads in profession al or trade

journals —-------------------------------------------------------- 2. 6 1.4 3. 8 3. 3 1.6 1. 5 (*)

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------------ 1. 1 . 8 . 5 1. 5 1. 7 1.7 2. 7

Contacted loca l o rg a n iza tio n ------------------------------ 5. 7 3.9 7. 0 6. 5 4. 0 4. 7 5. 4

Placed ads in profession al or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------------- . 4 . 2 . 3 . 8 (M . 5 n

O th e r ------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. 5 10. 4 13. 1 10. 0 12. 5 10. 6 10. 8

A verage number o f methods used ---------------------- 3. 7 4. 0 4. 2 3. 5 3. 0 2. 7 3. 2

1 No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t of jobseekers)

Methods Total

P ro fession a l and 

technical w orkers M anag- Sales w orkers C le ric a l w orkers

Total Engineers

T each ­

ers,

except

college

E n gineering

and

science

technicians

ers and 

adm inistrators, 

except 

farm

Total R etail Other Total B ookkeepers

O ffice

machine

op erators

Stenographers,

typists,

and

s e c r e ­

taries

BOTH SEXES

Total (thousands) --------------------- 10. 437 1, 430 120 409 119 526 767 494 273 2. 272 214 105 782

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------ 66. 0 66. 1 79.2 77. 0 62. 2 64. 3 70. 8 73. 7 65.6 58.5 52. 8 52. 4 50. 8

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w ork --------- 50. 8 48.5 53. 3 49. 4 58. 0 45. 1 44. 3 46. 6 40. 3 48. 5 36.9 48. 6 47. 1

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------------- 41. 8 45. 2 48. 3 49. 1 49. 6 45. 6 39. 4 37. 7 42. 5 39.9 29. 0 52.4 39. 8

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w o r k ---------- 28. 4 18. 2 23. 3 19. 3 31. 1 23. 8 20.2 20. 0 20. 1 27. 7 25. 2 29.5 27. 1

About jobs elsew here ------------------- 27. 3 23. 4 21. 7 32. 8 36. 1 26. 8 24. 2 23. 7 25. 6 27. 8 25. 2 28. 6 23. 7

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L ocal ------------------------------------------- 45. 9 37. 1 52. 5 21.5 55.5 54. 2 51. 6 50. 0 54. 6 55. 1 51. 4 60. 0 58. 3

Nonlocal -------------------------------------- 11. 7 13. 8 30. 8 7. 8 16. 8 21. 1 12. 8 8. 7 20. 1 9.9 11.2 13. 3 7. 4

P riv a te em ploym ent agency ------------- 21. 0 27. 1 58. 3 19. 8 31. 1 41. 1 23. 3 16. 2 36. 3 33. 0 42. 1 34. 3 40. 5

State em ploym ent service ----------------- 33. 5 24. 7 36. 7 15.9 37. 8 36. 1 28. 0 29. 1 26. 4 34. 2 32. 7 41. 0 36. 7

School placem ent office -------------------- 12. 5 35. 0 25. 8 56. 7 21. 8 13.5 12. 6 11. 1 15. 8 12. 1 7. 9 19.0 12. 0

C ivil S ervice test ----------------------------- 15. 3 22.2 22.5 13.0 16. 0 21.9 9. 8 7.9 13. 2 21. 3 16. 4 36. 2 26. 1

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ------------- 10. 4 31. 4 23. 3 45. 5 17. 6 . 10. 3 8.9 7. 3 11. 7 10.0 9. 3 15. 2 10. 5

W ent to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people ------ -—-------- 1. 4 1. 6 2. 5 1. 5 1.7 1. 5 1. 8 .6 3. 7 . 8 C ) 4. 8 . 4

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal ------------------------------------------- 1. 6 . 5 ( ‘) 1.2

0

3. 4 . 7 . 6 . 7 1. 5 . 9 6. 7 1.9

N onlocal -------------------------------------- . 5 (*) (*) (l ) ( 1) 1.9 . 3 0 . 7 .5 . 9 4. 8 . 3

A nsw ered ads in profession al or

trade journals -------------------‘-- ------- 4.9 11.9 38. 3 6. 1 10. 1 16.9 5.6 2. 0 12. 5 2. 7 2. 3 5. 7 2. 0

Union hiring hall ------------’------------------ 6. 0 1.7 1. 7 1. 2 0 3.0 2. 5 2. 2 2. 9 1.7 C ) 6. 7 . 3

Contacted local organization —---------- 5. 6 8.2 4. 2 6. 4 13. 4 4. 8 3. 4 3. 6 2.9 4. 8 4. 7 5. 7 5. 6

Placed ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------------- . 6 1.0 3. 3 ( ‘ ) 3. 4 2. 3 1.0 . 8 1. 5 .5 0 1. 9 .9

Other ------------------------------------------------ 11. 8 16.2 9.2 19. 6 14. 3 17. 7 10. 6 9. 3 12. 8 10. 6 9. 3 10. 5 9. 1

A verage number of methods used ----- 4. 0 4. 3 5. 3 4. 4 4. 8 4. 6 3. 7 3. 5 4. 1 4. 0 3. 6 4. 8 4. 0

C raft w orkers

O peratives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

L a b orers,

except

farm

P riva te

household

w orkers

S ervice

w ork ers,

except

private

household

F arm

w orkers Total

Carpenters, and 

other construction 

w ork ers

M echanics,

autom obile

M echanics,

except

automobile

Total (thousands) --------------------- 1. 154 442 111 148 1. 722 389 639 99 1,374 265

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------ 68. 7 65. 4 71. 2 68.9 70.2 66. 3 72. 0 35. 4 67.7 _

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ---------- 48. 0 46. 8 45.9 48. 0 57. 3 55. 8 60. 1 34. 3 51. 7 -

About jobs elsew here ------------------- 43. 8 38. 9 55.9 48. 6 39.5 45. 0 45. 9 26. 3 39. 4

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w o r k ---------- 28.2 20. 4 18. 9 33. 8 38. 8 31. 1 40. 8 24. 2 26.6

About jobs elsew h ere ------------------- 24. 1 20. 4 17. 1 22. 3 31. 4 30. 8 35. 8 28. 3 24. 4

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------- 39. 9 37. 6 33. 3 38. 5 41. 9 48. 3 39. 7 50. 5 46. 1

N onlocal -------------------------------------- 13. 3 11. 3 11. 7 14. 9 10. 0 10. 8 11. 6 10. 1 9.0

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------------- 13. 6 10. 0 9.9 19. 6 11. 3 12. 3 11. 4 19.2 11.9

State em ploym ent service ----------------- 37. 1 34. 6 37. 8 31. 1 36. 8 37. 5 42. 4 31. 3 31. 1

School placem ent office --------------- ---- 3.4 2. 0 7. 2 4. 1 5.9 5. 4 8. 1 10. 1 9.5

C ivil S ervice test ----------------------------- 11.0 10. 4 8. 1 10. 8 9.6 9.5 12. 7 6. 1 13. 1

Asked teacher or p rofessor ------------- 3. 3 2. 5 5. 4 5. 4 4.4 2. 8 4. 5 7. 1 8. 4

Went to place where em ployers

com e to pick up people ------------------- 1. 0 .9 3. 6 ( ‘) 1. 2 1. 5 4. 4 3. 0 . 8

.Placed ads in newspapers:

L ocal ------------------------------------------- 1. 5 1. 4 3. 6 1.4 1. 7 2. 6 1. 7 16. 2 1. 2

Nonlocal -------------------------------------- . 7 . 5 1. 8 ( ‘) .5 . 5 .9 2. 0 . 1

A nsw ered ads in profession al or

trade journals ------------------------------- 3. 6 3. 4 1. 8 2. 7 1. 6 1. 0 4. 1 2. 0 2. 8

Union hiring hall ------------------------------ 20. 3 29. 4 11. 7 4. 7 6. 4 11. 1 12. 2 5. 0 3. 1

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n ------------- 5. 4 5.9 8. 1 4. 7 5.2 2. 1 7.0 10. 1 6. 3

Placed ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------------------- . 3 . 5 1. 8 0 . 2 . 5 .9 2.0 0

Other ------------------------------------------------ 11.0 12. 4 12.6 16.2 10.2 11. 3 10. 6 12. 1 10. 3

A vera ge number of methods used ----- 3. 8 3.5 3. 7 3. 8 3. 8 3.9 4. 3 3. 4 3. 6 -

See footnotes at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-2. Methods used to look for work: Occupation and sex, January 1973—Continued

(P ercen t of job seek ers)

Total

ProtessionaL and 

technical w orkers M anagSales w orkers

Total E ngineers

T each ­

ers,

except

college

E n gineering

and

science

tech ­

nicians

ers and 

adm inis - 

trators, 

except 

farm

Total R etail Other C lerica l

w orkers

5,749 757 119 102 108 442 42 6 209 217 384

67.3 63. 1 78. 2 77.4 62. 6 66. 5 65. 7 65. 1 65.9 62. 0

53. 8 48. 3 52. 1 46. 1 61. 7 44. 8 45. 5 49.8 41. 0 53. 6

45. 9 46.6 47. 1 55.9 55. 1 46. 8 44.4 45. 0 43.8 50. 5

31. 0 21. 4 23. 5 28.4 32. 7 24. 7 21.4 22. 0 20. 7 31. 5

30. 1 24. 0 21. 8 31.4 40. 2 28.3 29.3 32. 5 26. 3 33. 3

44. 6 41. 1 52.9 13. 7 52. 3 52.9 57.3 59.3 55.8 46. 9

14.2 17.8 31. 1 4.9 18. 7 23. 3 18. 5 15. 8 21.2 10. 9

19. 9 32. 0 58. 8 17. 6 29.9 41.6 32, 6 22. 0 43.3 24. 7

37. 1 29.7 35.3 19. 6 38. 3 37. 1 31.7 34. 4 29. 0 36. 5

12. 0 33. 0 26. 0 51. 0 24.3 13. 8 15. 7 16. 3 15. 7 15. 1

15.4 26. 0 21.8 13. 7 16. 8 20. 4 12.2 11. 5 12.9 18.8

9.2 30. 1 23. 5 40. 2 18. 7 10. 4 9.4 6. 7 12. 0 7.6

2. 0 2.2 2. 5 (1) 1.9 1. 8 2.3 1.0 4. 1 1.8

1.7 . 5 2. 0 (') 4. 1 . 5 (') .9 1.3

. 7 C) (*) (l) O 2.3 . 5 l 1) • 9 . 8

6.7 16.2 38.7 7.8 11.2 18. 6 8.9 2.9 14. 7 5.2

9-9 2.4 1.7 3.9 (M 3. 6 3. 8 3. 8 3.7 5. 7

5. 5 7.8 4. 2 6.9 15. 0 4. 1 3.8 5. 3 2.3 4. 4

. 8 1. 6 3. 4 (*) 3..7 2. 7 • 9 (*) 1.8 . 5

11.8 13.5 8. 4 13. 7 13. 1 18. 6 11.3 9. 1 13.4 10. 4

4.2 4. 6 5.3 4. 3 5. 0 4.7 4. 2 4. 0 4. 3 4.2

MEN

Total (thousands)

A pplied d irectly to e m p lo y e r ------

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------

An sw ered newspaper ads:

Nonlocal ---------------- >--------------

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------

State em ploym ent service --------

School placem ent o ffice ------------

C iv il S ervice test ---------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ------

Went to place where em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le ------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L ocal

A n sw ered ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------------

Union hiring hall ------------------------

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n -------

P laced ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------

Other ------------------------------------------

A vera g e number of methods used—

T otal (thousands)

A pplied d ire c tly to em ployer — -— 

A sked friends:

About jobs where they w ork -----

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w o rk -----

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

Local

Nonlocal

P riva te em ploym ent agency —

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e -----

School placem ent office -------

C iv il S ervice test

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ----

Went to place where em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le ----------

P laced ads in newspapers:

L oca l ---------------------------------

N onlocal

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ---------------------------

Union hiring h a l l -------------------------

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n -------

P laced ads in p rofession al or

trade jou rn als----------------------------

Othe r ------------------------------------------

A vera g e number of methods used—

C raft and kindred w ork er

Total

Carpenters and 

other construction 

w orkers

M echanics,

autom obile

M echanics,

except

automobile

O peratives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

Lab orers,

except

farm

S ervice

w orkers,

except

private

household

Farm

w orkers

1, 113 438 111 146 1,038 357 593 580 259

68.4 65. 4 71.2 68. 5 69.2 67. 5 71.8 67. 8

48. 1 • 46.2 45. 9 47. 3' 61.9 56.3 60. 9 60.2

44.3 39. 0 55.9 47. 9 44. 1 46. 5 46.9 46.4

28. 5 20. 5 18.9 32.9 39.6 30. 3 41.8 33. 1

24. 4 20. 5 17. 1 22. 6 35.8 30. 5 36. 1 30. 9

40. 1 37.8 '33.3 37.7 42. 8 48. 2 39. 1 49. 0

13. 5 11. 4 11. 7 15. 1 10. 8 11. 5 12.3 12. 2

13.8 9.8 9.9 19.9 12.4 12.9 11. 5 14. 0

37. 6 34. 6 37.8 30. 1 37.9 40. 1 43.3 39. 8

3. 4 • 2. 0 7.2 4. 1 7. 0 5.3 8.8 12.2

11.2 10. 5 8. 1 11. 0 11. 0 9.8 12. 1 20.9

3.3 2.5 5.4 5. 5 5. 5 2. 0 4.9 8.4

.9 .9 ' 3. 6 (*) 1.9 1.7 4. 4 1. 4

1.5 1.4 3. 6 1. 4 2 .4 2.8 1.9 1.2

. 7 . 5 1.8 ( l) .9 . 6 1.0 .3

3.8 3. 4 1.8 2. 7 1.9 1. 1 4.4 5.2

21.0 29. 6 11.7 4.8 9.4 12. 0 13.2 5. 7

5.3 5.9 8. 1 4. 1 4.2 1.7 7. 1 8.8

. 4 . 5 1. 8 C) .4 . 6 1. 0 (l)

11.2 12. 5 12. 6 16.4 10. 1 11.8 11.0 11.2

3.8 3. 5 3.7 3.7 4. 1 3.9 4. 3 4.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t of jobseekers)

Method Total

P ro fessio n a l and 

technical w orkers M anagers and 

adm in istra tors, 

except 

farm

Sales w orkers C le ric a l w orkers

Total

Teach ­

ers,

except

college

Total R etail Total B ookkeepers

O ffice

machine

op erators

Stenographers,

typists,

and

s e c re ­

taries

WOMEN

T otal (thousands) ---------------- 4, 688 673 307 84 341 285 1,888 196 79 774

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r -------- 64. 4 69- 4 76. 5 52. 4 77. 6 80. 0 57. 8 52. 6 54. 4 51.0

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork ------ 47. 2 48. 9 50. 5 46. 4 42. 9 44. 2 47. 5 37. 2 51. 9 46. 8

About jobs elsew here -------------- 36. 6 43. 8 46. 9 39- 3 33. 5 32. 3 37. 7 29. 6 50. 6 39. 4

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w o r k ----- 25. 1 14. 4 16. 0 19. 0 18.8 18. 6 26.9 24. 5 34. 2 27. 4

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------- 23. 9 22. 7 33. 2 19. 0 17. 9 17. 2 26. 6 25. 5 35. 4 23. 9

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l---------------------------------------- 47. 5 32. 7 24. 1 60. 7 44. 7 43. 2 56.8 52. 0 63. 3 58. 4 Nonlocal ---------------------------------- 8. 6 9- 4 8.8 9. 5 5. 6 3. 5 9. 7 1 2 . 2 15. 2 7. 4

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ---------- 22. 4 2 1.7 20. 5 39- 3 11.8 12. 3 34. 6 39- 8 32. 9 41.0

State em ploym ent service ------------ 29. 2 19- 0 14. 7 31.0 23.8 25. 3 33. 7 33. 7 44. 3 36. 8

School placem ent o ffice ---------------- 13. 0 37. 1 58. 6 11.9 8.8 7. 4 11. 4 7. 7 16. 5 1 1 . 8

C iv il S ervice t e s t -------------------------- 15. 2 18. 0 13. 0 29.8 6.8 5. 3 21.8 16. 3 36. 7 26. 4

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ---------- 11.8 32. 7 47. 2 9.5 8. 2 7. 7 10. 5 10. 2 17. 7 10. 6

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -------------- . 7 • 9 2 . 0 (*) • 9 . 7 . 6 (>) 2. 5 . 4

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l---------------------------------------- 1. 4 . 4 1 . 0 (M . 9 1 . 1 1. 5 1. 0 5. 1 1. 9

Nonlocal ---------------------------------- . 2 (M (l ) l1) (M (l ) . 4 1 . 0 2. 5 . 3

A nsw ered ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------------- 2 . 6 7. 1 5. 5 9. 5 1. 5 1 . 1 2. 3 2 . 6 5. 1 2 . 1

Union hiring hall -------------------------- 1. 1 • 9 . 7 0 ) • 9 1 . 1 • 9 (*) 6. 3 . 3

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n --------- 5. 7 8. 6 6. 2 8. 3 2. 9 2 . 1 4. 8 2 . 6 7. 6 5. 7

Placed ads in profession al or

trade journals ---------------------------- . 4 . 3 il ) (M 1 . 2 1 .4 . 5 (l ) 2. 5 . 9 Other ------------------------------------------- 11. 5 19- 2 21. 5 13. 1 9- 7 9- 5 10. 6 9- 2 11. 4 8. 9

A vera ge number of methods u sed-- 3. 7 4. 1 4. 5 4. 0 3. 2 3. 1 4. 0 3. 6 5. 0 4. 0

Total (thousands)

C raft

w ork ers

O peratives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

Lab orers,

except

fa rm

P riv a te

household

S ervice

w ork ers,

except

private

household

F arm

w ork ers

21 794_______________ z_6_

Applied d irectly to em ployer --------

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------

About jobs elsew h ere ---------------

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------

About jobs elsew here ---------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L ocal ----------------------------------------

Nonlocal -----------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent a g e n c y -----------

State em ploym ent service -------------

School placem ent office -----------------

C ivil S ervice test --------------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r -----------

Went to place where em ployers

com e to pick up people ---------- —

Placed ads in newspapers:

Local ----------------------------------------

Nonlocal -----------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals -----------------------------

Union hiring hall ---------------------------

Contacted local organization ---------

P laced ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ----------------------------

Other ---------------------------------------------

71.6

50. 3

32.6

37. 7

24.6

40.5 

8.9 

9.4 

35. 1 

4. 4

7.6 2. 6

. 3

. 7 (*)

1.2 2.06.6

0

10. 2

35.4

34. 3 

26. 3

24.2 

28. 3

50. 5

10. 1

19.2 

31. 3 

10. 1

6. 1

7. 1

3.0

16.2

2 . 0

2.0

5.0

10. 1

2.0 

12. 1

67. 5

45. 5 

34. 4

21.9

19.6

44. 0

6. 5 

10. 3 

24. 8

7. 4 

7. 4

8.4

.4

1. 3 (1)

1. 11.0

4.4

A vera ge number of methods used — 2

1 No one in category. 2 P ercen t not shown w h ere b a se is le s s than 75. 000.

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method

T otal (thousands)--------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo yer -----

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o rk —

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o rk —

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l -------------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------

State em ploym ent s ervice ---------

School placem ent o ffic e -------------

C iv il S ervice test ---------------------

Asked teacher or p rofessor -----

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le -----------

P laced ads in newspaper:

L o ca l -----------------------------------

N onlocal ------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals -------------------------

Union h iring hall ---------------------

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n -----

P laced ads in p rofession al or

trade journals -------------------------

Other ----------------------------------------

A vera g e number o f methods 

used ----------------------------------------

P rofession a l

and

technical

w ork ers

M anagers 

and adm inistrators, 

except farm

Sales

w ork ers

C lerica l

w orkers

C raft

w ork ers

O peratives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

L a b o rers,

except

farm

Service

w ork ers,

except

private

household

1, 316 498 717 2,049 1, 059 1,515 351 528 1, 152

66. 6 65. 3 70.4 59. 0 69.5 70. 8 66.4 71. 8 69.6

47. 8 44. 6 42. 8 47. 8 47. 6 56.9 57. 0 58. 1 50.2

45. 1 46. 2 38.5 39. 6 43.3 39. 6 46.7 44. 9 38. 7

18. 7 22.3 18.3 26. 3 27.9 39. 1 31. 1 41.3 23.3

23. 6 26. 1 23.4 26. 9 24.5 32. 1 31.3 34. 1 22.6

36. 6 56. 0 51. 6 55. 6 41. 1 42. 7 51.3 39.2 47. 6

14. 1 21. 9 11.9 9. 5 13.4 10. 2 10. 5 11.9 8.4

2 6.3 42.4 22. 6 33. 5 13. 0 11. 0 13. 1 11. 9 10. 8

25. 0 35. 7 26. 6 32. 2 35. 3 35. 0 38.2 41. 1 29. 0

35.3 13. 5 11.9 11. 1 3. 7 5.3 6. 0 7.4 3.4

22.2 21. 1 9. 1 19.2 10. 5 8.4 10. 5 13. 6 6.2

31.4 9. 6 8.4 9. 7 3.4 4.2 3. 1 4 .4 2. 0

1.7 1. 0 1. 5 . 5 .8 .9 . 6 4.4 2. 0

.3 3. 6 .7 1.3 1.4 1. 3 2.8 . 8 1.0

0

2. 0 .3 . 3 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 8 .3

12.0 16. 9 5.4 2.4 3. 8 1.3 1. 1 3.4 1. 6

1.5 3. 2 2. 6 1. 5 20.0 6.3 11. 1 11.4 5.2

6. 8 3.4 2. 6 3. 5 4.2 3. 0 1. 7 6.2 2.9

.9 2.4 1. 1 .4 .4 0) . 6 . 8 .3

16. 1 17. 3 10. 5 10. 9 9.4 10. 5 11. 1 11. 7 5.4

4.3 4. 5 3. 6 3. 9 3. 7 3. 8 3.9 4. 2 3.3

1 No one in category.

Table B-4. Methods Negro and other minority race jobseekers used to look for work: Occupation, January 1973

(^ e r^ en ^ ^ ^ ^ o b s ^ e ek e r^

Method

P rofession a l

and

technical

w ork ers

M anagers 

and adm inistrators, 

except farm

Sales

w ork ers

C lerica l

w ork ers

C raft

w ork ers

Ope rative s , 

except 

transport

T ran sport

equipment

operatives

L a b o rers,

except

farm

Se rvice 

w ork ers, 

except 

private 

household

T otal (thousands) ------------- 114 *28 150 223 95 207 1 38 111 222

Applied d irectly to em p lo yer ----- 60.5 _ _ 54. 7 60. 0 65.2 _ 73. 0 57. 7

A sked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w ork — 57. 0 - - 55. 6 52.6 60.4 - 70. 3 58. 6

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------ 46. 5 - - 42. 6 49. 5 39. 1 - 51.4 43.2

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork — 12.3 - 40.4 31.6 37.2 - 38. 7 43.7

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------ 21.9 - 35. 0 20. 0 26. 1 - 43. 2 33.3

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------ 43. 9 - - 50. 2 27.4 35. 7 - 42. 3 38.3

N onlocal -------------------------------- 11.4 - - 13. 5 12. 6 8. 7 - 9. 9 12.2

P riva te em ploym ent agen cy------- 3 6. 0 - _ 28.3 20.0 13.0 - 9.0 17.6

State em ploym ent se rv ic e --------- 20.2 - - 52. 5 56. 8 49.3 - 48. 6 42.3

School placem ent o ffic e ------------- 31. 6 - - 21. 1 1. 1 11. 1 - 12. 6 9.9

C iv il S ervice t e s t ---------------------- 21.9 - - 40.4 15.8 18. 8 - 9. 0 17.6

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ------ 30. 7 - - 13. 5 2. 1 5.3 - 5.4 9.0

W ent to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le ----------- .9 - - 3. 6 3.2 3.9 - 4. 5 2. 7

P laced ads in newspapers:

L o c a l ----------------------------------- 2. 6 - - 3. 1 2. 1 5.3 - 6.3 ' 2.3

N onlocal -------------------------------- H - - 2.2 (*) (2) - 1. 8 .9

A n sw ered ads in profession al

or trade jou rn als --------------------- 10. 5 - - 5. 8 2. 1 3.4 - 7.2 8. 1

Union h iring h a ll------------------------ 3.5 - - 4. 0 22. 1 7. 2 - 17. 1 5.9

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n ----- 25.4 - - 16. 1 18.9 21.3 - 10. 8 21.6

Placed ads in p r o fessio n a l or

trade journals — --------------------- 1.8 - - .9 ft 1.9 - 1. 8 0

Othe r ---------------------------------------- 16.7 - 7. 6 28.4 7. 7 5.4 10. 8

A vera g e number o f methods

u s e d ----------------------------------------- 4. 6 " ” 4. 9 4.3 4.2 ” 4.7 4.4

1 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000. No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t of jobseekers)

Both sexes Men W omen

Method

In SMSA1 of 25 0 

or m ore

ooo

Not in 

SMSA

' In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 250 

or m ore

oo

o

Not in 

SMSA

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total (thousands) ------- 6, 642 2. 884 3. 758 3. 795 3, 576 1. 537 2. 039 2, 173 3, 066 1. 347 1, 719 1, 622

Applied di rectly to em ploye r — 63. 1 59.9 65. 6 70. 3 64. 1 60.2 67. 1 71. 7 61.9 59. 4 63. 8 68.5

A sked friends:

About jobs where they

w ork ---------------------------- 50. 7 51. 3 50. 3 50. 8 54. 4 53. 4 55. 1 54. 0 46. 3 48. 8 44. 3 46. 3

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------ 42. 1 43. 2 41. 3 41. 9 47. 0 45. 7 48. 0 46. 5 36. 3 40. 3 33. 1 35. 5

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they

w ork ---------------------------- 27. 9 29.2 26.9 28.6 30. 7 30. 2 31. 1 31.2 24. 5 28. 0 21. 8 25. 2

About jobs elsew here ----- 27. 4 27. 2 27. 5 26. 0 30. 2 27. 7 32. 1 28. 9 23. 9 26. 6 21.9 22.0

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L ocal ----------------------------- 51. 7 50. 8 52. 4 36. 3 51.0 51.4 50. 7 34. 6 52. 6 50. 1 54. 6 38. 6

N onlocal ------------------------- 11. 8 9.9 13. 2 11.7 14. 1 11. 7 15. 8 14. 8 9.0 7. 8 10. 0 7. 5

P riv a te em ploym ent agency— 25. 2 27. 4 23. 6 13. 6 24. 2 23. 8 24. 5 13.4 26.5 31. 6 22. 5 13. 8

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ---- 31. 8 34. 5 29.7 38. 1 37. 1 39. 0 35. 6 38. 8 25. 4 29.2 22.4 37. 1

School placem ent o ffice ------ 13. 8 15. 8 12.2 11. 1 13.5 14.4 12.9 11. 0 14. 1 17. 4 11.5 11. 3

C ivil S ervice test --------------- 16.7 17. 8 15.9 12.9 17. 5 16. 6 18. 2 12. 6 15. 8 19.2 13. 1 13. 3

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r — 10.6 12. 2 9. 3 9. 8 8. 8 9.9 8. 0 9. 3 12. 7 14. 8 11.0 10. 6

W ent to place w here 

em ployers com e to pick

up people --------------------------- 1.2 1. 6 .9 1. 7 1. 7 2. 1 1. 4 2. 5 .6 . 9 . 3 .6

P la ced ads in newspapers:

L o ca l ----------------------------- 2. 1 2. 7 1. 7 1.5 2. 6 3.2 2. 1 1. 3 1.6 2. 0 1. 2 1. 8

N onlocal ------------------------- .7 . 8 . 6 .5 1.0 1. 3 . 8 . 7 . 3 . 2 .4 . 1

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al

or trade journals ------------- 5. 8 6. 1 5. 6 3. 8 7. 9 7. 4 8. 3 5. 1 3. 3 4.5 2. 3 2. 1

Union hiring hall ----------------- 6.2 6. 3 6. 1 6. 8 10. 6 10.7 10. 6 10. 4 1.0 1. 3 . 7 1. 8

Contacted local organization ------------------------------ 5.5 6.5 4. 7 5.5 5.6 5. 8 5. 5 5. 3 5. 4 7. 4 3. 8 5.9

P laced ads in profession al

or trade journals ------------- .9 1. 3 . 6 . 3 1.2 1. 6 .9 .4 .5 .9 . 1 . 3

Other ---------------------------------- 12. 3 11.2 13.2 11. 6 12. 7 12.2 13. 2 12. 2 11.9 10. 1 13. 3 10.9

A vera ge number of methods

used --------------------------------- 4. 1 4. 2 4.0 3. 8 4. 4 4. 3 4. 4 4. 0 3. 7 4. 0 3.5 3. 5

Standard M etropolitan Statistical A rea .

