# Patent

## Title
Heat-resistant cast iron and exhaust equipment member formed thereby

## Abstract

A graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron for exhaust equipment members used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., comprising 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and having intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix. An exhaust equipment member formed by this heat-resistant cast iron has an AC1 transformation point is 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a heat-resistant cast iron having high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, particularly to a heat-resistant cast iron suitable for exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as exhaust manifolds, turbocharger housings, catalyst cases, etc.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as exhaust manifolds, turbocharger housings, catalyst cases, exhaust manifolds integral with turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds integral with catalyst cases, exhaust outlets, etc. are required to have improved heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance as well as high durability and long life, because they are used in such severe conditions as repeatedly exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases from engines with direct exposure to sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. in the exhaust gas. The exhaust equipment members have conventionally been formed by inexpensive, high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% by weight of Si, which has relatively good heat resistance as well as good castability and machinability among the cast irons.
Because of recent improvement of the performance and fuel efficiency of automobile engines, and tightened regulations of exhaust gas emission, the exhaust gases tend to have higher temperatures. Accordingly, exhaust equipment members sometimes become higher than 800° C., so that higher heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc. is required for the exhaust equipment members. Various improvements of the high-temperature properties of spheroidal graphite cast irons have thus been investigated.
Although conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons have excellent castability and machinability at low production costs, their heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance is limited, so that exhaust equipment members made thereof cannot be used at temperatures exceeding 800° C.
JP9-87796A discloses a heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7-3.2% of C, 4.4-5.0% of Si, 0.6% or less of Mn, 0.5-1.0% of Cr, 0.1-1.0% of Ni, 1.0% or less of Mo, and 0.1% or less of a spheroidizing agent, the balance being substantially Fe, and a matrix based on a ferrite phase. This heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron exhibits high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance in an environment subjected to repeated thermal load between 150° C. and 800° C., because of a relatively large amount of Si and small amounts of Cr and Ni added, so that it is suitable for exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, such as turbocharger housings, exhaust manifolds, etc. However, because this heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, failing to exhibit a satisfactory thermal cracking life particularly when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly subjected to heating and cooling from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C.
JP2002-339033A discloses a ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron with improved high-temperature properties, which has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3.1-4.0% of C, 3.6-4.6% of Si, 0.3-1.0% of Mo, 0.1-1.0% of V, 0.15-1.6% of Mn, and 0.02-0.10% of Mg, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. The addition of V and Mn to a Si- and Mo-based composition improves not only high-temperature strength, thermal deformation resistance and thermal fatigue resistance, but also tensile strength and yield strength from room temperature to a high-temperature region of about 800-900° C., thereby increasing a life until initial cracking occurs, and improving thermal fatigue resistance. This is because V provides high-melting-point, fine carbide particles precipitated substantially in eutectic cell grain boundaries, thereby increasing grain boundary potential and preventing the pearlite structure from being decomposed at high temperatures, and because Mn accelerates the precipitation of the pearlite structure, thereby improving tensile strength and yield strength. However, because this ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron does not contain W, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance.
JP10-195587A discloses a spheroidal graphite cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 2.7%-4.2% of C, 3.5%-5.2% of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 0.03% or less of S, 0.02-0.15% of at least one of Mg, Ca and rare earth elements (including at least 0.02% of Mg), and 0.03-0.20% of As, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, with brittleness suppressed at middle temperatures around 400° C. This spheroidal graphite cast iron has improved high-temperature strength because it further contains 1% or less by weight of at least one of Cr, Mo, W, Ti and V as a matrix-strengthening component, and it also has improved ductility because of carbide suppressed by containing 3% or less by weight of Ni or Cu, a graphitizing element. Although the mechanism of suppressing embrittlement at middle temperatures is not necessarily clear, Mg remaining after the spheroidization, which is expected to segregate to crystal grain boundaries to cause embrittlement at middle temperatures, is combined with As to prevent the embrittlement function of Mg, and As remaining after combination with Mg improves the bonding of crystal grains, thereby mitigating or suppressing brittleness at middle temperatures.
However, because the amounts of Cr. Mo, W, Ti and V are as small as 1% or less by weight in this spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is not necessarily sufficient in oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when used for exhaust equipment members repeatedly heated and cooled. Also, the inclusion of As deteriorates the oxidation resistance of the spheroidal graphite cast iron at 700° C. or higher. In addition, As is toxic and extremely harmful to humans and the environment even in a trace amount, necessitating a facility for preventing operators from being intoxicated from the melting step to the casting step, and needing intoxication-preventing measures in the repair and maintenance of the apparatus. Further, it poses environmental pollution problems in the recycling of products. Thus, the As-containing, spheroidal graphite cast iron is not practically usable.
The conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron has as low a ferrite-austenite transformation temperature (AC1 transformation point) as about 800° C., at which the matrix structure changes from a ferrite/pearlite phase to an austenite phase. The austenite has a larger linear expansion coefficient than that of the ferrite. Accordingly, when part of an exhaust equipment member becomes about 800° C. or higher, higher than the AC1 transformation point, the matrix changes to an austenite phase and so drastically expands, resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Also, when the temperature of the exhaust equipment member is lowered by engine stop, etc., the exhaust equipment member passes through the austenite-ferrite transformation temperature (Ar1 transformation point), resulting in strain due to the expansion ratio difference. Thus, the exhaust equipment member formed by the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron is largely deformed by expansion and contraction due to the phase transformation in a state where it is constrained by other members by bolt fastening, etc. Also, repeated passing of the AC1 transformation point and the Ar1 transformation point causes the precipitation of secondary graphite, resulting in irreversible expansion and thus large deformation.
In addition, the exhaust equipment member is exposed to high-temperature exhaust gases containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. and oxygen in the air at high temperatures, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “oxidizing gases”), resulting in oxide layers formed on the surface. When the oxide layers are heated to temperatures near the AC1 transformation point or higher and cooled, deformation and internal strain are generated by the difference in thermal expansion between the oxide layers and the matrix, resulting in micro-cracks in the oxide layers. The oxidizing gases penetrating through the cracks oxidize the inside of the exhaust equipment member (internal oxidation), so that cracks further propagate. The oxidation and cracking of the exhaust equipment member at high temperatures are thus closely related, both having large influence on the heat resistance, durability, life, etc. of the exhaust equipment member. Although the high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing about 4% of Si has a higher AC1 transformation point and thus higher oxidation resistance than those of usual spheroidal graphite cast irons, it exhibits insufficient oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance when heated to 800° C. (the AC1 transformation point) or higher, resulting in a short life.
Accordingly, presently used for exhaust equipment members operable at temperatures exceeding about 800° C. in place of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron having limited heat resistance such as oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, etc., are austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron such as FCDA-NiCr20 2 (NI-RESIST D2), FCDA-NiSiCr35 5 2 (NI-RESIST D5S) containing about 18-35% by weight of Ni, etc., ferritic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr, and austenitic cast stainless steel containing 18% or more by weight of Cr and 8% or more by weight of Ni, which have higher heat resistance than that of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron.
However, the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel are expensive because they contain expensive Ni or Cr. Also, because the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and the cast stainless steel have high melting points, they have low melt fluidity and poor castability, so that they are likely to suffer casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, misrun, etc., and low casting yields. Accordingly, to produce exhaust equipment members at high yields, high casting techniques and special production facilities are needed. In addition, because they have poor machinability due to coarse carbides of Cr, etc., added in large amounts, high machining techniques are needed. With such problems, exhaust equipment members formed by the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron or the cast stainless steel are inevitably extremely expensive.
The internal oxidation of gray cast iron (flake graphite cast iron) in a high-temperature, oxidizing atmosphere appears to occur by the decarburization of graphite and the formation of oxides in the matrix by oxidizing gases intruding along three-dimensionally connected flaky graphite, resultant gaps and cracks accelerating the intrusion of oxidizing gases. To suppress the internal oxidation, the following proposals have been made.
(1) Flaky graphite having continuity is spheroidized, made finer, and reduced in their area ratio, to isolate graphite particles from each other, thereby suppressing the intrusion of oxidizing gases.
(2) 4-5% of Si is added to turn the matrix structure to silicoferrite, thereby elevating the AC1 transformation point.
(3) Carbide-stabilizing elements such as Cr, Mn, Mo, V, etc. are added to solid-solution-strengthen the matrix, thereby stabilizing pearlite and cementite.
However, any flake graphite cast irons and spheroidal graphite cast irons obtained by making graphite particles spheroidal, which are proposed above, fail to satisfactorily suppress the internal oxidation and heat cracking of exhaust equipment members used in environments at about 800° C. or higher.
The spheroidal graphite cast irons per se are long-known materials, and those having various compositions to be used for other applications than the exhaust equipment members have been proposed. For instance, JP61-157655A discloses a cast alloy iron tool comprising 3.0-7.0% of C, 5.0% or less of Si, 3.0% or less of Mn, 0.5-40.0% of Ni, 0.5-20.0% of Cr, and one or more of 0.5-30.0% of Cu, 0.1-30.0% of Co, 0.1-10.0% of Mo, 0.1-10.0% of W, 0.05-5.0% of V, 0.01-3.0% of Nb, 0.01-3.0% of Zr and 0.01-3.0% of Ti, the balance being substantially Fe, having a graphite area ratio of 5.0% or more, and a precipitated carbide or carbonitride area ratio of 1.0% or more. The wear resistance of this cast alloy iron is mainly provided by hard Cr carbide or carbonitride particles crystallized during casting. However, because the Cr carbide lowers toughness and ductility, this cast alloy iron does not have toughness and ductility necessary for the exhaust equipment members. In addition, because hard carbide or carbonitride particles lower the machinability, the cast alloy iron has low machining efficiency, resulting in increased production costs and thus expensive exhaust equipment members. Further, because it contains as much Ni as 0.5-40.0%, the ferrite-based cast iron (ferritic cast iron) has low AC1 transformation point and oxidation resistance, failing to achieve sufficient durability and life when used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the cast tool described in JP61-157655A.
JP11-71628A discloses a composite roll with excellent thermal shock resistance comprising an outer ring made of tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide, and an inner ring made of spheroidal graphite cast iron and bonded to the outer ring by casting, the inner ring having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 3-4.5% of C, 1.5-4.5% of Si, 0.1-2% of Mn, 0.02-0.2% of Mg, and 0.1-5% of one or more of Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and a structure having core-structure spheroidal graphite particles dispersed in a matrix based on a mixed phase of a ferrite phase and any one of a pearlite phase, a bainite phase and a martensite phase, and each core-structure spheroidal graphite particle comprising a core formed during the casting, and a shell precipitated during the heat treatment. To obtain the mixed phase of this spheroidal graphite cast iron, an as-cast pearlite phase-based matrix is first formed, a heat treatment comprising repeated heating and cooling in a temperature range between 450° C. and a solid phase line is conducted to form the ferrite phase, and the matrix is then turned to the mixed phase based on the pearlite phase and the ferrite phase.
However, when the spheroidal graphite cast iron of JP 11-71628A is used for exhaust equipment members operable in environments higher than 800° C., the pearlite phase, the bainite phase and the martensite phase are decomposed to precipitate secondary graphite, failing to exhibit enough durability by irreversible expansion. Among Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, V deteriorates the oxidation resistance at temperatures exceeding 800° C., and Sn and Sb form abnormal flaky graphite in eutectic cell boundaries and cementite in the matrix when used in excess amounts, resulting in decrease in toughness and ductility, particularly decrease in room-temperature elongation. Accordingly, unless the alloying elements and their amounts are properly selected from Mo, Cu, Cr, V, W, Sn and Sb, it would not exhibit sufficient AC1 transformation point, oxidation resistance, thermal crack resistance, toughness and ductility as a material for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. Accordingly, heat-resistant cast irons suitable for exhaust equipment members used in environments higher than 800° C. cannot be conceived of from the composite roll described in JP 11-71628A.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide heat-resistant cast iron having excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, from which, for instance, highly heat-resistant exhaust equipment members for automobile engines can be produced at low costs.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Cast iron parts needing high heat resistance should have high oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance as well as good room-temperature elongation and high-temperature strength. Among them, the oxidation resistance is an important property that largely affects thermal crack resistance having close relation to oxidation at high temperatures.
To improve the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance of cast iron, it is necessary to suppress the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, which tends to cause internal oxidation and cracking. However, such oxidation cannot necessarily be suppressed fully only by improvement in the shape and distribution of graphite particles as proposed above to suppress the internal oxidation of flake graphite cast iron. This is because when oxidizing gases intrude into the cast iron along the graphite particles, oxidation occurs in the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions. As a result intense research, the inventors have found that to prevent graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions from being oxidized, it is effective to form intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix.
Thus, the graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and has intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix.
The graphite-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises predetermined amounts of W and Si, and has intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in boundary regions of graphite with a matrix. The intermediate layers act as protective layers (barriers) to suppress the intrusion of oxidizing gases into the graphite from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, thereby preventing the oxidation of the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, and thus improving the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron.
In the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix both measured by FE-TEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) is preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 or more. Also, a ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix both measured by FE-TEM-EDS is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably 2.0 or more.
It preferably contains 0.005-0.2% by weight of Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element.
Si and W preferably meet the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8 on a weight basis.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises graphite particles and W, with W-containing carbide substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The W-containing carbide existing substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix suppress the intrusion of oxidizing gases from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, resulting in improved oxidation resistance. Because the W-containing carbide is also formed in grain boundaries in contact with the graphite particles, in which the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C appears to occur predominantly, the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C are effectively prevented.
The number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide substantially in their boundaries with the matrix is preferably 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. Also, the number of W-containing carbide particles substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix (represented by the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching) is preferably 3×105/mm2 or more per a unit area of graphite. Further, the area ratio of W-containing carbide (determined with respect to W-containing carbide on the graphite particles exposed by etching) is preferably 1.8% or more per a unit area of graphite. The area ratio of W-containing carbide is more preferably 2% or more. How to calculate the number and area ratio of carbide particles will be explained later.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute. The weight loss by oxidation is preferably 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, and 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C. The thermal cracking life is preferably 780 cycles or more, in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a room-temperature elongation of preferably 1.8% or more, more preferably 2.0% or more.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above elements, one or more of 5.5% or less by weight of Mo, 6.5% or less by weight of Cu, and 5% or less by weight of Co. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 0.003-0.02% by weight of S and 0.05% or less by weight of a rare earth element.
The exhaust equipment member of the present invention is formed by the above heat-resistant cast iron. The exhaust equipment member may be an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, and an exhaust outlet.
The exhaust equipment member according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., is formed by a heat-resistant cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, and a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, in which graphite is crystallized, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of the graphite particles and the matrix, so that it has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.
The exhaust equipment member according to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention has a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
The exhaust equipment member of the present invention preferably has weight loss by oxidation of 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention preferably has weight loss by oxidation of 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a graphite particle and its surrounding structure in a conventional cast iron.
FIG. 3 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8.
FIG. 4 is an optical photomicrograph showing the microstructure of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3.
FIG. 5 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix.
FIG. 6 is an FE-SEM photograph showing the microstructure of Conventional Example 3 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix.
FIG. 7 is a high-resolution FE-TEM photograph showing the microstructure of Example 8 substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction results in Example 8.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Example 8.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe substantially in a boundary of a graphite particle with a matrix in Conventional Example 3.
FIG. 11(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8, on which graphite, carbide, etc. are exposed.
FIG. 11(b) is an FE-SEM photograph showing a carbide-measuring region S2 in FIG. 11(a).
FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) are a schematic plan view and a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method for determining the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite.
FIG. 13(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 in an initial stage.
FIG. 13(b) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 13(a).
FIG. 14(a) is an FE-SEM photograph showing the surface oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of Conventional Example 3 in an initial stage.
FIG. 14(b) is an enlarged photograph of FIG. 14(a).
FIG. 15 is a view showing a method for reading the AC1 transformation point.
FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing an exhaust equipment member comprising an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing and a catalyst case.
FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Example 75 after the durability test.
FIG. 18 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 7 after the durability test.
FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view showing the exhaust manifold of Conventional Example 8 after the durability test.



