. 56TH CoNGREss, l HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. { DOCUMENT 

1st Se~Jsion. f · No. 722. 

DEPART ME NT OF THE INTERIOR 

WATER-SUPPLY 

AND 

IRRIGATION' PAPERS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

No. 36 

OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II 

W A.SHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE 

1900. 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899 

A REPORT OF THE 

DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PART II 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1900 

..: ~· .1.-

CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Measurements at river stations _ .... _ .... __ ... ____ . ----------- ___ . _. . . . . . . 107 

Roanoke River at Roanoke, Virginia ______ ------------ --------------- 107 

Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina ____ . ______ ... ------ __ . ___ .. . . 109 

Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina ... __ .. _ .... _ ...... ___ ........ .. 110 

Neuse River at Selma, North Carolina _ .. ___ . ___ . __ . ~-- ___ .. ______ .... 111 

Haw River at Moncure, North Carolina ...... _______ ------ ___ . __ .. __ .. 112 

Deep River at Moncure, North Carolina .... __ ....•..................... 113 

Cape Fear River at Fayetteville, North Carolina __ ....•... ------------- 115 

Yadkin River at Salisbury, North Carolina ....... -------- .. _____ ------ 116 

YadkinRiveratNorwood,NorthCarolina. ----------- ... ----·----- 118 

Catawba River at Catawba, North Carolina_ .. _ ...... _ ..... ______ .. .. 120 

Catawba River at Rockhill, South Carolina--------------------------- 121 

Broad River at Gaffney, South Carolina . _______ .. _____ ....... ___ ... _. .. 123 

Broad River at Alston, South Carolina .... --------·---------------... 125 

Saluda River at Waterloo, South Carolina_-------------------------____ 126 

Tugaloo River at Madison, South Carolina_ ...... -------------------___ 127 

Savannah River at Calhoun Falls, South Carolina_ ... _ ..... ___ . _ . _.. 129 

Savannah ltiver at Augusta, Georgia. ___ ._ .......... _...... . .. . . . . . . 130 

Broad River at Carlton, Georgia_ .... _. __ ..... _. _ _ _ .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 

Oconee River at Dublin, Georgia .•.......... ____ ..... c... .• ••• . ..•••. 133 

Yellow River at Almon, Georgia .. ____ ._ . _. _. _. _ ... _. __ . _. _ ..... _..... 134 

Towaliga River at Juliette~ Georgia ... _. _____________ ..... __ ....... __ 136 

Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia . c-· _____ • ___ . ___ •••...•• _.. 136 

Flint River at Albany, Georgia ....... -------- ........ ---------------- 138 

Chattahoochee River at Oakdale, Georgia_. _____ .... ----·----··------- 139 

Chattahoochee River at West Point, Georgia .. __ ._ .. ______ .•.. ____ .. . 142 

Etowah River at Canton, Georgia .. _____ .. _. ____ ...... ---- ____ ...... __ 143 

Coosawattee River at Carters, Georgia .... ---------------------------- 144 

Oostanaula River at Resaca, Georgia ..... _______ .. _ ....... ____ ... ... 146 

Measurements of large springs in north west Georgia ........ _ ....... _. 14 7 

Coosa River at Rome, Georgia ____ .......... _. _____ .... __ .... ______ .... 148 

Coosa River at Riverside, Alabama . __ .. _. __ ..... ___ ...... _ ..... _. __ .. 149 

Coosa River at Locks Nos. 4 and 5, Alabama .... _____________ .. ___ .. 150 

Coosa River at Wetumpka, Aiabama ... _____ ..... ____ .... ____ .. ___ . . 152 

Tallapoosa River at Milstead, Alabama __ .. _ ....... ___ . _. __ ...... __ .... 152 

Alabama River at Montgomery, Alabama ..... ____ ._._ .... ___ ... ___ __ 153 

Alabama River at Selma, Alabama ..... ______ ------·. __________ ------ 155 

Catawba River near Birmingham, Alabama. _______ .. __ .. __ ... ___ .... 155 

Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa, Alabama_ .. ______ . _ ..... ___ . __ ___ _ 156 

Allegheny River------------ .... _________________________ . __ ____ ______ 157 

Youghiogheny River at Friendsville, Maryland_ .... ______ .. _ .. __ . __ .. 159 

105 
-106 CONTENTS. 

Measurements at river stations-Continued. 

Cheat River at Uneva, West Virginia---------------------------------

New River at Radford, Virginia ___ ...... ------ .................... . 

Greenbrier River at Alderson, West Virginia.------ __ ............ ------

New River at Fayette, West Virginia ............ ··---· .... __ .......... . 

French Broad River at Asheville, North Carolina ......................... . 

Tuckasegee Ri"er at Bryson, :North Carolina_ .............. _ ..... - .... _. 

Little Tennessee River at Judson, North Carolina· .. _ ........ _. _ ........... . 

Hiwassee River at :Murphy, North Carolina .......... ------ ____ . ____ -----

Hiwassee River at Charleston, Tennessee .... --.------ .. ___ ..... ______ _ 

Toccoa River at Blueridge, Georgia __ -· ________________ _-_ --· .. ---· .. --

Tennessee River at Knoxville, Tennessee ____ .. -- _. _. _ ... _ . __ -_ .. _ .... . 

Tennessee River at Chattanooga, Tennessee ____ ........... : ....... ___ . 

Olentangy River at Columbus, Ohio ... ___ ... _____ ..... __ ---- ........ : .. 

Scioto River at Columbus, Ohio •. _ .. ____ . __ . ___ ..... _. _ . _ ........... __ _ 

Lake Superior outflow ______ ... _---· .................................. ----............ . 

Maumee River at Waterville, Ohio .. ___ ........... _ ........ ____ ------------

Sandusky River at Mexico, Ohio .. ___ ..... ___ . _ ............. _. _. _ --- ·------

Sandusky River at Fremont, Ohio .. ____ .. -------- .... ------ ____ .... Niagara River below Buffalo, New York ____ .. __ ..... ____ .--- ____ .-----

Seneca River at Baldwinsville, New York ____ ... ___ ........ ----------

Chittenango Creek at Bridgeport, New York .......... ______ ......... _. 

_ Oneida Creek at Kenwood, New York.--------· ..... ____ . ____________ . 

Fish Creek, West Branch, at :McConnellsville, New York .•.•.......... 

Fish Creek, East Branch, above Point Rock, New York ..• _ ... _. . .. _. _ 

Oswego River at Fulton, New York.·----- .......... __ ·----- .... _. __ .. 

Oswego River at Oswego, New York._ ..•.. __ .. _ ...... 1 ••••••• _ ... _. -"-

Salmon River at Orwell, New York .. ----- ...... ·---- .. __ ..... _______ _ 

Black River at Watertown, New York------ .... ·"·· .. _____ .... ------

St. Lawrence River near Montreal, Canada ... ___ .... ------ ...... ·--·---

Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota ........... ____ .. __ ------ .. _. 

West Gallatin River at Salesville, :Montana •..•.......... _ ..... ______ .. 

Middle Creek at Bozeman, Montana .....•..... __ .......... ------ ____ .. 

Gallatin River at Logan, Montana ... ___ .-----.---. . ......... . 

Page. 

160 

161 

163 

164 

165 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

181-

181 

183 

184 

186 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 
OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899. 

PART II. 

MEASUREMENTS AT RIVER STATIONS.' 

ROANOKE RIVER AT ROANOKE, VIRGINIA. 

This river rises in Montgomery County, Virginia. Its headwaters 

are near those of New River on the west. This stream lower down 

is known as Staunton River, and joins the Dan at Danville to form 

the main lower Roanoke River. There are a number of fine water 

powers along its length, described more fully in the Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 176. The drainage area is mapped on 

the Roanoke and Christiansburg sheets. The gaging station was 

established by Prof. D. C. Humphreys July 10, 1896, and is located 

on the edge of the town of Roanoke, Virginia, on the Walnut street 

car line. 'l'he gage is of wire, with the rod fastened to the floor of 

the bridge. The top of the lower end of the first floor beam is 21.99 

feet above gage datum. The length of gage wire is 24.39 feet. The 

right bank is above high water, but the left is liable to overflow in 

extreme high stages. The channel is nearly straight and the current 

good. The results of discharge measurements may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 42; 1897-98, 

Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 140. The following measurements were made during 1899 by D. C. Humphreys: The first, on 

May 29, at a gage height of 2.51 feet, gave a discharge of 1,123 secondfeet; the second one, on June 27, at a gage height of 1.32 feet, gave 

a discharge of 290 second-feet; the third, on August 7, at a gage height 

of 0.88 foot, gave n, discharge of 135 second-feet. 

1 Continued from Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 35. 

107 
108 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-_-PART II. (NO. 36, 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roanoke River at Roanoke, Virginia, for 1899. 

I Day.~ Feb. Mar. Apr. 

1..... 1.80 2.25 3.20 2.00 

2 ..... 1.80 2.20 2.95 1.88 

3 ..... 1. 75 2.05 2.85 1. 79 

4 ..... 2.00 3.10 6.15 1.75 

5 .. --- I. 90 3.50 8.15 1.73 

6 ..... 3.13 3. 75 4.70 1.67 

7.. ... 5. 8.5 4.08 3.68 1.62 

8 ..... 3.55 3.90 3.10 2.10 

9 ..... 2.90 3.85 3.00 1.90 

10 ..... 2.40 3.60 2.80 1.80 

11 ..... 2.50 3.50 2. 70 1.75 12 _____ 2.40 2.45 a3.10 1. 70 

13 ..... 2.30 2.25 a3.50 1.66 

14 ..... 2.80 a2.22 3.90 1.63 

15 ..... 2.70 2.20 4. 75 1.60 

16 ..... Z.55 2.20 4.25 1.55 

17.. ... 2.45 3.55 3. 70 1.52 

18 ..... 2.30 3.25 3.45 1.47 

19 ..... 2.20 3.50 7.10 1.45 

20 ..... 2.15 3.95 4.90 1.40 

21.. ... 2.10 4.50 3.90 1.40 

22 ..... 2.07 4.40 3.55 1.37 

23.---- 2.05 3.75 3.35 1.36 

24 ..... 2.50 3.25 3.15 1.34 

25 ..... 2.25 2.90 3.00 1.38 

26 ..... 2.15 2. 70 2.35 1. 75 

27 ..... 2.10 5.00 2.40 l. 70 

28 ..... 2.05 3.65 2.45 1.60 

29 ..... a2.10 ~-- ~ --- 2.30 1.50 

30 ..... a.2.20 ------- 2.15 1.48 

31. .... 2.25 --- ~.- - 2.10 -------

May. June. July. Aug. 

l.ia 1.15 1.00 0.90 

1.40 1.30 1. 05 .80 

1.39 1.18 1.03 .80 

1.35 1.06 1.00 .70 

1.32 1.00 1.00 .70 

1.32 .98 1.00 .80 

1.41 .97 1.05 .90 

1. 80 .95 .98 .85 

2.03 .90 .93 .85 

1.85 .95 .90 .85 

1.76 1.00 .85 .75 

1.70 1.75 .82 .75 

1.82 2.25 .80 .95 

1.85 1.9Q .80 1.00 

1. 75 1.65 .95 1.00 

1.66 1.45 .83 .95 

1.57 1.30 .75 .90 

1.46 1.18 1.05 .80 

1.40 1.15 .90 .75 

1.31 1.10 .85 .72 

1.28 1.08 .82 .70 

1.25 1.05 .78 .67 

1.35 1.00 .80 .65 

1.27 1.00 .85 .63 

1.20 1.10 .90 .60 

1.16 2.15 .85 .65 

1.15 1.45 1.15 .75 

1.13 1.15 1.00 .85 

1.10 1.05 .85 1.00 

1.20 1.00 .82 .85 

1.13 ------- 1.05 .80 

a Interpolated . 

Sept. Oct. 

0.75 0.85 

.85 .65 

1.00 .65 

.85 .65 . 75 .65 

.75 .63 

.70 .60 

.61\ .85 

.70 .90 

.65 .80 

.60 .85 

.57 .80 . 70 . 75 

.65 . 70 

.65 .70 

.65 .80 

.65 . 77 

.65 .75 

1.46 .73 

2.05 .70 

1.25 .70 

1.00 .68 

.85 .68 

.80 .68 

.80 .68 . 75 .65 

.85 .65 . 75 .65 . 70' .65 

.65 .73 

------- .80 

No v. Dec. 

1.2 0 0.80 

1.1 7 .80 

I. 25 .75 

1.3 0 . 75 

1.1 0 . 75 

1.0 5 . 75 

1. 00 . 77 

.9 5 .80 

:8 

90 . 78 

5 .75 

:8 

83 . 75 

0 1.50 

.8 0 1.55 

.8 0 1.30 

80 1.15 

.7 8 1.05 

.7 8 .95 

.7 5 .90 

.7 5 .90 

.7 3 .90 • 7. 3 .88 

.7 0 .85 

.7 5 .80 

5 1.10 

5 1.05 

3 .95 

. 7 

. 7 

. 7 

. 7 

. 7 

1. 00 g@:~ 1.30 

.8 5 1.45 

-----... 1.60 

.Main Roanoke River is formed by the junction of Dan and Staunton rivers at Clarksville, Virginia, and flows southerly, entering Albemarle Sound. The United States Weather Bureau has a station on 

Dan River at Danville, Virginia, 55 miles above the mouth of Staunton River. The gage is of timber, and is attached to the first pier of 

the iron bridge between North and South Danville. The highest 

water was 13.0, on September 13, 1893; lowest, 0.02, on January 26, 

189!. The danger line is at 8 feet. The drainage area above the station 

is 1,900 square miles, according to the United States Weather Bureau. 

A second gaging station is maintained by the United States Weather 

Bureau on Roanoke River at Clarksville, Virginia, 65 miles above 

·weldon, North Carolina. The river gage is on the south side of the 

river, attached to a tree leaning over the water. · The highest recorded 

water 'Yas 13.5 feet, on September 14, 1893, and the lowest-0.2 foot, 

on July 19, 1894. It is reported that on November 27, 1877, a height 

of 27 feet was reached. The danger line is at 12 feet. The drainage 

area above the station is 6,900 square miles, according to the United 

States Weather Bureau. 

The third station maintained by the Weather Bureau on this river 

is erected at Weldon, North Carolina, 30 miles above Neal and 90 

miles above Albemarle Sound. The river gage is located below the 

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge, on the south side of the river. 

The gage is of white pine and is made of three sections, the lowest 

section, 4 feet to 17 feet, is of detached pieces fastened to trees which 

lean over the river; the second section, 17 feet to 47 feet, is attached 

to the fore bay of the Roanoke mills; above 47 feet the gage is painted 
VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 109 

on the mill building. The zero of the gage is 4 feet below a large 

11ock, known as "Big Cuba." It is 31 feet below the railroad crossing. 

The highest recorded water is 46.8 feet, on November 26, 1877; the 

lowest, -0.3, on August 21, 1893. The danger line is at 27 feet. The 

drainage area above Weldon, according to the United States Weather 

Bureau, is 8,180 square miles. 

P.OANOKE RIVER AT NEAL, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 47, was established July 27, 1896, and is on the Norfolk and 

Carolina Railroad bridge, near N ea1, North Carolina. The bench · 

marks for the gage rod are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 15, 

page 28. The length of the gage wire is 44.66 feet. The section is a 

fairly good one, the course of the river being straight for some distance above and below the station and the bottom smooth. Being 

muddy, however, the bed is apt to cut out in seasons of high water 

and both banks are subject to overflow. The observer is the bridge 

watchman, Mr. W. M. Adaihs, of Neal, North Carolina. Records of 

measurement may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 48; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 181; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 142. The 

measurements made by E. W. Myers during 1899 are as follows: 

February 5, gage height, 20.80 feet; discharge, 23,998 second-feet. 

May 25, gage height, 6.41 feet; discharge, 6,045 second-feet. 

June 7, gage height, 6,45 feet; discharge, 6,110 second-feet. 

October 12, gage height, 8.60 feet; discharge, 7,973 second-feet. 

November 28, g·age height, 4.13 feet; discharge, 4,439 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roanoke River at Neal, North Carolina, for 1899. 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----------------------

7.40 9.10 22.80 20.60 10.50 8.10 8.40 7.30 11.00 3.60 4.30 4.00 7.60 10.:10 23.40 19.10 9.50 10.30 7.20 6.50 8.20 3.00 10.50 4.20 10.50 10.70 22.80 17.40 9.00 12.20 5.70 5.90 5. 70 2.70 12.30 4.30 14.20 11.00 21.80 16.00 9.10 12.60 4.70 5.10 4.10 2.50 12.00 4.20 13.10 20.75 22.70 15.20 9.00 10.50 4.20 3.80 3.90 2.30 13.40 4.10 11.35 22.35 24.00 14.90 8.80 8.30 4.20 3.50 5.70 2.80 14.15 3.95 10.80 23.95 25.25 15.00 8.70 6.50 4.60 3.60 5.00 5.30 12.10 3.80 17.25 25.55 26.08 17.70 8.60 5.40 7.10 4.20 4.00 6.90 9.50 3.50 23.25 26.80 26.10 21.40 8.70 4.90 11.10 5.60 3.10 7.80 7.60 3.30 25.50 27.05 25.10 23.00 8.90 4.60 11.20 6.70 2. 70 9.10 6.30 3.20 27.75 26.40 23.20 23.60 10.80 5.00 9.80 6.20 3.70 9.90 5.50 3.10 26.80 24.50 21.20 22.30 11.30 8.10 7.50 5.00 5.80 8.70 5.10 3.20 24.55 21.30 19.20 20.20 13.00 17.80 5.50 5.40 6.00 6.90 4.60 3.50 22.25 17.50 17.60 18.30 12.60 21.50 4.20 7.30 5.50 5.50 4.30 7.00 21.80 14.30 17.70 16.80 11.90 22.40 3.50 5.40 4.30 4.50 4.10 11.50 21.00 12.50 22.80 15.40 11.40 22.40 3.20 4.50 3.40 3.90 4.00 11.50 19.05 12.90 23.80 14.30 10.40 21.00 3.10 6.50 2.90 3.60 3.90 9.20 18.00 19.50 25.70 13.40 9.20 18.10 3.30 10.90 2.40 3.45 3.80 7.20 16.90 19.60 26.80 12.60 8.10 15.20 3.40 9.20 2.10 3.30 3.70 6.00 15.80 24.70 26.10 11.90 7.50 12.40 4.20 7.20 2.00 3.25 3.60 5.10 14.40 26.80 26.10 11.40 7.10 10.20 4.50 5.40 2.00 3.00 3.•50 4. 70 13.20 27.25 27.80 10.50 6.90 8.60 4.80 4.30 11.25 3.20 3.40 4.40 12.20 26.90 30.00 10.00 6.60 7.30 3.90 3.30 14.00 2.90 3.35 4.30 11.30 26.20 29.35 9.70 6.30 6.30 3.80 2.80 10.60 2.80 3.35 4.45 10.80 25.20 27.40 9.40 6.40 5.20 4.70 2.40 7.55 2. 70 3.60 6.40 10.30 23.60 25.50 9.10 6.90 4.80 4.80 2.10 5.40 2.60 3.80 8.40 10.10 22.00 22.80 9.40 7.00 4.40 7.20 1.80 4.70 2.60 4.00 8.60 9.90 :~1.80 20.70 11.80 6.40 4.30 7.30 1. 60 4.90 2.60 4.10 8.10 8. 70 ------- 19.60 12.30 5.90 6.30 11.80 1. 70 5.10 2. 70 3.80 6.80 8.20 . ------ 20.10 11.60 5.60 6.70 11.90 13.70 4.60 2.70 3. 70 5.60 8.60 21.00 ------- 5.90 ------- 9.50 12.90 ------- 3.00 ------- 3.50 
110 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

TAR RIVER AT TARBORO, NORTH CAROLINA. 