Table B-6. Methods Negro and other m inority race jobseekers used to look for work: Residence and sex, January 1973

Both Sexes Men W omen

Method

In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 250 

or m ore

o

oo

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total (thousands) --------- 817 585 232 318 446 315 131 175 371 270 101 143

Applied d irectly to em p loyer— 55. 3 53.9 58. 9 63. 3 55. 8 51. 4 66. 4 67. 0 54. 7 56. 6 49. 5 58. 8

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they

w ork ----------------------------- 57. 1 55.9 59. 7 54. 9 61. 6 60. 6 64.9 64. 8 51. 8 50.9 54. 3 42. 6

About jobs elsew h ere ------ 43. 9 42. 6 47. 0 38. 3 49. 3 46. 4 57. 3 40. 3 37. 5 38. 4 34. 3 35. 8

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they

w ork ----------------------------- 34. 5 34. 6 34. 7 38. 9 35.0 33. 4 38. 9 39.2 33. 9 35. 8 29.5 38. 5

About jobs elsew here ------ 29.9 26. 3 39. 0 30. 9 30. 8 24. 0 47. 3 33. 5 28. 9 29.0 28.6 28. 4

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L ocal ------------------------------ 46. 3 47. 8 41. 9 25.9 46. 7 49. 2 41. 2 25.0 45. 6 46. 2 43. 8 27. 0

N onlocal -------------------------- 11. 8 10. 6 15. 3 6. 8 14. 7 10.4 25. 2 7.4 8. 3 10. 8 1.9 6. 1

P riv a te em ploym ent agency — 26. 1 25.5 28.0 16.0 24. 6 20. 2 35. 1 13. 6 27. 9 31. 2 19.0 18. 9

State em ploym ent s ervice ---- 46. 5 46. 3 46. 6 45.4 52. 5 51. 1 55. 7 42. 0 39. 3 41.2 35.2 50.0

School placem ent o ffice ------- 15. 4 17.6 9. 7 14. 5 14. 1 14. 8 12.2 14. 8 16. 9 20. 8 6. 7 14. 2

C ivil S ervice test ----------------- 24. 0 25. 5 20. 8 14. 8 25.9 24. 6 29.0 11. 4 21.9 26.5 10.5 18. 9

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r — 10. 2 12. 6 4. 2 8. 3 9.2 10. 4 5. 3 6. 8 11. 7 15. 1 1.9 10. 1

W ent to place w here 

em ployers com e to pick

up people --------------------------- 3.2 3.5 2. 5 5. 2 4.2 4. 1 4. 6 8.5 1. 8 2.5 ( 2) 1. 4

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal ------------------------------ 4. 3 5. 5 1. 3 4.0 5.4 6. 6 2.3 5. 1 3. 1 4. 3 ( 2) 2. 7

N onlocal -------------------------- 1. 4 2. 0 ‘ ( 2) .6 2.0 2. 8 ft ( 2) . 8 1. 1 1. 4

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al

or trade journals --------------- 6.5 5.9 8.0 7. 1 8. 0 6.0 12.2 6. 2 4. 7 5. 7 1.9 8. 1

Union hiring hall ------------------ 7.5 7. 0 8. 5 10.2 11. 6 10. 4 15. 3 11.9 2. 3 3.2 ( 2) 8. 1

Contacted loca l organ iz a tio n --------------------------------- 17. 1 15. 8 20. 8 17. 6 15.2 12. 0 22.9 14.2 19.3 20. 1 17. 1 20. 9

P laced ads in p rofession al

or trade journals --------------- 1.2 1.7 2. 1 1.5 1. 1 1. 6 (2) 1. 7 1. 3 1. 8 (2) 1. 4

Other ----------------------------------- 11. 5 11.2 12. 3 13.9 15. 4 16. 1 13. 7 15. 3 7.0 6. 1 9.5 12.2

A vera ge number of methods

U8ed ---------------------------------- 4. 5 4.5 4. 6 4. 2 4. 8 4.6 5. 5 4. 3 4.2 4.5 3. 4 4. 1

1 Standard M etropolitan Statistical A rea, 2 No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method T o ta l1

T o ta l (thousands) --------------------------------

A pplied d irectly to em ployer -------------------------

Asked frien ds:

About jobs where they w ork ---------------------

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork ---------------------

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------

Nonlocal ---------------------------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency --------------------------

State em ploym ent service -----------------------------

School placem ent office ---------------------------------

C iv il S ervice test -----------------------------------------

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r -------------------------

Went to place where em ployers com e to

pick up people --------------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------

N onlocal ---------------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in profession al or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------

Contacted lo ca l o r g a n iz a tio n -------------------------

Placed ads in p rofession al o r trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------

Other -----------------------------------------------------------

10, 437

66. 0

50. 8 

41. 8

28.4 

27. 3

45. 9 

11.7 

21. 0 

33. 5 

12. 5 

15. 3

10.4

1. 4

1. 6

. 5

4. 9

6. 0

5. 6

. 6

11.8

A vera ge number of methods used ------------------ 4. 0

T o ta l (thousands) ----------------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer --------------------------

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork ------------------------

About jobs elsew h ere ----------------------------------

A sked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork ------------------------

About jobs elsew h ere ----------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l ----------------------------------------------------------

N onlocal ------------------------------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent agency ----------------------------

State em ploym ent s ervice -------------------------------

School placem ent office ----------------------------------

C iv il S ervice test ------------------------------------------

A sked teacher or p ro fesso r ----------------------------

Went to place w here em ployers com e to pick up

people -----------------------------------------------------------

P la ced ads in new spapers:

L o c a l ---------------------------------------------------------

N on local -----------------------------------------------------

A n sw ered ads in p rofession al or trade journals

Union h irin g h all --------------------------------------------

Contacted local organization ----------------------------

P laced ads in profession al or trade journals — 

Other -------------------------------------------------------------

A vera g e number of methods used -------------------

Quit

job

T em p orary 

job ended

Laid off 

tem p ora rily

Laid off 

indefinitely

L ost job 

for other 

reasons

Sold, lost, 

or gave up 

business

-----Wanted

differen t 

job before 

quitting

1, 714 448 91 974 642 150 1, 373

68. 4 65. 4 69.2 70. 0 71. 5 71. 3 60. 3

47. 7 56. 2 46. 2 57. 5 59. 6 56. 7 45. 3

40. 5 46. 0 29.7 49. 7 50. 4 43. 3 37.8

2 5. 0 31.2 27. 5 36.4 38.2 30. 0 23. 1

24.2 28. 6 26.4 34. 5 36. 0 30. 7 20. 0

50. 6 38.8 41. 8 55. 5 62. 4 52. 0 41.2

13. 0 9.8 11. 0 17.8 20. 6 14.0 10. 0

24. 3 13. 6 19.8 24. 5 27. 0 24. 7 21.8

35. 1 40.4 47. 3 56. 1 56. 9 30. 7 18. 4

5.4 10. 3 3. 3 6. 7 5.6 5. 3 7. 6

11.8 14. 5 14. 3 14.4 20. 6 17. 3 16. 2

4.9 10. 5 5. 5 5. 3 5. 6 4. 0 5. 5

1. 1 3. 6 3. 3 1. 7 2. 5 ( 2) 1. 1

1. 6 1. 1 2.2 1. 5 2. 2 4. 0 . 7

.6 . 4 (2) . 8 . 9 2.7 (2)

4. 5 4.2 3. 3 4. 3 7. 6 15. 3 6. 1

5.4 19. 0 24. 2 17.4 9.0 5. 3 1. 9

5.2 9.2 7. 7 5. 6 9.2 4. 0 1. 6

.8 . 4 (2) . 5 . 3 2. 7 .4

10.8 13.8 16. 5 11.3 9.2 16. 0 11. 6

3.8 4.2 4. 0 4. 7 5. 0 4. 3 3. 3

L eft L eft

Wanted 

to w ork R ecovered

from

Keeping 

house and

R etired 

and wanted Other school m ilita ry w hile in 

school illn ess wanted job to w ork

1, 522 265 557 165 924 86 1, 259

66.2 70. 9 64. 8 64.8 65.8 73. 3 62. 7

58. 5 58. 9 62. 5 43. 0 39. 0 26.7 46. 0

50. 5 47. 9 46. 7 33. 9 27. 3 16. 3 39. 1

36. 1 44. 9 25. 5 23. 6 20. 2 (2) 24. 0

37. 1 42. 6 27. 6 22.4 17. 6 (2) 24. 1

40. 9 39. 6 36. 6 49. 7 46. 2 26. 7 46. 5

12.2 12. 8 4. 5 15.8 5. 7 3. 5 10. 7

23.8 23.4 9.3 17. 0 12. 3 16. 3 21. 5

29.3 63.4 18.7 35.2 22.2 27. 9 32. 1

38.2 14. 3 26.6 9.7 3.8 7. 0 8. 6

23. 7 34. 3 6.6 21. 2 9. 5 7. 0 12. 8

34. 7 6. 0 15.6 4.8 4. 1 3. 5 6. 9

1. 9 (2) 1. 1 4.2 .2 (2) 1. 0

1.9 .8 . 7 1.2 1. 3 (2) 2. 9

.7 (2) (2) 1.2 . 6 (2) . 3

8.3 6. 8 1. 1 6. 7 (2) 2. 3 3. 3

2. 3 7. 5 1. 1 7.9 1.2 3. 5 4. 5

6.4 7. 9 3. 6 15.8 5. 0 2. 3 6. 5

. 5 1. 5 .4 2.4 . 2 ( 2) . 8

11.4 9.4 14.2 14. 5 7. 1 7. 0 16. 4

4.8 4. 9 3.7 4 .0 2. 9 2.2 3. 7

1 Includes som e persons fo r whom reason for looking fo r w ork 

was unknown.

N o one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t of job seek ers)

Method

Less 

than 

$ 80

— P o -------

to

$99

$Too

to

$ 124

$125

to

$ 149

$ 150 

to 

$ 174

$ 175 

to 

$ 199

$200

to

$249

$250

to

$299

$ 300 

or

m ore

Total (thousands) --------------------------------- 1, 468 1, 445 1, 759 1, 097 935 449 724 246 360

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------- 68. 9 67. 8 63. 4 63. 8 70. 2 65. 0 65. 2 58. 1 58.9

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork ---------------------- 52.9 52. 3 52. 2 50. 4 53.5 51.9 47. 2 42. 7 40. 3

About jobs elsew h ere -------------------------------- 39.6 40. 1 43. 3 44. 2 47. 9 48. 3 43. 5 37. 8 41. 1

A sked relatives:

About jobs where they w ork ---------------------- 32. 6 31.5 33. 3 30.5 30. 4 28. 5 24. 2 10. 6 9.2

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------- 29.2 30. 1 31.6 28. 2 31.2 29.2 21. 8 12. 2 12. 8

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L ocal --------------------------------------------------------- 41. 9 50. 2 51. 4 41. 7 45. 3 49. 4 41.7 39. 4 39. 7

N onlocal ---------------------------------------------------- 9.0 11. 8 11. 8 12. 9 13.9 13. 4 14. 5 13. 4 25. 0

P riv a te em ploym ent a g e n c y ---------------------------- 12. 0 20. 1 25. 8 24. 9 25. 7 23.4 25. 6 31. 3 29. 7

State em ploym ent service ------------------------------ 35. 6 38. 1 40. 0 38. 3 35. 8 34. 3 30. 1 26. 4 20. 0

School placem ent office ---------------------------------- 8. 2 8. 4 9.6 15. 7 15. 3 20.0 18. 4 16. 7 9.4

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------------------------- 10. 0 14. 7 17.9 19. 1 22. 7 22. 5 15. 1 11. 8 15. 8

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ----------------------------- 8.0 7. 6 7. 6 13. 3 10. 7 18.0 13. 4 17. 1 8. 1

W ent to place where em ployers com e to

pick up people --------------------------------------------- 1. 8 1.0 1. 5 1.2 1.5 1. 3 1.7 1.6 1. 4

P la ced ads in newspapers:

L ocal --------------------------------------------------------- 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 2. 1 . 7 1. 1 . 8 1.4

N onlocal ---------------------------------------------------- . 6 . 4 . 6 . 5 . 7 ( 1) 0 C) 1. 7

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or trade

journals -------------------------------------------------------- 1. 8 2. 8 2. 8 4. 3 6. 1 9. 1 11. 6 16. 2 21. 4

Union hiring hall -------------------------------------------- 2.2 2. 7 4.9 5. 6 6. 0 10.5 11. 3 26.4 25. 8

Contacted lo ca l organization -------------------------- 6. 7 5. 1 7. 0 4. 3 7.9 5. 6 4. 6 1. 6 1.7

P laced ads in p rofession al or trade

journals ------------------------------------------------------- . 5 . 3 1. 6 . 7 . 4 C) 1. 5 n 3.3

Other -------------------------------------------------------------- 10. 2 9. 1 10. 2 11. 4 14. 8 14. 0 13. 7 15. 0 15. 8

A vera ge number of methods used ------------------- 3. 7 4. 0 4. 2 4. 1 4. 4 4. 5 4. 1 3. 8 3. 8

1 No one in category.

Table B-9. M ethods used to look for work: Educational attainm ent, January 1973

(P ercen t of job seek ers)

Y ears of school com pleted

Method Elem entary High school C ollege

school 1 1 4

8 or less to 4 to or

3 3 m ore

T ota l (thousands) ------------------------ 883 1,647 4, 470 1,790 1,647

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r----------------- 68. 9 67. 1 63. 9 65. 3 69. 4

Asked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------------- 47. 1 53. 1 51. 5 51. 2 48. 0

About jobs elsew h ere ---------------------- 33. 2 37. 2 41.9 44. 7 47. 2

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------------- 30. 0 29- 9 31.6 23. 9 21.8

About jobs elsew h ere ---------------------- 22. 2 25. 6 28. 5 28. 9 26. 5

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L oca l ----------------------------------------------- 29. 4 40. 7 48. 9 53. 4 43. 3

N o n lo ca l------------------------------------------- 6.9 8.9 10. 9 13. 7 16. 9

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------------------ 8. 5 10. 6 19- 1 29. 6 34. 1

State em ploym ent serv ic e -------------------- 33. 6 31.9 35. 1 35. 0 29. 1

School placem ent o ffic e ------------------------- 2. 0 6. 7 7. 3 12. 0 38. 4

C iv il S ervice test --------------------------------- 4. 2 6.9 14. 5 19. 4 27. 0

Asked teacher or p ro fe s s o r ------------------- 1.0 6. 3 6. 4 9- 6 31. 0

Went to place w here em ployers com e

to pick up people -------------------------------- 2. 3 1-9 • 9 1. 2 1.8

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l------------------------------------------------ 2. 2 1.2 1.9 1. 3 1. 1

N o n lo ca l------------------------------------------- . 5 . 5 . 6 . 4 . 4

Answ ered ads in p rofession al o r trade

jo u r n a ls --------------------------------------------- . 8 2. 2 2. 5 5. 2 15. 7

Union hiring h a l l ---------------------------------- 12. 5 7.9 5. 6 5. 8 1.9

Contacted loca l o rg a n iza tio n ----------------- 5. 0 6. 0 5. 2 4. 1 8. 1

Placed ads in p rofession al or trade

journals -------------------------------------------- . 5 . 5 . 4 .8 1. 3

Other ---------------------------------------------------- 10. 8 10. 7 11. 7 10. 7 14. 6

A vera ge number of, methods u s e d --------- 3. 2 3. 6 3. 9 4. 2 4. 8

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method

BOTH SEXES

Total: Num ber (thousands) ------ P ercen t ------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------- Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork --------- About jobs elsew h ere --------------------

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they w ork --------- About jobs elsew here --------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L ocal --------------------------------------------

N onlocal ---------------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent agency -------------- State em ploym ent s ervice ----------------- School placem ent o ffice --------------------- C ivil S ervice test ----------------------------- Asked teacher or p ro fesso r -------------- Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people --------------------

P laced ads in newspapers:

N onlocal ---------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------------

Union hiring hall ------------------------------- Contacted lo ca l organization ------------- Placed ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ----------------------------------

Other -------------------------------------------------

MEN

Total: Num ber (thousands) ------ P ercen t ------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer -------------

A sked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork --------- About jobs elsew h ere --------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork --------- About jobs elsew h ere --------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L oca l -------------------------------------------

N onlocal ---------------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent agency ------------- State em ploym ent service ------------------

School placem ent o ffice ------------------ C ivil S ervice test ----------------------------

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ------------ Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -----------------

P la ced ads in newspapers:

L oca l ------------------------------------------

N onlocal -------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ------------------------------

Union hiring hall ---------------------------- Contacted local organization ------------- P la ced ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------

Other -----------------------------------

Total, 

16 years 

and over

A ge (years) Race

16

to

19

20

to

24

25

to

34

35

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

White

N egro 

and other 

m in ority 

races

10, 437 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492 9, 302 1, 135

100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

34. 9 32. 4 34. 6 34.0 38.6 35. 5 40. 0 35. 7 27. 7

12. 4 18. 3 10.6 11. 5 12.9 11. 5 10. 0 12. 0 16. 4

5.5 4. 6 5. 1 6.2 5. 1 8.6 3. 7 5. 7 4. 0

6. 1 10. 5 7. 0 5.2 3. 6 2.4 2. 4 5. 7 9. 3

2. 2 3.9 2. 9 1. 8 . 4 1.5 .5 2. 3 1.9

12.2 9. 1 10.2 13. 4 14. 2 16. 8 16. 6 12. 8 6. 4

1. 3 . 5 1. 5 .7 2. 6 1. 8 1. 6 1. 3 . 8

5. 6 4. 8 6.4 6.2 4. 6 4. 8 3. 4 5. 8 3. 8

5. 1 4. 0 5. 6 5.4 5.5 3. 6 5. 5 4.4 10. 8

3.0 3. 5 5. 1 2. 3 . 7 . 3 . 5 3. 0 2. 3

2. 1 1. 3 2.0 3.0 2. 2 1. 8 . 5 2.0 3. 3

1.4 1.9 2.0 1. 3 .5 ( X) .5 1. 4 1. 6

. 1 •1 . 1 •1 . 5

0 C) . 1 . 4

. 2 . 1

l

. 2 .2 .9 . 5 . 2 . 1

( 2) (*>b . 1 ( 1)

0 ( 1)

0 C)

.4 . 1 . 1 .6 1.2 . 3 ( 1) . 4 . 2

1.5 . 2 .5 1. 8 2.2 3. 7 6. 1 1.4 1. 9

. 8 .6 .9 . 8 . 5 . 7 1. 3 . 4 3.9

(2) C) ( 1) . 1

O C)

n (2) (*)

5. 2 3.9 5. 3 5.5 4. 6 6.1 6. 6 5.2 5. 1

5, 749 878 1, 709 1, 605 736 515 306 5, 128 621

100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0

35. 1 33. 8 35.9 32. 4 39.6 35.9 36.9 36. 0 27. 0

13. 8 21. 1 13. 1 11.9 12.9 12.2 12. 7 13. 1 19.9

6.2 6.0 5. 3 6. 7 6.9 8.4 2.5 6. 3 5. 1

6.9 10. 8 9. 1 5.9 3.4 2.9 2. 5 6. 7 8. 8

2. 7 4. 3 3. 7 2. 3 .4 1. 4 . 8 2. 8 1. 8

10. 3 5.9 7. 8 12. 6 10. 6 16.0 15. 7 11. 0 4. 1

1. 4 . 4 1.7 . 8 2. 8 2.4 1. 3 1. 4 1. 6

3. 8 2. 1 3.0 5. 3 3. 6 5. 3 3. 0 3.9 2.9

5.0 5.0 5. 5 4.9 6.0 1.0 5.9 4. 5 8. 8

3. 1 4.0 4. 9 3.0 .6

0O 3.2 2. 0

1. 6 . 3 1.6 2.7 1. 0 1.4 . 8 1.5 2. 1

1.2 . 7 1. 8 1.5 .9 ( 1) C) 1.2 1. 4

. 1 ( X)

0 . 1 . 6 (*) C) . 1 . 4

( l)

0 . 3 .5 . 8 . 1 C)

b

b C) . 1 C) C) ( 1) (2)

0

.5 '. 3 ( 1) .9 1.0 .5 ( l) . 5 . 4

2.6 . 3 .9 2. 8 3.9 6.7 9. 7 2. 5 3. 3

. 7 . 7 1.1 .6 .6 (') ( X) . 3 3.9

( l)

0 ( l) ( l) ( l) ( l) ( X) C)

0

5. 1 4.6 4. 6 5. 5 4.9 5. 3 7. 6 4. 9 6.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Method

Total, 

16 years 

and over

A ge (years) Race

16

to

19

20

to

24

25

to

34

35

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

W hite

N egro 

and other 

m in ority 

races

W O M E N

Total: Num ber (thousands) ------------------- 4, 688 849 1, 511 1, 095 642 405 186 4, 174 514

P ercen t ------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

Applied d irectly to em ployer -------------------------- 34. 6 30. 9 33. 1 36. 5 37. 5 35. 0 45. 8 35.4 28. 3

A sked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork ---------------------- 10. 7 15. 3 7. 8 10.9 12. 8 10. 6 6. 3 10. 6 12. 2

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------- 4. 8 3. 1 4.9 5. 3 2. 8 8. 8 5. 6 5. 0 3.0

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----------------------- 5. 1 10. 4 4. 6 4. 1 3. 7 1. 8 1. 4 4. 5 9.9

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------- 1. 7 3.5 2. 1 .9 . 4 1. 2 ( l) 1. 7 2. 1

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l -------------------------------------------- ------------- 14. 5 12. 2 13. 0 14. 5 18. 6 17. 6 18. 2 15. 1 9.2

Nonlocal ---------------------------------------------------- 1. 1 . 7 1. 2 . 7 2. 4 1. 2 1. 4 1. 3 ( X)

P riv a te em ploym ent agency --------------------------- 7.9 7. 7 10. 2 7. 7 6. 0 3. 8 4.2 8. 3 4. 8

State em ploym ent service ------------------------------ 5. 2 3. 1 5. 6 6. 0 5. 0 6. 8 4.9 4. 3 13. 1

School placem ent o ffice ---------------------------------- 2. 8 3. 0 5. 2 1. 4 . 6 .6 1. 4 2. 8 2. 8

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------------------------ 2. 8 2. 4 2. 7 3. 4 3.5 2. 4 0 2. 6 4. 6

A sked teacher or p ro fesso r --------------------------- 1.6 3. 1 2. 3 1. 0 0 0 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8

W ent to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -------------------------------- . 2 . 3 . 1 C) . 4 0 C) . 1 . 5

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal -------------------------------------------------------- . 4 . 3 . 1 . 5 . 2 1. 8 0

. 4 . 2

Nonlocal ---------------------------------------------------- (*) ( 1) ( l) C) C) C) C) i 1) C)

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------------------------- . 3 0 . 3 . 2 1. 1 (!) (!) . 3 (')

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------- . 1 . 3 0 . 2 ( 1) 0 0 . 1 . 5

Contacted loca l organization -------------------------- .9 .5 . 8 1. 1 . 4 1. 5 3. 5 .6 3. 7

P laced ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ---------------------------------------------- ( 2) C ) 0. 2 0 0 0 . 1 ( l)

Other ------------------------------------------------------------- 5. 3 3. 3 6. 1 5. 6 4. 3 7. 1 5. 6 5. 5 3. 2

1 No one in category. 2 L ess than 0.05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Profession al and technical 

w orkers ____

E n gineers

Teach ers,

except

college

E n gin eering and 

science 

tech ­

nicians

M anagers

and

adm inistrators,

except

farm

Sales w ork ers C lerica l w orkers

Bookkeepers

O ffice

machine

operators

Stenographers,

typists,

and

s e c re ­

taries

BOTH SEXES

Total: Num ber (th ou san d s)--------

P e r c e n t ----------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w ork —

About jobs elsew h ere -------------

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ---------------------------------------

Nonlocal ----------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency --------

State em ploym ent service -----------

School placem ent office --------------

C ivil Service test -----------------------

Asked teacher or p rofessor -------

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people ------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L ocal --------------------------------------

N o n lo c a l-----------------------------------

A nsw ered ads in profession al or

trade jo u rn a ls ----------------------------

Union hiring h a ll--------------------------

Contacted lo ca l o rg a n iza tio n -------

Placed ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ---------------------------

Other ------------------------------ •-----------

Total: Num ber (thousands) ----

P ercen t -----------------------

Applied d ire c tly to e m p lo y e r ------

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w ork -

About jobs e ls e w h e r e --------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l----------------------------------------

N o n lo c a l-----------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ---------

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ------------

School placem ent o ffic e ---------------

C ivil S ervice test -----------------------

---------- _!

