, 

.. 

NASA-CR-171223 

19850005164 

A Reproduc-eo-copy 

OF 

Reproduced for NASA 

by the 

NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility 

FFHo 672 Aug 65 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

NF02671 

NOV 1 3 1985 

UElR!.\m. Nt.S,' 

liAMPTON. VIRGI~:"" 

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1'¥7CDONI'IICLL DOUGLAS ASTnO"N.l."JU.1CS COn"'~PANY 

" 

MCDONNEl.1.. 

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MCDONNEt..~ DOUGLAS '-....,...I' 

eo'll<>..r /'0 NA') 8 35611 

DPD No 624 

Ofl-4 

OCTOBER 1984 

THE HUMAN ROLE IN SPACE 

Volume I 

ExecutIve Summary 

DR·4 

MOC H1295 

r"":COONNCLL DOUGLAS ASTr~OI'll/'Cur/CS co,..,tP~""~'·HUNT'NGTO'V DF-ACH 

5301801,,/ ;lit", 1/' 111/1I11/"ltOll 'JI'JLh ('"'.1ll/or II.) 92641 (71,1) 8'76 33-11 
1 

The Human Role to ~p'lce (TlIUIUS) .. tudy ...... 1' .. 12-month effort to (1) IOve<;tlg .. te 

the role .lnJ the degree of direct lO\ol\el11l'nt of i>ullI,ln" th,lt \\111 he requm:d In 

future !.p .. ce ml .. !.lOn .... (2) c,t,lhh,h '.Il1d enten.1 for .llIoc,lllI1!! functlon .. 1 .. C\l\,III(:<; 

bct\\ccn hum .. n'i .lIld m,llhlOe": .Ind (3) pro\ld.: lO .. lght lOto the technologlc .. 1 reqUIr.:ment ... elonomll .... ?1ll1 hl'ndll., of the hUIll,1n pre .. ence 10 'p.lle 

The <;tud) !.t.trled lO October of IlJS3 .lOd \\.1" lllmplcteu III Septcmher of l'}S4 

-I he flll,ll report h .. ., heen prepo.lreu 111 three .. ep.lr<lte ,olume,' 

Volum" , ____ . ________ Ex6cutlve Summary 

Volumo " ___ Rttso:arcfJ Analv.ttl nnd Tochnology h(;pDrt 

Volume "' ____ GenerllllzlltiolU on Hums:n Rets:: in 5pBcI) 

Thl'i document I., Volume 1 III the "'ene' 

lh: !.ttluy re .. ult .. .Ire II1temk.d to prO\ Ide Il1fOrnUIIOIl .lIld gUlllcllfle., III ,I form th.lt 

.... 111 en.lblc NASA pmgr.lm m,ln.I!!l'r~ ,lIld dl'll'IOIl-Ill,I\..l'r ... to c,t,lhh.,h. carly 111 the 

llc~l!!n procl"~. the mo"t cmt-dklll\e llc'lgn <ll'pro.lloh for future 'p.l(.e pmgr.lm<;. 

through the 0pllm.11 ,lpplte.!I'on of lllllqll\! hlllll.1Il ... klll .... nd C.lp,lblhtICS \0 "p,lce. 

Our~t\Ons LInd comment' n:g.mhng 1111., ,tllcl)' or the IIMten,11 cont,lIned III thIS document .. hould be llireded to 

Stqphon D. Hn" IlIt'RI~ ~Iu<h \1.ln"l!lr 

elldc I'll 2-t :'11.,1",,,.11 AU"n.lul,", .mel "r"lt~ AJm,"l\IT.lllllfl 

GO:OT!!C <. ~IM,h.11\ "p.'"l IlJdll Clfllu (~II~) -t~,--ti% 

(or) 

Harry L. Wolber. _________ IlItJ({l~ "10.1\ \lln.lj,:lT 

MlDor1nt.l1 nOll)!I.I' A'trUII.IUI,"' (01111' ,1\\ 

lIunllnpoll 11l.leh C.li,flHlII.1 ___ _ _ __ (7I-tj ~% -t75~ 

IU 
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CONTENTS 

THfI HUMAN ROLE IN SPACe _______________ _ 

Section 1 PERFORMANCE FACTORS ___ _ 

1 1 

1 :: 

1>.1111111<1111'1 \1I1\11I,' _________________ _ 

1 hlll1 III ( I)' tbllllll' .111.1 1 111111 tll<lI1' _________ --

] 

Sectlon:2 COST FACTons _____ -__________ .____ --- --- 1 ~ 

Sect/on 3 TECHNOLOGICAL REAOIfIESS _____ 1-

Section 4 A Ot:C/SION GU10~ FOR ALLOCATION OF FUNCTIONAL 

ACTIVITICS BCTWEEN HUMANS AHD MACHINES _________ ~I 

v 

• -
J 

• 

, 

I 

~ 

~,!E H~MJ1r~~O~~ IN S;AC; ~~ -Ill - - - - --- - -- ~ 

~p.lle project m.tn.lt!er., ,lIul ellgllleer .. Wltfllll 

NA "A tOlI.IV.lre f,lu:u .... llh ,1\lgmtIC,IIl! lh,lIlenge 

On Ihl! (lne -h.lIlll. \\ lIlt the ~hullle'\ ,11I.IlI1ITICnt of 

operJlIonJI !>I,IIU .... Ihe N,ltl0I1,11 Sp.lll! I r,l/1\port,lllon S;\11!1ll h,I" \ull..c"fully wmpleled one more 

\tep lo .... "ru e.,I.lhh .. flll1!! Ihe pcrm.lnel11 pre,enlc 

uf tn.1I1111 'p.lI:e On Ihe othl!r h.lI1d. Ihe wmpellllg 

u~m.lIlus on Ihl" N.lllIlI1'" hmlted economic re-

.. ource ... Jrc forclllg ,1/1 I/1lre.I"lIIg .1\\ .Irene", of the 

neeu to rnJAlmlll! CllHlOll1lC ctfluellC\ 1Il.lchle\ mg 

the go.ll., ,tnU Ohjelll\C., of future .. p.lle ml .. "on .. 

To meet thl" lh.tlknge. a r,llwn.11 methodology 

and .. et of perform.tIIce .111(.1 eml lfllen ••• Ire entle.llIy needeu b~ "p.lce proJcct 1ll.1Il.lger, .IIlU decl ... on-Il1.!k.er, If Ihey .Ire to de.,lgn Ihe 1110\1 eo\leffecllve m.tn-n1.llhine \) .,tem .. 10 .lcwmph.,h 'peClfll 1111 .. "On., 

To he of \ .llue. the .. e a"e" .. rnenl procedure .. 

mu!>t cle.!rly IIldll.lte to the dcu'Ien-m.lker the op11111,11 location 01 e.lch .llIIVll} ,lIld funcllon.11 operatIon .1I0ng the conllllUUI11 from dlrl:c.l hum.1Il 

IIltencntlon .lIld lllntrol 10 IIldependellt <'i'teI11 

oper.ltlon~ 

To thl<; end. the lium,1II Role 111 Sp.lle .. Iud) (I) 

IIlH: .. tlgated the role ,lI1d the (kgrl..e of dlrec.l 111-

\'o\vemellt of hUll1.ln .. Ih.1l Will he required 10 futurc ~p.I~~ mlo;.,IOI1!>. (2) c .. t..tbh.,hed lnlen,1 for 

alloc,ltlng functlon.1! .llIl"llle\ bel\\ ccn hUI1l.II\~ 

and l11.lchme'>. and (3) 111\ e"lIg.lteu Ihe IClhnolo!.!v 

reljuiremcnl~. el0I10I1l1\_~ .• lIld hendi: .. of Ihe hum,m pre'>el1ec on \p..tle 1 he ObjCCII\e of Ihc .,Iud} 

wol'> tu PW\ lue a mcthodologll,11 II ,II11C\\OI k hv 

\\ Illeh ~)~Iem cl1gll1eer .. .!no dCCI'IOn-m,lk.er\ could 

eyollu,lte e.!rly mlhe conceplll.!1 de.,lgn proCC\ .. the 

rel.!tlve ad\..tnl..tge~ .In(\ dl.,..tdv,ml..tge,> of .tlICI n.tlive modes of m.lI1-m.llhllle II1ler,lcllllll 

As ,\ pomt of rcferenle. too often 11\ ,~ .. lel11 

de .. lgn an Mllllel,tI dldlOlomy 1\ cre.th:d Ih.11 .11-

ICmpl., 10 cI.l<",fv"') \lel11\ ,I" mall1l('d or /lIIII/IIIII/Cel 

Thert.: h I1U \uch thmg .1'> .111 unlll,lIlllcd ") .. 1~'lI1 

c"crylhlllg Ih.11 " credIco by Ihe \),Ielll dl.!'Igncr 

II1volvcs man 111 on:: wllle,1 or ,lI1olhl.!r: e\er)lhlllg 

m our hum.1Il cXI'lence I~ donI.! b~. for. or "g..lIn,1 

m.1Il The JlOlnt .II 1"\l1.! 1\ 10 e"I,II1I1,1I In ever) 

'>y~lem conte,1 Ihe oplllll'll fllic of Collh m.IIl-I11,IcllIlle componl'nl 

• 

Six ba .... c c..tlegones of /ll,m-l11 .. chine inter,lclion 

were con~lderelJ III the !.tudy M,lNU,U., SUI'· 

PORTI!1!1; wt!fi'iW!lfflW, THI.DON.Il,lnO •. \l.} • 

P1.R Y ISH I), .1 nu IN I) I-: I' I.·N OH.\'l' rhc ... c 

c.ltcgone .. ,Ire dcfll1~d 111 -Llbll: I 

Table 1 Categories 01 Man-f.Aacollne Interaction 

Ml!Onual Unaided IVA EVA. with sImple (unpo",eredl 

hand lools 

ReqUIres usc of Suppot1lng machInery or la 

Supported Cllrtles 10 accomp',sh asslqned laSi<S (e 9 

manned maneuverlOg unIts and foot reWalnt 

deVICes) 

Ampl,f,cahon of human se'1""ry or mOlor ca 

Augmented pablirlles (powered tOO,S axo skelelons microscopes rIC I 

Use of romolely CO'1I-o'

led sensors and aClua 

I Teleoparated tOIS allQwlng ttle human prese'1ce 10 00 re 

moved I-om !tle work ~lle (femole manipulator 

systems lelpoper.dors 101"'aClors) 

Replacemenl 01 dlrecl manual conlrol of svsSupervised tem operallon Yllth computer directed functions all hough malnlalnlng humans an 

supervoso'Y conlrol 

Baslca Iy ~elf aCluatlng sell tleailng Inde 

Independent pendent cper atlons mlnrmlzlng reqUirement lor 

d"eeI human .ntervenllon (dependenl on automation and dt1.frcal Inlelilgonce) 

" J • 

The crtten,1 of pt'fforlll(lfl( e, ((}\I • • lIld (('( 11110-

logutll reat/mt'n (progr.1111 confldl.!nce) arc Ihe 

pnnllp.tI f.telor .. tl!.lt progT.II11 or IlfOject 1ll.1Il,lger ... 

• Iflt! "y .. lel11 engllleeT~ me 111 ~ckctlllg the 1110,1 cmlcffec.tl\ e .lpproJeh 10 \1lecllI1g 1111'\\O1l obJec.tl\e<; 

The deC\\tOn-m.lk.eT l11u\1 h.I'e 1m judgmenl 011 

~.I1tl\\ ledge th,II.1 p,lrttcul,lr Implel11enl,lllon opllon 

C.tll or C..tl1l1ot l1IeLt Ihe perlorm.tnec reljUlremel11'. 

In Icrm, of ,>uch f.letor ... 1" fo fl. e .... cn .. ory dl ... cnmlI1.ttIOIl. '>peed, Jond ..tClllr.IC\ If It c.1Il meel Ihe 

perform,lIIec reqll-Iremenh. l..tn II un ... 0 \\ Ilhlll Ihe 

":"lel11·' el1\lronmenl.11 lon,>lr.lll1l\ of. e g • lemper.tlure pre ..... ure. r..tlll.tlion. ,lImo'phertl COIl-

~ II t U C II '" • m" ~" 1111111.1 t Hll1... • ale e I e r .111 0 II 

dlslurb..tnce 1111111"') In mJn) C"'I.!<'. more th,1Il one 

Implelllent.tllOn OpllOI1 C.1n lIleel Ihe performolllce 

requlremenl" .• lIld II I .. Ihen nece .. ,,,ry 10 C',lmllle 

the rel.tll\e CO!,t~ ,lIld the Il.!lhnologtc.tI re.ldme ... " 

or progr.1I11 conftden~e ,,,,,,oCI.lled \\ IIh c,llh ,IPpro..tlh Whl:e the I"II1.tl ~c\elllon 111 Ihe Ir.tdenff 

bel\\ ecrl •• n .lClCpl.lhle pwb,lhllll) of .. lllle .... ,lilt! 

the re .. ult.1Il1 l(ht I11U't re,1 \\!th Ihe dlCI\IOn111,Ik.er. the Intenl of thl ... ,Iudy \\'.1\ to prm Ide ,I 

fr.lllle of reference III \\hILh thl.! IIllerrel.llllll1,hIP' 

of Ihe"e pert men! p,lr Jml.!tl.!r" e.tIl hI.! m,lde \ I\lbk. 

,lIld from \\hlch r,l\loll.11 or Informcd dell"llln"l.1Il 

be dCfI\ed 
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1 

\ 

D 

Section 1 

PERFORMAUCEFACTORS 

I hc 111111.11 ,Icp 111 uclJllIng Ihc 111,II1-m.ldllI1C rolc 

1,10 Idcl1\Jfy Ihc pcrfllfm,JIllC 1,ILlm, Ih,1I .Irc J..n 

10 mcc\Jllg Ihc 'PClltIC 1ll1\'11l1l ohlllll\C' -I hi' 

\ICP IJ\\ohc, dclllllJ1g Ihc 11.1\11..' .llll\l\lC' rClJlllfcd 

to I1lccl Ihc 1ll1"IOn ohICl1l\C' .tnll C\.llllllllllg hllm.tn C.lp.lhlhIIC' .tlld 1111111.11101" III l!lOdulIlllg 

Ihc,c b.l\ll ,llII\IIIC" 

1.1 DEFUUTION OF ACTIVITIl:S 

In ordcr 10 dCfI\C.1 gCIlCfll h'l (If .llII\lIIl_' Ih .. 1 

lllUld hc u,cd III dC'lnhc .In) IUlurc 'p.llC m"'llIn. 

",mou, p.I"1 .tnu propll,cd \p.ltC projl'lI\ \\ CfC .111-

• ,I~ lCU "1 hc,c proJClh tndlltkd m.IIlIlCU f.llIltllc,. 

.,m.h ,1<; Sl} 1.lh, .... \\clI ,I' unlll.lIlnCU ,upporl lOlllcpl~. ,ulh .... Ihc ~p.lCC PI.llfofln (pm\Cf ,"Icm) 

.IIlU Ihc Au\ .lIllcd X-R.IY ;\,lroph\\lc, ".IClltly 

(,cc FlgUfC I) 

1 hc flf"l .,ICP W.l\ 10 Idcnlll) Ihc IllI"lllll' .l\-

'Oll.llcu .... llh c.ILh 01 llle"c .IIlIIClp.ttcd 'I'.ICC proJccl~ Thc I1lI"joll' rc,ultlllg from Ihc,c proJcLI, 

appc.Jf to lO\ cr Ihe g.lI11ut of .Iltl\ IIIC' CIl\ l'IOIlCd 

for ~p.tCC lIper.lIHlns_ -I hc,c ml"lllIl'> r.lIlgc lrom 

the 111111.11 dcplo) mcnl .1Ilt! frcc-Il) cr lIpl'r,lllolI' 

J\<;OlI.IICd with ullm.lIlnCU ",Icm, 10 11lL' m.JllllclI 

opcr.ltlo"" 1m 0/\ cu \\ Ilh \ .lflllU'" "'Ulh\ ,lL'I11'" p.I\'-

IO.I(h, .IIlU c)'pCrlll1elll\ In .Iddlllllll to thc\c. wc 

al,o CX.1I111:1CU lJ1tr.l\,clll\:ul.lr .1l1t! C'iII.I\cI1lcul.lr 

JCtl\ ItIC" rc\ultll1g frolll l11.lllltcn.JIll.C .1Ilt! 'cn IV 

IIlg, Co""lrulllon, .lIld gnl\\lh 0pCI.lllon, Wc .I(.,U 

u ... cu thc rc ... ult ... of Ihc ARAMI') ... Iud\, (1\111. 

Ph.l\c I FIIl.11 RCpOft. Augu'l 1%2 .1l1t1lhc Ph."c 

II FIIl.II Rcport, Junc IlJX1) \\llIdl dc\clopcd .1 

".,Img of \OIllC 310 gcncfll IUllllllln.11 c1cmclll, Ih.11 

.11,0 \\ crc uCrJ\cd I rom thL' .111.11\ '" 01 ,c\cr.II"p.llC 

proJClt ... 