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[1] Function of W
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing graphite and its surrounding structure in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing graphite and its surrounding structure in a conventional cast iron. In the conventional cast iron, an exhaust gas containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc., and a high-temperature, oxygen-containing gas such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and H2O gas, which are called “oxidizing gases G,” diffuse into the cast iron from its surface F, causing the internal oxidation of the cast iron. Because carbon C in graphite 21 is easily diffusible, it diffuses toward the surface F, so that it is combined with oxygen in the oxidizing gas G to form CO or CO2 (decarburization). Namely, the diffusion of the oxidizing gas G from the surface F toward inside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21 toward outside cause oxidation and decarburization simultaneously. When decarburization occurs by the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21, the graphite particles 21 come to have voids, into which the oxidizing gas G easily enters, so that oxidation progresses. Accordingly, if the intrusion of the oxidizing gas G into the graphite particles 21 from outside and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 21 toward outside are suppressed, the oxidation of the cast iron can be prevented.
As shown in FIG. 1, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has intermediate layers 12, in which W and Si are concentrated, in the boundaries of graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13. The intermediate layers 12 act as protective layers (barriers) to prevent the oxidizing gas from intruding into the graphite particles 11 and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 11, thereby improving the oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron. The intermediate layers 12, in which W and Si are concentrated, are formed during a solidification process in the casting, though it is considered that they are also formed in a heat treatment step and/or during use at high temperatures. W and Si are presumably concentrated in the intermediate layers 12 in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13, because of stability in energy, resulting in the intermediate layers 12 formed in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13.
W functions to form not only the intermediate layers 12 in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13, but also W-containing carbide particles 14 substantially in their boundaries (precipitation), thereby further suppressing the oxidation and the diffusion of C to improve oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance. This appears to be due to the fact that C diffusing from the graphite particles 11 is combined with W substantially in the boundaries of the graphite particles 11 and the matrix 13 to form W-containing carbide particles 14, thereby suppressing C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 from diffusing into the matrix 13. The term “boundaries of graphite particles and matrix” used herein means regions each straddling a boundary or an intermediate layer between a graphite particle and the matrix, ranging from about 1 μm on the graphite particle side to about 1 μm on the matrix side.
The diffusion of oxidizing gases and C and accompanying austenitization appear to occur predominantly in ferritic grain boundaries or prior austenite grain boundaries rather than in crystal grains in the matrix, but the W-containing carbide particles are formed also in the grain boundaries, so that the diffusion of oxidizing gases and C is effectively prevented. The diffusion of C from the graphite particles through the boundaries is, as shown in FIG. 1, effectively suppressed by the formation of the W-containing carbide particles 16 in the boundaries 17 in contact with the graphite particles 11.
Because W is dissolved in the matrix 13, C diffused into the matrix 13 forms fine W-containing carbide particles 15 to prevent the oxidation of C and its diffusion to outside, thereby fixing C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 and thus suppressing austenitic transformation.
Because W elevates the AC1 transformation point, it makes austenitic transformation unlikely in exhaust equipment members even when their temperature is elevated, thereby providing them with improved heat resistance. As shown in FIG. 1, this appears to be due to the fact that the austenitic transformation is suppressed, because the diffusion of C from the graphite particles 11 to the matrix 13 is hindered by the intermediate layers 12 and the W-containing carbide particles 14, 16, and because C entering into the matrix 13 forms W-containing carbide particles 15, making it less likely that C necessary for the austenitization of the matrix 13 is diffused into the matrix 13, resulting in the elevated AC1 transformation point. In general, to elevate the AC1 transformation point, a large amount of Si had to be added, inevitably sacrificing the room-temperature ductility. However, the inclusion of W can elevate the AC1 transformation point without much lowering the room-temperature ductility
W is concentrated in eutectic cell boundaries to form W-containing carbide particles, thereby increasing the high-temperature yield strength of the heat-resistant cast iron. Also, W lowers the eutectic temperature, thereby improving the melt fluidity (castability) of the cast iron, and decreasing a melting cost.
[2] Composition of Heat-resistant Cast Iron
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention comprises C, Si and a graphite-spheroidizing element as indispensable elements, in addition to W.
(1) W: 1.2-15% by Weight
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention should contain 1.2-15% by weight of W. W is concentrated in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix to form intermediate layers. It further forms W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The intermediate layers and the W-containing carbide particles prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases into the graphite particles and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles, thereby preventing the oxidation of the graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions to effectively improve oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance. Although it is considered that the diffusion of C occurs predominantly in grain boundaries, it is effectively suppressed by the W-containing carbide particles formed in boundaries in contact with the graphite particles. The W-concentrated intermediate layers are presumably formed during the solidification process in the casting, a heat treatment step and/or high-temperature use. W is concentrated in graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy.
W exceeding 15% by weight not only fails to provide further improvement in the above effect, but also lowers the spheroidization ratio (nodularity) and the room-temperature elongation and increases materials costs. On the other hand, less than 1.2% by weight of W leads to insufficient formation of intermediate layers (expressed by thickness) and insufficient concentration of W in the intermediate layers, failing to fully improve the oxidation resistance and the thermal crack resistance. The W content is preferably 1.5-10% by weight, more preferably 2-5% by weight.
Although W is a relatively expensive alloying element like Ni used for the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention containing 1.2-15% by weight of W is lower in materials costs than the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron containing 18-35% by weight of Ni. In addition, the inclusion of W neither deteriorates the castability, such as melt fluidity and shrinkage tendency, of the heat-resistant cast iron, nor lowers the production yield of the heat-resistant cast iron. Further, because the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a non-austenitic matrix structure based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, it has a low linear expansion coefficient, resulting in small expansion when heated.
(2) C: 1.5-4.5% by Weight
C is an element improving melt fluidity and crystallizing graphite in the casting, like Si. When C is less than 1.5% by weight, the melt fluidity is low. When C exceeds 4.5% by weight, coarse graphite particles increase, resulting in carbon dross and more shrinkage cavities. Accordingly, the C content is 1.5-4.5% by weight, preferably 1.8-4.2% by weight, more preferably 2.5-4.0% by weight.
(3) Si: 3.5-5.6% by Weight
Si contributes to the crystallization of graphite in the casting, and functions to ferritize the matrix and elevate the AC1 transformation point. Further, when Si is contained, a dense oxide layer is easily formed on the cast iron placed in a high-temperature oxidizing gas, resulting in providing the cast iron with improved oxidation resistance. Si is concentrated in the intermediate layers in the graphite-matrix boundaries together with W, forming protective layers in the graphite-matrix boundaries by reaction with oxidizing gases intruding from outside. Thus, Si has an increased function to suppress the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions, which is caused by oxidizing gases intruding into the graphite particles, and the diffusion of C from the graphite particles. The Si-concentrated intermediate layers appear to be formed during a solidification process in the casting, a heat treatment step and/or high-temperature use. Si is concentrated in the graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy. To exhibit such function effectively, the Si content should be 3.5% or more by weight. However, when Si exceeds 5.6% by weight, the cast iron has extremely decreased toughness and ductility and deteriorated machinability. Accordingly, the Si content is 3.5-5.6% by weight, preferably 3.8-5.3% by weight, more preferably 4.0-5.0% by weight.
(4) Mn: 3% or Less by Weight
Mn functions to form a dense oxide layer on the cast iron surface in an oxidizing atmosphere. When the Mn content exceeds 3% by weight, the cast iron has decreased toughness, ductility and AC1 transformation point. Accordingly, the Mn content is 3% or less by weight, preferably 1.5% or less by weight.
(5) Graphite-spheroidizing Element: 1.0% or Less by Weight
Although the morphology of graphite per se is not restrictive in the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, it is preferably compact vermicular graphite, spheroidal graphite, etc. when higher oxidation resistance is required, or when properties such as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature yield strength, etc. are to be improved. To crystallize compact vermicular and/or spheroidal graphite in an as-cast state, a graphite-spheroidizing element such as Mg, Ca, rare earth elements, etc. is added in an amount of 1.0% or less by weight, preferably 0.01-0.2% by weight, more preferably 0.02-0.1% by weight. To obtain a vermicular cast iron having compact vermicular graphite, 0.005-0.02% by weight of Mg is preferably added as the graphite-spheroidizing element. To obtain a spheroidal graphite cast iron, 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg is preferably added as the graphite-spheroidizing element.
(6) Si+( 2/7)W: 8 or Less (on a Weight Basis)
Increase in both Si and W results in decrease in the ductility of the heat-resistant cast iron. Cast parts such as exhaust equipment members are subjected to mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load in their production step, their assembling to engines, during driving, etc. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment members are required to have enough ductility, lest that cracking and breakage occur by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load. Because metal materials have lower toughness and ductility as the temperature becomes lower, room-temperature ductility is an important property together with heat resistance such as oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, etc. The room-temperature ductility is generally represented by room-temperature elongation. With the amounts of Si and W controlled to meet the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8, the exhaust equipment members can have necessary room-temperature elongation.
(7) Ni: Less than 0.5% by Weight
Ni functions to lower the AC1 transformation point of the ferritic cast iron. When cast iron with lowered AC1 transformation point is used at high temperatures, in which heating and cooling are repeated from room temperature to near the AC1 transformation point or higher, secondary graphite is precipitated in the matrix, causing irreversible expansion and thus large deformation. As a result, the cast iron has decreased thermal crack resistance. The addition of Ni to the ferritic cast iron promotes internal oxidation, resulting in decreased oxidation resistance. Because such adverse effects are remarkable when the Ni content is 0.5% or more by weight, Ni is less than 0.5% by weight, preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
(8) Cr: 0.3% or Less by Weight
Cr functions to lower the AC1 transformation point, and make the ferrite matrix extremely brittle, thereby lowering the room-temperature elongation. The exhaust equipment member should have practically sufficient ductility, lest that cracking and breakage occur in the exhaust equipment members by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load in production processes such as casting, assembling, etc. or during use, not only at high temperatures but also at room temperature. To prevent the AC1 transformation point from lowering and the exhaust equipment members from becoming brittle, Cr is preferably controlled to 0.3% or less by weight.
(9) S: 0.003-0.02% by Weight, and Rare Earth Element: 0.05% or Less by Weight
To obtain the spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is preferable to add 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg while controlling the amounts of a rare earth element (RE) and S. Mg is combined with S to form MgS, a nucleus for spheroidal graphite particles, and the rare earth element is also combined with S to form RES, a nucleus for spheroidal graphite particles. The rare earth element is an element exhibiting a graphite-spheroidizing effect even in a small amount. However, the RES suffers quicker fading of a graphite-spheroidizing function than MgS, and the fading leads to decrease in the spheroidization ratio in the spheroidal graphite cast iron. The fading function of RES is remarkable particularly in thick portions in which solidification is low. Accordingly, to prevent the spheroidization ratio from decreasing by the fading of RES, it is preferable to limit the amount of the rare earth element. Specifically, the rare earth element is preferably 0.05% or less by weight.
To have a high spheroidization ratio, it is necessary to form MgS whose fading is slower than that of RES. To form MgS, 0.003% or more by weight of S is preferably added, taking into consideration the amount of S consumed by RES. However, S is an element that should usually be avoided because it hinders spheroidization when contained in an excess amount. When S exceeds 0.02% by weight, compact vermicular or flaky graphite particles are formed, resulting in decrease in the spheroidization ratio, and thus in room-temperature elongation, oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably contains 0.05% or less by weight of the rare earth element and 0.003-0.02% by weight of S, in addition to 0.02-0.08% by weight of Mg. To have a higher spheroidization ratio, 0.025% or less by weight of the rare earth element and 0.005-0.018% by weight of S are preferably contained.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above elements, Mo, Cu, Co, Nb and B alone or in combination, if necessary, to further improve oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, or to improve such properties as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature strength, high-temperature yield strength, thermal deformation resistance, etc. without deteriorating these properties.
(10) Mo: 5.5% or Less by Weight
Mo is combined with C in the matrix to crystallize and precipitate carbide, and to reduce an average thermal expansion coefficient, thereby reducing thermal strain (thermal stress) at high temperatures and improving the high-temperature strength of the cast iron. However, when Mo exceeds 5.5% by weight, the AC1 transformation point is lowered, resulting in decrease in the thermal crack resistance of the cast iron, decrease in the machinability of the cast iron because of increased carbide, and deterioration in the castability of the cast iron because of increased shrinkage tendency. Accordingly, Mo is 5.5% or less by weight, preferably 4.5% or less by weight.
(11) Cu: 6.5% or Less by Weight
Cu improves the high-temperature yield strength of the cast iron. When Cu exceeds 6.5% by weight, the matrix becomes brittle, causing such problems as breakage, etc. Accordingly, Cu is 6.5% or less by weight, preferably 3.5% or less by weight.
(12) Co: 5% or Less by Weight
Although Co is a relatively expensive element, it is dissolved in a ferrite matrix to improve the high-temperature yield strength. To improve thermal deformation resistance, 5% or less by weight of Co is preferably contained. If exceeding 5% by weight, the effect would be saturated, only resulting in increase in materials costs.
(13) Nb: 1.0% or Less by Weight, B: 0.05% or Less by Weight
Both Nb and B improve the room-temperature elongation of the heat-resistant cast iron particularly by ferritization annealing. When Nb is more than 1.0% by weight, the melt exhibits poor fluidity in the casting, and gas defects are likely to be generated. When B is more than 0.05% by weight, the spheroidization ratio decreases. It is thus preferable to add 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B, if necessary.
(14) Other Elements