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r --------

W en t to p la c e w h e r e em p lo y e r s

com e to pick up people ------------

Placed ads in [newspapers:

L o c a l ---------------------------------------

N o n lo c a l-----------------------------------

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or 

trade journals -

Union h iring h a ll ---------------------

Contacted loca l organization — 

Placed ads in profession al or

trade jo u rn a ls -----------------------

Other ---------------------------------------

1,430

100. 0

120

100. 0

409

100. 0

119 100. 0 526 100. 0 767 100. 0 494 100. 0 273 100. 0 2, 272 100. 0 214 100. 0 105 

100. 0

782 

100. 0

8. 6

7. 8

2. 5 

1.4

9. 0 

1. 2 

5. 6 

1. 6 

10. 2

4. 0

5. 9

. 1

(')

O

1. 0 

n 

1. 0

C)

9.2

12. 3 

5. 7

10.4

O

8. 5

2 . 8

13. 2 

3. 8

12. 3 

1. 9 

3. 8

O

(:!

1. 9

O 

( 1)

l 1)

1.9

5. 2 

5. 7

1. 8

3. 1

1. 5

o

2. 6

. 8

18. 3 

(')

5. 7

O

C)

1. 0

( X). 8

l 1)

12.4

(*) 

5. 5

3. 7 0

2 9-4 

1. 8

11. 0

4. 6 

3. 7 

3. 7 

1. 8

0

0

0

0 0 

3. 7

0

5. 5

7. 6 

11. 1

3. 9 

2. 7

16. 5 

2. 5 

10. 9

2. 5

1. 9

3. 1 

.4

(1)

. 8 0

2 . 1

(1)

0

8. 9

~ 42. 8

12.3 

5. 8

3. 8 

1. 9

16. 8

1.3

4.3 

2.2

1.9 

( 1)

. 6

.3

0

0

0 

0 

1. 0

0

5.2

13.4 

4. 3

4. 1

3. 0

15. 5 

. 9 

1. 8 

2. 5 

1.4 0 

. 9

0

8

81. 1

0

5. 0

"3b:r

10. o

8.4

3. 3 

( 1)

19-2 

2 . 1

8. 8

1. 3

2. 9 

( 1) 0

. 8

8

0 

( 1)

0

5.4

11. 8

3. 9

5. 1

2 . 1

14. 5 

. 8

15. 1

6. 7 

2. 7

4. 3

1.2

0

. 3 0

. 3 

.2 

.3

. 1

5. 0

2 3‘. T '

7. 7 

2. 7

2. 7 0

15. 9 

1. 1 

28. 0 

9. 9 

1. 1 

1. 1 

1. 1

0

( ;>

i?

1.1

0

3. 8

24. 5 

5. 1

5. 1 0

21.4 0 

7. 1 

10. 2 

2 . 0

7. 1 0

0 )

0

0

0

2.0 0

0

4. 1

"1^T3

9.2 

4. 7

5.6

1.2

16. 7 0 

20.4

7.4 

3.2 

9. 1

1.4

. 1

0

8

. 3

.3

3. 7

C raft w ork ers S ervice

Total

Carpenters 

and other 

construction

w orkers

Autom obile

m echanics

M echanics,

except

autom obile

O peratives,

except

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

L a b orers,

except

farm

P riva te

household

w ork ers,

except

private

household

Farm

w ork ers

1, 154 442 111 148 1, 722 389 639 1, 374 99 65

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 ... 0 —

j 41,1 38.2 44. 9 35. 9 42.4 37.7 40. 1 7. 7 38. 7 -

i 14.4 14.2 14. 1 17.4 13. 5 14. 2 15. 1 6.4 15.4 _

) 4. 8 2.6 14. 1 12. 2 4. 0 7. 1 4. 3 12. 8 5. 6 -

7. 1 7. 6 2. 0 7. 0 9.3 6. 5 9. 6 3. 8 6.9 _

1.9 . 5 2. 0 0 2. 2 2. 5 7. 1 6.4 1.2 -

9.5 12. 1 8. 1 12.2 9.8 15.6 6.4 15.4 14. 8 _

2.2 1. 8 4. 0 3.5 1.3 2. 5 .4 3. 8 . 8 -

1. 5 0 0 4.3 1. 0 2.3 . 5 2. 6 1.3 -

4.2 3.2 2. 0 6. 1 7. 9 2. 8 5. 9 11. 5 5. 7 -

.6 .3 2. 0 0 . 6 3.4 1. 1 2. 6 2.2 -

.4 . 5 0 0 .4 . 6 . 7 i 1) 2. 0 -

.2 .5 0 0 .6 ( X) 0 0 .8 -

. 1 0 0 O O O . 7 C) .2 -

0 0 0 0 ( X) ( I} C) (') 12. 8 .2 _

.2 . 5 0 0 n 0 ( X) C) -

.2 0 0 0

. 1 O ( X)

o

. 2 _

7.5 12.9 0 0) 1. 7 1. 7 3.4 .4 -

( X) 0 0 0 1. 0 0 1.2 3. 8 1.4 -

0 0 0 (') 0 0 (') O O

4.2 5.3 7. 1 1.7 4.2 3.4 3.4 10.3 2.3

"

See footnotes at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P rofession al and technical 

w ork ers M anagers Sales w ork ers

Engi- Teacher s , 

except

E n gin eering and 

science

and

adm inistrators , Total R eta il Other

C lerica l

w ork ers

neer s college te cli­ except

farm nicians

757 119 102 108 442 426 209 217 384

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

27.3 2 1. 9 51. 0 24. 7 25. 8 37. 5 38. 1 36. 9 24. 6

10.3 12 . 6 4. 1 0 7. 2 11. 5 13. 6 9. 5 17. 9

7.2 5. 8 6. 1 6. 2 10 .2 8.4 6.3 10. 5 3.4

3. 0 10. 7 C) 4. 1 4. 7 2 . 9 2. 6 3.2 8.4

1. 1 0 2.0 O 3. 0 1. 8 3.7 0 3. 1

10 .2 8. 7 2 . 0 31. 7 15.4 15. 2 12 . 6 17. 9 10. 1

1. 7 2 . 9 n 2 . 1 2 . 0 1. 6 2 . 1 1. 1 1. 1

7. 1 13. 6 8.2 9.3 10. 7 7. 1 3. 1 1 1. 1 8. 1

2 . 1 1. 9 2. 0 5. 2 3. 0 2 . 9 4.2 1. 6 5. 0

9. 8 12 . 6 13.3 4. 1 2. 0 2 . 6 3. 1 2 . 1 6. 7

4. 8 1. 9 ( !) 4. 1 3.2 (') O i 1) .3

5. 8 3.. 9 4. 1 (') . 5 . 5 1. 0 0 1. 7

0 0 0 C) 0 . 5 0 1. 1 0

8

(I) C) Q 1. 0 O (') (l) . 6

C) (') 0 H 0) ( 1) (l) (')

i . i 1. 9

8

( X) 2 . 0 (*) 0 ( l) 1. 7 0 l 1) 0 (') (') (!) . 6

1. 0 i 1) (') 4. 1 . 5 1. 3 2 . 6 ( ‘) C)

(*) n 0 0 0 n (*) 0 0

7.4 1,9 7. 1 4. 1 8.9 6. 3 7.3 5. 3 6. 7

C raft w orkers Service

Total

C arpen ters, 

and other 

construction

w ork ers

Autom obile

m echanics

M ech an ics, 

except 

autom obile

O peratives,

except

transport

Tran sport

equipment

op eratives

L a b o rers,

except

farm

w ork ers, 

exc ept 

private 

household

Farm

w ork ers

1,113 438 1 1 1 146 1, 038 357 593 580 59

100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 (3)

40. 5 37. 9 45. 5 37. 2 41. 1 37. 0 40.2 30. 0 -

14. 1 13. 8 14. 1 17. 7 14.4 15. 4 15. 0 18. 9

5. 0 2. 7 14. 1 12.4 5.4 7. 1 4. 2 6. 5 -

7.4 7. 7 2. 0 7. 1 9. 1 6. 2 9.8 8.3 _

1.9 . 5 2 . 0 0 2.9 2 . 8 7. 1 1. 6 -

9. 8 12 . 2 8. 1 12.4 8. 8 14.2 6. 0 9. 7 .

2 . 0 1. 9 4. 0 3. 5 . 7 2 . 8 .4 . 8 -

1.3 0 ( 1) 4.4 1. 1 2. 5 .6 2 . 2 _

4.2 3. 2 2 . 0 4.4 7.3 3. 1 6.3 8. 1

_

. 6 . 3 2 . 0 (J) 1. 0 3. 1 1.2 3. 0 _

.4 . 5 O (*) .3 . 6 . 8 3. 7 _

.2 . 5 0 C) . 7 (') (') .4 -

0 {') 0 o (*) ( 1) .4 .4 -

(') ( 1) ( j

o

o 0 o 0

i 1)

_

.2 . 5 (*) (>) (') 0 "

.2 O (?) <;> (*) (') o .4 _

7. 8 13. 0 0 >

2 . 8 1. 8 3.7 1. 0 -

(') (') (*) (') . 6 (*) 1.2 2 . 0 -

0 (') 0 0 0 (') 0 0

_

4.4 5. 3 7. 1 1. 8 3. 5 3. 7 3. 5 3.2

M E N

Total: Num ber (thousands) -------

P ercen t -------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer -----

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork -

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork -

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L oca l -------------------------------------

N onlocal

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ----------

School placem ent o ffic e --------------

C ivil Service office --------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r -------

Went to place w here em ployers

come to pick up p e o p le -----------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o ca l -------------------------------------

Nonlocal --------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------

Union hiring hall ----;------- r---------

Contacted lo ca l o rg a n iza tio n ------

Placed ads in profession al or

trade jo u rn a ls --------------------------

Other ------------------------------------------

Total: Num ber (thousands) -------

P e r c e n t --------------------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r -----

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w o rk —

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o rk —

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L ocal -------------------------------------

Nonlocal ------------------- -------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency -------

State em ploym ent service ---------

School placem ent office -------------

C ivil S ervice test

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r -------

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people ----------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o ca l -------------------------------------

N onlocal --------------------------------

Answ ered ads in profession al or

trade journals -------------------------

Union h iring hall -----------------------

Contacted lo ca l organization -----

P laced ads in profession al or

trade journals ------------------------

Other ------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end [of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Method

P rofession a l and technical 

w ork ers M anagers,

and

adm inistrators , 

except 

farm

Sales w orkers C lerica l w orkers

Total

Teach ers,

except

college

Total R etail Total Bookkeepers

O ffice

machine

operators

Stenographers , 

typ ists, 

and 

s e c re ­

taries

; W O M E N

Total: Num ber (thousands) -------- 673 3 07 84 341 285 1, 888 196 79 774

P e r c e n t----------------- — ---- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------ 34. 5 37. 0 17. 1 49. 7 52. 8 25. 6 22. 6 9. 7 16. 5

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o rk ---- 6. 6 5. 2 1 1. 0 12 . 9 12. 9 10. 6 7. 7 26.4 8. 9

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------- 8.4 5. 5 15. 9 2.4 2 . 8 4. 0 3. 0 4. 2 4. 7

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork — 2 . 2 2.4 n 5. 1 4. 8 4. 3 3. 0 2 . 8 5. 7

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------- 1. 7 3.4 1. 2 2 . 0 2. 4 1.9 C) 0 1. 2

Answ ered newspaper ads;

L o c a l --------------------------------------- 7. 6 1.4 22. 0 18. 6 17. 3 15.4 14. 8 23. 6 16. 9

Nonlocal ---------------------------------- . 6 0 3. 7 1. 0 C) . 8 1. 2 ( 1) n

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------- 3. 8 . 7 1 1 .0 . 7 . 8 16. 6 29. 6 6. 9 20. 7

State em ploym ent service ----------- . 9 . 7 H 1.4 1. 6 7. 0 10. 6 1 1 . 1 7. 2

School placem ent o ffic e --------------- 10. 7 20. 0 2.4 1. 0 (!) 1. 8 1. 2 o 2 . 9

C ivil S ervice tests ---------------------- 3. 2 0 2.4 0 C) 5. 2 1. 2 9.7 9. 2

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r -------- 6. 0 6. 2 0 . 7 . 8 1. 1 1. 2 o 1.4

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people ------------ . 3 . 7 O (1) C) . 1

( l) ( l) . 1

Placed ads in newspapers:

L ocal -------------------------------------- n 0 n n {') . 2 C) (') . 3

N o n lo c a l----------------------------------- n 0 n (i) n 0 (') 0 O

Answ ered ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------------- . 9 1.4 2.4 o o . 1 ( l) o (')

Union h iring h a ll-------------------------- 0 C) (l) 0 (!) .2 C) 2 . 8 C)

Contacted loca l o rg a n iza tio n ------- 1 . 1 1. 0 2.4 . 7 0 .4 1. 2 n . 3

Placed ads in profession al or

trade journals ---------------------------- 0 0 n ( 1) o . 1 O o . 3

Other ------------------------------------------- 11. 2 14. 1 8. 5 4. 1 3. 2 4. 7 3. 0 2 . 8 3. 7

C raft

w ork ers

O perative s, 

except 

transport

Transport

equipment

operatives

L a b o re rs , 

except 

farm

P rivate

household

w ork ers

S ervice 

w o rk e rs , 

except 

private 

household

Farm

w orkers

Total: Num ber (th ou sa n d s)--------- 41 684 32 46 99 794 6

P ercen t --------------------------- 0

100. 0 ( 3) ( 3) 100. 0 100. 0 (3)

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------ 44.4 7. 7 45. 1

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w o rk ----

_ 12.3 . 6.4 12. 7 .

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------- - 1. 8 - _ 12 . 8 5. 1 -

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w o rk ----

_ 9.7 . 3. 8 5. 8

.

About jobs elsew h ere ------------- - 1. 0 - - 6.4 1. 0 -

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l --------------------------- ---------

. 11.3 . 15.4 18. 7

Nonlocal ---------------------------------- - 2. 3 - _ 3. 8 . 9 _

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------- - . 8 - - 2 . 6 .9 -

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ------------ - 8. 7 - - 11. 5 3. 8 -

School placem ent office -------------- - ( ' ) - - 2 . 6 1. 5 -

C iv il S ervice test ------------------------ - .3 - - C ) . 7 -

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ----------- - .2 - - 0

1.2 -

Went to place w here em ployers 

com e to pick up p e o p le -----------------

_

H

_ _

O o

_

P laced ads in newspapers:

L o c a l --------------------------------------------------

_

( !)

_

12 . 8 .3 .

Nonlocal ------------------------------------------- - O

- -

( ') i 1) _

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or

trade jo u rn a ls ------------------------------------

Union hiring h a ll ---------------------------------

-

.3

(* )

- - 0

0 8

-

Contacted lo ca l organization -------- - 1. 5 - - 3. 8 1 . 0 -

Placed ads in p rofession al or 

trade journals -----------------------------------

.

0

. .

( 1) O

.

Other --------------------------------------------------------

“ 5.3 ” 10.3 1 . 6 "

1 No one in category. 3 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

2 L ess than 0. 05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method

Total: Num ber (thousands)-------------------

P e r c e n t -------------------------------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r --------------------------

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w o r k ----------------------

About jobs e ls e w h e re ---------------------------------

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w o r k -----------•-----------

About jobs e ls e w h e re ---------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------- ----— -------- - ■-

P riva te em ploym ent agency----------------------------

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ------------------------------

School placem ent o ffic e ----------------------------------

C ivil S ervice te s t -------------------------------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ---------------------------

Went to place w here em ployers come to

pick up p e o p le ---------------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l---------------------------------------------------------

Nonlocal ---------------------------------------------------

An sw ered ads in profession al or

trade jo u r n a ls ---------------------------------------------

Union h iring h a l l -------------------------------------------

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n --------------------------

Placed ads in p rofession al or trade

journals -----------------------------------------------------

O th e r -------------------------------------------------------------

P r o fe s ­

sional

and

technical

w orkers

M anagers 

and adm inistra to rs, 

except fa rm

Sales

w orkers

C lerica l

w orkers

C raft

w orkers

O peratives,

except

transport

T ransport 

operatives

L a b orers, 

except 

fa rm

S ervice

w orkers,

except

private

household

1, 316 498 717 2,049 1.059 1, 515 351 528 1 , 152

100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0

31. 7 25.5 42. 8 25. 8 42. 9 43. 7 36.9 39.9 40. 3

7. 8 6. 8 1 2 . 6 1 1 .6 13. 6 13.2 13. 1 15. 3 15.0

7. 6 11.4 5.4 4. 0 4. 8 4. 2 7. 6 5. 0 6. 3

2.6 4. 1 3. 5 4. 7 6. 5 9. 6 6. 7 9. 1 5.4

1.5 2 . 6 1. 7 2. 2 2.0 2. 3 2 . 8 7. 0 1. 3

9.0 17. 5 16.5 15. 3 9.9 10. 6 16. 8 7. 0 16. 3

1. 1 2. 6 1.4 .9 2.0 1.5 1.8 .4 1.0

6. 0 10. 5 4. 6 15.5 1.5 1.0 2.4 .6 1. 3

1. 6 2. 6 2.4 5.8 4. 3 6. 3 2.4 5.4 4. 7

10. 5 2. 0 2 . 0 2. 7 . 6 . 6 3. 7 . 8 2 . 1

3. 6 3. 1 0 4. 2 .4 . 1 .6 . 8 1.9

5. 7 0 . 6 1 .2 . 2 . 5 0 (‘) 1.0

. 2 C) . 3 0 0 0 0 . 8 (')

(|) .9 (!) . 3 (1) (J) (J) . 2

C) (l) (1) (*) . 2 0 0 (1) (*)

1. 1 2. 2

0

.4 . 2 . 1 H (*) C)

(‘) 0 (') . 2 7. 6 1.4 1.8 2. 7 . 5

. 7 .4 1. 1 . 2 (l) .4 0 1.4 . 2

0 0 0 . 1 0 0 C) C) 0

9.4 7.9 5. 0 5. 1 3.4 4. 2 3. 7 3. 7 2. 7

No one in category.

Table C -4 . M ethod by w hich Negro and other m inority race jobseekers obtained current job: Occupation, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method

T otal: Number (thousands) 

Percent ----------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r -----

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e r e ------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork —

About jobs e ls e w h e r e ------------

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l ----------------------------------

N o n lo c a l ------------- ------------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency ------

State em ploym ent s e r v i c e ---------

School placem ent o f f i c e -------------

C iv il S ervice test ---------------------

Asked teacher o r p r o fe s s o r -------

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le -----------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l-------------------------------------

N o n lo ca l--------------------------------

Answ ered ads in profession al or

trade journals ------------------------

Union hiring h a l l -----------------------

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n ------

Placed ads in profession al or

trade jo u r n a ls -------------------------

O ther ----------------------------------------

P r o fe s ­

sional

and

technical

w orkers

M anagers 

and adm inistra tors, 

except farm

Sales

w orkers

C le ric a l

w orkers

C raft

w orkers

O peratives,

except

transport

T ran sport

operatives

L ab orers,

except

farm

S ervice

w orkers,

except

private

household

114 28 50 223 95 207 38 1 1 1 222

100. 0 ..... n

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 n

100. 0 100. 0

18. 8 - - 21.9 19- 5 33. 6 - 41. 2 29- 7

18. 8 _ _ 14. 2 24. 3 15. 6 _ 12. 5 17. 6

8.9 - -

2. 6 5. 2 2 . 2 -

1 . 2 1.6

3. 0 _ _ 7. 9 13. 0 7. 0 _ 13. 8 14. 8

( 2) - -

1. 6 ( 2) 1 . 6 - 7. 5 . 5

9.9 _ _ 6. 3 6. 5 3. 2 _ 2. 5 6. 6

3. 0 - - ( 2) 2 . 6 ( 2) -

(2) (2)

1.0 - - 1 1 . 6 1. 3 . 5 -

( 2) 2 . 2

1.0 - - 15. 3 5. 2 19. 9 - 8.8 1 1 . 0

6.9 - - 2. 6 1. 3 . 5 _ 3. 8 2. 7

9-9 _ _ 5. 8 (2) 2 . 2 _ ( 2) 2. 7

7.9 - -

2 . 1 ( 2) . 5 (2) ( 2)

(2) - -

. 5 1. 3 ( 2) - ( 2) 1 . 1

( 2) _ _ ( 2) ( 2) (2) _ ( 2) (2)

( 2) - - (2) ( 2) (2) (2) (2)

( 2) .

( 2) (2) (2) _ ( 2) 1 . 1

( 2) - - 1 . 1 5. 2 3. 8 - 7. 5 ( 2)

4. 0 - -

2 . 1 ( 2) 4.8 - ( 2) 8. 2

( 2) _ _ ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) _ ( 2) (*)

6.9 4. 7 14. 3 4. 3 "

1 . 2 (2)

1 Percen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000. 2 No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Both sexes Men Women

Method

In SM SA1 of 350, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SM SA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total: Num ber (thousands) ---------- 6, 642 2, 884 3, 758 3, 795 3, 576 1, 537 2, 039 2, 173 3, 066 1, 347 1, 719 1, 622

P ercen t ---------- 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0

Applied d irectly to em p loyer— 30. 1 25. 4 33. 7 43. 1 29.7 24. 0 33.9 44. 1 30.6 27. 1 33. 3 41. 7

Asked £riends:

About jobs w here they

w ork --------------------------- 12 . 8 15. 2 1 1 .0 1 1. 1 14. 8 17. 7 12. 7 1 1 . 8 10. 4 12. 3 9.0 10 .2

About jobs elsew h ere -----

Asked relatives:

5. 8 6. 5 5.2 6. 1 7.0 7. 6 6.4 6. 3 4. 3 5.2 3. 6 5. 8

About jobs w here they

w ork ---------------------------- 5.9 7.0 5. 2 7.0 6.4 7. 4 5. 6 8.2 5.4 6.4 4.6 5. 4

About jobs e ls e w h e r e ----- 2.4 2.0 2. 7 1.7 2.9 2. 7 3.0 1.7 1. 8 1 .2 2. 3 1.9

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L oca l ----------------------------- 14. 6 13. 1 15. 7 7. 8 12. 7 12. 3 13. 1 5. 7 16. 7 13.9 19 .0 10 .6

N onlocal ----------------------- 1.4 . 7 1.9 1 .2 1. 3 . 4 2 . 0 1. 8 1.5 1. 2 1. 8 .4

P riv a te em ploym ent agency— 7. 4 8. 6 6.5 2 . 1 4. 6 4. 7 4. 5 2 . 1 10. 7 12.9 8. 8 2 .2

State em ploym ent s ervice — 4. 5 5. 4 3. 8 5. 7 4. 7 6. 1 3.7 4. 6 4. 4 4. 7 4.2 7. 3

School placem ent o ffice ------ 2.9 3. 8 2. 3 2.6 3. 4 4.0 2.9 2. 7 2.4 3.5 1. 5 2. 5

C ivil S ervice test ---------------- 2. 3 1.9 2. 6 1. 7 1.9 1. 2 2.4 .9 2.9 2. 7 3.0 2. 6

Asked teacher or p ro fe s s o r— 1. 2 1. 4 1. 2 1. 2 1. 1 1 .2 1.0 1. 1 1.4 1. 6 1. 3 1.5

Went to place where 

em ployers com e to pick

up people -------------------------- (2) (2) (2) (2) .2 (2) (2) (2) .2 (2) (2) .2

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal ----------------------------- . 3 . 1 . 4 .4 .2 (2) . 3 . 1 .4 . 2 .5 . 7

N onlocal ------------------------- (2) (2) (2) . 1 (2) ' (2) (2) .2 (2) (2) (2) (2)

Answ ered ads in p rofession al

or trade journals ------------- .5 . 4 .6 . 3 . 7 . 4 .9 . 4 . 4 .5 . 3 . 2

Union hiring hall ----------------- 1. 2 1. 4 1 .2 1.9 2 .2 2.4 2. 1 3. 3 . 1 . 2 ( 2) . 1

Contacted local organization ------------------------------ .9 1.4 .6 . 7 . 8 1. 3 .5 .6 1. 1 1.4 .8 .9

Placed ads in profession al

or trade journals (2) ------------- . 1 . 1 (2) ( 2) (2) (2) (2) (2) . 1 .2 (2)

Other ---------------------------------- 5. 5 5. 7 5.4 5. 1 5. 7 6. 6 5. 1 4.5 5.4 4. 7 5.9 5. 8

1 Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area, 2 No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Method T o t a l1

Quit

job

T em p ora ry 

job ended

Laid o ff 

tem p ora rily

Laid off 

indefinitely

L ost job 

for other 

reason

Sold, lost, 

or gave up 

business

---- Wanted-----

differen t 

job before 

quitting

....................... /<T , ,

10, 437 

100. 0

1, 714 

100. 0

448 

100. 0

91

100. 0

974 

100. 0

642

lo o . 0

150 

100. 0

1, 373 

100. 0

A pplied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------

A sked frien ds:

34. 9 

12.4

38.2

10 .2

33. 7

10. 9 

6. 2

35.4

8. 1 

5. 4

35.4

12 .2 

4. 4

33. 3

12. 0 

8. 1

32. 6

17. 0 

8. 1

6. 7

32. 6

14. 0 

6. 9

A sked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork --------------------- 6 .1 6. 1 

2.8

13. 5 

1. 9 

7. 9 

5. 1 

.8 

.8

5.2 

2. 7

8. 1

(z) 5.8 

2. 3

4. 9 

1. 5

6. 9 

1. 6

A n sw ered newspaper ads:

12 .2 

1. 3

9. 7 14. 9 

2. 7

12. 3 

1 .2

16. 1

2. 9 

4. 2

^ /

16. 3 

4. 4

12.9 

1. 3

L o ca l ^ ^

# 7

3. 5 (2\ 5. 0 4. 4 7*/6

6. 5 10 .8 2 7

(z) 8! 3 

.9 

1. 1 

. 6

l \ 8 

# 7

1. 5

. 7 f2} t 5

1. 5 2 2. 4 2 5. 1

3. 0 2 (z) 2 . 9

Went to place where em ployers come to

. 1 # 5

V /

(z) f2}

\ 1

. 2

\ )

(z)

P laced ads in newspapers: (z) a\

V /

(z\

V ; 

(2^

(3\ 2 2 ( 2) (2\

2 2

Answ ered ads in profession al or trade

\ ;

6

V )

(z)

V ) k )

. 2 m7

^ )

1 5

V /

. 3

Union h iring hall ------------------------------------------ 1. 5 

.8

1. 0 

. 9

v / 

9.4 

. 5

V )

9. 5 (2) 5! 09 7

l! 5 

1. 0

f2) .4 

Contacted loca l organization -— ■ — - . 2

P laced ads in profession al or trade (z) (Z) /2\

V )

(z\ (z) \ )

5. 2 4* 4

V / 

5. 2 5. 4

v )

4. 4

V ^ 

2. 4

V )

7. 4 5 0

L e ft

school

L eft

m ilita ry

Wanted 

to w ork 

w hile in 

school

R ecovered 

from 

illne s s

Keeping 

house and 

wanted job '

R etired 

and wanted 

to w ork

Other

1, 522 

100.0

265 

100. 0

557 

100. 0

165

100.0

924 

100. 0

86

100.0

1, 259 

100. 0

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------

A sked frien ds:

— 31. 6

12.4

5.8

6.8 

3.8

6. 0

33.7

14.0 

8.0

12 .0 

2. 0

31. 1

19. 6 

4. 6

33.8

15. 5 

3. 5

40.2

11. 3

3.8

6. 2

66.7 

7. 0

33.8

11. 5

5. 5

A sked rela tives;

4.8 

2. 2

5. 6

v )

(2\ 4.8 iz\ 1. 2 2 2. 3

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

4.8

.8

5. 2

7 Q

\ )

15. 5 

2.8 

2. 1 

6. 3 

7

18.8 

1. 4

V )

12. 3 (z) 14. 0 

• 8 . 6

5. 2

1 • 7

(2)

1. 4 5. 5 3 5 5. 2

State em ploym ent service -------------------------------------- ---------- 4.4 

8.8 

3. 0

8.8 

2.8 

1. 6

3. 0 

14. 3

(2\

4.6 

. 2

( 2) 

3. 5

5. 0 

uuiuui viiiVfC 1. 6

( 2) 2. 3 (z) 2. 3 4. 8 

. 1

.8

(z)

3. o 2 . 2 2 . 6

Went to place where em ployers com e to t 4

V )

f2^ (2)

v /

pick up people ----— ----- — - (2}

P la ced ads in newspapers:

$

V I

[2

V )

s

V I

p>

V / 

.8 (Z'} (2)

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or trade journals

tt_ i » i u -11

— . 6

1. 6

A 2 . 1 iz\ 4

\ )

. 5 

.8

1. 0

U IUUU ill* liig IWil * j !s (2)

(2) 7. 7

\ )

2. 0 2 (2) 2 (z\ 2 (*2\

5. 5

v / 

2.8

V /

7. 5

v ;

4.2 1. 9

V 1

7. 0

\ )

9.7

1 Includes some persons who did not rep ort reason for looking 

fo r work.