Thc proJcll .IIMI}\I\ ent,lIlcll uclll1l11g thc \.IfIOU' Icvel, of c\cnl, u ... cd \0 lIe'lrtbc c.ld1 o! Ihc 

lucnt I fu:d 1111!>'IOJl\ [.Il h m"'JOII \\ .... hi oJ..cn 

uownlo the .,c4ucllce Ic\'cl to dC'lnhc Ihe dcl'lllcu 

0pcf.tlilln., for the gl\ cn 1111\\1011 I he ,cqueille., 

\\cre then fUfther ucfll1ed throug.h the Idcntlflc.llion of thc .JctlvitIC<' Ih.11 m.tue up c.ld1 01 the 

CRIG:rt£~ ~,~~ _: .J 

OF peQ;"> ~'! ;\u i '{ 

AXAF 

Flgt.re 1. Space Pro;~u Analyzed 

MC~NN£LLoouaL~ 3 

L,fe SCIi"nc.esLaboratory 
:. 

opemtlOn.!1 .. e4uenccs. Once the .!ctlvlty level 

c\ent, "ere defined. a gre.1I deal of common.lhty 

wa .. found to c'mt ,Imong the .I(.tl\ Ille .. compn'mg 

V.1rI0U' oper.ltlOnal ... equence!> and thc 1111\"lon ... of 

each "'p.ICC ... y .. tem ex.lmmcd In other \\ord ... the 

.... Ime O,I~IC .lctl\'ltle .. \\ere found to be reqUired m 

d,fferenl oper,ltlOn<; .lIld 111 uillerent 11I1 .... lon .. 1 he 

oOJelllve \\,1 .. 10 uevelop ..! fll1.l1 It'l of b,...,c or 

generic .11,11\ Ille ... e.lch \\ Ilh ul1l4ue ch.lr.lclen .. llc .. 

Ih.ll. "hen combllled. could he u'cd to de!>cnbc 

f ut ure 'p"ce 1ll1''''On<; (bgure 2) 

1 he ~p.lce PI,ltlorm proJell \\ III .. ene .1\ .111 ex, 

,\In pIe for dcfllllllg the project .1Il,lly"'" Sp.II,C 1'1.11' 

form \\',1'> .1 lOllcepIU,III) ue .. lgned free-flYll1g 

pl.tlforl11 Ih.!1 could proVide .. en Ile". !.uch .1 .. elecInc.11 pll\\ cr. Iherm,11 conlrol •• lIld lommUIlIC.11 Ion ... 

• .IOd d,ll..! h.lIluhng to ,I Wide r,lIlge 01 .Itt.tcheu p"y10Ju.. With ~lheuuled rev"ll .. by the Sp.ICC ShutlIe. the Sp.!ce PI,llform ml"!.lon!> provlue Ihe 

opportullllle!> for U<illlg Ihc hum.1Il pre .. ence 111 

m.llntenJnce ,\I1U .. en .. lcll1g. ,I'> \\ell ,1<; 111 the II1ltloll 

deplo) menl .lIlu/or .I<;'>ernbly of rl.l} IOJds 

AIlJly .. .., of the Sp,lce PI,ltforl11 re<;ulleu m the 

Idenllflc.lllon of fi\c ml ..... on c.ltcgone!. (FIgure 2) 

Each of the respccIIVC 1111\<;lon<; WJ!> defmed by thc 

~equencc-lc\eI c\ent., reqUIred to pcrform Iho~e 

nmslons At the sequence Ic\eI ... everoll e\ent<. 

m,IY occur III more Ih,\I1 one 1111",on I'm c)',lmrlc. 

the berlhmg operoltlon bet\\cen the ~p.lce PI,IIforl11 amI Sp,lce ~huttle not ollly .lppeJr .. 111 the 

p,lylo.ld recollftgurJlloll ml ...... lOn .• I!> .. ho\\,ll. bUI 

al!.o m Ihe IllltlJI ueploymenl Jnd I11JlIllell,IIlCC 

mIS<;llIIlS •• IS well .l!. 111 e\ olullOtlJr) growth nm-

!>ion<; The re.lsotl I!> IhJt 111 order for Ihme ml~"'ons 

to he performed. the Spolce PI.ltlornl ,lIld Sp,lce 

Shuttle mu-.t be herthed logelher 'I he "e4uellcelevel opcr,l\lOns were then furlhel delmcd hy luentlf)'lIlg th~ .IC\lVItIC<; ncce<;s.lr) to .ILCOlllplt~h Ih,lt 

operJtlon A .. stJled pre\ 10u .. I~. the" ,denllf,ed 

activIties wcre cxaPlllleu ,IIlU cllrnbllled. \\ here 

appropn,lte. 

The Jnal~sls of the Sp.ICC PI,llform\ fl\ L' IdenIlfieu m .... sIOI1~ ylclded 35 opcr.lllol1.11 <,cqucnce ... 

\\hlch wcre furlhcr dcltnetl h~ 2(,0 .Ic\lvllle ... BeC,IUSC thcrc .Ippearcu 10 he J gre.lt dc,11 of r~dulld,lIlcy ,It the aCllvlty levd. \\C e\.lIu.lted e.llh 

acll"'ly .Ig,III1\\ Ihe rern,lInder. c111111ll.lled redund,lIlue .... \llli combilleu '1IllILIT .IlIIVllle .. 1 hl\ .111.11-

Y\II" th ... n re ... ulted 111 the Idcntlltc.IIIOIl of 27 gcncnL 

.IL1lv'!le'> tholt could be u'ed 111<.011111111.111011 to de-

<;cnhe ,III the Sp.lle PI.ltlorm Illh"'llln .. 

SllTllldrl). Ihe .In.1ly ...... 01 Ihe Life SlIel1:.e,> Ltbor,llmy projell centered ,lrllllllU Ihree Idenllfled 

m .... !.IOI1<;. ,I'> ... ho\\11 1 he" 1111~"'I(\n., were.: .1Il.tI)led 

/ 

MeDON"'I!"" Dova .. ~ 

4 

• 

f ', .... 1 \1 ... , ...... t.I"" , 1_. t 

'. ?':(:--! (" ~"I.!..." • 

PrOject AnlllyS12 

(Levels of Definition) 

[SP3e'.l Platform l 

! PROJECT' 

Gttnl!'fiC Act v.he:; 

O<;'I\/ed rro'l'l S')')CIJ F •• ,IOfm Ind )-Sl'S 

I Lifo Saences ~boratory J 

( PROJECT J 

MISSION 

I SEOUEN~ "'::-. __ "-

fns;l~ct 

Recor(j, of 

FOM ~'ld 

V.'1er Conl.Uf!lPttan 

F"f'rtorm 

!-ftttofoqlCa' 

AnalVJlsof 

T,tun 

'I 

Ev-. U.il1r Prn-"'f"U 

Animal, Urine 

Healt"l $,Ilnples 

Figure 2. A "Top Down" Approach to ActiVIty AnalYSIS 
'" -I j~ 

"\ . . .. 

. 

J 

.. 

.. 

:! 

. , 

! 

I. 

1 

r 

L 

.11 the .. cqucncc Ic\d. and C.llh \cqucnle ill turn 

W.I~ rcddll1cd 11110 It .. ha"'lc .ICtIVIIIC., An Inlerc'illng note ,Ihout till., .1I1,lly"'" " th,lt even though 

the \e4uence-h:vel event .. \\cn~ not.lhly dlfferenl 

for e.lch life .. lIence .. tnl .... wn. Ihere W,I". once 

,I~dln. lon .. lder.lhle COIllIll(lIl,lltty .1I!long the ,Icll\-

Ille .. reqUIred III Ihe dillerenl 1l11"IOn ch!l11enl" 

'I he Itle .,clence .. aLlI\ II Ie .. were reduced 10 .1 1t,llIlg 

of 2lJ geneTIc ,Ictlvltle". of whllh t\\O \\ere unl4ue 

.lnd the relll:llnlllg 27 \\ere .. 1Il1l1.lr to Ihe geneTIc 

.lcll\ Illes derJ\ed from Ihe ,1n(11)''i'' 01 Ihe ollH,r 

"p,I(,e pWJed\ 

A~ edch new .. ource of 1111""011 d.II,1 or nm'lon 

actlvlllc-'; W.I .. e",.u~lIned. Ihe prevlou .. ly defined 

It!>tlllg of geneTIc .",IIVllle .. \hl .. m,lIlhed ,lg.lII1\! Ihe 

new IIlfOrnl.ltlOn. If ,I "peclhc acll\ II) lould not 

easily he de~cnbed b) one of the preYlou .. ly defined gener,c ,Ictlvltles. a new ,lcll\ II)' l.Itcgory w." 

Identified for IIlcorpOrJIIOn 11110 the gCl1efll .ICtIVIty Itst 

The analyses of thc!.e "p,lce proJeLl .. dO\\n to 

the activity level h,,, re .. ulted In the IdentllJc.lllon 

of 37 uOlque generic ~p.lle .llll\ Ille .. The .. e ,lltIVItles .lrC defined III T .thle 2 1,lhle 3 ~Ullll11dnle'i 

the .. p.!ce project \ourcc!. fWIIl \\llIch Ihey l'\o!\ed 

It IS our bcltd Ihat thl'i It .. t of generic .Icl/vllle .. ldl1 

be u~cd to de\cnhc the oper,ltllln.11 "'equl.!nle' reqUired III the hro,ld ~pectrutn 01 polent!.ll "p,lle 

OII\SIOn'i ,1Il1Iclp,lled m the Willing dcc,lde\ 

1.2 HUrUdJ CAPt.EHt.lT£ES AND LIMITATION::; 

In order to defme Ihe potenll," role of Ihe huIll.!n 111 aceomplJ .. hlllg e,llh of the'e .llIIVllle .... ,I 

det:nled It.,t of hUlll.ln c,lp.lhllttle .. ,1pphl,lble to 

sPdce ml<;.,lOn dctlvltle~ \\ ,I., lOll1ptled fwm preVIOUS ~Iudle.,. technle,,1 Journ,II.,. NA~A 1111'1'1011 

report3. human fdctor .. lext ..... lI1d blOll1edlc,tI rderences These c.tp,lllIltlle., \\ere grouped 11110 the 

three categones of <;emory/p~n_eptll,11. IIllelteltual. ,md p .. yehomolor/motor 'I he folltmtng l,lp,lblhtlC'I were ex,muned under e.llh of the.,e three 

cJtcgonc<;' 

A. Sensory/Perceptual Cnpablhtlc:; 

1:1 VISU,II ,lClllty 

m 13nghlne ... s detectIOn ,lIld dl\U 1111111,111011 

a Color dl\u 11l1tnJtlOl\ 

C Dl.!pth perceptIOn ,lIId dl"'UIIllIII.lllOlI 

rJ Penpher.11 ''''It.'' detect 1011 ,lIId dl"'LI Jlllilldlion 

a VI.,",II ,llLoml1lOd,ltlon 

D Deleetlon .!lId dl\Crltntn.ttlllll 01 lOllI.' 

a DI\CfI 111 In.tt 1011 of .. oUlld IIlIClt'IIl} 

CI Sound IOl.lllIdtJOII 

n Det(,llloll pf Ilghl louLlI 

Ell 'ldctJ!e teLOgl1llllln of ,h.tpc ,lilt! tC\llIll' 

MCDONN£&.&. DOUG .. ,@- 5 

a DI'icrunlllallOn of forl'c .lgJlmt IlInll 

a DI\cnminJtlon of limo movement and IOI.,llulIl 

D DetectIon and dl'lCrJI11lnation of all~lIl,lr 

ac':eler,lllon 

I! EqUilibrium 

I; DetectIOn and d"CTlll1l1l,IIIOII 01 \ll1r.lllolI 

D Detection of he,lt ,Ind wid 

g DetlctlOn allli dl"lnmlll,lllon of odor., 

8 Intellectual Capabilities 

I'J Cogl1ltlon 

a Memory 

n Dlvergcnt ,lIld cOll\ergent prmlllllioll 

G EVdludtlon 

C. Psychomotor/Motor Capabilities 

n Producllon ,md ,lpphc,ltlon 01 force 

a Control of !.pecu of 11l0tUlIl 

E! Control of \ olllnt.lr) re"pml.,e .. 

8 ContlllllOU., .tdJU.,lllIel1l LOntrol (Ir.llklllg) 

I'i2 Arm/h,md/flllger m.lIllpuldtHlIl 

.. 13mly pmltlol1lng 

For edch CdPdblhty. a ddlllilion W,I'> proVided • 

Its Ch,lr:tctenstlc" \\ere IdentifIed. f.tctor .. lhdt tend 

to lhdnge or 1IIIlIt the e.lpdhtllty were " .. ted. and 

commel1ls \\ere mJde reg.lrdlng the rcle\'dnce Jnd 

,Ipplscdtlon of thc C,IP,lhlllt) to m,IIl'" role III \pale. 

T Jble -+ 'iUmmJnleS l.ey hUIll,1II CdPlhtltlle<; for 

perfoT!IIlIlg eJch of Ihe 17 dCtlVltll.!<; The :tltlvltles 

11Ighltghled In T,lhll! 4 arc tho'l! where direct hum,1Il P,lrtlclp,ltlon I., con"ucled to be mo .. t heneflc"ll or e~~entl.H. 

1 he I1I11It~ of human e.tp,lhllltleo., m,lY he .Ittered 

hy hoth ell\ Ironment,11 ,md t,lsh'reldted f,tctor~. 

Envlronment.11 slre\ ... e~ ... ueh a .. \ Ibr,ttlon. nON!. 

acccler,ltlOn. light. ,lIld r,ldl,ltlon. Cdn ,Iffect huHhlll l,lp.lbtlllles. hO\\l!\cr. they arc gener.tlly 

.!\'oldl.!d by !-peclflc ,Ippro,tlhe~ to ~IMcclr,lft dc-

!>Ign lh,lr.tllcn ... tlc!> or ml\\IOII Oper.ltlOIl\ ( .. ee 

T,lble 5) Another ... tre .. ., f,ILlor .IffecllIlg IUlIllJn 

C,IP,lbtlllles I'> the "p,a:e dd"pl.ltlllll ~yndrome or 

\p.tle 1II01lOn 'ilckne ..... bee 'I.lhle 6) The '>)'IIIPtom .. ,Ire gener.tlly Ihe .. ,line 11<; tho\1.! ,1'>"Oll,Jted 

\\Ith COllvl.!ntlOl1.11 n)lltlon ~lcJ..lle~,,: hO\\e\er. the) 

()lcur edrly 11\ the f"ght pe,l" ,It ,lhOUI 24 to 16 

houro;. but 1Il(1)' 1,1'>1 .I" long ,I' 4 d,I\''> 

SOllie ~y~lell1 llper.lllOn,t1 rl.!qullemcl1h .. pellf) 

perform,l!\ce beyond hum,1Il ... en .. ory or p ... ~lhIllJl. 

otor C,IP,lllllltIL" (e g • 'en'itng (luhlde Ihc \I ... lhle 

b,lIld of the eleclrom,lgnetll. "pellrulIl. furle .IltU.lllon beyond norm,t1 hUIIl,1I\ 1.,IP,lblltl\'. or C\-

pmure to c\trellle pre ...... ure. temper,ltuIC. or IO\ll 

ellVI roll 1111.' Ilh 
'I 

I 

, 

f 

I 

I 

~ 

Table 2 The 37 Generic Activities 

I ActIVate In'tlale Syslem Operation Those events andor command sequences Involved In the activatIOn or InitialiZation 01 a spacebased system or subsystem 

2 AdjuSI AI,gn Elemen/s Those adjustment activities Involvod 10 such operations as alignment 01 optical eloments, line tumng 01 

preCIsIOn electrOnic eqUIpment antenna pOlntlnq and remote camera fOCUSing operations 

3 Allocale ASSign D/slr/Dule Those actlvl',es involving the reallocation or redistribution 01 resource:; 0 9 • the redlstrlbullon 01 pol'oer, 

coolant flow etc to sensltl\e subsystem eqUlpmf'nt to reflect operational needs or contingency operations 

4 Apply Removo (3'omod'cilJ Sensor Thoso unique activities associated With the mstallallon removal and cleaning of sensors used to 

obtain b,omed,eal data Irom a test subject 

5 CommuntCale Inlorm.1l/on Those a(,t'\llleS involVing the establishment 01 the communications link and the Iransmlslon of Information 

from ono source to another It .rcludes the verbal or Visual Interchange between two crewmen as well as the electrOniC transference of 

sClentllic mformatlon from a space probe to a terrestrial based user 

6 Compensatory TraCking Those aCh~llIes Involv,ng continuous conlrol adjustments to null an erlOr Signal against a fixed reference 

7 CompuIe D.1Ia Those actiVIties reoUlTlng a mechanized form of data proce~smg such as 10 structural analyses computation 01 

poSItions of celeshal bodies or other lorms 01 numencal computahons 

8 Conh'm Verily Procedures Schedules. Operations Tl10se actiVities involVing the assessment of "hether or not a prevIOUS event has 

In fact been accomphsl1Od (SUCh as a system vOTlheahon or checkout) or a procedure sat,st,ed or a schedule met 

9 Connect D'SCOl'noct Ciec/ncallnterface Those actlvllieS reqUl,mg the complehon or termmdtlO'1 ot an electllcallnterface They may 

Involve use of blind mated self a"gning connectors mu'tlturn screw dTlve Interlace plates or Similar deVices 

10 Connecl DIsconnect (fwd Int~rface Those actiVIties ICqu'Tlng the complehon or termination of a flUid interfaCe They may Involve 

use of a sllnple plug In sleeve lock connE-'Ctlon multlturn screw dTlve Inlerface plates or s,m,'ar deVices -

It Correlats Oat.. Tho~e actlVlhes involVing the Idenllflcatlon of posItive or negative relationships or cammonalilles among data sets. 

such as organlzahonal structures, charactellstlcs, or processes 

12 Deaclwa/e7crmmate System Opprallon Those events and or command sequences Involved In the t9rmlnatlon or deacltvalton 01 

