PATH 23: Panel Connections Design Study 

Final Report 

PANELIZED WALL SYSTEMS: MAKING THE CONNECTION

Prepared for: 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

Office of Policy Development and Research 

Washington, DC 

Prepared by: 

Steven Winter Associates, Inc. 

Norwalk, Connecticut 

August 10, 2006 
Table of Contents 

Acknowledgments Disclaimer Executive Summary Context of Research Research Methodology Performance Standard Criteria Application and Dissemination Appendix A: Panel Connections ComparisoAppendix B: Panel Manufacturer Matrix 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Acknowledgments 

The authors would like to recognize the technical advisory group (TAG), which helped contribute to understanding the panel industry and provided review of materials generated in the research. The TAG included Randy Shackelford, Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc.; Harold Messenger, Oldcastle Precast; Jim LeRoy, Panel Pros, Inc.; Henry Walthery, Forest Homes, Inc.; Paul Johnson, Duo-Fast; Ron LaMont, Alpine Engineered Products, Inc.; Marc Olden, Mitek Industries; and Mark Daniels, Sika Corporation. Thanks also to Eric Denny, Oldcastle Precast; Bob Stenzel, Sika Corporation; Lee Zinsle, Senco; John Kurtz, International Staple, Nail and Tool Association; Jeremy Bertrand, NAHB Building Systems Council; and Liza Bowles and Mark Nowak of Newport Partners. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and guidance provided by Luis Borray, David Engel, Michael Blanford, and Michael Freedberg of HUD. 

Disclaimer The statements and conclusions contained in the authors and do not necessarily reflect the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Deve

Government. The authors have made every eaccuracy and appropriateness of the report’s guarantee of the accuracy or completeness of acceptability for compliance with any industry requirement of any code, law, or regulation is The products and systems described in the reas examples of some available choices. No enrecommendation, or evaluation of these produor implied. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
PANELIZED WALL SYSTEMS: 

MAKING THE CONNECTIONS Executive Summary The broad purpose of this research is to understand and document the connection systems of panelized home construction systems currently on the U.S. market with the goal of developing Performance Standard Criteria to help builders and manufacturers. Such criteria can also aid in the development of new panel systems and in the coordination among different types of panel systems. The Performance Standard Criteria are based on a careful study of existing panel systems. Approximately 30 panelized construction systems were reviewed and 12 were selected for further study. The systems include concrete panels, metal panels, wood structural insulated panels (SIPs), and wood open-wall panels. Performance information on the 12 different systems was collected and then analyzed to develop the criteria. The criteria cite performance standards based on current codes as benchmarks for connections and system performance. Conventional construction practice is considered as the implicit performance baseline at the system level. The criteria format makes it easy for builders or manufacturers to compare and contrast different system types and the performance of the various elements of the connection systems. A key to maximizing the use of the criteria is to provide builders and panel manufacturers with easy access to the information, through outlets such as the PATH website and trade organizations. 

Panel/foundation connection point 

Context of Research HUD has been extensively involved in suppordevelopment on building technology innovatiosystems, products, standards, regulations, anthe affordability, safety, and livability of the nainterrelationships between these topics grow ithe continued need to conduct research and deven more critical. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
One of the most important of HUD’s efforts in supporting research and 

pushing technological innovation has been the PATH program (Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing). PATH has advanced state-of-the-art practices in the design and construction of affordable housing by accelerating the process of developing and introducing new and innovative technologies and new materials. One technology that has received particular attention is panelized housing construction, which has continued to gain market share, and now accounts for approximately 45 percent of the “building systems” activity in the U.S., according to Automated Builder magazine. PATH devoted one of its five technology roadmaps (guides to helping the industry make decisions about research and technology development) to “Advanced Panelized Construction.” This research project is in response to activities outlined in the panelization roadmap, to evaluate issues involving the panelization of building components and to develop strategies to better coordinate the use of panelized components currently on the market. A better understanding of the performance of panel connection systems is seen as a way of aiding builders in choosing the most effective panelized components in home construction. Developing “Performance Standard Criteria” for panel connections is one way of assisting builders in comparing different panel systems. Such criteria are also an aid to coordinating the use of different panel systems by builders. They can also serve as standards for new panel systems under development, and the future development of prescriptive connections and proprietary devices for connecting panelized components of differing sizes and materials. 

Murus Cam-Lock panel connection system 

Research Methodology 

Panel System Types The Performance Standard Criteria for panel ca careful study of existing panel systems now Experimental systems were excluded from the performance criteria are based on panel systecodes and standards. Approximately 30 panereviewed and 12 were selected for further stud

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Definition of Performance Measures 

The 12 panel systems represent the state-of-practice of connections being used today. The Panel Manufacturer Matrix (Appendix B) categorizes the 12 systems by 4 of the most popular types used by the U.S. homebuilding industry: concrete panels, metal panels, wood structural insulated panels (SIPs), and wood open-wall panels. The 12 systems are distributed among these 4 panel systems types as follows: concrete panels (2 systems); metal panels (3 systems); wood SIPs (4 systems); wood open-wall panels (3 systems). Performance information collected on the 12 different systems is organized according to four broad categories: General Information; Physical Characteristics; Performance Characteristics; and Connection Interface. Within each of these categories, applicable information is presented for Panel-to-Panel Connections and Panel to Top/Bottom Plate Connections to understand how the connections interface within the panel system itself, and between the panel system and house subsystems such as roofs and foundations. The Panel Connections Comparison Matrix (Appendix A) presents all of the relevant information collected and documented for the 12 panel systems studied, which was then analyzed to develop the Performance Standard Criteria. Performance Standard Criteria The 11-page Performance Standard Criteria, which start on the next page, are based on the analysis of the information collected on the 12 panel systems. The Criteria are organized in the same way as the 12 systems of the comparison matrix found in Appendix A: General Information; Physical Characteristics; Performance Characteristics; Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 

and Connection Interface. The criteria are also the four system types studied: Concrete Pane7); Metal Panels (page 10); Wood SIPs (pageWall Panels (page 16). Where specific metrics been included throughout the criteria. There are two levels at which performance is individual connection and (2) the effect it has the Criteria, acceptable performance is assumgood as the minimum required conventional pengineered system although it implies the preengineering characteristics). For this reason, tStandard Criteria cite performance standards as benchmarks for connections and system peplace an unfair burden or expectations of highon panelized systems. Each of the four panel Performance Characteristics special to that paexample, the Performance Characteristics for on page 7, in the green-colored section. 

Report te

Wausau Homes panel/top plate connection interfa
Concrete Panels Performance Standard Criteria

General Information Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

conc Description Investiga

represen

conc Panel Types Investiga

represen

conc Connection Types Investiga

represen

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

conc Connection materials Weld plates, bolts, and cementitious grout. 

A combination of structural steel and cementitious materials: rebar, grout, and bolted steel angles embedded in foundation. 

Investigarepresen

conc Dimensions and physical characteristics Weld plates are 8"x4"x3/8"; grout cross-section is approximately 6" wide in the insulation area. HCA 3" plastic grout tube & #5 rebar; 5"x3-3/8"x4" angles & 1" thick layer of grout. Investiga

represen

conc Connection tolerances (min/max) 

Connections may yield tolerances up to 1/2". Erection crews must meet manufacturer's recommended tolerances to ensure that connection strength is not compormised. 

Embedded bolts must align with angles, requiring precision. More latitude (1/4") is available with rebar in grout tubes than with embedded angles. 

Investigarepresen

conc Connection method at corners 

Corner connections may be mitred or butt joints, using the same materials as panel-to-panel connections. 

Corner connections follow the same method to connect to top and bottom systems. 

Investigarepresen

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

conc Conformance with applicable building codes 

Typical pbuilding product 

conc Structural strength (min) Code intconc Number of connections (min/max) Panel m

project-s

Minimum of 2 connection points or more, depending on length and design of panel. Typical top/bottom plate connections pattern is four connections per 12' panel. Spacing may be determined by failure mode in high seismic conditions. Systems using a small number of connectors must have greater reliability (safety margin) at each connection point in case one connector fails. Grout or sealant at connections should be applied continuously. 

Solid precast concrete with rebar; precast concrete sandwiching insulation. Closed-wall concrete panels. Connections can be continuous or periodic. Connections are part of a panel system that meets the criteria set forth in the International Residential Code (IRC) and the International Building Code (IBC). Code compliance of connectors may require testing performed in accordance with ASTM standards for strength, fire, mold growth, etc. Custom engineering may be required. Minimum strength of the connector system must be comparable to the strength of the wall panel as a unit. Assembly strength shall be determined in accordance with IRC/IBC or local code requirements (whichever is more stringent) by engineering analysis or structural testing. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
conc Connection durability over time Industry 

findings. 

conc Connection fire resistance Code intconc Acoustical separation/insulation at connection Typical b

criteria a

conc Energy performance at connection Building 

strategie

conc Moisture/water resistance at connection Building 

strategie

conc Air infiltration resistance at connection Building 

strategie

conc Insect and vermin resistance General 

strategie

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

conc Required protection of panel connection system from factory to site Concrete 

recomm

conc Compatibility with other panel connection systems Investiga

represen

conc Compatibility with house subsystems Concrete conc Ability to accept interior finishes Builders 

most com

Shipment of panels must not compromise integrity or performance of connections or subject connection components to damage, deterioration, corrosion, or decay. Precasting and field bolting must support compatibility, where required by design. With adequate planning, concrete panels should be able to accommodate a variety of systems during the precasting phase. Connection tolerances must be compatible with foundation tolerances. Connections must not interfere with electrical, plumbing, communications, and HVAC systems. With adequate planning, concrete panels should be able to accommodate a variety of systems during the precasting phase. Utilities are not commonly integrated into concrete panels. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the interior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the interior finish. Panel connections must not create openings for bulk water intrusion. Where grout is not used, builder may apply foam, caulk, or mastic at panel joints as needed to improve performance. Where grout is used, certain joints may require non-shrink grout. Panel connections must not interfere with the builder's ability to use air sealing techniques to achieve superior building envelope performance. Where grout is not used, builder may apply caulk, mastic, or other sealant. Where grout is used, certain joints may require non-shrink grout. Connection materials must not be attractive to pests, and panel connections must be designed such that panels are not subject to insect/vermin infiltration. Adhering to air leakage requirements of IRC (N1102.1.10) will address many infiltration pathways. Connectors must be at least as durable as the panels themselves. Materials must be protected from forseeable conditions (i.e. steel must be protected from corrosion) that would be encountered either with an exposed connection or with connections hidden within a wall cavity. Certain joints may require non-shrink grout. Connection method should not reduce the STC rating of the whole panel assembly below that of a conventional wall framed with comparable materials. Continuous insulation at panel connections improves sound attenuation. If insulation is not continuous, acoustical performance at connections should be at least equal to that offered by conventional framing, or that required by code or ordinance (whichever is more stringent). Panels must meet IRC/IECC minimum requirements and should not introduce air movement that may degrade the effective R-value. Thermal shorts should not degrade the performance below that of the effective R-value of a stick-frame wall with framing factors as used to develop the IRC/IECC code requirements. Thermal shorts should not produce cold spots that cause condensation or ghosting. Connection fire resistance need not necessarily match the resistance of the panels, but connections are part of panel "assembly" which must be tested to meet flame-spread and smoke-development ratings as defined by major building codes. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
conc 

conc 

Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the exterior of the panel. Where fasteners Panel m

Ability to accept exterior finishes are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. finishing 

Connections must not corrode or degrade the exterior finish. 