2 N o one in category.

3 L ess than 0. 05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table C-7. Method by which current job was obtained by persons who usually work full time: Usual weekly earnings,

January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method

Less

than

$80

$80

to

$99

— —

to

$124

to

$149

to

$ 174

$TT5

to

$199

-------£7775—

to

$249

------ £7775—

to

$299

fJoo

or

m ore

T ota l: Num ber (thousands) ------------------ 1, 468 1, 445 1, 759 1, 097 935 449 724 246 360

P ercen t ---------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

A pplied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------- 41. 7 37. 2 30. 6 31.4 34. 9 35. 9 32. 6 26.2 28. 4 Asked friends:

About jobs where they w ork --------------------- 14.8 11. 5 1 1. 1 13.8 1 1. 1 9. 6 10. 7 17. 0 7. 1

About jobs elsew here --------------------------------- 5. 3 3. 7 5. 3 5. 5 6.4 4. 7 9.8 8. 5 7. 5

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork --------------------- 6.2 5. 6 7.9 6. 0 7.2 7. 6 6. 4 (*) . 6

About jobs elsew h ere -------------------------------- 1. 6 2. 5 3.2 1.4 3. 0 2. 9 1. 8 H . 6

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l -------------------------------------------------------- 1 1 .2 13. 6 13. 3 9.7 9. 3 1 1 .8 8.7 1 1. 2 12. 0

N onlocal --------------------------------------------------- 1. 7 . 6 2. 1 1. 1 . 7 2. 0 1. 5 1.8 3. 6

P riva te em ploym ent agency -------------------------- 2.4 7. 5 8.0 8. 1 7.2 5.9 4. 6 7.2 4. 9

State em ploym ent service ----------------------------- 6. 6 9.8 5.7 6. 1 4.2 1. 5 3. 1 . 9 . 6

School placem ent o ffice --------------------------------- 1.4 .8 1.8 4. 3 3. 0 3. 7 5. 7 2. 2 1. 9 C iv il S ervice test ------------------------------------------ . 9 2. 0 2. 1 4.4 2. 7 3. 4 1. 8 . 9 3. 9

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r -------------------------- . 7 1. 0 . 9 1.9 1. 6 2. 5 1. 5 2.7 1. 6

Went to place where em ployers com e to

pick up people -------------------------------------------- . 2 .2 . 2 . 2 (') ( x) l 1) (*) (')

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o ca l -------------------------------------------------------- .4 . 1 .2 o (') (') i 1) . 9 . 6

N onlocal --------------------------------------------------- O 0 . 1 (') n (') l 1) (») ( !) A nsw ered ads in profession al or trade

journals --------------------------------------------------- — 0 . 3 .4 .2 . 8 ( l) .6 3.6 1. 3

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------- 0 0 .2 . 3 1 .2 2.9 4. 1 9. 9 16.6

Contacted local organization ------------------------- . 9 . 7 1. 2 .2 . 3 1 .2 . 6 (*) i 1) Placed ads in profession al or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------- ( 1) 0 (*) o .2 (*) 0 (') (') Othe r ------------------------------------------------------------ 4.2 2. 6 5. 5 5. 6 5.9 4. 7 6.6 6. 7 9. 1

No one in category.

Table C-8. Method by which current job was obtained: Educational attainment, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method

T otal: Number (th o u sa n d s)---------

P e rc e n t ----------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ----------------

Asked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w ork ------------

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork ------------ About jobs elsewhere ---------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l------------------------------------------------

N onlocal ------------------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------------------

State em ploym ent s ervice --------------------

School placem ent o ffice --------------------- —

C iv il S ervice t e s t ----------------------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r ------------------

Went to place w here em ployers com e

to pick up p e o p le ---------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l------------------------------------------------

N o n lo c a l ------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al o r trade

jo u r n a ls ---------------------------------------------

Union hiring h a ll -----------------------------------

Contacted loca l o rg a n iza tio n -----------------

Placed ads in p rofession al o r trade

jo u r n a ls ----------------------------------------------

Other --------------------------------------------------- 2

Years of school com pleted

E lem entary High school C ollege

s c h o o l, 1 I 4

8 o r less to 4 to or

3 3 m ore

883 1, 647 4, 470 1,790 1,647

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

46. 8 38. 3 33. 6 31.9 32. 3

10. 8 16. 0 12. 5 1 2 . 0 10. 1

3. 6 4. 1 5. 3 5. 5 8. 4

8. 6 7. 4 7. 1 4. 0 3. 4

1. 5 2. 5 2. 4 2. 4 1. 9

8. 1 13. 1 13. 8 14. 1 7. 1

• 9 i. 0 1. 3 1. 4 1. 7

. 5 1.8 6, 2 8. 9 6. 6

7. 5 5. 6 6. 0 4. 2 2 . 0

(') 1. 5 1. 4 4. 0 8. 5

■ 9 . 3 2. 1 3. 4 3. 1

n

. 8 . 6 1 . 8 4. 3

. 4 . 4 (M . 1 . 1

. 4 . 1 . 3 . 2 (M

(*) . 1 n H n

n (M . 2 . 4 1. 3

4. 3 2 . 0 1. 5 . 8 . 1

1 . 1 1 . 1 .9 i1) .8

i1) (') (X) . 1 n

4. 7 3.9 4. 8 4.8 8. 1

1 No one in category 2 L ess than 0. 05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Percent distribution)

Method Total, 16 years and over

Age (in years) Sex Race

16

to

19

20

to

24

25

to

34

3 3

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

Men Women White

Negro and other

races

Total: Number (thousands)------- 10, 437 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492 5, 749 4, 688 9, 302 1, 135 Percent------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Applied directly to em ployer-------------- 37. 2 35. 2 37. 5 37. 9 37. 4 36. 9 38. 3 37. 8 36. 4 37. 5 34. 6 Asked friends: About jobs where they w ork---------- 9. 6 16. 0 8. 1 7. 7 9- 8 8. 9 8. 5 10. 2 8. 8 9- 3 11.7 About jobs elsew here-------------------- 4. 3 4. 4 3. 7 4. 9 3. 6 6. 1 2. 3 4. 6 3. 9 4. 4 3. 3 Asked relatives: About jobs where they w ork---------- 3. 6 5. 5 4. 2 3. 3 1. 9 1.8 2. 3 3. 8 3. 4 3. 4 5. 7 About jobs e lse w h e r e------------------- 1. 5 3. 1 2. 1 .8 (M . 9 (M 1.8 1. 1 1.4 1.7 Answered newspaper ads: L ocal------------------------------------------- 17. 7 16. 5 16. 4 17. 7 20. 7 1 9 . 0 20. 4 15. 9 20. 0 18. 4 11.3 Nonlocal -------------------------------------- 1. 6 • 9 1. 6 1. 2 3. 0 2. 8 1. 3 1. 8 1. 4 1.8 . 2 Private employment agen cy--------------- 5. 4 3. 4 n 6. 8 4.9 5. 1 1. 3 3. 9 7. 2 5. 6 3. 2 State employment ser v ice------------------ 6. 2 5. 6 6. 0 6. 0 6. 6 5. 6 10. 9 6. 3 6. 0 5. 5 11.8 School placement office -------------------- 2.9 2.8 5. 2 2. 3 . 7 . 4 . 5 2. 9 2. 9 3. 0 2. 1 Civil Service t e s t------------------------------ 1. 4 . 8 1. 2 1.8 2. 0 1. 1 1. 3 1. 0 1 • 9 1. 2 3. 1 Asked teacher or p ro fesso r----- --------- 1.0 1. 1 1. 6 .8 • 3 O i1) . 8 1.2 . 9 1. 1 Went to place where employers come to pick up people ------------------- . 1 . 1 (M (2) . 4 n (M . 1 . 1 (2) . 4

Placed ads in newspapers: Local ------------------------------------------ . 2 . 4 n . 2 . 4 . 5 . 5 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 1

Nonlocal -------------------------------------- Answered ads in professional or (M (M n (l ) (M (M {') (M n (*) (X)

trade journals -------------------------------- . 6 (M . 4 1.3 .8 (M . 5 . 8 . 4 . 6 . 2 Union hiring h all------------------------------- 1. 6 O . 3 2.2 2. 6 4.2 6. 5 2. 8 . 1 1.6 1. 7 Contacted local organization-------------- . 6 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 3 . 6 1. 0 . 4 . 8 . 3 2. 9 Placed ads in professional or trade jou rn als-------------------------------- . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 n i1) (2) . 2 . 1 (x) Other ---------------------------------------------- 4. 6 3. 6 4. 9 4.4 4. 5 6. 0 4. 1 5. 0 4. 0 4. 5 4. 8

1 No one in category. 2 Less than 0. 05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method

T o ta l: Num ber (thousands) ------------------

P ercen t -----------------------------------

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------

A sked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w ork ---------------------

About jobs elsew h ere ----------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork --------------------

About jobs elsew here -----------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------

N onlocal -------------------------------------------------

P riva te em ploym ent agency -------------------------

State em ploym ent service ----------- r--------------

School placem ent o ffice -------------------------------

C iv il S ervice test -----------------------------------------

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r -------------------------

Went to place w here em ployers com e to

pick up people -------------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

N onlocal --------------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in profession al o r trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------

Union h irin g hall -----------------------------------------

Contacted loca l organization -------------------------

P la ced ads in p rofession al or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------

O ther ------------------------------------------------------------

T ota l: Num ber (thousands) ---------------

P ercen t ----------------------------------

A pplied d irectly to ejn ployer ---------------------

Asked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w ork ------------------

About jobs elsew h ere ----------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork ------------------

About jobs elsew h ere ---------------------------

An sw ered newspapers ads:

L o ca l --------------------------------------------------

N on local ---------------------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent agency ---------------------

State em ploym ent s ervice -------------------------

School placem ent o f f i c e -----------------------------

C iv il S ervice t e s t ------ --------------------------------

Asked teach er or p ro fesso r ---------------------

Went to place where em ployers come to

pick up people ----------------------------------------

P laced ads in newspapers:

L o ca l -------------------------------------------------

N on local ---------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in p rofession al o r trade

journals -------------------------------------------------

Union h irin g h all ---------------------------------------

Contacted lo ca l o rg a n iz a tio n ----------------------

P laced ads in profession al or trade

journals -------------------------------------------------

Othe r -------------------------------------------------------

White -1collar w orkers

Total P ro fessio n a l M anagers and Sales C le ric a l T otal and technical adm inistrators

w orkers except farm w orkers w orkers

10, 437 4, 995 1, 430 526 767 2, 272

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

37.2 31.7 34. 8 28. 1 39.7 27. 9

9. 6 7. 9 6. 0 5. 1 10. 1 9. 1

4. 3 4.4 4. 3 6.8 6. 3 3. 2

3. 6 1.8 . 7 .8 1.4 2.8

1. 5 1.4 . 7 2. 5 1. 0 1. 6

17. 7 19.8 12. 3 22. 3 23. 1 22. 8

1.6 1.8 2.8 2. 0 1. 3 1.2

5.4 9.6 6. 1 11. 3 5.2 12. 9

6.2 5.0 2. 8 2. 9 3. 2 7. 5

2. 9 4. 9 10. 7 2. 0 2. 2 2.8

1.4 2. 1 2. 5 1.4 ( X) 2. 6

1. 0 1.6 4. 0 .8 . 3 . 7

. 1 (1 2) 0 0 . 3 ( X)

( X) . 1 ( X) ( X) ( X) .2

( X) ( x) ( X) 0 ( X) ( X)

.6 1.1 2.2 2. 0 .3 . 5

1. 6 . 1 ( X) .4 ( X) , 1

. 6 .8 1. 3 . 8 . 6 . 5

. 1 .2 . 1

( 1) . 4 . 2

4. 6 6. 0 8.8 11. 1 4. 6 3.4

B lu e-co lla r w orkers

C raft w orkers P riva te

S ervice

w orkers, F arm

w orkers Carpenters O peratives, T ran sport L a b orers, household" except

T ota l and other except equipment except w orkers private

T o ta l construe - transport ope rative s farm household

tion

w orkers

3, 904 1, 154 442 1, 722 389 639 99 1, 374 65

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 (3)

43. 2 41 .2 37. 9 44. 2 44. 1 43. 3 14. 6 42:. 0 -

11.2 11. 9 12. 6 10. 7 c1. 5 12. 1 3. 7 n .. 7 _

3.8 4,. 5 1.8 3. 5 3 3.8 7. 3 4t. 8

6. 0 3,.7 3. 3 7. 9 4.2 6.2 3. 7 3i. 5

.

1. 8 1.2 1. 0 1. 1 1. 7 5. 0 3. 7 . 9 -

13.9 13,. 5 14.4 13. 7 20•• 9 11. 1 31.7 20. 5 _

1.8 2 .8 3. 1 1. 5 . 6 1.4 2.4 . 7 -

1. 3 1,, 4 . 5 1. 3 2.2 . 5 2.4 1. 5 _

7.4 5,. 5 3.8 8.9 4.2 8. 5 12.2 6.. 5 _

. 7 .4 ( X) .4 3. 4 . 3 2.4 1.7 -

. 5 (’1) ( X) .4 .6 1. 6 ( X) .6 _

. 3 . 2 ( x) .4 ( x) ( x) ( X) . 7 -

. 1 . 1 ( X) ( X) ( x) . 3 ( X) .2 -

. 2 .2 . 5 . 3 . 6 ( X) 7. 3 . 3 _

( X) ( X) ( X) O ( x) ( X) ( X) ( X) -

. 1 .2 ( l) . 1 ( x) ( X) ( X) (;x) _

4. 0 9!. 7 15.9 1. 6 1. 7 2. 1 ( X) .2 -

. 3 . 1 . 3 .4 (2) .7 2.4 .8 -

( X) ( X) ( l) O ( x) ( X) ( X) ( X) _

3. 4 3..6 5. 1 3.6 3. 4 2.8 6. 1 2. 5 _

1 N o one in category. 3 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

2 L ess than 0. 05 percent

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method Total

P r o fe s ­

sional,

technical,

and

kindred

w ork ers

M anagers

and

adm inistrators,

except

farm

Sales

w ork ers

C lerica l

and

kindred

w ork ers

C raft

and

kindred

w ork ers

O peratives,

except

transport

Tran sport

equipment

operatives

Lab orers,

except

fa rm

S ervice

w ork ers,

except

p rivate

household

BOTH SEXES

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------- 47. 7 43. 6 34. 9 53. 4 39.5 52. 7 55. 4 51.6 49. 1 49. 6

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----- 22* 1 16.6 15. 6 24. 4 22. 2 26.4 2 1. 6 23. 0 22. 1 25. 8

About jobs elsew here -------------- 11.9 16. 1 22. 5 12.9 8. 8 9. 7 9. 3 14. 3 8. 2 12. 4 A sked relatives:

About jobs where they w ork ---- 19. 3 13. 1 15. 2 16. 8 16. 7 2 2 .2 22 .0 19. 0 20. 7 22. 4

About jobs elsew here -------------- 7. 4 5. 7 9.2 7. 0 7. 0 6. 8 6. 3 7. 5 17. 5 4. 2 Answ ered newspaper ads:

L oca l -------------------------------------- 23.9 22. 8 2 8. 1 28. 8 23.9 2 1. 1 21.4 29. 3 14.2 27. 9 N onlocal ---------------------------------- 10. 0 8. 1 10. 8 9.2 7. 6 14. 3 1 2 .2 ( 3) (3) 8 .1

P riv a te em ploym ent agency --------- 24.2 19. 3 24. 5 7. 0 41. 8 9. 6 8.2 ( 3) H 9. 8

State em ploym ent service ------------ 13. 7 5.9 6. 3 16.2 17. 8 10 .0 19. 7 6. 8 1 2 . 2 15. 9 School placem ent o ffice --------------- 21. 4 27. 4 ( 3) 13. 4 20.0 (3) 9. 8 ( 3) (3) 20. 0

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------- 12. 5 16. 7 13.0 (4) 18. 6 3. 1 3. 6 (3) 4. 9 13. 3 Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ---------- 1 2 . 1 17. 6 (3) (3) 1 1 .0 (3) 12 .0 n (4) 8. 6 W ent to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -------------- 8. 2 ( 3) (4) (3) ( 3) ( 3) (4) ( 4) ( 3) ( 3) P la ced ads in newspapers:

L ocal --------------------------------------- 12.9 (4) ( 3) (4) (3) (4) (4) (4) (*) (3)

N onlocal ---------------------------------- (3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (3) I4) (4) (4) M A n sw ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------- 7. 3 8. 2 1 1 .2 (4) ( 3) (3) (3) (4) (4) (3) Union hiring hall -------------------------- 22. 2 (4) (4) (4) (3) 32. 5 24. 3 3 24. 4 (3) Contacted local organization ------- 12. 7 1 2 . 0 (3) (3) 6. 5 (4) 16.9 (4) (3) 19. 8

P la ced ads in p rofession al or

trade journals ---------------------------- ( 3) (4) (4) (4) ( 3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Other --------------------------------------- — 39. 7 53.2 46. 2 43. 2 43. 2 33.9 38. 3 ( 3) (3) 19. 1

M E N

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r--------- 47.0 40. 4 35. 4 51. 1 37.0 52.0 54. 9 50. 2 49. 1 38. 7 Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----- 23. 2 19.9 14. 6 22. 7 31. 1 25. 8 21. 5 24. 9 2 1. 6 27. 5 About jobs elsew h ere -------------- 1 2 . 1 14. 4 19. 8 16.9 6.2 9. 9 11. 4 13. 9 7. 9 12. 3 Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----- 20. 1 13. 0 17. 4 12 . 1 24. 8 22.7 2 1 . 2 18.5 20. 6 21.9 About jobs elsew h ere -------------- 8.0 4.4 9.6 5. 6 8.6 7.0 7. 5 8. 3 17. 3 4. 5 A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L oca l -------------------------------------- 20. 9 23. 2 26.5 23. 8 20.0 21. 5 18. 9 26. 7 13. 4 17. 3 N onlocal ---------------------------------- 9. 1 8.9 7. 8 7. 6 (3) 13. 3 6. 2 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)

P riv a te em ploym ent agency --------- 17. 1 20.7 23. 4 19. 4 30.5 8.4 8. 5 ( 3) ( 3) 13. 6

State em ploym ent service ------------ 1 2 . 1 6. 7 7. 3 8. 1 12.9 9. 8 17. 8 7. 0 12 . 8 17. 7 School placem ent office --------------- 23. 0 27. 6 (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) C ivil S ervice test ------------------------- 9.2 17. 3 14. 4 ( 3) ( 3) 3. 2 2. 6 3 3

v /

15 7 A sked teacher or p ro fesso r --------- 11.9 18.0 ( 3) ( 3) H ( 3) ( 3) H ( 3) (3)

W ent to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -------------- 4. 3 ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal -------------------------------------- 5. 1 ( 3) ( 3) 0 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3)

N onlocal ----------------------------------

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or

( 3) (4) H (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) (3) V /3

trade journals --------------------------- 6. 5 6.5 9. 8 (3) (3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) (3)

Union hiring hall 

Contacted local organization 

--------------------------

-------

2

1

3. 7

1 . 0

( 3) (3) (3) 3 32.5 27. 6 (3 24. 4 3 0 ( 3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) (3)

P la ced ads in profession al or

trade journals --------------------------- (4) ( 3) (3) (3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) 0

(3)

Other ----------------------------- ---- ---- 38. 5 51. 0 43. 9 ( 3) (3) 34. 4 32.4 ( 3) ( 3)

See footnotes at end of table.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Method Total

P r o fe s ­

sional,

technical,

and

kindred

w ork ers

M anagers

and

adm inistrators,

except

fa rm

Sales

w orkers

C lerica l

and

kindred

w orkers

C raft

and

kindred

w ork ers

Operatives,

except

transport

Transport 

equipment 

| operative s

L a b orers,

except

fa rm

S ervice

w ork ers,

except

private

household

W O M E N

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------- 48. 5 46. 9 (3) 55. 7 40. 2 (3) 56. 1 (3) (3) 57. 6

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----- 20. 5 12 . 8 (3) 26.0 20. 3 (3) 22. 1 (3) (3) 24. 1

About jobs elsew h ere -------------- 11.7 18.0 (3) 6. 1 9. 6 (3) 4.9 (3) (3) 12 . 8

Asked relatives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ----- 18. 2 14. 4 (3) (3) 14. 6 ( 3) 23. 3 (3) (3) 23.0

About jobs elsew here -------------- 6.4 7.2 ( 3) (3) 6.6 (3) 3.6 ( 3) ( 3) 4. 5

A nsw ered newspaper ads:

L ocal -------------------------------------- 27. 5 2 1. 8 0

36.2 24.6 0 25. 3 (3) ( 3) 36. 7

N onlocal ---------------------------------- 11.9 (3) 3) (3) 7. 1 3) (3) (3) (3 (3)

P riv a te em ploym ent agency --------- 31.9 16.4 () (3) 43.4 h (3) ? (3) 7. 3

State em ploym ent s ervice ------------ 16.2 4. 7 0 4.9 18. 8 h 22. 5 3) (3) 13.2

School placem ent o ffice --------------- 19.6 27.2 ) (3) 14.4 0 (3) (3) (4) (3)

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------ 16.6 16.5 5 h 21.7 3) (3) (3) 3) 3)

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r -------- 12.5 17. 3 (3) (3) 9.5 (3) (3) (3) (4) (3) Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up people -------------- (3) (3) (4) 0 (3) (3) (3) (4) (3) (3)

P laced ads in newspapers:

L ocal -------------------------------------- (3) (3) <!> (3) (3) (4) (3) (4) (4) (3)

N onlocal ---------------------------------- (3) h (4) (4) (3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------- 9.9 (J (j Q (3) (4) (*) (4) (4) (3)

Union hiring hall -------------------------- (3) 0 0 0 (3) (> 3) (4) (4) (3)

Contacted local organization ------- 14. 7 (3) (3) (3) 7. 8 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

Placed ads in p rofession al or

trade journals --------------------------- (3) (3) (4) (} (3) 0 o (4) (4) (4)

O th er -------------------------------------------- 41. 5 55.0 (3) (3) 39. 8 (3) (3) (3) (3) 14.5

1 P er c e n t obtained by dividing num ber of p erso n s reporting m ethod used 3 Rate not shown w here base is le s s than 75, 000. to get job by total num ber of p erson s who used the method to look for w ork. 4 No one in category. 2 R ates not shown for p riv ate household w orkers and farm w ork ers eith er b ecau se the b a se w as too sm a ll (under 75, 000) or no one used the m ethod to find a job.

Table D-2. Effectiveness rates1 of selected jobseeking m ethods: Race and occupation, January 1973

Method

N egro and other m inority ra ces White

A ll .

occupations

W hite- co lla r B lue- collar

S e rv ice,

except

private household

A ll

occupations

W hite- co lla r B lue- co lla r

S erv ice,

except

private

household

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r ----------------------------- 3 8 .1 3 3 .1 4 0 .3 4 2 .2 4 8 .8 4 3 .5 54 .7 5 0 .7 A sked frien d s: About jobs w here they w o r k------------------------- 23 .4 2 3 .1 2 3 .6 2 4 .6 2 1 .9 19.9 2 2 .9 2 6 .1 About jobs e ls e w h e r e ----------------------------------- 7 .7 11.4 4 .6 3 .1 12.5 13.3 10 .5 14.3 A sked r e la tiv es: About jobs w here they w ork ------------------------ 2 1 .3 IS. 5 2 2 .2 2 7 .8 1 9 .0 1 5 .8 2 1 .4 2 0 .4 About jobs e lsew h e re -------------------------------- 5.1 3 .8 6 .9 (a) 7 .7 7 .2 9 .1 5 .0 A nsw ered new spaper ads: L ocal ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 3 .6 15.9 8 .4 14.1 2 5 .0 2 5 .7 2 2 .5 30 .1 N onlocal ------------------------------------------------------ 5 .9 (a) (2) (2) 1 0 .5 9 .1 12.1 10.3 P riv ate em ploym ent agency ---------------- ---- ------ 15.2 2 1 .3 (a) (a) 2 5 .3 3 1 .5 9 .4 10 .5 State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ------------------------------- 20 .1 16.9 ' 2 2 .5 2 1 .3 1 2 .6 11 .5 12.9 14.1 School placem ent o ffice ----------------------------------- • 13 .5 12.1 (a) (!) 2 2 .5 2 4 .0 1 6 .8 1 9 .6 C ivil S ervice te s t ------------------------------------------- 13.0 16.3 0 *) 12.4 16.0 3 .4 13.5 A sked tea ch er or p r o fesso r ——--------------— —-- 12.4 17.7 (a) (!) 12.1 1 3 .5 6 .7 1 0 .4 Union hiring ha ll ------------------------------------------- 18.9 (a) (a) (!) 2 2 .6 4 .7 2 7 .0 (*) Contacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a tio n--------------------------- 17 .6 12.3 1 1 .8 (a) 9 .9 10.7 9 .4 (a)

See footnote 1, table D - 2 Rate not shown w here base is le s s than 7 5 ,0 0 0 .