8 space based system or subsystem 

13 Deco-:ie Encode Dala Those actlvilies involVing the convprslon of data mto either Its ollglnal form or IOto a form compatible for 

tra'1SmlSSlon e g converting t:ansmltted digitized data Into liS onglnal a'13'

og form or dlgmzI09 an.1l09 data for tr('nSnllSSIOn to the ground 

station 

14 Del/'19 PrOCL>dures. SChedules. OperatIons Those actlvilies InvolVing logical dedUCtions or convergent productlo'1leadlng to development of procedures, schedules or operations With pred,ctable outcomes 

15 Di/ploy Retract Append,'ge Those act",tIOS assocl<lted With the extension 01 a hardware element to a poSition whem Its aSSigned 

function can be realized or conversdly the stowing of that hardware element based on task completion or salety conslderallons 

10 Detect Chanqe In Slollo or Condlllon Those actiVItieS 'vherem the departure 01 a parameter from Its onglnal or reference state or 

condilion IS requlled to be sensed or observed 

t 7 DIsplay 0,,',/ Those actiVities Invo'vlng the presental :on 01 information data by Visual Bud,tory or tactual moans 

18 Ga/.~er Rii'"I;:Jce Tools Equ'pment Those actIVIties II' ,oJ 'ed In the obtaining or retur",ng ot tools or eqUipment used to perform a 

specific task. such as codectlng or replacIOg maintenance tOOl 1 'Jr don",ng dolling the Manned Maneuvenng U"'t 

19 Handle Inspec: Examine LIVing Orqantsms ThoS9 a~1 \ ,I'es ,"voh"ng the unique operations associated With working With hvmg 

orga",sms These aClI\ Itle'l IOvolve tho manipulation and germal hand',ng 01 a",mals. ranging from stroK'ng to inspecting or examIOIOg 

analomlc~ charactens'lC> 

20 Implemant P'ocedures Sche:J.,I:os Those actiVities InJolvlng the Inslltullng and car!)ln!} out 01 procedures or schedules (such as 

updahng a miSSion ",odel schedule) : c O'st.ngUished Irom actlvahng or IOltoahng system operat'ors 

21 Infomla/li;m Prucesslllg Thos;; actlvlt.es Invo'vmg tne categoTlzmg extrdCtlng mterpoldhng itemizing tabulat/'1g or translating of 

mformatlon 

22 IrspecIObse-.e Tl'ose achvl\ies inVO'Ving the cntlcel appraisal of events or oblccts They may Include the Verification or Idert,f,cat'on 

of a particular clements. such as damage Inspect,on of a returning orultal test vehicle. observahon and .den'lf,C3l1On of a celeshal Object. 

or beh3vlor 01 a hVlng orgaOism 

23 Me/lsurc (SCal'l) Pflys'cal DImenSIons Those actiVities involVing the eshmahon or al'pra'sal of a dimenSion against a graduated 

standard or cntenon 

24 Plot Dat~ Those actlvlhes InvO'vfng the mapD ng displaYing or locating of data by means of a speol,ed coordlnale sy<;tem 

25 Pas" 0" M<XIul" Those act,\ Itles InvolVing the poslt,OOlng 01 a component Into a deslfed orlf'nlatlon e g • l'1stal1,ng a new component. 

or li'ting a pa, load Into Its launch Orlontatlon 

26 PreCIsIOn !.fen'pulatron of Objects Those :lC/,vltles involVing tasks tn~t requlle a high dogret' cf manual dextellfy. sUl.h as the 

assembly dlsas~embly of small mtneato fTlechaOisms or the Insta:'allon o' measurement sensors Ie. Slra'n gages. thermocouples. otc 

27 Problem SolVing DeciSion Mal.mg DJta Anal/SIS Those Iudgnenlal and sometimes creative dctlVlt,es InvolVing the dra.v,ng of 

Inlerencos or concluslon<; throug~ the use of cogn lIOn ccnvergent 0' Clverqent production memory. and comparallve evaluation FunclIOns 

to be pt'rfo'l11cd may Include analYZing, calclJlating chOQSlng co ",paling estlfTIahng or planOing 

28 PursUIt Trdckl/lg ThOse nctlvltles Invo'\mg continUOUS control adJus'ment to match actual and deSired Signals when the deslfed or 

relerf'nce Signal IS contl'1l,JI:y c'1anq'11g 

23 Release Secure' Mecn;;r Ic<>lln':,rface Those actIVIt es involVing the manlpulahon 01 a mechanicalll1terface ranging from a slrrple 

one-ha'1ded. oJer-center lalch ~;;""ca\lon to a high torque. mulliturn tmeaded lastener May Involve manipulation of multiple fasteners 

arranqed .n various patterns or conflgurat,ons 

30 Remol'e Module Those ac\lvillos l'1volvlng the phy·'cai extraction or removal cl a component alter the mechan,col, electncal or 

thermal In:erf;)ces have been releaseo or dl<;connectE'd 

31 ROIro~e Replaco COH''''"'1 Those aChvlt'es involVing the removal or reinstal'ation of an access covellng or a protective covenng 

as requlled to gain access to system f'lements or to cover them up upon comple\lOn of the .... ork 

32 Replace 'GINn Surf1C .. Coatmgs Those unique aCtiVities IOVO'Vlng the restoration of a degraded contaminated surface coallrg. such 

as replac'ng a rad,alor s thermal coat.ng or deanlng an optlc;)1 syslem s viewing surface 

33 Replenrsh Malena Is Those act'vltles Involv,ng the rcsupp:Ylng of consumables. such as refu!;ilng a spG:cecraft. recharging an OptiCS 

cryo-based COOling sl'0tem or p'oVldl'1g food sUP:Jiles to an al1lmal \1o:dlng f3CII t{ 

34 SlolO R9cord E:lement Those actI'Jlt'~s l'1volv'ng the recording or storage of lIems lor both short lerm and long-Ierm periods e g , recordlnq'slorage 01 eyponmontal data or the le'1lporary s.orage of a blomed,c<ll salnple 

35 $ur9'cal M<'.n'()ula"ons Tho'o act,VIties such as a surgical procedure or a dlssect'on, including tissue sample acquIsitions. th3t 

rOQu,re a h'qh dog me of skill and kno",ledge as I'Icll as manual dexterlly 

35 Trnnsport Loadt'd Those actlvlhes involVing the COn\"{lng at a phYSical object by sOfTIe transpor1atlon d"vlce from one location to 

another e 9 • the t'?nsportlng 01 a component via a crE'wman or a remote mampulator system 

37 Transpo.1 Unloaded Those acll\llle5 InvolVing the movement" 01 an un oaded indiVidual or d<;vlce from one 10callOn to another 

e g • the nrovpment of a crewm:m to a 'Ioorks,te w,thout carrying too's or eqUipmenl or the movement of a remote manipulator system With 

nothing attachGd 

\,.0{ tll.a.;" 

/ 

MCDONN/£. L DOU .... ~ 

6 

.. 

\ 
. . 

I 

I 

~ 

Table 3. Sources of Generic Activities 

Source 

Generic Space Activities (2) (3) Life 

(1) Space Space ARAMIS Sciences 

AXAF Skylab Platform Station Study (MIT) Laboratory 

1 Achvate,IOIIlate System Operation • • • • • • 

2 AdjustAhgn [Iements • • • • 

3 Allocate Assign Distribute • • • • • 

4 Apply/Remove Biomedical Sensor • co • • 

5 Communicate Info'matlon • • • • • • 

6 Compens'ltory Tracking • • 

7 Compute Data • • • • • • 

8 Confirm Verify Procedures Schedules-Operations • • • • • 

9 Connect D,sconnect Electrical Interlace • • • • • 

10 Connect Disconnect FlUid Interlace • • • • 

11 Correlate Data • • • • • 

12 Deactivate Terminate System Operation • • • • • • 

13 Decooe [n(.Ode Dala • • • 

14 Dehne Procedures Schedules. OperallOns • • • • • 

15 Deploy Retract Appendage • • • • • 

1---. 

16 Detect Change In State or Condition • • • • 

17 Display Dala • • • • • 

18 Gather, Replace Tools EqUipment • • • • • • 

19 Handle Inspect Exam ne lIVIng Organisms • 

20 Implemer! Procedures. Schedules • • • • • 

21 Informal'o'! Proces~lng • • • • 

22 Inspect Observe • • • • • 

23 Meas'Jre (Scale) PhYSical Dimensions • • 

24 Plot D.::ta • 0 • • 

25 Position Modula • • • • • • 

26. PrecIsion Man'pulatlon of ObjPCIS • • 

27 Prob'em SolVing DecIsion M'lk'ng Data AnalySIS • • • • • 

28 PursUit Tracl-.lrg • • • • 

29 Re'ea~e/Secure ""echanlcal Interface • 0 • • • • 

30 Remove Modu's • 0 

-. • • • • 

31 Remove'Replace Covenng • • • • 

32 ReplacB'Clean Surface Coatings • • . 

• 

33 Replenish Malenals • • • • • 

34 Store Record Elc ,1('nls • • 0 .. • 

35 Surgical Manlpu'atlons • 

36 Transport load~ • • • e • • 

37 Transport Unloaded • • • • 0 

(1) Includes EREP and A TM ActiVities 

(2) Includes Actlv·tles Dsnved from the AnalYSIS of Space Platform Ground SysteM Data Management ShJdy 

(3) Includes 330 Generic Func.I'onal Elements Derived from Ihe Geosynchronous Platform. Advanced X Rat AstrophYSICS Factl<ty Teleoperator Maneuvering Syslem and Space Platform 

MCDONNeLL oauo .. ~ 7 
.. Table 4 Benefit of Man'. PBrtlclpatton In Space Actlvltloa 

Key ~nefll of man's onboard partlclpatlon 

capabilities Probability Overall 

uIlUzed Equlp'tlent Performsnce olmlssl')n benefit Irom 

Generic space In rren'. ClIntle of activIty success Is m~n'. onboard 

flo activity partIcipation elimInated Is Improved I"creased pllrtlclpatiM Rationale 

ActfV;:'~ •• :;a:e Evllua:1OII AU'.ojl1.,t~fy actJvat$(! r.~Slem$ \',1" t ty3:etn ~~'1VIl V,:;I;l1\ M~ InSO"r.a~ Neg~;~ Net S'()"l'ilCal'll pi~J'n.I'.lI~ M<JI1lp'Jlaton 

- j"'.ei(\n 1Ac$l i.bg'l-~r,l opera\J()~s >'tfIhll'l 

2 A:ljJ..'it'a''I}' e.'Mmn:, Cc<:n\1()t\ Yes !n£OmQ~ f.b f3&N,1r.:'1ll 

eiil:~S"Q' man s c~Gbllit.es 

~ Mxt'~eWrIN CJgr-i.cl\ NCI In l>OI1".(Jw1$?S \lff~maI Not slg:1!.icant PfU"ority &lI'.cn"3'.ed opern!!OM'I rJistr.b\o~ C-onvergcrJl PFOd 

.. Apply'remove Cogml1On Not appitcable Yes Yes (ssenltal Operahons cannol ezs,'y be 

btomedlCal sensors 'Ja'lIpulatlOn automated 

!! Com'Tl'..IMk.'\\\tI Cc;;nWrl No In SllrM C3SVS No NoI!S19n~~ Com'llJnJC1UOO 11111<. eslabk$Md 

Inbr11'.? 1.'>1\ Vr;.oo au~rn<l'r..a~)' 

.-

C",,"/'oo ~y de~nl on nature 01 

U Cornpell$G\O;y E,,: ,:SIlO.' f.·lI1L'T'3f No HiIllmal NO! $:qfIlf.eant trW<:flg la~ N~":fylflg cr(o: ~na1 f'Dd<lng Vi~'O'l cou~ b'$ BU!:lI!'.l!1C I.l<lr.;>u!s~ 

1 Co-n;luIo 1t.1a ~nloon No No Mltllrl1~ !.JQI S!:)n t.cJJ1l ).!<In wi<! p:.ay ne<.;l:g\bl;l rol~ m most 

E~vs.tm d:!lil t:Omp'.;tllsOil 

Con!lrmr.'()r.ty' CognI'oo l.r!l)!<I'.sl Nilt ~'7'I!i¢"nt Mart WQ'JId usual!;' ftlnc\!on In B e~"f~' E\lalut!.m No No b.rll jl- rQlu o.;! f Wledtks'~~ 

VISion 

9 Connect'd,=nnect Gress Motor Act Yes Yes Yes BenefICIal to Typical ut,hzallOn 01 man s baSIC 

electnc~: Interfaces '-'an.pulatlOn essential ca;labihl'es 

Evaluation 

VIsion 

10 Connect d sconnect Gross Molor Act Yes Yes Yes BPnellCial to ITy"" ~I u'11.Z3110n 01 man s basiC 

fluid Interfaces '-' an'pulatlOn esssnh,,1 ca;xwll,MS 

Evaiua'.on 

11 CAm'1.1!('x,'1 CotJ""l~ No t1f;,."'t1!)~S UIll:m'>l 1101 s:zr.' ~t f,!a.' ~!Jlj tltU2.~y t,mctlO" III a 

EoiG~..J:·tO' t:f.h,;>ro'" erGf 

D~::::trr;;t;l, '\2ITl'.:nlIa ',t~f) .. !~w.."1.'1: fw!O"l11tlCacy c~:::valGj sY~\ems wl3 U \::~1 ~.r.:t~ h$O,,*c~u N~~b!q Pwt ~;t>f~'ant 'S~"'O,11 ro~>~~ E\~~ttOn ~t~~ (nri"'j 

13 D~t'1CO""? C,,'l eo.;;.....:t·cn N~ Po ~ td$";>lt.'ir.n~t Co;npu'Ut funct::::n c."y - Corr~111 Prod -

14 Dehne p'ocedures' Cogn't'on Yes Yes Yes Essen'lal ~.ct'VltI'"IS wolty ccp<. cent on m~n s 

~(:<iulas. op€'.at1oo:; DwerGenl Proo Intellectual capa"'I,h"s 

1S Dc;l~Of fctr~.:1 VlS'Cil '{as In~(l.-r.e~$ fn somo ~I..:tal S9'«.., te~'!"'.,d a.C:!'I;~53 are poor 

2+,~"1tj~"'n Gr;)Ss Mo~r Act. ~~s c..-m16tJS tor autCll'~l::ln 

Detect chango In ec.:;rlllOn In s()me Bene! cia! or St'ong~' cepend,)nt on charactensbcs 16 E,at:Ja'lOn IJo In some cases sla't! or cond "J" V.soo C2ses esse~t.al of activily 

17 Display data Cognition No Yes Yes B.lneflClal to Man Impo1ant In seleclton 01 data to 

Evaluatl()'1 essenhal be d,splaye::J 

18 Ga:hcr r3place tOl'ls! CogMIOIl Yes Yes M'nimal Be~e"c'QI to Man can VJry tool selectIOn w th 

eqUipment essent,aI respect to task 

Hand,e Inspoct. Cogn,too ActlVlly c3nnot be aul~IT"ted In most 19 examlno I,v'ng V,SIon Not apphcable YI'S Yes Esse'1ttal 

organsIT'S '-'an,pul21lOn cases 

Im;>lemcnt CognitIOn ActiVity dependent on man s ~ Evaluation Not .lpphcable Yes Yes Essen',al procedures schedules r,o~\ ergent Prod Involvement by def,mt,on 

21 Information Cogn.tlon 1.·1~lmal YfS Yes E.~neflclal to Essential mteract,on between man 

processlOg EvalJat on lesser\lal a~d compot"r 

"2' 

8 

.. 
• 

r· 

t 

L 

r -

. i -

. -

: 

I 

r 

I 

1--

L 

Table 4. Benefit of rJ:an's Partlclpallon in Space Actlvilles (Co.-tlnued) 

Ke~ Jeneflt of msn 5 oob' ~rd participation I 

capabilities I Probability I Overall 

utilized Equipment Performance ;:' mls~lor. bene!it from 

Generic space In man's can be of 3elll Ity success Is man S onboard 

No activity participation elimtnated fs IMproved Increased participation Ralionale 

./os on 

22 In,pect observe Cognllon Yes Yes Yes Highly benefiCial Man s selective observations superior 

Evaluation to a'Jtomaled mon,torlng 

Olvergent Prod 

1--' ~lIe(~caJe) \~Slll:\ InSO'Tle ~!lCI81 (1(\ wmo t.I an r; best ahemabve In some In SO/ll!l ~S ~ 23 pt)yslcal C;~ns Eva!oallOll cases caS% sln..a~cns 

14 Plot da.'3 C0l'fUtlO'l N() /J1'l1':l3l '.'0 Not SlQrnllCafll Pr""al1~/ a oomputet luncttO!' 

~'k!0Il !nt;O!ne Bc-ne"£ial fvt S()~ IMan [. bend! htg.'1lY ~Il(!etnt ()1\ 25 PoSltIOO f'1Odu~ EvsluatJO.'l In some c~.:;e$ In SO/ll!l case/) 

Gro!.S MotorM CB$e$ OCll'litlfS I) pe of aCllVrty 

PreCISion V,SIOfl 110:'1," Manipulative skills cannot be 26 maOlpulatlOn of Manipulation Yes Yes Yes Most olten essent'a' dupl cated by aulorrahc devices ob)ects CogMlOn 

Problem solv n9 Cogntt.on 

27 decISion IT'aklng dala O'vergenf Prod Yes Yes Yes Essential Man !:ssentlal b I de"Mlon Convergent Prod anal/SIS Evaluation 

2* p.lISU~ trz:dJng Cog .. ttO>1 MlflImal Ye3 Mm~"l1a1 CtJuIj \xl sl:ln:hceot Oept'ldef1t on spet;tf;c tmcl.lf19 task Manlpu!atlOn 

