NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NO. 2021 CA 1556

KASEY WELCH

1

VERSUS

KEVONTA LONDON AND LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF

TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Judgment Rendered: JUN 0 6 2022

On Appeal from the

19th Judicial District Court

In and for the Parish ofEast Baton Rouge

State of Louisiana

Trial Court No. 641495

Honorable Timothy E. Kelley, Judge Presiding

J. Chandler Loupe Attorneys for Plaintiff -Appellee, 

Chet G. Boudreaux Kasey Welch

Baton Rouge, LA

Stacey Moak Attorneys for Defendants -Appellants, 

Breann Crane Kevonta London and Louisiana

Baton Rouge, LA Department of Transportation and

Development

BEFORE: WHIPPLE, C. J., PENZATO, AND RESTER, JJ. 
HESTER, J. 

Defendants, Kevonta London and Louisiana Department of Transportation

and Development ( DOTD), appeal a judgment against them, awarding plaintiff, 

Kasey Welch, $ 18, 054.01 in court costs. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This lawsuit arose from a motor vehicle accident between Ms. Welch and Mr. 

London, who was within the course and scope of his employment with DOTD at the

time of the accident. On October 7, 2019, twenty-one days prior to the start of the

trial on the merits, defendants made an offer ofjudgment pursuant to La. Code Civ. 

P. art. 970 to Ms. Welch in the amount of $250,000.00, exclusive of court costs, 

interest, attorney fees, and any other amount which could be awarded to Ms. Welch

pursuant to statute or rule. After the trial, the jury found the accident was

proximately caused by both Mr. London and Ms. Welch. Sixty percent (60%) ofthe

fault was apportioned to Mr. London and forty percent ( 40%) of the fault was

apportioned to Ms. Welch. On November 27, 2019, the trial court issued a judgment

in accordance with the jury verdict in favor of Ms. Welch and against defendants in

the amount of $51, 000.00,' plus legal interest and taxable court costs as awarded by

the trial court at a future date. 

On May 17, 2021, defendants filed a Motion to Tax Costs and Enforce Offer

of Judgment and Motion to Offset Judgment, seeking to tax Ms. Welch with

29, 196.41 in costs incurred by defendants after the offer ofjudgment was made. A

memorandum and thirty-seven exhibits were filed in support thereof. On June 9, 

The jury awarded Ms. Welch a total of $80,000.00 for past medical expenses, past

physical and pain and suffering, and past mental pain and suffering. Ms. Welch was also awarded

100, 000. 00 in past wages, but the jury determined that the award for past lost wages should be reduced by ninety-five percent ( 95%) for Ms. Welch' s failure to mitigate her damages, resulting in a total award for past lost wages in the amount of $5, 000. 00. After reducing the net total damages awarded to Ms. Welch ($ 85, 000.00) by her portion of fault (40%), the total awarded to Ms. Welch was $ 51, 000.00. The trial court' s judgment on the merits was affirmed by this court in Welch v. London, 2020- 0362 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 12/ 30/ 20), 2020 WL 7768715 ( unreported). 

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2021, Ms. Welch filed a Motion to Assess Costs and a memorandum in support with

the trial court, seeking to recover a total of $48, 500. 93 in costs from defendants in

accordance with the November 27, 2019 judgment on the merits. On September 24, 

2021, Ms. Welch filed a Supplemental Motion to Assess Costs and memorandum in

support to which an in globo exhibit was attached supporting a " bare bones case

expense list totaling $33, 135. 97." 

The trial court held a contradictory hearing via Zoom on October 4, 2021

during which time the trial court " accept[ ed] all ofthe evidence for both sides," and

further stated as follows: 

I used the exhibits the defendants provided, 37 exhibits, to do my

calculations and the plaintiff had 35 exhibits, I think. There' s a bunch

of it. It' s all admitted into the record ... . 

According to the trial court' s calculations, Ms. Welch' s recoverable costs totaled

31, 196. 41 and defendants' costs incurred after the offer of judgment totaled

13, 142.40. The judgment signed by the trial court on October 12, 2021, provided

as follows: 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED the defendant' s [ sic] Motion to

Tax Costs and Enforce Offer of Judgement is GRANTED IN PART, 

and Plaintiff' s motion to tax costs is GRANTED. The plaintiff's total

costs in the amount of $31, 196. 01 shall be subject to an offset in the

amount of $13, 142. 40, the total costs incurred by the defendants after

the offer ofjudgment. 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that there be judgment herein

rendered in favor of plaintiff, Kasey Welch, and against defendants, 

Kevonta London and the State of Louisiana, through the Department of

Transportation and Development, awarding Plaintiff court costs in this

matter in the amount of $18, 054.01. 