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Y ears of school com pleted

Method Elem entary

school,

8 or less

High school C ollege

1

to

3

4

1

to

3

4

or

m ore

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r----------------- 57. 2 49. 3 47. 3 45. 3 44. 3

Asked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------------- 19. 2 26. 1 21.9 21. 7 20. 0

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------------------ 9- 2 9. 5 11. 4 11. 4 17. 0

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------------- 24. 2 2 1.3 20. 1 15. 4 15. 0

About jobs e ls e w h e re ------------------------ 5. 6 8. 6 7. 5 7. 7 6.9

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l------------------------------------------------ 23. 1 27. 9 25. 4 24. 5 15. 6

N o n lo c a l------------------------------------------ ( 2) 9.6 10. 9 9- 3 9. 4

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------------------ 5. 3 14. 4 29. 2 27.8 18. 5

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e --------------------- 18. 9 15. 0 15. 4 1 1 . 2 6. 5

School placem ent o ffice ------- •---------------- ( 3) 20. 0 17. 2 31. 2 2 1. 0

C iv il S ervice test --------------------------------- ;

3. 5 1 2 . 8 16. 1 10. 8

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r —---------------- ( 3) 1 1 . 6 8. 0 16.9 13. 1

Went to place w here em ployers com e

to pick up people -—----------------------------- (2) (2) (3) (2) (2)

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l ------------------------- :-------------------- (2) (2) 15. 7 ( 2) ( 3)

N o n lo c a l ------------------------------------------ ( 3) ( 2) (3) ( 3) ( 3)

A nsw ered ads in p rofession al or

trade journals —--------------------------------— ( 3) (3) 8. 1 6. 5 8. 1

Union hiring h a ll ----------------------------------- 29. 1 22. 3 24. 9 1 2 . 6 (2)

Contacted loca l organization —-------------- (2) 15. 3 16. 3 (3) 9. 7

Placed ads in profession al or

trade jo u r n a ls ----------------------------------— (3) (3) ( 3) (2) ( 3)

O th er ---------------------------------------------------- 36. 8 31. 1 36. 9 41.4 52. 5

1 See footnote 1, table D - l. 3 No one in. category.

2 Percen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

Table E-1. M ethods used to look for w ork, by date last w orked on previous job, January 1973

(P ercen t of jobseekers)

Method

Total: (th ou san ds)------------------------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r ------------------------

Asked friends:

About jobs where they w o r k ---------------------

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------------------------

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w o r k ---------------------

About jobs e ls e w h e r e ------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------

N onlocal ------------------------------------- — -------

P riv a te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------------------------

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e -----------------------------

School placem ent o ffice ---------------------- --------

C iv il S ervice test ---------------------------------------

A sked teacher or p r o f e s s o r ------------------------

W ent to place where em ployers com e to pick

up people -------------------------------------------------

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------

Nonlocal -----------------------------------------------

A n sw ered ads in p rofession al or trade

journals --------------------------------------------------

Union hiring hall ----------------------------------------

Contacted local organization -----------------------

P laced ads in p rofession al or trade

journals --------------------------------------------------

Other ---------------------------------------------------------

A vera g e number of methods u s e d ----------------

Date last worked

N ever

worked Jan. 1972 

to

Jan. 1973

1971 1970 1969

1968 or e a rlie r

Total 1968

1963

to

1967

1962

or

e a rlie r

6,852 1,525 343 202 517 121 225 171 653

66. 7 65. 1 65. 6 69.3 65. 6 69.4 70.7 56. 1 62. 5

51.2 51.2 50.7 47. 5 44. 1 56.2 44.4 3 5. 1 55.9

43.8 42. 3 40.8 34.7 31.3 46.3 31. 6 20. 5 36. 1

28. 0 29.8 28.3 24.3 19.7 26.4 24.4 8.8 36.4

27. 7 28.9 27. 1 23.8 17.2 21. 5 23. 1 6.4 30.5

47.6 48.2 47.2 47. 0 39.8 43. 8 42.2 33.9 33. 1

12. 6 12 . 1 13.4 7.9 8. 5 7.4 8.9 8.8 5.7

23. 0 2 1. 0 16.3 23.3 13.3 15.7 14.7 9.9 1 1 .8

34. 1 41.4 28.3 33.2 26.7 35. 5 36. 0 8.2 2 2 .2

12. 5 14. 5 12 .8 15.8 5.8 6.6 4 .4 7.0 14.5

15.8 17.2 14. 0 19.3 13. 0 21.5 12.9 7.0 9.2

9.9 11.5 14.3 8.9 5.0 8.3 2.7 5.8 16. 1

1. 5 1. 0 2.9 . 5 1.0 2. 5 .9 (*) 1. 1

1.5 2. 1 .6 2. 0 1.7 1.7 2.7 .6 1 .2

.5 .4 .6 . 5 .8 0 .9 1 .2 .8

5.3 5. 1 5.5 2.5 2.7 4. 1 1.3 3. 5 1.4

6.8 6. 0 2. 0 3. 5 4.8 5.0 7.6 1 .2 2 . 1

5. 1 7.8 4.7 8.4 4.8 9.1 5.8 .6 5.2

.7 .5 .6 (l) .4 (*) .9 (‘ ) .3

11.7 11. 5 1 2 .2 13.4 14.9 24. 0 12.9 1 1 . 1 9.8

4. 1 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.2 4.0 3.5 2.3 3. 6

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Num ber of search methods 

used and sex

T o ta l1

Date last worked

N ever

worked Jan. 1972 

to

Jan. 1973

1971 1970 1969

1968 or e a rlie r

Total 1968

T9TT3

to

1967

r w

or

e a rlie r

BOTH SEXES

Total: Number (thousands)— 10, 437 6,852 1, 525 343 202 517 121 225 171 653

P e r c e n t -------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 m e th o d --------------------------------------- 19.8 18. 5 17. 0 25. 7 25. 7 31. 1 16. 5 26.2 48.2 19. 4

2 m e th o d s ------------------------------------ 18.3 18.3 16.7 15. 7 17.8 22. 4 19. 8 20.4 26. 9 19. 0

3 m e th o d s ------------------------------------ 14.0 13. 7 13. 6 12. 5 14.4 13. 3 14.9 15. 1 9. 9 18. 9

4 m e th o d s ------------------------------------ 11 .8 11.7 13. 6 13. 7 6.4 7. 5 9.9 8. 0 5.3 14. 4

5 methods or m ore ---------------------- 36. 1 37. 8 39. 1 32.4 35.6 25. 5 39.2 30.2 9. 4 28.4

M E N

Total: Number (thousands)— 5, 749 4,210 703 122 90 168 59 75 34 255

P e r c e n t -------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 (2) 100. 0 (2) 100. 0

1 method ------------------------------------ 17.9 18.2 1 2 . 1 19.7 17.8 17. 3 17.3 19 .2

2 methods ------------------------------------ 17.3 17.4 16. 6 6.6 4.4 22. 0 . 21.3 _ 2 1.6

3 m e th o d s ------------------------------------ 13.2 13. 1 12 . 1 12.3 8.9 17.3 - 21. 3 _ 1 1 .8

4 m e th o d s ------------------------------------ 1 1 . 6 11. 5 14. 1 16.4 1 1 . 1 6. 5 _ 8. 0 _ 15. 3

5 methods or m o r e ------------------------ 39.9 39. 8 45. 1 45.3 57. 8 37.2 -

32. 0 -32.4

W O M E N

Total: Num ber (thousands)— 4, 688 2, 642 822 221 112 349 62 150 137 398

P e r c e n t -------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 (2) 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

1 m e th o d -------------------------------------- 22. 1 19. 1 2 1 .2 29. 0 30. 6 38.4 31. 0 53. 6 19.4

2 methods ----------------------------------- 19.5 19.7 16.8 20. 8 28. 6 22.3 _ 20. 0 21.9 17.4

3 methods ----------------------------------- 15.0 14. 6 14. 7 12. 7 19 .6 11.7 _ 12 . 0 10 .2 23. 5

4 methods ----------------------- ----------- 11.9 1 2 . 1 13.3 12 .2 3. 6 8. 0 _ 8. 0 6. 6 13.9

5 methods or m o r e ------------------------ 31.4 34. 6 34. 0 25. 0 17.9 19. 8 -

29.3 8. 0 25. 5

1 Includes som e persons fo r whom date last w orked was not known. 2 P ercen t not shown where base is less than 75, 000.

Table E-3. M ethod by w hich current job w as obtained, by d ate last w orked on previous job , January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method

Total: Num ber (thousands)-----------------

P e r c e n t -----------------------------------

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r -----------------------

A sked frien ds:

About jobs where they w o r k --------------------

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------------------------

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w o r k ---- ------------ —

About jobs e ls e w h e r e ------------------------------

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------

N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------------------

P riv a te em ploym ent a g e n c y -------------------------

State em ploym ent s e r v i c e ----------------------------

School placem ent o ffice ------------------------------

C iv il S ervice t e s t ----------------------------------------

Asked teacher or p r o fe s s o r -------------------------

Went to place where em ployers com e to pick

up people -------------------------------------------------

P la ced ads in newspapers:

L o c a l -----------------------------------------------------

N o n l o c a l ------------------------------------------------

Answ ered ads in profession al or trade

journals ----------------------------------------------------

Union hiring h a l l ----——--------------------------------

Contacted local o r g a n iz a t io n ----------------------

P la ced ads in profession al or trade

jo u r n a ls ---------------- *------------------- ---- --------—

O t h e r ---------------------------------------------------------

Date last worked

N ever

worked

Jan. 1972 

to

Jan. 1973

1971 1970 1969

1968 or e a rlie r

Total 1968

1963

to

1967

1962

or

e a rlie r

6,852 1,525 343 202 517 121 225 171 653

100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

35. 0 32.5 36.8 38. 1 36. 6 30.4 38. 6 38. 5 35. 0

12 .2 11.9 8.7 12.4 15. 0 1 1. 6 10. 4 24. 5 17.9

5. 8 5. 3 5. 0 5.3 3.8 4. 5 5. 0 1.4 4. 7

5. 6 5.9 9.9 1 .2 6. 0 8.9 7.4 1.4 9.5

2.3 1. 8 .6 2.4 .4 (*) C) 1. 4 4.3

12 .2 12 . 6 12.4 16. 0 15.2 15.2 10. 4 22.3 7.8

1.4 1. 6 2 .2 (*) .9 (*) 1. 0 1. 4 .3

6. 1 6.0 3.4 4. 1 3. 1 1.8 4. 0 2.9 2.9

4.4 7.9 7. 1 4. 1 7.3 10. 7 8.9 2 .2 4. 0

3. 1 3. 1 1. 5 (l) . 7 2.7 (') ( X) 4. 0

1.9 3.0 1.9 2.4 1. 5 .9 2. 0 1.4 2.4

1.3 1.8 1.9 1.8 .9 3.6 C) ( X) 1. 6

. 1 .3 (') (*) (*) (*) 0 0 .3

.2 .3 C) (*) .9 1.8 1. 0 C) .2

C) l1) .6 i1) ( x) (*) ( x) h C)

.5 .4 (') (X) C) (') ( x) ( x) (')

1.8 1 .2 1 .2 (‘ ) .4 (|> l 1) 1.4 C)

. 6 1. 1 .9 2.4 .9 (*) 2 . 0 (l) 1 .2

(2) 0 (*) (*) (*) (X) 0 (1) ( X)

5.4 3. 5 6.2 10. 1 6.6 8. 0 9.4 1.4 3. 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Percent of jobseekers)

Method Total1

Length of employment on previous job

Under 1

year

1 to 2.9

years

3 to 4. 9

years

5 to 9. 9

years

10years or more

Total 10 to 14. 9 1 5 or

more

Total (thousands) ------------------------------ 9,043 5,329 2,086 756 457 367 135 232

Applied directly to em ployer-------------------------- 66.5 67.6 63. 5 65.6 71. 1 64.0 61.5 65. 5 Asked friends: About jobs where they work---------------------- 51.2 54.3 48.4 45. 5 48.6 34.3 37.0 32.8 About jobs elsewhere ------------------------------ 43.3 45. 6 42.1 38. 5 40.7 26.4 29.6 24. 6 Asked relatives: About jobs where they work---------------------- 28.2 30. 8 25.2 25. 8 21.7 18. 5 24.4 15. 1 About jobs elsewhere ----------------------------- 27.7 30.4 25.5 24.7 20.8 16. 1 17.0 15.5 Answered newspaper ads: Local ---------------------------------------------------- 47.7 49.7 46.4 43.4 38.7 45. 5 46.7 44. 8 Nonlocal--------------------------------------------------- 12.4 13.1 12.0 8.9 12.9 11.2 11.1 11.2 Private employment agency --------------------------- 22.4 21.3 25.3 24. 5 23. 6 15.3 13.3 16.4 State employment service ----------------------------- 35. 1 36.9 31.5 30.7 36. 1 37.3 28. 1 42.7 School placement office ------------------------------ 12.8 14. 6 11.6 11.9 6. 6 4.4 3.0 5.2 Civil Service test --------------------------------------- 16. 1 16. 1 16.0 17.2 17.1 12.3 5.2 16.4 Asked teacher or professor --------------------------- 10.3 11.7 9.3 10. 1 6.1 . 8 .7 .9 Went to place where employers come to pick up people ------------------------------------------- 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 . 5 1.5 (2) Placed ads in newspapers: Local ------------------------------------------------------ 1.6 1.9 .8 1.3 2.6 1.1 1.5 .9 Nonlocal -------------------------------------------------- . 5 . 5 .3 .3 .9 . 5 (2) .9 Answered ads in professional or trade journals----------------------------------------------------- 5.2 4.3 7.2 5.2 5.7 7.1 5.2 8.2 Union hiring hall ----------------------------------------- 6.4 7.1 4.6 4. 1 8. 5 8.2 5.2 9.9 Contacted local organization ------------------------- 5.7 6. 6 4. 1 4. 8 6. 1 3.3 3.0 3.4 Placed ads in professional or trade journals -------------------------------------------------- .6 .4 .9 .8 1.3 1.4 (2) 2.2 Other --------------------------------------------------------- 11.9 11.3 11.3 16. 1 13.8 13.6 10.4 15.5

Average number of methods used ---------------- 4. 1 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.0 3.3

1 Includes some persons for whom length of employment on last job was not known. 2 No one in category.

Table E-5. Method by which current job was obtained, by length of employment on previous job for persons who last worked in

1968 or later, January 1973

(Percent distribution)

Method Total1

Length of employment on previous job

Under 1

year

1 to 2. 9

years

3 to 4. 9

years

5 to 9. 9

years

10years or more

Total 10 to 14. 9 15 or

more

Total: Number (thousands) ------------------- 9,043 5,329 2,086 756 457 367 135 232 Percent ------------------------------------ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Applied directly to employer ------------------------ 34.6 34.2 34.0 37.4 36.8 35.5 34.6 36.0 Asked friends: About jobs where they work ---------------------- 12.0 12.6 12.6 6. 1 11.5 12.7 15.8 10.6 About jobs elsewhere -------------------------------- 5.6 5.4 5.4 7. 8 7.2 4.3 7.5 2.2 Asked relatives: About jobs where they work ---------------------- 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9 4 .6 2.7 4.2 1.7 About jobs elsewhere ------------------------------ 2.2 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.2 (2) (2) (2) Answered newspaper ads: Local ----------------------------------------------------- 12.4 12.2 12.5 • 13.3 9.4 19.4 19.2 19.6 Nonlocal ------------------------------------------------ 1.4 1.5 1.3 .6 1.9 1.3 3.3 (2) Private employment agency -------------------------- 5.9 4.9 7.9 7. 5 6.0 4.3 4.2 4.5 State employment service ------------------------------ 5.2 5. 5 4. 6 3.9 5.0 5.4 2.5 7.3 School placement office --------------------------------- 3.0 3.6 2.2 3.0 1.4 .7 / (2) 1.1 Civil Service test ---------------------------------------- 2.1 2. 1 2.3 2.0 2.9 .7 (!) 1.1 Asked teacher or professor -------------------------- 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.9 (2) (2) (2) Went to place where employers come to pick up people --------------------------------------------------- . 1 (3) . 3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Placed ads in newspapers: Local ------------------------------------------------------ .2 .2 .2 .3 .5 .7 1.7 (2) Nonlocal ------------------------------------------------ (3) (2) . 1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Answered ads in professional or trade journals --------------------------------------------------- .4 .4 .6 (2) .5 .7 0 1. 1 Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------ 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.0 4.3 (!) 7.3 Contacted local organization -------------------------- .8 1.0 .5 .3 1.0 (2) i2) (2) Placed ads in professional or trade journals ---------------------------------------------------- (3) (2) . 1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Other -------------------------------------------------------- 5.3 4.7 5.2 8.2 6. 5 7.4 6.7 7.8

1 Includes some persons for whom length of employment on last job was not known. 2 No one in category. 3 Less than 0.05 percent.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Num bers in thousands)

Reason fo r seeking 

w ork, age, and race

Both sexes Men W omen

Total

jobseekers

reporting

Looked for w ork 

w hile em ployed Total

jobseekers

reporting

Looked fo r work 

w hile em ployed Total

jobseekers

reporting

Looked fo r work 

while em ployed

Number

P ercen t of 

total

reporting

Number

P ercen t of 

total

reporting

Number

P ercen t of 

total

reporting

Total ---------------------------------------------------- 5. 363 2. 610 48. 7 3. 525 1. 744 49. 5 1. 838 866 47. 1

Quit job ---------------------------------------------------------- 1, 703 673 39. 5 1, 016 458 45. 1 687 215 31. 3

T em p orary job ended ------------------------------------- 443 150 33. 9 293 87 29. 7 150 63 42. 0

Laid off tem p ora rily -------------------------------------- 91 34 37. 4 65 20 (*) 26 14 ( l)

Laid off indefinitely ------------------------------------- 970 174 17. 9 720 144 20. 0 250 30 12 . 0

L ost job fo r other reasons ----------------------------- 633 141 22. 3 438 1 11 25. 3 195 30 15. 4

Sold, lost, or gave up business -------------------- 150 65 43. 3 129 60 46. 5 21 5 C)

Wanted d ifferen t job before quitting -------------- 1, 373 1, 373 100. 0 864 864 100. 0 509 509 100. 0

A g e

16 to 24 years ------------------------------------------------ 2, 153 1, 102 51.2 1, 292 667 51. 6 861 435 50. 5

25 to 54 years ------------------------------------------------ 2, 916 1, 415 48.4 2, 034 1, 008 49. 6 882 407 46. 1

55 years and over ------------------------------------------ 294 93 31. 6 199 69 34. 7 95 24 25. 3

R a c e

W hite ------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 770 2, 351 49. 3 3, 156 1, 591 50. 4 1, 614 760 47. 1

N egro and other m in ority races ----------------------------- 593 259 43. 7 369 153 41.5 224 106 47. 3

1 P ercen t not shown where base is less than 75, 000.

Table F-2. Length of time before starting job search for jobseekers who did not look for work while still employed: Reason for

seeking work, sex, age, and race, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Reason fo r seeking work, 

sex, age, and race

BOTH SEXES

Quit jo b -----------------------------------------------------

T em p orary job ended --------------------------------

Laid o ff te m p o ra rily ----------------------------------

Laid o ff in d e fin ite ly -----------------------------------

Lost job fo r other reasons -----------------------

Sold, lost, o r gave up business -----------------

M E N

Total -----------------------------------------------

Quit job -----------------------------------------------------

T em p ora ry job ended --------------------------------

Laid o ff te m p o ra rily ----------------------------------

Laid o ff in d e fin ite ly -----------------------------------

Lost job fo r other re a s o n s -------------------------

So ld , lo s t , o r g a v e up b u s in e s s ----------------------

W O M E N

T o t a l---------------------------------------------

Quit job -------------------------------------------------

T em p ora ry job ended------------------------------

L aid off te m p o ra rily -------------------------------

Laid o ff in defin itely -------------------------------

Lost job fo r other re a s o n s ----------------------

Sold, lost, or gave up business --------------

A g e

16 to 24 years ---------------------------------------

25 to 54 years ---------------------------------------

55 yea rs and over ---------------------------------

R a c e

W hite -------------------------------------------

N egro and other m in ority races —

Total Length of tim e before starting to look fo r w ork (in weeks)

Number

(thousands) Percent 1 to 2

days

3 days 

to

1 week

1

to

2

3

to

4

5

to

8

9

or

m ore

2, 754 100. 0 40. 2 14. 7 13. 9 10. 6 6. 7 14. 0

1, 030 100. 0 30. 2 15. 4 14. 9 14. 0 8. 5 17. 1

293 100. 0 39. 6 16. 5 16. 5 7. 4 6. 0 14. 0

57 (M - _ _ _ _ _

796 100. 0 48. 7 15. 1 12. 4 8. 6 5. 0 10. 3

493 100. 0 49. 7 1 2 . 1 13. 3 8.0 4. 9 11.9

85 100. 0 12. 5 10 . 0 17. 5 12. 5 16. 2 31. 2

1,782 100. 0 46. 9 15. 3 13. 9 9- 4 4. 6 9- 9

558 100. 0 37. 9 17. 3 13. 5 11.7 4. 0 15. 5

206 100. 0 47. 8 15. 9 18. 4 6. 0 3. 5 8. 5

46 (?) - _ _ _ _ _

577 100. 0 52. 4 16. 5 13. 0 7.6 4. 0 6. 5

326 100. 0 55. 6 11.4 13. 6 9- 0 4. 6 5. 9

69 C) " ~

.972 100. 0 27. 7 13. 4 13. 9 1 2 . 8 10. 6 2 1.4

472 100. 0 2 1 .2 13. 1 16. 5 16. 7 13. 7 19- 1

87 100. 0 21.4 16. 7 11.9 11.9 11.9 28.6

11 n _ _ _ _

219 100. 0 39. 2 11.3 10. 8 11. 3 7. 5 20. 3

167 100. 0 37.8 13. 4 13. 4 6. 1 5. 5 23. 8

16 ( x) " ~ " “

1, 052 100. 0 33. 6 16. 6 16. 0 14. 2 6. 5 12.8

1, 500 100. 0 44. 2 13. 6 1 1 .8 8.8 6. 9 14. 5

202 100. 0 44. 2 1 1 . 6 18. 1 4. 0 6. 0 16. 1

2, 419 100. 0 40. 5 14. 4 14. 4 10. 5 6. 5 13. 7

335 100. 0 37. 4 16. 3 10. 7 1 1 .0 8. 3 16. 0

1 Percen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Reason for seeking work, 

sex, and race

Total Reason fo r not looking for w ork

Num ber

(thousands) P ercen t

Wanted

tim e

off

M oved

Expected 

call 

back 

to job

W ork 

to do at 

home

Own

illness

Illness

in

fam ily

Other

reasons

Both sexes --------------------------------------------------- 1, 621 100. 0 41. 0 14. 7 11.4 8.7 4.7 2. 0 17. 5

Quit job --------------------------------------------------- 710 100. 0 47. 9 23.4 0.3 6. 7 4.8 3.4 13.2

T em p orary job e n d e d ------------------------------ 172 100. 0 39.7 1 1 .2 1 1 .8 14. 7 4. 1 _ 18.2

Laid o ff te m p o r a r ily --------------------------------- 23 (') - _ _ _ _ _ _

L aid off in d e fin ite ly ---------------------------------- 401 100. 0 30.9 5.0 28. 5 10.9 3.5 1. 5 19.4

L ost job for other reasons ----------------------- 246 100. 0 35.3 9. 1 13.7 7.9 6.2 .8 27.0

Sold, lost, or gave up business------------------ 69 (') - - - - - - -

2vjen ________________________________________________ 930 100. 0 42.9 1 1 .8 12 .2 6. 0 4.9 2 .2 20. 1

W om en --------------------------------------------------------- 691 100. 0 38.7 18. 6 10 .2 12.3 4. 6 1.8 13.8

W hite ------------------------------------------------------------ 1,417 100. 0 42.4 15. 1 10. 1 8. 1 4. 1 2 . 1 18. 1

N egro and other m in ority r a c e s -------------------- 204 100. 0 31.7 1 1 .8 20.7 1 1 .8 9.4 1. 5 12 .8

P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

Table F-4. Number of weeks looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, and race, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Total W eeks looked

Reason fo r seeking work, 3 5 8

sex, and race Number P ercen t 1 2 to to or

(thousands) 4 7 m ore

Both sexes — — — ---- — ------ - ---- 2, 610 100. 0 29.7 2 1. 1 2 2 . 8 7. 6 18.7

Quit job --------------------------------------------------------- 673 100. 0 34. 5 19.4 24.2 7.4 14.5

T em p orary job ended ------------------------------------ 150 100. 0 19 .2 29.6 31.2 5. 6 14.4

Laid o ff te m p o r a r ily -------------------------------------- 34 (X) - - - - -

Laid off in d e fin ite ly ---------------------------------------- 174 100. 0 22 .8 18.8 42. 0 8.7 7.4

L ost job fo r other reasons ----------------------------- 141 100. 0 19.3 18. 4 23.7 17. 5 2 1 . 1

Sold, lost, or gave up business — — 65 i1) - - - - -

Wanted differen t job b efore q u it t in g --------------- 1,373 100. 0 30. 0 2 1. 0 19.9 7. 1 2 2 . 1

Men ------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 1, 744 100. 0 28.3 2 1. 1 24.2 7. 6 18.8

Women -------------------------------------------------—— ------- 866 100. 0 32. 3 2 1. 1 20. 1 7.8 18. 6

W hite ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2,351 100. 0 29.4 21.7 2 2 .2 7.7 19. 1

N egro and other m in ority r a c e s ------------------------- 259 100. 0 31.9 15.7 29. 0 7.6 15.7

1 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table G-1. Duration of job search, by age and sex, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Weeks looked fo r w ork

BOTH SEXES

T otal: Num ber (thousands) 

P e rc e n t------------------

L ess than 5 w e e k s ----------------------

5 to 10 w e e k s -----------------------------

11 to 14 w e e k s ---------------------------

15 to 19 w e e k s ----------------------------

20 to 26 w e e k s ----------------------------

27 to 39 weeks ---------------------------

40 weeks o r m o r e ----------------------

M E N

Total: Number (thousands) 