VISion 

29 Release secure Gross Motor Act Yes Yes Yes BenefiCial to Exemplary ul,lizatlon of man s 

mechanlcallr'l:erface "'ampulatlon essential capabllilles In svace aCtlvlly 

E,aluallon 

VIS~n tnsom!;l S()oo!.aa! (or sorne r..'.a~ s bl>ncf'1 h<llt1fy depe(ld~rt 011 Z:l R" -nove MOd'.I!1/ EV"LJ~ fnsomeca= 11 somo ~;:St?S pw n:s~(tl actl,'!{~ type of act'Vl!y Gross "otor Acl 

V'S,on Sef\(,f:ctal for SOMe 

31 RemQ\'Q rep',&:(j E .. C'lca~.on In some c:lses "'$C(OOC~ mwfl'(> cover r(ln(r~4~' 1~!)'l s ty~flt h-1hly dependent on 

COV€l'I'1g Groc.~ Malor Acl ca~s ;cp:a::o-'l1cnt ta~ chara..,.te!l~~CS 

actJv<\ps 

Replace clean VISion BenefiCial t) Intrequency of actlJlty negates 32 Evaluation Yes Y~s Yes surface coal11gs Gross ~lotor Act essent al aulotratlon . VISion Bene'lCIalto Degree 01 bene'lt IS dependent on ~3 Replemsh malenals Eva'ua'ion YE'S In soone cases Yes essenltJI natu'!! of task Gross Motor Act 

34 SIore.TCCOo"d d!!'1'?'!1t Cog'PtlOO No. No N:l Not S'9>'l:r.can! IJ.sn 5 plftoCltatoO" oIlo!.nd.1 only III 

w);;'1d cases 

Surgical VIS'01 

35 Manlpulat'on Not applicable Yes Ves Essenltal Achvlty not appropnate for ?utomatlon man'pulatlons Cogn t,on 

:31 Tral1S;J0l1 ~a::m 01 V!t'C1 In ~or".e (}ape:nde~t on C'h!l'ac~~lsbcs ollasks CElrl v:lr{ O;v;ni!1Qn In SO"7le C<'sl.'S In some cases GM!'wOlifoC5 of 37 l.~lry)dad Gro~t~kt cases tasi<. ex'n;;v&ly 10r L'1:S aCir/'tf 

Highlighted aehl:les are t~ose "here direct huma~ partlclpa~on IS co,sljered mosl beneflc,al or essential 

To provldc d fr,tlllc of reference for lOmp,II 'ng 

the leveb of perfnrrn,lnle pO"~lb\e \\ Ith e.llh 111.111-

m,lchme mode. "UIllIll.tr~ tlllleiml' prol I 11:.,. "., dlu~tr,ltcd III flgurc 1. \\crt. pn.p.llcd lor c.llh 01 

the .'07 ,ILtlvllle., Thc r,mgc" of IlIlle., for ,llUllllplt.,hlllg c,\(.h ,Ill 1\ Ity \\erc b,l,ed upon "pecilll 

t,I!.\.-" Idel~'llted dunng the ,1Il,tI;'''I'' 01 the lepre-

... ent,llive ~.lmple of .,p,lle proJcct~ "I he tllne., Jrl' 

b,l'>ed either on ,lClu .. 1 "p,tle pel forlll,ltlce. "tIllU1.lllon 01 ~p,lce .Il!l\Jtle., III neuII,tI bUO\,lIllY <,tlll9 

ul,llor'>. or cngmcenng C\llIll,lte'> derl\ cd from 

conlcptu,11 de'>lgn'> nr from '>lInd,lf oper.ltlon,11 

C\pCII.:'nCC\ 

In ,ldd,lIon III the ttllleitne L1,II.!. potentl.ll reqlllfemenh for hUIlI,1Il lIl\ol\CIl1Cnl ,tnd the po,>-

'>Ible Itlllllmg f,lllor ... III direct hum,\Il tll\ol\ement 

wcre ,II\() lI.tggcd on the'>c '>UIllIll,tI ~ "heeh 

A" ,I gener,11 "t,ltllllcnt. re'pol1,e ttllle \\,1'> 

found to be the IIllhl ~ener,lIl\ .Ippltc,lblc t!",cnmIIldtor bet\\een thc 1ll,lIlu.tlly lontrolled mmle'> ,lIld 
• 

/' 

Table 5 Limiting Factors - Effects of Other environmental 

Stresses on Human Performance 

Intensity of stress 

Performance Inlurlous or 

Type of stress degrading life threatening 

V.brallon 008g5at 2g5 al 

- 4 108Hz -3t08Hz 

No.se 601085 dB 10010 '20 dB 

Gl accelerat.on 2103 g5 5106 g5 

G. acceleratIOn 5106 g5 121015g5 

L'9hl Complex 2 3 x 10' lumenS/ft' 

10nlz.ng rad'?"on - -" 5 rads'day 

t. H' llA5 

the .,upervl'>ed ,md mdependent mllde~ of oper,llion It n·~pOIl.,e!> III tllne period., 01 ~econd., or Ie ...... 

,Ire reqUlrcd. then the .. ctlvlly I'> gener.III} be!.t 

performcd 111 thc ~upcrvl'>ed or Indcpcndcnt 

modc", In thc "CollnCLl/Dl'>lOnI1Cct I::.lellncal 

Intcrf .. cc" or "RcJc.t!.c/Securc t\lcLll.1Il1C.11 Inter1,llc" cI."'.,llll.IIIOI1 .... for eX.ll11plc • .lppllC.ltlOl1'" 

whcre ~pecd 01 rc!>pon ... e would dllt.ltc Ill,lt thc 

cormECT/DISCONt-lECT 

ELE~ThICftlINTERFACE 

Table 6 Limiting Fectors - Space Adaptation Syndrumo 

(Exposure to Weightlessness) 

Human Duration of exposure (hours) 

capabllllles 

Impllcted <3 3-12,'2-'4 24-48 45-72 72-96 9G 

VIsIon None Mod Mod Neg Neg None None 

DlscnmlnallOn None Mod Mod Neg Neg None None 

DlscnmlnallOn of Neg Mod S.g S.g S.g S.g 5'9 

angular acceleratIOn 

Cogn&llon None Mod Slg S.g Mod Neg None 

MemQ,ty None Mod Sig S'9 Mod Neg None 

Evalual.on None Mod S'g Mod Neg None No.,e 

Vlsual-molor Mod Slg S'g Mod Neg I Neg None trac~lng 

Manlpulahve skills None Mod Sig Sig PJod Ne,' None 

eody pos.tlonlng Mod S.g S'9 Mod MO' ... I rJt)~ None 

Impacl code r--

(Decrease .n observed capabtHy) 

None (None) 

Neg"s'ble (Neg) 

Moderale (Mod) 

Slgnlflcanl (Slg) 

Man M"chme 

Categones T.me Scale Requ "ements for Human Involvement 

Lim Itlng Factors '" 