Irreversi

Method of access after assembly Post-construction access must be comparable to that of non-panelized construction. compara

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Metal Panels Performance Standard Criteria

General Information Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

met Description Investiga

three rep

met Panel Types Investiga

three rep

met Connection Types 

Panel edges can be formed, or can contain special framing. Connections can be either continuous or intermittent. 

Panels must fit into metal tracks at top and bottom. Tracks must be screwed intermittently to both sides of the panel. 

Investigathree rep

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

met Connection materials Metal framing, formed edges for snap-lock connection, screws, and sealant. Metal tracks, screws, and sealants. Investiga

three rep

met Dimensions and physical characteristics Investiga

three rep

met Connection tolerances (min/max) 

Connection tolerances typical for screw/mechanical fasteners (1/8-1/4") must be expected. Continuous snap connection must align precisely for mechanism to engage. 

Connection tolerances typical for screw/mechanical fasteners (1/8") must be expected. 

Manufacspacing as well astructura

met Connection method at corners 

Panels form butt joints at corners. Ends are capped using channels or studs and panels must be fastened with long screws or bolts. 

Top and bottom tracks may overlap at corners to complete connection. Manufac

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

met Conformance with applicable building codes 

Typical pbuilding product 

met Structural strength Code intmet Number of connections (min/max) Panel m

project-s

Both open- and closed-wall systems. No standard dimension. Insulated metal panels combine metal structural support or metal skins (steel or aluminum) with EPS foam. Minimum strength of the connector system must be comparable to the strength of the wall panel as a unit. Assembly strength shall be determined in accordance with IRC/IBC or local code requirements (whichever is more stringent) by engineering analysis or structural testing. Minimum of 2 connection points, depending on length of panel. Spacing for non-continuous connections is typically 12-24" at panel seams and 12-14" along top and bottom plates, as determined by panel composition, local conditions, and structural properties such as failure mode in high seismic conditions. Systems using a small number of connectors must have greater reliability (safety margin) at each connection point in case one connector fails. Sealants should be applied continuously. 

Connections are part of a panel system that meets the criteria set forth in the International Residential Code (IRC) and the International Building Code (IBC). Code compliance of connectors may require testing performed in accordance with ASTM standards for strength, fire, mold growth, etc. Custom engineering may be required. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
met Connection durability over time Industry 

findings. 

met Connection fire resistance Code intmet Acoustical separation/insulation at connection Typical b

criteria a

met Energy performance at connection Based o

practices

met Moisture/water resistance at connection Based o

builder s

met Air infiltration resistance at connection Based o

builder s

met Insect and vermin resistance Based o

builder s

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

met Protection of panel connection system from factory to site Panel sy

recomm

met Compatibility with other panel connection systems 

Proprietary connections need not be compatible, but field changes are facilitated if panels support a transition to traditional framing or other panel systems. 

Tracks and screws can accommodate other panel systems or traditional metal framing. State of 

Connection materials must not be attractive to pests, and panel connections must be designed such that panels are not subject to insect/vermin infiltration. Adhering to air leakage requirements of IRC (N1102.1.10) will address many infiltration pathways. Panel connections must not interfere with the builder's ability to use air-sealing techniques to achieve superior building envelope performance. An appropriate sealant (caulk, mastic, or other) must be used where recommended by the panel manufacturer, and this sealant must be applied in accordance with both the sealant manufacturer and panel manufacturer's recommendations. Air movement that could result in condensation inside the panel must be prevented. Connection method should not reduce the STC rating of the whole panel assembly below that of a conventional wall framed with comparable materials. Continuous insulation at panel connections improves sound attenuation. If insulation is not continuous, acoustical performance at connections should be at least equal to that offered by conventional framing, or that required by code or ordinance (whichever is more stringent). Panels must meet IRC/IECC minimum requirements and should not introduce air movement that may degrade the effective R-value. Thermal shorts should not degrade the performance below that of the effective R-value of a stick-frame wall with framing factors as used to develop the IRC/IECC code requirements. Thermal shorts should not produce cold spots that cause condensation or ghosting. Panel connections must not create openings for bulk water intrusion, air movement, or thermal shorts that lead to condensation. An appropriate sealant must be used where recommended by the panel manufacturer, and this sealant must be applied in accordance with both the sealant manufacturer and panel manufacturer's recommendations. Panels and connections must accommodate a weatherresistant barrier required on the exterior by IRC/IBC. Shipment of panels must not compromise integrity or performance of connections or subject connection components to damage, deterioration, corrosion, or decay. Materials must be protected from moisture. Connectors must be at least as durable as the panels themselves. Materials must be protected from forseeable conditions (i.e. steel must be protected from corrosion) that would be encountered either with an exposed connection or with connections hidden within a wall cavity. Connection fire resistance need not necessarily match the resistance of the panels, but connections are part of panel "assembly" which must be tested to meet flame-spread and smoke-development ratings as defined by major building codes. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
met 

met met met 

Compatibility with house subsystems 

Connections must not impede integration of subsystems into panels. Connections must accommodate utitlity chases located within the panels or components recessed into the panel's surface. 

Tracks and other connection materials must be compatible with drilling where utilities run vertically through top and bottom connections. 

Based ostate-of-

Ability to accept interior finishes State of Ability to accept exterior finishes State of Method of access after assembly Based o

state-of-

Sealant may prevent access to interior of wall or assembly after installation. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the interior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the interior finish. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the exterior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the exterior finish. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Wood SIP Panels Performance Standard Criteria

General Information Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

wsip Description Investiga

represen

wsip Panel Types Investiga

represen

wsip Connection Types 

Intermittent connections made with splines, screws, or nails, and/or mechanical cam-lock connectors. 

Intermittent connections made with dimensional lumber and screws or nails. 

Investigarepresen

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

wsip Connection materials Screws, nails, dimensional lumber, OSB splines, ABS plastic cam-locks, and sealant. Screws, nails, dimensional lumber, sealant. Investiga

represen

wsip Dimensions and physical characteristics 

Splines can be 2x2", 4x3/8", or dimensional lumber size and run the height of the panel. Continuous bead of sealant applied between panels. 

Dimensional lumber (2x6 for a 6" panel) used for top and bottom plates. Continuous bead of sealant on both sides of plates. 

Investigarepresen

wsip Connection tolerances (min/max) Manufacwsip Connection method at corners 

Panels form butt joints at corners. Ends are capped using studs, and panels must be fastened with long screws or bolts and washers. 

Top and/or bottom plates must overlap adjoining panels at corners to complete connection. Manufac

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

wsip Conformance with applicable building codes 

Typical pbuilding product 

wsip Structural strength Code intwsip Number of connections (min/max) Panel m

project-s

Minimum of 2 connection points or more, depending on length of panel. Screw and nail fasteners are typically spaced at 6-12" while specialty cam-lock connectors may be spaced at 24". Spacing is determined by panel composition, local conditions, and structural properties such as failure mode in high-seismic conditions. Top and bottom tracks may be considered part of panel-to-panel connection. Sealants should be applied continuously. Closed-wall panels. Connections are part of a panel system that meets the criteria set forth in the International Residential Code (IRC) and the International Building Code (IBC). Code compliance of connectors may require testing performed in accordance with ASTM standards for strength, fire, mold growth, etc. Custom engineering may be required. Minimum strength of the connector system must be comparable to the strength of the wall panel as a unit. Assembly strength shall be determined in accordance with IRC/IBC or local code requirements (whichever is more stringent) by engineering analysis or structural testing. Connection tolerances typical for screw/mechanical fasteners (1/8") must be expected. Sheets of OSB sandwiching insulation made of EPS, urethane, or pressed agrifiber. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
wsip Connection durability over time 

wsip Connection fire resistance 

Acoustical separation/insulation at wsip connection 

wsip Energy performance at connection wsip Moisture/water resistance at connection wsip Air infiltration resistance at connection wsip Insect and vermin resistance 

Connection Interface 

Protection of panel connection system wsip from factory to site Compatibility with other panel wsip connection systems 

Connectors must be at least as durable as the panels themselves. Materials must be protected from forseeable conditions (i.e. steel must be protected from corrosion) such that the panel system as a whole is at least as durable as conventional wood-framing assemblies. Connectors must be appropriate for the type of wood being connected (i.e. treated lumber sill plates require special connectors). Connection fire resistance need not necessarily match the resistance of the panels, but connections are part of panel "assembly" which must be tested to meet flame-spread and smoke-development ratings as defined by major building codes. Connection method should not reduce the STC rating of the whole panel assembly below that of a conventional wall framed with comparable materials. Continuous insulation at panel connections improves sound attenuation. If insulation is not continuous, acoustical performance at connections should be at least equal to that offered by conventional framing, or that required by code or ordinance (whichever is more stringent). Panels must meet IRC/IECC minimum requirements and should not introduce air movement that may degrade the effective R-value. Thermal shorts should not degrade the performance below that of the effective R-value of a stick-frame wall with framing factors as used to develop the IRC/IECC code requirements. Thermal shorts should not produce cold spots that cause condensation or ghosting. Panel connections must not create openings for bulk water intrusion, air movement, or thermal shorts that lead to condensation. An appropriate sealant must be used where recommended by the panel manufacturer, and this sealant must be applied in accordance with both the sealant manufacturer and panel manufacturer's recommendations. Panels and connections must accommodate a weatherresistant barrier required on the exterior by IRC/IBC. Panel connections must not interfere with the builder's ability to use air-sealing techniques to achieve superior building envelope performance. An appropriate sealant (caulk, mastic, or other) must be used where recommended by the panel manufacturer, and this sealant must be applied in accordance with both the sealant manufacturer and panel manufacturer's recommendations. Air movement that could result in condensation inside the panel must be prevented. Connection materials must not be more attractive to pests than conventional building products, and panel connections must be designed such that panels are not subject to insect/vermin infiltration. Adhering to air leakage requirements of IRC (N1102.1.10) will address many infiltration pathways. 

Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections 

Shipment of panels must not compromise integrity or performance of connections or subject connection components to damage, deterioration, corrosion, or decay. Materials must be protected from moisture. 

