FI LED U. S . COURT OF AP PE ALS E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT Jul y 19, 2006 T HOM AS K. KAHN CL E RK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

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________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 3 - 0 0 1 3 3 - CR- FTM - 2 9 - SPC U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s F R A N K M O R G A N , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

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_________________________ (Ju l y 19 , 20 06 ) B efo re B A R K E T T , M A R C U S an dW IL S O N , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

F r a nk M or ga n appe a l s hi s s e nt e nc e of 151 m onths ’ i nc a r c e r a t i on f ol l ow i ng hi s gui l typl e af

orpos s e s s i on w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e 5 gr a m s orm or e of c oc a i ne base , i n v i ol at i on of 21 U . S . C . § 8 41 (a )( 1) and (b)(1)(B)(i i i ). M organ w as o r ig in a llys e n te n c e d u n d e ram a n d a to ryG u id e lin e s s c h e m e , a n dw e r e m a n d e dto the di s tr i c tc ourtf

orr e s e nt e nc i ng i n l i ghtof U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ooke r , 543 U . S . 220 ( 2 0 0 5 ) . U n ite d S ta te s v . M o r g a n , N o . 0 4 - 1 4 3 2 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . J u n e 2 8 , 2 0 0 5 ) . I n th is ap p e a l, M o r g a n a r g u e s th a t ( 1 ) th e ap p lic a tio n o f ac a r e e ro f

f e n d e re n h a n c e m e n t, pur s ua ntt o U . S . S . G . § 4B 1. 1, r e s ul t e d i n a n unr e a s onabl e s e nt e nc e unde r18 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) ; an d ( 2 ) th e r e tr o a c tiv e ap p lic a tio n o f B o o k e rim p e rm is s ib ly in c r e a s e dth e s ta tu to rym a x im u m s e n te n c e b e y o n dth a t au th o r iz e db yth e f a c ts a l l e g e da n d a d mi tt e d t o , i n v i o l a t i o n o f th e Ex Po s tFa c t o Cl au s e . W e a f f i rm. I. M or ga n f

i r s ta r gue s tha tthe appl i c a t i on of the c a r e e rof

f e nde re nha nc e m e nt pu rs uantt o U . S . S . . § 4 B 1. 1 res ul t ed i n a se nt enci ng rang e thatw as grea t erthan n e c e s s a ry , a n d th e r e f

o r e u n r e a s o n ab le u n d e rth e s e n te n c in g f a c to r s e n u m e r a te din 18 U . S . C . § 3 55 3(a) . W e di sa gree . P o s t- B o o k e r , th is C o u rt h a s e s tab lis h e datw o - p a rt p r o c e s s f o rd is tr ic t c o u rts to u s e in c a lc u la tin g s e n te n c e s . U n ite dS ta te s v . T a lle y , 4 3 1 F .3 d7 8 4 , 7 8 6 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . “F ir s t, th e d is tr ic t c o u rt m u s t c o n s u lt th e G u id e lin e s a n dc o rr e c tly3

cal cu l at e th e ran g e p ro v i d ed b y th e G u i d el i n es. ” Id . S eco n d , th e co u rtm u st c ons i de rthe s e nt e nc i ng f a c t or s e num e r a t e d i n 18 U . S . C . § 3553( a ) , i nc l udi ng the h is to rya n d c h a r a c te ro f th e d e f e n d a n t, “th e a v a ilab le s e n te n c e s , th e ap p lic ab le G ui de l i ne r a nge , the na tur e a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of the of f e ns e , a nd the ne e d f

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o rth e l a w, prov i de j ustpu ni shm entfor the offens e, and p rovi de the defendantw i th n ee ded m e d ic a l c a r e .” U n ite d S ta te s v . W in in g e a r , 4 2 2 F .3 d1 2 4 1 , 1 2 4 6 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . O nce the di stri ctcourthas c al cul at ed the se nt ence un der the advi sory G ui del i nes and has c on si dere d the se nt enci ng fa ct ors i n § 35 53 (a ), i tcan i m po se a se nt ence ei ther m ore s ever e or m ore l eni entthan thatsugg es t ed by the advi sory G ui de l i ne r a nge , s o l ong a s the s e nt e nc e i s r e a s onabl e . T a l l e y , 431 F . 3d a t788; U n ite dS ta te s v . C r a w f

o r d , 4 0 7 F .3 d1 1 7 4 , 1 1 7 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . T h e p a rty c h a lle n g in g th e s e n te n c e h a s th e b u r d e n o f “e s tab lis h in g th a t th e s e n te n c e is un re as on abl e i n the l i gh tof bo th [the] re cord and the fa ct ors i n sec t i on 35 53 (a ). ” T a l l e y , 431 F . 3d a t788. I n th is c a s e , M o r g a n c o n c e d e da t r e s e n te n c in g th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u rt c o rr e c tly c a l c ul a t e d the a dvi s oryG ui de l i ne r a nge . T he di s tr i c tc ourtc ons i de r e d the § 3553( a ) s e nt e nc i ng f