Human Involvement 

Martual 0 

Supported !=:l 

Augmented 

Tel.operated c=:l 

Super\llsed· 

Ground 

I o I 

1 I 0 

I 

RELEf.SE/SECURe 

MECHANICAL ItHERFACE 

~~~------------------------~~--------~---~---. ~~ Mach.ne Requ rements for L,m. '1g Factors .n Time Scale Human Involvement Huma~ Involvement 

I 

«I 

I 0 I 

i 

Categones 

Minutes 

j---...::....--f---·-r--------.-,-I 

i 1 1 0 I • i 0 I 0 

I 

I I \I I 

I I G I 

0 , 0 I 

0 0 I) 

. 

! : I I 

I I 

I 

: I ! I I 

0> Ie", I C 

\It ~ .... 

~ til £! 2 

_ 

c I '" ~ u I 

~ 'l1:J til I (; ~ • , ~ca. -, 

Figure 3 Performance ReqUirements 

10 
\ 

( \ 

• 

ORtCm'JH -: 

OF POC; O:I:,:CII : 

(lell\ IlIe, he performed III I he \uper\l\eo or IIIdependenl mode, 111I)!hl Indude 1.IUIH.h .Ihor! proceduh.!\ or elllergen~} .. cp.lr.llion pro~edun.:... If 

.IIlIm.lhll: re"'pllll ... e IIIIIC ... h~·colll .... IlllnUle\ or 

hour .... IIll'n .111 nlOde, nllrhl he .Il'plrl.lbk .. 1Ilt! 

other lrlten.l. ,ud •• 1\ lO,1 ctk'ct" .. ·IIC'" I\(luld 

prm Ide .1 morc .Ippropn.lle h.I\" for Ihe ,ek~tlllll 

of .1 p.lrllllll.lr mode of 1I11pkllH.'I1I.lllon 

t\ n IInport.1II1 wll\lder .IIHIII \\ hell C\ ,,111.11 Ill!! 

m.IOII.III.I'" perform.lIlle, I' \\ helhu or not IlIllC' 

lhlkr lor .1I:UlIllph,llIll)! \l1111l.lr t.l\k .. 111 .111 l·\lr.l-

\ehlllll.lr .1' l(Jmp.lled 10.111 II1lr.l\ehlllll.lr 11101"-' 

of opc ... llion In 11J:-;~, ~kDonnelI DtllI)!I." :\'Iro11.lulll' C(lll1p.lll~ plrformcd 1\\0 \~·rtC' 01 11 .. lIlr.11 

huo\.I11~\ le'l\ In \\Iudllhe ,.ll1Ie 1ll.lInlCI1.lIllC .IIlU 

\l'T\ll'Illg I.,,\.., \\ere perfllTClll'd "( he fll\lle,1 \\.1' 

pl.Tlormed 111 ",ClIIL\ ollh \\llIdl equ.lle .. h' Ihe 

'1Illul.lled IIltr.l\ehllul.lr ell\ lronllleni I he ' .. llllld 

le'l 'ene, 111\ oh cd prc""urc-,ulled ,uhJell", \\ Ilidl 

'Imul.lted Ihe c\·r.l\ehlluJ.lr en\lrllllllll'nt "'pcclflC 1.1 .. 1., In hoth the IIIlC-lllotor .lIll./ eO.lr\C-l1lotor 

IllO\l'l1lcnh \\cre d .. 'I11I11I\lr.lh:d 1 he IIIlC-I11Oll1r 

Jet 1\ II Ie .. I",,,hed 1ll.IIlIPUI.tIUlg Ckllrll.tI lonnellOP .. tll)!lIrc: -l) .,' \\cll ,I' n:l11m Ill)! .lIld 11l'I.tlllIl)! 

.1 qUll "-dl,,ulIlflcd OlllJ lOllllllllon (/ IplrC "') 

A\er.l!!c 1.1'1,. Imll:\ .lIId l\lr,I-IO-lIllr.l\chllltl.lr .Il11\ 11\ r.IIHI' .m: 'llllllll.tP/cd III 1.lhle 7 B.I'l'" I'll 

Ihe tc,t '1IlIld.IIII'Il. II .lpp ... lr, Ill.It 111 till: l.l\~ 111 

IlIle- nJdlllr III II \ .. mclth. e\tr.1\ dliLlII.lr .llUIIl\-

p",hrnent rlqtllr .. , .thlllll 'ill' ( IIHlr .. • tlllle IIt.1Il d,ll" 

Inlr.l\l'Iullil.lr I hi' dlflcrellle 11lI~ht h .. ' .IItTlblllL'd 

10 Ihl.' 'l'II'III\lt\ .Ind de\tefll~ \hIIcICnll" b~'I\\~1I1 

t,hc !!h'\cd .1Ilt! thc ull!!lml.l1 h.llld . 

-I hc Illlorlll.llion prl."l·lllcd 101 tll~ ItIlC-IllIlI111 

1Il(1\Cllll:nh h.I' .tI"1 bCl.'1l ul'\clopcd lor Ihc 

lll,rr,C-Ill11lor 111\)\ CIllCIII, A, .111 c\,II11pll.' 01 

l'Il.lr'e-IlHllor 11111\ ~IllCIlI\ .1 h,lIldlr,lIll-.lll)! 0ra.ltllll1. "Udl .1' 1111 !.!h I I'l.' lIl\ohl'J III lkplmllll.! .Iil 

.lppenu.lge \\ .I"e\cllcd (I1!!IlfC h) O!hCf\ .111011.11 

ddt.1 \\erc .l\.lll.lh\c IlIr Ihle .. 'lf.lIll,. r.tdll (~llllltC'. 

6 IIldle' .1Ilt! q IIldIC') I kll.' .I)!.IIII .l\cr.I!!l. 1.1'1,. 

Ittnc, .tIlt! c\lr.l-to-lIltr.l\elllud.tr .11Il\11\ 1.11111' ,Ill' 

Idcnll"." (1,lblt 1\) 

III IItc l.lW 01 Ihc UI.lr\C-lllotor 1.1'1-." Illl' 1.1111' 

I' d(l"~' 1(1 I I 1I\l\\c\er, Ih~ 1l1.lr\I.:-nlllllll 1111)\Cmcnt d.II.1 rlltl'lr.lll'd III 11,l!lIrC 7 'l'!!)!C'" Ih.ll 1111.' 

grc.II~'r the rcqlltlui IIHl\CIllCllt tht: gtc.lll'r Ihl.' 

d"lrl.'p.IIlL\ hct\\cCIl pl.'rIOrl1l.1I1le tlllh .. ' IIII', dt!-

krl.'n"l relied' the rc\t TIl I HilI"" .1\,1IL1.ltcd \\ IIIl thc 

Plc"ur~-'1I11 MIlllll.ltlOIl' 

/ 

Mel> .. ", ....... "OUQ~ 

11 

-------------------------------

FIgure 4 M3nJpul3ttn'] Electrical Con'l~ors 

- - Yo --.... ~--: 

_ l ! 

t 

...~ \. 

." 

Figure 5 Inrt~lItn:J a OU':k Disconn~'tt FlUId COllnectllm 
• 

... 

Table 7 IVA and EVA Talk Time Comparisons 

(Fine-Motor Movemenls) 

AlIersge 

limes 

(Bec) Ratio 

Task ~'-EVA EVA IVA 

-- Elecl,oeal conneclOls 

Coax - 6 lurns I'>'eaded 19 31 

BJ)'O"et - lZ0-d09 lock and unlock 9 14 

flUId tnlerface 

Rl'IT'Ovll 10 13 

Install ~ 

14 20 

Ave'aQa i 

I 

FIgure G. Ol!ploYIO'J an Apptndage 

Table 8 IVA and EVA Tusk n"l1!! Comp~rl50ns 

(Coarse·Motor Movemenls) 

163 

175 

130 I 144 

153 

. 

i Average times fl ~ ::-l ~:t:~A I -- Task ! IVA EVA E'IAIVA 

Manual hand cran~ 

3 lOch radius 20 21 105 

6 IOC" rad,t.s 22 24 109 

9 lOch radius ~23 I 26 113 

Averagf' I 109 

. . . 

It I' hChc\Cd Ihdt Ihc I 1111 d JIlC d.ll.llkmullwlll 

Ihe I1clltr.1I htlll\ .11K \ cm 1r!1II Illc 11 I I' .1 rc.I"oll.lhk 

.tppnl\lIll.lllllll 01 Ihl' ,1~1lI.1I tll\1~" Ih.11 \\ III Ill..' \.'\-

penclllcd 111 Il.r<l !!r.1\ 11\ III 'UI1\I.II:II.lIC Ihl' 11\-

'"coo"'''' ..... POU(I .. Q 

12 

301.-------.-------~--------r_----~ 

241 ~EVA .; 21 ___ ~r IJ-IVA 23 

~ ----22+-______ +-______ ~ 

~20 

; 20 

~ 

. 

~ 

E 

.: 

%. 

~ ~ 101r---------+---------r-------~~------_1 c( 

°O=-------~3~------~6~------~~~------~,2 

Hand Clank Handle Rad,uJ (.nchell 

Figura 7. Coart~'otor Movements 

---------------- PlllhC\I .... ,Ill c\.llu.ltlon \\,1' perlormct! to Comp,ITC 

thc pl.lIlned tllne, h.l,ed Oil Ilculr.11 hum.lIlc) '1111-

lIl,lllon' .1Ilt! Ihe .lllU.lllllnc ... oh'cnct! III ,!'.Ill: for 

Icn UlIllPO\IIC c\1 r.1\ elm ul.lr t,I')'" 011 ~),. \ 1.lh, 2. 

3 •• 1Ilt! ... OUI 01 ,I tol.lllll 2(l-t2 IlllllutC' of pl.lOlled 

oper.llllln .... Ihe "l..'tu.11 1:\' A IlIllC'" tOI,lled 24lJ I 

I11I1lUlc ... Of il( ( k" (f."ler) th.1Il h.ld heen .tlloC'.lted 

( ... ec "I.lblc II) On Ihe h.I ....... of 1111'" prc\ IOU ... \.'\-

pt:nencc. II \\ .1' lOllclut!cd Ih.lt Ihe III11e C\Wn.lle, 

deTl\cd from 11'1..' felt:nll~ londucled IlCUlr,III'lHl\-

.II1C~ '1II1l11.IIIIH1' pro 1\ Idc rc.I'oll .• bh: t:,tlln.II':'o 01 

on-orhlt pcrillrrn.lIlle Illne" 

Tl'lb:e 9 Skylab EVA Tasks 

EVA Planned liMe ActUl!! tlmr .1 time 

events (minutes) (minutc=) (minutes) 

1 45 35 -10 

2 248 203 -45 

3 105 96 9 

4 448 391 - 57 

5 275 270 -5 

6 156 161 .5 

7 3g8 394 .6 

8 442 413 - 29 

9 212 209 -3 

10 323 319 4 

Total 2642 2491 - lSI 

O"orall - GOo under cst,rnalo (15 I 2642 mll'utC'>;) 

\. ',\ I _ 

C)F Pl...,.~ ~ C 

.J ; 
po .... l. 

• 

Om.c the -C.lp.lhlhlle ... IOU hmlt.llltm, or e.ldl 

m.lIl·m.l(.hmc Illtll.le 1t,,\C hccn cq.lhlt~hcd ,lnU 

thclr Irnp.l~t on the perfofln"ncc of e,ldl ,llll\ Ily 

Iucntlflcu. the next .. IeI' I, to uetef\llIne Ihe rel.lll\e 

co~1 of eJ~h of the ,Ippltc.lble mode .. of IIllple· 

menl,lllon A\\ul1llll)!.th.'11 tv.o or more alternallvc 

lI11pkmellt.lllolI lIln~ept .. will he fc.I'lbl<: for .11:' 

complt,hlng .1 .. pt.'clflc ,ICII\II}. the ucternllnlllg 

f,lI':lor III the lllllld of the ~} .. Ielll cngll1eer bCllIIIlC" 

the queo"ul11l of lO .. t AccorulIlgly. the re .. ource .. 

"nu .. upport cljlllpmt.'nt neeueu to .Iccomrlt~h cadI 

.ICIl\ Ity 111 e,lI:h ot the fe.I'lole lll.tn·n1.ldllne mode'i 

\\,i' Identlflcu to .1 ueplh ,uffillenl III .llIow com· 

p,IT.IIl\e co .. t UJt.1 to be de\elopeu 

The 111111.11 cOll1rll,IIIOI1 of the Te\OUrCe\ .II1U thc 

,uppmt eljUlpmel11 W.I" uCrJ\cu III lOll}Unetl(Hl 

v.lth the Wlleltne .lnalyo,c<; In ,luthllon ... c\er.tl p."t 

.lnd ongotng 'p.lec proJccto,. o,ulh .10, the ~"~I,lb 

ml'''lons .IIlU the Unm.lIl1leu ~p,lce PI.lllorm ml\-

\Ion ... "ere rC\le\\eu to CIl'tJrt.' th.11 Ihe fll1,11 h .. lIng 

of re,uurl': need .. :tnd <,upr0rt eqUIpment reprc· 

,cllted .tli thc 1ll11,t pertmcnt Item .. 

'I he ... upport equlpmenl lle~e",lr~ for th.: \.IfIOU\ m.\o-Ill.ldIlIlC IlHlUe\ IIlcluded f,II.llItle'. 

extr,l\ehILul.lr .ill 1\ It) ,UppOTl Item,. 10111 kit .. ,lOll 

llleeh.ullc.11 'lIpplHt cljlllrment. ClIllltn,tnd. conlrol. commUOlC.lllon .• 11ll1 d.lloIll1,IIl,lgcmcnt cllulPment: orblt,11 mobility "),,tem\. .IIlU opcr,ltm!,: 

sy.,lem., ~oftw.lrc 

" he\e 11I,1ll' of 'lIpport eqUlpmellt \\ cre u ... cd to 

e,I,lbh,h rel.1tl\ e wq, lor pcrforrnlllg ,\I) acllvlly 

by c.lch of Ihe .Iltcm.ltl\'\! 1l1,\I)-fll,llillne c.llegofle .. 

No firm gUlucltne~ or ch,lrge rollcle .. for tIe\ 1.'1-

oplOg oper.lllon.11 u'er lll\t' In the "p.ICC .. 1.111110 

era ,He currently .IV311.lble from gmcrnmc'lt 

,ourccs AccorulI1glj. the gener.II ,lrpro.ICh t,lhen 

10 thiS stud} \\," to c ... I.lhll ... h .1 1ll1"lon-rcl,lletl 111-

Lrcl1lcnlJI w.,t .... the h,,,,, for ch.lrgmg \p.II:C .lCIIvltle!. rcqll'.lIlg direct hum.1Il lI1\o!\emcnt ,II Ihe 

'p.ICt' .. 1.ltlon 'I hc lIlerefllenul Lo,t W." ucfllled .1" 

Ihc lml t.lJfferel1Le bet\\cen filII ml"IOI1"Upport 

C.lp,lhlllt} .1Ilt! . ]Cfll-ln""IOI1" m,I'1'II1"pdcc-only 

c,lp.lblllty I he b,I\lC 'l),Ile .. t.ltIOI1 ... 1 7 Ill!! p.lr.lIll· 

cter, (UCW 'lie. number (If module, clcLlflL,11 

powcr. COllllllllllll.ttIOI1' u,II.1 r.llc. and therm.ll 

conlrol) '''ere dctilled for both ,I fllll-l.tp.lblilIY \11. 

JlIJI'Oper,ltlllg'C.lp.lhdlt} ... 1.llIon .IIlU ,I It} pothetlc,t! "ZeIO-ITlI""IOIl" '01,111011 Ih,ll ·.upported no 

1'1.1) 10,lu", .1Ilt! \\ do., rCljulred only 10 m.lInt.1I1l Ihclf 

MeOON"''' .... Doua .. ~ 

ORlG:~~,'\L P;.:': .r~ 

OF poor OUALln' 

13 

10 orhlt. The ulffercnce~ in de<;lgn p.lr,lmeter<; hetween the "zero-m,,\ion" and the "rulI-cJp.lblltty" 

conhgur.ttlOn .Ire 11Iu,lr.lletl 10 Figure, H .lIld 9. 

llle MDAC computcfllCU 'p.lI:e 1.lllllt, co,t 

predlLtlon model W.I\ thcn run \\llh thc'e t\\(l 'cl\ 

of ,.llue .. 10 c .. I,lhll,1I the IIllrClTlent.11 ~1I'1 .1 ..... tlLI· 

alcu With Ihe .. uppmt til ' .... 'tcnll.11 l\\l'r, or "pCliItL 

m ...... III1l ... "I he lo't tlllf .. ·lellle hct\\cCIl the lern· 

c.lp.lhlhl} .IIlU the full-c.lp.lhllll\ 1,11I1tl\ \\.1 .... Id· 

Ju,tcd In exduuc dC\lgn .lIlll dc\ e1llplm:nt u"t. 

...... umml! Ih"l nonrecurnng. W,I ,Iltluld not be Ill' 

eluued \\hen uc\doplllg .1 b .... dlllc for c,tll11.111Il1! 

tI'cr ch,lrge\ A 1O,~cJr Ille \\.1' .I"luncd ftlr Ih~ 

h,lrUv..lrc rcpre~cnled h, Ihe re'UIIlI1!! Il1lrcll1enl.11 

.. p.tcc !>t.lllOn f,lclllty Cll'\. A "tr.l1!!ht·hnc .1Inorllzatlon re,ult .. 10 .111 .1\Cr.lgc lmt per \e.lr th,lI. 

Fllluro 6. S~lIC,! Stlltlon (Zero-MlulOn ~patllhty) 

-~ .. 
--

• 

t 

.. 

when ulvllku hy av.III.lble oper.Jtlll~ m.lIl-hOlm 

per }ear. ~Icld, a l'o'l of SIOA27 per uper.lllllg 

hour lor 1ll.lOned u .. e of Ihe 'p.Jle ,1.lllon pre ...... urIled \ oluOle .\llli ullhl~ ,er\lce, J h .... eail'ul.llllIll 

I .. 1I111~lr.lled III 1.lhle 10 

Table 10 Presaurlzod Volume and Utility Services CoI~" 

Full Zero 

capability mission Increm"nlal 

station sllltion cosl 

($ million,) ($ millions) (S ml:!lons) 

SIMulalor develop- 1380 794 566 

ment ha'dware 

Fllghl hardware 2244 1356 078 

Tolal 36<'4 2160 1464 

$1464M 

Amoruzed Incromenlal cosl - -0--- - $146 41.1 yr 1 yr 

$14&4M yr 

Cosl per operaLng hour ~ 14 ().I4 man-Ilr yr 11 SIO 427 man-hour 

(1) Produ<;Uon cost only, excludes deSign and developmenl cosl 

(2) 6 r1lem x 9 hr day x 5 days week x 52 weeks year ; 14040 man 

hours year 

t.. I ~ , 

A '>Il1lll.lr IOlrelllelll.t1lo,1 .lppro.ILh 10 Ih.11 u'ed 

10 de\c10plIlg Ihe h."IL 'P.llL· '1.1111l!1 f.ll-lIlt\ lmh 

\\.1 .. u'ed 10 e,III11.1le Ihe 10!!1,lll' 0pl·r.Il\lII1' .. 0'" 

(repl.lLelllenl 'p.lre .... lOI1'UIll.lhle, 1ll.lInlell.lIlle. 

.IOlI rep.m,) I hi' rc,ulle.11Il .lll,,1 01 512 201 per 

oper.lllI1g hour for 'p.lLe .. 1.11111[1 hlgl,II\. .. oper.lI Hill.. I he \ .llue, lor IllI' .... dUII.IIIOll. \\ Im.h \\ere 

gener.lled 11\ Ihe l\ll D\lIlIlell Dougl.l, A .. lrun.IlIIIl' 

Clllllp.\ll~ cmlllllldei. .Ire "UI1lIll.lfI/ed III 1.lhle II 

Table 11 l091sllc!l O:>orallons cosi 

Full Zero 

cspablllty mlslIlon Increml:ntnl 

etatlon stalion Co!t 

(S millions) (S million,,) ($ mUlione) 

Replace",enl spaces 2615 yr 1297yr 1318yr 

and consumables 

Malrllenance and re 976 yr 58 3 yr 395 yr 

pairs 

Tolal 3593yr 1890yr 1713 yr 

Cost per operal,n\] hour $1713',lyr _ Sl220IManhour 

14 ()40 man hours yr 

I he IIlLrclllelll,11 \.\1'1 lor 10 '1"lll' 11,IIl'port.lllllll 

\\.l\ oelerl11l1let\ h\ .dlm.lllI1g Iltl.' ~p.lll.' ~ltllttk 

fllghl u),1 III propmtlllll lolhe r.lIlll ollnLrelllcnl.d 

lo,1 for IOgl"lll" (':" r,IIHlIl' 10 lull L,lp.lh"ll~ \.\1\1. 

\\llh .1 further u),I-,h.lfIllg .ld\lI,lrnelll I II" rio'-

,uitl.'d 111 .1 Lml 01 St)·W2 per hom l.lklll.tled." 

IlIu"lr.lled III Llhle 12 

/ 

_cDONNe .... .,ouo~ 

Table 12 loglaUca Traneportatlon Cost 

Tctal cost c S86M II.g1ll x 00-'0'" x 4 II.ghlsycar = $275 2M year 

Incremental COSI a $275 2M ~ea, I 430 •• 11 , S t32M ~ear 