P e r c e n t -----------------

Less than 5 weeks ---------------------

5 to 10 w e e k s -----------------------------

11 to 14 w e e k s ---------------------------

15 to 19 w e e k s ----------------------------

20 to 26 w e e k s ----------------------------

27 to 39 weeks ---------------------------

40 weeks or m ore ---------------------

W O M E N

T ota l: Num ber (thousands) 

P e r c e n t -----------------

Less than 5 weeks ---------------------

5 to 10 w e e k s -----------------------------

11 to 14 weeks ---------------------------

15 to 19 weeks --------------------------

20 to 26 weeks ---------------------------

27 to 39 weeks ---------------------------

40 weeks or m o r e ----------------------

T otal

A ge (irl years)

16

to

19

20

to

24

25

to

34

35

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

10,437 1,727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

59.9 67. 2 58. 7 59- 1 58. 6 59- 9 49- 5

18. 4 18. 4 20. 0 17. 9 16.9 14. 9 19. 6

6. 6 6. 4 7. 2 6. 9 5. 1 5. 5 6. 5

3.8 2.8 3.9 3. 4 3. 7 5. 2 7. 0

4.9 2.6 5. 4 4.6 7. 2 4. 0 5. 6

2. 7 1 . 1 2. 4 3. 0 3. 3 4. 6 3.8

3.9 1.6 2. 5 5. 2 5. 0 5. 9 8. 3

5, 749 878 1,709 1, 605 736 515 306

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

57. 7 65. 6 58. 5 55. 4 55. 4 55. 1 51.9

19. 5 20. 8 20. 1 19- 3 17. 7 17. 4 20. 9

6.9 6. 4 7. 8 7. 6 6. 0 5. 2 6. 0

4. 1 2 . 2 4. 7 3. 9 4.9 5. 5 2 . 6

5. 1 3. 4 4. 8 5. 0 8. 2 4. 4 6. 4

2. 5 . 3 1.8 3. 2 3. 5 5. 2 3. 8

4. 1 1 . 2 2. 2 5. 6 5. 4 7. 5 8. 1

4, 688 849 1, 511 1,095 642 405 186

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

62. 6 68.8 58. 8 64. 7 62. 6 65. 7 44. 9

16.9 15. 8 19- 8 15. 7 16. 1 1 1 . 6 17. 4

6. 1 6. 4 6. 5 5. 8 5. 2 6. 1 7. 2

3. 5 3. 4 3. 1 2 . 6 2. 4 4. 9 14. 5

4. 5 1. 7 6. 0 4. 0 6. 0 3. 6 3. 6

2 . 8 2 . 0 3. 0 2 . 6 3. 0 3. 9 3. 6

3. 7 2 . 0 2.9 4. 6 4. 6 4. 2 8. 7

Table G -2. M ethods used to look for w ork, by duration

of job search, January 1973

(P ercen t of .jobseekers)

Method 1 to 4 

weeks

------5-----

to

14

T5—

to

26

— Zt—

or

m ore

T o ta l (thousands) ----- 5, 239 2, 180 757 575

Applied d ire c tly to e m p lo y e r --------- 62.8 72. 2 73. 6 79. 7

Asked frien ds:

About jobs w here they w ork —— 48.8 60. 0 63. 7 64. 7

About jobs elsew h ere — — — 38. 5 52. 3 60. 0 57. 4

Asked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork ------ 25. 2 35. 0 41. 6 42. 4

About jobs elsew here 24. 2 36. 1 43. 6 38. 1

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l ---- — — - 43. 3 56. 1 60. 4 63. 5

N o n lo ca l----------------------------------- 9.0 17. 7 18.8 24. 5

P riva te em ploym ent a g e n c y ------ — 18.8 28. 3 34. 1 33.6

State em ploym ent s e r v ic e ------------- 29. 1 43. 2 55.9 56. 7

School placem ent o f f i c e ---------------- 10 . 2 18. 6 2 1. 1 19. 1

C iv il S ervice t e s t -------------------------- 12. 3 2 1.8 23.8 30. 4

Asked teacher o r p r o fe s s o r ---------- 8. 2 15. 5 18. 5 18. 1

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le -------------- 1 . 2 1 . 6 2. 5 2. 4

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l---------------------------------------- 1. 4 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5

N o n lo c a l--------------------------------- . 4 . 5 .8 . 7

Answ ered ads in p rofession al o r

trade jo u r n a ls ---------------------------- 3. 0 8. 5 10. 0 11. 7

Union hiring h a l l -------------------------- 5.3 6. 7 7. 7 9-9

Contacted lo ca l o rg a n iza tio n --------- 4. 2 7.8 10. 2 11. 5

Placed ads in profession al or

trade journals —-------------------------- . 5 1. 0 . 5 1. 4

O th e r -------------------------------------------- 10 . 0 1 2 . 2 15.7 15. 3

A vera ge number o f methods used — 3.6 5.0 5.6 5.8

Table G -3. M ethod by w hich current job w as obtained, by

duration of job search, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method 1 to 4 

weeks

5

to

14

— n —

to

26

-----T7

o r

m ore

T otal: Num ber (thousands)— 5, 239 2, 180 757 575

P e rc e n t ------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Applied d irectly to e m p lo y e r-------- 35. 9 31. 7 28. 3 31. 7

A sked frien d s;

About jobs where they w o r k ---- 12. 7 1 2 . 6 10. 4 11.9

About jobs e ls e w h e re -------------- 5. 2 6.9 5. 3 6. 6

Asked rela tives:

About jobs where they w ork ----- 5.9 6. 0 8. 0 7. 0

About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------- 2. 3 1.8 2. 5 2. 4

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o c a l ------------------------------------- 13.0 11.7 10 . 2 1 2 . 1

N onlocal --------------------------------- 1.2 1.9 1.8 . 7

P riva te em ploym ent agency --------- 6. 7 5. 3 6. 4 2 . 2

State em ploym ent s e r v i c e ----------- 4.9 5. 4 6. 4 5.0

School placem ent o ffic e --------------- 2.9 3. 4 3. 4 3. 5

C iv il S ervice test —■-------------—------ 1. 3 3. 4 2 . 1 4. 0

Asked teacher or p ro fe s s o r ---------- 1.3 1.9 1 . 1 2. 2

Went to place w here em ployers

com e to pick up p e o p le -------------- . 1 . 2 (l ) (M

Placed ads in newspapers:

L o c a l --------------- ---------------------- . 3 n . 3 . 4

Nonlocal --------------------------------- ( 2) b O (M

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or

trade jo u r n a ls --------------------------- . 4 . 7 . 3 . 4

Union hiring h a l l ------------------------- 1. 3 1 . 1 3. 2 1 . 1

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n ------- . 7 .8 2 . 0 . 4

Placed ads in p rofession al or

trade jo u r n a ls --------------------------- n . 1 n (M

Other ------------------------------------------ 3.9 5. 2 8. 5 8. 6

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Reason fo r seeking 

w ork and race

Total Duration of job search (in w eeks)

Number

(thousands) P ercen t

1

to

4

5 -n 

to 

10

n

to

14

15

to

26

27

or

m ore

T o t a l -------------------------------------------------- 10, 437 100. 0 59.9 18.4 6.6 8.6 6.6

Em ployed b efore current job, t o t a l ----———---- 5,392 100.0 61.0 17.8 5.9 8 .4 6.9

Q u i t --------------------------------------------------------- 1,714 100. 0 68.7 17.3 4.8 5.8 3.5

L ost job, t o t a l -----------— ——..... — ----------- 2, 305 100. 0 51.2 20. 0 7.0 11.4 10.4

448 100. 0 64.2 19 .2 6.0 5.2 5.2

Laid o ff tem p o ra rily — ------------------------- 91 100.0 84. 6 10. 0 (') 5.7 0

L aid o ff in d efin itely -------------------------- ---- 974 100. 0 43.7 20 .0 9.7 14.4 12 .2

Lost job fo r other reasons -------------------- 642 100. 0 49.3 21.4 5.4 1 1 .0 12.9

Spld, lost o r gave up business —---------— 150 100. 0 55.3 22. 0 1. 6 13.8 7.3

Wanted d ifferen t job b efore quitting ---------- 1,373 100.0 68. 6 14. 6 5.3 6. 4 5. 1

Not in labor fo rc e b efore current job, total---- 4,778 100. 0 58. 6 18.9 7.5 8.8 6.2

L e ft s c h o o l-------------------------------- — ------------ 1, 522 100. 0 48.5 23.4 9.7 1 1 .2 7. 1

L e ft m ilita ry s e r v ic e --------------------------------- 265 100. 0 47.2 2 2 .2 8.3 13.9 8.7

Wanted w ork while in s c h o o l --------------------- 557 100. 0 66. 5 18.0 5.9 7.6 1.9

R ecovered from illn ess or d is a b ility ---------- 165 100. 0 59.3 22. 0 3.4 5. 1 10 .2

Keeping house —— ------------------— ------ ------ 924 100. 0 70.2 12 .2 4.2 8. 5 5.0

R e tire d ---------------------------------------------- ----— 86 100. 0 51.3 32.7 4. 1 (1) 12 .2

O th er ---- ;------------------------------------------ ----- ---- 1.259 100.0 63. 1 16 .2 8.0 5.9 6. 6

Race

W h it e ------------------------------------------------------------ 9.302 100. 0 60. 1 18.4 6. 5 8.5 6.4

N egro and other m in ority races — — ------------- 1,135 100. 0 57.9 17.9 6.7 9.6 7.9

1 No one in category.

Table G -5. N um ber o f m ethods used to look fo r w ork, by duration o f job search and sex, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Sex and number of methods used Total

Duration o f job search (in w eeks)

1

to

4

5

to

14

15

to

26

27

or

m ore

BOTH SEXES

Total: Num ber (thousands)----------- 10, 437 5, 239 2, 180 757 575

P ercen t ---------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

j m eth o d _____________________________________ 19. 8 20. 8 8. 5 6. 1 6. 3

2 methods --------------------------------------------- 18. 3 21.4 13.0 9.0 6.4

3 methods --------------------------------------------- 14. 0 16.2 11.9 12. 4 9.9

4 methods --------------------------------------------- 11 . 8 12.9 14. 3 8. 1 12 .0

5 methods or m ore -------------------------------- 36. 1 28. 7 52. 3 64. 3 65.4

MEN

Total: Num ber (thousands)----------- 5, 749 2, 806 1, 284 447 324

P ercen t ---------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0

1 method ---------------------------------------------- 17.9 18. 9 7.4 5.4 8.0

2 methods --------------- ----------------------------- 17. 3 21. 3 11.4 8.5 3.4

3 methods -----------------------------------------•— 13.2 15. 2 1 1. 8 8. 5 9.3

4 methods ______-__—-------------- —----- ——-— 11 .6 12 . 8 13.6 8.5 12.4

5 methods or m ore -------------------------------- 39.9 31. 7 55. 8 68. 8 66.9

WOMEN !

Total: Num ber (thousands)----------- 4, 688 2, 433 896 310 251

P ercen t ---------------------------- 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 m e th o d ----------------------------------------------- 22. 1 22.9 10 .2 7. 1 4.4

2 methods --------------------------------------------- 19.5 21.5 15.0 9.7 10.4

3 methods ______ _—__—---------------------- — 15.0 17.2 12 . 1 18. 1 10. 8

4 methods --------------------------------------------- 11.9 13.0 15. 3 7.7 1 1 .2

5 methods or m ore -------------------------------- 31.4 25. 3 47.3 57.7 63. 3

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

W eeks looked fo r 

w ork while s till em ployed 

and sex

Total Duration of job search (in w eeks)

Num ber

(thousands) P ercen t

1

to

4

5

to

10

n

to

14

15

to

19

Z75

to

26

27

to

39

40

or

m ore

BOTH SEXES

T o t a l --------------------------------------------------- 2 , 610 100.0 62. 6 18. 6 6. 2 2. 7 4. 7 1.4 3. 8

1 week -------------------------------- ------------------------- 655 100. 0 96.3 2.3 .3 . 5 (') .3 .3

2 weeks ------------------------------------------------------- 467 100. 0 88.4 6.8 1.8 . 7 . 5 . 5 1. 1

3 or 4 weeks ------------------------------------------------- 504 100. 0 68. 0 20 .2 6. 6 .8 1.4 1.4 1.4

5 to 7 weeks -------------------------------------------------- 169 100. 0 o 79.9 5. 5 4.9 8. 5 1 .2 C)

8 weeks or m ore ------------------------------------------ 413 100. 0 0

31.2 20. 2 8. 5 19. 0 4. 5 16. 7

M E N

Total --------------------------------------------------- 1, 744 100. 0 61. 6 18. 6 6. 4 2.8 4. 5 1.8 4. 4

1 w eek --------------------------------------------------------- 418 100. 0 95.2 3. 0 . 5 .8 0 (*) .5

2 weeks --------------------------------------------------------- 312 100. 0 87.5 8.8 . 7 (') . 7 . 7 1.7

3 or 4 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------- 357 100. 0 65.8 2 1. 6 8.2 1 .2 (*) 2 . 0 1 .2

5 to 7 weeks -------------------------------------------------- 112 100. 0 ( ‘ ) 75.4 7. 5 5. 6 9.3 1.9 (') 8 weeks or m ore ------------------------------------------ 277 100. 0 0 27.8 19.2 9. 0 18. 0 6. 4 19.9

W O M E N

T otal --------------------------------------------------- 866 100.0 64.9 18.5 5.9 2. 5 5.3 .4 2. 5

1 week --------------------------------------------------------- 237 100. 0 98.2 .9 ( X) ( X) (*) .9 (*)

2 weeks -------------------------------------------------------- 155 100.0 91.0 2.8 4.2 2. 1 (l) C) (!)

3 or 4 weeks ------------------------------------------------ 147 100.0 73.0 16. 8 2. 8 ( ‘ ) 4.9 C) 2.8

5 to 7 weeks ------------------------------------------------ 57 (2) _ _ _ _ _

8 weeks or m ore ----------------------------------------- 136 100. 0 ( l) 37.7 2 1. 6 7. 5 2 1. 6 1.5 10. 4

1 No one in category. 2 P ercen t not shown w ere base is less than 75, 000.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Occupational group, sex, and race

Total Num ber of methods used

Num ber

(thousands) P ercen t 1 2 3 4

5

or

m ore

ALL PERSONS

T o t a l ----------------------------------------------------- 10,437 100.0 19. 8 18. 3 14. 0 1 1 .8 36. 1

W h ite-colla r w o rk e rs --------------------------------------- 4, 995 100.0 17. 8 18.4 13. 7' 1 2 . 1 38.0

B lu e-co lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------- 3, 904 100. 0 21.4 17. 7 13. 5 1 1 . 6 35. 8

P riva te household w orkers ----------------------------- 99 100.0 25. 5 30. 6 17. 3 5. 1 21.4

S ervice w orkers --------------------------------------------- 1, 374 100. 0 22.4 19. 0 15.9 1 1 .6 31. 3

F arm w o r k e r s -------------------- ----------------------------- 65 (') - - - - -

M E N

T o t a l------------------------------------------------------ 5, 749 100.0 17.9 17. 3 13. 2 1 1 . 6 39.9

W h ite-co lla r w ork ers ------------------------------------- 2 , 009 100.0 15. 6 16. 7 12. 7 1 2 . 1 42.9

B lu e-co lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------- 3, 101 100.0 19.7 17.9 13. 3 1 1 .8 37.4

S ervice w o rk e rs ----------------------------------------------- 580 100.0 17. 1 16. 1 13. 7 9.9 43. 3

F a rm w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 59 (1) - - " -

W O M E N

T o t a l ------------- ---------------------------------------- 4, 688 100.0 2 2 . 1 19.5 15.0 11.9 31.4

W h ite-colla r w ork ers ------------------------------------- 2, 986 100.0 19 .2 19.5 14.4 1 2 . 2 34. 6

B lu e-co lla r w ork ers----------------------------------------- 803 100.0 28. 3 16. 7 14.4 1 1 .0 29. 6

P riva te household w o r k e r s ----------------------------- 99 100.0 25.5 30. 6 17. 3 5. 1 21.4

S ervice w o rk e rs ----------------------------------------------- 794 100.0 26. 1 2 1.0 17. 5 1 2 . 8 22.4

F a rm w ork ers -------------------------------------------------- 6 0 “ " " - -

W h ite

T o t a l------------------------------------------------------ 9, 302 100.0 20. 2 18.7 13.9 1 2 . 0 35. 3

W h ite-colla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------- 4, 580 100.0 18. 1 18.7 13. 7 12. 5 37. 1

B lu e-co lla r w ork ers --------------------------------------- 3,453 100. 0 22. 1 17.9 13. 2 11.9 34.9

P riva te household w o r k e r s ----------------------------- 60 0 - _ _ - -

S ervice w o rk e rs ----------------------------------------------- 1, 152 100.0 22. 8 19.9 16. 7 1 1 . 2 29.5

F a rm w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 57 n - - - -

N e g ro a n d o th e r m in o rity ra ce s

T o t a l------------------------------------------------------ 1, 135 100. 0 16. 6 15.4 15. 2 9.9 42. 9

W h ite-co lla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------- 415 100.0 14.0 15. 7 14. 3 8. 2 47. 7

B lu e-co lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------- 451 100.0 16.4 15. 3 16. 6 9.5 42. 1

P riva te household w o r k e r s ----------------------------- 39 (*) - - - - -

S ervice w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------- 222 100.0 19 .8 14. 0 11. 7 13. 5 40. 8

F arm w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 8 (l) “ " “ " “

1 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75,000.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

C h aracteristics

Total Num ber of hours looked per week

Num ber

(thousands) P ercen t

5

or

less

6

to

10

11

to

15

16

to

20

21

to

25

26

or

m ore

10. 437 100. 0 64. 9 16. 1 6.0 4. 6 2. 3 6. 1

S e x

Men ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 749 100. 0 59.9 16.9 7. 1 5. 3 2.9 7.9

W omen ----------------------------------------------------------- 4, 688 100.0 71. 1 15. 2 4.6 3. 6 1.6 3. 8

A g e

16 to 24 years ------------------------------------------------ 4, 947 100. 0 64. 6 17. 4 6. 3 3.9 2. 3 5. 4

25 to 44 years ------------------------------------------------ 4, 07 8 100.0 65. 3 14. 7 5. 8 5. 0 2. 3 6.9

45 years and over ------------------------------------------- 1, 412 100.0 64. 8 15. 6 5. 3 5. 8 2. 2 6. 1

R a ce

W hite -------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 302 100. 0 65. 3 15.7 6.0 4. 7 2. 2 6. 2

N egro and other m inority races --------------------- 1, 135 100. 0 61. 5 19.9 6. 3 3. 8 3. 2 5. 4

W o rk s ch e d u le

U sually w orked fu ll tim e -------------------------------- 8, 805 100.0 63. 2 16. 7 6. 4 4. 7 2. 4 6. 5

Usually worked part tim e -------------------------------- 1, 632 100. 0 74. 2 12. 7 3. 6 3. 8 1.9 3. 9

W e e k s lo o ked

Em ployed b efore looking: T o t a l --------------------- 5, 392 100. 0 62.5 16.2 6.6 5.0 2. 6 7. 1

L ess than 5 weeks ------------------------------------- 2, 861 100.0 66. 7 15.9 5.5 3.9 1.6 6. 3

5 to 14 weeks — •----------------------------------------- 1, 1 1 1 100. 0 50. 6 18.2 10. 0 7. 3 5. 6 8. 1

15 to 26 weeks ------------------------------------------- 393 100. 0 53. 1 20. 6 5.2 8. 0 3. 6 9. 3

27 weeks or m ore ------------------------------------- 323 100.0 48.1 20. 6 11. 3 8. 4 2. 3 9.6

Not in labor fo rc e b efore looking: Total ------- 4, 778 100.0 67. 7 16. 1 5.4 4. 2 1. 8 4. 8

L ess than 5 weeks ------------------------------------- 2, 336 100. 0 71. 0 13. 6 4.5 3.9 1.7 5. 3

5 to 14 weeks -------------------------------------------- 1, 048 100. 0 55. 8 22. 8 8.6 4. 9 3.0 5. 1

15 to 26 weeks ------------------------------------------- 353 100.0 59. 0 19 .2 7. 1 7. 4 2. 7 4. 4

27 weeks or m ore ------------------------------------- 248 100. 0 58. 1 25. 0 7. 3 3. 6 ( 1) 6. 0

1 No one in category.

Table H -3. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Distance traveled Total

A ge (in years) Sex Race

Total, 

16 to 24

16

to

19

20

to

24

25

to

34

35

to

44

45

to

54

55

and

over

Men Women White

N egro 

and other 

m in ority 

r a c e s

Total reporting (thousands) ------------------- 10. 070 4. 818 1. 674 3. 144 2, 626 1. 316 856 454 5, 562 4. 508 9. 008 1. 062

Did not go out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 398 134 56 78 123 83 30 28 197 201 357 41

P ercen t of total reporting -------------------------- 4. 0 2. 8 3. 3 2. 5 4. 7 6. 3 3. 5 6. 2 3. 5 4. 5 4. 0 3.9

W ent out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 9, 672 4, 684 1, 618 3, 066 2, 503 1, 233 826 426 5, 365 4, 307 8, 651 1, 021

P ercen t ----------------------------------------------------- 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Under 5 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 20. 7 21. 3 27. 1 18.2 17.9 20. 5 25. 3 23. 0 15. 0 27.9 20. 3 24. 3

5 to 10 m iles -------------------------------------------------- 22.4 23.9 29 .2 2 1. 1 19.7 20. 5 24. 3 24. 4 18. 3 27. 6 22. 0 26. 2

11 to 25 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 29.6 30. 7 28. 6 31. 8 29.3 30. 1 23. 6 30. 3 29. 7 29. 6 29. 6 29. 8

26 to 50 m iles -------------------------■---------------------- 14. 4 13. 6 10. 9 15. 0 15. 7 14. 5 14. 5 13. 8 18.6 9.0 14. 7 1 1 . 0

51 to 100 m iles --------------------------------------------------------- 4. 3 3.5 1. 9 4. 4 5. 6 5. 5 3.9 2. 8 6. 4 1. 7 4. 3 4. 2

101 to 200 m iles ------------------------------------------------------ 2. 5 2. 6 1 .2 3. 3 3. 1 2. 2 2. 3 . 5 3. 6 1. 2 2. 7 1. 0

201 to 500 m ile s ------------------------------------------------------- 2. 7 2 . 8 .6 3.9 3. 3 1. 7 1.9 2. 3 3.5 1. 6 2.9 .6

O ver 500 m iles --------------------------------------------------------- 3. 3 1. 7 .6 2. 3 5.4 5. 1 4.2 2. 8 4.9 1. 3 3. 4 3. 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Total

Did not go out 

to look

Distance traveled (in m iles)

Occupation

rep o rting Num ber

P ercen t

of Total

Under

5

5 11 26 51 101 201

O ver

500 (thousands)

(thousands)

total

rep o rting

Number

(thousands)

P ercen t

to

10

to

25

to

50

to

100

to

200

to

500

Total -------------------------------------- 10, 070 398 4. 0 9, 672 100. 0 20. 7 22. 4 29. 6 14. 4 4. 3 2. 5 2. 7 3. 3

P rofession al, technical, and kindred

w ork ers -----------------------------------------

M anagers and adm inistrators, except

1, 394 82 5.9 1, 312 100.0 1 1 . 6 13. 5 28. 0 15. 0 6. 7 7. 1 6. 5 11. 7

farm — ------------------------------------------- 502 20 4. 0 482 100. 0 10. 8 13. 1 26. 3 17. 8 9. 3 5. 4 7. 9 9. 3

Sales w ork ers ---------------------------------- 734 44 6. 0 690 100. 0 23. 9 23. 3 24. 6 13. 2 4. 5 3. 0 3. 9 3. 3

C lerica l w orkers ------------------------------ 2, 203 59 2. 7 2, 144 100. 0 24. 3 29. 2 33. 0 9. 3 2. 2 . 6 . 7 . 8

C raft and kindred w ork ers --------------- 1, 113 43 3.9 1, 070 100. 0 14. 4 20. 1 32. 2 19. 7 6. 0 2. 2 3. 5 1. 9

O peratives, except tra n s p o rt ------------

1, 681 43 2. 6 1, 638 100. 0 22. 3 22. 0 29. 4 17. 4 4. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 2

Transport equipment operatives ------- 374 13 3. 5 361 100. 0 16. 1 21. 9 32. 7 13. 3 8. 6 3. 0 2. 8 1. 7

Lab orers, except farm -------------------- 619 8 1. 3 611 100. 0 21.4 21. 3 29. 0 20. 8 3. 3 2 . 0 . 7 1. 6

P riva te household w ork ers --------------

Service w orkers, except private

91 13 14. 3 78 100. 0 44. 3 21. 5 15. 2 8. 9 “

5. 1 2. 5 2. 5

household -------------------------------------- 1, 296 67 5. 2 1, 229 100. 0 29. 6 27. 6 27. 7 10. 2 1. 1 1. 1 . 9 2. 0

F arm w orkers ---------------------------------- 63 6 0 57 C) - *

'

" " "

“ "

1 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

Table H-5. Farthest distance traveled to look for work : Residence, sex, and race, January 1973

^Percent distribution)

Both :sexes Men W omen

Distance traveled and race

In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 250, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

In SMSA1 of 25 0, 000 

or m ore

Not in 

SMSA

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

Total

In

central

city

Outside

central

city

of

250, 000 

or

m ore

ALL PERSONS

Total reporting (thousands) ------------------- 6, 397 2, 757 3, 640 3, 627 3, 500 1, 490 2, 010 2, 105 2, 897 1. 267 1, 630 1, 522

Did not go out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 251 105 146 125 115 58 57 73 136 47 89 52

P ercen t of total reporting -------------------------- 3.9 3. 8 4. 0 3. 4 3. 3 3. 9 2 . 8 3. 5 4. 7 3. 7 5. 5 3.4

Went out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 6, 146 2, 652 3, 494 3, 502 3, 385 1, 432 1, 953 2, 032 2, 761 1, 220 1, 541 1, 470

P ercen t ----------------------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Under 5 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 17. 8 20. 4 15. 9 24. 7 12. 5 16. 4 9. 6 18. 0 24. 4 25. 0 23. 9 33. 9

5 to 10 m iles -------------------------------------------------- 25. 8 29. 7 22. 9 17. 0 2 1. 8 26. 1 18. 7 13. 8 30. 7 33.9 28. 2 21. 4

11 to 25 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 32. 1 30. 1 33. 6 25. 5 32.9 30. 6 34. 6 24. 0 31. 1 29.6 32. 3 27. 6