Tar River rises in the north-central part of North Carolina and flows 

in a southeasterly direction into Pamlico River. It crosses the fall 

line at Rocky Mount, North Carolina, where is located the principal 

power on the river. The fall below this point is from 1 to 1t feet per 

mile. The fall above this point is about 2 feet per mile, concentrated 

at a number of points where small powers can be developed. The 

drainage basin is largely covered with forest. The stream is subject 

to violent freshets and periods of very low flow. The gaging station, 

as described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 50, is on 

the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, crossing the river at Tarboro, North 

Carolina, and was established by E. W. Myers on July 24, 1896. The 

length of the wire gage is 38.30 feet. The channel is straight, the 

current moderately swift, the banks low and flooded in high water. 

l'he bed is sandy and fairly constant. Sand bars slightly obstruct 

the flow of the river. The observer is R. H. w·miams, who reads 

the gage once a day. Measurements of discharge are made at the 

highway bridge which crosses the stream about 200 yards above, 

this point furnishing a better station. Records of flow may be found 

as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 52; 1897, 

Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 184; 1898, Twentieth Annual· 

Report, Part IV, page 143. The following measurements were made 

by E. W. Myers during 1899: 

February 5, gage height, 9.10 feet; discharge, 5,165 second-feet. 

May 24, gage height, 2.60 feet; discharge, 1,125 second-feet. 

June 7, gage height, 2.00 feet; discharge, 798 second-feet. 

October 16, gage height, 2.95 feet; discharge, 1,150 second-feet. 

November 28, gage height, 2.20 feet; discharge, 875 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tar River at Tarboro, North Carolina, .for 1899. 

\n ay> 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

II 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

~ 

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

---·· 

-----

-----

-----

----· 

-----

-----

-----

-----

- ---

-----

. ----

-----

-----

-----

-----

----

-----

-----

Jan. 

--

3.20 

3.10 

3.40 

3.70 

3.50 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.40 

4.30 

3.40 

3.30 

3.70 

4.80 

6.80 

8.80 

10.30 

10.40 

9.10 . 8.30 

7.00 

5.90 

5.30 

4.90 

4.50 

4.40 

4.60 

4. 70 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

Feb. 

--

6.30 

7.20 

8.30 

8. 50 

8.90 

12.50 

15.70 

18.60 

21.90 

24.10 

25.00 

Ice. 

Ice. 

Ice. 

14.75 

11.70 

11.80 

14.10 

17.00 

19.00 

2"Z. 00 

23.00 

23.40 

23.10 

22.00 

20.50 

18.20 

16.30 

-------

-------

-------

Mar. Apr. May. June. 

--------

15.00 8.60 4.60 2.40 

14.80 7.80 4.10 3.50 

15.40 7.20 3.90 3.00 

16.70 6.30 4.00 2.90 

16.50 7.00 3.90 3.00 

17.80 8.00 3.80 2.50 

18.30 8.90 3.60 2.00 

18.60 11.70 3.5() 1.60 

18.40 14.50 3.60 1.50 

16.40 16.50 3.70 3.00 

13.80 17.80 3.80 2.80 

11.10 18.30 3.60 2.50 

9.00 KZ6 3.50 5.40 

8.20 4.30 7.60 

9.80 10.70 4.00 9.30 

13.80 8.00 4.30 10.60 

16.70 7.00 3.70 9.50 

19.00 6.20 3.10 9.80 

20:90 5.80 2.80 8.80 

21.00 5.40 2.60 5.30 

19.70 5.50 2.80 3.70 

17.50 5.30 2.60 3.00 

16.30 5.00 2.70 2.40 

13.70 4.60 2.70 2.00 

10.00 4.30 2.80 1.50 

8.60 4.10 2. 70 1.40 

7.80 4.30 2.50 1.50 

7.50 5.40 2.30 1.40 

7.40 7.50 1.90 1.00 

7.90 6.20 2.10 .98 

8.50 ------- ). 70 -------

July. Aug. Sept. 

------

1.00 10.00 0.60 

1.00 10.60 .50 

.95 9.60 .40 

1.00 7. 70 .30 

.95 5.50 .60 . 70 4.50 .50 

3.20 4.00 .40 

2.50 3.i0 .50 

2.00 4.50 . 70 

1.50 4.90 3.00 

1.60 3.80 1.60 

2.50 3.10 3.60 

1.60 2.60 5.00 

1.40 3.00 3.30 . 1.10 4.10 2.10 

1.00 3.80 1. 60 

.90 4.30 1.50 

1.10 r..2o 1.10 

1.40 6.00 1.00 

3.80 5.40 .80 

3.20 4.80 . 70 

2.30 4.20 .62 

1.70 3.00 .50 

1.30 2.80 .60 

1.50 2.50 1.30 

2.60 1.80 1.00 

3.90 ). 70 .50 

6.90 1.50 3.50 

8.20 1.40 3.80 

8.ao 1.10 2.60 

9.45 .80 -------

Oct. 

--

1. 70 

1.30 

1.40 

.90 

.80 

1.40 

2.20 

7.00 

8.70 

7.30 

6.80 

6.00 

5.20 

4.30 

3.50 

3.00 

2. 70 

2.40 

2.20 

2.00 

.80 

1.60 

1. 50 

1.40 

). 80 

1.40 

1.30 

1.10 

1.30 

2.50 

3.20 

Nov. 

--

4,.30 

6.50 

9.30 

9. 70 

6.50 

5. 70 

5.20 

4.60 

4.20 

3.60 

3.40 

3.00 

2.70 

2.60 

2.40 

2.30 

2.40 

2.20 

2.00 

1. so 2.10 

200 

1. 90 1. 80 ). 90 

2.00 

1. 90 

2.20 

2.40 

2.70 

------

D 

3. 

2. 

2 .. 

70 

80 

70 

00 

20 

80 

61} 

50 

30 

30 

00 

20 

40 

00 

70 

50 

90 

60 

50 

40 

30 

50 

10 

90 

40 

80 

so 

80 

40 

00 

3. 

3. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

5. 

7. 

8. 

6. 

5. 

5. 

4. 

~ 
NORTH CAROLINA. 111 

NEUSE RIVER AT SELMA, NORTH CAROLINA. 

Neuse River rises in the north-central part of North Carolina, and 

flows in a southeasterly direction, emptying into Pamlico Sound. The 

stream crosses the fall line at Smithfield, below which point there is 

no power. The elevation of the river at Smithfield is about 106 feet. 

At the crossing of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, some35 miles above, 

the elevation is about 175 feet, making the fall in this part of the 

river about 2 feet per mile. Above this point the fall is much greater. 

A large part of the area drained by this stream is forest covered. The 

river is subjected to violent freshets and to periods of low flow. The 

minimum flow per square mile decreases rapidly as the stream is 

ascended. A weir measurement of Eno River :where the drainage 

area was about 100 square miles, gave a flow of 3,000,000 gallons per 

twenty-four hours, or 4.64 second-feet, or at the rate of 0.046 cubic feet 

per second per square mile. This measurement was made during the 

severe drought of the summer of 1897. There are a number of localities where power can be developed. The gaging station described in 

the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 52, is located on the 

Southern Railway bridge, about 3 miles from Selma, North Carolina. 

It was established by E. W. Myers, July 29,1896. The bed of the river 

here is sandy and muddy and is liable to change in high water. The 

flow is obstructed by one pier of the bridge; the channel is straight, the. 

current moderately swift and confined to one channel. The gage rod 

was moved February 6, 1899, to the highway bridge, crossing the river 

about 200 yards below. The zero of the gage rod is 33.7 feet west of 

the center rod of the truss of the bridge, and on the downstream side. 

The outer rim of the pulley wheel is 4. 75 feet east of the zero of the 

gage rod, and "the distance from the end of the weight to the marker 

on wire is 35.00 feet. When this station was visited on May 23, 1899, 

the gage was measured, and this distance was found to be 35.35 feet. 

When visited in June this length was found to be 35~37 feet; in October 35.48 feet, and at the November visit it was found to be 35.50 feet. 

This error has been allowed to accumulate, and gage heights on the 

attached sheet have been adjusted by these measurements.· The 

observer is C. Richardson, engineer at pumping station, Selma, North 

Carolina. Records of flow may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 53; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 186; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

144. The following measurements were made by E. W. Myers during 

1899: 

February 6, gage height, 15.68 feet; discharge, 7,807 second-feet., 

May 23, gage height, 4.28 feet; discharge, 1,262 second-feet. 

June 5, gage height, 3.1Q feet; discharge, 773 second-feet. 

October 12, gage height, 1. 79 feet; discharge, 574 second-feet. 

November 26, gage height, 1.30 feet; discharge, 356 second-feet. 
112 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36, 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Neuse River at Selma, North Carolina, for 1899, 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

- ------------------------

L .... 1.40 6.50 13.39 4..79 1.84 4,.4,4, 1.21 10.68 0.95 1."43 10.50 1.10 

2 ••••• 1.30 5.90 12.99 4..99 1.69 3.64 1.21 9.58 .85 1.23 11.20 1.50 

3 ••••• 1.30 5.60 14.19 4.99 2.69 3.14 1.11 7.98 .75 1.02 11.40 1.60 

4 .•••• 2.00 6.00 15.48 5.78 2.89 3.23 1.11 6.18 .75 .72 11.20 1.40 

5 ..... 2.50 11.30 18.28 6.28 3.13 3.13 1.21 2.18 .85 .52 4.20 1.20 

6 •• : •• 2.00 13.40 17.98 8.48 2.38 2.63 1.31 2.28 .65 .62 3.30 1.20 

7 .•.•• 2.10 19.90 17.87 9.77 2.48 1.83 1.40 2.68 .45 3.92 2.70 1.20 

8 ..••• 7.10 20.09 16.47 13.97 3.13 1.83 2.50 3.18 .55 6.82 2.3(]1 1.20 

9 .•••• 6.50 20.98 13.97 16.67 3.42 2.63 3.00 3.67 .65 7.12 2.10 1.20 

10 .•••• 6.40 20.28 10.06 14,76 4.02 5.23 2.60 3.57 .55 7.42 2.10 1.20 

11.. ••• 3.50 18.97 8.16 11.76 4.77 7.03 2.40 3.47 .44 3.92 2.00 1.20 

12 .••.• 3.40 12.37 11.26 7.06 4.47 7.83 1.60 2.57 .84 2.72 1.50 1.40 

13 .•••• 3.20 10.36 9.15 4.95 3.76 9.73 1.40 2.47 .94 2.12 1.4(]1 1.90 

14.. ••• 3.70 9.96 10.35 4.75 5.26 6.27 1.10 3.07 1.0i 1.51 2.00 3.80 

15 ••••• 8.90 9.55 11.95 4.55 5.31 3.22 1.00 3.17 .94 1.31 2.00 3.20 

16 ••••• 8.90 6.45 18.05 4.64 4.46 2.62 1.00 2.57 .84 1.11 1.80 2.40 

17 .•••. 8.00 13.55 16.94 4.34 3.26 2.42 1.60 1.67 .74 .71 1.60 1.30 

18 .•••• 6.20 15.64 14.94 4.24 3.05 2.32 4.39 1.77 .84 1.01 1.50 1.20 

19 ••••• 5.20 17.84 18.23 4..03 4.10 2.02 5.59 1.67 .64 1.21 1.50 1.00 

20 ••••• 4.20 18.13 17.73 3.73 5.90 1.82 4.79 1.06 .74 1.31 1.50 1.00 

21 ..••• 3.20 18.73 12.53 3.63 5.35 1.72 2.79 .96 .64 1.31 1.40 1.50 

22 ••••• 2.40 17.02 9.82 3.52 4.80 1.62 2.39 .96 .63 1.31 1.30 1.90 

23 ..••• 2.50 17.32 8.02 3.32 4.40 1.52 1.59 .86 .73 1.31 1.20 3.00 

24 .••.• 2.50 15.32 6.82 3.12 3.74 1.42 1.29 .86 .83 1.11 1.10 3.00 

25. ·--- 2.40 14.21 1).41 3.21 3.44 1.42 3.59 .96 .83 1.01 1.00 2.20 

26 .•..• 3 . .10 15.51 5.21 3.41 2.84 1.31 6.59 .96 1.43 .80 1.00 1.90 

27 ••••• 3.10 15.20 5.11 4.21 2.44 1.31 10.19 .96 1.67 .70 .90 1.40 

28 .•••• 3.00 14.00 5.60 4.70 2.14 1.31 7.71 .96 2.53 .70 .80 1.20 

29 ••••• 2.30 ------- 6.50 5.50 1.94 1.21 5.68 .86 2.87 .80 .70 1.20 

30 ••••• 2.40 ............. 6.90 1.95 3.04, 1.21 6.58 .96 1.53 .80 .70 1.20 

81 ••••• 2.40 .............. 7.60 .. ............. 5.04, ............. 8.28 .95 ............. 10.70 .............. 1.30 

HAW RiVER AT MONCURE, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This station, established May 6, 1898, by E. W. Myers, is located l! 

miles north of Moncure, Chatham County, North Carolina, at the bridge 

of the Seaboard Air Line, which crosses the river here, and about 

2 miles from the junction of the river with Deep River to form the 

Cape Fear. The observer isM. A. Moore, Moncure, North Carolina, 

who also attends the station on Deep River. The gage is a horizontal 

rod well painted, divided into feet and tenths, securely nailed to the 

outer side of the guard rail of the bridge on the upstream side. The 

2-foot mark on the rod is over the center of the second floor beam 

from the south end of the second span from the south end of the 

bridge. The length of gage was last verified November 26, 1899. 

The initial point for sounding is a notch cut in the guard rail opposite 

the south end of the bridge and on the upstream side, the section here 

being better than that on the downstream side. The channel is 

straight for some distance above.and below the station. The velocity 

is good and uniformly distributed across the stream. Both banks are 

rather low and subject to overflow in time of flood. The bed of the 

stream is·of coarse sand and gravel, and is probably not subject to 

any decided change in high water. The current here is somewhat 

modified by a fish dam about 150 yards above the bridge. The station 

is reached by private conveyance from Moncure. When the station 

was established in May, 1898, the distance from the end of the weight 

to the pointer on the 'wire was 43.45 feet. When it was visited in 
NORTH CAROLINA. 113 

August, 1898, the wire was measured and this distance was found to 

be 43.67 feet. In February, 1899, the gage was measured and found 

to be 43.75 feet. This length remained the same at the subsequent 

visits during the year, in June, October, and November. The error 

was not corrected on the gage at each visit, it being considered preferable to change the gage heights after the stretch was found to have 

become fixed. The gage heights for 1899, as published below, have 

been corrected. The following measurements were made during 1899 

by~. W. Myers: 

February 4, gage height, 8.96 feet; discharge, 5,594 second-feet. 

May 26, gage height, 2.20 feet; discharge, 751 second-feet. 

June 5, gage height, 2.99 feet; discharge, 1,275 second-feet. 

October 12, gage height, 1.85 feet; discharge, 756 second-feet. 

November 26, gage height, 1.37 feet; discharge, 358 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Haw River at Moncure, North Carolina, for 1899, 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jnne. July. Ang. Sept. Oct. 

--------.,.-- -------------- !_ ____ 2.03 4.98 15.70 5.M 2.94 2.62 1.43 4.16 1.07 1.04 

2 •.... 3.68 4.48 9.06 4.68 2.70 2.60 1.31 3.42 .96 1.02 

3 4 ..... 3.30 4.30 9.98 4.46 2.60 3.94 1.20 2.68 .91 .82 _____ 2.86 8.70 15.66 3.92 2.42 3.56 1.18 2.26 1.04 .82 

5 .••.. 2.84 16.40 18.48 3.86 2.38 2.98 7.90 1.48 1.02 .85 6 ____ • 2.48 22.42 14.84 8.84 2.44 2.20 2.24 1.42 1.03 7.85 

7 ••••• 12.08 24.66 18.56 4.86 1.98 1.84 2.08 4.85 .98 5.62 

8 .••.. 10.82 26.13 9.41 11.12 7.86 1.62 2.22 4.92 .98 7.37 

9 .•••• 8.62 26.62 6.68 13.42 6.14 1.40 1.22 4.90 1.00 5.98 

10 ..... 4.98 17.70 11.16 7.08 4.50 1.52 1.04 4.48 2.51 4.13 

11 ..••• 3.84 12.84 4.52 5.98 4.42 2.45 1.70 2.02 2.84 2.97 

12 .•••• 3.62 6.92 4.84 4.84 4.98 li.18 1.46 1.56 3.40 1.80 

13 .•••• 3.94 6.62 4.06 4.12 8.06 4.44 1 .. 38 1.58 1.70 1.62 

1L ••• '5.14 5.84 6.84 3.70 8.62 4.12 1.20 1.20 1.90 1.35 

15 ..... 11.62 5.46 22.07 8.38 5.04 2.94, 1.30 1.14 1.24 1.29 

16 ..... 7.96 7.42 23.36 3.62 4.10 2.55 1.23 1.80 1.20 1.84 

17. ·--- 6.88 18.92 17.18 8.08 3.86 2.40 1.14 1.52 1.16 1.11 

18 .•••• 5.04 18.38 8.62 2.95 2.90 1.72 1.82 1.26 1.12 1.29 

19.---- 4.44 18.41 14.93 2.82 2.92 1.60 1.84 1.42 1.98 1.24 

20 ..... 3. 70 14.72 14.84 2.70 2.86 1.62 1.26 1.06 1.02 1.21 

21. .... 4.16 11.62 10.98 2.80 2.00 1.M 1.30 1.04 1.07 1.22 

22 ..••. 2.90 9.18 7.61 2.84 1.92 1.83 1.36 .92 1.46 1.20 

23 ..•.• 2.98 8.26 5.44 3.44 2.94 1.59 1.84 .90 1.18 1.07 

24 ..... 3.08 7.28 4.92 2.40 2.96 1.48 1.23 1.08 1.08 .94 

25.---- 3.16 5.40 4. 7ll 2.42 2.62 1.36 l.28 1.08 2.04 .94 

26 .•.•. 3.18 6.18 4.62 4.84 2.82 1.30 1.50 1.30 1.38 1.13 

27 .••.. 3.15 6.84 4.07 5.08 2.06 1.20 7.14 .92 1.24 1.17 

28 ..... 3.10 13.58 6.84 4.10 1.90 1.38 6.30 1.00 1.06 1.04 

29 .•••. 2.50 ------.. 10.58 3.52 1.84 1.10 3.48 1.06 1.09 1.19 

30 ••... 3.82 ------- 7.46 2.98 2.20 1.M 2.02 1.40 .98 1.92 

31.. ••• 3.98 .............. 6.84 .............. 3.16 .............. 5.68 1.18 ------- 3.46 0 

DEEP RIVER AT MONCURE, NORTH CAROLINA. 