Preferably added in addition to the above elements are, if necessary, 1% or less by weight (within a range not deteriorating castability and machinability) of at least one of Ti, V, Zr and Ta, which improves the high-temperature yield strength, 0.2% or less by weight of Al, and 0.5% or less by weight [calculated as (2Sn+Sb)] of graphite-spheroidizing-ratio-improving Sn and Sb.
Although the above additional elements include elements acting to deteriorate oxidation resistance, such as V and Sb, the oxidation resistance of the W-containing, heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is not substantially damaged as long as they are added within the above composition ranges, because the oxidation of graphite particles and their surrounding matrix regions is suppressed.
(15) Composition Examples
Specific composition examples (on a weight basis) of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention are as follows.
(a) General Composition Range
1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
(b) Preferred Composition Range
1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
(c) More Preferred Composition Range
2.5-4.0% of C, 4.0-5.0% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 2-5% of W, 0.3% or less of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 0.02-0.1% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably meets the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain 0.003-0.02%, preferably 0.005-0.018%, of S, and 0.05% or less, preferably 0.025% or less, of a rare earth element, if necessary. Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element is preferably 0.02-0.08%.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may contain 5.5% or less, preferably 4.5% or less, of Mo, 6.5% or less, preferably 3.5% or less, of Cu, 5% or less of Co, 1.0% or less of Nb, and/or 0.05% or less of B, if necessary. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention may further contain 1% or less of at least one of Ti, V, Zr and Ta, 0.2% or less of Al, and 0.5% or less (as 2Sn+Sb) of Sn and/or Sb, if necessary.
[3] Structure and Properties of Heat-resistant Cast Iron
In the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, a ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix, both measured by FE-TEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), is desirably 5 or more. The ratio (Xi/Xm) represents how W is concentrated in the intermediate layers, and W concentrated 5 times or more can effectively prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. It should be noted that the weight ratio Xi of W is a value measured at an arbitrary position in the intermediate layers. The Xi/Xm is more preferably 10 or more.
The ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix, both measured by FE-TEM-EDS, is desirably 1.5 or more. The ratio (Yi/Ym) represents how Si is concentrated in the intermediate layers, and Si concentrated 1.5 times or more can effectively prevent the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. It should be noted that the weight ratio Yi of Si is a value measured at an arbitrary position in the intermediate layers. The Yi/Ym is preferably 2.0 or more.
The number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix is preferably 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. This suppresses the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C, thereby improving the oxidation resistance and thus thermal crack resistance of the heat-resistant cast iron. The W-containing carbide particles appear to be precipitated during a solidification process in the casting, and in a heat treatment step and/or during high-temperature use. The W-containing carbide particles appear to be formed substantially in the graphite-matrix boundaries because of stability in energy.
The larger number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles existing in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix provide larger effects of suppressing the intrusion of oxidizing gases and the diffusion of C. Specifically, in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix, the number of W-containing carbide particles on graphite particles, which is represented by the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching, is preferably 3×105/mm2 or more per a unit area of graphite, and the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles, which is determined on those on the graphite particles exposed by etching, is preferably 1.8% or more, more preferably 2% or more.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute. To improve the oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, it is necessary that the highest temperature of the exhaust equipment member, though it may be 800° C. or higher, does not exceed the AC1 transformation point. For use as an alternative to expensive austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron, cast stainless steel, etc., the AC1 transformation point is preferably 840° C. or higher. In heating/cooling cycles, to which the exhaust equipment member is subjected, the temperature-elevating speed is mostly more than 3° C./minute. In general, the larger the temperature-elevating speed is, the higher the measured AC1 transformation point tends to be. Accordingly, if the AC1 transformation point measured at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute is 840° C. or higher, the heat resistance and durability are sufficient to actual heat-resistant parts such as exhaust equipment members, etc. Because the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. as room temperature at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, it has excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, so that it exhibits high durability and long life when used for exhaust equipment members subjected to the repetition of heating and cooling from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C. by an exhaust gas.
When the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, the weight loss by oxidation is preferably 60 mg/cm2 or less. The exhaust equipment member exposed to oxidizing gases is oxidized, so that cracking occurs from the formed oxide layers, and that oxidation-accelerating cracks propagate inside the parts and finally penetrate them. When the cast iron is used for an exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., the temperature of the exhaust equipment member reaches 800° C. or higher. Accordingly, if the weight loss by oxidation of the cast iron exceeds 60 mg/cm2 when placed in the air at 800° C. for 200 hours so that it is heated to 800° C., a large amount of oxide layers, from which cracking occurs, are formed, resulting in insufficient oxidation resistance. If the weight loss by oxidation is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air, the formation of oxide layers and cracks is suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, high heat resistance and durability, and long life. The weight loss by oxidation of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention is more preferably 50 mg/cm2 or less, most preferably 36 mg/cm2 or less.
When heating and cooling are repeated 100 times between 700° C. and 850° C., the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably suffers weight loss by oxidation of 70 mg/cm2 or less. An exhaust equipment member exposed to oxidizing gases has an oxide layer formed on the surface. When the oxide layer is repeatedly heated by contact with a high-temperature exhaust gas, cracking and the peeling of oxide layers occur due to the difference in thermal expansion between the oxide layers and the matrix. Peeled oxide layers contaminate other parts, causing troubles and deteriorating the reliability of an engine. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment member is required to have excellent oxidation resistance making it resistant to the formation and peeling of oxide layers and cracking even under repeated heating. When the cast iron is used for an exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., the temperature of the exhaust equipment member reaches 800° C. or higher. If the weight loss by oxidation exceeds 70 mg/cm2 when the cast iron is repeatedly heated and cooled between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times, a lot oxide layers are formed, and the resultant oxide layers easily peel off, resulting in insufficient oxidation resistance. If the weight loss by oxidation is 70 mg/cm2 or less when heating and cooling are repeated between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times, the formation and peeling of oxide layers and cracking are suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, high heat resistance and durability, and long life. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably suffers weight loss by oxidation of 60 mg/cm2 or less when heated and cooled.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test comprising heating and cooling in the air under the conditions of an upper limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25. In addition to the oxidation resistance and the thermal crack resistance, the exhaust equipment member is required to have a long thermal cracking life in the repetition of operation (heating) and stop (cooling) of an engine. The thermal cracking life is one of measures for representing how high the heat resistance is, which is expressed by the number of heating/cooling cycles until cracking causes thermal fatigue fracture in a thermal fatigue test. The exhaust equipment member exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C. becomes 800° C. or higher. If the thermal cracking life were less than 780 cycles under the above conditions, the cast iron would not have enough life until thermal fatigue fracture occurs when used for exhaust equipment members. Long-life, heat-resistant parts such as exhaust equipment members, etc. are formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention having a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has a thermal cracking life of 800 cycles or more.
The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention preferably has room-temperature elongation of 1.8% or more. Exhaust equipment members for automobile engines formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention are repeatedly heated and cooled from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C., so that they are subjected to thermal stress due to the repetition of expansion during heating and shrinkage during cooling. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron should have such room-temperature ductility (room-temperature elongation) as to resist tensile stress due to the shrinkage caused by cooling from a high temperatures to room temperature. If it has poor room-temperature elongation, it is vulnerable to cracking and breakage, resulting in an insufficient thermal cracking life. In addition, the exhaust equipment members are likely to be cracked and broken by mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load during their production and assembling to engines at room temperature, driving of automobiles, etc.
When the room-temperature elongation of the heat-resistant cast iron is less than 1.8%, cracking and breakage due to thermal stress are likely to occur, resulting in an insufficient thermal cracking life, and failing to have practically sufficient ductility to prevent cracking and breakage due to mechanical vibration, or an impact or static load at room temperature. When the room-temperature elongation is 1.8% or more, cracking and breakage are suppressed, resulting in the heat-resistant cast iron with excellent thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life) and practically sufficient ductility. The heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention more preferably has room-temperature elongation of 2.0% or more.
To improve the room-temperature elongation, it is effective to increase the spheroidization ratio. The spheroidization ratio is desirably 30% or more in the case of vermicular cast iron, and 70% or more in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron.
Although the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention exhibits the above properties in an as-cast state, it is preferably subjected to a heat treatment to remove residual stress generated during the casting and to make the matrix structure uniform. Specifically, the residual stress generated during the casting can be removed by keeping the cast iron at 600° C. or higher, and annealing it for ferritization by furnace- or air-cooling. To make the matrix structure uniform and control the hardness of the cast iron, it is preferable to keep the cast iron at 700° C. or higher. When the heat treatment is conducted, the addition of Nb and/or B is effective to improve the room-temperature elongation. The above heat treatment is also effective to form thick intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in as-cast graphite-matrix boundaries, and to increase the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles formed substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries including boundaries in contact with graphite particles, etc. The heat treatment time may be properly determined depending on the size of the exhaust equipment member.
[4] Exhaust Equipment Member
The exhaust equipment member of the present invention, which can be used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., is formed by a heat-resistant cast iron having a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, less than 0.5% of Ni, 0.3% or less of Cr, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, and a structure comprising graphite crystallized in a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated, in graphite-matrix boundaries, so that it has AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.
Such exhaust equipment member may be exemplified as an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, an exhaust outlet, etc. The exhaust equipment member of the present invention can be used for a high-temperature exhaust gas, for which conventional high-Si spheroidal graphite cast iron would not be able to be used. Specifically, the exhaust equipment member formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has a long life even when it is exposed to an exhaust gas at 700° C. or higher, particularly near 900° C., so that it is repeatedly heated and cooled from room temperature to temperatures exceeding 800° C.
FIG. 16 shows an exhaust equipment member comprising an exhaust manifold 151, a turbocharger housing 152, and a catalyst case 154. In this exhaust equipment member, an exhaust gas (indicated by the arrow A) discharged from engine cylinders (not shown) is gathered in the exhaust manifold 151 to rotate a turbine (not shown) in the turbine housing 152 by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gas, and the air (indicated by the arrow B) supplied by driving a compressor coaxially connected to this turbine is compressed to supply the compressed air to the engine as shown by the arrow C, thereby increasing the power of the engine. An exhaust gas discharged from the turbocharger housing 152 is supplied to the catalyst case 154 via a connection 153, and after harmful materials are removed by a catalyst in the catalyst case 154, it is discharged to the air via a muffler 155 as shown by the arrow D. Main parts are as thick as 2.0-4.5 mm in the exhaust manifold 151, 2.5-5.5 mm in the turbocharger housing 152, 2.5-3.5 mm in the connection 153, and 2.0-2.5 mm in the catalyst case 154.
As long as these parts are castable, they may be integrally formed, for instance, as an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case.
Though the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention contains W, it enjoys lower materials costs with good castability and machinability than high-quality materials such as austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and cast stainless steel. Accordingly, the exhaust equipment member made of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention can be produced at a higher yield and a lower cost without needing high production technologies.
The present invention will be explained in more detail referring to Examples below without intention of restricting the present invention thereto.
EXAMPLES 1-74, COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1-16, AND CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLES 1-6
Each cast iron having a chemical composition (% by weight) shown in Table 1 was melted in an SiO2-lined, 100-kg, high-frequency furnace in the air, tapped from the furnace at 1450° C. or higher, and spheroidized by a sandwiching method using commercially available Fe—Si—Mg. Immediately thereafter, it was poured at 1300° C. or higher into a Y-block mold. After shake-out, each sample was shot-blasted, and annealed for ferritization by keeping it at a temperature of 600-940° C. as shown in Table 2 for 3 hours, and then cooling it in the furnace. Incidentally, no heat treatment was conducted on the samples of Example 9, Comparative Examples 1 and 9, and Conventional Examples 1, 2 and 4, and annealing for ferritization was conducted not by furnace-cooling but by air-cooling in the sample of Comparative Example 2. The samples of Conventional Examples 5 and 6 were spheroidized by a sandwiching method using commercially available Ni—Mg, heat-treated at 910° C. for 4 hours and then air-cooled. The samples of Examples 8 and 9 and Comparative Examples 8 and 9 were produced by casting the same melt under the same conditions except for whether or not the heat treatment was conducted. The samples of Comparative Examples 1-10 contained less than 1.2% by weight of W, and the samples of Comparative Examples 11-13 contained more than 15% by weight of W. Also, the samples of Comparative Examples 14 and 15 contained less than 3.5% by weight of Si, and the sample of Comparative Example 16 contained more than 5.6% by weight of Si. It should be noted that the balance of the chemical composition shown in Table 1 is substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.
The samples of Conventional Examples 1-6 were produced from the following materials.