26 to 50 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 13.0 9. 2 15. 9 15. 5 17. 0 12. 5 20. 2 20. 6 8. 3 5. 4 10.5 8.4

51 to 100 m iles ----------------------------------------------- 3. 5 3. 2 3. 8 6. 5 5. 2 4. 6 5. 7 8. 9 1.4 1. 5 1. 3 3. 2

101 to 200 m iles -------------------------------------------- 1. 8 1. 4 2. 1 4. 0 2. 5 1. 8 2.9 5. 4 . 9 .9 1. 0 2. 0

201 to 500 m iles -------------------------------------------- 2. 3 2. 5 2. 2 3. 5 3. 0 3. 3 2. 9 4. 2 1.4 1. 5 1. 3 2. 5

O ver 500 m iles ----------------------------------------------- 3. 6 3. 5 3. 7 3. 4 5. 1 4. 6 5. 5 5. 1 1.9 2. 3 1. 6 1.0

N e g ro an d o th e r m in o rity races

Total reporting (thousands)-------------------- 787 565 222 294 432 305 127 151 355 260 95 143

Did not go out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 30 15 15 8 16 8 8 6 14 7 7 2

P ercen t of total reporting -------------------------- 3. 8 2. 7 6. 8 2. 7 3. 7 2. 6 6. 3 4.0 3. 9 2. 7 7. 4 1. 4

Went out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 757 549 207 286 416 297 119 145 341 253 88 141

P ercen t ----------------------------------------------------- 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Under 5 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 23. 1 26.0 15.5 35.4 17. 1 20. 9 7. 6 26. 9 30. 5 32. 0 26. 1 44. 0

5 to 10 m iles -------------------------------------------------- 29. 1 30. 7 24. 6 17. 5 29. 3 31. 8 22. 7 17.2 28. 7 29. 2 27. 3 18.4

11 to 25 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 30. 8 28. 1 38.9 30. 4 32. 9 28.4 44. 2 29. 7 28. 4 27. 7 31.5 30.5

26 to 50 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 9.0 7. 3 13.0 5. 2 10. 6 9.5 13. 4 6 .2 6. 7 4. 7 12. 5 5.0

51 to 100 m iles ----------------------------------------------- 3. 4 3. 6 2.9 5. 6 4. 8 5. 4 3. 4 1 1 .0 1. 8 1. 6 2. 3 ( 2)

O ver 100 m iles ----------------------------------------------- 4.6 4. 6 4. 8 5. 6 5.5 4. 1 8.4 9.0 3. 8 5. 1 (*) 2. 1

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Distance traveled

Both sexes

Men Women

Total

Under

5

weeks

5

to

14 weeks

T5i

to

26'weeks

27

or

m ore

Total reporting (thousands)-------------------- 10, 070 5,205 2 , 162 749 570 5, 562 4, 508

Did not go out to look fo r work:

Num ber (thousands) ----------------------------------- 398 150 37 12 7 197 201

P ercen t of total re p o rtin g --------------------------- 4. 0 2.9 1. 7 1. 6 1 .2 3. 5 4. 5

Went out to look for work:

Number (thousands) ----------------------------------- 9, 672 5,055 2, 125 737 563 5,365 4,307

P ercen t ---------------------------------------------------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Under 5 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 20.7 23.8 12.7 9.6 8.7 15. 0 27.9 5 to 10 m iles -------------------------------------------------- 22. 4 25. 1 18. 0 19.4 16.3 18. 3 27. 6

11 to 25 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 29.6 29.8 33.2 30. 1 29.3 29.7 29. 6

26 to 50 m iles ------------------------------------------------ 14.4 12.3 17. 5 2 1 .0 2 1 .0 18. 6 9. 0

51 to 100 m iles ---------------------------------------------- 4.3 3.3 6.8 4.2 6.2 6.4 1.7 101 to 2 00 m iles -------------------------------------------- 2. 5 2 .2 3.2 3. 7 3.7 3. 6 1 .2

201 to 500 m iles -------------------------------------------- 2. 7 1. 7 3.9 4. 5 3. 5 3. 5 1. 6

O ver 500 m iles --------------------------------------------- , 3 1.9 4.7 7.2 9. 1 4.9 1.3

Table H-7. Distance of current job from residence at tim e of job search: Age and sex, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Distance and sex

ALL PERSONS

Total: Num ber (thousands) -- 

P ercen t --------------------

Under 5 m iles -------------------------------

5 to 10 m ile s ---------------------------------

11 to 25 m ile s ----------------— ------------

26 to 50 m ile s ---------------------- ---------

51 to 100 m ile s ------------------------------

101 to 200 m ile s ----------------------------

201 to 500 m ile s ----------------------------

O ver 500 m iles -----------------------------

M E N

Total: Number (thousands) 

P ercen t ----------------

Under 5 m iles ---------------------------

5 to 10 m ile s ------------------------------

11 to 25 m ile s ----------------------------

26 to 50 m iles ---------------------------

51 to 100 m iles ------------------------

101 to 200 m i l e s ------------------------------

201 to 500 m ile s ------------------------

O ver 500 m ile s ---------------------------

W O M E N

Total: Number (thousands) 

P e rc e n t -----------------

Under 5 m ile s ----------------------------

5 to 10 m iles -----------------------------

11 to 25 m iles ---------------------------

26 to 50 m iles ---------------------------

51 to 100 m iles -------------------------

101 to 200 m iles ------------------------

201 to 500 m ile s ------------------------

O ver 500 m i l e s --------------------------

Total

16 to 24 years 25

to

34 years

35

to

44 years

---------55-------

1 to

54 years

55 years 

and 

over

T otal

re

to

19 years

to

24 years

10, 437 4, 947 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

40. 1 42. 7 50. 9 38. 4 35. 3 38. 0 41.2 44. 9

24. 0 25. 2 24. 5 25. 5 22. 4 22. 5 24. 1 24. 5

21. 3 19- 8 17. 0 2 1. 2 23.9 21. 4 21. 5 2 1. 9

6. 7 6. 4 5. 6 6. 9 6. 8 7. 8 6. 7 4.9

2. 7 1. 7 • 9 2 . 2 3. 7 4. 7 1.9 1. 5

1. 4 1. 3 . 7 1. 6 1.7 1. 2 1.6 • 9

1.8 1. 7 . 4 2. 4 2 . 8 . 4 1 . 2 1 . 1

2 . 1 1 .2 (M 1.8 3. 3 3.9 1. 7 .6

5, 749 2, 587 878 1,709 1,605 736 515 306

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

34. 0 40. 8 50. 3 35. 8 27. 3 25. 3 30. 8 37. 2

23. 3 24. 6 23. 3 25. 2 20. 7 22. 4 24. 3 26. 5

22.8 19-8 16. 8 21. 4 26. 0 24. 2 24. 9 24. 5

8. 5 7. 4 6. 7 7. 8 8.9 1 1 . 1 10 . 1 6. 4

4. 1 2 . 2 1. 5 2 . 6 5. 6 8. 3 3. 4 1. 7

2. 0 1. 9 .8 2. 5 2. 6 1. 9 1.6 . 7

2. 6 2 . 2 . 5 3. 1 4. 4 . 8 1.6 1. 7

2 . 8 1. 1

(! ) .1 . 6 4. 4 6. 0 3. 0 1. 0

4, 688 2, 360 849 1, 511 1, 095 642 405 186

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

47. 8 44. 9 51. 6 41. 2 47. 1 52. 8 54. 3 57. 8

24.8 25.8 25. 8 25. 9 25. 1 22. 6 23. 7 20. 2

19. 5 19. 7 17. 2 2 1. 1 20. 8 18. 4 17. 3 17. 9

4. 4 5. 3 4. 4 5. 9 3.8 4. 0 2. 3 1. 7

. 9 1. 2 . 2 1 . 8 .9 . 5 n 1. 2

. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 3 . 3 1. 5 1. 2

.8 1 . 2 . 4 1. 7 . 3 (X) .8

1 . 2 1 . 2 n 1.9 1. 7 1. 5 (M i 1)

1 No one in category.

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(P ercen t distribution)

Total Distance of current job fro m residence at tim e of job search— (in m ile s )

Farthest distance traveled

BOTH SEXES

T ota l -----------------------

Under 5 m iles ------------------

5 to 10 m iles ---------------------

11 to 25 m iles ------------------

26 to 50 m iles ------------------

51 to 100 m iles ----------------

101 to 2 00 m iles ---------------

201 to 500 m iles ---------------

O ver 500 m iles ----------------

Did not go out to look -------

M E N

T o ta l ---------------

Under 5 m iles ---------

5 to 10 m iles ------------

11 to 2 5 m iles ----------

26 to 50 m iles ----------

51 to 100 m iles ---------

101 to 200 m iles -------

201 to 500 m iles -------

O ver 500 m iles --------

Did not go out to look -

W O M E N

T o ta l ------------

Under 5 m ile s ----------

5 to 10 m ile s ------------

11 to 25 m ile s ----------

26 to 50 m iles- ----------

51 to 100 m iles — —

101 to 200 m ile s ------

201 to 500 m ile s —-----

O ver 500 m ile s --------

Did not go out to look

Num ber

(thousands) Percen t Under5

---------5-------

to

10

--------n -------

to

25

------- ZE-------

to

50

------- 5T-------

to

100

------ n n —

to

200

Z75T

to

500

O ver

500

10, 437 100. 0 40. 1 24. 0 21. 3 6. 7 2. 7 1.4 1.8 2. 1

2, 006 100. 0 89. 1 6. 3 2.8 1. 0 . 1 .2 .2 .4

2, 171 100. 0 40. 5 53. 9 4. 1 1. 0 . 1 (') . 3 . 1

2, 865 100. 0 24. 1 23. 4 49. 0 2. 2 . 6 . 2 . 1 . 1

1, 388 100. 0 20. 6 15. 7 26. 6 34. 2 1. 7 .4 .2 . 7

417 100.0 18. 0 12. 2 2 1.8 6. 7 39. 6 . 5 1. 0 (2)

245 100. 0 1 1. 0 13. 1 20.4 7. 3 8. 6 34. 3 2.4 2.9

258 100. 0 20.4 1 1. 0 10. 6 5. 5 2. 7 7.8 41.2 .8

323 100. 0 13. 9 9. 6 7. 1 3. 7 5. 9 1. 9 9. 3 48. 6

398 100. 0 49.4 22. 0 9. 5 5. 6 2.4 1. 9 3. 2 6. 3

5, 749 100. 0 34. 0 23. 3 22.8 8. 5 4. 1 2. 0 2. 6 2.8

804 100. 0 84. 0 8. 9 3.8 1. 5 .2 .2 . 5 .8

983 100. 0 39. 3 52.7 5.7 1. 2 . 3 . 1 .6 . 2

1, 591 100. 0 25. 3 24. 0 46.7 2. 3 1. 0 . 3 . 3 . 1

1, 000 100. 0 19. 6 16.2 26. 9 33. 5 2 .2 .6 . 1 .8

344 100.0 17. 7 12. 5 22. 1 6.7 39. 0 .6 1 .2 (2)

192 100. 0 9.9 14. 7 18. 3 6.8 1 1. 0 36. 0 1. 0 2.6

187 100. 0 17. 1 12.8 9. 6 6. 4 1. 1 9.6 43. 3 (2)

265 100. 0 12 .8 10. 9 7.2 4. 5 7.2 1. 5 10. 6 45. 1

197 100. 0 42. 3 19. 0 12. 7 9.0 3. 7 1. 6 4.2 7.4

4, 688 100. 0 47.8 24. 8 19. 5 4.4 . 9 . 6 .8 1 .2

1, 202 100. 0 92. 5 4. 5 2 . 1 . 7 (2) .2 (2) .2

1, 188 100. 0 41. 6 54. 9 2.7 .8 (2) (2) (2) (2)

1, 274 100. 0 22. 6 22.8 52. 0 2. 1 . 2 .2 (2) .2

388 100. 0 23. 1 14. 0 25. 5 35.8 . 5 (2) . 5 . 5

73 (3) - - - - - - -

53 (3) - _ - _ _ _ _ _

71 (3) - _ - _ _ _ _ _

58 ( 3) - - - - - - -

201 100. 0 56.6 24. 9 6. 3 1. 6 1. 1 2. 1 2. 1 5.3

1 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 P ercen t not shown w here base is less than 75,000.

2 No one in category.

Table 1-1. Jobseekers w ho refused offers: Age and sex, January 1973

(Num bers in thousands)

Job offers and sex

Total, 

16 years 

and over

--------- rz---------

to

19 years

Z6

to

24 years

--------- 23---------

to

34 vears

--------- 33---------

to

44 years

43

to

54 years

55 years 

and 

over

BOTH SEXES

Total re p o rtin g ----------------------------------------- 10,193 1. 685 3, 185 2, 645 1,337 885 456

Refused job o f f e r ---------------------------------------------- 3, 292 470 1,099 983 402 224 114

P ercen t of total reporting --------------------------------- 32.3 27.9 34.5 37. 2 30. 1 25.3 25.0

M E N

T otal r e p o r tin g ---------------------------------------- 5. 613 847 1, 686 1.578 716 500 286

Refused job o f f e r ----------------------------------------------- 1,830 191 600 596 239 130 74

P ercen t of total reporting --------------------------------- 32. 6 22. 6 35.6 37. 8 33.4 26.0 25.9

W O M E N

Total reportin g ----------------------------------------- 4, 580 838 1.499 1,067 621 385 170

Refused job o ffe r --------------------------------------------- 1,462 279 499 387 163 94 40

P ercen t of total reporting --------------------------------- 31.9 33. 3 33.3 36.3 26.2 24.4 23. 5

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(Num bers in thousands)

Occupation and race

T otal ------------------------------------

P rofession al, technical, and kindred

w ork ers ---------------------------------------

M anagers and adm inistrators,

except farm ---------------------------------

Sales w ork ers -------------------------------

C le ric a l w orkers ---------------------------

C raft and kindred w orkers -------------

O peratives, except transport ---------

T ran sp ort equipment operatives -----

L ab orers, except farm ------------------

P riva te household w orkers -------------

S ervice w ork ers, except private

household ------------------------------------

F a rm w orkers ------------------------------

Total Refused job o ffer

reporting Num ber P ercen t of 

total reporting

10, 193 3, 2 92 32. 3

1, 417 658 46. 4

512 

746 

2, 232 

1, 123 

1, 682 

367 

628 

97

277

281

778

315

402

92

124

14

54. 1 

37. 7 

34. 9 

28. 0 

23. 9 

2 5. 1 

19.7 

14. 4

1, 326

63

339

12

2 5. 6

O

White -------------------------------------

N egro and other m in ority races

9, 100 

1, 093

3, 049 

243

33. 5

22. 2

1 P ercen t not shown where base is less 

than 75, 000.

Table 1-3. M ain reason for refusing job offer: Age and sex, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Reason and sex

BOTH SEXES

T o ta l refusing job o ffe r:

Number (thousands) —— 

Percen t ------------------------

Low p a y ----------------------------------------------

Location u n sa tisfa ctory -----------------------

Hours u n satisfactory----------------------------

Other conditions un satisfactory------------

Job tem p orary o r seasonal ----------------

Would not make use of sk ill or training

Did not want that kind of w o r k -------------

Other reason s --------------------------------------

M E N

T o ta l refusing job o ffe r: 

Num ber (thousands) - 

P ercen t -------------------

Low pay ----------------------------------------------

Location unsatisfactory ----------------------

Hours u n s a tis fa c to ry ---------------------------

O ther conditions u n s a tis fa c to ry -----------

Job tem p orary or s e a s o n a l------------------

Would not make use of sk ill or training

Did not want that kind of w o r k -------------

Other reasons — :---------------------------------

W O M E N

T ota l refusing job o ffe r: 

Number (thousands) - 

P e rc e n t --------------------

Low pay ----------------------------------------------

Location u n satisfactory -----------------------

Hours u n sa tisfa cto ry ---------------------------

O ther conditions u n s a tis fa c to ry -----------

Job tem p orary or s e a s o n a l------------------

Would not make use of sk ill or training

Did not want that kind of w o r k -------------

Other reasons -------------------------------------

Total, ----------rs--------- ----------715------- -----------75----------

----------^ ---------

--------- 45------- 55 years

16 years to to to to to and

and o ver 1 9 years 24 years 34 years 44 years 54 years over

3, 292 470 1,099 983 402 224 114

100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

30. 4 25.9 27. 7 31. 2 33. 8 40. 7 36. 7

13. 7 17. 0 13. 4 12. 7 13. 6 13. 4 1 2 . 8

9. 2 1 2 . 1 7. 6 9- 0 13. 1 4. 2 8. 3

5. 5 5. 5 6. 0 5. 0 6. 2 1-9 9- 2

3. 6 4. 4 4. 0 3. 0 2.8 5. 1 1.8

6. 4 2. 6 6. 6 8. 1 4. 4 7. 9 8. 3

10. 9 11. 7 12. 3 9- 9 11 .8 7. 9 5. 5

20. 4 20. 5 22. 4 2 1.0 14. 1 19- 0 17. 4

1,830 191 600 596 239 130 74

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 . ( ' )

32. 7 30. 7 30. 7 31.2 37. 5 41. 1 _

13. 0 15. 7 11. 9 11. 7 15. 0 16. 4 -

7. 0 1 1 .8 6. 4 7. 0 8. 2 ( 2) -

6. 0 5. 6 7. 0 5. 6 6. 4 1.6

4. 2 5. 1 4. 9 3. 4 4. 7 3. 9

6. 7 2 . 2 6. 0 9- 2 2 . 6 9- 4

10. 0 6. 7 1 2 . 6 9- 3 9- 4 7. 8

20. 5 21.9 20. 8 2 2 . 6 15. 9 19- 5

1,462 279 499 387 163 94 4,9,

100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 ( )

27. 5 22. 5 24. 2 31. 3 28. 7 39- 8 _

14. 6 17.8 15. 3 14. 3 11. 5 9- 1 -

1 1 .8 12. 7 9- 1 1 2 . 2 20. 4 10. 2 -

4. 8 5. 5 4. 6 4. 0 5.7 2. 3 -

3. 0 4. 0 3. 2 2 . 1 (2) 6. 8 -

6. 0 2.9 7. 3 6. 4 7. 0 5. 7 -

1 2 . 0 14. 9 11. 9 10. 9 15. 3 8. 0 -

20. 3 19.6 24. 4 18. 6 11. 5 18. 2

'

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(Percent distribution)

Occupation and race

Total ------------------------------

Professional, technical, and kindred workers --------------------- Managers and administrators, except farm ---------------------------- Sales workers --------------------------- Clerical workers ---------------------- Craft workers --------------------------- Operatives, except transport ----- Transport equipment operatives — Laborers, except farm -------------- Private household workers -------- Service workers, except private household -------------------- Farm workers ---------------------------

White --------------------------------------- Negro and other minority

races ------------------------------------

No one in category.

Total refusing job offer Reason for refusing job

Number (thousands) Pe rcent Low

pay

Location unsatis­ factory

Hours unsatis - factory

Other working conditions unsatis - factory

Job was

temporary

or seasonal

Would not make use of skill or training

Did not want that kind of work

Other

reason

3, 292 100. 0 30. 4 13. 7 9.2 5. 5 3. 6 6. 4 10. 9 20. 4

658 100. 0 17. 7 22.2 6. 6 6. 9 1.8 9.8 9. 1 25. 6

277 100. 0 37. 3 10. 3 2. 2 4.8 2. 2 7. 7 15. 9 19. 6

281 100. 0 24. 2 14.8 11. 6 3. 2 0 7. 2 21. 3 17. 7

778 100. 0 33. 3 13. 0 10. 5 4. 3 2. 7 6. 4 12. 0 17.8

315 100. 0 37. 3 11.8 6. 9 5. 9 7. 9 6. 9 5. 9 17. 7

402 100. 0 40. 0 7. 4 8. 7 3.8 6. 9 1. 5 7. 7 23. 8

92 100. 0 36. 4 13. 3 14. 4 11. 1 C) 8. 9 5. 6 10. 0

124 100. 0 34. 2 12. 6 12. 6 8.4 7. 6 5. 0 8.4 10. 9

14 (2) - - - “ * “ " "

339 100. 0 2 6. 6 10. 0 13. 6 7.2 5. 7 3. 3 11.2 22. 1

12 (2) - - - " - " " "

3, 049 100. 0 30. 2 13.8 9. 0 5. 6 3. 3 6. 4 10. 9 20.8

243 100. 0 32.2 12.8 11. 5 3.8 7. 7 5. 6 11. 1 15. 0

2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75, 000.

Table 1-5. Method of jobfinding resulting in offer refused: Occupation, January 1973

(Percent distribution)

Occupation

------------- Total-------------

offers refused 1 Applied directly to employer

Asked friends about jobs— Answered

newspaper ads

Private employment

agency

State employment service

All Number other (thousands) Percent Where they worked Elsewhere

Total ----------------------------------------------- 4, 328 100. 0 20. 5 8. 2 6.9 19. 3 11. 0 8. 5 25. 5

Professional, technical, and kindred workers -------------------------------------------------- 886 100. 0 24.2 7.3 7.2 12.3 10. 7 2.9 35.2 Managers and administrators, except farm -------------------------------------------------------- 424 100. 0 12.4 7.5 10.9 24. 6 11.4 5.4 27. 6 Sales workers -------------------------------------------- 389 100. 0 2 0. 4 9.4 9. 4 23. 8 15. 0 1. 3 20. 6 Clerical and kindred workers --------------------- 983 100. 0 18. 1 7. 6 4.8 20.4 19.3 8. 0 21. 7 Craft and kindred workers --------------------------- 375 100. 0 22. 9 9.9 8. 5 22. 4 5. 7 11.3 19. 3 Operatives, except transport --------------------- 487 100. 0 27. 0 8.8 5.2 20. 6 5.4 16. 3 16. 5 Transport equipment operatives------------------- 113 100. 0 26. 4 15. 5 1.8 30. 9 (2) 10.9 14. 5 Laborers, except fa r m -------------------------------- 207 100. 0 15. 5 5.2 5.2 8.8 5.7 15. 5 44.4 Service workers, except private household -------------------------------------------------- 410 100. 0 19. 6 8.9 8.4 18.8 6.4 16. 0 21. 6

1 Includes some private household workers and farm laborers not ber of persons who turned down job offers, shown separately. Since some persons turned down more than one job 2 No one in category, offer, total represents number of job offers turned down and not numDigitized for FRASER 

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Table J-1. Average hourly earnings on current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by

which current job was obtained sex, and race, January 1973

Method, sex, and race

A vera ge hou rly earnings Change

On last 

job

On current 

job Amount P ercen t

Total ---------------------------------------------------- $3. 03 $3. 40 $ 0.37 12 . 2

Applied d irectly to em ployer ------------------------- 2. 85 3. 15 . 30 10. 5

A sked friends:

About jobs w here they w ork ---------------------- 2 . 89 3. 38 .49 17. 0

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------- 3. 78 3. 78 _ _

Asked relatives:

About jobs where they w ork ----------------------- 2. 74 3. 12 . 38 13. 9

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------------------- 2. 53 3. 42 . 89 35. 2

A n sw ered newspaper ads:

L oca l --------------------------------------------------------- 2.96 3. 17 .2 1 7. 1

N onlocal ---------------------------------------------------- 3. 63 3.07 -. 56 -15. 4

P riva te em ploym ent agency --------------------------- 3. 18 3. 58 ' .40 12 . 6

State em ploym ent service ------------------------------ 2. 55 2. 74 . 19 7. 5

School placem ent office ---------------------------------- 3. 06 3. 55 .49 16. 0

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------------------------- 2.91 3. 85 .94 32. 3

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ---------------------------- 2. 76 3. 63 . 87 31. 5

Went to place w here em ployers com e to

pick up people --------------------------------------------- (*) ( 1) 0 H

Placed ads in newspapers:

L ocal -------------------------------------------------------- ( 1) ( 1) C) O

N onlocal --------------------------------------------------- ( 1 2) 0 (*) (2)

Answ ered ads in p rofession al or trade

journals -------------------------------------------------------- O O C) ( l)

Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------- 6.29 7. 17 . 88 14. 0

Contacted local o rg a n iza tio n --------------------------- C) ( ‘) ( 1) O

Placed ads in p rofession al or trade

journals ------------------------------------------------------ 0 C) ( X) o

Other ------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 31 3. 81 . 50 15. 1

Men ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 44 3. 85 . 41 11. 9

Women ----------------------------------------------------------- 2. 45 2 . 79 . 34 13. 9

W hite -------------------------------------- -------------------- 3.05 3. 42 . 37 12 . 1

N egro and other m in ority races --------------------- 2. 80 3. 28 . 48 17. 1

Data not shown w here base is less than 75, 000. 2 No one in category.

Table J-2. Change in hourly earnings between current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by

which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973

(P ercen t distribution)

Method, sex, and race

Total

No

change

Increased by— D ecreased by—

Num ber

(thousands)

P ercen t Total

Under

10

percent

10 to 

19.9 

percent

2 0 percent 

or

m ore

Total

Under

10

percent

10 to 

19. 9 

percent

20 percent 

or

m ore

T o ta l1 ----------------------------------------- 7, 884 100.0 6.9 61. 3 9.6 10. 9 40.9 31. 7 8.5 7. 8 15.4

Applied d ire c tly to em ployer -------------- 2, 510 100. 0 8.0 58. 1 9.4 1 1 . 1 37. 6 33.9 9.2 8. 0 16.6

Asked friends:

About jobs w here they w o r k ------------ 894 100. 0 4. 2 64. 4 9.7 9.5 45. 2 31. 3 7. 6 8. 5 15. 3

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------- 419 100. 0 6. 7 61.5 1 1 . 1 7. 2 43.2 31.9 6. 2 8. 1 17. 8

A sked rela tives:

About jobs w here they w ork ----------- 423 100. 0 3. 8 68. 3 8. 4 9. 4 50.5 27. 7 8. 6 4. 3 14. 7

About jobs elsew h ere --------------------- 165 100. 0 3. 1 75. 6 14.4 10. 6 51.2 2 1 .2 1.9 7. 5 11.9

Answ ered newspaper ads:

L o ca l --------------------------------------------- 890 100. 0 6. 5 60. 4 1 1 . 0 12.9 36.4 33. 2 9.5 8. 5 15. 3

N onlocal ----------------------------------------- io o ‘ 100. 0 ( 2) 41. 0 2. 0 12 . 0 26. 0 59. 0 15. 0 16. 0 28. 0

P riv a te em ploym ent agency --------------- 459 100. 0 5. 1 67. 5 9.0 17.0 41. 5 27. 6 8. 8 6 .2 12. 7

State em ploym ent service ------------------- 378 100. 0 6.9 61. 1 9.7 14. 7 36. 7 31.9 10. 3 7.2 14. 7

School placem ent o ffice ---------------------- 221 100. 0 4. 2 65. 7 2. 8 9.4 54. 0 30. 0 3. 3 8. 0 18. 8

C ivil S ervice test ------------------------------- 153 100. 0 2. 1 80. 8 10. 3 8.9 61.6 17. 1 8. 2 1.4 7. 5

Asked teacher or p ro fesso r ---------------- 106 100. 0 4.0 64. 4 10.9 8. 9 43. 6 31. 7 8.9 9.9 12.9

Went to place w here em ployers com e

to pick up people ------------------------------- 8 (3) - - - - - - - - -

P laced ads in newspapers:

16 (3)

N onlocal ________________________________ (2) K

- - - _ _ - - - -

A nsw ered ads in profession al or

trade journals ---------------------------------- 33 0 - - - - - - - - -

Union hiring hall --------------------------------- 124 100. 0 36.9 48.4 16.4 5.7 26.2 14. 8 4. 1 2.5 8.2

Contacted lo ca l organization -------------- 50 (3) - - - - - - - - -

P la ced ads in profession al or

trade journals ---------------------------------- 2 (3) - - - - - - - - -

Other -------------------------------------------------- 368 100.0 9.2 59.5 6.6 1 1 . 8 40. 8 31.0 5.5 11.5 14. 1

Men __________________ 4, 593 100.0 8. 3 59. 1 9.7 9.6 39. 8 32.5 7. 8 8. 1 16.6

W omen ------------------------------------------------ 3, 291 100.0 4.9 64. 4 9.5 12 .6 42. 3 30. 7 9.5 7.4 13. 7

W hite ------------------------------------------------- 7, 125 100.0 7.0 61. 3 9.7 1 1 .0 40.6 31. 7 8.5 7.9 15.2

N egro and other m in ority races ---------- 759 100.0 5.7 61.5 8. 8 9.9 42.9 "

1 Includes som e persons fo r whom method was unknown.

2 No one in category.

3 Percen t not shown w here base is less than 75, 000.

N O TE : This table includes only persons who w ere wage 

and salary w ork ers on both jobs.