No v 

10. 

6.8 

53 

7 

6 

1 

.3.9 

4.6 

3. 

2.6 

54 

6 

09 

4, 

7 

62 

7 

7 

83 

2. 

1.6 

1.6 

1." 

1.5 

1.5 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

31 

43 

15 

08 

3ll 

42 

44 

40 

38 

84 

26 

28 

3ll 

1.9 8 

4, 

90 

6 

2.8 

2. 

2.5 

-------

Dec. 

--

1.28 

1.16 

1.M 

1.52 

1.48 

1.82 

1.30 

1.12 

1.06 

1.12 

1.22 

3.12 

1.8!1, 

1.82 

1.68 

1.36 

1.52 

1.48 

1.44 

1.28 

1.32 

1.26 

1.18 

l.M 

1.56 

1.52 

1.38 

1.82 

1.24 

1.14 

2.38 

This station, established May 5, 1898, by E. W. Myers, is located 

about one-fourth of a mile south of Moncure, Chatham County, North 

Carolina, at the covered wooden bridge of the Seaboard Air Line, 

which crosses the river here. It is about 2 miles above the junction 

with the Haw River to form the Cape Fear. The observer is M. A. 

Moore, of Moncure, North Carolina, a farmer and bridge watchman 

living about 100 yards from the bridge. The gage is a hori24ontal rod, 

well painted, divided into feet and tenths, and securely nailed to the 

guard rail of the bridge. The zero of the rod is 50 feet south of the 
114 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

north end of the second span of the bridge from the north. The initial.point of sounding is a notch cut in the guard rail opposite the 

south end of the bridge and on the downstream side. The channel is 

straight for some distance above and below the station. The banks 

are low and the bed probably slightly shifting during high water. 

The velocity is not great, but sufficient for proper measurement, and 

is well distributed across the stream. When the station was established on May 5, 1898, the distance from the end of the weight to 

the pointer on the wire was 45.16 feet. At every subsequent trip 

the gage wire has been measured, and it was discovered that the 

length was gradually increasing. When the station was visited on 

August 20, 1898, the length of the wire was found to be 45.27 feet. 

February, 1899, the length was found to be 45.38 feet; in May, 45.40 

feet; in June, 45.45 feet; in October, 45.57 feet, and in Noven1.her, 

45.60 feet. These errors were allowed to accumulate to see if the wire 

had any definite fixed rate of stretch under a constant weight. The 

gage heights as published below have been adjusted from the measurements noted above. Records of flow may be found in the Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 146. The following measurements 

were made during 1899 by E. W. Myers: 

February 4, gage height, 7.03 feet; die:charge, 4,590 second-feet. 

May 27, gage height, 2.16 feet; discharge, 447 second-feet. 

June 5, gage height, 2.51 feet; discharge, 610 second-feet. 

October 12, gage height, 1.89 feet; discharge, 449 second-feet. 

November 26, gage height, 1.32 feet; discharge, 290 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Deep River at Moncure, North Carolina, for 1899. 

§'= Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 

------ 1 - 0 2.03 4.58 6.91 7.12 2.99. 2.84 

2 ..... 3.21 5.00 6.2.~ 4. 70 2.85 2.61 

3 .•.•. 3.41 6. 78 6.39 i.52 2.56 3.45 

4 ..... 3.27 7.06 13.25 5.16 2.51 3.13 

5 ..... 2. 79 16.40 14.13 8.64 2.29 2.49 

6 .•••. 2.47 20.48 15.77 6.18 2.25 1.95 

7 ..... 10.27 23.21 15.67 6.40 2.47 1.65 

8 ..... 9.13 25.92 13.62 17.76 8.85 1.49 

9 ..... 7. 71 '!0. 9(i 10.61 15.04 6.09 1.58 

10 ..... 5.59 18.70 7.39 8.28 4.13 2.55 

11.. .•. 4.99 12.26 5.05 6.16 3.85 3.23 12 _____ 5.83 7.19 4.41 5.40 5.89 4.72 

13 ..... 6.07 6.98 4.67 4.86 7.99 3.78 

14 •••• 0 9.79 6.06 3.91 4.48 9.23 3.40 

15 ..... 13.07 5.10 21.19 3. 76 5.99 2.56 

16 ..... 8.61 6. 76 22.51 3.98 4.48 2.42 

17 ..... 7.91 16.20 16.21 4.10 3.97 2.40 

18 ..... 6.93 21.26 9.99 4.04 3.75 1.68 

19 ..... 5.99 19.34 14.69 3.54 3.69 1.58 

20 ..... 4.73 15.30 15.31 3.32 3.05 L49 

21.. ... 3.15 9.92 9.02 3.46 2.89 1.50 

22 ..... 3.36 9.05 7.15 2.97 2.67 1.47 

23 ..... 3.08 8.22 5.87 3.10 3.25 1. 77 

24 ..... 3.17 7.92 5.13 2.96 2.85 1.37 

25 ..... 3.25 6.24 4.91 2.97 2.75 1.55 26 .. : .. 3.27 6.92 4.41 5.60 2.51 1.57 

27 ..... 3.54 12.94 4.14 5.54 2.25 1. 71 

28 ..... 3.19 18.22 7.07 4.46 2.02 2.15 

29 ..... 2.55 ------- 11.65 3.50 1. 91 1.68 

30 ..... 2.21 ------- 10.31 3.04 2.54 1.60 

31.. ... 3.23 ------- 8.44 ------- 2.96 -------

July. Aug. Sept. 

------

1.52 4.54 0.85 

1.36 4.36 .79 

1.34 0 3.46 .75 

1.18 3.08 .91 ' 

4.20 1.46 .73 

2.42 1.20 .71 2.~2 4.54 .89 

2.11 4.11 1.19 

2.19 4.15 1.10 

2.10 3.37 1.82, 

1.79 1.39 2.10 

1.67 1.41 2.55 

1.34 1.25 2.04 

1.19 1.21 4.86 

1.09 1.29 1.96 

1.28 1.31 1.04 

.90 1.17 .93 

1.14 1. 09 .84 

1.11 1.25 .87 

1.02 .88 1. 71 

1.02 .74 1.99 

1.02 0 78 1.49 

1.19 .90 1.17 

1.11 .95 .87 

1.52 1.06 2.34 

1. 67 .84 1.53 

5.19 1.00 1.35 

4.35 .96 1.09 

3.77 1.20 1.17 

2.11 1.22 1.04 

6.28 .89 -------

Oct. 

--

0.83 

0 78 

.88 

. 79 

.87 

7.20 

6.49 

6. 70 

7.11 

3.96 

3.19 

1. 97 

1. 72 

1. 59 

1.31 

1.17 

1.27 

1. 04 

1. 01; 

1.12 

.97 

.90 

.87 

.85' 

.91 

.92 

1.01 

.98 

.94 

.89 

1.13 

No 

12.7 

---=:_~ j~l 5.8 6 1.85 

4.2 3 1.83 

3.1 8 2.19 

3.0 4 2.15 

2. 7 4 1.49 2. 24 1.27 

1.9 1 1.19 

1.8 6 1.11 

.8 4 1.19 

8 9 4.03 

1.0 9 5.95 

1.0 2 4.69 

1. 09 3.39 .9 6 2.35 

.9 8 1. 39 

1.0 8 1.34 

6 1. 47 

4 1.39 

1.2 

1.1 

1.0 2 .63 .9 8 1.27 

1.1 0 1.13 

1. 05 1. 07 

1.0 4 1.19 

1.0 0 1.13 

1. 3' 2 1.11 1. 9 2 1.07 1.8 3 .95 3.7 8 1.03 

2.8 4 .97 

----- 1.03 
NOR1'H CAROLINA. 115 

CAPE FEAR RIVER AT FAYETTEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA. 

Cape Fear River is formed by the junction of the Haw and Deep 

rivers near Moncure, Chatham County, North Carolina, and flows in a 

southeasterly direction, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Wilmington. Its watershed for the most part is flat and well covered 

with forest growth. Measurements are made on both the Haw and 

the Deep at Moncure, and on the Cape Fear at Fayetteville. The 

measurements are of value in the study of the valuable water powers 

of the Cape Fear and its tributaries. The gaging station described 

in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 54, is at the bridge 

of the Alantlc Coast Line, about a mile east of Fayetteville, North 

Carolina. The Weather Bureau has a gagt' fastened on the lower 

side of the east abutment of the covered highway bridge, this being 

about 400 feet above the railroad bridge, from which discharge measurements are made. The lower 29 feet of this gage consists of a rod 

divided into feet and tenths and firmly fastened to the abutment.. 

Above the 29-foot mark the scale is painted on the rock. The observer 

is Frank Glover, who has charge of the steamboat landing just below 

the railroad bridge. For his convenience he has placed a subsidiary 

gage at the steamboat landing reading about the same as the official 

gage, and from this observations are taken. The channel is straight 

and the current moderately swift and not influenced by dams or other 

obstructions. The banks are high and the total flow of the river is 

in one channel, even during the highest floods. The bed is fairly 

constant. Records of flow may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 56; 1897; Nineteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 93; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 145. 

The following measurements were made by E. W. Myers during 1899: 

February 7, gage height, 46.50 feet; discharge, 61,921 second-feet. 

May 24, gage height, 6.40 feet; discharge, 3,142 second-feet. 

June 6, gage height, 4.20 feet; discharge, 1,577 secorid-feet. 

October 13, gage height, 6.00 feet; discharge, 2,132 second-feet. 

November 29, gage height, 9.65 feet; discharge, 7,742 second-feet. 
116 OPERA'fiONS A'f HIVER STA'l'lONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

Daily gage he·ight,,in .feet, o.f Cape Fear River at Fayetteville, North Carolina, 

.for 1899. 

8-Jan. 

4.50 

2 ••••• 

3 ... .. 4 ... .. 5 .... . 6 .. --- 7 ..... 

8.----

9 .. --· 10 .... . 11.. .. . 12 ____ _ 

13 .... . 14 ... .. 

15 16 ----J ..... 

17.----

18.. ... 19 ... .. 20 ... .. 21. .. .. 22 .... . 23 .... . 

24. ---- 25 .... . 26 .... . 

~-----

. 

-

. 

4.60 

6.50 

6.50 

5.80 

5.50 

5.50 

17.00 

21.40 

14.90 

10.20 

8.00 

9.30 

10.00 

19.00 

2.3.60 

17.20 

14.50 

13.40 

11.00 

9.20 

8.00 

7.00 

6.20 

6.20 

6.00 

7.00 

6.80 

6.60 

6.60 

7.00 

Feb. 

11.00 

18.10 

14.00 

12.80 

23.00 

31.90 

41.00 

50.80 

52.00 

47.30 

37.40 

30.00 

20.80 

12.30 

10.00 

12.50 

24.00 

36.50 

42.60 

43.00 

38.50 

34.00 

28.30 

23.00 

18.20 

16.40 

17.00 

28.40 

-------

-------

------

Mar. Apr. ;May. 

30.80 17.80 7.20 

25,00 17.00 6.00 

21.00 14.00 6.00 

28.60 12.20 5.50 

34.40 15.60 5.50 

33.20 21.00 5.50 

27.40 17.60 5.60 

25.00 23.20 8.60 

20.00 35.50 14.20 

15.00 30.30 13.00 

1l.50 23.00 9.80 

10.20 19.40 10.90 

9.40 15.80 11.00 

8.70 13.50 15.40 

18.60 10.20 17.30 

38.60 9.80 12.00 

42.00 9.00 9.70 

38.00 10.00 7.20 

28.00 9.20 5.50 

28.80 9.40 5.30 

32.00 9.00 5.20 

25.00 8.50 5.00 

18.00 8.40 5.30 

14.70 8.00 6.30 

12.00 6.60 6.00 

10.00 7.00 5.50 

10.00 10.00 5.30 

12.00 11.40 4.70 

17.80 10.00 4.20 

21.70 8.80 4.20 

19.20 ------- 5.00 

June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D ! 

~I 6.00 2.90 11.50 2.40 2.00 11.00 8.00 

6.40 6.40 10.00 2.20 1.70 21.40 6.40 

8.00 8.00 8.80 1.90 1. 70 17.50 6.50 

7.60 7.60 7.00 1.60 1.50 12.80 7.110 

6.10 6.10 5.50 1.50 1.40 10.40 6. 70 

4.20 4.20 4.20 1.60 2.10 8.30 5 .• 10 

~-20 4.20 3.20 l.IW 14.40 6.50 5.10 

3.80 3.80 2.60 2.00 13.50 5.00 4.YO 

3.50 8.30 7.00 1.80 17.00 5.00 4.70 

4.50 9.30 10.20 1.90 13.20 5.00 4.30 

7.50 6.40 7.00 1.80 10.00 4.80 4.30 

8.10 5.00 5.50 5.70 7.00 4.50 4.50 

10.00 3.60 4.60 4.00 5.00 4.60 4.00 

11.10 3.10 3.70 4.00 4.50 4.30 14.00 

8.00 2.60 3.00 4.60 3.80 4.00 10.00 

5.80 2.40 2.70 4.00 3.50 4.00 7.50 

5.00 2.40 2.50 2.50 3.50 4.00 6.00 

4.60 4.50 2.40 1.80 3.00 3.90 5.40 

4.10 4.00 2.70 1.60 3.30 3.80 5.00 

3.70 3.50 2.70 1.80 3.00 3.60 4.80 

3.20 3.00 2.30 2.50 2.70 3.50 4.50 

3.20 2.40 2.20 4.00 2.50 3.30 1 4.00 

3.00 2.30 5.00 3.70 2.20 3.30 I 4.20 

3.10 2.80 3.70 3.20 2.30 3.80 i 5.40 

2.90 4:00 2.50 2.60 2.10 4.00 110.00 2.50 6.40 2. 70 2.90 2.10 4.00 12.00 

2.80 7.00 2.10 3.70 2.10 4.50 I 9. 70 

3.10 12.80 1.60 3.90 2.10 5.60 7.30 

3.50 11.70 1.60 3.00 2.10 10.00 6.00 

3.20 9.90 1.50 2.50 2.10 9.50 1 5.90 

------- 7.60 2.90 ------- 4.20 ·------~---- .... 

YADKIN RIVER AT SALISB.URY, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This river rises in the west-central part of North Carolina, flows 

easterly, and then turning abruptly south continues across the central 

part of North Carolina and through the northeastern part of South 

Carolina into the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout the upper part of its 

course the topography of its watershed is rough and mountainous, but 

as it approaches the ocean the land becomes flat and marshy. · The 

upper portion of its watershed is well timbered. The drainage area is 

partly mapped on the Statesville, Hickory, Wilkesboro, Yadkinville, 

and Hillsville atlas sheets. There are a number of places where water 

powers may be developed, and measurements have been made to 

determine the available amount. A station has been established near 

Salisbury, North Carolina, and another one about 50 miles nearer its 

mouth, at Norwood, North Carolina. The Salisbury station, described 

in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 57, was established 

by C. C. Babb September 24, 1895, and is located at the Southern 

Railway bridge near Holtsburg, near the mouth of Grant Creek, and 

about 6 miles from Salisbury, North Carolina. The length of the 

wire gage is 55.10 feet. The observer is W. L. Owen, fireman of 

pumping station, located just below the bridge. The station is easily 

reached by private conveyance from Salisbury. Discharge measurements are made from the lower side of the deck bridge, the zero point 

being on the left bank. The channel is obstructed by three piers 
NOR'rH CAROLINA. 117 

with large rafts of driftwood lodged against each and sand bars 

below each. The channel is straight, current swift, and the bed 

rough and rocky. The banks are rather low, but all of the water 

passes beneath the bridge during floods. Records of discharge may 

be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

59; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 201; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 146. The following measurements were made byE. W, Myers during 1899: 

Measurements of Yadkin River at Salisbury, North Carolina. 

F- h~i~\t IDischa.rge.l Date. Ga!t'i !Discharge. heig t. 

1899. 1899. 

Feet. Sec.f.,eet. Feet. Sec.-feet. I 

February 9 ...••• c .... 6.60 1 '781 June 9 ••.•.••••••••••• 2.38 4.,26! 