Top and bottom plate connection systems are Panels are customized for a particular spline or interchangeable among most panel types, including cam-lock but may be field modified to accept other some metal panels and both wood and steel stick- connection systems and traditional wood framing. framing. 

Industry findings. Code intTypical bcriteria aBased opracticesManufacpractice. Manufacpractice. Manufacpractice. 

Rationa

Panel syrecomm

State of 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
wsip 

wsip wsip wsip 

Compatibility with house subsystems 

Connections must not impede integration of subsystems into panels. Connections must accommodate utitlity chases located within the panels or components recessed into the panel's surface. 

Plates and other connection materials must be compatible with drilling where utilities run vertically through top and bottom connections. 

Based obuilder s

Ability to accept interior finishes State of Ability to accept exterior finishes State of Method of access after assembly State of 

Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the interior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the interior finish. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the exterior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the exterior finish. Sealant may prevent access to interior of wall or assembly after installation. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Wood Panels Performance Standard Criteria

General Information Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

w op 

Description Investiga

three rep

w op 

Panel Types Investiga

three rep

w op 

Connection Types Investiga

three rep

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

w op 

Connection materials Screws, nails, dimensional lumber, sealants, optional gaskets. Screws, nails, 2x top plate. Investiga

three rep

w op 

Dimensions and physical characteristics 2x4 or 2x6 studs and chords, nails. 

Panels have an existing bottom chord that can be attached directly to floor system, and top chord that acts as single top plate. 

Investigathree rep

w op 

Connection tolerances (min/max) Investiga

three rep

w op 

Connection method at corners 

Panels form butt joints at corners. Ends are capped using studs, and panels must be fastened with long screws or bolts and washers. 

Top and/or bottom tracks must overlap adjoining panels at corners to complete the connection. 

Investigathree rep

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

w op 

Conformance with applicable building codes 

Typical pbuilding product 

w op 

Structural strength Code int

w op Number of connections (min/max) Current w op 

Connection durability over time Current 

Manufactured wall panels using conventional wood-framing principles. Panels may arrive on site with exterior sheathing, cladding, and windows and doors installed. Insulation may also be factory applied. Open wall. Nails, screws, and bolts are used to connect framing, which consists of dimensional lumber studs and plates. Connections may yield tolerances up to 1/2" (as with gaskets); or 1/8-1/4" typically expected with mechanical fasteners. Erection crews must meet manufacturer's recommended tolerances to ensure that connection strength is not compormised. Installer must follow manufacturer's recommendations, which must be designed for performance that is at a minimum equivalent to the performance of analogous connections in conventional construction. Connection durability must be equal to or greater than that of analogous connections in conventional construction. Connectors must be appropriate for the type of wood being connected (i.e. treated lumber sill plates require special connectors). Connections are part of a panel system that meets the criteria set forth in the International Residential Code (IRC) and the International Building Code (IBC). Code compliance of connectors may require testing performed in accordance with ASTM standards for strength, fire, mold growth, etc. Custom engineering may be required. Minimum strength of the connector system must be comparable to the strength of the wall panel as a unit. Assembly strength shall be determined in accordance with IRC/IBC or local code requirements (whichever is more stringent) by engineering analysis or structural testing. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
w op 

Connection fire resistance Code int

w op Acoustical separation/insulation at 

connection 

Typical bcriteria a

w op 

Energy performance at connection Code int

w op 

Moisture/water resistance at connection Manufac

practice. 

w op 

Air infiltration resistance at connection Manufac

practice. 

w op 

Insect and vermin resistance Manufac

practice. 

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate Connections Rationa

w op Protection of panel connection system 

from factory to site 

Panel syrecomm

w op 

Compatibility with other panel connection systems 

May be joined to other framing like wood SIPs or metal framing by using conventional studs and fasteners. 

Plates may be used to connect different panel types, or to connect panels to traditional stick framing. 

State of 

w op 

Compatibility with house subsystems State of 

w op 

Ability to accept interior finishes State of 

w op 

Ability to accept exterior finishes State of 

w op 

Method of access after assembly State of 

Connectors must offer access to interior of the wall after assembly that is equal to access offered in a conventionally framed assembly. Shipment of panels must not compromise integrity or performance of connections or subject connection components to damage, deterioration, corrosion, or decay. Materials must be protected from moisture. Connection compatibility with house subsystems must be equal to or better than traditional stick framing. Panels may provide a proprietary utilities chase at panel's base, to be covered by trim. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the interior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the interior finish. Connections must not hinder the ability to effectively finish the exterior of the panel. Where fasteners are used the connection head must be low-rising so the finish can be applied easily and smoothly. Connections must not corrode or degrade the exterior finish. Panel connections must not create openings for bulk water intrusion, air movement, or thermal shorts that lead to condensation. Builder may add sealant at connections for best moisture resistance, following the sealant manufacturer's recommendations for application. Panels and connections must accommodate a weather-resistant barrier required on the exterior by IRC/IBC. Panel connections must not interfere with builders' ability to use air sealing techniques to achieve superior building envelope performance. Builder may apply caulk, mastic, or other sealant according to both the panel manufacturer and sealant manufacturer's recommendations or best practices. Air movement that could result in condensation inside the panel must be prevented. Connection materials must not be more attractive to pests than conventional building products, and panel connections must be designed such that panels are not subject to insect/vermin infiltration. Adhering to air leakage requirements of IRC (N1102.1.10) will address many infiltration pathways. Connection method must not reduce the STC rating of the whole panel system below that of a conventionally framed wall system using comparable materials. Panels must meet IRC/IECC minimum requirements and should not introduce air movement that may degrade the effective R-value. Thermal shorts should not degrade the performance below that of the effective R-value of a stick-frame wall with framing factors as used to develop the IRC/IECC code requirements. Thermal shorts should not produce cold spots that cause condensation or ghosting. Connection fire resistance need not necessarily match the resistance of the panels, but connections are part of panel "assembly" which must be tested to meet flame-spread and smoke-development ratings as defined by major building codes. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
Conventional construction practice is considered as the implicit 

performance baseline at a system level, as system-level performance is the key to having a competitive and efficient approach for panelized systems in a market that is defined by site-built system performance. Conformance to applicable building codes should be interpreted to mean that minimum performance for alternative systems should comply with the minimum implied performance of the minimum acceptable conventional (deemed to comply) system. The criteria are presented in a format that makes it easy for builders or manufacturers to compare and contrast different system types and the performance of the various elements of the connection systems. The criteria are also easily referenced by those developing new panel technology as a standard of performance in the panelized home building industry as it currently operates in the U.S. (thus, it might also be valuable to foreign companies contemplating an entrance into the American market). To use this tool, the builder can easily compare one system against the other. For example, if a builder has a work force with a very low skill level, it might be decided to select a panel system with as a generous amount of tolerance in making panel connections during site assembly. In reviewing the tolerance levels on a comparative basis, the builder will discover that concrete panel systems offer the greatest dimensional tolerance (1/2”) for connections, compared to metal or wood systems (which are generally in the 1/8” to 1/4” range). The greater level of tolerance for concrete systems might lead the builder 

to choose such a system. 

If a builder is shopping for a panelized system that will allow greater opportunity for on-site inspection by a building official, the 

Performance Standard Criteria would indicate system would be the better choice over a closinsulated panel. In the case of an architect writing performance Performance Standard Criteria can be useful different panel systems conform to relevant coperformance measures. Language for writing specifications can be taken directly from the PCriteria, allowing an unbiased comparison of o

Application and Dissemination A key to maximizing the use of the Performanpanel connections is to make them easily avaand panel manufacturers. Posting this report o(pathnet.org) is a good starting point in this enmight also be posted on the PATH Website paspecifically with panelized construction. The National Association of Home Builder’s BCouncils (BSC), the trade organization that sesystems industries, including panelized housinstrong interest in this project and in disseminamembership, and also in making it available othrough publications, conferences, and other cmembership and its members’ customers. Bumagazine and Automated Builder magazine, tjournals in the field, are also good outlets for tresults of this study. 

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
APPENDIX A 

PANEL CONNECTIONS COMPARISON MATThe Panel Connections Comparison Matrix prinformation collected and documented for the studied, which was then analyzed to develop Standard Criteria. Performance information cosystems is organized according to four broad 

Information; Physical Characteristics; Performand Connection Interface. Within each of thesinformation is presented for Panel-to-Panel CoTop/Bottom Plate Connections to understand interface within the panel system itself, and beand house subsystems such as roofs and fou

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
OldCastle Precast - Concrete Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name OldCastle Precast OldCastle Precast 

Description Precast concrete panel with rebar (No insulation). Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Solid concrete, most similar to a Closed wall system. 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Horizontal and vertical connections differ. In panel-to-panel connections, weld plates embedded in each panel are joined 

together. 

On the bottom edge, panels argrout. Along top edge, panels hare filled with grout and rebar, (or roof components) can be se

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

A36 weld plate HCA 3" plastic grout tube and 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

8"x4"x3/8" plate HCA 3" plastic grout tube and 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

1/2" tolerance 1" tolerance 

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

2 per edge 4 per panel at top and bottom e

Panel being lowered onto grouted-in-place rebar Panelized construction Panels erected 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
OldCastle Precast continued

Panel-to-panel connection (weld plates) Weld plate 

Grout tube 

Rebar to connect panels at top and bottom 

Closeup of embedded plate for welde

Grout tube embedded in top edge of panel 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
OldCastle Precast continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

AISC and AWS ACI 318 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

14K shear 16K tension / 15K shear 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

2 per edge 4 per panel 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Panels can be cast in any shape, and weld plates can make angles. Corners are typically mitered. 

Grout tubes and rebar can be 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Must be protected from corrosion. Must be protected from corrosi

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Must be protected with fire proofing. Must be protected by concrete

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Connection will lose strength. Connection will lose strength, b

naturally fire-resistant concrete

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Overall panel sound insulation is equivalent to a concrete wall. At connections, the builder may apply caulk, mastic or foam to joints after construction to prevent air, sound, and water intrusion. 

Overall panel sound insulation At connections, the builder majoints after construction to previntrusion. 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Additional steel contributes to thermal bridging. Caulk, mastic or foam applied to joints post-erection to insulate. 

Embedded rebar adds minimaor foam applied post-erection t

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Subject to corrosion. Weld plates are located on interior side of wall panels, and caulk is generally applied to exterior of joint to limit water intrusion. 

Subject to corrosion. Caulked e

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Connection provides No appreciable resistance to air infiltration. Joint should be sealed with caulk, mastic or expanding foam. 

Connection provides No resista

be sealed with caulk, mastic or 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Not affected by insects. Not affected by insects. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
OldCastle Precast continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

8"x4"x3/8" plate HCA 3" plastic grout tube 

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

A36 steel jumper plate or round slug #5 dowel threaded into coupler 

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Cast into concrete Cast into concrete 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Yes - through field repairs or redundant connections. Yes - through field repairs or re

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Set panels with crane. Weld jumper to plates in adjacent walls. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Welding torch, crane Portable grout mixer, crane 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Requires multiple crew members. AWS certified welder. Requires multiple crew membe

Does the connection system support field changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Depends on the change, but the nature of precast concrete and connections set in concrete limits ability accommodate field changes. 