Cost per operating hour • S 132M year • ~9 402 hour 

14 ()40 man·hour~ year 

(II Assumll1g W. Sharing Wlth other p.1) I.;l<>ds and 4 STS IlIg"ts per year 

St11 3\\ (21 AJ1ocahon IclctOf (from Iog!SbCS operal.cr~1 " S359 3'~ " 48' .. 

I -' 

In .Iddllion 10 Ihe Ihrec 1ll.lJor eklllenl\ de-

,cnhed ,Ibme. c'tim.lle, \\ere .Idded for u\e til 

.mloLk .Jnd .. .tfe-h.l\ en re'lIuru!' 10 Ltllllpkie I he 

!lpace st.lllOn f.lclltly lI'Jgc dl.lrge B.I'eu on U.II.1 

conl.llned III the McDonm:1I Dougl", l'O'! d.II,1 

b.lnk. Ihe~c \\\0 Ilem, \\ere e"ulll.lled al S16~ pl.'r 

hour emU $32H per hour. re'peL!I\c1\ "I he .. um 01 

,III fl\c clemenb .llllounh 10 Sl!522 per hour (or 

$5 .. 2 per mlllule) for me of lite 'p.lle ,1.I\lOIl 1.1-

clltlJe~ 10 dlrcctl~ !>upport hum.1Il .H.II\ tile, III 'p.l~l· 

('cc "l.Jble 13) 

Tebl~ 13 Space Stlltlon Fllclitty Cost ~r Operatlra Hour for 

Actlvltll}s Requlrtn\) Direct Hum::l'1 Involvement I ... Sp<.:ce 

(1934 O!lllars) 

PressulilOO VO'ume and ulll.ty servICes 

loglslres o~rallOns 

Log sires Iransporalron 

Au lock 

Safe haven 

Tolal space stahon Jac,:,ty 

I $10427 

1

12201 

9402 

164 

328 

$32522 

A number of dlfferenl f"etm, \\ere (ln~IIl.III\ 

lOlNdered hy the ... tudy le,11ll ,I' h.1\ lilt! Ih~ poten11.11 10 'I)!.mfa .mll~ Illlp.ILt Ihe llht 01 'p"L'e oper.lliom A .. the .1I1.t1~'I'" pruu:eded Ihe tlillC 

co,lm!! elemenl, 'lIlllllldriLed I" I.thle .. 1-1 .mll 15 

wcre lound to he Ihe I11ml "~ntlIL.lnt delerlllllk'r, 

01 'p.lle .Icll\lt\ lll,t .. 

The cmllllg tlletl)lldo\og\ ullfered for e.tr..h of 

Ihe nmc c1cmcnt ... depelllltng upon \\ helhcr .1 ,pcClflc CO,! c1emenl \\.1\ drl\ en bv the {flllc-uf-Il\(' or 

the frt'C/llt'lI( \ -of-II\(, "I he Tllllc'-Iela/cil ~rollp I' 

ch.lr.lllen7eu hy the Tel(lIIfCl1lenl fllr.1 ,upporl clement 10 bc uwd ovcr.1Il e,IIIIl.lled .1l11\ It\ Ilrncime 

and Indude .. lI.,e of Ihe "'p.tle "t.IIIOI1 1.lolt". Ihe 

ground conlrol ,IIH.1 d.II.1 h.lI1dllllg f.ILlIIIII.:.. Ihe 

Ir.ILklllg .lIld U.II.l n:l.ly .... lldllle ')"ICIIl .• \Ild the 

cxlr.lvclucul.lr ,ICII\'II\ 'UpPIlr\ Itelll' "I he fre-

'lucne) .of-u,e-rel.ttcd )!.Illllp J\ d'.tr .tlleTlleJ by Ihe 
~. 

• 

• 

• 

., 

... 

Tabla 14 Activity Costing Factors - Cost Element, That Are 

Prlmarllv 0 Function of Tlmo Use (Cost Per Minute) 

Element Computational BlIso 

• Spaco statoon fa , Della cost 'fu:! up)-(.ero ml%'')n slal,on) -------. Clhtlcs and 10<]15" A.dllabltl Clew lIme 

tiCS oper dllons 

• Ground conlrol Production co~t • Oper allons cost 

and dala han· Availability tlmo 

dhng fac,litoes 

• Tracking and 

data relay sat U 5 use and relmburscmenl pottey 

oilite syslem .- • EVA support ProduCllon cosl Operatoons cosl ----- Ilems A.allablttty tl'11C 

Table 15 Activity Costtng Fectors - Cost Elements That Are 

Primarily II Function 01 Number (N) of Uses (Cost Ptr Use) 

I 

Elc",cnt 

• To~I klls and me· 

chantcal support 

equpment 

Computational --~ base 

Produchon cost (e, • 025 C • N'" t ) 

• Command con· 

trol communI I 

cahon and dala I 

management 

eQUt~Mcnt 

PrOduction cost ICI --N~'-- ·025tCI' 

r--' I 

• Unmanre<:l p'at I Productoon COSI • Operdtoon~ cost 

lorm resources IN"'" 

• Orbitat mobllllV I P~OdUCI:;;~~~-~ s(s'ems ~- N'" I 

• Operating ,sys· So'lw?rl' development COs I Ie) t ~~~ 

lems softl'oare N N .... • 

L--____ I 

requlrel11ent for .1 l11ultlll'l' \UPport lIem Ileeded 

to perform .111 .ll.tl\ Ity .lIld IIldUde' tool "II, .\Ild 

mech.tIlICJI "'lIPPOlt elJulpmellt. Cllllllll.tlld control.lOmJllUIlII...tIIlHl .lIld d.II.1 111.1I1.I;!elllent CljlllPment. unlll.lI1lled pl.ltform b.I'IC re'OllrlC'. orhtt.t! 

tlloblhl\ ... ~ ... tem-;, .1I1d oper.ttJllg. \~ ... tellh 'olt\\ .Ire 

('Of tho,\! tll.tn-Ill.llhrne Jlloue., 111\ 01\ Ill!! dlfell 

hllmJIl p.lrtIUp.ltIOIl (I e. \1.lllll.t!. ~lIppPrted. 

Augmellted .• tnd I elepper.III-·J). the IIhl'l "1!11I1t· 

c.tnt Lo,t dn\er, \\ere the pror.llcd 1.llrllt\ UI'I\. 

tr.lI1\port.ttlllll 1.0'''. 01hll.1I 'lIPPllrl lllUIPl11lllt 

co" .... lo!!"tll. ... \.0'1\ .lf1d thl.. lrC\\ t11lK' or dllt~ 

c}c1c.. ror Iho"e tll.ln-lIl.tdllIlC 1l1odc, 111\ ph III!! 

rndlll..lI hUI1l.1I1 p.lftlLlp.ltlllll (I e \UpCI\ I"l'd .11ll! 

Indcpendent). thl' IIIO"t "'!!IlIlll.tnt lll\t dfl\cr\ 

\\ere pror.llul 1.1L11t1\ II..'OUlle" orhll.tI \lIpplirt 

eqUipmenl. orbt!.t!llIllhlltt\ "\tUlI,, '01 t \\ .lIe .tIld 

ground ... upport opef.ttIlJIl' lO"" 

ApphL.ttlOIl olthl.. lmtlllg Illethodlllll!!\ fe"ultcd 

r::.:/ MCDONlVeLL DOUOL:;;';::;----

15 

In the de\c1oplll.t.:llt of .1 fJOlIly (If eumul.ltl\C emt 

ver\u ... (reljUl'lll \ ·of-u'e eun e'. for e.leh 01 the 37 

.letI\IlIC' A .. IIIU • .tr.lh:d 111 hgure 10. the,c I.lIr\e, 

portr.IY the rcl.I!J\e C(,onOIllIC .......... ol..l.lted \\llh Ihe 

ocrfonn.lI1le 01 c.ldl .11II\lty h) the "'e\ell .Iltern.ltl\C mode .. 01 1Il.1Il-1ll.ldllne Inter.tLllllll 

100 

10 

01 

10 100 

Number of timeS actlvltv IS performed 

Figure 10 ActlYlty 29 Release/Secure Mechanical 

Interface (Cumulative Cost Ve~$ 

Number of Times ActiVity Is Perform«l) 

1000 

Although tht! lIuph:tllcl1t.ltlllll u)'h fll[ c.ldl 111-

dJ\ Idll.t! .ICtl\ It\ III c.lch m.rn-I11.ldllIlC lIltef.ltllIlll 

Illode .lfe 'Ollle\\h.lt dllkfent. .I r.Hller "gnilll.tl1t 

oh,cn.ttlOll I .. th.lt the co\l 1e,,:1 hlr tllfl.Ct hUIll.1Il 

tll\ol\elllent (1ll.IIlU.II. \upportcd .lIIgfl1cnted. or 

tdcopa.lled nIode\) gl'ncr.tfly fel:l.lIlI ... l(lll",der-

.Ihh hmer th.11l Ihe Lll,t for relllote hum.ul 1Il-

\01\ elllCllt (,>uper\ l'ed .lIld IIldepelldent -mode .. ) 

0\ er .11.lrge Ilumba of tlllle' th.11 the .ICtJ\ Ity mIght 

be perlorilleu (I to 10 (jOO tIIllC") /-rgure 10 IlIu .. -

tr.tte ... tIm, generJI C.I'>C t\\ nl.l~ hc noted. thc co,t 

dllkrenthtl, <;p.lIl \\\0 ordcr ... of 1ll.lgllltllde \\hell 

onl~ .1 few .ILtJ\.llron, .lfC relJulred (I to /II) but 

n.trrm\ to Olle order 01 Ill.tgllltlldc \\ hen the numba 01 .11..!l\ .. tIOIl .... Ippro.lche, 1000 For 1110,1 .Ietl\ Itle". the 1Il.1I111.11 mode C.1Il be pellOllllcd rn .1 

rel.tll\cly \hort tlllle peTlod (Ie...., th.1I1 I hour) \\Ith 

olll~ 1ll1l1l1ll.t1 IIlC\PCIl'!\t! "'Uppllrl equlpmellt 

(:\el1 .1 $12 "22-pCf.1l0ur "'p,ll..l ... 1.111011 f.ILlIlI\ 

ch.lrge (.llthIIUl!h .1 "'1),!IlIIIl.tllt IdLlor II knglhy 

lillie ... .tfe 111\ nh cd) .., ... 1111 .1 rd.lt1\ ely ... m.tll to,1 

f.ll.tnr ulllll the IrL'qllelll) (Ilu,c .Ippro.tlhe\ WOO 

Pcrlorllllll!! .11II\I(JL'''' In the IIltk'pendellt. ... lIpel-

\ I\ell. or tclellpcf.lted Illode ... rClJlIlfe, rn 1ll0\{ 

l.I'e' •• 1 rd.III\c1\' C\Pell"l\e 1I11tl.1I Jll\e,tlllcnt III 

'Ul'pllrt cqulpm .... nt <1Il1l ,\II!\\.IIC. \\hldl doe ... not 

lomp.lre f.l\ (ll.tbl) \'01' h the m.lIlll.11 mode unk,., 

.UllOr!II11III\Cr.1 1.lr)!e l1umh .... r 01 lI\e' 
.. 

• 

Van.llltlll' fwm Ihe gener.11 p,lttcrn o\l'cr\cd III 

Ihe prcccdll1!! l.I'e ollurred fOf .1 few .tC\!\ IIIC., 

whcfe lInll'II.11 cljulpmcnt or IlIlle1me fC'IUlfl'-

men\'. \\crc 'peclfll'd for ,I p.lrtltul,1I l\Iodc of 1ll,1Illll.ldllllC IIller.lliHIII lor l'\.lIllpk, 10 ..111111/\ 32 

- Ut'pllll ('/( fellll \/IIJIII I' ((1tUIIIgI ('l'e rl!!IIrC II) 

Ihe 111.11111.11 .lIld 'lIpported IllIH"-:' hl'lOme rd,l11\1.'1)0 ll"th \\hclI the Illllllhl'r 01 lime' thl .11I1\lt\ 

I ... to be peflornll'd lOt re.I'e., to one hundrl'll 01 

more I hi' I' duc prtl1l.lnl\ to the .1\Cr,lge tlll1e 

(1",0 IllllllltC') reqllln:d lor th" .11I1\ 11\ 111 Ihe 111111-

u.11 mode, ,I' demed fwm thc tllnc:ill1e d,lt.! It 

\\\Hlld he mOfC CI"t ctlcc..\I\C hIIHO\ldt: ,0111e lk'-

gret: of ,lllgmt:nt,ltlon or fl'lllOtt:h (telt:oper.lled) 

.Ictll.lted l11t:dl.lll"m, to .lId 111 ,llllllllph'llIllg till' 

'PCCIIrC .llll\ 11)0 II It h.ld to he pt:rlorll1l'd d.llh mcr 

.1 pertod 01 .1 \C.lf or lIlort: 

'I ht: 111I,fC ,1c..\1\ lilt:' th.lt .lfC rl'qulIt:d to .Illlllllph'h .1 'pt:llfll 1111"IOn ohjt:lll\c. thc mon_ WIl\.' 

rcqllllcd .lIld the hlghcr the co,!. I hi' I" IIIIC of 

the 111.11111.". ,upported .lugmel1tell .lIld tclcopa100 

10 

E 

01 

Curve ,c1rntlflcat 0'-' If g-=nd for 

nun mlchlne InlpractlOn modes 

-1.H"J-O- M_nudl 

~o--c- Sunporttd 

-6-b..!:r-I\uqm_n lcd 

... -4>-0-- Telt~cn .. r<JtLd .c.-C-.0 •• Supt..r"lst~d-Gtound 

-0-0--<>- SUI)"v,~pd- On Orb'! 

'" -'Ii' "'V- Illd. I,..nd~" I 

10 100 

Figure 11. ActiVity 32 Replace/Ctean Surface 

Coattn~lS (Cumulative Cost Versus 

Number of Times ActiVity Is Performed) 

/ 

MCDONN", L DOUGLQ' 

1000 

16 

.llcd 11I001e, of lIpcr.ltllll1 In the C.I'C of thc opcr.IIIOI1,11 modI:' \\hl:re hum.1Il 111\ Ilhcmcl1l I' 

morc IIldm:cl (I e , Ihc ,upen I\::d-groIlI1U, the 'upen Iwd-on-OI hIt, .lI1d the IIldependenl Illode,). 

the pfIIH.lp.llllll1lnhlltor to tltt: \.11'1 01 pCflllrnul1g 

" 'cl (If ,llll\ IIlc' " more dlrectl) lh:pcl1lkllt on 

the cmlof Ihe re'"urloe, ,lIld thc '"ppllrtlllg CljIlIPmcnt lIem' rl'qlllrcd to pel fOflll C.ldl .11I1\ It) III 

orhll Ih.1Il Oil thc IlIllC fCqUlful tll .ltlOlllpl"h i'IC 

,lttl\ Ily -111" I11C;III" Ih,lt III the modc, rl'qulrtl1g 

IIldlfClI hum,11l IIl\OhCIIlCI1I the lO ... t Icdul\IOI1 

duc Illlhc plllelltl,tI of ... h.mng ltlllll1l11l1cqlllpl11el1l 

IIcm, .Intl l0I11I111111 rC'llltlCe' l.1I1 he .1 "!!lIlltl.lllt 

f.lllOf 111 the lo,t CQU.ltlllll 

In the c\.lIl1plc ,hlmn tn IlgllfC 12, II lin" the 

ol1e alll\ll\ \'cre rcqulrcd to he pLrlmIlH:d. 11 

would I1ccd to he rcpc.ttcd Iholl,.lIld ... 01 IIIllC' helorc It \\ ould he co ... t dlctll\ c to prll\ Ide "OI11C 

dei!fCc of .lulOm.lled "UppMI (I e thc ,upt:f" ... eu 

modc 01 OpefJtlon) On Ihc olhcr 1t.lIlli. 11.1 10t.11 

of I h .llII\ IIIC' h.I' III be pcrloflncd 10 ,1101l1lI1plt,h 

Ihc III 1"'''10 11 ohlt:lIl\C .• lI1d If AIII\ 11\ 29 h .... to he 

perlormt:J on" 1\\0 hUlldred 1I1llt:' de"'lgning Ihe 

1111,"011 oh,cctl\C to he .llcoll1plt,hcd 111 the wpcr",ed mode hC\.Ollh.' .111 .lltr.lllI\C opt 1011 

Number of repetItIon of each actIVity 

Figure 12. ActiVIty tJumber 29 Release/Secure 

Mechanical I nterf:lce 

_ J 
J 

I 

... 

J 

. , 

, 

. -

, -

J -

J 

r=[-

I I Section 3 II TECH"OLOGICAL READINESS I 

~~_:~~~.~~~ ____ ~~~~~~ ____ ~~~~J 

In dc\ clllrlll~ thc COlllCptU.r1 de'lgn for an old-

\,lIlled ·,p.KC ,~,tCl1l, .1 \crv IlUp"rt.lllt I.'on,"h:r-

.lIlOn I, the Ic\el \11 kdll\llIOgll.tl reoldtllc', (II Coldl 

01 the cntll.tl o,;Icl1ll.:nt, llllllpfl\\IIg thl.: ') "cm -I he 

elmer the technoltl!!IL.tI re.tUml'" Ic\el of e.ILh of 

the key elemenh " to full oper.IIIOIt.lII..tp.lbtltl~, 

the gl"e.lter the proh.tbtltt\ of ,uLl.e,",full\ lin plemenlllll,! the ,\'telll LOllcept -\ he Ic\el 01 tethnologlc.1I re,ldll1e" I" .111 e'pell.t1I~ 1I11port.lI1t 

f.lctor for the dCI.I'lllll-m.l\..cr III ,L'lcctlll!! the optllll.tlmoue of 1ll.IIHll.tdllne IIlter.IL\1I11l I he eight 

level, of teLhnoll1);IL.tI re.ldllle...., ulINdcred 111 Ihe 

TIIURI~ ,tudy .Ire dctmcd In l.Ihle 16 

-I he tllne ... c.lle reqtllfcd to .lI.hle\e e"ch Ic\c! of 

tcchnolog.tl..tl re.tdllle" depend, III 1.11 ge p.trt upon 

the dcgrec 01 comp!c\lly of the '~'tclll to he de-

\eloped, r-or rcl.ltl\el\ 'Imple '~'tlill', the 111111.:' 

reqUired to 11100e IWIll Ie\cl I to le\cI 7 Illol\ t.I\..1.: 

from 1 to 'i \c.lr' -1111'> tlllle r.IIl!!C ottell rellett' 

the Imp,tll 01 1.Ic\or, other th"n tedlllll.tl progrl" 

on the de\cl0pl11cllt pro~c'''' ,lid, .1' politll,11 or 

blld~ctll1g LOn.,tr,lInh or the .1\.l\lolhlht~ 01 lorT~chnol09Y 

Re \dlness 

Level 

B - Initial anri full 

op ... ratlOno.11 

capability 

7 - EnglnecII09 

mr.;,del test 

10 $pace 

6 - EnqlO ... t'rlnq 

model t"'teel 

5 - Componentl 

brradboard 

tested 

-f I 

19dO 1981 1982 

4 - Critical function r;:; c.haractcrlstlc 3 dt~monstratlon 

3 - Conr:eptual 

deslqn an.Jlyztd 

2 - desigo 

Conceptuat ~ 3 

formulatf"(1 

1 - Ba~lc p"nel 

pIe. ohwrvedl 

f('ported 

Table 16 Levels of Technological Readlnen 

Readiness 

level Definition 

1 BasIc pnnClples observed and reponed 

2 Conceptual def>lgn lormulated 

3 Conceptual desIgn tesled analyllcally or 

experunenlally 

4 Cntlcat tunctlon characlenstlc demonstration 

5 Component breadboard tested In relevant 

enVIronment 

6 ProtOlype englneennq model tested In relevant 

envrronment 

7 Englneenng model tested 10 space 

8 Full operallon..ll capabIlity (basehned mto 

prodUClt0n de~lgn) 

oll,lry "~~h:m' n:qUlred to dcmlllhtr.tte or ,lid In 

the development of the Item In que .. tloll ,\n e'\-

,101ple of Ihe de\ c!opmcnt p.lth for.J "tmrle ,\ .,tem 

I' IlIu,lr,lIed In (Igure 13 1 he de\lle, 111 IllI'. col,e 

,Ire !.mall elcclrtc.11 collllcllor 1001, to he u'eu 111 