March 20 ••..•••.•••.•. 18.80 115,085 October 4 ------------• 1.70 ],84_7 

April1L ••.•••...•..•• 3.75 8,795 November 24--------- 1.70 . 1,957 

June 8 •.••••••.•.••••• 2.30 4,264 December 14 •••••.•••• 3.00 5, 952 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Yadkin River at Salisbury, North Carolina,.for 1899, 

Day. Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---

L .... 1.00 3.20 ""4.70 4.30 3.10 2.40 2.20 .2.80 2.00 1.60 2.00 1.90 

2 .•••. 2.00 3.00 4.00 3.90 3.10 2.90 2.10 2.30 2.10 1.60 2.20 1.90 

3 ••.•. 2.10 2.90 6.10 3.80 3.10 2.60 2.10 2.20 2.20 1.60 2.20 1. 90 

L ... 2.00 2.90 8.00 4.10 3.10 2.60 2.50 2.00 2.10 1.60 2.40 1. 80 

5.. ... 3.10 7.50 8.00 4.20 3.00 2.50 3.20 2.00 2.10 1.70 2.20 1.80 

8 ..... 4.00 8. 75 7.15 4. 70 2.90 2.40 2.50 1.80 1.90 1.70 2.00 1.80 

7 -~--- 10.20 10.10 5.90 4.80 3.20 2.40 2.30 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.80 

8 ..... 5.90 9.20 4.10 7.80 4.40 2.40 2.30· 2.80 1.70 2.90 1.90 1. 70 

9 .•••• 4.80 6.30 3.90 5.90 4.00 2.40 2.20 2.10 1. 70 3.00 1.80 1. 70 

10 ..••• 4.00 4.00 3.70 4. 70 3.50 3.10 2.20 2.00 2.20 2.40 1. 70 1. 70 

11.. ... 3.00 3.30 3.50 4.20 3.40 3.30 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.10 1. 70 1.70 

12 ..... 4.40 3.40 3.40 3.80 a.30 3.80 2.10 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.70 2.00 

13 ..... 4.00 2.90 3.30 3.80 4.10 4.80 2.00 2.10 1.90 1.90 1.70 3.80 

1L .•.. 4.50 2.90 5.20 3.80 4.10 3.90 2.00 2.00 1.70 2.00 1.70 3.40 

1L ... 4.40 2.20 8.50 3.70 .3.60 3.20 1.90 1.90 1.70 1.90 1. 70 2.90 

16 ..... 4.1o· 3.00 12.40 3. 70 3.10 2.60 1.90 1.90 1.6') 1.80 1. 70 2.10 

17 ..... 3.70 5.10 7.90 3.60 3.00 2.50 1.90 1.80 1.60 1.80 1.70 2.00 18 _____ 3.50 6.00 6.70 3.50 3.00 2.40 2.30 1. 70 1.60 1.80 1. 70 1.90 19 _____ 3.20 5.00 12.00 3.40 2.90 2.40 2.20 1.70 1.50 1.80 1. 70 1.90 

20 ..... 3.10 4.60 17.80 3.40 2.80 2.30 2.10 1.80 4.20 1.80 1. 70 1.90 

21.. ... 2.80 4.00 13.75 3.40 2.70 2.30 1.90 1.60 2.90 1.80 1. 70 1. 70 

22 ..... 2.90 3.90 6.50 3.30 2.70 2.30 1.90 1.60 2.20 1.80 1. 70 1. 70 23 _____ 2.80 3.60 5.30 3.20 2.90 2.30 1.90 1.60 1.90 1. 70 1. 70 1.70 24 _____ 2.90 3.10 4.80 3.20 3.00 2.20 1.90 1.50 1. 70 1. 70 1. 70 2.00 

25 ..... 2.80 3.10 4,.40 3.30 2.80 2.20 2.00 1.50 1. 70 1. 70 1.70 2.40 26 _____ 2.80 3.00 4.30 4,.10 2.70 2.80 2.70 1.50 1.70 1.70 1.70 2.40 

27 ..... 2.80 5.40 5.40 4,.10 2. 70 3.00 4.30 1.60 1. 70 1. 70 1.80 2.10 

28 ..... 2.90 7.80 5.40 3.80 2.60 2.00 3.20 2.00 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 

29 .•••. 2.80 ----··- 6.30 3.40 2.60 2.40 3.00 2.20 1.60 1. 70 1.90 1.60 30 _____ 2.70 ............. 5.30 3.30 2.60 2.20 2.80 2.20 1.50 1.70 1.90 1.80 

31.. ... 3.30 ............... 4.50 ------- 2.50 ------- 3.50 1.90 ------- 1.70 ------- 1. 70 

Yadkin River, after passing the State line into South Carolina, is 

known as Pedee River. "The United States Weather Bureau has 

maintained a station at'Cheraw, South Carolina, on Pedee River. The 

gage is a pine timber attached to the Cheraw toll bridge. The top 

of the rail on the Cheraw and Darlington Railroad bridge is 58 feet 

above zero of gage. The highest water was 37.3 feet on March 11, 

1875; lowest, 0.0 feet, in August, 1866. The danger line is at 27 feet. 

The drainage area at this point is 6,960 square miles, according to 

IRR 36--2 
118 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

the United States Weather Bureau. The second river-height station 

maintained by the United States Weather Bureau at Smiths Mills, 

South Carolina, is 100 miles below Cheraw and 45 miles above the 

mouth of the river. The gage is a 1 by 6 inch pine timber attached 

to the central front wooden pier of the E. P. Smith wharf. The zero 

of the gage is 25 feet below the doorsill of the house adjoining the 

wharf. The highest water was 16 feet in September, 1893; the lowest, -0.4 foot, on October 22, 1895. The danger l~ne is at 16 feet. 

YADKIN RIVER AT NORWOOD, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 60, was established by E. W. Myers September 1, 1896. It is at 

Blalocks Ferry, 1 mile above Richland Creek and about 2 miles from 

Norwood, North CaJ,'olina. The gage is a vertical rod divided into 

feet and tenths, and is securely spiked and braced to an overhanging 

tree near the ferry. The rod is referred to a bench mark consisting 

of a large nail driven into the root of a birch tree about 50 feet northwest of the rod. The zero of the gage rod is 5. 93 feet below the bench 

mark. The river here is broad and shallow with smooth bottom of 

sand and gravel, giving a good section for discharge measurements, 

which are taken from the ferryboat. The channel is.straight and free 

from all obstructions. The current is swift and the depth of the water 

uniform, except at a point about 100 feet from the right bank where 

the water is deep and very sluggish. The banks are low, and at the 

time of highest flood are overflowed for a distance of half a mile. The 

observer is W. B. Nichols, of Norwood, North Carolina, a farmer, who 

also carries the mail. Records of discharge may be found as follows: 

1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 61; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 203; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 147. Measurements made by E. W. Myers during 1899 

are as follows: 

April 9, gage height, 8.40 feet; discharge, 10,581 second-feet. 

June 8, gage height, 1.95 feet; discharge, 4,474 second-feet. 

June 9, gage height, 1.95 feet; discharge, 4,474 second-feet. 

October 6, gage height, 1.85 feet; discharge, 2,629 second-feet. 

October 6, gage height, 1.88 feet; discharge, 2,619 second-feet. 

December 15, gage height, 2.28 feet; discharge, 6,299 second-feet. 

The following table, computed by E. W. Myers,· shows the comparative run-off of the Yadkin River at Salisbury and Norwood. At the 

former point the area drained is 3,399 square miles, and at the latter 

station 4,614 square miles. The table is of interest· on account of the 

close results, especially in the run-off of second-feet per square mile 

between the two stations, which are about 50 miles apart and have a 

difference in drainage area of 1,215 square mileR. The footnotes at 

the bottom of the table should be studied in the same connection, as 
NORTH CAROLINA. 119 

the two stations were not established at the same time, and in the first 

part of the record are not entirely comparable. The table should be 

compared with a similar table for the Catawba River at Catawba and 

Rock Hill stations, given on page 122. 

Table showing comparative minimum flows for Yadkin River at Salisbury and 

Norwood, North Carolina. 

Mean flow for Minimum flow 

Driest month. Mean flow for driest month Minimum flow for year~er driest month. pern'lli_uare for year. squarem le. 

Year. i e. 

Salis- Nor- Salis- Nor- Salis- Nor- Salis- Nor- Salis- Norbury. wood. bury. wood. bury. wood. bury. wood. bury. wood. 

--------------------------------

SecJJ.· Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec~. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. 

1895 .. Oct .•••• (a) 1, (a) 0.42 (~ 1, (a) 0.41 lJ 1896- Aug ____ Sept. b .• 2,411 b2,409 .71 bO. 1,~ b1,450 .29 

1897 .. Sept ____ Sept ____ 1,727 1,822 .51 .au 1,310 .26 26 

1896 •• June ... June ... 1,832 2,626 .54 .57 1,100 c1,380 .32 30 

1899 •• Sept.d _ Oct _____ 2,332 2,836 .69 .61 1,300 1,790 .38 39 

a Station not established during this year. 

bNot directly comparable. Station not established until September. 

cMinimum flow not in month of lowest mean flow, but in July. 

dFigures for Norwood station for September are as follows: Mean flow, 3,346 cubic feet per 

second, 0.725 second-feet per square mile; minimum flow, 2,080 second-feet, 0.451 second-feet per 

square mile. 

NoTE.-For 1897, where the difference is most marked, there is a higher st{Lge of water reported 

from the Salisbury station than at the Norwood station; the crest of the flood probably passing 

the latter station at night. Had this been noted, it would further increase the mean flow for 

this station. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Yadkin River at Norwood, North Carolina, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----------------------------

1 ---- 2.80 3.00 4.50 .............. 2.60 2.10 1.90 2.70 1.50 1.30 1.70 1.20 

2 ..... 4.30 2.90 3.70 ------- a _____ 2.50 2.20 1.60 2.20 1.70 1.20 1.90 1.20 

3.30 2.50 4.30 ------- 2.70 2.50 1. 70 2.70 1.20 1.20 1.80 1.50 4 _____ 2.30 2,70 6.70 ------- 2.60 2.10 1. 70 1.70 1.80 1.20 1. 70 1.50 I) _____ 2.50 8.00 7.50 .............. 2.50 2.10 3.00 1.20 1.80 1.10 1.00 1.50 

6 ---- 2.40 10.50 6.10 .............. 2.40 2.00 3.00 1.60 1.70 1.30 1.80 1.40 7 _____ 7.80 10.20 4.10 ............... 2.60 2.00 2.20 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.70 1:40 

g_ ---- 9.00 9.60 4.00 3.20 1.00 2.00 1.50 1.40 2.00 1. 70 1.30 9 _____ 7.00 7.40 3.80 --8.-40" 3.50 2.00 2.00 1.80 1.80 2.20 1.80 1.30 

10.---- u _____ 3.80 4.60 3.40 3.00 a.oo 2.10 1.90 1.70 1. 70 2.40 1.40 1.40 

3.10 3.20 2.00 2.90 3.00 3.40 1.90 1.60 1.90 2.1(1 1.40 1.40 12 ____ 3.00 3.10 2.10 2.80 2.80 3.50 1.60 1.50 1.70 1. 70 1.40 2.40 13 _____ 2.90 3.00 2.40 2.80 4.50 3.40 1.60 1.80 1.50 1.40 1.40 3.10 14,_ ____ 4.20 2.40 3.10 2.70 4.00 3.80 1.60 1. 70 1.60 1.30 1.40 3.10 15 _____ 4.50 2.30 8.10 2.70 3.50 3.00 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.40 2.40 16 ____ 3.90 5.60 10.40 8.40 2.80 2.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.50 1.40 2.10 

17----- 3.80 '5,80 10.30 8.00 2.50 2.20 1.50 1.50 1.20 ].50 1.30 1.80 18 _____ 3.30 6.90 8.80 2.80 2.40 2.10 1.60 1.40 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.30 19 _____ 3.10 5.60 (a) 2.80 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.20 1.20 

20 .. --- 2.80 5.00 .............. 2.70 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.30 1.20 1.40 1.30 1.20 21. ____ 2.60 4.20 ------- 2.70 2.30 1.90 1.50 1.30 3.00 1.40 1.40 1.50 

22.---- 2.50 8.60 ------- 2.50 2.20 1.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 1.30 1.30 1.50 23 _____ 2.40 3.60 ., ______ 2.50 2.40 1.90 1.40 1.30 1.70 1.30 1.40 1.50 24, _____ 2.30 3.40 ------- 2.40 2.60 1.80 1.50 1.20 1. 70. 1.20 1.40 1.80 . 25.---- 2.50 2.90 ------- 2.30 2.50 1.70 1. 70 1.20 1.40 1.30 1.30 2.10 26 _____ 2:40 3.80 ------- 2.80 2.30 1.70 1.60 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.30 2.10 27 _____ 2.40 5.90 ------- 3.50 2.20 2.40 4.00 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.70 28 _____ 2.30 7.00 ............ 3:10 2.10 2.30 2.00 1.20 1.40 1.20 1.50 1. 8!1 29 _____ 2.30 ------- ------- 2.80 2.10 2.10 2.50 1.60 1.30 1.20 1. 70 1.20 30 _____ 2.20 -----·- ------- 2.70 2.20 2.00 2.30 1.80 1.20 1.20 1.70 1.20 81. ____ 2.70 ------- ------- ------- 2.20 ------- 2.10 2.00 ------- 1.70 ------- --------

aN o readings March 111 to AprilS; gage washed out by flood. 
120 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No,38. 

CATAWBA RIVER AT CATAWBA, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This river rises in the west-central part of North Carolina and flows 

in a general southerly direct~on into £outh Carolina, where it empties 

into Santee River. At a number of points along this river there 

are water powers which may be developed. Near its source Catawba 

River flows through a mountainous country, which becomes flatter as 

the South Carolina line is approached. The greater part of its watershed is covered with woodland or forest. The drainage area above 

Catawba is entirely mapped on the Hickory, Morganton, Wilkesboro, 

Mount Mitchell, and Cranberry atlas sheets. Systematic measurements have been made on the Catawba at Catawba, North Carolina, 

and near Rockhill, South Carolina. The station at Catawba, as 

described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 64, was 

establisherl by E. W. Myers, July 4, 1896, at the Southern Railway 

bridge, about one-half mile froni Catawba, North Carolina. The 

river is straight for several miles above and below the bridge; the 

current is swift and evenly distributed across the stream. The channel is obstructed by three piers, riprap, and two trestles of false 

work. At time of highest water the west bank overflows slightly and 

the sandy bed cuts out in places. The observer is C. A. Reed, jr., a 

clerk in the post-office at Catawba, North Carolina. Discharge measurements are made from the plank walk underneath the bridge. The 

railway bridge here is a deck bridge, and the gage was located on a 

footway which was laid along the lower system of bracing. When 

the station was visited, in October, 1899, it was discovered that the 

span on which the gage was located was to be removed, so it became 

necessary to move the gage rod, which was done as follows: 

A small temporary gage was installed to discover any change in the 

stage of the river while the gage was being removed. The distance 

from the weight to the pointer on the wire was measured and found 

to be correct when the gage-reading was ta~en and recorded, as was 

also the reading of the temporary gage. The rod was then moved to 

the position which was chosen for it, and securely fastened to the guard 

rail on the downstream side and on the second span of the bridge 

from the west. The zero of the rod is over the center of the second 

floor beam from the west end of the second span from the west end of 

the bridge. From the zero of the rod to the outer rim of the pulley 

wheel is 2.6 feet. The small temporary gage was then read and it 

was found that the reading was unchanged, so the gage in its new 

position was given the same reading as it had before. The length of 

the wire rope from the end of the weight to the pointer on the wire 

was then measured and found to be 55.25 feet. Records may be found 

as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 65; 1897, 

Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 214; 1898, Twentieth 
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 121 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 149. The following measurements 

were made by E. W. Myers during 18991 

February 24, gage height, 3.26 feet; discharge, 3,598 second-feet. 

February 24, gage height, 3.28 feet; discharge, 3,690 second-feet. 

June 10, gage height, 2.94 feet; discharge, 2,820 second-feet. 

October 9, gage height, 2.36 feet; discharge, 1,716 second-feet. 

November 23, gage height, 2.20 feet; discharge, 1,118 second-feet. 

December 16, gage height, 2.66 feet; discharge, 2,153 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oatawba River at Oatawba, North Carolina, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

------------.--------- ----

1.. ... 3.50 2.70 5.45 4.65 3.40 2.95 2.40 2.20 2.40 1.95 2.10 2.10 

2 ..... 3.10 2.70 4.30 4.40 3.40 2.00 2.35 2.25 2.90 1.95 2.15 2.15 

3 ..... 3.00. 2.80 4.00 3.90 3.35 2.90 2.30 2.20 2.75 1.95 2.10 2.15 

4.. ... 2.80 10.00 4.00 3.95 3.30 2.80 2.30 2.15 2.60 1.90 2.15 2.15 

5 ..... 2.80 8.60 7.40 4.60 3.30 2.75 2.35 2.10 2.40 1.90 2.20 2.15 

6 ..... 5.20 9.60 5.90 4.40 3.25 2. 70 2.40 2.10 2.20 2.00 2.18 2.15 

7 ..... 8.00 9.10 4.30 5.70 4.90 2.65 2.50 2.30 2.20 2.10 2.18 2.10 8 ..... 4.70 6.50 4.15 8.90 4.70 2.60 . 2.60 2.40 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 9 _____ 4.40 5.60 4.00 5.75 4.25 3.35 2.50 2.35 2.30 2.36 2.10 2.10 10 _____ 4.00 4.30 3.80 5.10 3.85 2.92 2.40 2.80 2.50 2.30 2.10 2.10 

11.. ... '3.90 3.60 3. 70 4.50 3.60 2.90 2.40 2.60 2.40 2.25 2.10 2.15 

12 .... - 3.90 3.30 3.60 4.30 3.75 3.35 2.35 2.4U 2.20 2.20 2.10 6.50 

13.. ... 3.80 2.90 3.55 4.10 5.10 3.25 2.30 2.40 2.00 2 18 2.10 6.10 

14.. ... 3.50 2.90 3.50 4.00 3.80 3.15 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.10 3.30 

15 .... - 3.80 2.90 16.50 3.90 3.60 3.05 2.20 2.10 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.90 

16 ..... 3.60 4.20 11.10 3.80 .3.40 2.95 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.60 

17.. .. - 3.30 7.30 6.70 3.70 3.20 2.90 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.55 

18 ..... 3.10 5.00 6.80 3.60 3.05 2.90 2.25 2.00 2.00 . 2.05 2.05 2.50 

19 .... - 3.00 4.30 22.80 .3.50 .3.00 2.80 2.20 2.00 2.85 2.10 2.05 2.50 

20 ..... 2.90 4.00 15.80 3.50 2.95 2.70 2.18 2.00 2.30 2.10 2.05 2. 45 

21.. ... 2.80 3.75 7.30 .3.50 2.90 2.60 2.15 2.00 2.15 2.10 2.00 2.35 

22 .... - 2.70 3.50 6.90 3.50 2.95 2.50 2.15 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.00 2.25 23 ..... 2.70 3.40 5.90 .3.50 3.00 2.40 2.15 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.00 .3.00 

24.. .•. 2.70 3.25 5.30 .3.50 2.90 2.30 2.15 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.00 3.10 

25 ..... 3.00 .3.20 4.80 .3.70 2.85 2.30 2.15 2.05 2.00 2.08 2.00 - 3.10 26 _____ 2.85 3.70 4.70 4.50 2.80 2.60 3.70 2.03 1.95 2.08 2.05 3.08 

27 ..... 2.70 13.30 6.50 4.25 2.80 2.50 3.30 2.05 1.95 2.05 2.05 3.05 

28 ...... 2.70 6.00 6.50 .3.60 2.80 2.40 2;70 2.10 2.00 2.05 2.05 .3.05 

29 .... - 2.70 -~----- 6.00 3.40 2.80 2.40 2.40 2.25 2.00 2.03 2.10 3.00. 

30 ..... 2.70 -----·- 5.50 3.80 2.80 2.40 2.35 2.35 1.95 2.00 2.10 3.50 

31.. ... 2.70 ·------ 5.00 ------- 2.80 ------- 2.30 4.00 .............. 2.05 ------- 3.65 

CATAWBA RIVER AT ROCKHILL, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 61, was established by <J. C. Babb September 3, 1895. It is 

located at the bridge of the Southern Railway, 3 miles south of Fort 

Mill, South Carolina, and is about 60 miles below the Catawba station. 