    Conventional Example 1: FCD450 of JIS.
    CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 2: Mo-containing, high-Si, spheroidal graphite cast iron (Hi-SiMo).
    CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 3: Heat-resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron described in JP9-87796A.
    CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 4: Ferritic, spheroidal graphite cast iron described in JP2002-339033A.
    CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 5: NI-RESIST D2 (austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron).
    CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 6: NI-RESIST D5S (austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron).











TABLE 1









Composition (% by weight)

























Spheroidizing


No.
C
Si
Mn
W
Ni
Cr
Si + (2/7)W
S
Elements(1)





Example 1
3.33
3.60
0.51
1.26
—
—
3.96
0.006
0.051


Example 2
3.23
3.50
0.55
1.50
—
—
3.93
0.006
0.052


Example 3
3.06
3.54
0.44
2.10
—
—
4.14
0.007
0.048


Example 4
3.37
3.83
0.58
1.52
—
—
4.26
0.006
0.064


Example 5
3.42
3.81
0.52
2.08
—
—
4.40
0.009
0.058


Example 6
3.33
4.11
0.50
1.55
—
—
4.55
0.009
0.065


Example 7
3.06
4.08
0.41
2.20
—
—
4.71
0.011
0.055


Example 8
2.90
4.59
0.45
2.95
—
—
5.43
0.010
0.051


Example 9
2.90
4.59
0.45
2.95
—
—
5.43
0.010
0.051


Example 10
3.00
4.71
0.46
3.06
—
—
5.58
0.008
0.055


Example 11
2.90
4.62
0.45
4.83
—
—
6.00
0.016
0.056


Example 12
3.04
4.66
0.44
4.98
—
—
6.08
0.008
0.070


Example 13
3.20
4.65
0.55
9.56
—
—
7.38
0.012
0.053


Example 14
3.00
4.56
0.45
14.7
—
—
8.76
0.010
0.061


Example 15
2.78
5.60
0.89
1.50
—
—
6.03
0.010
0.059


Example 16
3.52
3.58
0.49
1.23
0.29
—
3.93
0.009
0.06


Example 17
3.60
3.55
0.51
1.21
0.48
—
3.90
0.011
0.056


Example 18
3.33
3.56
0.46
1.24
0.59
—
3.91
0.008
0.061


Example 19
2.55
5.54
0.43
14.7
0.55
—
9.74
0.006
0.059


Example 20
2.94
3.56
0.41
1.26
—
0.29
3.92
0.012
0.056


Example 21
2.87
3.52
0.39
1.24
—
0.36
3.87
0.007
0.053


Example 22
3.05
3.57
0.45
1.22
0.30
0.27
3.92
0.009
0.061


Example 23
3.11
3.54
0.43
1.21
0.49
0.30
3.89
0.010
0.063


Example 24
3.50
4.01
0.11
2.41
—
—
4.70
0.008
0.059


Example 25
2.90
5.30
1.10
1.48
—
—
5.72
0.010
0.049


Example 26
3.11
4.57
0.55
2.89
—
—
5.40
0.011
0.033


Example 27
3.40
4.50
0.45
1.21
—
—
4.85
0.008
0.054


Example 28
3.30
4.51
0.70
1.60
—
—
4.97
0.007
0.060


Example 29
3.35
4.66
0.65
1.54
—
—
5.10
0.010
0.047


Example 30
3.00
4.51
0.45
2.87
—
—
5.33
0.008
0.059


Example 31
3.10
4.34
0.45
2.92
—
—
5.17
0.007
0.053


Example 32
3.30
4.36
0.45
2.64
—
—
5.11
0.006
0.055


Example 33
3.24
4.42
0.49
2.70
—
—
5.19
0.011
0.057


Example 34
3.00
4.69
0.45
3.12
—
—
5.58
0.011
0.063


Example 35
3.00
4.61
0.45
3.33
—
—
5.56
0.010
0.058


Example 36
3.10
4.61
0.71
1.23
—
—
4.96
0.011
0.064


Example 37
3.06
4.67
0.45
1.21
—
—
5.02
0.009
0.055


Example 38
2.99
4.66
0.44
1.66
—
—
5.13
0.012
0.082


Example 39
3.04
4.59
0.42
1.54
—
—
5.03
0.012
0.080










Note:


(1)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM).









Composition (% by weight)
















No.
Mg
Ca
REM
Mo
Cu
Co
Nb
B
Others





Example 1
0.036
0.0010
0.014
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 2
0.037
0.0011
0.014
0.9
—
—
—
—
—


Example 3
0.036
0.0011
0.011
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 4
0.041
0.0011
0.022
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 5
0.038
0.0024
0.018
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 6
0.042
0.0012
0.022
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 7
0.036
0.0012
0.018
1.0
—
—
—
—
—


Example 8
0.040
0.0010
0.010
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Example 9
0.040
0.0010
0.010
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Example 10
0.039
0.0010
0.015
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 11
0.042
0.0012
0.013
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Example 12
0.049
0.0011
0.020
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 13
0.038
0.0012
0.014
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Example 14
0.039
0.0012
0.021
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Example 15
0.039
0.0021
0.018
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Example 16
0.048
0.0010
0.011
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 17
0.041
0.0013
0.014
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 18
0.045
0.0014
0.015
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 19
0.044
0.0023
0.013
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 20
0.041
0.0024
0.013
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 21
0.039
0.0025
0.011
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 22
0.042
0.0033
0.016
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 23
0.046
0.0033
0.014
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 24
0.045
0.0033
0.011
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 25
0.038
0.0016
0.010
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Example 26
0.014
0.0011
0.018
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 27
0.041
0.0010
0.012
4.4
—
—
—
—
—


Example 28
0.048
0.0010
0.011
5.2
—
—
—
—
—


Example 29
0.033
0.0010
0.013
5.6
—
—
—
—
—


Example 30
0.040
0.0010
0.018
—
 0.13
—
—
—
—


Example 31
0.033
0.0021
0.018
—
3.5
—
—
—
—


Example 32
0.036
0.0015
0.017
—
6.1
—
—
—
—


Example 33
0.037
0.0020
0.018
—
6.8
—
—
—
—


Example 34
0.045
0.0012
0.017
0.3
0.1
2.85
—
—
—


Example 35
0.041
0.0010
0.016
—
—
4.98
—
—
—


Example 36
0.047
0.0010
0.016
—
—
—
0.760
—
—


Example 37
0.040
0.0010
0.014
—
—
—
—
0.02
—


Example 38
0.066
0.0010
0.015
—
—
—
0.100
0.01
—


Example 39
0.065
0.0012
0.014
0.5
 0.25
—
—
0.02
—












Composition (% by weight)

























Spheroidizing


No.(1)
C
Si
Mn
W
Ni
Cr
Si + (2/7)W
S
Elements(2)





Comp. Ex. 1
3.20
2.03
0.15
0.09
—
—
2.06
0.006
0.056


Comp. Ex. 2
3.30
3.53
0.36
0.20
—
—
3.59
0.007
0.052


Comp. Ex. 3
3.30
4.61
0.33
0.51
—
—
4.76
0.008
0.053


Comp. Ex. 4
3.00
4.78
0.44
0.78
—
—
5.00
0.012
0.068


Comp. Ex. 5
3.21
3.54
0.48
1.12
—
—
3.86
0.008
0.052


Comp. Ex. 6
2.55
5.55
0.46
0.90
—
—
5.81
0.012
0.053


Comp. Ex. 7
3.20
4.66
0.35
1.02
—
—
4.95
0.010
0.064


Comp. Ex. 8
3.01
4.65
0.51
1.06
—
—
4.95
0.011
0.053


Comp. Ex. 9
3.01
4.65
0.51
1.06
—
—
4.95
0.011
0.053


Comp. Ex. 10
3.40
4.56
0.75
1.10
—
—
4.87
0.011
0.057


Comp. Ex. 11
3.00
4.51
0.45
15.22
—
—
8.86
0.011
0.060


Comp. Ex. 12
3.22
3.55
0.48
15.41
—
—
7.95
0.007
0.053


Comp. Ex. 13
2.66
5.56
0.55
15.36
—
—
9.95
0.009
0.057


Comp. Ex. 14
3.54
3.27
0.50
1.22
—
—
3.62
0.006
0.056


Comp. Ex. 15
3.35
3.34
0.45
14.90
—
—
7.60
0.006
0.045


Comp. Ex. 16
3.01
5.72
0.48
1.23
—
—
6.07
0.007
0.035


Con. Ex. 1
3.70
2.30
0.35
<0.001
—
—
2.30
0.008
0.067


Con. Ex. 2
3.20
4.01
0.50
<0.001
—
—
4.01
0.008
0.057


Con. Ex. 3
2.90
4.65
0.48
<0.001
 0.30
0.52
4.65
0.007
0.058


Con. Ex. 4
3.20
4.30
0.50
<0.001
—
—
4.30
0.011
0.058


Con. Ex. 5
3.20
2.90
0.75
<0.001
19.40
1.80
2.90
0.008
0.044


Con. Ex. 6
2.00
5.06
0.51
<0.001
35.1 
1.74
5.06
0.008
0.062










Note:


(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example.


(2)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM).









Composition (% by weight)
















No.(1)
Mg
Ca
REM
Mo
Cu
Co
Nb
B
Others





Comp. Ex. 1
0.041
0.0011
0.014
0.6
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 2
0.036
0.0012
0.015
0.3
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 3
0.036
0.0013
0.016
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 4
0.049
0.0011
0.018
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 5
0.029
0.0012
0.022
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 6
0.033
0.0015
0.018
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 7
0.046
0.0025
0.015
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 8
0.031
0.0023
0.020
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 9
0.031
0.0023
0.020
0.4
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 10
0.041
0.0012
0.015
2.5
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 11
0.039
0.0012
0.020
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 12
0.035
0.0023
0.016
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 13
0.038
0.0013
0.018
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 14
0.041
0.0013
0.014
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 15
0.028
0.0014
0.016
—
—
—
—
—
—


Comp. Ex. 16
0.020
0.0030
0.012
—
—
—
—
—
—


Con. Ex. 1
0.038
0.0010
0.028
—
0.19
—
—
—
—


Con. Ex. 2
0.042
0.0010
0.014
0.5
—
—
—
—
—


Con. Ex. 3
0.038
0.0015
0.018
0.7
—
—
—
—
—


Con. Ex. 4
0.038
0.0015
0.018
0.5
—
—
—
—
V: 0.41


Con. Ex. 5
0.040
0.0012
0.003
—
—
—
—
—
—


Con. Ex. 6
0.058
0.0012
0.003
—
—
—
—
—
—










Note:


(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example.









Composition (% by weight)

























Spheroidizing


No.
C
Si
Mn
W
Ni
Cr
Si + (2/7) W
S
Elements(1)





Example 40
3.02
4.67
0.51
2.75
—
—
5.46
0.001
0.045


Example 41
3.36
4.43
0.50
2.86
—
—
5.25
0.002
0.052


Example 42
3.22
4.70
0.46
3.01
—
—
5.56
0.003
0.041


Example 43
2.88
4.51
0.48
3.03
—
—
5.38
0.005
0.040


Example 44
2.99
4.49
0.51
2.93
—
—
5.33
0.017
0.042


Example 45
3.01
4.64
0.55
2.87
—
—
5.46
0.020
0.048


Example 46
3.24
4.56
0.54
2.74
—
—
5.34
0.028
0.042


Example 47
3.05
4.51
0.55
2.90
—
—
5.34
0.001
0.064


Example 48
3.13
4.47
0.52
3.13
—
—
5.36
0.002
0.060


Example 49
2.99
4.62
0.49
3.04
—
—
5.49
0.003
0.062


Example 50
3.01
4.66
0.53
3.21
—
—
5.58
0.006
0.067


Example 51
3.00
4.71
0.54
2.50
—
—
5.42
0.018
0.066


Example 52
3.22
4.39
0.55
3.10
—
—
5.28
0.020
0.071


Example 53
2.84
4.55
0.64
2.95
—
—
5.39
0.028
0.052


Example 54
3.11
4.63
0.45
2.88
—
—
5.45
0.001
0.087


Example 55
3.09
4.52
0.53
3.05
—
—
5.39
0.002
0.083


Example 56
3.15
4.66
0.44
2.77
—
—
5.45
0.003
0.093


Example 57
3.31
4.58
0.51
3.10
—
—
5.47
0.006
0.089


Example 58
3.14
4.62
0.45
2.67
—
—
5.38
0.017
0.091


Example 59
3.02
4.47
0.56
2.99
—
—
5.32
0.020
0.088


Example 60
3.08
4.65
0.66
3.04
—
—
5.52
0.027
0.082


Example 61
2.99
4.47
0.61
2.78
—
—
5.26
0.001
0.090


Example 62
3.12
4.53
0.54
2.86
—
—
5.35
0.002
0.112


Example 63
3.01
4.65
0.62
2.98
—
—
5.50
0.003
0.100


Example 64
3.15
4.66
0.46
2.78
—
—
5.45
0.006
0.101


Example 65
2.99
4.62
0.49
2.65
—
—
5.38
0.017
0.092


Example 66
3.03
4.47
0.51
2.78
—
—
5.26
0.020
0.119


Example 67
3.01
4.76
0.50
2.89
—
—
5.59
0.027
0.099


Example 68
2.91
4.55
0.49
14.92
—
—
8.81
0.005
0.040


Example 69
3.03
4.60
0.57
14.89
—
—
8.85
0.020
0.045


Example 70
3.04
4.52
0.52
14.51
—
—
8.67
0.002
0.083


Example 71
3.28
4.55
0.53
14.78
—
—
8.77
0.005
0.087


Example 72
2.99
4.48
0.57
14.85
—
—
8.72
0.020
0.091


Example 73
3.10
4.68
0.68
14.43
—
—
8.80
0.025
0.085


Example 74
3.03
4.64
0.51
14.82
—
—
8.87
0.018
0.098










Note:


(1)Graphite-spheroidizing elements (Mg + Ca + REM).









Composition (% by weight)
















No.
Mg
Ca
REM
Mo
Cu
Co
Nb
B
Others





Example 40
0.041
0.0010
0.003
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 41
0.045
0.0025
0.004
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 42
0.036
0.0023
0.003
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 43
0.038
0.0014
0.001
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 44
0.039
0.0014
0.002
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 45
0.044
0.0014
0.003
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 46
0.036
0.0015
0.005
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 47
0.045
0.0011
0.018
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 48
0.042
0.0010
0.017
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 49
0.041
0.0011
0.020
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 50
0.044
0.0015
0.022
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 51
0.046
0.0015
0.019
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 52
0.047
0.0010
0.023
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 53
0.034
0.0011
0.017
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 54
0.039
0.0010
0.047
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 55
0.037
0.0011
0.045
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 56
0.046
0.0011
0.046
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 57
0.041
0.0015
0.046
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 58
0.041
0.0015
0.048
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 59
0.038
0.0012
0.049
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 60
0.041
0.0011
0.040
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 61
0.036
0.0016
0.052
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 62
0.057
0.0010
0.054
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 63
0.034
0.0011
0.065
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 64
0.036
0.0013
0.064
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 65
0.033
0.0016
0.057
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 66
0.065
0.0012
0.053
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 67
0.046
0.0022
0.051
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 68
0.037
0.0016
0.001
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 69
0.041
0.0015
0.002
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 70
0.035
0.0016
0.046
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 71
0.039
0.0010
0.047
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 72
0.042
0.0012
0.048
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 73
0.040
0.0011
0.044
—
—
—
—
—
—


Example 74
0.035
0.0011
0.062
—
—
—
—
—
—



















TABLE 2









Heat Treatment











Heating




Temperature (° C.)
Cooling Method















No.