di.tn~lI1~ oul orhlt,11 repl,lI_cmcnt untt, on ,I ~p.lle 

Pioltform Dunng IH!utl.t1 huov.,"lv te,1\ .It the 

M,lr,h.11I ~P"cc ( light Center In IllSI. the need for 

,uch tool, \\.t, Ilh:ntlflcu TIle 'tep" from UHllCPtu.t! dC'lgn (IC\c! 2) to 'c'lIng ,Ill cng.lI1ccnng 

model (level 6) took "bout I ye.tf I (l prolecu to 

Cah:~nd • .H Year 

1983 1984 1985 1986 

I I -I -f 

9 

. 30 

!J 

Figure 13 Development Path for Electrlc)1 Connector Tools 

,. _CDON""'L .. DOUGL@-

17 
.. 

the ncx-t~~~ -te\tmg an engmeerlng IllmlcJ III 

'p,ll.e lind then to ohl,lIn fullllper.llllll1.1l c.lp.lhllIty, approxlln.ltcJy 3111110nlh, will he felJlllret.! heC,lu"'e of ,chcdulIl1!! and N.lllOn.tI Sp.lce 

Tr.tmporldlHln ~~ ,Icm 1ll,1I111e't lOIl'tr,lIal' 

1 he tlllle reqlllfcl11elll (0 111m e from Ie\ cJ I to 

le\eI 7 for ,I JlIore comple\ ,),lcm 111,IY t,lke lrom 

10 to 20 ~e,lr... An c\,II11plc of Ihe dc\clopmcill 

p,llh for a more cOlllple\ ,),lclll I' IlIuqr,lled 111 

FIgure I~ rhl! ~y'tcm IlIu'lr,lted I' .m I:lectrophoretlc Producllon Unit LlIrrcllII~ ulldcr dl!\cIopJl1l!nt ,It f\fd)ollllcll Dougl'I' Although Ihl! 

pOlelltl,11 of cleLlrophon:'I' ,t<, ,I 'cp,lr,ll\oll tedl-

"'ljue h..t, becll 1--110\\11 "ille Ihe turn tlf Ihe lelllur~. th~ 'pelillc .lpplll,IIIOIl ,lilt! \ ,llue 01 " 'p.lleb,l~ed ,),telll \\',1'" 11I111.tll) lOnleJ\ed III Ihe peflod 

between 1972 ,lIld JlJ7-l By 1975,1 LOlllCptu,tI de-

'>Ign (le\eI 2) h.lt.! heeillb eloped .lIld ellglneerlng 

lTIodel,> \'<ere de\ eloped ,Ind te,ted (1.:\ cI 6) III the 

ltJ7tJ-HI IIIne period I hc liN te ... t of Ihc englnecrlng lllodclill 'p.lle oCLllrred 011 ~'I S--l1l1 J Ullt.! 

01 19S2 "Ie ... h \\111 LOlltlnut.! thlough 19:-;.1 Ihe 

de\\:lopIlH:llt of ,I lull-... c.ile produLlHlIl f,llIIII\ 111 

,III proh.thillt: \\ III dept.!lld UpOIl Iht.! .1\ ,111,1111111 \' 01 

,1 nhllllh.d 'p.lll' ,t,ltHIIl \\ Itll ,I lurrelll C"IIll.tte 01 

TcchrlO ogy 

AtarJul '3SS 19G5 Level 

8 - lnollal "nu full 

Opl:!ratlOnal 

CaPJb1l1ty 

7 - EngloPt'rlnl) modpi 

ttSt In sp Hot.. 

6 - Engtnt'erlnq 

model lested 

5 - Componen!1 

b,eddboard It 5t ell 

4 - Critical function/ 

character 1$tIC 

demonstratron 

-

1970 I 

1975 I 

42 

full oper,ltlon.l1 c,lp.lbillty m I !J!J2 SlI1l1l,lr eX,lIn· 

pic., of the tllllC rcqlllred for tt.!LiUlOlogll\11 ,Idvallcclllenl C.IO he ur,1\\ 11 fwm the hl,tOrll d.lt,1 of 

other complex 'p,lce ... ;,tCIn'> "I he conccpl of 

bulldll1g ,\Ild 1,llIllchlllg d lhffr.tll\on-hnllietl 111-

Ir,lred·\I"'lhle·ul\r,l\ IOkt ofhlllllg telc'lope \\',1' 

,ldV,lIllCU 111 Ihe e.lfly 1%0, O\er 211 )e,lr, \\111 

h,l\e eI.tp ... ed hel\\ecll Ihe c.lrl: 1IlIH:eptu.t/ Ul'''gll 

(Icvel 2) ,lIld achIC\l'IllCIlI 0/ full opcr,lllolI.11 l,tP,lhlhly 01 thc 'PoICC telc,copt.! III /1)10;(1 

bgure 15 '" III 111,1 fllC' Iht.! expected rcl,llllllI,hIP' 

hel\\eell IcdlOologll,11 re.ldlllt.!" Ie\cl, ,II III Ihe 

lIIne reqillfed 10 ,Idlleh.' lull opel .Itloll,lIl.IP.lhtllly 

for 'lIlglc. 1l1Oder,llcl\ l(lmple\ .tnd lOlllple\ 

"': ,Icm'" 

Simple Systems 1Il.1\ he dcllllt.!d .I' requlfIllg 

III Impll:lI\\.'III.1II011 01 ,I 'Ill!!!\: .11I1l1ll 

e Oper.llllllh gelllr.llh IIltlcpendelll of other 

IUlllIIOIl' 

D llllll/III.' ,lpphl,111l11l", ,Ill hough h,l"'l\. pnllllpic ... \\ ell IIlldef'l\lllu 

All c\,II11pk IllIght hc .I r.lllhct \\fcndl Ih,1t I ... 

reqlllred 10 remme ,1Ild lIl,t,'" medl.lIlll.11 r,I'-

teller' \10'1 Jll.llllhil ,IIlU ,urpllrted nJOdC\lll 111,111-

1lI,ldlllll.' lll\er,ILlIOIl \\llliid 1.lll IIllo Ihl' l"llegOf) 

Calendd' Year 

1980 1985 ProduCf+On· 1990 ~ 1995 I I I---.J 

ClinICal Tnal. ~ v ........ ~-!LOlJ:::Ji ': • i 

-I 36 Shurtle Bw 1-;- ~--"~ Sp.lCe Slalion 

M,j Deck 

30 

Par.JII~1 Actlvltv 

3 Conceptu,1 

deSign analyu'd Parallel ActiVity 

2 - ConCI::'~Jtudt 

deSign formul.Htd 

1 - BaSIC ponelph S .. 12112 Years ... I ob~~r\lld ,'rCJjortld I_ 20YfJrs .. 

'On, p,odllct -- 25'\, of Mark'-t 

F,gurL 14 Development Path for Space BllS!!d ElectrophoreSIS ProductIon Umts 

/ 

MCDONI'ttICLL oouaL~ ,~ 

18 

• 
'~ Ft'· . 

U 

i 

t 1 

t t 

L 

" 

, 

... 

j 

\..' 

l"' 

'-

L 

I, 

, 

r' 

td 

(FOCI 8 

SImple 

Svslems 

(j 

~ 

&; 

> 

.. 

~ 

~ 

'" 5 c 

~ .... 

a: 

> 

8' 

'0 

c 

.r. 

~ ... 

3 

1 

0 5 

Moderately 

Complex 

Systems 

OF I-'OCr:t Q', 

TethnOIO lV Readlnt. ss It'vels 

lpvel 1 BasIc pnnClples obc;(.rved and reported 

Lp\el 2 Conceptual d-S'9" tllrmuilted LE'vel J Con..:eptual design tcs'e.d analytlc')lh or pxppr,mentatly 

It'v~I'' CrItiC"! fUllctlon/cnc.-trtlcteflStlc demonstration 

Levtl C) C(Jmpon ... nt/breadboard ttSfed In ,elevant environment 

Level G P,Otot\pc/englOeer,ng model tested In relevant 

Crl\ltronmf'nt 

Lpvel 7 Englileering nlodpi teSH.d to spacp 

Levt"18 Full operatloodl (.dpab,flty 

10 20 

Yt.,HS to Full Op~rdllQnal C •. mahtlltv 

FI\jure 15, Tecnnology Advancement Cla<slflcatlons 

Mndorn'ely C"n-plex Systems 111.1\ h~ d~rIlH:d .1' 

rcqulrIl1g 

1:1 Mulllplc lI1t~r,ILlIll!! IUlllltol1' or ,Ililtllh 

IJ COlllpk\ llllllrolloglC or nel'\or\.., 

B B,I"L IlllplelllLIlI,lllon telillllqlle, '1I1ul,lr 10 

pn:\loll~l) dl',l'IOPCt! ') "en1\ 

An c,\,II11pk ml~hl h~ ,I lOl11p"lel "or\.. ".111011 

Ih,lt pn1\ld~, d,II,1 LOIllPIII,lllon lorrd,IIHln, ,lilt! 

plottll1g c.lr.lbIIIIIL' l\lo'l .lugll1Ll1led ,lIld Iclcoper ,Ited, ,II1U ,OIllC ,up .. r\ "L'd modL' ot 111.111-111,1-

clune mlel,H.llon \'mlld t.dl 1111,) Ihl' L.llq!on 

Complex Systoms 1ll,1\ he ddillui .I' n.:q II II Ill!! 

at. l\lultlpk 1I1\er,KIIIl~ I UI1l tlllll' or ,ILlllllI' 

a <- 'lillPIc\ llllllrlli Ill!!IL 01 Ild\\llf \.., 

a RclIl'CIllIll 10 pi dlllLl' III d~'I!!1l llllllCpl' 

(lOlllp..r,lblc ",Iem h,I' nlll "LUI dL\L1tlPL'd ) 

An e\.lInpk 1I1Ighl bl!.I lelllllh:h Ltllllltlllcd ',11-

dille \lTVlung ')'ILIlI L.lP,lhlc 01 ,dl-.Illu,ltlllg ·tr 

... cli-hc,lltng 0PCI.ltloll' III 1~':)lIn'c III L \IL I \l,tI 

'tlllllllt l\1ml rl·\llOll· I:. 'UPL'I \ I'Ld ,lilt! Illlkpl!\ldenl 111.11'-IlI.1dlll!': IIllcr.lllHli., \\ould l.tll 111101111' 

t,llcg\)ry 

/ 

IHcnONNCLL uoua, ~ , ,/ I 

19 

Om' 01 thc oblectl\C' 01 thc Ilulll,1Il Roll: III 

~p,ILl! ... Iulh \\,1' to Ilknll!~ (he Tcqllllcl11cnl, lor 

tCdllHlloglL.1I dc\clopm~nh l1~elkd tn cl1,lblc and 

cnh,IIlLc Ihc hUI11.1I1 IOlc 111 fulurc 'P,llC ,ILtl\ Illc' 

A r~\ ,':" of Nt\ ,,1\ pl,lIl1llllg dllLlllllCIlt' II1dll.lICd 

th,11 thc rC1llllrcd cn,lblmg tcchnologle, ,1\ ClIlrcnll~ dcftned do IIldllll~ thc 1ll.1Ior "'ilL" 01 tonLertl i\, de',-nbcd III ~A~r\', ~p.lle ~"lcll1' 

I edlllolo!!\, l\tl'dc\'11 thrcc \..cy hUIll.IIl-I.ILlor, rc-

,e,IILil ,lIld de\clopm~nt ,lrL'''' lIH.ludc ,It'll \lalltJl1 

c1c\/~II. 1'\/1111 c/I/I IIllII 1/( (/1/1\ IIlIef (c/coII('ICII/oll\ 

A, .1 ~L'ncl,tI o!t,el\.llllIn, Iho'c pTll\eLl'" .1"0-

u.lled \\llh L'\tl.l\chILUI.II ,ILIl\IIIC' .,.,t! Iclc0pcl-

,IIHII\' rCdl h Il.1I opcr,It\IlIl.1I Up.lhlltt\ 111 .1 tltllC 

dlllll,1I11 LOlh"I~1l1 \\llh Ih~ IIlIII,tl ()p~r,I(lIl1l,t1 L-'Ip,lbllll\ 01 thl' 'p.ILC 't.1(1l11l IIeIlLL' .11II\tlIC' ll~­

!'L'lllhl1g lIpllll Ihe 'lILLL'"lul ulIlIpk 11011 01 (hl'''L' 

(I) ~/\"'A "Pill ",'knl- Illhlloll~\ Mellie 1 \llIh 1"lIl' 

d.llld J,IIHlIf\ 1'1'-1 "\"A Ollill 01 r\lhlll.IIII", .tIld 

"p.lll I" Iillo"'!!1 (odl It" \\ ,,,hIIlI!IOn D ( 211~.Jh 

\"tlld ulllk I Ihl ,IlIIIHlIIII 111 "1,111 R .,.,,1111 [1ql\ll\ 1),-

rlUor l'fll)!r.11ll DlILlc'J1.11llll Or\R I I{" 

, 
~ .......... 

, 

~ 

projetl' L,," he .Ilcoll1ph,heu \\ It It ,I re.I'ol1.1hle 

,\IlU .Ictept.lhlc le\d 01 techml.ll rJ\h "or the 111-

tr.I','ellll:I,1I \\llrh-.. tatllln-rd.lted proleU .. , howe,er. Ihe TI'(" <l"e"ll1ent .Iclcpl.lhllll, I .. Ie .... dc.lr 

1 he turrcnl 11lI .... 1l1l1 llloJcI de\ eloped hy the 

M"'''O'1 Rcqllirelllellt' WorJ...lI1g (.lOlIp or the 

~Il.ll·e "1,lIlon r.I'J... IlIIle "lIgge,t' Ih.lt .1" Ihe '0-

ph"III:.IIIOI1 01 fUlure p.1\ IO.ld, IIltre.l.,e,. Ihere \\ III 

he all :tlLOIllIl.ln} IIlg ,11I1t III Lrl'\\' 'lIppmt 'hili, 

,IIlU requlrell1cl1h A Ir.IIl ... IIHlII {Iu.ur ... lrom Ihe 

lIlore ph'''ll.lII.I'''' 10 thl' l110re II1ICllcLlll.tI" Orlenled \\OIJ... ,ILll\llll' \\llh the progrc"lon ollll11e 

'1 hi' p.lltem .Ippe.lr ... 10 be .1Il.IIogou, to Ihe 111-

uuqn.tI de\ dopmelll lh n,llllll \\ IIcl em Ihe hlue· 

LolI.tr \\llfhCI lh,lIlge, 10 .1 \\ 11IIC-lolI,1I \\\lrJ...er ,.., 

Ihe Ir.IIl,1I1011 Iwm prodllltlOI1 01 gOIllI, 10 pUI\ I' 

'IOn of 'Cr\lle, t.II..C., pl,lle 

A .. Ihe elllph ....... lh.lIlge .. III Ihe \\llIJ...pl.llc. the 

ue"lgn of Ihe CI e\\ wot J... '-I,ltlon IIlll,t .11,0 th'lIlge 

to rellcLl Ihe lh.lIlge Irol11 the ph}'ll·.I1 to the Ill· 

telleLlu.tI To mOle clletll\el\ lI,e hllm.1Il InlcllI· 

gel1le .• 1 bellcr 1ll.lldl " requlreu \\Jlh 1ll.llhll1e 

IIltclhgem.e .IIlU \\ Ilh "c\pert" ,},Iem'" \Vorh .. 1.1' 

tlon, 11H1'1 (I) COllll11l1nll.llc IIlIently \\ Ilh hUIll.IIl" 

('pe.IJ...lIlg. \\nllllg. dl.I\\lIlg. cll ). (2) .I""t 111 Illler.lltl\e problem "01\ Ill!! .lIld II1lercllu: 11II1ltloll' • 

• II1U (3) pro\lde hllmdedgc h.l,e IlIllllllln ... (1IlIor· 

111.ltlOl1 ,lm.lge. relnc\,,1 .lIld c\pert" ':"Ielll') 

for'lIpporl 

Some of Ihe 'pcuflc ."lIe, rel.lled 10 \\ orJ...·".I· 

tlon ue'lgn Ih.ll [,111111 the dOIll.1I11 of "enh.lllung" 

tech nolo!:!} .II1U l,m be wn'ltkred lechnology g,lp' 

.It the pn.;,el1t lillIe .Ire 

1. ThE' Nature 01 Human Intelllgc':lc~. COlltllllllllg 

erfOl I ~lll)Uld he dlrelled llm .ml ue\ elnpll1g .1 bCI· 

ter ullder .. I.llldlllg of Ihe n,Ilure 01 hlll11.111 IIltelhgenle III oruer to uevclop "'orl.. ,1.111011" perllllltlllg 

more eff CL tl \t! u .. e nih 1I1ll.1 n III te 11 ect u.1I 

cap,lh.tllle~ 

2 Measurement of Human Productivity Cllntlll' 

umg effort I'> rC(]U1reu to de\clop v.lhd me,l .. ure~ 

of hum.m perform.lIlcc ,lIld p rOll 1Il!1\ Il~ III order 

to h.\\ e me.mmgful cnlen.I tor ev.tlUallllg performance dnd productIVity .Id.\u,tmenl .. c.tu\ed hy 

ch.mge .. m llpcr"I.OIl.tI proll.'dureo., ,lIld 'y,telll de· 

"Ign eOlllept\ 

3 Crltlcnl Incident Analysis 01 Hum"n Performance COlltlllUlIlg dim t 1\ requln:d to 111\ e\tlg.lte 

.IIlU untler .... lI1d the l.lu'e, of "hulll,1Il error' III 

MCDONN~LL OOUGLA9 ,~---

c:::./ ~ 

20 

SPJce .. ystem operatIOn .. , a., well a\ IIllluent, 01 

exceptlOn.11 perfonn.\Ilce, III order to Identify amI 

cJa~!.lfy the c.lu,,,.1 lactor, ,1IlU c .. t.lbh,h gUIIlcline., 

for the dC~lgn of future \p.lle \y\tem .. 

4. Space Station Workshop DeSign. COlltlllulllg 

effort I'> requIred to de\ clop the tedlllology needed 

to provide an org,lnlleu. IIltegr,ltcd. oll·orhlt 

1l1.lIntell.lIlle depot-work\llllP for the \p.ILe .. t.ltlOn Tool" techlllqllc~. ,mu .. upport f,ICllttIC' lllW,t 

be dehned 

5. Visual Dlspiay Development Contlllumg effort I!> reljulred 11\ the de\elopment 01 "I\lIJI ul\pl.ty 

term mal ... m.l\much .... It 1<; ,mllllp.lted th'lt. )II\t 

as toU,,). HWIc of the IIlform.ttlon reljlllred hv future sp.lce clew!> \\ til he obt.lIned through the \ell\C 

of'lght 

1 he e,tllll.ltcu tlme'phol\eU technology re.ldlne~<; le\c1\ of the .. c fl\c .Ire.l\ .mJ the reL(lI11-

menued tllllet.lllie for ,,}\lelll.ttle \tuule' of the.,e 

are,I" .. re plotteu III Figure 16 to .. llOW theIr rel.l· 

tlOn,llIp to the .. p.tce .. t .. tlon re!erence "lhedule 

Space 

StatIon 

Reference 

Schedule 

-.; 

>-

.. 

..J 

Technology Needs 

<D Nature 01 human IntellIgence 

Measurem~nt of human productlvltv 

C"t.cal I~cldent analYSIS 01 human 

performa"'lce 

Spare station workShOp 

V,s"al dlspla~ development 

Growth 

Statton 

hM~~~~~~~~ 

~_______ 'oBRFP ___ Technoloqles key to 

~ Initial space station 

Tech~olog,ps key to evolutIonary growth 

L..J~~-'-L..J~~~-'-~~-J-~ 1985 1990 1995 ~OOO 

Calendar Year 

Figure 15 A Time P"a~ecI Technology Plan for Cntt.::!1 

Areas of Enhanctn!J Technology 

, 
J 

· • 

• · , 

;-

~ 

• 

r 

r~ 

· , 

· .. 

~ -m I I Section 4 I, I( A DECISION GUIDIZ FOR AU.GCAT/ON i: 

I OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES : i I ,I 

~ BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACHIf.IES _J ; 

B,I,eu upon the ulten.t 01 I"" formal/( t', C /J\f. 

and fee /lIIolog/( (/1 rL't/ellIlc'll the ,tudy te,1I1l h,I" attcmpted to lonmtl.lte ,I decl'lol1 gUide Ih.lt C,111 be 

u,ed to 10glc,llh ,t1I11!.'.11C 'p,lce .ICtl\ Itle' to .IItern,ltI\e m,lO-m.ldune Implement.illon nllllh:, In 

de\ c111PIll~ thl' dell'llll1 gUide. \\e recoglll/cd th.lt 

!>uch ueLl'tlln" <Ire lughl} dependent upon thL l.ITle 

penod 10 \\Imh .1 g(\el1 ~y<,tel1l \\111 he IIUplemented -1 h.lt I' to ,.IV. the <..Ip.lhilltll:' to <,upport 