Depends on the change, but thconnections set in concrete limchanges. 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Yes, the panels could tie to other concrete panel systems or be field bolted to steel or other structural members. 

Yes, the grout tubes could be uconnectors to attach to differen

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Connections are spaced widely and do not interfere with house subsystems, although very few systems are actually accommodated in the panel (steel stud wall on interior). 

Rebar connections are widely house subsystems, although uthrough the panels. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Interior walls are insulated and framed before finishing, and flat weld plate does not interfere. 

Connection is imbedded so do

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Exterior receives no additional finishing other than caulking of joints. 

Connection is embedded. Extefinishing other than caulking of 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Yes No 

Set panels with crane. Field gr

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Dukane Precast - Concrete Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Dukane Precast Inc. Dukane Precast Inc. 

Description Concrete Sandwich. A double wall of precast concrete, with 

insulation in the middle and steel trusses girders connecting two sides. The panel is insulated with various types of insulation. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed wall 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Panels are placed next to each other and grouted from the inside, and caulked from the outside. The connection is 

continuous. 

Connection uses a layer of groplus a continuous steel angle oembedded in the panels, found

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Cementious grout Cementitions grout 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

A recessed void is filled with grout from the interior side of the panel. Void dimensions are engineered for each panel/connection strength (typically 6"). 

Recessed void is filled with groengineered for each panel/con

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

The void space can accommodate latitude and the grout easily fills any dimensional discrepancies. 

The void space can accommodfills any dimensional discrepanwith angles. 

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Continuous - this is a running connection. Continuous - this is a running c

spaced at intervals. 

Detail of panel-to-panel connection Detail of wall-to-slab connection 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Dukane Precast continued

Sample wall section 

Steel angle connection at ceiling 

View of installed panels Grout added 

to bottom connection 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Dukane Precast continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Conforms with major building codes. Conforms with major building c

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Structural strength of connector specifically is not available. Structural strength of connecto

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Connection is continuously made, a running connection. Connection is continuously ma

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Connection can make angled joints. Panel may need additional sup

connections 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

The connection of the panels is made in the interior of the wall system by pumping cementious grout into the cavity created when two walls join, the grout fills the cavity and around the wall panel's reinforcement. Grout is a durable material. 

The connection of the panels is system by pumping cementiouwhen two walls join, the grout fpanel's reinforcement. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Concrete and cementious grout are fire resistant, but at high temperatures the steel reinforcement in the panel fails. 

Concrete and cementious groutemperatures the steel reinforc

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Connector performs as well as panel in fire. Steel is inclosed in concrete. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Performs well acoustically. Performs well acoustically. 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Grout has thermal bridging like any concrete product, the panel is insulated at its core, the connection is un-insulated. 

Grout has thermal bridging like is insulated at its core, the con

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Continuous connection will not likely be susceptible to water infiltration. 

Continuous connection will not infiltration. 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Grouting fills the cavity fully and because it is a liquid fills any manufacturing defects which might have caused voids to form. 

Grouting fills the cavity fully anmanufacturing defects which m

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Grout forms a barrier that insects and vermin can not penetrate. Grout forms a barrier that insec

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Dukane Precast continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

The void or recesses for the grout, and the exposed reinforcement. 

The void or recesses for the grreinforcement. 

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Cementious grout Cementious grout 

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Because the panel connections made into the interior of the panel it is inherently protected, but because the connection is made with cementious grout any defects or damaged areas are inherently fixed during installation. 

Because the panel connectionpanel it is inherently protected, made with cementious grout aninherently fixed during installat

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Yes, the grout should fill any void and is stronger than the concrete in the panel. 

Yes, the grout should fill any voconcrete in the panel. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

The panels are set into place using a crane and braced. After all the panels are set and braced, concrete grout is pumped into the voids. After the concrete sets up the bracing can be removed. 

The panels are set into place uall the panels are set and bracthe voids and steel angles are up the bracing can be removed

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Crane to set panels, concrete mixer and pump to pump grout into voids. 

Crane to set panels, concrete minto voids. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Crews must be trained to set panels and to install grout. Crews must be trained to set p

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

While the grout itself when liquid is a flexible material, panels are difficult to alter if construction plans change. The concrete and the grout (once hardened) are both very difficult to cut and therefore field adaptability is extremely limited. 

While the grout itself when liquare difficult to alter if constructiand the grout (once hardened) therefore field adaptability is ex

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

While not inherently proprietary, the system limits possible successive connections that can feasibly be added -- all connections must be cast during the factory production. 

While not inherently proprietarysuccessive connections that caconnections must be cast durin

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Utility accommodations must be cast at the factory and require careful coordination. Once grout is poured, changes to utilities through the connection area will Not be practical. 

Utility accommodations must bcareful coordination. Once grothrough the connection area w

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Connection is recessed in the wall. Connection is recessed in the w

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Connection is recessed in the wall. Connection is recessed in the w

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

No access No access 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
ThermaSteel - Metal Core Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name ThermaSteel ThermaSteel 

Description Steel Frame/Foam. A panel with a core of EPS framed with 24-

gauge, G-90 galvanizing steel channels imbedded in the foam on either side of the panel for support. 

In business for 30 years Now. and many countries around the Virginia, Alaska, and Russia. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Open Wall 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Shiplap joints are molded into the panel, and panels are connected to each other via many connection points, 16" o.c. 

Screws are driven through the joint to connect the panels. 

Connects to foundation either ssitting in steel track. This analy

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Panels are pre-shaped to form shiplap joint, and connection is made using caulk and screws. 

Metal track, screws. 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Interior panel spline: Shiplap joints tie into top plate and bottom plate, #8 self taping screws every 12". 

#8 self tapping screws every 1and bottom plate. 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

1/4" Track must be level; panels sh

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Connect to next panel sequence, and to sheathing material every 12"-14" o.c. 

Connections made to top and b

Sample wall panel Setting Panel into Bottom Track 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
ThermaSteel continued

ThermaSteel continued

Detail of connection at bottom track (same at top) Installation

Panel-to-Panel Connection 

View of Installed Panels 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
ThermaSteel continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Panels conform to all codes including Dade County, ICCES #42-16, BOCA, SBCCI, and HUD. Has also passed hurricane projectile test (11 studs on exterior side of hurricane panels). 

Panels conform to all codes inc16, BOCA, SBCCI, and HUD. projectile test (11 studs on exte

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

N/A N/A 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

9 panel-to-panel connections - 12" o.c. along shiplap. 

16 connections for each panel16" o.c.). 2 screws at each stud

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Panels can make angled joints but would use some sort of plates or channels to secure, rather than the shiplap. Yes, track is easily adaptable. 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Screws and metal channels are durable. Screws and metal channels ar

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Meets 1-hour fire rating but teel is Not fire resistant, so an additional layer of protection is needed. 

Meets 1-hour fire rating but teeadditional layer of protection is 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Flame spread of panel is 5+++ for 4" thick (see UL flame spread test results). Connection will fail during a fire at the same rate a the rest of the panel. 

Metal channel will fail during fir

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Steel is primarily on the surface of the EPS foam, so sound does not transmit 

Minimal sound transmission. 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Metal studs do not go through the panel, so thermal bridging is eliminated. Screws could potentially conduct heat and cold but are not expected to compromise thermal performance of panel. 

The metal tracks at the top and weak point thermally, as the stbetween interior and exterior. 

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Poor if water accumulates on metal components and rusts. Relies on finishes for water protection. 

Poor if water accumulates on mRelies on finishes for water pro

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Possible at joint if no sealant is used, but foam shiplap edge makes air travel difficult. 

Possible at joint if no sealant is makes air travel difficult. 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Steel resists insects but they can easily bore through foam. Steel resists insects but they c

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
ThermaSteel continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Shiplap edges are formed in the factory. Tracks are manufactured in the 

panels. 

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

All screws are installed onsite. All screws are applied on site i

track, and track-to-sill plate. 

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

No special protection. Metal tracks can be bent if step

reshaped in the field, or replacavailable. 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Screw should be replaced if it is damaged. If shiplap edges or metal studs become damaged, they could be field repaired using metal framing. 

Metal tracks can be either reshmaterials are readily available. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Panel is placed into bottom track, aligned next to subsequent panel, and locked together by top plate and interior screws at connections. 

Panel is placed into bottom trapanel, and locked together by connections. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Drill, screws Drill, screws 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low skill level sufficient. Low skill level sufficient. 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Yes, because the construction is similar to SIPs in detail and similar to steel framing it is easy to adapt panels and connections system in the field. 

Yes, because the construction similar to steel framing it is easconnections system in the field

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

The panels could be used in conjunction with other panel types, but the shiplap joint would not transfer to the next panel. A flush ThermaSteel panel could be installed next to another flush 

panel 

Because either wood or metal panels can tie into wood framinmetal SIPs. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Chases are included. Although screws enter into the center of the panel, the connectors are spaced 12" or more so the connection does not interfere with utilities. 

No penetration expected throu

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Drywall is installaed directly over the panel. Unlike some other panel sytems, finishing crews must be sure to hit the metal studs in the panel to secure cladding. 

No hindrance for interior finishe

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Unlike some other panel sytems, finishing crews must be sure to 

hit the metal studs in the panel to secure cladding. 

No hindrance for exterior finish

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Screws can be removed but caulking at foam shiplap joint may cause panels to be damaged if torn apart. 

Screws can be removed from tdifficult to remove panels intac

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Acsys - Metal Core Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Acsys Panel System Acsys Panel System 

Description Steel Frame/Foam. An insulated steel-core wall panel made of 

16-20 gauge galvanized corrugated structural core welded to a top and bottom 18 gauge galvanized steel track. Steel tracks are 

embedded in expanded polystyrene skin using a specialized molding process. 

Acsys is the residential line buversion more widely used in ligSystem is often used by Wendparticularly well with a stucco fas in curtainwall (not structural

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Hybrid - Neither a skin nor a stud panel, uses a perforated steel core with foam on either side. 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Segments of steel core overlap like a shiplap joint and are screwed together. Corner and angled connections are made 

using formed metal channels screwed to the steel core. 

Panels are fitted with factory-inbottom, which in turn fit into steand are fastened with screws. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

The panels are connected together using #14 x 3/4" galvanized self-drilling hex head screws. Zee channels are used at corners, attached 12" o.c. 

18-guage galvanized steel top to panel. Framing fits into a trasealant. panels screwed to trac

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

#14 self tapping screws every 24" o.c. panel to panel through shiplap joints. Shiplap = 1.5"; 3/4" to centerline. 