The gage is fastened to the upper side of the guard rail, the 2-foot · 

mark of the rod being over the center of the second vertical of the 

second truss from the south end of the bridge. The bench mark is 

described in Water-Supply :Paper No. 15, page 35. The length of the 

gage was verified December 18, 1899, when it was found to have 

stretched 0.4 foot. The gage heights as published are corrected for 

this erro:ra. This station is reached from Rockhill by private conveyance. The channel is straight, current swift, and flow uninterrupted. 

The b~nks are not subject to overflow and all of the water is confined 

to one channel. · The bed of the stream is solid rock and very rough. 

The current is at an angle with the bridge. Altogether the section 
122 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. LN0.36. 

is a poor one. W. A. Morris, a farmer at Rockhill, is the observer. 

R~cords of flow can be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 63; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 214; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 150. The 

following measurements were made by E. W. Myers during 1899: 

February 23, gage height, 3.10 feet; discharge, 8,086 second-feet. 

June 13, gage height, 2.45 feet; discharge, 6,065 second-feet. 

October 3, gage height, 1.60 feet; discharge, 2,104 second-feet. 

December 18, gage height, 2.00 feet; discharge, 2,848 second-feet. 

The table l:ielow was computed byE. W. Myers, and shows the comparative minimum flows of Catawba River at Catawba and Rockhill stations, which are about 60 miles apart. The drainage area at 

Catawba, North Carolina, is 1,535 square miles, and at the lower 

point, or Rockhill, South Carolina, it is 2,987 square miles. This 

table is comparable with the one for Yadkin River, shown on page 

119, and it will be seen that the run-off per square mile does not vary 

to any greater extent than one would expect. The Catawba station 

was not established until the year following the one at Rockhill, so 

that the results can not be compared in the early part of the record. 

These facts are brought out in the f()otnotes at the bottom of the 

tables. 

Table showing the comparative minimum flows for Oatawba River, Oatawba 

· and Rockhill stations. 

I Mean flow for Mean flow, dri· Minimum flow :Minimum flow 

Driest month. driest month. est month,s,er for year. foryea~er square m e. square le. 

v .. ar. 

Rook- Cataw- Rook- Cstaw- Rook- Ca. taw- Rock- Cataw- Rock- CatawhilL ba. hill. ba. hilL ba. . hill. ba. hill. ba. 

-------------------------

Sic.J:. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec~. Sec.-ft. SecJJ,. Sec.-ft. 1895 .. Sept.a .. ·o.;i·:::: ""865' 0.441 "6:56" 1, ""77ii' 0. 

1896 .. Aug .... 1:604 .54 b1,330 .445 ·--o:ooc 

1897.. Sept .... Sept .... 1,817 1,017 .61 .66 c1,575 d850 .526 .5.'i3 

1898._ June ... June ... 2,091 1,069 .70 .69 1,600 910 .535 .592 

1899 .. Nov .... Nov .... 2,492 1,3i0 .835 .873 2,300 1,220 . 7711 .793 

a Seven days' record. 

bA1so in July, August., and September. cMinimum occurred in January. September minimum was 1,700 second-feet, or 0.569 secondfool; }J('r &quare mile. d Minimum in October. September minimum 900 second-feet, or 0.579 second-foot per square mile. 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 123 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Catawba River at Rockhill, South Carolina, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. I Mar .. Apr. _May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

L .... 2.20 2.40 6.20 UlO 2.80 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.00 1.70 1.90 1. 70 

2----- 2.80 2.50 4.10 3. 70 2.80 2.20 2.00 2.00 3.50 1.60 1.80 1. 70 

3 ..... 2.60 2.30 3.40 3.40 2.70 2.40 2.00 1.90 2.50 1.60 1. 70 1.60 4 _____ 2.30 2.30 3.40 3.25 2.70 2.40 1.85 1.90 2.10 1.60 2.10 1.60 5 _____ ~.30 7.90 4.80 4.30 2.60 2.25 1.80 1.90 2.10 1,50 1.80 1.60 6 ..... 2.20 10.75 4.10 4.20 2.60 2.20 1.80 1.80 2.00 1.50 1. 70 1.60 7 _____ 8.30 ll. 70 4.30 3.80 2.60 2.20 1.80 1. 70 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.60 8 _____ 8.00 10.20 il. 70 6.20 3.30 2.15 1.90 1. 70 2.60 2.40 1.60 1.60 

9 .. --- 5.10 6.20 3.20 6.90 3.80 2.10 2.00 1.80 1. 90 2.10 1.60 1.60 10 _____ 3.30 4.20 3.10 4.80 3.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.30 1.80 1.60 l. 70 u _____ 2.80 3.50 2.90 4.00 2.90 2.50 1.90 2.20 2.60 1.80 1.60 1.60 . 12 _____ 2.85 3.10 2.90 3. 70 2.80 2.50 1. 90 2.40 2.10 1. 70 1. 60 2.80 

13 ..... 2.70 2.80 2.80 3.50 2. 70 2.40 1. 80 2.20 1.80 1. 70 1.60 3.30 14 _____ 3.10 2.50 2.60 3.40 4.30 2.90 1.80 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.60 3.60 15 _____ 11.60 2.60 7.55 3.30 3.40 2.60 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.70 1. 60 2.60 16 _____ 3.30 3.1(1 14.05 3.15 2.90 2.35 l. 80 1.80 1. 70 1.70 1.60 2.20 

17 ..... 2.95 5.80 12.00 3.20 2.70 2.20 1.80 1.80 1. 70 1.70 1.60 2.10 

18 ..... 2.80 6.60 5. 70 3.10 2.60 2.05 1.80 1.80 1.55 1.70 1.50 2.00 

19 ..... 2.70 4.80 5.30 3.10 2.55 2.05 1.80 1.80 1.50 1. 70 1.50 2.20 

20 ..... 2.60 3.90 16.85 3.00 2.55 2.05 1.80 1. 70 1.80 1. 70 1.50 2.10 

21.. ... 2.50 3.40 14.20 2.90 2.50 2.00 2.10 l. 70 2.00 l. 70 1.50 2.10 

22 ..... 2.40 3.30 5. 70 2.85 2.40 2.00 1.80 1. 60 1. 90 1. 70 1.50 2.10 

23 ..... :2.40 3.10 4.40 2.80 2.40 2.00 1.80 1. 60 1. 70 1. 70 1.70 2.00 

24.. ... :l.20 . 3.10 4.40 2.80 2.50 2.00 1. 70 1.60 1. 70 1.60 1. 7•1 2. 70 

25 ..... il.40 2.90 4.00 2.80 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.60 1.60 1. 70 2. 70 

26 ..... 2.40 2.80 3.70 g:'~ 2.40 2.00 1.90 1.60 1.60 1.60 1. 90 2. 70 

27.. ... 2.40 5.99 4.55 2.35 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.80 2.40 28 .... - 2.30 10.40 5.50 3 . .30 2.3.S 2.15 2. 70 1.60 1. 60 1.60 1. 70 2.10 

29 ..... 2.30 ~ .. ~--- 6.20 3.00 2.35 2.20 2.o.5 2.20 1. 70 1.60 1. 70 2.10 

30 ..... 2.30 ------- 5.30 2.90 2.30 2.10 2.00 2.10 1.70 1.60 1. 70 2.10 31_ ____ 2.20 --·---- 4.40 ------- 2.30 --- ~--- 2.20 1.90 ------- 1.80 ------- 2.00 

Catawba River in South Carolina is known as Wateree River. It 

unites with Congaree River to forni the Santee. The United States 

Weather Bureau has maintained a station at Camden, South Carolina, on Wateree River, 43 miles above its mouth. The gage is a 

pine timber attached to the central granite pier of the South Carolina 

and Georgia Extension Railroad bridge. The top of the rail on the 

bridge is 47.0 feet above zero of gage. The highest water recorded 

was 31.5 feet, in September, 1886; the lowest, 0.0 feet, in June, 1884. 

The danger line is at 24 feet. The drainage area at this point, 

according to the Weather Bureau, is 2,635 square miles. 

BROAD RIVER AT GAFFNEY, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Broad River rises on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains, 

near Hickorynut Gap, in the west-central part of North Carolina, and 

flowing in a general southeasterly direction unites with Saluda River 

above Columbia, South Carolina, to form the Congaree. The drainage 

area comprises about 4,950 square miles, of which 3,550 are in South 

Carolina and 1,400 in North Carolina, and is partly mapped on the 

Morganton, Mount Mitchell, and Saluda atlas sheets. The upper part 

of its basin is rough, broken country largely covered with forests. 

In South Carolina the topography is flatter and for the greater part 

the land is under cultivation. Broad River receives a number of 

important tributaries, but there are no towns of importance along it. 

There are a number of sites for the possible development of water 
124 OPERATIONS A'l' RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART 11. [N0.36, 

power along its course, the most important of which are described in 

the· Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 215. Systematic measurements of the flow have been niade at Gaffney, South Carolina, 15 

miles below the North Carolina line, and at Alston, 20 miles above 

Columbia, South Carolina. The station at Gaffney, described in the 

Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 65, was established by E. W. 

Myers July 1, 1896, and was located at the Southern Railway bridge, 

about 3 miles from Gaffney, South Carolina. This station was maintained until October 25, 1898, when the gage rod was moved to Gaffneys Ferry, 200 yards above the bridge, as described in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 27, page 27. The bench mark is described in the same 

paper. The velocity is quite rapid, well distributed all the way across, 

and the channel is straight for some distance above and below the 

station. The ferryman, John W. Gaffney, Gaffney, South Carolina, 

was employed to take charge of the gage. The results of discharge 

measurements are found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 66; 1897, Nineteeth Annual Report, Part IV, page 220. 

The following measurements were made by E. W. Myers during 1899: 

February 10, gage height, 3.70 feet; discharge, 4,702 second-feet. 

February 22, gage height, 2.25 feet; discharge, 4,497 second-feet. 

April15, gage height, 3.20 feet; discharge, 3,510 second-feet. 

June 12, gage height; 2.40 feet; discharge, 2,496 second-feet. 

October 4, ·gage height, 1. 70 feet; discharge, 692 second-feet. 

Odober 4, gage height, 1.70 feet; discharge, 662 second-feet. 

December 17, gageheight, 1.65 feet; discharge, 1,485 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Broad River at Gaffney, South Oarolind, for 1899. 

§•= Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

·- - 2.50 2.40 5.00 3.90 2.80 2.10 1.80 1. 90 2.50 1. 30 1. 60 1.40 

2 ..... 2.40 2.40 3.90 3.50 2.80 2.10 1.80 1.80 2.00 1.20 1. 70 1.40 

3 ..... 2.20 2.30 3.50 3.40 2.60 2.00 1. 70 1. 80 1. 90 1. 40 1. 80 1.50 

4.. .... 2.10 2.30 3.40 3.60 2.50 2.10 1. 70 1. 70 1. 70 1.30 1'60 1.50 

5 ..... 2.00 5.80 3.40 4.90 2. 70 2.10 1. 70 1.60 1.60 1.30 1.60 1.40 

6 ..... 2.80 8.20 3.50 3.60 2.70 1.90 1.60 1.60 1. 50 1. 70 1.50 1.30 

7 ..... 8.40 10.20 3.30 4.50 2. 60 2.00 1. 70 1.50 1.20 1. 60 1.60 1.40 

8 ..... 5.40 7.20 3.10 6.40 2.50 2.00 1. 70 1.50 2.00 ]. 70 1. 50 ). 40 

9 ..... 4.60 ------- 3.00 4.50 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.50 2.20 1.80 1.40 1.30 

10 ..... 3.00 ------- 3.00 4.00 2.40 2.00 1.80 2.00 1.90 1.80 1. 50 1. 30 

11.. ... 3.10 "ii:7ii' 2.90 3.70 2.40 2.00 1. 70 2.50 2.00 1. 70 1. 50 1.40 

12 ..... 3.00 2.90 3.50 2.40 2.00 1.60 2.10 1.60 1. 70 1. 40 2.60 

13 .... 3.00 3.50 2.90 3.40 4.50 3.20 1.60 1.90 1.30 1.60 1. 35 3.50 

14 ... _ 3.00 3.40 3.50 3.20 3. 70 2.30 1.60 1.80 1.30 1.40 1.40 2.20 

15 ..... 3.20 3.10 9.20 3.20 2.80 2.20 1.60 1.90 1.20 1. 40 1.60 1. 90 

16 ..... 3.10 3.90 10.00 3.30 2.70 2.10 1.50 1.70 1.20 1.50 1.40 1. 80 

17.. ... 2.90 6.80 8.30 3.20 2.40 2.00 1.50 1.60 1.20 1. 50 1.50 1.70 

18 ..... 2.80 4.30 5.80 3.10 2.40 2.20 1.60 1.50 1.30 1. 60 1.40 1. 80 

19 ..... 2.60 3. 70 12.20 3.00 2.40 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.30 1.50 1.30 1. 60 

20 ..... 2.50 3.40 11.50 3.00 2.20 1.80 1.90 1,40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1. 70 

21.. ... 2.30 3.10 5.60 2.90 2.50 1.80 l.RO 1.30 1. 70 1.40 1. 30 1.60 

22 ..... 2.20 . 3.10 5.60 2.90 2.20 1.70 1.70 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.40 1 50 

23 ..... 2.30 3.00 4.80 2.90 2.20 1. 70 1.70 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.50 1. 60 

2L .... 2.20 2.80 4.50 2.60 2.20 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.20 1.40 1.50 2.~0 

25.. ... 2.40 2.80 4.20 3.30 2.20 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.50 2.40 

26 ..... 2.20 2.80 4.00 4.10 2.10 1.70 1.90 1.50 1.60 1.30 1.60 2.30 

27.. ... 2.20 9.80 4.50 3.20 2.10 2.20 2.60 2.60 I. 50 1.20 1.60 2.00 

28 .. --- 2.10 7.00 4.60 3.10 1. 90 2.10 1.90 1.90 1. 30 1.30 1.60 1.70 

29 .... 2.20 ------- 5.50 2.90 2.00 2.00 1.90 2.00 1.40 1.30 1.50 1.60 

30 ..... 2.20 ------- 4.00 2.80 2.20 1.80 1.80 1.90 1. 70 1.40 1.50 1.60 

31 .... 2.30 ----·-- 4.00 ------. 2.10 -~- ---- 1.80 2.30 ------- J..50 ------- 1.50 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 125 

BROAD RIVER AT ALST0N, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 67, was established by E. W. Myers, July 3, 1896, and it:~ located 

at the Southern Railway bridge near Alston, South Carolina, and 60 

miles below the Gaffney station. The length of the wire gage is 42.65 

feet. The gage was verified December 19, 1899. The section here 

is not a good one, being broken by the foundations of an old bridge 

crossing at the same place as the present one. The bed is fiat, muddy, 

and somewhat shifting. The river is straight for a long distance 

above and below the station. The current is swift and the velocity 

fairly uniform across the section. The observer is D. R. Elkih, a 

farmer of Alston, South Carolina. Records of discharge may be 

found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 68; 

1897 and 1S98, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 151. The 

following measurements were made by E. W. Myers in 1899: 

February 19, gage height, 10.15 feet; discharge, 28,930 second-feet. 

June 14, gage height, 4.33 feet; discharge, 6,289 second-feet. 

October 2, gage height, 2.14 feet; discharge, 1,645 second-feet. 

December 19, gage height, 2.91 feet; discharge, 3,319 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Broad River at Als,ton, South Carolina, for 1899. 

Jan. § --

L .... 

2 ....• 3.42 

, 

3 ..... 

____ _ 

5 ..•.. 

6 .•••. 

7 •••.. 

8 ..... 

9 •..•• 

10 .••.• 

lL ... 12 ....• 

13 .•..• 1L .. . 15 .... . 11L ..• 17 ...•. 

18 ...•• 

19 ....• 

20 ....• 

21.. ••• 22 ....• 

23 ..••• 

24 ...•• 

25. ·--- 26 ..... 

~-----

. 

-

. 

3.88 

3.90 

8.43 

3.35 

3.47 

9.50 

14.00 

9.40 

7.10 

5.78 

7.20 

7.35 

6.71 

7.51 

6.10 

6.20 

5.32 

4.70 

4.33 

4.ll 

4.00 

3.82 

4.10 

4.20 

4.55 

4.00 

3.80 

3.90 

4.10 

4.50 

Feb. 

4.78 

4.60 

4.30 

4.80 

6.90 

13.00 

18.00 

18.50 

12.90 

9.50 

6.78 

5.80 

5. 40 

4.86 

4.M 

8.33 

15.30 

12.69 

10.10 

6.84 

6.23 

6.52 

5.61 

5.11 

4.61 

4.62 

13.72 

17.98 

··-----

-------

............. 

Mar.j Apr.l May .. 

11.50 8.83 4.30 

8.00 6.74 4.10 

6.M 5.51 4.09 

1.42 5.80 4.'00 

7.42 6.10 3.99 

10.51 6.10 8.99 

6.20 5.61 4.11 

5.53 8.33 4.,20 

5.11 9.00 8,98 

4.90 7.14 8.82 

4.79 6.18 3.68 

4.71 5.88 3.69 

4.42 5.40 3.70 

4.59 5.20 3.88 

6.28 5.03 4.68 

14.40 4.00 3.98 

15.39 4.87 3.62 

10.50 4.65 3.52 

8.00 4.69 3.40 

15.30 4.68 3.45 

18.94 4.54 8.80 

8.94 4.41 3.40 

7.00 4.30 3.43 

7.12 4.40 3.88 

6.40 4.13 8.72 

5.90 6.61 3.32 

5.80 6.64 3.80 

7.80 5.30 3.30 

7.72 4.70 3.28 

7.43 4.40 3.11 

6.84 ............. 3.11 

June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

-.-

3.32 2.77 3.10 4.50 2.20 4.47 2.90 

3.30 2.74 3.00 4.45 2.12 3.10 3.16 

8.20 2.50 2.55 3.55 1.97 2.87 3.14 

3.10 2.76 8.08 3.65 2.20 3.88 2.80 

8.10 2.53 2.50 3.00 2.34 2.74 2.66 

2.80 2.63 8.00 2.90 6.26 2.62 2.82 

2.90 2.60 2.80 2.78 3.52 2.871 2.70 

2.89 2.62 2.10 3.4.1) 4.18 2.64 2.65 

2.90 2. 73 2.80 3.43 3.22 2.58 2. 71 

2.88 2.90 2.65 3.52 2.00 2.51 2.66 

2.89 2.60 2.75 9.30 2.86 2.50 2.53 

8.40 2.48 4.50 4.40 2.68 2.56 6.48 

3.10 2.43 3 .. 34 3.60 2.58 2.78 8.13 

4.28 2.30 2.80 2.81 2.60 2.28 5.13 

3.70 2.34 2.55 2.62 2.58 2.50 4.42 

3.35 2.33 2.55 2.60 2.43 2.60 3.70 

3.00 . 2.24 2.55 2.40 2.21 2.57 3.34 

3.40 2.09 2.23 2.30 2.52 2.58 3.07 

8.10 2.28 2.20 2.35 2.M 2.51 2.91 

2.92 2.10 2.00 2.60 2.49 2.43 8.22 

2.84 2.83 2.15 2.68 2.57 2.29 8.08 

2.82 2.52 . 2.14 2.60 2.42 2.52 2.90 

2.79 2.80 2.40 2.50 2.20 4.11 8.60 

2.73 2.17 2.80 2.39 2.15 8.61 7.32 

2.51 2.40 3.40 2.30 2.45 8.10 8.20 

2.60 2.95 2.35 2.08 2.40 5.M 4.44 

2.70 6.25 8.55 2.60 2.39 4.25 3.00 

3.78 4.72 5.55 2.35 2.41 3.50 3.76 

3.80 3.80 4.70 2.29 2.40 3.30 3.75 

2.93 2.09 4.28 2.47 2.30 3.04 -------- .............. 3.15 4.50 .............. 4.57 ------- --------

Broad River joins Saluda River at Columbia, South Carolina, _to 

form Congaree River. The United States Weather Bureau has 

maintained river-height observations at Columbia, South Carolina. 