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Appendix: Survey Concepts and Questionnaire

Estimates in this report are based on supplementary 

questions in the January 1973 Current Population 

Survey conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The 

basic labor force concepts, sample design, estimating 

methods, and reliability of the data are described 

briefly in the following sections.1 The questionnaire 

used in the survey is appended for reference.

Definitions and explanations

Population coverage. Each month trained interviewers 

collect information from a sample of about 47,000 

households located in 461 areas in 923 counties and 

independent cities with coverage in 50 States and the 

District of Columbia. The estimates in this report are 

for persons 16 years of age and over not in school 

and in the civilian noninstitutional population during 

the calendar week ending January 13, 1973. The civilian 

noninstitutional population excludes all members of 

the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions, such as 

homes for the aged and correctional institutions.

Persons employed in the survey week were asked

the question: “When did----start working at his present

job or business?” Wage and salary workers who had 

started on their current jobs between January 1972 and 

January 1973 were asked to answer a series of questions 

on how they found their jobs. The questionnaire for 

this survey was designed for self-enumeration and mail 

return. Information was obtained directly from the 

person if he was at home at the time the interviewer 

was visiting the household. If the person was not at 

home, the schedule was left to be completed and mailed 

to the Bureau of the Census. Nonrespondents were 

followed up by mail, phone, or personal visit. Approximately 90 percent of the schedules were eventually 

returned.

About 5 percent of the questionnaires were returned 

by respondents who had switched jobs between the CPS 

interview week in January 1973 and the time of returning 

the questionnaire. Since data on these questionnaires 

did not correspond to “current job” information obtained 

on the basic CPS questionnaire, these cases were 

omitted from the estimates. For this reason, the

number of jobfinders shown in this report is underestimated by about 5 percent. Estimated proportions 

of jobfinders in the various categories may be less 

affected by these omissions. However, the cases omitted 

tend to be persons who change jobs more frequently 

than those persons who were included in the estimates.

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during 

the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid 

employees or in their own business or profession, or 

on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as 

unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member 

of the family or (b) did not work but had jobs or 

businesses from which they were temporarily absent 

because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management dispute, or personal reasons, whether or not they 

were paid by their employers for the time off, and 

whether or not they were seeking other jobs.

Unemployed. Unemployed persons are all those who 

did not work during the survey week, made specific 

efforts to find a job within the preceding 4 weeks, and 

were available for work during the survey week or 

would have been available except for temporary illness. 

Also included as unemployed are those who did not 

work at all, were available for work, and (a) were 

waiting to be called back to a job from which they 

had been laid off, or (b) were waiting to report to a 

new wage or salary job within 30 days.

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises 

all civilian persons classified as employed or unemployed 

according to the above definitions.

Not in civilian labor force. Persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are defined as not in the labor 

force. Persons doing only incidental unpaid family 

work (less than 15 hours) are also classified as not in 

the labor force.

1 For a more complete description of the methodology,

see Concepts and Methods Used in Manpower Statistics from

the Current Population Survey, Report 313 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967).

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Length o f employment on last job. Length of employment is the number of years a person had been employed 

continuously except for interruptions for vacation, 

temporary illness, labor-management dispute, short-term 

layoff (less than 30 days), and other temporary reasons. 

Conditions under which continuous employment may 

be broken are entry into the Armed Forces, transfer 

to another job or employer, a layoff of 30 days or 

more, or withdrawal from the labor force for 30 days 

or more, even if a person subsequently returned to 

work for the same employer.

Full-time and part-time workers. Full-time workers 

are persons who worked 35 hours or more during the 

survey week, and those who worked 1 to 34 hours but 

usually worked full time. Part-time workers are those 

who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey week and 

usually worked only 1 to 34 hours. Persons with a job 

but not at work during the survey week are classified 

according to whether they usually worked full or 

part time.

Wage and salary workers. Wage and salary workers 

are persons working for a wage, salary, commission, 

tips, payment in kind, or at piece rates for a private 

employer or any government unit.

Occupation. The data on occupation refer to the job 

held in the survey week. Persons with two jobs or more 

were classified in the job at which they worked the 

greatest number of hours in the survey week. The 

occupation categories in this report are those used in 

the 1970 Census of Population. “White-collar” workers 

are employed in professional and technical, managerial, 

sales, and clerical occupations. “Blue-collar” workers 

are employed in craft, operative, and laborer (except 

farm) occupations.

Age. The age classification is based on the age of the 

person at his last birthday.

Race. The population is divided into three groups on the 

basis of race: white, Negro, and “other races.” The 

last category includes Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and 

any other race except white and Negro.

Marital status. Women were classified into the following 

categories according to their marital status at the time 

of interview: Single; married, husband present; and 

other marital status. A woman was classified “married, 

husband present” if her husband was reported as a 

member of the same household even though he may 

have been temporarily absent on business, vacation, 

on a visit, in a hospital, and the like at the time of

interview. The term “other marital status” applies to 

women who are married, husband absent; widowed; 

or divorced.

Duration o f job search. Duration is the total number 

of weeks a jobseeker looked for work before finding 

the current job, including weeks looked while still 

employed at a previous job.

Hourly earnings. Hourly earnings were obtained by 

dividing usual weekly earnings (including tips and 

commissions, but excluding overtime pay), before any 

deductions, by the number of hours usually worked 

per week, excluding overtime.

Metropolitan areas. The population residing in Standard 

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s) constitutes the 

metropolitan population. Except in New England, an 

SMSA is a county or group of contiguous counties 

which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants 

or more, or “twin cities” with a combined population 

of at least 50,000. In addition to the county, or 

counties containing such a city or cities, contiguous 

counties are included in an SMSA if, according to 

certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in 

character and are socially and economically integrated 

with the central city. In New England, SMSA’s consist 

of towns and cities rather than counties. The metropolitan 

population in this report is based on SMSA’s as defined 

in the 1970 Census. “Large metropolitan areas” are 

defined as SMSA’s with populations of 250,000 or more.

Sums o f distribution. Sums of individual items, whether 

absolute numbers or percentages, may not equal totals 

because of independent rounding of totals and components. Percentage totals, however, are always shown 

as 100 percent.

Reliability of the estimates

Estimating procedure. The estimating procedure used 

in this survey inflates weighted sample results to 

independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional 

population by age, sex, and race. These independent 

estimates are based on statistics from the 1970 Census 

of Population and other data on births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and strength of the Armed Forces.

Variability. Since the estimates are based on a sample, 

they may differ somewhat from figures that would 

have been obtained if a complete census had been 

taken using the same schedules and procedures. As in 

any survey, the results are also subject to errors of 

response and reporting. These may be relatively large 

in the case of persons with irregular attachment to the 

labor force. Particular care should be exercised in the

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interpretation of figures based on relatively small estimates as well as small differences between figures.

The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling 

variability; that is, of the variations that might occur 

by chance because a sample rather than the entire 

population is surveyed. As calculated for this report, 

the standard error also partially measures the effect 

of response and enumeration errors but does not 

measure any systematic biases in the data. The chances 

are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the 

sample would differ from a complete census by less

than the standard error. The chances are about 95 

out of 100 that the difference would be less than twice 

the standard error.

Appendix tables 1 through 4 show approximations 

of the standard errors of various estimates in this survey. 

The approximations should be interpreted as indicators 

of the order of magnitude of the standard error, rather 

than a precise standard for any specific item.

The following examples illustrate their use. As of January 1973, an estimated 10,437,000 persons were working 

on jobs they obtained at sometime since January 1972

Appendix table 1. Standard

errors of estimated number of

persons, all races (both sexes) or

white race (both sexes)

(68 chances out of 100)

Size of estimate Standard error

50,000 ___ 8,500

100,000 ___ 12,100

250,000 ___ 19,000

500,000 ___ 27,000

1,000,000 ___ 38,100

2,500,000 ___ 59,500

5,000,000 ___ 83,800

10,000,000 ___ 116,000

25,000,000 ___ 171,000

50,000,000 ___ 211,000

75,000,000 ___ 213,000

100,000,000 ___ 179,000

Appendix table 2. Standard

errors of estimated number of

persons, total or white, male only

or female only characteristics

(68 chances out of 100)

Size of estimate Standard error

50,000 ___ 7,500

100,000 ___ 10,600

250,000 ___ 16,700

500,000 ___ 23,600

1,000,000 ___ 33,300

2,500,000 ___ 51,800

5,000,000 ___ 72,200

10,000,000 .... 98,000

25,000,000 ___ 134,000

40,000,000 ___ 137,000

50,000,000 ___ 123,000

Appendix table 3. Standard

errors of estimated

number of persons, Negro

and other races

(68 chances out of 100)

Size of estimate Standard error

25,000 .......... 5,600

50,000 .......... 8,100

75,000 .......... 9,900

100,000 .......... 11,400

250,000 .......... 17,800

500,000 .......... 25,100

1,000,000 .......... 34,800

2,500,000 ......... 51,800

5,000,000 .......... 64,800

10,000,000 .......... 60,900

Appendix table 4. Standard errors of estimated percentages

(68 chances out of 100)

Estimated

Base of estimated percentage (000)

percentage 75 100 250 500 1,000 2,500 5,000 10,000 25,000

1 or 9 9 ......................................................... 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

2 or 9 8 ......................................................... 1.7 1.6 1.0 .7 .5 .3 .2 .2 .1

5 or 9 5 ......................................................... 2.6 2.4 1.5 1.1 .8 .5 .3 .2 .2

10 or 9 0 ...................................................... 3.5 3.3 2.1 1.5 1.1 .7 .5 .3 .2

15 or 85 .................................................... 4.2 3.9 2.5 1.8 1.3 .8 .6 .4 .3

20 or 80 .................................................... 4.7 4.4 2.8 2.0 1.4 .9 .6 .4 .3

25 or 75 .................................................... 5.1 4.8 3.0 2.1 1.5 1.0 .7 .5 .3

30 or 70 ....................................................... 5.4 5.1 3.2 2.3 1.6 1.0 .7 .5 .3

35 or 65 .................................................... 5.7 5.3 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.1 .7 .5 .3

40 or 60 .................................................... 5.8 5.4 3.4 2.4 1.7 1.1 .8 .5 .3

45 or 55 .................................................... 5.9 5.5 3.5 2.5 1.7 1.1 .8 .6 .4

5 0 ................................................................ 5.9 5.5 3.5 2.5 1.7 1.1 .8 .6 .4

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
after a period of jobseeking. Appendix table 1 shows the 

standard error on this estimate to be approximately 

117,600. The chances are about 2 out of 3 that the 

difference between the sample estimate and a complete 

census count would be less than 117,600. The chances 

are about 19 out of 20 that the difference would be 

less than 235,200.

An estimated 34.9 percent of the jobseekers got 

their jobs by applying directly to employers without 

suggestions or referrals by anyone. Appendix table 4 

shows the standard error of 34.9 percent with a base 

of 10,437,000 to be about 0.5 percent. Consequently,

the chances are 2 out of 3 that a complete census 

would have disclosed the figure to be between 34.4

and 35.4 percent, and 19 out of 20 that the figure 

would have been between 33.9 and 35.9 percent.

The reliability of an estimated percentage that is 

based on sample data for both the numerator and the 

denominator depends on the percentage and the total 

upon which the percentage is based. Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding absolute estimates of the numerator of the 

percentage, particularly if the percentage is large (50 

percent or greater).

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
f o r m CPS-615

( 1 2 - 8 -7 2 )

U.S. D EPARTM ENT OF COMMERCE

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS ADM'N.

B U R E A U O F T H E C ? JS

JOB FINDING SURVEY

N O T IC E - Your report to the C en su s Bureau is co n fid en tial by law (T itle 13, U .S. C ode). It may be s e e n only by sworn C en su s em p lo yees and may be used only for s ta tis tic a l p u rp oses.

Dear

The U.S. Department of Labor has asked the Bureau of the Census to

obtain information on the ways people find jobs. This information will

be used by government agencies and private organizations concerned with

counseling people who are looking for work, guiding them to the methods

which have brought other people the best results.

You are asked to answer the questions on the inside portion of this

form and mail the completed form within FIVE DAYS in the enclosed preaddressed envelope. Since this study is based on a scientific sample

of the total population, it is important that each person return a

completed questionnaire.

Your cooperation in this voluntary survey will be greatly appreciated.

The Bureau of the Census treats as confidential all the information you

provide, and the results of the survey will be issued only in the form

of statistical totals.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

GEORGE H. BROWN

Director

Bureau of the Census

Enclosure

CENSUS USE 0 NLY

a. Interviewer code b. CC6 c. CC13 d. CC18 e. CC20

i a w 

2 D N 

3 n o

f. CC21

1 □ M 

2 Q F

g. NR

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1. When did you start to work for the employer

you had the week of January 7-13? If you

were working at more than one job, refer

to your main job. If you worked for the

same employer more than once, give the

date you started your present employment.

((HO) 1 □ January 1973

2 E l October — December 1972

3 EH July — September 1972

4 EH April — June 1972

5 E ] January — March 1972

6 EH Before January 1972

2. Are you still working for that employer?

© 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

3. What kind of work are you doing? (For example: teacher, secretary, salesperson, carpenter)

4. How many hours do you usually work per

week on your job, excluding overtime?

7. Here is a list of the ways people try

to find jobs. What methods did you use

to look for work before you got your

present job? Mark “ Y e s” or “No” for each method listed.

Did you -

A. Apply directly to an employer without

suggestions or referrals by any one?

(0?6) 1 □ Yes 2 | | No

B. Ask relatives about jobs where they work?

© ) 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

C. Ask relatives about jobs elsewhere?

(0?8) 1 □ Yes 2 1 I No

D. Ask friends about jobs where they work?

(019) 1 EH Yes 2 | | No

E. Ask friends about jobs elsewhere?

@ 1 □ Yes ___________2 □ No__________

Did you -

F. Check with State employment service?

013; _____________ Hours

5. How much do you usually earn per week,

before any deductions? Include tips and

commissions, but exclude overtime pay.

If your earnings vary, please estimate

your weekly earnings.

6.

14) Per week

Did you spend any time looking for work

before starting on your present job?

j)l5) 1 E ] Yes — Go to Question 7

2 E l No — I was on layoff

waiting to be called

back to work

1 Skip to

>question

J 35

3 EH No — I was offered a job ^

without looking for it

4 EH No — I returned to a job

I held once before

5 EH No — I went into the family

business

Skip to y question

34

6 EH No — Other reason (Explain)

J

m

G.

1 EH Yes 2 | | No

Check with private employment agency?

H. Answer ads in local newspaper?

1 □ Yes____________2 E ] No

A n s w e r a d s in n e w s p a p e r from o u ts id e

y o u r lo c a lity ?

J.

1 E l Yes 2 | | No

Did you -

Place ads in local newspaper?

K.

1 EH Yes 2 | | No

Place ads in newspaper outside your

locality?

1 EH Yes 2 I I No

Please continue with the

list on the next page.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.(Continued)

Did you -

L. Check with labor union hiring hall?

© 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

M. Take civil service test or file

application for a government job,

Federal, State or local?

(028) 1□ Yes 2 □ No

N. Contact an organization, such as a

community action group, Urban League,

welfare agency, etc.?

© 1 □ Yes______________2 □ No _

O. Contact school placement officer?

© 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

P. Ask teacher or professor for job leads?

© 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

Did you -

Q. Answer ads in professional or trade

journals or periodicals?

© i □ Yes 2 □ No

R. Place ads in professional or trade

journals or periodicals?

9. Which ONE method in this list was most

useful in getting your present job?

Enter in this space the letter o f the ONE method which was most useful in getting your job*

10. Which of the other methods, A through T

in the list in item 7, also helped you to

get your job? Mark the box next to the letter o f each method which helped.

© □ A □ o

□ B □ 1 □ P

©

□ c □ J □ Q

□ D □ K □ R

© □ E □ L □ s

□ F □ M □ T

© □ G □ N

(042) W Q No other method helped

11. Did you get any job offers which you

did not take?

,033) 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

S. Go to any special place or street where

employers come to pick up people?

0 4

12.

s034) 1 □ Yes____________2 D No

T. Use any other method to find a job?

(035) 1 □ Yes

/

Explain

2 Q No — Go to question 8

04

1 Q Yes — Go to question 12 2 Q No — Skip to question 14

Which of the methods A through T in

item 7 resulted in a job offer which you

did not take? Mark the box next to the letter o f each method which resulted in a job offer.

□ A □ H D O

□ B □ ! □ p

Go to question 8

g. Looking back at methods A through T,

listed in item 7, which ONE method

did you use most often?

Enter in this space the letter of the ONE method you used most often.

© □ c □ J □ Q

□ D □ K □ R

© □ E □ L □ S

□ F □ M □ T

(047) n G □ N

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13. What was the MAIN reason you did not

take the job? If you received more than

one offer, refer to the most recent. Mark only one reason.

1 Q Low pay

2 Q Location unsatisfactory

3 Q Hours unsatisfactory

4 O Other working conditions

unsatisfactory

5 n Job was temporary or seasonal

6 d l Would not make use of my skill

or training

7 Q Did not want that kind of work

8 O Other reason (E xp la in )_______

14. While you were looking for your

present job, were you given any tests

to see what kind of work you can do

or how well you can do it?

(049) i □ Yes - Go to 2 □ No - Skip to

^ y f question 15 question 16

1 5 .

@ )

Who gave you these tests? (Mark all that apply)

1 Q ] Employer

2 Community action group, Urban

League, or welfare agency

3 □ State employment service

4 □ Private employment agency

5 □ School placement office

6 O Other (E xplain)________ ______

16. While looking for your present job, were

you given any advice about training or the

kind of work to look for?

(05l) 1 CH Yes — Go to 2 Q N 0 - Skip to question 17 question 18

17. Who gave you this advice? (Mark all that apply)

(052) 1 □ Friends

2 Q Relatives

3 O Community action group, Urban League, or welfare agency

4 Q School placement office

5 O Teacher or professor

6 □ State employment service

(653) 7 □ Private employment agency

8 n Labor union

9 I I Other (Explain)

18. Why did you start looking for work? Was it

because you quit or lost a job or business, or

was there some other reason? (Mark only ONE)

(054) 01 □ Quit job

02 Q Temporary job ended

03 □ Laid off temporarily (less than 30 days) Go to

04 □ Laid off indefinitely (30 days or more)

► question 19

05 O Lost job for other reason

06 □ I sold, lost, or gave up my business J

07 Q ] Wanted to get a different ] job before quitting the - one I had J

1 Skip to

> question

[ 22

08 □ Left or finished school

09 □ Left m ilitary service

10 □ Wanted or needed to work

while in school

11 Q Recovered from illness or

accident and was able to start working

Skip to k question

23

12 □ Was keeping house and decided to get a paid job

13 □ Was retired and decided to. go back to work

14 | | Other (Explain) J

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19. Did you start to look for work while

still working on your last job?

(055) 1 □ Yes — Skip to 2 EH No — Go to

question 22 ^ q u e s t i o n 20

25. Did you get any unemployment

insurance benefits while you were

looking for work?

(06l) 1 EH Yes — Go to 2 EH No — Skip to

>s—^ ^ q u e s tio n 26 question 28

20. How long after losing or leaving your last

job did you start looking for another one?

26. For how many weeks did you receive

the benefits?

(056) 1 EH First or second day 1 after leaving JL Skip to [ question 23 (062) Weeks

2 EH 5 days to 1 week ^

3 EH 1 t0 2 weeks

4 EH 3 to 4 weeks

5 EH 5 to 8 weeks

6 EH 9 weeks or more ^

* Go to

27. Did you use up all your benefit rights

while you were out of work?

(063) 1 EH Yes 2 EH No 3 EH Don’t know

question 21

/

28. What was the farthest distance from

where you lived that you went to look

for work? Please estimate if you do

not know exact mileage. 21.

©

start to look for work within 1 or 2 days?

1 EH Expected to be called back to job

2 EH Wanted to take some time off

3 EH Had work to do around the house

4 EH Own illn e ss

5 EH Illn e ss in fam ily

6 EH Moved

7 EH Other (E xp la in )

(Skip to question 23)

22. How many weeks did you look for work

while still working?

© Weeks

23. After you started to look for work, how

many weeks did you look before finding

your present job?

© Weeks

24. How many hours a week did you usually

look for work during this period?

(PM) 1 EH 5 hours or less

2 EH 6 to 10 hours

3 EH 11 to 15 hours

4 Q 16 to 20 hours

5 EH 21 to 25 hours

6 [ ] 26 hours or more

|064) 1 EH Under 5 m iles

2 EH 5 to 10 m iles

3 EH 1 1 to 25 miles

4 EH 26 to 50 miles

5 EH 51 to 100 m iles

6 EH 101 t0 200 miles

7 EH 201 to 500 miles

8 EH Over 500 m iles

9 EH Did not go out to look for work

29. How far away from where you lived is

the job you took? Please estimate if

you do not know exact mileage.

P6?) 1 EH Under 5 miles

2 EH 5 to 10 m iles

3 EH 1 1 to 25 miles

4 EH 26 to 50 m iles

5 EH 51 to 100 m iles

6 EH 10 1 to 200 miles

7 EH 201 to 500 m iles

8 EH Over 500 miles

30a. Did you take any occupational or educational training courses or programs during

the time you were looking for work?

(O66) 1 EH Yes — Go to 2 EH No — Skip to y / q u e s t i o n 30b question 35

b. Did you (or your family) pay for

this training?

(06?) 1 EH Yes - Go to 2 EH No - Skip to

v—' y S q u e s t i o n 30c question 31

c. How much did the training cost?

(068 00

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31. What kind of training did you get? (For exam ple: typing, auto repair, n u rse’s aide, reading and w riting)

32. Did this training help you to get

your present job?

@ ) 1 □ Yes 2 | | No

33. Do you use any of this training

on your job?

(071) 1 □ Yes 2 □ No

Skip to question 35

34. What were you doing before starting to

work on your present job?

(072) 1 EH Working at a different job and

in school

2 EH Working at a different job and

not in school

3 EH In school and not working

4 EH Taking care of home and fam ily

5 EH Retired

6 EH 111 or disabled

7 □ In m ilitary service

8 □ Other (E xplain) _______________

35. Before starting on your present job, were

you a member of a labor union?

@ ) 1 □ Yes 2 | | No

37. How many times were you out of work AND

looking for work during 1972?

(075) 1 EH None — Skip to q u estio n 39

2 EH 1 time

3 EH 2 times

4 EH 3 times or morej

V Go to question 38

38. What was the longest stretch of time

that you were out of a job AND looking

for work in 1972?

(076) Weeks

39. Before starting on your present job,

when did you last work at a job or

business, either full or part time,

for two weeks or more?

(077) 01 EE January 1973 ^

° 2 EH October — December 1972

03 EH JuE — September 1972

04 EH A pril — June 1972

05 EE January — March 1972

06 EH 1971

07 EH 1970

08 EH 1969

Go to

. question

40

09 EH 1968

1 0 □ 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 6 7 ^

11 Q 1962 or earlier

12 EH Never worked before present

job for two weeks or more J

. END

QUESTIONS

Now we would like to ask about your last

job, that is, the job you held before your

present one.

36. How many different jobs did you have

during 1972? Do not count as a separate

job a second job held at the same time

as your main job.

074) 1 □ None

2 [ H I

3D2 

4D3

5 Q ] 4 or more

40. How long did you work at that job

or business?

(078) 1 EH L e ss than 4 months

2 EH 4 to 6 months

3 EH 7 to 11 months

4 EH 1 year hut le ss than 3

5 EH 3 years but le ss than 5

6 EH 5 years but less than 10

7 EH 10 years but le ss than 15

8 EH 15 years or more

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41. Please describe your last job.

a. For whom did you work? (Name o f com pany, b u sin e ss, organization, or other em ployer)

41 e. Were you -

(p8l) 1 Q An employee of a private'

company or individual?

2 □ Federal government r a t i o n

employee? I ^

3 □ State or local government]

employee? J

4 □ Self-employed? |

5 r n Working without pay

in family business | QUESTIONS

or farm? J

b. What kind of business or industry was this?

(For exam ple: retail shoe store, State Labor

Department, building contractor)

(079)

c. What kind of work were you doing? (For exam ple: sa lesp erso n, secretary,

carpenter)

42. How many hours did you usually work per

week, excluding overtime, just before you

left that job?

(082) Hours

@ ) 43. How much did you usually earn per week,

before any deductions, just before you

left that job? Include tips and commissions, but exclude overtime pay. If your

earnings varied, please estimate what

your weekly earnings were.

$ • ...Q®L Per week

d. What were your major activities or duties

on this job? (For example: s e ll sh oes,

take dictation, build form s)

THIS COMPLETES THE QUESTIONNAIRE. PLEASE PUT THE FORM IN

THE PREADDRESSED ENVELOPE PROVIDED AND MAIL IT TO US.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.

USCOM M -DC

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