#14 1/4" x 3/4" self-drilling screwhere structural member must screws 2-1/2" long. Shaped chpanels and at intersections. 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Accommodates about 1/8" of "give". Accommodates about 1/8" of "

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

24" o.c. minimum, along panel seams, and 12" o.c. at corners. Minimum of 12" o.c. 

Panels being tipped up into bottom track Panel is screwed into b

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Acsys continued 

View along top edge

Corrugated steel core 

Screws on exterior 

Panels packed and wrapped for shipping 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Acsys continued 

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

ICC for building materials; Underwriters Laboratories for fire tests; ASTM for steel, mold growth, and water vapor transmission. 

ICC for building materials; Undtests; ASTM for steel, mold grotransmission. 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

N/A N/A 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Fasteners are all screws, tied to steel core of panel or to shaped channels - track, corner, zee. 

Fasteners are all screws, tied tchannels - track, corner, zee. 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Track and panels can be easily adaptable to all angles. Track and panels can be easily 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Metal screws and channels are durable. Metal screws and channels are 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Metal fasteners will eventually fail in a fire and must be protected with finishes. 

Metal tracks and fasteners will be protected with finishes. 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Panels and connections meet fire requirements. Greater portion of metal at connections than in panels may cause connections to fail first in a fire - not tested specifically. 

Panels and connections meet of metal at connections than in to fail first in a fire - not tested 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Insulates sound well. Connections have no significant increase in sound transmission. 

Metal track transmits sound bublocked by min. 1" thick EPS b

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Thermal bridging minimal - 3/4" long connectors 24" o.c. imbedded in the foam 

EPS filler block added after co

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Galvanized steel resists rust. EPS resists mold. Connectors are galvanized also. Sealant helps stop moisture transmission. 

Galvanized steel resists rust. Egalvanized also. Sealant helps 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Connections are imbedded in foam. Sealant and EPS blocks limit a

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Foam could be susceptible to vermin but should Not be appealing. Screws not affected. 

Foam could be susceptible to vappealing. Screws not affected

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Acsys continued 

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Panel connection is inherently installed in the fabrication of the panel system. 

Track mounted onsite. 

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Screws and channels (where needed) added onsite. Screws, sealant and channels 

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Wrapped in plastic for moisture protection. Only susceptible to dents in foam, which don't compromise performance much. 

Wrapped in plastic for moisture dents in foam, which don't com

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Yes, metal can likely be straightened. Unlikely to damage beyond repair. 

Yes, metal can likely be straighbeyond repair. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Easy to set and tie panels together. Training takes about 4 hours. 

Mount track, add sealant, place shiplap. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Drill, screws Drill, screws 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Foam is marked to indicate where to drill (high and low sides of corrugation). One experienced crew member (familiar with order and layout) can direct crew with low skill level. 

Foam is marked to indicate whcorrugation). One experienced and layout) can direct crew wit

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Easy to modify plan designs, panels can be modified on site to some degree but may need to special order channels, which can not easily be site fabricated. 

Yes: Easy to modify plan desigsite to some degree but may nwhich can not easily be site fab

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Metal channels could potentially connect to other metal-based panel connection systems. Can connect with metal stud wall. 

Metal channels could potentialpanel connection systems. Can 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Yes - because foam is on the outside, utilities can be imbedded using a hot knife without interacting with the connection. 

Yes - because foam is on the ousing a hot knife without intera

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Requires longer drywall screws. Requires longer drywall screws

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Designed to work with stucco finish. Use of siding would require additional drainage and support measures. 

Designed to work with stucco fadditional drainage and suppo

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Difficult to locate screws imbedded in foam. Sealant and added blocks of E

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
SIPbLOC - Metal SIP Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name SIPbLOC SIPbLOC 

Description SIP- Steel/Metal Sheet/Foam Core - made of expanded 

polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation sandwiched between two structural steel skins. Finished with embossed aluminum coil, or embossed galvanized steel composite, in stucco, cedar wood grain, or smooth patterns.Snap-N-Lock system used to connect panels. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed wall 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Fits over bottom plate. Connected at many points. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Metal sips rest in a track anchored into the foundation, and metal edges are formed with a special lip on vertical edges so panels next to each other snap together. 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Snapping joints are manufactured into each panel, which uses EPS foam and skins of either aluminum or steel. 

A steel C-channel is used to anfoundation or slab, and anotheScrews connect panel skins to 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Horizontal latitude is minimal because snap connection pulls panels tightly together. 

The snap connection would all

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Continuous snap connection. Connections are made on each 

Panels snap together with specially formed edges 

Cross section of metal SIP panel 

Stack of SIPbLOC panels 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Panel edge 

Panels with metal firring Metal firring for easier electrical installation 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
SIPbLOC continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

International Building Code, California Building Code, Florida Building Code. 

International Building Code, CaBuilding Code 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Structural strength is available for the panel system as a whole. 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

One continuous connection is made between panels. Screws spacing is dictated by 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Track and panels can be easily adaptable to all angles. Track and panels can be easily 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Track is easy to install, and panel to panel connections are embedded into each other. 

Track is easy to install, and paembedded into each other. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Steel is not fire resistant, so an additional layer of protection is needed. Left unprotected, connection will fail during a fire. 

Test samples meet UBC 26-3. 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Metal warps, yet stays intact. The snap connection is likely to perform the same as the wall. 

Metal warps, yet stays intact. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Foam meets foam inside skins for continuous insulation. Sound transmission is minimal

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Foam meets foam for continuous insulation. Thin metal track is only conduc

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Entire panel is formed with moisture resistance. Entire panel is formed with mo

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Panel to panel connections snap together and sealed with sealant. 

Sealant at bottom track helps pshape limits airflow. 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Panel connections are tight and resist insect infiltration. Panel connections are tight an

Structural strength is available 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
SIPbLOC continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Panel connection is inherently installed in the fabrication of the panel system. 

Metal tracks are shipped with p

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

The sealant is applied on site. Tracks, screws and sealant are 

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Plastic film protects the metal finish. Panels are covered on the shipping truck. 

Metal channels are galvanized 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Installation is difficult and can be impossible if damaged. Metal track can be repaired or 

framing materials. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Installation process is straight forward and can be performed by a lower skill level. 

Installation process is straight a lower skill level. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Drill, screws. Caulking gun, drill, screws. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low Low 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Easy to modify plan designs, might be difficult to modify panel size/shape. 

Easy to modify plans, more difto cut in windows, doors, and w

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Can be used in conjunction with other wall systems with preplanning. 

Can be used in conjunction witpreplanning. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

House wiring can run uninterrupted through the foam at connection points. 

House wiring can be accomodbut builderd often fir out interio

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

The connection system does not interfere or inhibit Interior or Exterior finishes. 

The connection system does nExterior finishes. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

The connection system does not interfere or inhibit Interior or Exterior finishes. 

The connection system does nExterior finishes. 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Theoretically possible to disassemble, except for sealant. Theoretically possible to disass

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Insulspan - Wood SIP Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Insulspan Insulspan 

Description Wood SIP. Panels are made of an expanded polystyrene (EPS) 

core bonded between two outer layers of rugged oriented strand board (OSB). Several typical SIP connections are possible inculding 2x lumber spline, but analysis focuses on double OSB surface spline. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Strips of OSB are used to spline two adjacent panels together. Panels fit over a 2x bottom pla

Top plates overlap adjacent pa

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Many different details are available; however, this analysis focuses on OSB splines fitting into grooves just behind the panel 

sheathing. Sealant, nails, and screws are used to complete the connection. 2x lumber is used for panel ends at corners. 

Foam is recessed to accommoof dimensional lumber. ConnecTrusses/joists rest in hangers n

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Plywood splines are 7/16" x 3" and run the height of the panel. Two are used at each panel-to-panel connection, fastened with 1-5/8" drywall screws or nails. At corners or where panels meet dimensional lumber, use 8" spikes or screws for a 6" panel. Foam keyway is 3/4" x 3/4". 

For 6" panels, used 2x6 lumbe

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

There is some measure of latitude that can be taken up by the panels (perhaps 1/8") but any gaps must be filled with foam sealant. Gaps larger than 1/8" require special IFS sealant. 

There is some amount of latitu

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Nailing pattern is typically 6" o.c. with 1-5/8" drywall screws or nails on either side of the seam between panels. Expanding foam sealant is applied to a central channel through holes spaced 12-18" to create a continuous bond. At T-intersections or corners, use use long (8" for 6" panel) screws w/ 2" dia. washers 

to drive through panel into a 2x end plate in the intersecting wall. 

2x sill plate is nailed or bolted tvaries, 16" to 4' o.c.) and OSB and top plates at 6" o.c. on botto top plate at 8" o.c. w/ 2" dia. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Insulspan continued 

Sketch of double OSB spline at panel-to-panel connection 

Panel-to-foundation 

Insulspan SIP Installation Architectural detail of panel-to-panel connection 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Insulspan continued 

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Panels conform to BOCA, ICBO, SBCCI, and ICC. Tested for structural properties including racking load, surface burning characteristics, fire resistance, compressive strength tests, sound transmission, water vapor transmission. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Maximum allowable racking load for stapled surface splines is 208 PLF; for nailed 2x wood splines it is 385 PLF. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Top and bottom plates, OSB splines, nails and sealant. Nailing pattern is as described above. 

Top and bottom plates connecHangers for trusses/joists can 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Panels can be easily adaptable to all angles, but 2x lumber may be needed to make these splines. 

Top and bottom plates can ma

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

OSB splines perform well in most conditions but could potentially weaken under intense racking, steam, fire, etc. 

Durability of connections at top of stick-frame construction. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Test results from a National Evaluation Report show that OSB or plywood surface splines may be used "when spline studs [2x] are Not required for structural capacity or to meet fire resistive assembly details." 

Dimensional lumber is susceptcomparable to stick-frame con

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Once connection fails, whole wall failure will follow close behind. 

spline connections. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Only 7/8" less insulating foam occurs at panel-to-panel connections. 

Acoustical performance equals 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Whole-wall R-value of 6-1/2" wall is R 23.3 with with surface splines; R 22.3 with a solid 2x6 spline. 

Thermal performance equals th

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Expanding sealant helps limit moisture infiltration. Panel Seal Tape can be used to add another layer of protection. Inert foam insulation is not affected by moisture. 

Sealant on both sides of bottom Panel Seal Tape recommende

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Expanding sealant in central keyway helps limit air infiltration. Panel Seal Tape can be used to add another layer of protection. Inert foam insulation is not affected by moisture. Surface splines block direct path from interior to exterior. 

Sealant on both sides of bottom Tape recommended at all pane

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

OSB can be treated with borate. EPS is penetrable but not particularly attractive to pests. 

Similar to traditional stick frame 

Connections at top and bottom 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Insulspan continued 

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Foam is routed to fit splines and foam keyway. Splines cut to length. 