Example 1
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 2
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 3
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 4
880
Cooling in Furnace



Example 5
880
Cooling in Furnace



Example 6
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 7
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 8
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 9
—
—



Example 10
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 11
910
Cooling in Furnace



Example 12
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 13
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 14
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 15
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 16
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 17
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 18
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 19
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 20
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 21
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 22
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 23
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 24
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 25
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 26
850
Cooling in Furnace



Example 27
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 28
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 29
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 30
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 31
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 32
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 33
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 34
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 35
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 36
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 37
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 38
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 39
900
Cooling in Furnace



No.(1)



Comp. Ex. 1
—
—



Comp. Ex. 2
600
Air-Cooled



Comp. Ex. 3
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 4
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 5
880
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 6
940
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 7
940
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 8
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 9
—
—



Comp. Ex. 10
940
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 11
940
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 12
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 13
940
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 14
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 15
850
Cooling in Furnace



Comp. Ex. 16
940
Cooling in Furnace



Con. Ex. 1
—
—



Con. Ex. 2
—
—



Con. Ex. 3
940
Cooling in Furnace



Con. Ex. 4
—
—



Con. Ex. 5
910
Air-Cooled



Con. Ex. 6
910
Air-Cooled



No.



Example 40
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 41
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 42
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 43
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 44
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 45
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 46
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 47
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 48
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 49
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 50
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 51
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 52
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 53
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 54
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 55
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 56
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 57
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 58
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 59
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 60
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 61
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 62
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 63
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 64
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 65
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 66
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 67
900
Cooling in Furnace



Example 68
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 69
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 70
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 71
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 72
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 73
940
Cooling in Furnace



Example 74
940
Cooling in Furnace







Note:



(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example.






(1) Concentration Distributions of Elements in Intermediate Layers and Their Microstructures
Using a field-emission, scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM EDS, “S-4000” available from Hitachi, Ltd.) attached thereto, and a field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-TEM EDS, “HF-2100” available from Hitachi, Ltd.) attached thereto, each cast iron of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was observed as follows.
Each cast iron sample of 10 mm each was embedded in a resin of 30 mm in diameter, mirror-polished, and its microstructure was observed by an optical microscope (magnification: 400 times). Thereafter, the existence of intermediate layers in graphite-matrix boundaries was observed by FE-SEM (magnification: 10,000 times).
Further, a sample of 4 um in thickness, 10 μm in length and 15 μm in width was cut out of the intermediate layers and their nearby regions by a micro-sampling method using focused ion beams (FIB) of a focused-ion-beam milling system (“FB-2000A” available from Hitachi, Ltd.), and each sample was made thinner to 0.1 μm. Each of the resultant samples was observed substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries by FE-TEM, and element analysis was conducted using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS).
With respect to the samples of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, the optical photomicrographs of their microstructures are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, and the FE-SEM photographs of microstructures substantially in the graphite-matrix boundaries are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The high-resolution FE-TEM photograph (magnification: 2,000,000 times) of a microstructure substantially in the graphite-matrix boundary in Example 8 is shown in FIG. 7.
The optical photomicrographs of FIGS. 3 and 4 indicate that Example 8 differs from Conventional Example 3 in the morphology of eutectic carbide 38 existing in eutectic cell boundaries, because fine carbide particles 39 exist in a ferrite matrix 33 (grains), too. However, the observation by an optical microscope (magnification: 400 times) failed to discern the existence of intermediate layers and carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles 31 and the matrix 33. In FIG. 4, 41 denotes graphite particles, 43 denotes the matrix, in which a white area is a ferrite phase, and a black area is a pearlite phase, and 48 denotes eutectic carbide.
It was confirmed from FIG. 5, an FE-SEM photograph (10,000 times), that an intermediate layer 52 and W-containing carbide particles 54 were formed in the boundary of a graphite particle 51 and the matrix 53 in Example 8. The W-containing carbide particles were formed not only substantially in the boundary, but also in the matrix 53 (as indicated by 55), and in a boundary 57 in contact with the graphite particle 51 (as indicated by 56). A method for observing that the carbide contains W will be explained later. It was confirmed from FIG. 6, an FE-SEM photograph (magnification: 10,000 times), that there were not an intermediate layer and W-containing carbide particles in and substantially in the boundary of a graphite particle 61 and a matrix 63 in Conventional Example 3.
The crystal structure of carbide was observed in the sample of Example 8 as follows. A specimen of 20 mm each was cut out from the sample of Example 8, ground with an emery paper to remove an oxide layer from the surface, and subjected to a residue extraction method to extract graphite and carbide. The residue extraction method comprises chemically etching the sample with a 10-% solution of nitric acid in alcohol under ultrasonic vibration, and filtering out the residue. The resultant extracts were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis (Co target, 50 kV, and 200 mA), using an X-ray diffraction apparatus (“RINT 1500” available from Rigaku Corp.). The results are shown in FIG. 8. It is clear from FIG. 8 that the sample of Example 8 contained M6C carbide (corresponding to 41-1351 in the ASTM card) and M12C carbide (corresponding to 23-1127 in the ASTM card) both containing W.
In FIG. 7, a high-resolution FE-TEM photograph (2,000,000 times) of the sample of Example 8, an intermediate layer 72 as thick as about 10 nm was observed. Because the intermediate layer 72 had a different crystal orientation from those of the adjacent graphite particle 71 and matrix 73, it is clear that the intermediate layer 72 had a phase different from those of the graphite particle 71 and the matrix 73. The observation of several intermediate layers 72 in the same sample revealed that the intermediate layers 72 were as wide as at most about 20 nm.
The concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix were investigated by element analysis using FE-TEM-EDS. FIGS. 9 and 10 show the concentration distributions of Si, W, Mo and Fe in the samples of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, respectively. The analyzed value of Si was obtained by peak separation method (Gaussian method). It is expected, however, that this peak separation method tends to provide a larger analyzed value of Si, because the Kα line of Si overlaps the Mα line of W. To correct the analyzed value of Si, analysis was conducted on WC-cemented carbide containing no Si, and peak separation was conducted assuming that Si was contained, resulting in an Si/W ratio [ratio of the analyzed value of Si to the analyzed value of W] of 0.3. Thus, the corrected Si value was determined by subtracting the analyzed value of W multiplied by 0.3 from the analyzed value of Si. In the present invention, the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix and the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers were corrected, taking into consideration the overlap of the Kα line of Si and the Mα line of W in the peak separation method. Incidentally, the analyzed value of W was determined from an Lα line, needing no such peak separation.
Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 were measured with respect to a graphite shape, a spheroidization ratio, the thickness of intermediate layers, the concentrations of W and Si, Xi/Xm, and Yi/Ym. The graphite shape was “spheroidal” when the spheroidization ratio was 70% or more, and “compact vermicular” when it was less than 70%. The spheroidization ratio was measured by a method for determining a spheroidization ratio according to JIS G5502 10.7.4. Xi/Xm and Yi/Ym were measured in intermediate layers and a matrix at two arbitrary positions with respect to each of three graphite particles, and averaged. The results are shown in Table 3. The concentrations of W and Si were evaluated by the following standards.

    
    
        Good: Intermediate layers were observed, with Xi/Xm or Yi/Ym in the preferred range,
        Fair: Intermediate layer were observed, with Xi/Xm or Yi/Ym outside the preferred range, and
        Poor: No intermediate layers were observed.
    
    


As is clear from FIG. 9, the concentration of W and Si gradually increased from a matrix 93 to graphite 91 in the sample of Example 8, with W and Si more concentrated in the intermediate layer 92 than in the matrix 93 and Fe decreased correspondingly. In the sample of Example 8, the ratio (Xi/Xm) of the weight ratio Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Xm of W in the matrix was 15.80 on average, and the ratio (Yi/Ym) of the weight ratio Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the weight ratio Ym of Si in the matrix was 2.29 on average. In Conventional Example 3, as shown in FIG. 10, neither intermediate layers nor the concentration of Si and W were observed.
As is clear from Table 3, intermediate layers and the concentration of W and Si were observed in any of Examples 1-74. The Xi/Xm was 5 or more in Examples 1-74 except for Example 18, and the Yi/Ym was 1.5 or more in Examples 1-17 and 20-74. On the other hand, the intermediate layers had insufficient concentration of W and Si in any of Comparative Examples 1-5, with Xi/Xm of 3.85 or less and Yi/Ym of 1.38 or less. W was not sufficiently concentrated in the intermediate layers in Comparative Examples 6-9 (Xi/Xm: 3.07-4.98), although Si was sufficiently concentrated (Yi/Ym: 1.60-1.80). The later-described thermal cracking lives in Comparative Examples 10-13 were as short as less than 780 cycles because of the W content outside the range of the present invention, although W and Si were sufficiently concentrated in the intermediate layers. In Comparative Examples 14-16, the thermal cracking life was less than 780 cycles regardless of the concentration of W and Si in the intermediate layers, because the Si content was outside the range of the present invention.
The comparison of Examples 8 and 9 revealed that while the intermediate layers were as thin as 1-8 nm in Example 9 without heat treatment, they were as thick as 10-20 nm in Example 8 with heat treatment, confirming that the heat treatment made the intermediate layers thicker. This indicates that the heat treatment stabilizes the formation of intermediate layers.
In Comparative Examples 1-10, in which W was less than 1.2% by weight, the intermediate layers were mostly as thin as 0-10 nm, with some portions free from intermediate layers. In Examples 1-74, in which W was 1.2% or more by weight, the intermediate layers were mostly as thick as 5 nm or more. This indicates that the inclusion of 1.2% or more by weight of W stably produces thick intermediate layers.
Each mirror-polished sample of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was etched with a 10-% Nital etching solution for about 1-5 minutes in an ultrasonic washing apparatus, washed with 10-% hydrochloric acid to remove etching products, and then washed with an organic solvent. This treatment predominantly etched the matrix, causing carbide particles to three-dimensionally appear on the graphite surface. Because the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface appears to be proportional to the number of W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix, the number of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching was used as a parameter expressing the number of carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix. The area ratio of W-containing carbide particles was determined on W-containing carbide particles on the graphite particles exposed by etching.
In the sample of Example 8, carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix were observed by FE-SEM. EDS (10,000 times) for analyzing the components of carbide on the graphite surface detected 64.7% by weight of W, 10.0% by weight of Mo, 23.6% by weight of Fe, and 1.7% by weight of C. This result revealed that W was contained in carbide particles in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix (carbide on the graphite surface). It is clear from FIG. 11(a), an FE-SEM photograph of the sample of Example 8, that a lot of W-containing carbide particles 114 were formed on the graphite 111.
The total number Nc of graphite particles and the number Ncw of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles were counted in three arbitrary fields of the FE-SEM photograph corresponding to a 1-mm2 area of the sample, and the percentage (Ncw/Nc) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles to the total number of graphite particles was calculated. Whether or not the W-containing carbide particles existed in the boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix was determined by the observation of graphite particles at a magnification of 10,000 times or more and EDS. In Example 8, all graphite particles had W-containing carbide particles on the surface in the observed fields, so that Ncw/Nc was 100%.
The calculation of the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface was conducted as follows. As schematically shown in FIGS. 12(a) and (b), a surface 111a of a graphite particle 111 exposed by the above etching treatment was photographed by FE-SEM perpendicularly to the sample surface, to obtain a two-dimensional, projected image SI of the graphite surface 111a [FIG. 12(a)]. A portion corresponding to 10-15% of the projected area in a region including a center of gravity Gr (substantially center) in the projected, two-dimensional image S1 was extracted as a carbide-measuring region S2, and photographed by FE-SEM. The contours of W-containing carbide particles were traced from the FE-SEM photograph on a tracing paper, and the number and area of W-containing carbide particles were measured by an image analyzer (“IP1000” available from Asahi Kasei Corporation). The resultant measured values were divided by the area of the carbide-measuring region S2 to obtain the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per unit area. The above measurement was conducted on 15 graphite particles arbitrarily selected from those having W-containing carbide particles, and their measured values were averaged.
10-15% of the projected area of the graphite particle was extracted as the carbide-measuring region S2, because less than 10% was too small a measurement region to the entire projected area of the graphite particle, failing to grasp the true structure, and because more than 15% causes carbide particles particularly on a periphery of the graphite particle to look two-dimensionally overlapped due to the curvature of the graphite particle, failing to discern them.
FIG. 11(b) is an enlarged photograph of the carbide-measuring region S2 (13% of the projected area of the graphite). Granular W-containing carbide particles 114 looked white on the surface of the graphite 111. In the sample of Example 8, the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles were 7.84×105/mm2 and 6.7%, respectively, per a unit area of graphite, as averaged values of 15 graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles. The average size of the W-containing carbide particles 114 was 0.34 μm.
Thus, the percentage of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface, the number of W-containing carbide particles (/mm2) per a unit area of graphite, and the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface were determined. The results are shown in Table 4.
As is clear from Table 4, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was 61% or more of the total number of graphite particles in any of Examples 1-74. Particularly in Examples 2-19 and 24-74, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles. In Comparative Examples 1-6, 9 and 14, the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles on the surface was less than 75% of the total number of graphite particles. The number of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite was 3×105/mm2 or more in Examples 1-35 and 40-74, while it was less than 3×105/mm2 in Comparative Examples 1-10. Further, the area ratio of W-containing carbide particles on the graphite surface was mostly 1.8% or more in Examples 1-74, while it was less than 1.8% in Comparative Examples 1-10. In Conventional Examples 1-6, no W-containing carbide particles were observed on the graphite surface.
The comparison of Examples 8 and 9 revealed that although 100% of graphite particles had W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix in both Examples, the number and area ratio of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite were larger in Example 8 with heat treatment than Example 9 without heat treatment. This indicates that the heat treatment stably forms W-containing carbide particles substantially in boundaries of graphite particles and the matrix.