m.1O 10 .. p.lee WIll cllntllluc to evohe .1<, WIll thc 

other tedlilologle<" IIldudll1g the .lppltedtIOl., of 

artlflcl,t1 1Il1l.:lltgenle .lIld the .llh.lIlled de\clopment of mlcro- .II1U m.llro- nhIl1lpul.ilor, FlIIthermore. the ande" numher .. (perlorm,IIKe 1IIne" 

cmt d.lt.l. ted1l1ologll.t1 redUlIle'~' ell ) u'ed 111 the 

deel\lon prole" at thl' tllne C.1I1 be e"peLled to 

eh.mge .1<,. better IIllorl11,ltlon ncwme<., a' .1I1.lhle 

from future ~tudle~ .tnd lrom oper Illon.1I experlente AtlOflllngly. thc decl'lon modd ,hlluld be 

comldered .1' ,ull III Ihe eyol\ IIlg '>Idge .lIld vIewed 

111 Ih.11 conIc ,t ben '0. Ihe proledule .1., olltltlH:d 

.,hollid be u<,cful 111 Ihe c.lrly lOIlCCpIlI.II t!e<.,lgn 

proc.;,., to help dCLI'll)ll-mak.cP, formuldte .1 ,lr.llegy for ,elellllll! .111 1I11tl.1I reference tk'lgn tOIlflgur.ltll11l A, thc tlc'lgl1 concept cr:"t,t1lt7e<,. 

de'l~n 'olutlon' Will pre,ulll.lbh be Iter,lted to t.I!"C 

.ldv.lI1t.tgC 01 the hetter d.lt.1 011 perfofln.lI1lc.t(ht. 

dlld ,ue!.'e" prob.lblht) Ih,11 beCtlll1e .I'.IIt.lble With 

a 111.llunng t!e.,lgn In 'omc c.l' .. e' the prekl red 

mode of Implement,lllon 111.1) he e\pectcd to 

ch.lIl~e III Idter ,1.I!!e' 01 the prcllllllllM" dC'l!!n 

prOles~ .1' better tle~lgn d.lt.1 I' developcd 

Wllh the<,e e.l"c.l«' IIlll1l1ld. ,lIld relllglll7lng th.lt 

the gUHk 111Ight t.l!"e 111.111\ forlll' .I '1lllpllfled 

",chem.ltle (If the dell'loll prole<" I' pre'ented III 

FIgure 17 A \\01 J... ... hect IOfln,1t h.I'> h..:..:n prep.1I ed. 

a<; IlIu,tr.lt..:d In rlgtlrc I~. to tle\elop the ,tep' III 

th" de!.'I\Jllll pn'le"', 

"or u ... mg thl ... \\01 J... .. heet .... even III 1(1e, of m.lIlm.lcllInt.: Hltcr.ILlIOIl fl," e h..:en ... c1":Ll~d to rcpre-

'ent the ,tep' "lOll!.! Ihe tOntlllUll1ll flOm lllreLl 

1ll,lIlll.11 llpcldllon .It (lile e\tlell1e to lOlllplctel\ 

IIldcpelldcnt ,cll-ht.:.d Illg-\ell-.ILllI,lt Ill!! ,y ... tell1\ .It 

the other 1 he ... e ll1od..: ... ,Ire de"'lgn.ltlll .1'> 111.IIIII.d. 

<,uppllrtet!. augnJelltl'd teleoper.lted .... upen l"'l'tIground. "'UpCI vl ... ct!-orbl!' dnd Independent 

/ 

MCDO"lNCL .. DOUQ~@--

21 

Identify at.tlvltles required 10 system operptlon 

'-----r'--' 

Identify man- machLne modes meeting performance 

requirements of each activity 

Determine most cost effective mode for each 

activity 

EstImate .tate 01 technologIcal readiness for the 

most cost..,ffectlve mode for edch activity 

Rank each man machIne mode accordIng to the 

numbPr of actlvltH.S for which It IS the most cost 

L..--y-_-J cllectlve approach 

Select mode WIth hIghest applicabIlity (rankl 

Can thIS mod~ meet 

the pcrform;;sr ce 

reqUtrements of dll 

actlvlttes? 

Is technologIcal 

readiness level 

aceerteble' 

Use thiS mar'\ machlOe 

mode as baseline lor 

conceptual dt>s,gn 

Select mode WIth ne .. 

hlghe" aprllcabllity 

(rankl as determined 

In Step 5 

Is tIme penalty 

acceptable for achIeVing 

deSired readme.s level' 

FIgure 17. DecISIon Process for IdentifYIng the 

Man-..... 'Ilchlne Mode to Use In the Imtlal 

Conceptu!.1 DesIS'! Efiort for an Advanced 

Space System 

'I he emt ch.lrge ... f(lr thc detl"ltle, to be eon-

'tlllttcd 111 Ihe dlr('ct m.lI1u.til11ode<, (m.II1I1,I!. .. upported .• Illgmelltcd •• 1Ilt! tcleoperated) \\ele h.I'ed 

pflmanly nn a co<,l-per-uIllHlllle Idetor A"ullllllg 

th"l ,111 X-P<'I cxtr,1\ elllcul.lr .Iell\ ltv ~1II1 \\ III be 

'\'ltI.lble III the tlllle pCllod for 1111'>"on, I1m\ 111 

the cOllleptll.tl dC~lgn ~t,lgl'. thc delt,1 eml, for 

c"II.1 0\ er IIltr,l\'ehllllf,lr ,Iellvltle'" \\ ere ncgllglble 

comp.lred to the over,11I co,t olm.lIll1ed "p.lec opcr,lllon, Tlltl'. It wa ... llllnelc ... ','r~ for the 1I11tl,11 

dPPW,lCh to <,eleellllg the b.l,elllle oper.ltlon.ll 

l11ode, to dctel I11I1lC whether the .ILlI\ It) \\ould bt.: 

IIltr,1 or c"tr.l\ellleul,lr Thl ... I ... ,UC e.1I1 be Ic ... ohcd 

1,lter In the llc ... lgn prole~, on the b.I'I' '01 mort: 

det.lIleJ pcrfnrm.lI1le .1Ilt! oper.ltlon.1I relJUlrellIent .... ,lI1d not b) to"t per ... e 

rhe ,u!!!:eqed prou.:durc for deterlllll1l1lg the 

1ll.IIHlldlhllle l.ltegory to tOtNder III the 111Itl.1I 
,. 

Uan-machlOe categofles Tech» Cost 

Check No 01 logIcal raho 

II tllnes Super· Super. Rcadl- for Years 

actiVIty Per· Su,," Aug- Tele- vised vised lode- ~s TRof7 to 

required formed Llanual porttd "",n'ed operated ~rourY.I- ~rblt- pendent (TRI atlOC TR ofT 

ActIVity oa,ne A B C 0 E F G H I J K L 

1 ActIvate InItiate system operatIon 

2 Adjust align elements 

3 Allocete assIgn dIstribute 

4 Apply remove bIomedIcal sef'lsor :){;~,. .. .; "'> .... ~_-::yi:" ~.v~~ - 5 CommunIcate Informahon -- --= 6 Compensatory trac~lng ~:v.=-;n::' --,;' ."'" ,~ 

-- - 7 Compute data ~ ~ . 

8 Confirm verify procedure schedule 

operaltons 

9 Connect disconnect e'ectrical Interface 

10 Connect disconnect Iluld Interface 

11 COrlelate data r<" i , . 12 Deachvate telmlnate system operation 

13 Decode encode data ~~t'"' 

- 14 Deline procedures schedules operallons •••• " :,,:.;)l 

15 Deploy retract appendage 

16 Detect change In state or conCllhon 

E.. ~splay data '--

18 Gather replace tools eqUIpment ~i-i';';';;:~!~::_~ I 

19 Handle Inspect examine loVing organisms .. ....G-.l~ ~ 

20 Implement procedures schedules I 

21 Information processing ~'..~ 

22 Inspect observe 

E.. ~a_.,ure (scale) phYSical dlmenslnr'3 

24 Plot d3ta c=~ I 

25 Position module I c:::: -- --- ------ 26 PrecIsIon manipulation of oblects ~~:;.~~t?.:~ .. ~-;JJ 

27 Problem soIvlrg deCISion ma~tng data 

28 

analYSIS 

Pur~Ult trac~lng 

~I--j ~~~~, .. ..:~~ 

29 Release se~ure mechanical Interface 

30 Remove module O~ 

31 Remove rep'ace covering r 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

32 Replace clean s'J'lace coallngs I ~ii~~~ ... o:o::;t'::r. I 

33 Rpplentsh materl?ls -j 

34 Store record element C~ -c~_1~,.;~' 35 SurglC;l1 manlpulat'ons ~~""'~f ~........,...." .. .----.... ~7.~l..~-!-~~~7" ... :~~ 

I 

"-

36 Transporl loaded ~~~'~::;l~~~ 

37 Transport unlonded I B:~"";:«;'-::.:Z \~!....3':;:''''''''~ , 

1\ 

\ 

I 

I 

\ 

Summary Data 

Total Num:>er c!'IMes seleo:l~ tkjl3n Pro- I /Jaxl-

~ ~'.zn m3chlne c.'egorles no! appropriate to Re- - Read .. grgm I"I'IJ'11 

activity "rpl~Ment~tlcn quire<! ness Cost No 01 

Level In- I years trease 

I 

I Figure 18. Works"Ject for Defining the Human Role In Space 

I 

I 

I 

i 

I 

I 

MCDO"""".LL nOU4>L~ 22 
( 

/ 

~ f. 

~ 

r 

I .. 

/-

I: 

t 

i 

! ... 

r ..... 

~-

I 

.L 

n 

II 

U 

~., 

tl 

conceptual de~lgn of ,I ~p,Ice "'y.,telll bee FIgure 

19) 1\ ,I~ f(\lIow~: 

Step 1: Which of the 37 unique activilie& are in' 

volved In meeting the mission objectives? 

1. PI"cc a dll'd, I1",Ir" III WhllllJ1 A of the 

wor".,heet hy e,ldl of the 37 "ltl\ Jlie" th"t ,Ire reljlllred for ,lccomph.,luJ1g the m ... .,lon ohJcctlve 

2. ror e,lch alII' Ily chec"ed JI1 column A. 

cstim,Ile the number of tllne., th,lt ,lctlVlty \\ III he 

performed during the ml"1011 ,Imj enler the numerac estllH,lte III column U 

3. Add the number of chc.xb JIl column A 

and enter tot,,1 JJ1 bo\ M 

Step 2: Which modes of man-machine interaction 

can meet tht" performance requirements of each 

activity? 

1. PI,llC.1 chec" 111 cdeh of the 111.111-11I.IChll11: 

categoric". 101tll11l1., C through I. th,lt lOuJd be 

l1~ec..l to ."It ... f) the mi,'101l reljulrement'>, b,I~lI1g 

your Judgmcnt on 

II '"11e reqlllrelllen .... lor perfofl1l1ng ,llll\lty 

II Lll1l1t"'g ,,,ClOr<; th.lt 111,1~ re"rrLl hum.1Il 

Invol\ ement 

Step 3: Which man,machlne mode represents the 

mOllt cost·effective approach to the performance 

of each activity? 

1. For e.llh .ICtl\ It~. urde the chel" mdrJ... 11\ 

columl1'> C throu!!h I th.11 reprc\ent., the 1111)\t lmt-

/ 

--

~ l...... -4 "".,. 

C1...l,\L!-'"'' 

effectl\ e m,.II1-m,Ichrne Implement"t Ion mode. a., 

determJlled Imlll e,llh .,et of lo't \ er.,u., numherof-repetltlom. lun e~ 

Step 4: What Is tho state of technological readi. 

ness for the most cost·effective man.machlne 

modes Identified in Step 31 

1. For the lll.tn-Ill,llhll1e mode lIrded JIl column., C through I. c.,tlm.IIe the tellmo!oglea! re,ldlI1e.,., le"c/ .JIld cntcr till', \'<llue JIl colullll1 J (If the 

work.,heet 

2. FlI1d the medl.1Il le\l:1 of .til the teehnologlc,1f re"dll1e,., v"lue., entered JIl 10Iullln J .lIld 

enter till" lIledl.1Il "tlue 111 bo\ U -, hI., l11edr.1Il 

\dlue dclIlK'" the over,,1/ tellmologll,,1 le.ldll1e.,., 

of the ,Iggreg.lte of the propmed Illlp/cllleJ1t,ltIOJ1 

concept .. for the nm'lon hemg ,In.t!) Lcd 

Step 5: What Is tho relative d~gree of 31lplicabillty 

(ran'-' of each man·machine mode in accomplish. 

ing the mission objective? 

1. Enter the IlIt,t! number of lIrdeu lheck 

mar"., In lo!umn'> C through I 111 ho\e,> N through 

T. re"pectf\ely "he ... e tot,lb rndll.lte Ihe re/,Itf\e 

degree of dppltC,lhlhty 01 the .1/tern,111\ e l11.1n-I11.Ichllle l11ode .. 

1\t.1I1)' COn.,luerdtIOn., mll.,t be t.I"en IIltn .Illollnt 

III <;e/cctlng the n1.ln-IIl.ldllne mode to lI.,e ,I'> the 

b.l\elme lor 1Il1I1.ltrng the CIIIllCptU.11 dc"gn of .111 

,luvJllced .. \~tCIl1 The prrllup,11 tdllm., III II1lere,1 

St).-::e PI.tlmm 

Prtlo.td No 2 

, 1 I AI;I."UP In,r''''1It ~.,."f'1n 01l'<r,.loo" 

2 /AdIUH At t.'fl (~rn"f\h 

3 J\1I. c .. l" Alf,.t~n O,~h.'>tll~ 

l' 

" 110 , I' '!' I~A I" I ~A 1 I 1 • 1:;) J " I \ , ~A, ~ j f\A 7; 1 !.. 

Figure 19 Worksheet for Optimizing the Human Role In Space 

23 

"'CbQNIW"_. __ •• n. Q' / 
., 

to ~y.,tem engineer<; will he perform.lnce. co.,t .• lnd 

tcchnologlC'"JI re.ldlne ... c; The rc\.ttlve Import.lI1ce 

to plJ.cc upon e.lch of thec;e fJ.uor .... however. will 

rest on the Judbmelll 01 the decl"'loll-I11,lker 

The sixth ';tCPIO the decl,lon prolC.,,,, WllllOvolw 

an ItcrJ.tlvc prOLe.,s to ueternllne. 111 the Juugment 

of the l.!ccl ... lon-m,I"er. the m.ln-Ill,I(:hIllC mode 

wnh the hlghe ... t .Ipphc.lblhty lor the "peLlflc 1111'-

slOn obJectlve~ 

If no ~lIlgle moue l'i founu to be .lcLeptdble. It 

mdY be nece.,~.lr)' to ~elect "lomlml.lllOn of mode, 

th.lt repre~ellt'i the mlllllllum number of moue ... 

required to ,lLhleve the ml~'ilon obJelllve!. wlthlll 

the tIme con~lr.llnts Impo~cu 

Th.., proceuural methouology ha~ .tltempteu to 

provlue .1 tcchlllque for loglc.llly uetermllllllg early 

111 the conccptu,11 ue'>lgn procc.,<; for .1 new "p,lce 

e;y~tem y, Illch of the vanou., modce; 01 m,lIl-m,lchme mtcr.tctlon c.tn he u<;cu 10 mo~t effectively 

perform the dellvltle ... reqUIred. 

Our andlysce; to u,lte h,lV\! cOl'fmneu once .lg.1I11 

the conventlOnJI wl~uom thdt the hum.1Il roll: 111 

future ~pace "y<;tem<; WIll ur,lw hedvlly upon the 

mlcllectual C.lpdbllitlee;. the ... en,ory .IIlU perceplu,11 CdPdblhtle~ •• mu the fllle n1.lnlpul,ltlve ~klll, 

of the hum.1I1 ob~ervcr 01 .111 01 m.tn ., c;en,e mou.lhlle~. v ..... on 1<; the 1110'>t Import,lIlt for future 

sPdce .Ipphcdtion, M,IIl\ C.IPdblhtle~ for rccog-

/ 

-.---- _ -. ____ . a 

24 

OIZlIlg mlorm,ltllln m \ dTlOU .. form ... IIlU unders l.t n tit n g It. hI <; Cd p.1 bIll tIe .. lor Lr e.! t I V e 

Imdgllldtion. hi., .1l1lltty to ngorou .. lv ,>tnu.:ture 

problem!> anu uevelop '>olutlon .... IIIU 1m .!hlllt} to 

ma"c uecl'>IOI1, will contlllue to be e"entl.lllllgreulent ... 111 future ~}'tel11' t1.1.IIlY e\.1Il1ple., lrolll expertcnLe~ on pre\'lOu, 'l).Ice 1111""1011., IUu,tr.lte 

the.,c c.lp.!blhtle, 

Performall( e, COlt. ..nd Tee IIIIO/ogl( a/ Umt/IIl(,~~ rem.tlll the prll1clp.1l cnief\,1 In uderl11l1llllg 

where dlong the LOl1tin'lIl!111 lrom ulreLt 111.lIlu,11 

II1terventlOll \(~ inuepl..nth:nt oper.ttu)I\, the 1111'>-

<;Ion reqll1remcnt" of future ~p,IC.C progr.1Il1" c..tn 

best he met By defmlllg ,I gencrlc '>et of .ILtl\ Itle" 

from which <;~!,tCIllS mcctlllg future Illl','IOn requirement .. L.m be !>ynthC'illed. ,md b) .1''>lgl1l11g 

perform.mce. co<;t. ,1I1U \cchnolnglL.1I re,ldll1C"" 

mctrlc" 10 cdch of thc~c genertc .tctlvltle ... .t meLhanl .. m hccomes aVdll.lblc for uevcloplIIg a loglL.II 

r.ltlon.llc for ~clect\l1g the optllll,1I m,ln-I11.lcllll1e 

II1terfdce 

Usmg the I11cthouolog} dc\elopcu 111 tIll'. ,tudv. 

It Will become pO'><'lble to e~t.lhh,h e.lrlv 111 the 

deSign procc~!> thc me\! co,t-cffcc\1\ C ue·".I!11 ,IPprodch for future spJ.ce progr,lnl<' through tlte optlm,tl appllldllon of ulllque hUI11.lI1 .. kill, .tllli 

cap.lbllttles 
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End of Document