Foam is routed to accommoda

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Surface splines, expanding foam sealant, nails/fasteners. Plates, hangers (if needed), se

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Occassionally OSB panel edges can get damaged during shipping - makes installation more difficult, not impossible. Panels and connectors must be kept dry. 

None. 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Splintered edges may be OK but broken surface splines need to be replaced - easy to cut more onsite. 

If damaged, plates are easily rhot-scooped out to accommod

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Attach bottom plate to foundation or floor, set panel over plate and nail. Pound in splines, set next panel, and screw/nail together. Top plate overlaps. Drill holes and spray in foam. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Hammer, foam sealant, nails, long screws, washers. Hammer, foam sealant, nails, l

Tape. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low Low 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Yes: Panels can be modified and new connection points added but cutting panels and molding foam can be messy. New splines 

can easily be created onsite. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Product should interface with any other wood SIP system or wood framed construction. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Surface splines allow utilities to run continuously through the center of the panels. 

Plates can be drilled out to acc

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Very easy, no need to find studs and surface is very even. N/A 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Very easy, no need to find studs and surface is very even. N/A 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

SIPs can be modified or removed after they are installed by cutting the panels, but sealants and frequent nails/fasteners will make getting panels apart intact difficult. 

N/A 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Precision Panel - Wood SIP Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Precision Panel Precision Panel 

Description Wood SIP. Panel are made of an expanded polystyrene (EPS) 

core bonded between two outer layers of rugged oriented strand board (OSB). Several typical SIP connections are possible inculding 2x lumber spline, but analysis focuses on 2x4 lumber spline. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Panels fit over bottom 2x plate. 2x studs run vertically between adjacent panels. Nails are used to secure panel skins to plates 

and stud/spline. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Many different details are available; however, this analysis focuses on 2x lumber splines fitting into grooves just behind the panel sheathing. Sealant, nails, and screws are used to complete the connection. Expanding foam sealant completes the connection. 

Foam is recessed to accommoof dimensional lumber. ConnecTrusses/joists rest in hangers n

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

2x splines are typical studs and run the height of the panel. One is used at each panel-to-panel connection, fastened with 8d nails. 

For 6" panels, use 2x6 lumber 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

There is some measure of latitude that can be taken up by the panels (perhaps 1/8") but any gaps must be filled with foam sealant. 

There is some amount of latitu

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Nailing pattern is typically 6" o.c. on either side of the seam between panels. Expanding foam sealant is applied down the middle of the foam core before panels are placed against spline. 

2x sill plate is nailed or bolted tvaries, 16" to 48" o.c.) and OSand top plates at 6" o.c. on botto top plate at 8" o.c. with 2" di

Panels screwed together in field 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Precision continued

Details of 2x wood spline connection for panel-to-panel 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Precision continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Panels conform to BOCA, ICBO, SBCCI, and ICC. Tested for structural properties including racking load, surface burning characteristics, fire resistance, compressive strength tests, sound transmission, water vapor transmission. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Maximum allowable racking load for stapled surface splines is 208 PLF; for nailed 2x wood splines it is 385 PLF. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Top and bottom plates, OSB splines, nails and sealant. Nailing pattern is as described above. 

Top and bottom plates connecHangers for trusses/joists can 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

The 2x spline is easily adaptable. Top and bottom plates can ma

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Lumber splines are more durable (under racking load, etc). Durability of connections at top 

of stick-frame construction. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Dimensional lumber is susceptible to fire but connection is comparable to stick-frame construction. 

Dimensional lumber is susceptcomparable to stick-frame con

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Solid lumber connection is unlikely to withstand exposure to fire. 

spline connections. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Only 7/8" less insulating foam occurs at panel-to-panel connections. 

Acoustical performance equals 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Whole-wall R-value of 6-1/2" wall is R 23.3 with with surface splines and R 22.3 with a solid 2x6 spline. 

Thermal performance equals th

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Expanding sealant helps limit moisture infiltration. Panel Seal Tape can be used to add another layer of protection. Inert foam insulation is not affected by moisture. 

Sealant on both sides of bottom Panel Seal Tape recommende

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Expanding sealant in central keyway helps limit air infiltration. Panel Seal Tape can be used to add another layer of protection. Inert foam insulation is not affected by moisture. Surface splines block direct path from interior to exterior. 

Sealant on both sides of bottom Tape recommended at all pane

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

OSB can be treated with borate. EPS is penetrable but not particularly attractive to pests. 

Similar to traditional stick-fram

Connections at top and bottom 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Precision continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Foam is routed to fit splines and foam keyway. Splines cut to length. 

Foam is routed to accommoda

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Surface splines, expanding foam sealant, nails/fasteners. Plates, hangers (if needed), se

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Occassionally OSB panel edges can get damaged during shipping - makes installation more difficult, not impossible. Panels and connectors must be kept dry. 

None 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Splintered edges may be OK but broken surface splines need to be replaced - easy to cut more on-site. 

If damaged, plates are easily rhot-scooped out to accommod

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Set panels over bottom plate and adhesive and nail off. Apply foam to spline, pound spline into edge of panel, set next panel, foam and fasten to spline. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Hammer, foam sealant, nails, long screws, washers. Hammer, foam sealant, nails, l

Tape. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low Low 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Panels can be modified and new connection points added but cutting panels and molding foam can be messy. New splines can easily be created on-site. 

Yes 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Product should interface with any other wood SIP system or wood framed construction. 

Use of 2x top and bottom platepanels and traditional stick fram

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Surface splines allow utilities to run continuously through the center of the panels. 

Plates can be drilled out to acc

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Very easy, no need to find studs and surface is very even. Same as stick framing. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Very easy, no need to find studs and surface is very even. Same as stick framing. 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

SIPs can be modified or removed after they are installed by cutting the panels, but sealants and frequent nails/fasteners will make getting panels apart intact difficult. 

Accessible except for sealant. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Murus Company - Wood SIP Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Murus Company Murus Company 

Description Wood SIP. Panels available as polyurethane (PUR) panel with 

unique tongue and groove edge profile and patented Cam-Lock connectors. Also available is the expanded polystyrene (EPS) panel. Both panel types are available in various thicknesses, lengths and skin configurations. Both panels are sheathed with OSB. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed wall, wood SIP Closed wall, wood SIP 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Non-uniform connection made with Cam-Locks. Non-uniform connection made 

nails/screws. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Proprietary Cam-Lock, 6-7-8-9" galv. Ring shank or Ardox nails, or panel screws at corners 

OSB panels slip over a treated sealant) and nailed 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Cam-Lock unit is approximately 6" tall and is imbedded into the panel approximately 4". The "tongue" of the cam is about 1/2" wide and 1/4" thick. 

8d nails 6" o.c. 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Vertical tolerance is as much as a half inch; horizontal is a couple of sixteenths (1/8"). 

Latitude can be taken up with t

it is minimized, but the connec

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

24" intervals, beginning 12" from top or bottom of panel. At corners, screw or nail 8" o.c. 

Continuous, every 6" o.c. 

Panels are precut and routed to accommodate plates in the factory 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Panel connected over bottom plate 

Panel-to-roof connection via angled top plate 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Murus continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Conforms to ICC and BOCA. Detailed tests performed for adhesion, cyclical aging, wind loads, and racking. Racking is the only test that specifically tests connections. 

Conforms to ICC and BOCA. Dadhesion, cyclical aging, wind only test that specifically tests 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Racking test results, sheetrock screws 8" o.c. Full Panel assemblies 430 lbs, 53.75 plf Panel w/ Door opening 400 lbs, 50 plf Panel w/ Window opening 430 lbs, 53.75 plf Compare camlocks to 2x4 (or 2x6) wood splines showed CamLocks only 10% weaker. 

Racking test results, sheetrock Full Panel assemblies 430 lbs, Panel w/ Door opening 400 lbsPanel w/ Window opening 430 Compare Cam-Locks to 2x4 (olocks only 10% weaker. 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Cam-Locks 2 at every panel joint 6" o.c. 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Cam-Locks cannot accommodate irregular joins. Substitute 2x or other splines. 

Yes 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Cam-Locks are durable ABS plastic. OSB is much more subject to weakening under cyclical aging - ice, heat, steam. 

Durable mechnical fasteners 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Plastic potentially melts but is protected in the wall. Equivalent to traditional stick fr

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

When the connection fails, the interior panel is exposed to the fire and produced noxious gas when burned. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Expect little or no change in sound transmission at connection. Sound transmission equivalent 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Plastic surrounded by foam. After locking, foam up the CamLock through a small access hold. Thermal bridging as with lumbe

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Adhesive applied as panels are joined, then foam sprayed in through small holes after connection is complete helps keep water and moisture out. Plastic not susceptible to water. 

Adhesive helps seal, and blockwater would have to travel to in

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Limited air infiltration thanks to good installation details and foam added to connection cavity after connections are made. 

Limited air infiltration thanks to plate causes increase travel an

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Susceptible to any pests that destroy wood but OSB can be treated with borate. EPS is not attractive to pests. 

Sealant helps keep pests out, that destroy wood. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Murus continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Cam-Locks are factory-installed during the foam expansion process. Foam sealant is added onsite. 

The recess for the top and bott

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

If a non-Cam-Lock connection is used, it is installed onsite -typically surface splines, or 2x dimensional corner connectors. 

Slip panel over the bottom plat

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Plastic wrapped for moisture protection. OSB edges can get damaged and slow but not prevent installation. 

Plastic wrapped for moisture pdamaged and slow but not pre

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Murus reports that all Cam-Locks are not really necessary once top and bottom plates are in place; they report that you only need one or two working cam-locks for sound construction. 

Good: bottom plate is easy to iare easy some edges may be w

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Panel set over plate, glue and foam applied within the recess. The next panel is set and builder uses a special key to engage the Cam-Locks. Foam squirted into Cam-Locks to finish. 

Caulk and adhesive is applied is set on top of the plate. Nailethe panel. Top plates overlap p

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Hammer, cam-lock wrench, nails, caulk or construction adhesive, foam insulation. 

Hammer, chaulk, glue, nails. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Easy to set and lock into place; relatively low skill. Easy to set and fasten into pla

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Cam-Locks cannot be added in the field but panels are modifiable and substitutions (i.e., surface splines) can be used. Cam-Locks can be sliced through with a circular saw. 

Panels can be modified in the circular saw. 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Easy to tie other system into SIPs, similar to wood frame construction. 

Easy to tie other system into Sconstruction. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Plumbing and electrical cannot run through the Cam-Locks, but the locks are only about 6" high and spaced 24" o.c. leaving room for chases. One chase per panel is standard. 

Yes, in some cases plumbing athe bottom plate. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Smooth surface, no need to search for studs. Smooth surface, no need to se

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Smooth surface, no need to search for studs. Smooth surface, no need to se

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

SIPs can be modified post-installation by cutting and the CamLocks themselves are reversible, but foam/adhesive impedes separation. 