The gage r~d is painted on the first stone pier from the eastern shore 
126 OPERA1'IONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. N0.86. 

of the Gervais street toll bridge. The bench mark is the track of the 

South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad at the Union Station, 

and is at an elevation of 102.59 feet above the zero of the 'gage. The 

high-water mark is 34.4 feet, and was reached in September, 1852; the 

lowest, -0.4 foot, on January 20, 1893. The danger line is 15 feet. 

The drainage area above the station, according to the United States 

Weather Bureau, is 7,300 square miles. 

Santee River is formed by the. junction of Wateree and Congaree 

rivers. The United States Weather Bureau has maintained a gage 

on Lower Santee River at St. Stephen, South Carolina, 50 miles above 

its mouth. The gage rod is attached to the downstream side of the 

central granite pier of tJhe railroad bridge. The top of the rail on 

this bridge is 31 feet above zero of gage. The high-water mark is 

20.2 feet, and was reached on September 18, 1888; the lowest, 1.3 :feet, 

on October 6, 1895. The danger line is at 12 feet. The area drained 

at this point, according to the United States Weather Bureau, is 13,600 

square miles. 

SALUDA RIVER AT WATERLOO, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Saluda River rises in the mountains between North and South Carolina, flows in a southeasterlydirection, and unites, near Columbia, 

South Carolina, with the Broad, to form the Congaree. The drainage 

area is partly mapped on the Saluda, Pickens, Pisgah, and Abbeville 

atlas sheets. Measurements have been made on the Saluda to determine the available water power. The station was established by E. W. 

Myers, August 30, 1896, and is described in the Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 68. It is 1 mile below the mouth of Reedy 

River, at the Charleston and Western Carolina Railway bridge,_ about 

3 miles from Coronaca Station, South Carolina. The length of the 

gage wire is 47.00 feet. The length of the gage was verified December 19, 1899. The river here is straight fur several hundred yardsabove and below the bridge. Theflowis probably influenced by dams 

some miles above. The bed of the stream is of sand and mud and 

liable to change during high water. The banks are low, the right 

bank being subject to overflow. The observer is R.N. Cunningham, 

storekeeper and farmer at Waterloo, South Carolina. The locality 

is reached by private conveyance from Greenwood, South Carolina . 

. 'l'he discharge measurements are made from the railroad bridge. 

Records of results may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 68; 1897, Nineteenth Annual.Report, Part IV, 

page 221; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 153. The 

following measurements were made by E. W. Myers during 1899: 

February 20, gage height, 7.60 feet; discharge, 3,350 second-feet. 

June 14, gage height, 5.30 feet; .discharge, 1,740 second-feet. 

October 1, gage height, 3.65 feet; discharge, 604 second-feet. 

December 19, gage height, 4.00 feet; discharge, 995 second-feet. 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 127 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Saluda River at Waterloo, South Ca.rolina,for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June}uly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

L .... 6.00 5. 75 12.80 8. 75 6.00 4:75 4.95 3.80 3.90 3.65 4.75 4.60 

2 ••••• 4.65 5.40 8.90 7.55 5.90 4.40 3.95 3.70 5.20 2.85 4.50 4.45 

3 ..••• 5.05 5.60 7.65 7.05 5.80 5.15 3.85 3.65 5.25 3.60 4.65 3.80 

4 ..... 4.90 6.25 7.60 7.15 5.60 4.35 4.20 3. 70 3.2-5 4.35 4.40 3.05 

5 ..... 4.80 6.85 8.00 7.30 6.00 4.15 3.20 4. 75 3.95 4.20 3.80 3.90 

6 ..•.. 5.00 10.60 8.10 7.60 5.95 5.05 3. 75 4.00 3.85 5.50 2.90 4.25 

7 ••... 14.00 18.50 7.25 7.20 6.15 4.10 3.80 3.30 3.70 4.50 4.35 3.80 

8 ••••• 14.30 17.35 6. 70 7.95 5.80 4.00 4.85 3.90 4.10 5.65 4.30 3.85 

9 ••••. 6.05 12,70 6.50 8.05 5.85 3.80 4.65 4.60 4.85 4.00 4.35 4.25 

10 .•... 7.05 8.60 6. 70 7.40 6.55 3. 70 3.45 4.00 3,85 4.00 4.35 3.45 

11 ..... 6.50 7.60 6.30 6.90 5.50 a.75 3.70 5.50 6.60 4.10 4.15 3.00 

12 ..... 6.90 7.10 6.45 6.95 5.:10 5.85 3.70 4,90 5.50 4.00 3. 70 5.90 

13 ..... 7.50 7.00 6.45 6.75 5.20 5.50 3.60 4.50 3.95 4.00 2.90 7.10 

14 ..... 7.80 5.60 "13:~ 6.65 4.95 5.55 3.60 3.20 3.80 4.65 4.00 5.85 

15 .•••• 7.45 6.50 6.30 4.80 4.45 4.75 3.65 4.50 4.10 4.45 5.00 

16 ..•.. 6.95 12.55 15.35 6.55 4.60 4.25 4.50 3.65 4.10 3.00 4.35 4.85 

17 ..... 6.65 15.20 13.85 6.35 4.70 4.90 3.60 3.55 3.50 4.20 4.05 4.45 

18 ..... 6.25 13.10 10.30 6.25 4.55 4.60 3.50 4.55 2.85 4.00 4.25 4.10 

19 ..... 6.30 8.60 9.75 6.45 4.50 4.65 3.60 4.15 3.95 4.75 3.70 4.75 

20 ..... 5.90 7.40 11.98 6.30 5.15 4.05 3.55 3.45 3.90 4.70 2.95 3.90 

21.. .•• 5.40 7.60 13.18 6.20 4.60 4.10 4.45 2.70 3.90 5.45 3.95 4.50 22 ..... 5.85 7.45 8.75 5.55 5.05 3.75 4.50 4.20 3.90 3.20 4.05 4.55 

23 .•••. 5.70 9.85 8.65' 5.90 4.50 3.65 3.60 3.70 4.80 3.00 6.45 4.30 

24 .•..• 5.45 6.55 8.90 6.15 4.40 4.90 ~.90 3.75 3.60 4.15 4.40 7.15 

25 ....• 5.50 6.35 7.80 7.90 4.85 4.10 4. 75 3. 70 2.90 4.85 4. 85 5.15 

26 ..... 5.20 6.70 7.55 8.10 4.30 3,60 5.10 4.85 3.90 4.55 5.25 4. 75 

27 .•.•• 5.00 17.55 7.05 7.15 5.15 4.15 5.40 5.00 4.35 4.55 4.15 4.95 l!_j .,, 

15.60 7.35 6.55 5.10 4.05 5.00 4.75 4.45 4.20 5.05 4.55 

6.55 -----·- 7.95 6.00 3.75 4.20 5.45 4.85 3.80 3.83 5.00 4.15 

4.10 ------- 7.25 6.10 4.15 3.80 5.40 4.80 4.00 2.95 4.15 4. 75 

5.30 ............ 9.35 -........... 4.15 --·---- 3.80 4.40 ------ .. 4.40 ------ 4.40 

TUGALOO RIVER AT MADISON, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This river is formed by the junction of the Tallulah and Chattooga 

rivers, which have their sources in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The 

basin is largely covered with an original growth of oak, and is 

extremely wild and picturesque. The drainage area is mapped on 

the following atlas sheets: Nantahala, Dahlonega, Walhalla, and 

Cowee. There are many beautiful falls in this watershed, the most 

noted of which are Tallulah Falls, with a drop of 335 feet in four 

successive leaps, the total fall in 2! miles being 525 feet; and Toccoa 

Falls, on Toccoa Creek, with a vertical drop of about 190 feet. 'l'his 

latter stream should not be confused with Toccoa River, a tributary of 

Hiwassee River, and on which a gaging station is maintained at Blue 

Ridge, Georgia. The gaging station on Tugaloo River was established 

July 19, 1898, at Cooks Ferry, about one-half a mile from Madison, 

South Carolina, one mile below the Southern Railway bridge over 

Tugaloo River and 2 miles above the mouth of Chauga Creek. The 

gage is a 2 by 4 inch scantling 10 feet long, nailed to a sycamore tree 

on the right bank at the ferry landing. The bench marks are on the 

left bank of the river, the first being on a willow tree at the ferry 

landing, and consisting of three large nails 3. 00 feet above ~ero of gage; 

the second is on the same tree, being one nal.l 6.00 feet above zero of 

gage; the third is a large nail in a sycamore tree at the ferry landing 

12.00 feet above the zero of the gage. Discharge measurements are 

made from a boat held in place by the ferry rope stretched across the 
128 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36. 

river. The results of the measurements are given in the Twentieth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 162. The following measurements 

were made by Max Hall and others in 1899: 

Apri121, gage height, 4.50 feet; discharge, 2,604 second-feet. 

May 22, gage height; 3.20 feet; discharge, 1,687 second-feet. 

June 20, gage height, 2.10 feet; discharge, 1,325 second-feet. 

September 12, gage height, 1.00 foot; discharge, 734 second-feet. 

-October 4, gage height, 0.70 foot; discharge, 512 second-feet. 

A number of discharge measurements were made on various tributaries- of Tugaloo River during the fall of 1899. A measurement of 

Tallulah River above the falls at the wagon bridge at Tallulah 

Falls, Georgia, was made October 3, when the discharge was found 

to be 153 second-feet; a second measurement was made November 25, giving a discharge of 188 second-feet. Two discharge measurements were made on Toccoa Creek, above the falls, 2! miles from 

Toccoa, Georgia, on October 4; they were made at different sections 

on the river, and gave 5.7 Q.nd 5.9 second-feet, respectively. -Chauga 

Creek enters the Tugaloo about 2 miles below the gaging station. A 

measurement was made on this stream at the wagon bridge near its 

month at Madison, South Carolina, on October 4, when the diseharge 

was found to be 99 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tugaloo River at Madison, South Carolina, .for 1899. 

I :~I':~ Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. I De<>. 

-----

3.90 6.60 6.40 4.30 2.50 1. 70 . 1.40 3.10 0.70 0.90 1.00 

2 ...•. 3.40 8.40 5.90 5.90 4.20 2.40 1.60 1.40 2.70 .70 .80 1.10 

a ..... 3.80 3.50 5.80 5.70 4.10 2.40 1.60 1.80 3.30 .70 .80 ·1.10 

4 ..... 3.20 7.60 5.40 5.90 4.00 2.30 1.50 1.20 1.90 .70 .80 1. 00 

5 .. --- 3.20 6.80 6.90 6.00 4.30 2.50 1.50 1.10 1. 70 .80 .80 .90 

6 ..... 6.45 11.85 6.00 5.60 4.10 3.30 1.60 1.10 1.40 .90 .70 .90 

7 ..... 5.80 12.70 5.50 7.80 4.80 2.20 1.90 1.10 1.30 .80 .70 .90 

8 ..... 4.60 8.80 5.20 8.70 4.00 IUO 1.60 1.00 1.20 3.80 . 70 .80 

9 ..... 4.20 6.80 5.20 6.80 3.80 2.10 1.60 1.00 1.20 2.50 . 70 .80 

10 ..... 3.90 5.80 4.90 6.20 3.70 2.00 1.60 1.40 1.10 1.50 . 70 .80 

11 ..... 4.20 5.50 4.80 5.80 8.70 2.20 1.50 1.30 1.10 1.00 .70 .90 

12 ..... 4.10 5.30 4.70 5.50 3.60 3.00 1.40 1.00 1.00 .00 . 70 12.30 

13. ·--- 3.90 8.40 4.20 5.30 3.60 5.30 1.30 .90 .90 .90 ·:f8 8.45 14 ..... 4.00 4.40 8.05 5.20 3.40 3.50 1.30 1.00 .. 90 .80 3.10 L~. ---- 4.50 4.50 16.15 5.00 3.30 2.80 1.30 1.00 .80 .80 .70 2.50 

16 ..... 4.00 5.60 13.80 6.10 3.20 2.40 1.20 1.00' .80 .80 . 70 2.00 

17.. ... 3.00 5.60 8.40 4.90 3.20 2.50 1.20 1.20 .80 .80 . 70 1.80 

18 ..... 3. 70 5.00 6.90 4.80 3.10 2.40 1.20 1.00 .80 .90 . 70 1.60 

19 ..... 3.40 4.80 16.15 4.80 3.20 2.20 1.10 .90 .80 1.00 . 70 1. 60 

20 ..... 3.40 4.60 11.60 4.60 3.00 2.10 1.20 .80 .90 1.00 . 70 1.90 

21.. ... 3.30 4.60 8.40 4.50 2.90 2.00 1.20 .80 .90 .90 .70 1.60 

22 ..... 3.20 4.50 7.60 4.40 3.10 2.90 1.40 .80 .80 .90 .80 1.40 

23 ..... 3.10 4.40 8.40 4.30 3.00 2.90 1.30 .90 .80 .90 .90 1.30 

24 ..... 3.20 4.30 7.30 4.20 2.80 2.80 1.70 .80 .80 .80 1.10 500 

25 ..... 3.40 4.10 6.80 6.80 . 2. 70 2.00 1.40 .90 .80 .80 .90 3.1JO 

26 ..... 3.20 6.50 6.40 6.00 2.70 1.80 4.10 .80 .90 .80 1.60 2.40 

27 ..... 3.20 9.80 6.20 5.20 2.60 2.10 4.20 1.20 .90 .80 2.60 2.00 

26 ..... 3.10 8.10 6.10 4.80 2.60 2.10 2.40 1.00 .80 .80 1.70 1.90 

29 ..... 3.00 ------- 6.80 4.60 2.60 2.00 2.90 .90 .80 .90 1.30 1.80 

30 ..... 2.90 ------- 6.00 4.40 2.50 1.80 1.90 1.40 .70 .90 1.10 1.60 

31.. ... 3.10 -----·· 6.90 ------- 2.50 ___ ,. ___ 1.60 6.50 ....... .80 .......... 1.40 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 129 

SAVANNAH RIVER AT CALHOUN FALLS, SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Savannah River is formed 1 by the junction of Seneca and 'l'ugaloo 

rivers about 100 miles above Augusta, Georgia. The headwater tributaries have their sources in the Blue Ridge Mountains in North and 

South Carolina and Georgia, where more than one-fifth of the territory is iu original oak forest. The drainage area is partly mapped 

on the following atlas sheets;· Pisgah. Cowee, Dahlonega, Walhalla, 

Pickens, Abbeville, Elberton, Nantahala, and Carnesville. A large 

number of fine water powers occur on the tributaries and along the 

main river, the most noted being at Tallulah Falls on Tallulah River, 

335 feet in height, there being a total fall of 525 feet in a distance of 

2i miles. In order to determine the value of these waterpowers, systematic measurements were begun at Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, 

on August 4, 1896. This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 73, is at the Seaboard Air Line bridge, across 

Savannah River, above the mouth of Beaverdam Creek and below 

Rocky River, and about 3 miles west of the town of Calhoun Falls, 

South Carolina. The river here is divided into two channels by a large 

island containing several hundred acres. The east channel is a good 

section at ordinary stages, but at lowest water the current is very 

sluggish. The west channel, which is the main river, is obstructed 

by some very small islands and old cofferdams about the two piers, 

otherwise the section is a good one. The bed is rocky and constant. 

The wire gage is on the west channel, center span; its length is 65.40 

feet. One bench mark on the top of the iron stringer under the 

cross-ties near the gage is 54.00 feet above the datum of the gage; 

the other is on the top of the first pier on east side of west channel, 

and is 30.85 feet above zero of gage. Zero of gage is 354.5 above sea 

level. The gage was verified on March 4, 1899. The observer is Peter 

J. Pfeiffer, a farmer at Calhoun Falls, South Carolina. Records of 

measurements may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 75; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 224; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 164. The 

following measurements were made by B. M. Hall and Max Hall 

during 1899: 

March 4, gage height, 4. 77 feet; discharge, 12,076 second-feet. 

May 16, gage height, 3.45 feet; discharge, 5,258 second-feet. 

September 28, gage height, 2.30 feet; discharge, 2,057 second-feet. 

November 10, gage height, 2.25 feet; discharge, 2,039 second-feet. 
130 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899,-PART II. [N0.3&. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Savannah River at Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, 

for 1899. 

Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---------- --~ ------· 1. _________ -------- 6.60 4.00 8.80 8.20 8.80 3.00 2.20 2.60 2.70 

2---------- ··------ 5.00 3.90 3.20 8.00 3.10 2.00 2.10 2.50 2.80 a ________ ,_ -------- 4.85 3.80 8.20 2.90 3.00 2.00 2.10 2.50 2.90 

4---------- 4.75 4.90 3.80 8.20 2.70 2.90 2.80 2.20 2.40 2. 70 

5 ...... ---- 4.95 4.75 3.70 8.10 2.70 2.80 ll-70 2.40 2.40 2.60 

6 .... ------ 4.65 4.70 3.90 3.00 2.60 2.70 2.90 3.00 2.40 2.60 

7---------- 4.40 4.75 3.90 2.90 2.70 2.60 2.90' ;3.80 2.50 2.60 

8 ..... 4.35 4.65 3.80 8.00 2.70 2.60 3.00 3.90 2 .. 40 2.1i0 

9.. .... :::: 4.25 5.60 8.80 3.30 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 2.30 2.50 

10 ...... ---- 4.20 5.10 3.70 8.20 2.90 2.00 2.90 3.20 2.20 2.40 

11 .......... 4.05 4.95 3.70 3.40 2.80 2.80 3.20 3.00 2.20 2.50 

12 .......... 3.00 4.80 3.70 3.50 2.80 2.80 3.00 2.70 2.10 4. 90 

13 .......... 4.00 4.70 3.60 5.00 2.70 2.70 8.00 2.50 2.10 5.00 

14 .......... 4.00 4.50 3.60 3.90 2.60 2.70 2.90 2.40 2.00 3.80 

15 .......... 5.25 4.30 3.50 3.70 2./iO 2.60 2.00 2.30 2.10 3.50 

16 .......... 18.60 4.00 8.40 3.60 2.40 2.60 2.80 2.40 2.10 3.30 

17---------- 9.00 8.00 3.40 3.60 2.40 2.60 2. 70 2.40 2.10 3.10 

18 .......... 6.90 8.70 3.40 3.50 2.30 2.60 2.60 2.30 2.00 3.00 

19 .......... 7.00 8.70 3.50 3.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.30 2.00 3.00 

20 ....... : .. 11.00 8.50 3.50 3.20 2.30 2.50 2.90 2.40 2.00 2.90 

21.--------- 7.05 3.40 3.40 3.10 2.20 2.60 2.90 2.30 2.10 2.90 

22 .... ------ 5.00 3.20 3.50 3.00 2.30 2.80 2.80 2.30 2.10 2.80 23---------- 5.00 3.00 3.70 3.00 2.80 3.00 2.60 2.30 2.30 2. 70 24,. .. _______ 4.90 2.90 3.55 2.90 2.30 2.90 2.50 2.20 2.ao 3.90 

25 .......... 5.00 4.00 3.50 2.90 2.40 2.70 :uo 2.20 ~.40 3.80 

26---------- 5.10 4.60 3.40 B. CO 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.20 4.00 3.50 

27---------- 4.95 5.10 3.25 3.90 2.70 2.80 2.40 2.10 3.40 3.50 l!S---- 4.85 5.00 3.20 4.00 5.00 3.00 2.30 2.10 3.20 3.60 

---- 6.95 4.70 3.20 3.60 3.50 2.90 2.30 2.20 2.00 3. 70 

----· 5.10 4.10 8.10 8.30 8.60 8.50 2.20 2.30 2.80 8.60 

---- 7.00 ................ 3.30 .............. 8.40 3.20 . .............. 2.50 -------- 2.90 

SAVANNAH RIVER AT AUGUSTA, GEORGIA. 

Observations of river height have been maintained since 1875 by 

the cit.y of Aubusta, at the city highway bridge. The results have 

been printed in a volume entitled" Stages of wat.er at river stations," 

prepared by the United States Weather Bureau. Thos~ for 1875 to 

1889 are given in Part III, those for 1890 to 1892 in Part IV, and for 

1893 to 1895 in Part V of the above-mentioned publication. The gage 

consists of a vertical timber fastened to the pier and graduated to feet 

and inches. Readings are made four times a day by J. M. Youngblood, keeper of the city bridge, usually at 6 a.m., 12m., 6 p.m., and 

9 p. m. The 6. a. m. readings are those used by the Weather Bureau, 

and are here given, excepting September, October, and November, 

when the average of all four readings is given, since at that season 

nearly all of the water passes through the factory wheels above the 

gage .. The channel is straight and without obstructions; the banks 

are moderately high, but are liable to overflow at the highest floods. 

Bed is fairly constant. Records of measurement may be found as 

follows: 1875 to 1891, Fourteenth Annual Report, Part II, page 147; 

1891 to 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 75; 1897, 

Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 227; 1898, Twentieth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 165. The following measurements 

have been made by B. M. Hall and his assistants during 1899: 
GEORGIA. 131 

Measurements of Savannah J!,iver at Augusta, Georgia. 

I Date. Ga!fte Dis- If Date. Gage Dis-f 

heig t. charge. height. charge. 

I 

1899. 1899. 

Feet. Sec.-feet. Feet. Sec.-feet. 

March 11-...••.••••••• 25.20 60,716 May29 ••••.•••.••••.•.. 7.60 6,271 

March 18 ....•••••••... 20.60 35,971 July 1 .•••••••.... ------ 7.22 5,391 

May 8 ..•.•.• ---- ••.••. 9.70 10,860 August 3 .••.••• -----~-- 6.68 4,226 

Lay9 ....•.••.••••••.• 9.50 9,008 October 10 .••••••.•. --- 12.48 14,613 ' 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Savannah River at Augusta, Georgia, .for 1899. (a) 

- 2 ..••• 

3 ..... 

4. --·· 5 .••.. 

6 .•.•• 

7 ....• 

8 .... . 9 .... .. 10 .... . lL .. .. 12 .... . 13 .... . 14 .... . 15 ... .. 16 .. .. 17 .... . 18 ... .. 19 .... . 

20 ... .. 21. ... . 22 .... . 23 .... . 24 ... .. 25 .... . 26 ... .. 27.. .. . 26 ... .. 29 .... . 30 .... . 31.. .. . 

Jan. 

--

8.5 

10.8 

10.3 

9.0 

8.5 

8.5 

12.8 

22.9 

19.2 

14.3 

12.8 

17.3 

17.4 

15.3 

15.4 

14.5 

17.3 

16.8 

13.9 

11.7 

10.7 

10.0 

9.9 

11.4 

11.9 

10.8 

10.3 

10.0 

11.0 

11.2 

10.5 

Feb. 

--

12.7 

13.0 

14.3 

15.8 

14.5 

20.7 

26.0 

31.0 

29.9 

22.9 

18.3 

14.7 

Ia.7 

12.9 

12.3 

14.4 

25.0 

24.3 

19.1 

15.3 

13.5 

14.7 

14.3 

13.0 

11.7 

11.5 

17.7 

29.6 

·------ -------

-------

Mar. Apr. May. 

------ 26.8 19.5 9.6 

21.0 18.9 9.5 

16.2 15.3 9.3 

14.2 13.2 9.3 

13.7 12.9 0.2 

16.2 13.0 9.8 

15.2 12.2 10.3 

13.3 12.4 10.4 

12.2 15.5 9. 7 

11.8 14.2 9.1 

11.5 12.8 8.8 

11.2 12.0 8.5 

11.2 11.1) 8.5 

11.1 11.2 8.5 

11.0 11.0 8.3 

18.8 10.8 8.2 

25.5 10.5 8.2 

21.5 10.5 8.0 

17.1 10.2 8.0 

20.0 10.5 7.9 

22.5 10.4 7.9 

17.1 10.0 7.8 

15.8 9.9 7.7 

15.5 9.6 8.2 . 15.5 10.0 8.0 

13.8 11.5 7.8 

14.0 13.0 7.6 

Ia.5 11.2 7.4 

14.0 10.3 7.4 

15.0 10.0 7.4 

13.5 ------- 7.3 

June. July. Aug. 

------ 7.9 7.2 7.4 

8.4 6.7 6. 7 

7.6 6.2 6.3 

7.5 6.0 6.3 

7.2 6.0 6.0 

7.3 6.0 5.9 

7.3 5.8 5.7 

7.0 6.7 5.5 

7.0 7.0 5. 7 

6.9 8.3 6.0 

7.3 7.8 5. 7 

6.9 6.5 8.0 

7.5 6.0 8.3 

9.7 6.0 6.4 

9.7 6.0 6.0 

8.2 6.0 5.5 

8.0 5.7 5.4 

8.7 5.6 5.0 

7.9 5.8 5.0 

7.3 5.7 5.8 

7.3 5,5 4.0 

7.0 5.3 4. 7 

6.7 5.8 5.3 

6.7 5.8 4.8 

6.5 5.7 &.7 

6.3 6.0 5.6 

6.7 7.0 7.0 

7.5 11.7 13.3 

7.7 11.6 11.3 

7.5 9.3 9.2 ............ - 8.5 11.4 

Sept. Oct. 

----

13.9 5.0 

10.9 5.0 

9.1 5.5 

8.0 5.6 

7.5 5.8 

6.9 11.8 

6.6 9.6 

7.4 10.5 

7.0 14.1 

7.0 12.1 

8.7 8.5 

9.3 7.3 

8.6 6.9 

6.9 6.4 

'6.3 6.0 

5.8 6.3 

5.6 6.0 

5.2 6.0 

5.4 6.3 

5.7 6.1 

6.0 6.5 

6.8 6.7 

6.0 6.0 

5.4 6.0 

5.9 5.8 

5.6 5.8 

5.3 5.6 

5.8 5.7 

5.8 5.6 

5.6 5.8 

------- 5.9 

-~ Nov. 

6.2 ~1----;:-;1 6"4 

6.3 

5.8 

5.6 

5.8 

5.9 

5.8 

5.9 

5.8 

5.5 

5.6 

5.6 

5.7 

6 1 

5.8 

5.8 

5.8 

5.4 

5. 7 

5.7 

5.8 

5.8 

6.9 

5.8 

7.0 

8. 7 

6. 7 

6.3 

6.3 

6.1 

6.0 

5.9 

5. 9 

6.3 

10.7 

14.5 

10.5 

8.5 

7.5 

7.3 

7.0 

6.8 

6.9 

7.4 

7. 0 9.3 

8.3 13.8 

9. 2 12.3 

11.3 

9.8 

8. 

7. 

------1l!J a For the months of September, October, and November the figures ~riven are an average of 

four readings daily-6 a.m., 12m., 6 p. m., and 8 p.m. For the other months the re~tdings are those taken at 6 a. m. · 

BROAD RIVER AT CARLTON, GEORGIA. 

Broad River rises in the northeastern part of Georgia and flows 

in a southeasterly direction, passing between Elbert and Wilkes counties and emptying into Savannah River 8 miles below Calhoun Falls 

station. The watershed is a rolling country largely covered with 

timber. Measurements were begun on Broad River at Carlton on 

May 27, 1897, this station being established by Max Hall. It is 

located on the bridge of the Seaboard Air Line, 3 miles east of Carlton, Georgia, and 3 miles above the mouth of the South Fork. The 

iron bridge is 250 feet long and is approached on each side by wooden 

trestles. The initial point of soundings is the end of the iron bridge 

at right bank, upstream. The length of the wire gage is 56.30 feet. 

Bench mark is top of upstream iron girder under cross-tie at 30 feet 

from initial point and is 51.00 feet above datum. Zero of gage is 384.5 

feet above sea level. The gage was last verified April 25, 1899. The 
132 OPERATIONS AT RIVER S'rATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

channel is straight and the flow uninterrupted except by one pier in 

the center of the river. The banks are rather low and subject to 

overflow in time of high water. The bed is fairly constant. The 

observer isS. P. Power, jr., a farmer at Carlton, Georgia. The results 

of measurem€lnts maybe found as ~ollows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 227; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 163. The following discharge measurements were made during 

the year 1899 by Max Hall and assistants: 

Measurements of Broad River at Carlton, Georgia. 

I I Ga~e Dis- Ga~e Dis- I Date. I heig t. charge. Date. heig t. charge. 

1899. 1899. 

Feet. Sec.·feet. Feet. Sec.-feet. 

February 28 .......... 9.05 8,281 June28 ................ 2.80 1,063 March L ____ ------ ____ 5.28 3,205 September27 .......... 2.00 514 

tfari125 •••.•• --·· _ ---- 3.65 1,841 November 11 ____ ...... 2.09 485 

Lay 15 ------ .......... 2.60 919 December 21. .......... 2.25 59~ 

A measurement of Broad River was made June 28 below the junction of South Broad, 3 miles below the station and 4 miles from Carlton, Georgia, which gave a discharge of 1,135 second-feet. On the 