Defendants appeal the October 12, 2021 judgment, contending that the trial

court abused its discretion and made errors of law in awarding certain costs to

plaintiff and in reducing the amount of costs sought by defendants. 

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LEGAL PRECEPTS

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1920 provides as follows: 

Unless the judgment provides otherwise, costs shall be paid by the party

cast, and may be taxed by a rule to show cause. 

Except as otherwise provided by law, the court may render judgment

for costs, or any part thereof, against any party, as it may consider

equitable. 

The trial court is vested with great discretion to assess costs against any party as it

may deem equitable, even against the party who prevails on the merits. La. Code

Civ. P. art. 1920; Stockstill v. C.F. Industries, Inc., 94- 2072 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 

12/ 15/ 95), 665 So.2d 802, 821- 22, writ denied, 96- 0149 ( La. 3/ 15/ 96), 669 So.2d

428. But see Stewart v. City of Hammond, 2020- 0851 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 3/ 29/21), 

322 So.3d 1253, 1263- 64 ( finding abuse of discretion in the trial court' s assessment

of half the costs against the prevailing party with no showing in the record that the

prevailing party caused costs to be incurred pointlessly or engaged in other conduct

justifying an assessment of costs against it). 

Costs" are delineated in La. R.S. 13: 4533, which provides: 

The costs ofthe clerk, sheriff, witness' fees, costs oftaking depositions

and copies of acts used on the trial, and all other costs allowed by the

court, shall be taxed as costs. 

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 970 provides, in pertinent part, as

follows: 

A. At any time more than twenty days before the time specified for the

trial of the matter, without any admission of liability, any party may

serve upon an adverse party an offer of judgment for the purpose of

settling all of the claims between them. The offer ofjudgment shall be

in writing and state that it is made under this Article; specify the total

amount of money of the settlement offer; and specify whether that

amount is inclusive or exclusive of costs, interest, attorney fees, and

any other amount which may be awarded pursuant to statute or rule. 

Unless accepted, an offer of judgment shall remain confidential

between the offeror and offeree. If the adverse party, within ten days

after service, serves written notice that the offer is accepted, either party

may move for judgment on the offer. The court shall grant such

judgment on the motion of either party. 

M
C. If the final judgment obtained by the plaintiff -offeree is at least

twenty-five percent less than the amount ofthe offer ofjudgment made

by the defendant -offeror or if the final judgment obtained against the

defendant -offeree is at least twenty-five percent greater than the amount

ofthe offer ofjudgment made by the plaintiff -offeror, the offeree must

pay the offeror' s costs, exclusive of attorney fees, incurred after the

offer was made, as fixed by the court. 

E. For purposes of comparing the amount of money offered in the offer

ofjudgment to the final judgment obtained, which judgment shall take

into account any additur or remittitur, the final judgment obtained shall

not include any amounts attributable to costs, interest, or attorney fees, 

or to any other amount which may be awarded pursuant to statute or

rule, unless such amount was expressly included in the offer. 

F. A judgment granted on a motion for judgment on an offer of

judgment is a final judgment when signed by the judge; however, an

appeal cannot be taken by a party who has consented to the judgment. 

The function of La. Code Civ. P. art. 970 is to compensate the rejected offeror who

was forced to incur greater trial litigation costs than he would have ifthe offeree had

accepted the settlement offer. Article 970 is punitive in nature and therefore must

be strictly construed. Landry v. Leonard J. Chabert Medical Center, 2002- 1559

La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 14/ 03), 858 So.2d 454, 467, writs denied, 2003- 1748, 2003- 1752

La. 10/ 17/ 03); 855 So.2d 761. See also Suprun v. Louisiana Farm Bureau

Mutual Insurance Company, 2009- 1555 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 30/ 10), 40 So. 3d 261, 

266. 

DISCUSSION

In this case, it is undisputed that defendants made an offer of judgment

pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. art. 970 and that the final judgment obtained by Ms. 

Welch was at least twenty-five percent less than the amount ofthe offer ofjudgment

made by defendants. Accordingly, the requirements of article 970 are met and Ms. 

Welch, as the offeree, " must pay the offeror' s costs, exclusive of attorney fees, 

incurred after the offer was made, as fixed by the court." La. Code Civ. P. art. 

970( C). However, the November 27, 2019 judgment on the merits awarded Ms. 

Welch "taxable court costs as awarded by the trial court at a future date." 

5
Ms. Welch' s Post -Offer Costs and Defendants' Pre -Offer Costs

Assignments ofError Two and Four) 

Defendants argue in their second assignment of error that the trial court abused

its discretion in failing to award defendants' costs incurred prior to the offer of

judgment, as requested in their Motion to Tax Costs. In their fourth assignment of

error, defendants argue that the trial court made an error oflaw by awarding the costs

Ms. Welch incurred after defendants' offer ofjudgment was made. 