Difficult to actually disassemble Construction adhesive sealing complicates disassembly. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Agriboard - Wood SIP Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Agriboard Agriboard 

Description Wood/Straw SIP. A panel system with a core made of 

compressed agricultural fibers (wheat, rice, straw) and an OSB skin. The fiber board incorporates a natural mineral to resist termites, carpenter ants, and other pests. The board provides up 

to a 2.5-hour fire protection. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Closed wall 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Panel-to-panel connections are the same as the panel-to- foundation or panel-to-ceiling connections. The panels are 

routed to accommodate a 2x2" "key" (track or plate) made of OSB. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Mechanical fasteners and OSB keys and sealant. Same as panel-to-panel conne

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Varies from connection type to connection type. Same as panel-to-panel conne

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

1/8" Same as panel-to-panel conne

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Screws at 12" o.c. Same as panel-to-panel conne

Agrifiber material Panels stacked in plant with formed 

keyways Panel samples 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Agriboard continued 

Detail applies to both horizontal and vertical connections 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Agriboard continued 

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

International Building Code, International Residential Code, Florida Building Code. 

International Building Code, InFlorida Building Code. 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Structural strength of overall panel system is known. Structural strength of overall pa

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

12" o.c. 12" o.c. 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Panels can be easily adaptable to all angles. Panels can be easily adaptable 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Keys and panels are durable but OSB is subject to weakening under racking load over time. 

Top and bottom plates are dur

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Connections hold up well under fire testing. Connections hold up well unde

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Connections fire resistance comparable to that of whole panel resistance. 

Connections fire resistance coresistance. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Wall filled with agrifiber insulation. Test results available. Wall filled with agrifiber insulat

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Same as whole-panel insulation values. Same as whole-panel insulatio

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Relies on finishes for moisture and water resistance. Borate helps resist mold. 

Relies on finishes for moisture helps resist mold. 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Sealant is used to fill voids. Bottom plate causes increase 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Borate used to provide insect barrier. Borate used to provide insect b

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Agriboard continued 

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Some panels are manufactured with the spline installed, or it is shipped to be installed at the job site. 

Panel and connectors are ship

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Adhesive, nails. Adhesive, nails, key bolted to f

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Connections are packaged and sent with panels in shipment. Connections are packaged and 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Installation is possible. Replacement keys can be made on-site. Installation is possible. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Panels set over bottom key, then adhesive is applied to vertical key, placed in panel keyway, adjacent panel is placed and both are nailed off on both sides of the seam. 

Bottom key is bolted to foundaapplied to its top before panels 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Hammer, chaulk, glue, nails. Hammer, chaulk, glue, nails. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low Low 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Easy to modify plan designs, might be difficult to modify panel size/shape. 

Easy to modify plan designs, msize/shape. 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Easy to tie other system into SIPs, similar to wood frame construction. 

Easy to tie other system into Sconstruction. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Four standard chases are cut during the manufacturing process. Four standard chases are cut d

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

It is actually easier to install drywall to the panel as compared to stick-built (connection is hidden in the panel). 

It is actually easier to install drystick-built (connection is hidden 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

The connection system does not hinder installation of exterior finishes. It works well with a variety of finishes. 

The connection system does nfinishes. It works well with a va

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Connection is not easily accessed after assembly. Connection is not easily acces

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Bensonwood - Wood Open Wall Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Bensonwood Panels Bensonwood Panels 

Description Wood. The OSB panel has a 16" o.c. stud framing. Features a 

unique larger wiring chase, and manufacturer-installed boxes and conduits. These panels are custom-made and can be structural or not. Often used in conjunction with timber framing, where timbers bear the load rather than the panels. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Work with several types of panels but this research focuses on a 

closed-wall panel that uses OSB sandwiching 2x studs with blown cellulose insulation. 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Panels have a 2x tongue-and-groove connection with gaskets for sealing, all connected with nails like conventional framing. Panels have 2x top and bottom 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Nails and lumber similar to stick framing; Trelleborg gaskets (EPDM) for gaps tight to 1/2"; combination of chinking rod and PUR foam for 1/2" to 1" gaps. 

Trelleborg gasket ST87 and cojoints), ringshank nails. 

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

2 @ 1/2" and 3/4" dia. spaced 2 " 

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Good tolerances due to air sealing gaskets and foam. Similar to conventional wood fr

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

every 6" o.c. Every 4" o.c. 

Bensonwood Panels 

2 @ 1/2" dia. spaces 2" 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Bensonwood continued

Panels with 2x lumber tongue-andgroove edge

"Groove" portion of tongue-and-groove connection 

Cutout for wire chase at panel's base. Receives baseboard cap later. 

Gasket fconnecti

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Bensonwood continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

BWC National Building Code 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

Unknown Unknown 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Nails, tongue and groove joints. Nails, headlocks. 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Many angles possible. Yes 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Comparable to wood framing. Comparable to wood framing. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Comparable to wood framing. Comparable to wood framing. 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Comparable to wood framing. Comparable to wood framing. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

No different than wood-framed construction; not tested, minimal airborne sound transmission. 

Not tested, minimal airborne so

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Performs well due to gaskets and sealing, not superior. Performs well, not superior. 

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Performs well; gaskets make better connection than wood-frame 

construction. 

Sealing and gaskets contribute 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

Performs very well: gaskets make better connection than woodframe construction. Performs very well: gaskets ma

frame construction. 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Same susceptibility as wood-frame construction. Same susceptibility as wood-fr

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Bensonwood continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Gaskets applied in factory and fastened on site. Gaskets at top plate factory ins

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

Fasteners, gaskets, chinking rod, and sealant applied in field. Adhesive, gasket, and fastene

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Gaskets fastened with staples. Other components need no special protection. 

Gaskets fastened with staples. special protection. 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Yes Yes 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Panels are prepped on ground (fasteners) Trelleborg gaskets are stapled to panel; combination gets installed later. 

Panels are set in place; fastern

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Screw gun, hammer, hammer stapler. Screw gun, hammer, hammer 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low Low 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Field changes will likely need to be framed and connected like typical wood-frame construction. 

The top and bottom plates are 

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

Yes, no different than wood framing. Yes 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Yes - a recess at the panel's base allows for utilities, and can be covered with baseboard later on. 

No 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Additional sheathing makes hanging drywall easier; no need to hit studs. 

Comparable to wood framing. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Comparable to wood framing. Comparable to wood framing. 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Yes Yes 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Wausau Homes - Wood Open-Wall Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Wausau Homes Wausau Homes 

Description Wood Open Wall. Interior wall panels are open frame.Exterior 

wall panels are open-frame on the inside surface. The outside surface has plywood, OSB, or foam sheathing and house-wrap plant applied, windows and entry doors plant installed with weatherization flashing. Wausau makes floor panels and roof trusses for Whole House design. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Open Wall 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? Connections made using nails and fasteners, identical to wood stick-frame construction. 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Dimensional lumber, nails, sheathing. Dimensional lumber, nails, han

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Dimensional lumber studs, overlapping top and bottom plates, and overlapping sheathing are used with nails to attach the panels to each other. 

Dimensional lumber top plates 

to floor. Hangers connect top p

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Connections have a great deal of latitude, limited primarily by the difficulty of installing finish systems over uneven panelized construction. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Nailing patterns vary depending on design loads: 8" - 32" o.c., 1 nail per joist, etc. Typical detail is 3 16D nails where top plates overlap adjoining panels. 2 16D nails 32" o.c. at corners. 

Wall to floor and top plate: 2 16joist anchors w/ hanger nails fo

Panels with pre-installed components Panels set and roof truss 

in place 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Wausau Homes continued

Panels installed with plates and ladder blocking 

Bottom plate spliced connection in factory 

Panel-to-panel connection in field with double stud 

Top plates tied to roof trusses 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Wausau Homes continued

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Panel connections meet same requirements as a site-built home. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

N/A Same as panel-to-panel. 

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Top plates overlap and are nailed. At corners, sheathing overlaps and is nailed. Adjoining studs are nailed together. 

Bottom plate is nailed to floor. panels, and hangers are used 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

Yes, this type of panel is highly flexible. Same as panel-to-panel. 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

Durability comparable to traditional wood framing. Factory precision contributes to long-lasting construction. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Wood plates and studs used to connect panels are susceptible to fire and must be covered with drywall or other finishing material to meet fire codes. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Connections are no more susceptible to fire than the whole wall. Same as panel-to-panel. 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Acoustical performance equals that of dimensional lumber. Same as panel-to-panel. 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Thermal performance equals that of dimensional lumber. Same as panel-to-panel. 

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

Wood is typically susceptible to moisture, and is protected by exterior and interior finish systems. At customer's (builder's) option, the manufacturer will add waterproofing products. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

At customer's (builder's) option, the manufacturer will add airsealing measures (foam, etc). 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

Wood is typically susceptible to insects and vermin, and is protected by exterior and interior cladding. At customer's (builder's) option, the manufacturer will add Borate treatment. 

Same as panel-to-panel. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Wausau Homes continued

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Panels are complete with top and bottom plates, ladder blocking, and overhanging top plates and sheathing (at corners) for panel-to-panel connections. 

Plates are factory installed. 

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

All nailing is performed on-site. All nailing and hanger installati

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Panels are primarily shipped vertically and are carefully loaded to protect the pre-installed doors and windows. Sheathing overhangs are probably most vulnerable. 

Panels are primarily shipped vto protect the pre-installed doooverhangs are probably most v

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

Problems can be fixed on-site with traditional wood-frame building materials. 

Problems can be fixed on-site building materials. 

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Builder sets panels with equipment or by hand, beginning in a corner and nailing panels into place. Bracing is used to support the panels during installation. 

Builder sets panels with equipmcorner and nailing panels into pthe panels during installation. 

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

Nailgun, hammer. Nailgun, hammer. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Less skill than traditional wood framing. Less skill than traditional wood 

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

Highly flexible panel connection system accommodates changes eaily using traditional building materials. Factory-installed windows, doors, and exterior cladding may limit changeability. 

Highly flexible panel connectioeaily using traditional building mwindows, doors, and exterior c

Compatibility with other panel connection 

systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

These panels can be joined to other panelized systems, for instance SIPs, using a dimensional lumber spline to transition between panels. 

These panels can be joined to instance SIPs, using a dimensbetween panels. 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

Compatibility is identical to that of traditional stick framing. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

Similar to stick framing, although factory quality control tends to make for straighter walls and easier finish application, including areas over connections. When installed, connections perform the same as the rest of the panel. 

Similar to stick framing, althougmake for straighter walls and eareas over connections. When the same as the rest of the pan

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

Exterior finishes are factory-installed except for trim, which can be easily applied over the panel connections at corners and joists. 