TABLE 3











Thickness of
Concen-





Graphite
Spheroidization
Intermediate
tration














No.
Shape(1)
Ratio (%)
Layer (nm)
W
Si
Xi/Xm
Yi/Ym





Example 1
SP
80
 5-10
Good
Good
6.9
2.9


Example 2
SP
81
 5-15
Good
Good
7.4
3.2


Example 3
SP
82
 8-15
Good
Good
9.7
3.4


Example 4
SP
83
 5-15
Good
Good
8.3
3.1


Example 5
SP
81
 5-15
Good
Good
10.8
3.6


Example 6
SP
80
 5-15
Good
Good
10.0
3.4


Example 7
SP
84
 8-15
Good
Good
12.1
3.8


Example 8
SP
86
10-20
Good
Good
15.80
2.29


Example 9
SP
84
1-8
Good
Good
15.20
2.20


Example 10
SP
81
10-20
Good
Good
14.88
2.00


Example 11
SP
71
10-25
Good
Good
16.70
2.50


Example 12
SP
75
10-25
Good
Good
17.10
2.40


Example 13
CV
65
10-30
Good
Good
18.80
2.50


Example 14
CV
55
10-35
Good
Good
17.80
2.50


Example 15
SP
88
 5-10
Good
Good
5.80
2.30


Example 16
SP
87
 5-10
Good
Good
6.76
2.03


Example 17
SP
85
1-5
Good
Good
5.20
1.76


Example 18
SP
78
0-3
Fair
Fair
4.72
1.08


Example 19
CV
57
0-5
Good
Fair
12.87
1.31


Example 20
SP
82
 5-15
Good
Good
6.92
2.56


Example 21
SP
85
 5-15
Good
Good
6.81
2.42


Example 22
SP
83
 5-10
Good
Good
6.62
1.88


Example 23
SP
80
1-5
Good
Good
5.08
1.65


Example 24
SP
80
 5-15
Good
Good
11.80
1.56


Example 25
SP
82
 5-10
Good
Good
6.12
2.10


Example 26
CV
38
10-20
Good
Good
14.60
2.28


Example 27
SP
89
 5-10
Good
Good
14.70
2.20


Example 28
SP
87
 5-15
Good
Good
16.10
2.21


Example 29
SP
87
 5-15
Good
Good
15.50
2.00


Example 30
SP
82
10-20
Good
Good
14.60
2.30


Example 31
SP
83
10-20
Good
Good
13.20
2.50


Example 32
SP
85
10-20
Good
Good
13.30
2.40


Example 33
SP
85
10-20
Good
Good
14.30
2.20


Example 34
SP
85
10-20
Good
Good
16.20
2.50


Example 35
SP
88
10-20
Good
Good
15.40
2.60


Example 36
SP
90
 5-15
Good
Good
5.01
2.20


Example 37
SP
84
 5-10
Good
Good
6.33
2.10


Example 38
SP
87
 5-10
Good
Good
5.21
1.80


Example 39
SP
87
 5-10
Good
Good
6.03
1.70










Note:


(1)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.”
















Thickness of
Concen-





Graphite
Spheroidization
Intermediate
tration














No.(1)
Shape(2)
Ratio (%)
Layer (nm)
W
Si
Xi/Xm
Yi/Ym





Comp. Ex. 1
SP
92
0-3
Fair
Fair
1.01
1.01


Comp. Ex. 2
SP
89
0-5
Fair
Fair
1.11
1.09


Comp. Ex. 3
SP
96
0-8
Fair
Fair
2.54
1.14


Comp. Ex. 4
SP
84
0-8
Fair
Fair
2.70
1.21


Comp. Ex. 5
SP
88
0-8
Fair
Fair
3.85
1.38


Comp. Ex. 6
SP
87
0-8
Fair
Good
3.07
1.64


Comp. Ex. 7
SP
84
 0-10
Fair
Good
4.55
1.60


Comp. Ex. 8
SP
85
 1-10
Fair
Good
4.98
1.80


Comp. Ex. 9
SP
88
0-5
Fair
Good
4.69
1.70


Comp. Ex. 10
SP
86
 1-10
Good
Good
5.21
2.50


Comp. Ex. 11
CV
52
12-40
Good
Good
16.40
2.50


Comp. Ex. 12
CV
51
 8-25
Good
Good
18.63
1.95


Comp. Ex. 13
CV
48
10-35
Good
Good
17.34
3.21


Comp. Ex. 14
SP
81
0-5
Fair
Fair
2.04
1.26


Comp. Ex. 15
CV
60
0-8
Good
Fair
13.72
1.28


Comp. Ex. 16
SP
80
 5-15
Good
Good
6.76
2.91


Con. Ex. 1
SP
94
0
Poor
Poor
—
—


Con. Ex. 2
SP
90
0
Poor
Poor
—
—


Con. Ex. 3
SP
89
0
Poor
Poor
—
—


Con. Ex. 4
SP
88
0
Poor
Poor
—
—


Con. Ex. 5
SP
84
0
Poor
Poor
—
—


Con. Ex. 6
SP
88
0
Poor
Poor
—
—










Note:


(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.”


represents Conventional Example.


(2)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.”
















Thickness of
Concen-





Graphite
Spheroidization
Intermediate
tration














No.
Shape(1)
Ratio (%)
Layer (nm)
W
Si
Xi/Xm
Yi/Ym





Example 40
CV
41
 5-20
Good
Good
13.2
4.0


Example 41
CV
58
 5-20
Good
Good
14.1
4.1


Example 42
SP
72
 5-20
Good
Good
13.5
4.2


Example 43
SP
91
 5-20
Good
Good
12.3
4.3


Example 44
SP
95
 5-20
Good
Good
13.6
4.2


Example 45
SP
88
 5-20
Good
Good
13.4
4.1


Example 46
CV
38
 5-20
Good
Good
14.7
4.0


Example 47
CV
34
 5-20
Good
Good
13.0
4.1


Example 48
CV
48
 5-20
Good
Good
12.7
4.4


Example 49
CV
62
 5-20
Good
Good
15.5
4.2


Example 50
SP
83
 5-20
Good
Good
14.0
4.3


Example 51
SP
86
 5-20
Good
Good
13.0
3.8


Example 52
SP
80
 5-20
Good
Good
14.5
4.2


Example 53
CV
35
 5-20
Good
Good
14.1
4.2


Example 54
CV
31
 5-20
Good
Good
13.8
4.1


Example 55
CV
36
 5-20
Good
Good
14.6
4.2


Example 56
CV
45
 5-20
Good
Good
13.6
4.0


Example 57
CV
63
 5-20
Good
Good
15.0
4.2


Example 58
SP
71
 5-20
Good
Good
13.8
3.9


Example 59
CV
64
 5-20
Good
Good
15.2
4.2


Example 60
CV
32
 5-20
Good
Good
16.0
4.1


Example 61
CV
22
 5-20
Good
Good
14.4
4.0


Example 62
CV
24
 5-20
Good
Good
13.8
4.1


Example 63
CV
25
 5-20
Good
Good
14.3
4.2


Example 64
CV
27
 5-20
Good
Good
13.6
4.0


Example 65
CV
28
 5-20
Good
Good
13.5
3.9


Example 66
CV
26
 5-20
Good
Good
14.0
3.8


Example 67
CV
20
 5-20
Good
Good
14.9
4.2


Example 68
SP
81
10-35
Good
Good
16.7
4.4


Example 69
SP
82
10-35
Good
Good
16.0
4.4


Example 70
CV
31
10-30
Good
Good
15.9
4.0


Example 71
CV
42
10-35
Good
Good
16.3
4.3


Example 72
CV
44
10-35
Good
Good
16.8
4.2


Example 73
CV
32
10-30
Good
Good
16.0
4.1


Example 74
CV
25
10-35
Good
Good
16.4
4.3










Note:


(1)SP represents “spheroidal,” and CV represents “compact vermicular.”
















TABLE 4








Percentage of Graphite
Number of
Area Ratio of



Particles Having
W-Containing Carbide
W-Containing Carbide



W-Containing Carbide
Particles on Graphite
Particles on Graphite


No.
on Surface (%)(1)
Surface (/mm2)
Surface (%)





Example 1
66
4.75 × 105
2.10


Example 2
100
5.17 × 105
2.63


Example 3
100
6.08 × 105
4.10


Example 4
100
5.22 × 105
2.7


Example 5
100
6.35 × 105
3.9


Example 6
100
5.33 × 105
2.34


Example 7
100
6.40 × 105
4.22


Example 8
100
7.84 × 105
6.7


Example 9
100
3.46 × 105
3.26


Example 10
100
6.74 × 105
5.6


Example 11
100
6.27 × 105
7.1


Example 12
100
6.01 × 105
7.6


Example 13
100
5.78 × 105
15.7


Example 14
100
5.47 × 105
16.4


Example 15
75
3.51 × 105
1.23


Example 16
78
4.35 × 105
2.2


Example 17
80
4.22 × 105
1.8


Example 18
80
4.29 × 105
2.2


Example 19
100
5.71 × 105
16.4


Example 20
71
4.16 × 105
2.1


Example 21
65
3.54 × 105
2.3


Example 22
68
3.89 × 105
1.7


Example 23
61
3.23 × 105
1.4


Example 24
100
4.99 × 105
1.8


Example 25
75
3.45 × 105
1.22


Example 26
100
6.99 × 105
5.78


Example 27
100
8.46 × 105
4.3


Example 28
100
6.82 × 105
7.4


Example 29
100
6.74 × 105
7.6


Example 30
100
8.75 × 105
4.6


Example 31
100
7.55 × 105
10.1


Example 32
100
4.59 × 105
4.6


Example 33
100
4.87 × 105
4.1


Example 34
100
7.12 × 105
5.8


Example 35
100
7.74 × 105
7.4


Example 36
100
2.33 × 105
1.2


Example 37
100
2.55 × 105
1.1


Example 38
100
2.14 × 105
1.3


Example 39
100
2.22 × 105
1.2










Note:


(1)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing


carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite particles.











Percentage of Graphite
Number of
Area Ratio of



Particles Having
W-Containing Carbide
W-Containing Carbide



W-Containing Carbide
Particles on Graphite
Particles on Graphite


No.(1)
on Surface (%)(2)
Surface (/mm2)
Surface (%)





Comp. Ex. 1
2
3.65 × 103
0.20


Comp. Ex. 2
5
9.56 × 103
0.36


Comp. Ex. 3
10
1.10 × 104
0.8


Comp. Ex. 4
16
5.20 × 104
0.9


Comp. Ex. 5
70
2.92 × 105
0.9


Comp. Ex. 6
68
1.67 × 105
0.8


Comp. Ex. 7
100
2.89 × 105
1.0


Comp. Ex. 8
75
2.83 × 105
1.2


Comp. Ex. 9
67
2.15 × 105
1.0


Comp. Ex. 10
100
2.25 × 105
1.3


Comp. Ex. 11
100
5.58 × 105
16.8


Comp. Ex. 12
100
5.26 × 105
18.4


Comp. Ex. 13
100
5.31 × 105
17.2


Comp. Ex. 14
72
3.37 × 105
1.1


Comp. Ex. 15
100
5.60 × 105
16.2


Comp. Ex. 16
75
4.13 × 105
2.2


Con. Ex. 1
0
0.00
0


Con. Ex. 2
0
0.00
0


Con. Ex. 3
0
0.00
0


Con. Ex. 4
0
0.00
0


Con. Ex. 5
0
0.00
0


Con. Ex. 6
0
0.00
0










Note:


(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.”


represents Conventional Example.


(2)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing


carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite


particles.











Percentage of Graphite
Number of
Area Ratio of



Particles Having
W-Containing Carbide
W-Containing Carbide



W-Containing Carbide
Particles on Graphite
Particles on Graphite


No.
on Surface (%)(1)
Surface (/mm2)
Surface (%)





Example 40
100
7.01 × 105
5.06


Example 41
100
6.92 × 105
5.07


Example 42
100
7.13 × 105
5.32


Example 43
100
7.15 × 105
5.33


Example 44
100
6.83 × 105
5.12


Example 45
100
7.00 × 105
5.00


Example 46
100
6.34 × 105
4.99


Example 47
100
6.99 × 105
5.01


Example 48
100
6.84 × 105
5.24


Example 49
100
7.12 × 105
5.32


Example 50
100
6.75 × 105
5.66


Example 51
100
6.88 × 105
4.35


Example 52
100
7.15 × 105
5.44


Example 53
100
7.12 × 105
5.40


Example 54
100
6.90 × 105
5.00


Example 55
100
7.12 × 105
5.66


Example 56
100
6.87 × 105
5.06


Example 57
100
7.00 × 105
5.05


Example 58
100
6.33 × 105
4.70


Example 59
100
6.75 × 105
5.20


Example 60
100
7.03 × 105
5.24


Example 61
100
6.95 × 105
4.78


Example 62
100
7.01 × 105
4.99


Example 63
100
7.03 × 105
5.20


Example 64
100
6.87 × 105
4.88


Example 65
100
7.04 × 105
4.67


Example 66
100
6.46 × 105
4.99


Example 67
100
7.00 × 105
5.08


Example 68
100
5.75 × 105
17.70


Example 69
100
5.62 × 105
16.7


Example 70
100
6.12 × 105
14.58


Example 71
100
5.41 × 105
13.50


Example 72
100
5.64 × 105
16.7


Example 73
100
5.72 × 105
16.80


Example 74
100
5.66 × 105
16.44










Note:


(1)A ratio (%) of the number of graphite particles having W-containing


carbide particles on the surface to the total number of graphite particles.