A final judgment is conclusive between the parties except on direct review. 

La. R.S. 13: 4231; Tolis v. Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University, 

95- 1529 (La. 10/ 16/ 95), 660 So. 2d 1206 (per curiam). A final judgment from which

there can be no appeal acquires the authority of the thing adjudged. Avenue Plaza, 

L.L.C. v. Falgoust, 96- 0173, ( La. 7/ 2/ 96), 676 So.2d 1077, 1079. The November

27, 2019 judgment on the merits has reached finality, as the judgment was affirmed

in Welch v. London, 2020- 0362 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 30/ 20), 2020 WL 7768715

unreported), and no further review was sought by the parties. See La. Code Civ. P. 

art. 2166(D) and ( E). Also see Tolis, 660 So.2d at 1206. Therefore, no court has

jurisdiction to change, alter, or amend the November 27, 2019 judgment, awarding

Ms. Welch " taxable court costs." Id.; Avenue Plaza, L.L.C., 676 So.2d at 1079. 

We note that the judgment did not limit or qualify the award of costs to Ms. Welch, 

other than to provide that the trial court would award those costs at a later date. The

trial court was without jurisdiction to alter or amend the November 27, 2019

judgment awarding costs only to Ms. Welch or to tax Ms. Welch with defendants' 

costs incurred prior to the date the offer ofjudgment was made. Therefore, the trial

court neither abused its discretion nor made an error of law in failing to award

defendants' costs incurred prior to the offer ofjudgment and in awarding Ms. Welch

the costs she incurred after the defendants' offer ofjudgment was made. 

rel
Additionally, we do not find any support for defendants' legal argument that

it is inconsistent with La. Code Civ. P. art. 970 to tax defendants with Ms. Welch' s

costs incurred after the offer of judgment. Defendants argue that Ms. Welch' s

litigation costs ... incurred after the offer of judgment was made were incurred

solely as the result of [Ms. Welch' s] insistence of proceeding to trial" and that the

award of such costs to Ms. Welch " clearly violates the spirit and intent of [La. Code

Civ. P. art.] 970." However, the sole penalty imposed by La. Code Civ. P. art. 

970( C) on the offeree is the requirement that " the offeree must pay the offeror' s

costs, exclusive of attorney fees, incurred after the offer was made, as fixed by the

court." ( Emphasis added.) Article 970 does not provide that the rejected offeror is

also entitled to pre -offer costs. Further, La. Code Civ. P. art. 970 does not prohibit

an offeree from obtaining an award of her own costs incurred after the offer was

made. We cannot judicially impose greater penalties pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. 

art. 970. See Foti v. Holliday, 2009- 0093 ( La. 10/ 30/ 09), 27 So.3d 813, 821. 

Defendants' second and fourth assignments of error are without merit. 

Costs Awarded to Ms. Welch

Assignments ofError Three Five and Six) 

In their third assignment of error, defendants maintain that the trial court

abused its discretion by considering Ms. Welch' s supplemental memorandum in

support of her motion to tax costs and attached evidence, which was filed one week

prior to the October 0' hearing. In assignments of error five and six, defendants

argue that the " trial court made an error of law" in partially granting Ms. Welch' s

Motion to Assess Costs without an itemized list of expenses and in taxing defendants

with costs " not taxable as trial costs." However, as noted above, the trial court has

great discretion to assess costs, Stockstill, 665 So.2d at 821, and may assess costs

of a suit in any equitable manner. See Hoagboon v. Cannon, 2010- 0909 (La. App. 

1 st Cir. 12/ 29/ 10), 54 So.3d 802, 807. 

7
Ms. Welch provided a list of costs with the original Motion to Assess Costs. 

While Ms. Welch did not provide a revised itemized list of costs with the

Supplemental Motion to Assess Costs, she did provide a list of exhibits and the sum

of costs listed in these exhibits.' The exhibits attached to the supplemental motion

adequately described the costs incurred and identified the amount sought to be

recovered from defendants. Neither La. Code Civ. P. art. 1920 nor La. R.S. 13: 4533

expressly require an itemized list of expenses. In this case, where Ms. Welch ( and

defendants) provided invoices, bills, and other documentary evidence to the trial

court detailing the costs incurred, we do not find that the " trial court made an error

of law" in partially granting Ms. Welch' s Motion to Assess Costs without an

itemized list of expenses. 

We likewise find the trial court did not abuse its discretion by choosing to

consider Ms. Welch' s Supplemental Motion to Assess Costs, memorandum in

support, and attached in globo exhibit.3 Defendants do not assert that they were

prejudiced in any way by the supplement, filed nine calendar days before the hearing. 

Additionally, defendants filed an opposition to the supplement prior to the hearing, 

setting forth their arguments in response to the invoices submitted by Ms. Welch and

identifying particular expenses that they maintained should not be taxed as costs. 