Exterior finishes are factory-insbe easily applied over the panejoists. 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

Access is identical to that of traditional stick framing. Nails can be removed. 

Access is identical to that of trabe removed. 

Compatibility is identical to tha

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Strong-Wall Shearwall - Wood Open-Wall Panels 

General Information 

Distributor Name Simpson Strong-Wall Shearwall Simpson Strong-Wall 

Description Simpson makes a variety of fasteners and shearwall products. 

This research focuses on the wood Strong-Wall Shearwall. 

Panel Type Is the panel open-wall or 

closed-wall? 

Wood open-wall panel reinforced with additional framing and metal channels. Typically used in conjunction with Simpson tiedowns for maximum shear resistance for high design loads. 

Connection Type Do panel-to-panel and panelto-top/bottom differ? The panel-to-panel connections and the panel to top/bottom plate connection differ. Shearwall panels are typically set next to 

other wood framing or wood open wall panels, mainly in garage portals. Shearwall panels connect to adjacent studs (posts) or panels using nails and rectangular straps or nailing plates. 

The panel-to-panel connectionplate connection differ. Connec

nailed straps. Connect to foundfoundation bolts, secured with 

Physical characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Connection materials What are the connection 

materials? 

Straps, nails, screws. Hold-down anchor bolts, straps

Dimensions and physical characteristics What are the dimensional 

characteristics of the connection materials? 

Specific fastener used vary widely based on building design and conditions. Simpson makes a wide variety of fasteners. 

Two SSTB28 anchor bolts (SSminimum 5/8" x 12" foundation 

1" above template, secured wit

Connection tolerances What are the connection 

tolerances? 

Precision is important for safety. Templates accompnay panels and fasteners to ensure precise installation. 

Precision is important for safetand fasteners to ensure precis

Connection points per panel type How often are the connections 

made? 

Depends upon loading, but typically two straps plus nailing. Typically 2 straps at top and 2 

Strong-Wall Shearwall panels stacked for delivery 

Shearwall panel installed 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Strong-Wall continued 

Typical garage portal application 

Panel in place a

Metal edges add strength to panel 

Hold-downs and foundation bolts embedded in concrete 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Strong-Wall continued 

Performance characteristics Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Conformance with applicable building codes 

What codes does the connection conform to? 

Conforms to the IBC and the UBC, California Building Code and various other building codes, ICC, State of Florida. 

Conforms to the IBC and the Uvarious other building codes, IC

Structural strength What is the structural strength 

of the connector? 

All Simpson connectors are engineered. Strengths are given for the wall as a whole, including the specified connectors. 

All Simpson connectors are enthe wall as a whole, including t

Number of connections How many connections tie the 

panel to each other or other building parts? 

Depends upon loading, but typically two straps plus nailing. Typically 2 straps at top and 2 

Connection flexibility Can the connection make 

angled joints? 

While connections are not limited, shearwalls are typically installed square to the building for greatest strength. 

While connections are not limitinstalled square to the building 

Connection durability over time Is the connection durable or 

subject to weakening under severe conditions? 

The shearwall was creating to withstands heaving loads without weakening. 

The shearwall was creating to weakening. 

Connection fire resistance How does the connection 

perform when subjected to fire? 

Unknown Unknown 

Connection fire resistance and panel performance 

How is panel performance compromised if connector is subjected to fire? 

Unknown Unknown 

Acoustical separation/insulation at connection 

How does sound transmit through the panel at the connection? 

Where additional studs or posts are used, acoustical transmission will increase. 

Anchor bolts and takeup devictransmission, as do additional 

Energy performance at connection How does the connection 

perform thermally? 

Where additional studs or posts are used, thermal bridging will increase. 

Anchor bolts and takeup devictransmission, as do additional 

Moisture/water resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist water and moisture? 

All fasteners are galvanized to resist rust. All fasteners are galvanized to 

Air infiltration resistance at connection How does the connection 

resist air infiltration? 

No special resistance. No special resistance. 

Insect and Vermin resistance at connection 

How does the connection resist insects and other vermin? 

No special resistance. No special resistance. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
Strong-Wall continued 

Connection Interface Panel-to-Panel Connections Panel-to-Top/Bottom Plate C

Installation of panel connection system in 

the factory 

What components of the connection system are factory applied? 

Panels and connectors are shipped to the site together. Panel and connectors are ship

Installation of panel connections system on the site 

What components of the connection system are site applied? 

All connectors are field-installed. The anchors must be set in co

Protection of panel connection system from factory to site 

How are the factory-applied components protected during transport? 

Panel and connectors are packaged for protection during shipment. 

Panel and connectors are packshipment. 

Installation of damaged connections Is installation possible if a 

connector is damaged? 

This wall cannot be installed with damaged connectors. This wall cannot be installed w

Ease of installation What is the usual installation 

process? 

Simpson provides a fool proof system for installation by including installation instructions attached to the wall during shipment. They have provided the builder with a product that doesn't require a high skill level for installation. 

Simpson provides a fool proof including installation instructionshipment. They have provided doesn't require a high skill leve

Tools required for connection What tools are required for the 

connection to be made? 

No special tools required. No special tools required. 

Skill level required for installation What is the approximate skill 

required to make the connection? 

Low/medium skill level required. Low/medium skill level required

Does the connection system support field 

changes 

If changes to the building are made, how does the connection respond? 

This wall system was not created for change after installation. This wall system was not creat

Compatibility with other panel connection systems 

Is the connection system compatible with other panel and wall systems? 

This wall system is compatible with other wall systems including SIPs and wood open wall, as well as conventional wood framing. 

This wall system is compatible 

Compatibility with house subsystems Are house subsystems 

accommodated by the connector? 

It offers multiple prefabricated holes for electrical and wiring. House subsystems are accom

for wiring or different types. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Interior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of interior finishes? 

The system is set up for the future installation of interior and exterior finishes. 

The system is set up for the fuexterior finishes. 

Ease of covering and finishing over connection, Exterior 

Does the connection system hinder installation of exterior finishes? 

The system is set up for the future installation of interior and exterior finishes. 

The system is set up for the fuexterior finishes. 

Ease of accessing connection after assembly 

Can the connector be accessed after installation? 

The strap tie connections are easy to access. The connections are easy to a

concrete. 

Panelized Wal Systems: Making the Connections 
APPENDIX B 

PANEL MANUFACTURER MATRIX This matrix includes the 12 panel systems stuthe state-of-practice of connections being usecategorizes the 12 systems by 4 of the most pby the U.S. homebuilding industry: concrete pwood structural insulated panels (SIPs), and wThe 12 systems are distributed among these 4 as follows: concrete panels (2 systems); metawood SIPs (4 systems); wood open-wall pane

Panelized Wall Systems: Making the Connections 
PATH 23 PANEL CONNECTIONS DESIGN STUDY PANEL MANUFACTURER MATRIX

Concrete Panels OldCastle, NY 

A concrete panel with carbon fibers (TEchFab) and rebar for support. The panel is backed with expanded polystyrene. For resid

floors. Vertical connections use a NMB Splice Sleeve System. Most horizontal panel to panel connections are made through em

during the casting phase; then making a welded connection during installation. 

Dukane Precast Inc., IL Concrete Sandwich. A double wall of precast concrete, with steel trusses girders connecting two sides. The panel is insulated w

exterior residential and commercial walls and floors. Panels are grouted together inside and caulked outside. Floor and ceiling a

Metal Panels Acsys Panel System, ThermaSteel, VA 

Steel Frame/Foam. A panel with a core of EPS framed with 24-gauge, G-90 galvanizing steel studs, typically finished on interior 

although any type of cladding may be field applied to the interior and exterior. For residential and commercial interior and exterio

and self-tapping tech screws. Preferred method: metal tracks for top and bottom plate. 

Acsys Inc., ID 

Steel Frame/Foam. An insulated steel-core wall panel made of 16-20 gauge galvanized corrugated structural core welded to a tosteel track. Steel tracks are embedded in expanded polystyrene skin using a specialized molding process. For residential and cois supplied with mounting track, fasteners, and corner connectors. 

SIPbLOC, Metals USA Building Products, TX 

SIP- Steel/Metal Sheet/Foam Core. The panel is made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation sandwiched between two 

The unique feature of this system is the mechanism used to lock the panels together. For residential and commercial exterior wa

Integrated snap-and-lock system with sealant. 

Wood SIPs Insulspan 

Wood SIP. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) core bonded between two outer layers of Oriented Strand Board (OSB). For residentia

floors. Panels sit on 2x plating, which in turn sits on a treated sill plate anchored to foundation. Connect panels w/ double OSB s

or screws, and sealant. Other spline types can be used including 2x4 lumber splines. 

Precision Panel 

Wood SIP. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) core bonded between two outer layers of Oriented Strand Board (OSB). For residentia

floors. Panels sit on 2x plating, which in turn sits on a treated sill plate anchored to foundation. Connect panels w/ either 2x4 lum

insulated “superspline” resembling a mini-panel. Connections also use sealant and nails or screws. 

Murus, PA 

Wood SIP. Polyurethane (PUR) or EPS insulation core w/ OSB sheathing. Unique tongue and groove edge profile and patented 

panels. For residential and commercial exterior walls, roofs, floors. Once one or two of the cam locks are engaged, the panel is s

ready to be secured to the framing members. Sealant is added to the panel-to-panel connection. Top and bottom plates provide 

Agriboard, Raytheon Wood/Straw SIP. A panel system with a core made of compressed agricultural fibers (wheat, rice, straw) and an OSB skin. The Engineers & Constuctors, mineral to resist termites, carpenter ants and other pests. The board provides up to a 2-hour fire resistance. For residential exterTX using 2x2 wood ‘keys’ fitted into keyways along panel edges. Connections completed with sealant and nails. Wood Framed Panels Bensonwood Open-Wall Panels, NH 

Wood. The OSB panel has a 16" o.c. I-flange framing and is insulated with urethane. Features a unique larger wiring chase, and conduits. These panels are custom-made and can be structural or not. Often used in conjunction with timber framing, where timbpanels. For residential exterior walls. Connected with shiplap joints, gaskets, and foam. 

Wasau Homes, WI 

Wood Open Wall. Interior wall panels are open frame, while exterior wall panels are open frame on the inside surface. The outsi

sheathing & house-wrap plant applied, windows & entry doors plant installed with weatherization flashing. Panels are for residen

and roofs. Connected with nails, spikes, plates, hangers and other conventional mechanical fasteners. Meets requirements for h

anchorage. 

Strong-Wall Shearwall, Simpson Strong Tie, CA 

Wood Open Wall. This panel is an open wall prefabricated wood shear wall. The panel achieves high design loads proven by cy

walls and garages, when the area requires high load and/or shear load bearing capability. Templates are used to place the requ

accurately in the foundation. The wall panels cover the anchor bolts, followed by top and bottom plate attachment. 

Panlized Wall Systems: Making the Connections