(2) Oxidation Resistance (Weight Loss by Oxidation)
Each round-rod test piece (diameter: 10 mm, length: 20 mm) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was subjected to the following two oxidation tests. In both tests, the weight W0 of the test piece before oxidation, and the weight W1 of the test piece subjected to shot blasting with glass beads after oxidation to remove oxide scale were measured, and its weight loss by oxidation per a unit area (mg/cm2) was determined from (W0-W1).
(a) Oxidation Resistance Test at Constant Temperature
Each round-rod test piece was kept at a constant temperature of 800° C. for 200 hours to measure weight loss by oxidation. The results are shown in Table 5. As is clear from Table 5, the weight loss by oxidation tended to decrease as the W content increased from 1.26% by weight to 14.7% by weight, in Examples 1-14, in which the amounts of other components than W were substantially the same. This indicates that 1.2-15% by weight of W provides the heat-resistant cast iron with high oxidation resistance. The W content is preferably 1.5-10% by weight, more preferably 2-5% by weight.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that the weight loss by oxidation was more in Example 18 in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight than in Example 1 containing no Ni. Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, exhibited weight loss by oxidation of 75 mg/cm2, slightly poorer oxidation resistance than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but this is within a range free from problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
The comparison of Examples 40-60 and Examples 61-67 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different rare earth element contents revealed that Examples 61-67, in which the rare earth elements exceeded 0.05% by weight, exhibited as low spheroidization ratios as 20-28% with slightly large weight loss by oxidation of 71 mg/cm2 or less at any S content level. On the contrary, Examples 42-45, 49-52 and 56-59, in which the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight, and S was 0.003-0.02% by weight, exhibited as high spheroidization ratios as 45-95% with smaller weight loss by oxidation of 22 mg/cm2 or less. Examples 40, 41, 46-48, 53-55 and 60 exhibited as low spheroidization ratios as 31-58% with relatively large weight loss by oxidation of 28 mg/cm2 or less, because the S contents were less than 0.003% by weight or more than 0.02% by weight though the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight. Accordingly, even in the composition range of the present invention, it is preferable that the rare earth elements are 0.05% or less by weight, and that S is 0.003-0.02% by weight.
(b) Oxidation Resistance Test by Heating and Cooling
The oxidation resistance of each test piece was evaluated under the conditions of repeatedly heating and cooling it between 700° C. and 850° C. 100 times at temperature-elevating and lowering speeds of 3° C./minute. The results are shown in Table 5. The weight loss by oxidation under the heating/cooling condition was 98 mg/cm2 or less in the test pieces of Examples 1-74. As is clear from Table 5, in Examples 1-14, in which the amounts of other components than W were substantially the same, the weight loss by oxidation tended to decrease as the W content increased from 1.26% by weight to 14.7% by weight. The test pieces of Comparative Examples 1, 2, 14 and 15 suffered weight loss of 101-172 mg/cm2 by oxidation, more than that in Examples 1-74. Comparative Examples 3-13 and 16 suffered weight loss of 91 mg/cm2 or less by oxidation, with poorer thermal cracking lives described below than those of Examples 1-74. Conventional Examples 1, 2, 4 and 5 suffered weight loss of 150-289 mg/cm2 by oxidation, extremely larger than that in Examples 1-74, meaning that Conventional Examples 1, 2, 4 and 5 were extremely poor in oxidation resistance. Conventional Examples 3 and 6 suffered weight loss by oxidation of 97 mg/cm2 and 88 mg/cm2, respectively, with poorer thermal cracking lives described below than those of Examples 1-74.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 16-18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that when the Ni content was up to 0.48%, the weight loss by oxidation changed slightly in a range of 77-79 mg/cm2, but the weight loss by oxidation increased drastically to 98 mg/cm2 in Example 18 in which Ni exceeded 0.5% by weight. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight.
To investigate the initial oxidation behavior of the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention, namely where it was predominantly oxidized, a heat-resistant cast iron sample was mirror-polished with diamond grinder powder, washed with an organic solvent, heated from room temperature to 1000° C. at 10° C./minute in the air, kept at 1000° C. for 10 minutes, cooled at 10° C./minute, and then subjected to FE-SEM observation of oxides formed on the surface. FIGS. 13 and 14 are FE-SEM photographs of Example 8 and Conventional Example 3, respectively.
It is clear from FIG. 13 that oxidation was suppressed in the sample of Example 8 in portions having graphite particles 131 before the test and their surrounding matrix regions 133, with substantially no projecting oxides observed. Although eutectic cell boundaries 138 were predominantly oxidized, their extent was small. Recesses by decarburization were observed in the graphite particles 131, presumably because the graphite particles 131 exposed to the surface by grinding were burned out. What should be noted is that portions having graphite particles 131 before the test became voids or had burning residue with substantially no projecting oxides, meaning that oxidation did not proceed from portions having the graphite particles 131 to the surrounding matrix regions. It is thus considered that even if external oxidizing gases intrude into graphite, their further intrusion is hindered in Example 8 because of the intermediate layers, in which W and Si were concentrated, and the W-containing carbide particles existing in and substantially in graphite-matrix boundaries, so that the oxidation of the matrix around the graphite particles is suppressed. On the contrary, as is clear from FIG. 14, portions 141 having graphite particles before the test were predominantly oxidized to form large oxides in the sample of Conventional Example 3, though it was a high-Si containing material Cr and Mo.
It is thus clear that the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 and that of Conventional Example 3 are totally different in initial oxidation behavior. In the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8, the progress of oxidation starting from the graphite particles was suppressed, resulting in drastically improved oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance.










TABLE 5









Weight Loss By Oxidation




(mg/cm2)














Repeated Heating

Thermal
Room-Temp.



At 800° C.
& Cooling from

Cracking Life
Elongation



for 200 hrs
700° C. to 850° C.
AC1 (° C.)
(Cycles)
(%)
















No.







Example 1
72
77
815
810
16.3


Example 2
66
69
817
822
16.0


Example 3
64
65
820
831
15.7


Example 4
58
62
842
824
16.9


Example 5
52
54
845
835
15.5


Example 6
45
50
840
835
13.5


Example 7
43
45
855
850
12.0


Example 8
19
21
881
863
8.0


Example 9
21
27
881
850
2.6


Example 10
23
25
883
841
7.7


Example 11
20
26
879
877
2.5


Example 12
22
25
877
850
2.4


Example 13
20
26
880
880
1.8


Example 14
19
22
882
818
1.4


Example 15
15
23
901
799
1.8


Example 16
75
77
813
805
16.0


Example 17
77
79
810
801
16.2


Example 18
86
98
802
780
16.0


Example 19
35
47
897
785
1.0


Example 20
68
69
810
808
15.9


Example 21
64
66
807
786
6.5


Example 22
74
76
810
801
15.5


Example 23
76
79
807
800
12.8


Example 24
36
40
840
862
12.9


Example 25
17
22
891
782
2.1


Example 26
22
28
879
785
4.2


Example 27
28
35
856
861
7.6


Example 28
24
30
855
842
6.0


Example 29
40
52
805
794
4.2


Example 30
26
32
863
864
5.5


Example 31
24
30
862
870
3.3


Example 32
26
32
852
850
2.8


Example 33
54
68
835
788
1.6


Example 34
22
27
871
889
3.1


Example 35
23
29
866
901
2.2


Example 36
27
33
860
786
14.9


Example 37
28
35
860
792
14.6


Example 38
33
38
856
782
13.2


Example 39
36
38
859
783
13.9


No.(1)


Comp. Ex. 1
101
172
769
700
18.9


Comp. Ex. 2
85
136
825
720
14.1


Comp. Ex. 3
45
49
866
740
11.2


Comp. Ex. 4
40
45
869
745
10.0


Comp. Ex. 5
82
91
833
736
12.1


Comp. Ex. 6
32
43
930
748
5.9


Comp. Ex. 7
25
44
871
755
8.7


Comp. Ex. 8
24
42
870
771
9.4


Comp. Ex. 9
28
44
870
769
5.0


Comp. Ex. 10
26
42
860
775
8.8


Comp. Ex. 11
33
35
879
718
0.8


Comp. Ex. 12
65
88
843
724
0.9


Comp. Ex. 13
28
35
927
711
0.7


Comp. Ex. 14
92
110
796
742
19.5


Comp. Ex. 15
89
101
805
708
2.8


Comp. Ex. 16
27
34
933
737
1.2


Con. Ex. 1
150
220
725
285
17.4


Con. Ex. 2
91
150
804
421
18.2


Con. Ex. 3
74
97
842
671
4.8


Con. Ex. 4
117
155
856
669
7.0


Con. Ex. 5
220
289
—
508
16.6


Con. Ex. 6
65
88
—
588
11.5


No.


Example 40
20
24
886
815
5.0


Example 41
19
22
877
830
6.0


Example 42
18
21
888
862
7.0


Example 43
16
19
877
906
9.4


Example 44
15
17
876
921
10.6


Example 45
17
20
884
899
10.0


Example 46
22
27
885
820
4.9


Example 47
26
32
876
813
3.7


Example 48
19
23
876
825
4.0


Example 49
18
21
884
847
5.0


Example 50
17
20
885
872
7.6


Example 51
16
19
887
881
8.6


Example 52
17
21
870
868
7.6


Example 53
22
28
874
814
4.3


Example 54
28
35
887
808
3.3


Example 55
24
29
877
814
3.7


Example 56
22
26
889
831
4.2


Example 57
18
22
881
842
6.0


Example 58
18
21
886
859
6.2


Example 59
19
23
874
840
4.6


Example 60
26
33
878
813
3.5


Example 61
63
78
872
799
2.8


Example 62
51
63
877
804
3.0


Example 63
46
56
878
805
3.5


Example 64
40
48
884
804
3.6


Example 65
38
46
884
808
3.4


Example 66
42
52
875
804
3.5


Example 67
71
90
891
798
3.0


Example 68
22
26
881
880
2.8


Example 69
23
26
879
885
3


Example 70
35
42
878
800
1.4


Example 71
25
29
879
810
1.8


Example 72
26
30
874
814
1.8


Example 73
36
45
877
801
1.3


Example 74
52
65
881
785
0.7





Note:


(1)“Comp. Ex.” represents Comparative Example, and “Con. Ex.” represents Conventional Example.