a c t or s i n de t e rm i ni ng M or ga n’ s s e nt e nc e , w hi c h w a s a tthe l ow e nd of

the a dvi s orygui de l i ne r a nge . W e ha ve he l d tha t“ the r e i s ar a nge ofWe reviewproperly preserved c onstitut ional claims de novo, but reverseonly for 1 harmful error . United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005). 4 r e a s onabl e s e nt e nc e s f

r om w hi c h the di s tr i c tc ourtm a yc hoos e , a nd w he n the d i s tr i c tc o u rti m p o s e s as e n t e n c e wi th i n th e a d v i s o ryGu i d e l i n e s r a n g e , we o r d in ar ilyw ill e x p e c t th a t c h o ic e to b e ar e a s o n ab le o n e .” T a lle y , 4 3 1 F .3 da t 7 8 8 . H er e, M organ’ s argum entthathi s s ent ence w as un re as on abl e f ai l s. H i s s ent ence w a s t ow a r ds the bott om of the G ui de l i ne s r a nge , a nd he f a i l s t o s a t i s f

yhi s bur e dn of prov i ng thathi s s ent ence i s unrea sonabl e und er§ 3 35 3(a) . II . T o e s tab lis h a n e x p o s t f a c to v io la tio n , ad e f

e n d a n t m u s t s h o w th a t h is puni s hm e ntw a s m a de m or e bur de ns om e byal a w pa s s e d a f t e rthe c om m i s s i on of h is c r im e . U n ite d S ta te s v . A b r a h a m , 3 8 6 F .3 d1 0 3 3 , 1 0 3 7 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ) , c e rt.

1 d en i ed , 1 2 6 S . C t . 4 1 7 (2 0 0 5 ). T o p rev ai l o n an ex p o stfact o cl ai m , a p arty m u st de m ons tr a t e tha t( 1) the l a w w a s r e tr os pe c t i ve , i n tha ti tappl i e d t o e ve nt s oc c urr i ng b e f o r e its e n a c tm e n t, a n d ( 2 ) h e w a s d is a d v a n ta g e db yit. I d . W e ha ve he l d tha tthe r e i s no e x pos tf a c t o vi ol a t i on ba s e d on the r e tr oa c t i ve appl i ca t i on of B oo ker’ s r em edi al op i ni on m aki ng the G ui del i nes a dv i sory . U ni t ed S t a t e s v. D unc a n, 400 F . 3d 1297, 1306- 08 ( 11th C i r . ) , c e rt . de ni e d, 126 S . C t . 432 (2 0 0 5 ) (d eci d ed u n d er p l ai n erro r rev i ew ). In D u n can , w e d et erm i n ed th atb ecau se B ooke rm a de the G ui de l i ne s a dvi s ory , notm a nda t ory , “ the va r i ous t op r a nge s of5

th e G u id e lin e s a r e n o lo n g e rb in d in g , a n dth e r e f o r e , n o lo n g e rc o n s titu te ‘little r e le v a n t m a x im u m s .’ T h is le a v e s a s th e o n lym a x im u m s e n te n c e th e o n e s e t o u t in the U ni t e d S t a t e s C ode . ” I d. a t1303. F urthe rm or e , adi s tr i c tc ourtdoe s note rrby r e l y i ng on pr i orc onvi c t i ons t o e nha nc e ade f e nda nt ’ s s e nt e nc e . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. S h e lto n , 4 0 0 F .3 d 1 3 2 5 , 1 3 2 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . H er e, M organ h ad am pl e w arni ng , base d o n the m axi m um st atut ory s e n te n c e s a n d th e r e le v a n t s ta tu to ryp r o v is io n s c o n ta in e din h is in d ic tm e n t th a t a s e nt e nc e of

up t o 40 y e a r s w a s apos s i bl e c ons e que nc e of hi s a c t i ons . S e e 21 U . S . C . § 841( a ) ( 1) a nd ( b) ( 1) ( B ) ( i i i ) . H e a l s o kne w tha thi s pr i orc onvi c t i ons w ou l d b e use d i n cal cul at i ng hi s app l i cabl e G ui del i nes r ange. T here fore , no ex p o s t f a c to v io la tio n s a r e im p lic a te din th is c a s e . S e e D u n c a n , 4 0 0 F .3 da t 1 3 0 7 . A cc ordi ng l y, the di stri ctcourtcom m i tt ed no error. AF F I RME D.