Defendants correctly point out that, as a general rule, only depositions " used

on the trial" are taxable as costs. La. R.S. 13: 4533; Barrilleaux v. Franklin

Foundation Hospital, 96- 0343 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 11/ 8/ 96), 683 So. 2d 348, 361, writ

denied, 96-2885 ( La. 1/ 24/ 97), 686 So. 2d 864. Depositions introduced and accepted

into evidence are " used on the trial" for purposes of La. R.S. 13: 4533. Id. 

Ms. Welch indicated that the total amount shown in the exhibits was $ 33, 135. 97. According to this court' s calculations, the total was $ 33, 136. 11. 

3

Defendants cite Louisiana Rules of District Court, Rule 9. 9( b), which states that a

memorandum in support of a motion shall be served on all parties so that it is received at least

fifteen calendar days before the hearing. We note that Rule 9. 9( e) provides that a party who fails to comply with this provision " may forfeit the privilege of oral argument." The Rule is silent as

to whether the filing may or may not be considered by the trial court. 

E
Reviewing the invoices submitted by Ms. Welch and the evidence introduced at trial, 

the record shows Ms. Welch included invoices for depositions that were not

introduced at the trial on the merits. The total cost for the deposition transcripts not

used on the trial" is $ 1, 125. 90. Additionally, Ms. Welch submitted invoices for

300. 00 in medical care received, which is clearly not included in " costs" as defined

in La. R.S. 13: 4533 and not reasonably construed as " all other costs allowed by the

court." La. R.S. 13: 4533. 

Defendants summarily argue that costs for medical records requested in 2015

131. 29), expert fees for reports` ($ 1, 375. 00), costs defendants describe as

computer repairs" ($ 2, 177.00), and costs for preparing the appellate record should

not have been included in the trial court' s award. 

However, the trial court did not indicate in its ruling how the award of costs

to Ms. Welch was calculated, which was approximately $ 2, 000. 00 less than the

amount for which Ms. Welch prayed. Additionally, the deposition and medical care

expenses, which we previously noted are not costs as defined by La. R.S. 13: 4533, 

total $ 1, 425.90. Without an explanation of the trial court' s calculation, it is unclear

whether the amount prayed for by Ms. Welch was reduced by $2, 000 because the

deposition and medical care expenses were not taxed as costs. 

The trial judge is accorded great discretion in awarding costs (including expert

witness fees, deposition costs, exhibit costs, and related expenses). Dupre v. 

Maison Blanche, Inc., 97- 0652 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 4/ 8/ 98), 712 So.2d 567, 572, writ

denied, 98- 1239 ( La. 6/ 19/ 98), 721 So.2d 471. After reviewing the record and the

4

Louisiana Revised Statutes 13: 3666 sets out the general rule regarding compensation of

expert witnesses, costs of medical reports, and copies of hospital records. Expert witnesses are

entitled to reasonable compensation for their time in court and for preparatory work done. The

trial court can fix expert witness fees based upon its own observations and evidence presented at trial. Generally, the amount and fixing of expert fees lies within the sound discretion of the trial

court and will not be disturbed in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Kelly McHugh and Associates, Inc. v. RPDE Development, LLC, 2019- 0709 (La. App. 1st Cir. 3/ 5/ 20), 300 So. 3d 417, 428- 29. 

0
invoices submitted, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in

awarding a total of $31, 196. 01 in costs to Ms. Welch. 

Assignments of error three, five, and six are without merit. 

Reduction in Award of Post -Offer Costs to Defendants

Assignment ofError One) 

In their first assignment of error, defendants argue that the trial court abused

its discretion in reducing defendants' costs incurred after the offer ofjudgment was

made. Defendants contend that they incurred $20, 779.63 in taxable costs after the

offer of judgment was made, but the trial court only taxed Ms. Welch with

13, 142.40 of the costs incurred by defendants. The trial court gave no indication

in its ruling as to how this amount was calculated; however, La. Code Civ. P. art. 

970( C) permits the trial court to fix the amount of costs to be taxed on the offeree. 

Acknowledging the great discretion in awarding costs accorded to the trial court

including expert witness fees, deposition costs, exhibit costs, and related expenses) 

and in view of the costs submitted by defendants, we are unable to conclude that the

trial court abused its discretion in reducing the amount of defendants' costs taxed to

Ms. Welch in accordance with the penalty provision ofLa. Code Civ. P. art. 970( C). 

See La. Code Civ. P. art. 1920; Dupr6, 712 So.2d at 572. 

Defendants' first assignment of error is without merit. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affinn the October 12, 2021 judgment of the

trial court. Costs of this appeal are assessed to defendants, Kevonta London and

Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. 

AFFIRMED. 

10