(3) Thermal Crack Resistance
To evaluate the thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life), each round-rod test piece of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 having a gauge length of 20 mm and a diameter of 10 mm in the gauge length was set in an electric-hydraulic servo, thermal fatigue tester at a constraint ratio of 0.25, and subjected to thermal fatigue fracture by repeating a 7-minute heating/cooling cycle in the air. The heating/cooling cycle (lower limit temperature: 150° C., upper limit temperature: 840° C., and temperature amplitude: 690° C.) comprised heating from the lower limit temperature to the upper limit temperature over 2 minutes, keeping at the upper limit temperature for 1 minute, and cooling from the upper limit temperature to the lower limit temperature over 4 minutes. The constraint ratio was a percentage of mechanically constraining the elongation and shrinkage of a test piece caused by heating and cooling, which is determined by (elongation by free thermal expansion−elongation by thermal expansion under mechanical constraint)/(elongation by free thermal expansion). For instance, the constraint ratio of 1.0 means the mechanical constraint condition that a test piece is not elongated at all when heated. The constraint ratio of 0.5 means the mechanical constraint condition that for instance, when the elongation by free thermal expansion is 2 mm, the thermal expansion causes 1-mm elongation. Because the constraint ratios of exhaust equipment members for actual automobile engines are about 0.1-0.5, permitting elongation to some extent by heating and cooling, the constraint ratio was set at 0.25 in the thermal fatigue test.
The test results of thermal crack resistance (thermal cracking life) are shown in Table 5. The thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles in Examples 1-74, while it was as short as 285-671 cycles in Conventional Examples 1-6.
As is clear from Table 5, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780 cycles or more in the test pieces of Examples 1-74 having intermediate layers, in which W and Si were concentrated. Also, the thermal cracking life was 780 cycles in Example 18, in which the weight ratio (Xi/Xm) of the percentage Xi of W in the intermediate layers to the percentage Xm of W in the matrix was 4.72, while it was as long as 800 cycles or more in most other Examples, in which Xi/Xm was 5 or more. Further, the thermal cracking life was 785 cycles in Example 19, in which the weight ratio (Yi/Ym) of the percentage Yi of Si in the intermediate layers to the percentage Ym of Si in the matrix was 1.31, while it was mostly as long as 800 cycles or more in other Examples, in which Yi/Ym was 1.5 or more.
In Examples 2-19, 24-39 and 40-74, in which the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles substantially in their boundaries with the matrix was 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles, the thermal cracking life was 780-880 cycles in Examples 2-19, 782-901 cycles in Examples 24-39, and as long as 785-921 cycles in Examples 40-74. In the test pieces of Examples 1-35 and 40-74, in which the number of W-containing carbide particles per a unit area of graphite was 3×105/mm2 or more, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles. In the test pieces of Examples 1-14, 16, 18-21, 26-35 and 40-74, in which the area ratio of W-containing carbide on the graphite surface was 2% or more, the thermal cracking life was as long as 780-921 cycles.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that the thermal cracking life of Example 18, in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight, was 780 cycles, shorter than the thermal cracking life (810 cycles) of Example 1 containing no Ni. The thermal cracking life of Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, was 805 cycles, slightly poorer than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but it was within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that the thermal cracking life of Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, was 786 cycles, shorter than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. The thermal cracking life of Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, was 808 cycles, slightly poorer than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it was within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
The comparison of the test pieces of Examples 1, 2 and 27 having substantially the same W contents within a range of 1.21-1.50% and Mo contents within a range of 0-4.4% by weight revealed that the thermal cracking life was improved from 810 cycles to 861 cycles as the Mo content increased. However, in Example 29, in which Mo was more than 5.5% by weight, the thermal cracking life was as short as 794 cycles. Thus, the Mo content is preferably 5.5% or less by weight, more preferably 4.5% or less by weight.
The comparison of Examples 30-32 having W contents within a range of 2.64-2.92% by weight and different Cu contents revealed that the addition of 0.13-6.1% by weight of Cu provided as long a thermal cracking life as 850-870 cycles. However, the test piece of Example 32 containing 6.1% by weight of Cu had a slightly shorter thermal cracking life than that of the test piece of Example 31 containing 3.5% by weight of Cu. Also, when the Cu content became 6.8% by weight as in Example 33, the thermal cracking life was reduced to 788 cycles. Accordingly, the Cu content was preferably 6.5% or less by weight, more preferably 3.5% or less by weight.
Examples 34 and 35 with W contents of 3.12-3.33% by weight exhibited thermal cracking lives of 889-901 cycles, better than the thermal cracking life of 863 cycles in Example 8 containing no Co. Accordingly, Co is preferably added, but it is preferably 5% or less by weight from the aspect of cost, because it is an expensive element.
(4) AC1 Transformation Point
Each cylindrical test piece (diameter: 5 mm, length: 20 mm) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was heated from 30° C. at a speed of 3° C./minute in a nitrogen atmosphere to measure its AC1 transformation point, by a thermomechanical analyzer (“TMA-4000S” available from Mac Science). As shown in FIG. 15, the AC1 transformation point was determined by an intersection method comprising drawing tangents 82 in an inflecting region of a temperature-displacement curve 81, and reading a temperature at the intersection of the tangents as the AC1 transformation point 83. The results are shown in Table 5. Incidentally, the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron of Conventional Examples 5 and 6 does not undergo AC1 transformation unlike the ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron.
Among the test pieces of Examples 1-74, those having as high AC1 transformation points as 840° C. or higher had as long thermal cracking lives as 782 cycles or more. However, the test piece of Conventional Example 4 had low oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance because graphite was predominantly oxidized due to as small W content as less than 0.001% by weight, although its AC1 transformation point was higher than 840° C.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 18 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Ni contents revealed that Example 18, in which the Ni content exceeded 0.5% by weight, had a lower AC1 transformation point than that of Example 1 containing no Ni. In Example 16, in which the Ni content was 0.29% by weight, the AC1 transformation point was 813° C., slightly lower than that of Example 1 containing no Ni, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Ni is preferably less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, had a lower AC1 transformation point than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. In Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, the AC1 transformation point was 810° C., slightly lower than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
(5) Room-temperature Elongation
Each No. 4 test piece (JIS Z 2201) of Examples 1-74, Comparative Examples 1-16 and Conventional Examples 1-6 was measured with respect to room-temperature elongation (%) at 25° C. by an Amsler tensile strength tester. The results are shown in Table 5.
The room-temperature elongation was as low as 0.8% in the test piece of Comparative Example 11 with 15.22% by weight of W, 1.0% in the test piece of Example 19 with 14.7% by weight of W, 1.8% in the test piece of Example 13 with 9.56% by weight of W, and 2.5% in the test piece of Example 11 with 4.83% by weight of W. Thus, when the W content is 10% or less by weight, particularly 5% or less by weight, the room-temperature elongation of 1.8% or more can be obtained. The room-temperature elongation is preferably 2% or more.
To investigate how elongation increases by the addition of Nb and B, attention was paid to the room-temperature elongation of Examples 36-39 containing Nb and/or B, the W contents being substantially the same within 1.21-1.66% by weight. The room-temperature elongation was 14.9% in the test piece of Example 36 containing only Nb, 14.6% and 13.9% in the test pieces of Examples 37 and 39 containing only B, and 13.2% in the test piece of Example 38 containing both Nb and B, all being good results.
The room-temperature elongation was 1.4% in Example 14, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 8.76, 1.8% in Example 13, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 7.38, 1.8% in Example 15, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 6.03, and 2.5% in Example 11, in which Si+( 2/7)W was 6.00. These results reveal that when Si+( 2/7)W is 8 or less, the room-temperature elongation is 1.8% or more, and that when Si+( 2/7)W is 6 or less, the room-temperature elongation is 2.0% or more.
The comparison of Examples 1 and 21 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different Cr contents revealed that Example 21, in which the Cr content exceeded 0.3% by weight, had smaller room-temperature elongation than that of Example 1 containing no Cr. The room-temperature elongation of Example 20, in which the Cr content was 0.29% by weight, was 15.9%, smaller than that of Example 1 containing no Cr, but it is within a range causing no problems. Accordingly, Cr is preferably 0.3% or less by weight.
The comparison of Examples 40-60 and Examples 61-67 having substantially the same Si and W contents and different rare earth element contents revealed that Examples 61-67, in which the rare earth elements exceeded 0.05% by weight, had as low spheroidization ratios as 20-28% and as small room-temperature elongation as 2.8-3.6% at any S content level. On the contrary, Examples 42-45, 49-52 and 56-59 containing rare earth elements of 0.05% or less by weight and 0.003-0.02% by weight of S had as high spheroidization ratios as 45-95% and as large room-temperature elongation as 4.2-10.6%. In Examples 40, 41, 46-48, 53-55 and 60, in which the S content was less than 0.003% by weight or more than 0.02% by weight, though the rare earth elements were 0.05% or less by weight, the spheroidization ratios were as low as 31-58%, and thus relatively low room-temperature elongation of 3.3-6.0%. Accordingly, even within the composition range of the present invention, the rare earth element is preferably 0.05% or less by weight, and S is preferably 0.003-0.02% by weight.
The test piece of Example 8 was subjected to a tensile test at 400° C. to examine its medium-temperature embrittlement. It was thus found that the elongation at 400° C. was 7.0%, slightly smaller than the room-temperature elongation of 8.0%, but it was at such a level not to practically cause any problems.
EXAMPLE 75
The exhaust manifold 151 schematically shown in FIG. 17 was formed from the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 9, and machined in an as-cast state. The resultant exhaust manifold 151 was free from casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, misrun, gas defects, etc., and did not suffer insufficient cutting, etc. at all when machined. In FIG. 17, 151a denotes flanges, 151b denotes branched tubes, and 151c denotes a convergence portion.
The exhaust manifold 151 of Example 75 was assembled to an exhaust simulator of a high-performance, 2000-cc, series-four-cylinder gasoline engine, to conduct a durability test to examine a life until cracking occurred and how the cracking occurred. The test condition was the repetition of a heating/cooling cycle comprising 10-minute heating and 10-minute cooling, to count the number of cycles until cracks penetrating the exhaust manifold 151 are generated. The exhaust gas temperature at a full load in the durability test was 920° C. at the exit of the exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 under this condition was about 840° C. in the convergence portion 151c. 
As shown in FIG. 17, extremely small cracks 17 were generated in regions of the branched tubes 151b adjacent to the flanges 151a by 890 cycles in the exhaust manifold 151 of Examples 75. However, no cracks were generated particularly in the convergence portion 151c, through which a high-temperature exhaust gas passed, and little oxidation took place in the overall manifold. This confirmed that the exhaust manifold 151 of Examples 75 had excellent durability and reliability.
EXAMPLE 76
An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of Example 8 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for conducting annealing for ferritization by keeping it at 900° C. for 3 hours and then cooling it in a furnace. The resultant exhaust manifold 151 was free from casting defects, troubles such as heat-treatment deformation, and troubles during machining, etc. The exhaust manifold 151 of Example 76 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct a durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 was the same as in Example 75. The durability test revealed that extremely small cracks were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Example 76 by 952 cycles substantially to the same degree and in the same portions as in Example 75. However, no cracks were generated in the convergence portion, through which a high-temperature exhaust gas passed, with substantially no oxidation occurring in the entire manifold, indicating that it had excellent durability and reliability.
CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 7
An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the spheroidal graphite cast iron of Conventional Example 3 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for changing the heat treatment temperature to 940° C. This exhaust manifold 151 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct the durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. The exhaust manifold 151 neither had casting defects nor suffered troubles in the heat treatment and machining. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75. As shown in FIG. 18, the durability test revealed that large cracks 18 were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Conventional Example 7 by 435 cycles in the convergence portion 151c, and between the branched tubes 151b and the flanges 151a. In addition to the convergence portion 151c, oxidation took place in the entire manifold.
CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLE 8
An exhaust manifold 151 was formed by the NI-RESIST D5S of Conventional Example 6 in the same manner as in Example 75 except for conducting a heat treatment comprising keeping at 910° C. for 4 hours and air-cooling. This exhaust manifold 151 was assembled to the exhaust simulator to conduct the durability test under the same condition as in Example 75. Neither casting defects nor troubles in the heat treatment and machining were observed in the exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75. As shown in FIG. 19, the durability test revealed that large cracks 19 were generated in the exhaust manifold 151 of Conventional Example 8 by 558 cycles between the branched tubes 151b and the flanges 151a. Oxidation took place in the entire manifold, and the degree of oxidation was less than in Conventional Example 7, but the same as or slightly more than in Examples 75 and 76.
CONVENTIONAL EXAMPLES 9, 10
An exhaust manifold 151 was produced and subjected to the durability test in the same manner as in Example 75 except for using the same Hi-SiMo spheroidal graphite cast iron and heat treatment condition as in Conventional Example 2 (Conventional Example 9). Also, an exhaust manifold 151 was produced and subjected to the durability test in the same manner as in Example 75 except for using the same NI-RESIST D2 and heat treatment condition as in Conventional Example 5 (Conventional Example 10). Neither casting defects nor troubles in the heat treatment and machining were observed in any exhaust manifold 151. The surface temperature of the exhaust manifold 151 in the durability test was the same as in Example 75.
Table 6 shows lives until cracking occurred in the exhaust manifolds of Examples 75 and 76 and Conventional Examples 7-10. The exhaust manifolds of Examples 75 and 76 exhibited about 1.5 times to 5 times as long lives until cracking occurred as those of Conventional Examples 7-10.







TABLE 6







Durability Test Results of Exhaust Manifolds













Life Until Cracking



No.(1)
Type of Cast Iron
Occurred (Cycles)







Example 75
Example 9
890



Example 76
Example 8
952



Con. Ex. 7
Conventional Example 3
435




(JP9-87796A)



Con. Ex. 8
Conventional Example 6
558




(NI-RESIST D5S)



Con. Ex. 9
Conventional Example 2
203




(Hi-SiMo)



Con. Ex. 10
Conventional Example 5
492




(NI-RESIST D2)







Note:



(1)“Con. Ex.” represents “Conventional Example.”






As described above, the exhaust manifolds formed by the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention have excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance, with much longer lives than those of the conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron, and also longer lives than those of the austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. Accordingly, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention can provide exhaust equipment members needing heat resistance for automobile engines at low costs as alternatives to high-quality materials such as conventional austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron and cast stainless steel, etc.
Although explanation has been made above on exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention having excellent oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance can be used, in addition thereto, for engine parts such as cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, pistons, piston rings, etc., furnace parts such as beds, carriers, etc. for incinerators and heat-treating furnaces, sliding members such as disc brake rotors, etc.
EFFECT OF THE INVENTION
As described above in detail, the heat-resistant cast iron of the present invention has better oxidation resistance and thermal crack resistance than those of conventional high-Si, ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron, and well-balanced performance such as room-temperature elongation, high-temperature strength, high-temperature yield strength, etc., because of suppressed oxidation and decarburization of graphite and suppressed oxidation of the surrounding matrix regions. Accordingly, it is suitable for parts needing heat resistance, such as exhaust equipment members for automobile engines, etc.

## Claims

1. A graphite-containing heat-resistant cast iron comprising Si and W, and having intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated in the boundaries of graphite particles and a matrix, wherein said graphite-containing heat-resistant cast iron comprises 3.5-5.6% of Si and 1.2-15% of W on a weight basis, and wherein a ratio (Xi/Xm) of a weight ratio Xi of W in said intermediate layers to a weight ratio Xm of W in said matrix is 5 or more and a ratio (Yi/Ym) of a weight ratio Yi of Si in said intermediate layers to a weight ratio Ym of Si in said matrix is 1.5 or more, said heat-resistant cast iron having a composition consisting essentially of, on a weight basis, 1.5-4.5% of C, 3.5-5.6% of Si, 3% or less of Mn, 1.2-15% of W, and 1.0% or less of a graphite-spheroidizing element, the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities, said graphite-spheroidizing element comprising 0.003-0.02% by weight of S and 0.05% or less by weight of a rare earth element in addition to 0.005-0.2% by weight of Mg as a graphite-spheroidizing element, said graphite-containing heat-resistant cast iron having a structure comprising a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state and after heat treatment.

2. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein the heat resistant cast iron meets Si+( 2/7)W≦8 on a weight basis.

3. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 5.5% or less by weight of Mo.

4. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 6.5% or less by weight of Cu.

5. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 5% or less by weight of Co.

6. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, further comprising 1.0% or less by weight of Nb and/or 0.05% or less by weight of B.

7. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein the number of graphite particles having W-containing carbide particles in the boundaries with said matrix is 75% or more of the total number of graphite particles.

8. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein with respect to W-containing carbide particles on the surface of graphite particles exposed by etching, their number is 3×105/mm2 or more, and/or their area ratio is 1.8% or more, per a unit area of graphite.

9. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein au AC1 transformation point of the heat resistant cast iron is 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute.

10. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein a weight loss by oxidation of the heat resistant cast iron is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air.

11. The heat-resistant cast iron according to claim 1, wherein a thermal cracking life of the heat resistant cast iron is 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under the conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.

12. An exhaust equipment member made of the heat-resistant cast iron recited in claim 1.

13. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 12, wherein the exhaust equipment member is an exhaust manifold, a turbocharger housing, an exhaust manifold integral with a turbocharger housing, a catalyst case, an exhaust manifold integral with a catalyst case, or an exhaust outlet.

14. The exhaust equipment member used at temperatures exceeding 800° C., which is formed by a graphite-containing heat-resistant cast iron of claim 1, wherein Si and W meet the condition of Si+( 2/7)W≦8 on a weight basis, said heat-resistant cast iron having a structure comprising a matrix based on a ferrite phase in an as-cast state, in which graphite is crystallized, and intermediate layers, in which W and Si are concentrated in the boundaries of said graphite particles and said matrix, whereby the exhaust equipment member has an AC1 transformation point of 840° C. or higher when measured from 30° C. at a temperature-elevating speed of 3° C./minute, and a thermal cracking life of 780 cycles or more in a thermal fatigue test, in which heating and cooling are conducted under conditions of an upper-limit temperature of 840° C., a temperature amplitude of 690° C. and a constraint ratio of 0.25.

15. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 14, wherein said Xi/Xm is 10 or more.

16. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 14, wherein said Yi/Ym is 2.0 or more.

17. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 14, wherein a weight loss by oxidation of the exhaust equipment member is 60 mg/cm2 or less when kept at 800° C. for 200 hours in the air.

18. The exhaust equipment member according to claim 14, wherein said heat-resistant cast iron has a composition consisting essentially of, on a weight basis, 1.8-4.2% of C, 3.8-5.3% of Si, 1.5% or less of Mn, 1.5-10% of W, and 0.01-0.2% of a graphite-spheroidizing element, Si+( 2/7)W≦8, and the balance being substantially Fe and inevitable impurities.