same date a measurement of South Broad was made at its mouth, 

when the discharge was found to be 145 second-feet. On September 

22 a second measurement of South Broad was made 4 miles above the 

mouth above Fork Creek and 1.5 of a mile from Carlton, Georgia, and 

gave 103 second-feet. On November 11 a third measurement of this 

latter river was made one-half a mile from mouth, below Fork Creek, 

and 3 miles from Carlton, giving a discharge of 139 second-feet. The 

drainage area of South Broad River at its mouth is 215 square miles. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Broad River at Carlton, Georgia, for 1899. 

~~~Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

L .... 3.10 3.45 5.20 5.80 3.00 2.60 2.30 2.40 3.80 1.90 2.15 2.35 

2 ..... 2.95 3.00 4.10 4.45 3.00 2.55 2.25 2.35 3.00 1. 90 2.10 2.40 

3. ---- 2.75 3.75 3.80 3.60 2.95 2.50 2.20 2.25 2.50 1.90 2.10 2.30 

4. ---- 2. 70 3.70 3.60 3.65 2.95 2.50 2.20 2.20 2.30 1. 90 2.(),1\ 2.30 

5 ..... 2. 6.5 4.30 3.95 3. 70 3.00 2.45 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.00 2.05 2.25 

6 ..... 4.45 7.20 4.20 3.45 3.20 2.40 2.20 2.15 2.15 2.20 2.05 2.20 7 ..... 6.45 13.18 3.65 3.60 3.15 2.40 2.25· 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.(!5 2.20 

8 ..... 6.40 10.60 3.45 4.40 3.00 2.50 2.40 2.10 2.10 4.30 2.05 2.20 

9 ..... 3.90 5.45 3.40 4.20 2.95 2.60 2.30 2.10 2.10 3.40 2.05 2.20 

10 ..... 3.30 4.30 3.35 3.60 2.95 2.45 2.40 2.10 2.10 2.50 2.05 2.20 

11 ..... 3.80 3.75 3.30 3.50 2.90 2.40 2.30 2.15 2.50 2.35 2.05 2.20 

12 ..... 4.05 3.60 3.30 .3.40 2.85 2.60 2.25 2.10 2.10 2.25 2.05 3.40 

13 ..... 3.70 3.45 3.25 3.30 2.80 3. 70 2.20 2.15 2.50 2.20 2.05 3.60 

14 ..... 3.45 3.35 3.50 3.30 2.80 3.00 2.20 2.05 2.00 2.15 2.05 2.95 

15 ..... 3.75 3.30 4.40 3.25 2.75 2.40 2.15 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.50 

16 ..... 3.50 4.40 13.88 3.25 2. 75 2.50 2.10 1.95 1. 95 2.10 2.10 2.45 

17.---- 3.50 5.05 11.30 3.20 2.70 2.6.5 2.10 1.90 1.95 2.10 2.05 2.35 

18 ..... 3.25 4.45 4. 70 3.15 . 2.70 2.65 2.25 1.90 1.95 2.10 2.05 2.30 

19 ..... 3.10 3.80 4.50 3.25 2.65 2.55 2.15 1.90 1.95 2.10 2.05 2.30 

20 ..... 3.00 3.50 8.10 3.20 2.65 2.45 2.10 1.90 2.05 2.10 2.05 2.30 

21. .... 2.90 3.55 5.20 3.1,'; 2.60 2.40 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.05 2.25 

22 ..... 2.85 3.60 4.00 3.10 2.65 2.35 2.05 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.25 

23 ..... 2.95 3.50 4.1,'; 3.05 2.70 2.30 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.05 3.65 2.20 

24 ..... 3.05 3.30 4.55 3.10 2.65 2.30 2.25 1.95 1.95 2.05 3.45 4.40 

25 ..... 3.00 3.20 3.75 3.20 2.60 2.30 2.15 2.00 1. 95 2.05 2.45 4.30 

26 ..... 2.95 3.15 3.60 3.50 2.60 3.70 2.45 2.05 1.95 2.05 3.60 3.00 

27 ..... 2.85 15.78 3.50 3.20 2.60 3.00 6.50 3.95 2.00 2.05 3.70 2.60 

28 ... -- 2.80 11.15 3.45 3.15 2.55 2.80 5.30 2.45 1. 95 2.05 2.90 2.60 

29 ..... 2.80 ------- 4.20 3.10 2.55 2.80 3.50 2.10 1.95 2.05 2.55 2.60 

30 ..... 2.75 ............. - 3.70 3.10 2.50 2.50 2.80 3.50 1.90 2.10 2.40 2.50 

31. .... 3.10 ......... - 5.00 ............ 2.70 ------- 2.50 4.10 ......... ,..- 2.15 .............. 2.45 
GEORGIA. 133 

OCONEE RIVER AT DUBLIN, GEORGIA. 

Oconee River rises in the northern part of Georgia, near Gainesville, on the sout.hern slope of Chattahoochee Ridge, which separates 

the headwaters of this stream from the tributaries of Chattahoochee 

River. It flows in a southeasterly direction a~d joins the Ocmulgee 

at the southern border of Montgomery Count~ to form the Altamaha. 

The watershed is for the most part hilly, and ~s made up of cultivated 

ground broken by extensive tracts of forest.j A station was maintained for a time at Cary, Georgia, immedia~ely below the mouth of 

Apalachee River. The rating was evidently affected by the dam several miles below, and for this reason the station was abandoned on 

March 31, 1898. The results of measurements at this station can be 

found as follows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

227; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 170. A single 

discharge measurement was made at this station in 1899 on October 19: 

Gage height, 2.03 feet; discharge, 898 second-feet. 

A station was establiRhed by"the United States Weather Bureau in 

1894, at Dublin, Georgia, about 60 miles above the junction of the 

Oconee with the Ocmulgee, 45 miles below Milledgeville, and 85 miles 

below the old Cary station. The station was discontinued on April 

30, 1897, but was reestablished by the Georgia geological survey, 

February 11, 1898. Since October 15, 1898, the station has been 

maintained by the United States Weather Bureau. The station is 

located about one-half mile east of Dublin, Georgia. The gage is a 

vertical rod fastened to the lower side of the middle pier of the 

Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad bridge. The gage is referred to 

a secondary gage on a hemlock tree on the right bank, 150 feet 

above, and to a bench mark on the same tree which consists of three 

large nails 3.00 feet above the zero of the gage, and a second bench 

mark on another hemlock tree 100 feet above the first, which consists 

of three large nails 3. 00 feet above datum. The channel is straight and 

without obstructions except the bridge piers. The current is swift, 

the banks high and not subject to overflows. Discharge measurements are made from the .upper side of t.he county highway iron 

bridge, which is about 100 yards above the railroad bridge at which 

the gage is located. The initial point for soundings is the end of the 

bridge on right bank of the river. Records of measurement may be 

found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 77; 

1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 228; 1898, Twentieth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 170. The following measurements_ 

were made by B. M. Hall and his assistants during 1899: 

February 2, gage height, 8.20 feet; discharge, 9,689 second-feet. 

April 28, gage height, 8.00 feet; discharge, 9,033 second-feet. 

June 8, gage height, 0.80 foot; discharge, 1,937 second-feet. 

September 15, gage height, 0.80 foot; discharge, 1,997 second-feet. 

September 15, gage height, 0;50 foot; discharge, 1,903 second-feet. 

December 14, gage height, 3.1'!0 feet; discharge, 4,028 second-feet. 

IRR 36--3 
134 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

· A discharge measurement was also made on Oconee River at Milledgeville, Georgia, 45 miles above Dublin, on November 21, 1899, 

when the discharge was found to be 957 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oconee River at Dublin, Georgia, for 1899 . . Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nb• D~.~ 

3.80 7.70 11.30 8.30 5.40 1.70 0.50 2.90 2.50 -1.30 -o.40 2.40 

3.60 8.10 13.80 8.00 4.70 1.80 .flO 2.30 2.90 -1.30 -.40 1.10 

5.20 9.10 16.50 8.50 3.80 1.70 .40 2.00 2. 70 -1.30 -.40 2.00 

5.80 9.90 17.00 9.00 3. 70 1.50 .20 1. 70 2.10 -1.30 -.50 1.90 

5.00 10.70 16.90 9.80 3.50 1.40 .10 1.50 1.50 -.80 -.50 1.70 

4. 70 12.70 16.20 9.50 4.10 1.20 .00 .90 1.10 .50 -.50 1.60 

5.00 13.10 14.50 9.00 5.00 1.00 .20 .so .so 2.40 -.50 1.30 

7.80 15.00 }2.70 8.60 4.80 .so .40 .70 .30 5.10 -.60 1.10 

8.60 20.10 11.00 8.00 4.40 .70 .00 .20 .20 7.20 -.80 .90 

10.40 22.50 9.80 7.80 3.60 .80 -.10 -.30 .10 8.10 -.70 .70 

12.20 21.70 8.60 7.50 3.00 .50 -.10 -.40 .00 8.60 -.70 .50 

14.10 18.90 7.80 7.00 2.70 .40 -.20 -.20 .10 6.80 -.70 1.20 

14.40 17.50 7.00 6.40 2. 70 .30 -.30 -.10 .70 4.10 -.so 2.60 

15.30 16.80 6.80 5.60 2.40 .30 -.40 -.10 1.50 1.70 -.80 3.30 

14.80 15.50 6.70 5.20 2.30 .90 -.40 -.20 .so 1.10 ·- .10 4.10 

14.50 13.70 7.30 5.00 2.10 1.20 -.40 -.30 .10 .60 .70 3.20 

14.30 12.40 7.90 4.90 2.00 .70 -.50 -.50 - .30 .50 .10 2.50 

13.70 12.50 8.30 4.80 1.90 .30 -.60 -.60 -.40 .50 .80 1.90 

13.30 12.70 9.20 5.30 1.80 .30 -.60 -.70 -.50 .50 .10 1.50 

13.10 13.30 10.10 5.80 1. 70 .60 -.60 -.80 -.60 .40 -.20 1.30 

12.80 13.60 10.90 5.60 1.60 .90 -.70 -.80 - .70 .40 -.30 1.20 

12.60 13.00 12.60 5.50 1.50 .50 -.70 -.90 - .80 .20 -.40 1.20 

11.30 12.00 14.20 5.20 1.50 .30 -.70 -.70 -.90 .00 -.30 1.40 

8.30 10.80 13.40 5.00 1.80 .20 -.so -.30 - .90 -.10 .10 1.40 

7.80 9.80 11.90 4.80 2.10 .20 -.80 -.20 -1.00 -.30 1.50 2.30 

7.30 9.00 10.00 5.90 1. 80 .00 .30 2.50 -1.00 - .40 1.30 5.30 

7.10 9.70 9.60 7.40 1. 70 -.10 0 70 3.00 -1.10 -.50 2.10 5.60 

6.80 9.60 8.90 8.00 1.60 -.20 .90 3.00 -1.10 -.60 3.20 4.60 

I 

7.00 -~ ~ ---- 8.30 7.20 1.60 -.20 1.80 5.10 -1.10 -.70 4.40 3.90 

7.40 ------- 8.10 6.10 1.60 .40 4.70 4.50 -1.20 -.70 3.30 2.80 

7.60 -- ~- --- 8.00 ------- 1.60 -.----- 5.00 2.90 -----·- -.30 ------- 2.60 

YELLOW RIVER AT ALMON, GEORGIA. 

This river is an important tributary of the Ocmulgee. Its headwaters are in Gwinnett County, only a short distance from Chattahoochee River. About one-third of the watershed is under cultivation, 

the gro1~nd being well terraced on the hillsides. The drainage area is 

entirely mapped on the Monroe, Gainesville, Suwanee, and Atlanta 

atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey. There are 

a number of falls along the river capable of development for 

water power. A gaging station was· established at Almon, 3 miles 

west of Covington, Georgia, September 12, 1897. It was at the 

low wagon bridge crossing the st,ream, 600 feet below the Georgia 

Railroad bridge. Results of measurements at this station may be 

found as follows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

230; 1898, 'rwentieth Annual Report, Par1i IV, page 170. No currentmeter measurements were made during 1898, nor were the gage 

heights recorded. An attempt was made, however, to ascertain 

the fluctuations of discharge for comparison with the observations 

made at Macon. A rating table published on page 229 of the Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, was constructed from discharge measurements made during the autumn of 1897. A rating table for 1898 

is published in Water-Supply Paper No. 27, of the United States Geo-
GEORGIA •. 135 

logical Survey. The app ication of such a table involves the assumption that the fluctuations at Almon.are coincident with those at Macon, 

and as it is of uncertain accuracy, the old station at Almon has been 

abandoned and a new station was established May 9, 1899, by B. M. 

Hall, about 1 mile above the old station. It is intended to maintain 

this station for six months or more, in order to study the water powers 

above and below. The gage rod is fastened to a small tree on the-left 

bank below the bridge, and referred to a bench mark on top of the 

downstream end of floor beam, 90 feet from the initial point of soundings, which is the right-bank end of the hand rail on the downstream 

side of the bridge. The elevation of bench mark is 20.81 feet above 

datum. The gage was verified May P, 1899. The channel is straight, 

the current swift and not influenced by obstructions except at very 

low water, when the current is entirely under the west half of the 

bridge. The banks are high but; are overflowed at the highest'waters. 

The bed is rocky and constant. The following measurements were 

made by B. M. Hall and assistants during 1899: 

May 3, gage height 2.97 feet; discharge 481 second-feet. 

M.ay 9, gage height 3.16 feet; discharge 561 second-feet. 

May 16, gage height 2.30 feet; discharge 364 second-feet. 

June 6, gage height 1.80 feet; discharge 235 second-feet. 

June 27, gage height 2.42 feet; discharge 427 second-feet. 

August 7, gage height 1.40 feet; discharge 218 second-feet. 

October 19, gage height 1.70 feet; discharge 200 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Yellow River at Almon, Georgia, for 189.9. 

~-=~nnm nn ~' ':·: ':': ·:: ':: 0

2............................ ........ 2.10 1.50 1.80 2.00 

,: 

1.20 N~~ 1.60 ~~I 2.70 

3 ............................ -------- 2.00 1.40 1.70 1.80 1.20 1.50 2.50 

4 .......................... -------- 1.90 1.30 1.60 1.60 1.20 1.50 2.30 

5............................ ........ 1.80 1.40 1.60 1.50 1.70 1.50 2.00 

6 ............................ ""----- 1.80 1.50 1.40 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.90 

7 .................... •''------ ........ 1.70 1.80 1.40 1.50 2.50 1.50 1.90 

8............................ ........ 1.70 1.60 1.40 1.50 4.00 1.50 1.90 

9............................ 3.20 1.70 1.80 1.30 1.40 2.80 1.50 1.90 

10............................ 2.80 1.70 1.60 1.30 1.40 2.20 1.50 1.90 

11............................ 2.80 1.70 1.40 1.30 2.50 1.80 1.50 1.90 

12............................ 2.70 2.00 1.40 1.30 2.00 1.80 1.50 4.00 

13............................. 2.70 2.5(1 1.30 1.20 1.70 1.80 1.50 3.00 

14.............. ...... .... .... 2.50 2.10 1. 30 1. 20 1. 50 1. 80 l. 50 2. 50 

15............................ 2.50 1.90 1.20 1.20 1.50 1.70 1.50 2.30 

16............................ 2.50 1.80 1.20 1.10 1.40 1.70 1.60 2.00 

17............................. 2.30 1.80 1.20 1.10 1.40 1.70 1.50 2.00 

18............................ 2.10 1.80 1.80 1.00 1.40 1.70 1.50 2.00 

19............................ 2.30 1.70 1.40 1.00 1.30 1.70 1.50 2.00 

20............................ 2.10 1.60 1.40 1.00 1.30 2.00 1.50 2.00 

21.............. .............. 2.00 1.50 1.60 1.00 1.30 1.90 1.50 2.00 

22 ... c........................ 2.30 1.50 1.80 1.00 1.30 1.70 1.50 2.00 

23............................ 2.80 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.30 1.50 2.20 2.00 

~::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: ~:~ Ull Ull Ulll Ull U8 ~:~ Ull 

26............................ 2.00 3.20 2.40 3.60 1.20 1.50 4.50 3.40 

27............................ 2.00 2.60 5.80 3.00 1.20 1.50 4.00 2.50 

28............................ 2.00 2.00 5.00 2.80 1.20 1.50 3.20 2.50 

29............................ 1.90 2.00 3.70 2.70 1.20 1.60 2.50 2.50 

30 ................... :........ 1.80 1.80 2.80 2.50 1.20 1.70 2.00 2.50 

31............................ 3.30 2.00 2.30 1. 70 2.30 
136 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART 11. [N0,36. 

TOW ALIGA RIVER AT JULIETTE, GEORGIA. 

The drainage basin of this stream occupies a small area in central 

Georgia, its headwater tributary adjoining those of Flint River on the 

west, and small creeks draining into the Ocmulgee on the east. The 

river is a tributary of Ocmulgee River, entering it 25 miles above 

Macon. The area drained is a rolling country and extensively cultivated. A gaging station was established by B. M. Hall near its 

mouth, at the Southern Railway bridge, 2t miles north of Juliette, 

Georgia, on May 5, 1899, but observations of gage heights were not 

started until November 2. The rod is 1 by 4 inches and 7 feet long, 

nailed to the timber crib at base of left bank pier of the iron singlespan bridge. Bench mark No. 1 is at top of downstream iron girder 

under cross-ties at 40 feet from left end of bridge, and is 37.00 feet 

above gage datum. Bench mark No.2, top of rail at same point, gage 

height 38.80 feet. At low st;ages measurements are made at the wagon· 

bridge a half mile above the railroad bridge. Thomas Pittman, a 

farmer living one-half mile from the bridge, is the observer. His 

address is Berner, Georgia." The following measurements were made 

by B. M. Hall and assist~nts in 1899: 

May 5, gage height 3.15 feet; discharge 581 second-feet. 

May 17, gage height 1.80 feet; discharge 255 second-feet. 

November 2, gage height 1.20 feet; discharge 167 second-feet. 

November 2, gage height 1.20 feet; discharge 163 second-feet. 

December 16, gage height 1.90 feet; discharge 184 second-feet. 

Da.ily gage height, in .feet, u.f Towaliga River at Juliette, Georgia, .for 1899. 

\ Da y. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

L 

~---

----

----

----

----

·---

----

----

Nov. 

--

-----·- 1.20 

1.20 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

Dec. Day. Nov. Dec. Day. Nov. Dec. Day. Nov. Dec. 

------------------. -- 1.70 9 .... 1.20 1.60 17.. .. 1.60 1.80 25 .... 1.20 3.80 

1.65 10 .... 1.10 1.55 18 .. ._ 1.30 1.70 26 .... 3.35 2.50 

1.61; 1L. .. 1.20 1.50 19 .... 1.30 1.70 27 .... 3.20 2.10 

1. 75 l:L .. 1.10 3.70 20 .... 1.20 1.70 28 .... 2.20 1.10 

1. 75 13 .... 1.10 3.60 21. ... 1.30 1. 70 29 .... 1.95 2.00 

1.65 14.. .. LlO 2.50 22 .... 1.20 1.50 30 .... 1.80 1.90 

1.55 15 .... 1.10 2.00 23 .... 1.30 1.00 31.. .. 1.90 

1. 50 16 .... 1. 70 1.90 24 .... 1.20 4.00 

' 

OCMULGEE RIVER AT MACON, GEORGIA. 

I 

The Ocmulgee River rises in the north-central part of Georgia and 

flows in a southeasterly direction, joining the Oconee south of Mount 

Vernon to form the Altamaha River, which empties into the Atlantic 

Ocean. The drainage area has the same general features as that of 

the Oconee. A station was established by the United States Weather 

Bureau January 21, 1893, and measurements were begun by the 

United States Geological Survey in 1895. This station is described 

in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 79. The wire gage 

on the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad bridge having been 

twice stolen in the spring of 1897, the observations were taken on the 

Weather Bureau gage referred to the same data, which is a vertical 
GEORGIA 137 

rod bolted to the stone pier of the Central Railroac bri:dge. Bench 

mark, top of track on CentralRailr~md bridge, is 54.8/: feet above zero 

of gage. Measurements of discharge are made from the wagon bridge, 

a short distance above. The channel is straight and without obstructions except two bridge piers. The current is over 1 foot per second 

at low water; the banks high and not subject to overflow. The bed 

of the river is soft and changeable. W. T. Bass, a clerk in a store 

near the gage, was observer for the United States Geological Survey 

and the Georgia geological survey until June 1,1899, when the station 

was resumed by the United States Weather Bureau, in charge of Mr. 

T. S. Collins, observer. Records of measurement may be found as 

follows: 1893-96, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 82; 1897, 

Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 232; 1898, Twentieth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 171. The following measurements were made 

by B. M. Hall and his assistants during 1899: 

Measurements of Omnulgee River at Macon, Georgia. 

CDaOO Gage Dis- I Date. I Ga~e 

1sm. 

height. charge. 

1899. 

heig t. 

I~ ~ i 

Feet. Sec.-feet. Feet. Sec.-feet. 

FebruaryL ••.•.. ----- 9. 72 6,302 June 21. .•••• ------------ 1.22 1,009 

February3 ______ ------ 13.75 14,954 August 2------------. --- 1. 98 1,345 

February3 ____ ------- _ 13.75 14,781 September 14----------- 1. 70 1,314 February 3 •.••.• ______ 12.81 12,687 September 16 ___________ .80 793 

April14. -------- ----- 4.50 2,587 October 21 ______________ 2.30 1,814 

April29 _ ··---- -----· __ 5.00 3,094 December 13 ...... ------ 4.50 3,009 

June 7----------------- 1.60 1,015 December 15------------ 2.50 1,540 

June 9 .••.••••••••. ---- 1.48 983 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia, for 1899. 

~fJ= ...• Mar. Apr. May. I June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----

4.051~ ----

L.... 4.42 9.60 14.72 11.30 1.50 2.50 2.60 0.30 0.80 1. 70 

2.---- 6. 60 8.41 11.14 8. 71 3.80 2.80 1.50 2.10 1. 80 . 30 .60 1. 50 I 3 ..... 5.96 13.70 9.11 7. 97 3.60 2.60 1.20 1.40 2.00 .30 .60 1.20 

4..... 5. 21 11.98 8.32 7.86 3.50 2.60 .90 1.40 1.80 .40 .50 2.10 ' 

l'i. ---- 3. 70 9. 94 8.11 8.11 3.45 1.90 .90 1.20 1.80' .50 .50 L.90 

6 ...•. 4.12 10.80 7.62 7.85 8.10 1.80 1.00 1.00 1.10 2.30 .50 L.50 

7 ...•. 15.20 15.83 6.81 6.89 6.72 1.60 1.10 .80 . 70 2.00 .40 1.30 g _____ 12.65 13.42 6.72 6.50 5.30 1.60 1.50 . 70 . 70 10.00 .40 1.10 

9 ..••• 10.21 12.13 6.40 5.97 3.80 1.60 2.00 .60 .50 6.40 .40 1.10 

10 ....• 9.23 10.80 6.11 5.63 3.55 1.40 1.30 .50 .40 3.20 .40 1. 00 

1L .... 12.14 9.78 5.81 5,42 3.28 1.60 1.10 2.10 2.20 2.20 .40 1.10 

12 ..... 11.87 8.21 5.74 5.01 3.10 1.50 .90 1.00 2.50 1. 80 .50 3. 70 

13 ..••. 9.38 7.60 5.69 4.71 2.96 2.30 .80 1.20 2.20 1.30 .50 4. 70 

14 ..... 8.96 7.13 5.58 4.58 2.90 2.90 .80 .80 1. 70 1.00 .50 3.90 

15 .... - 8.21 6.10 5.51 4.40 2.82 2.20 . 70 .70 .90 1.00 .so 2.60 

16 ..... 9.67 12.30 8.51 5.01 2.69 1. 70 .60 .70 .60 .90 .70 2.00 

17 ..... 12.91 11.98 7.21 4.42 2.52 1.50 .60 .60 .60 .80 . 70 1. 80 

18.---- 10.87 11.12 9.38 4.33 2.45 2.30 .50 .60 .50 .80 . 70 1.50 

19.---- 9.34 9. 76 12.94 10.38 2.33 1.40 . 70 .50 .50 .80 . 60 1.40 

20 ..... 5.91 8.32 10.72 7.82 2.20 1.30 .90 .40 .40 2.00 .60 1.40 

21. ..•• 5.11 8.27 9.42 5.52 2.18 1.30 1.00 .40 .30 2.80 .60 1.30 

22 ....• 5.42 8.16 8.11 4.72 2.48 1.20 .80 a.OO .30 3.20 .50 1.30 

23 ..... 5.10 8.10 6.42 4.61 3.67 1.00 1.30 3.30 .30 2.40 .60 1.40 

24 ..... 5.37 7.13 8.65 5.48 3.35 .90 3.20 3.10 .20 1.60 1.00 6.40 25 ..... 5.31 6.28 8.85 11.87 3.01 .90 2.00 2.10 .20 1.20 1.40 5.90 

26 .•... 5.01 6.13 6.93 12.41 2.40 1.20 2.00 1.20 .40 1.00 4.40 5.20 

27.. ... 4.71 12.13 6.01 8.22 2.18 3.20 2.30 .80 .40 .80 5.30 3.50 

28 ..... 4.69 14.91 7.87 5.84 2.12 3.20 4.30 I 3.00 .40 .70 4.20 2.60 

29.---- 5.03 -~----- 7.30 5.16 2.06 1. 60 5.10 2.30 .30 1.40 3.10 2.30 

30 ..... 4.90 ------- 6.91 4. 71 2.03 1. 70 4.20 1.80 .30 1.00 2.00 2.10 

31.. ••. 5.07 ------- 6.28 ------- 2.15 ------- 3 20, 2.40 ------- 1.10 ------- 1. 60 . I 

a Mud around gage. 
138 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

FLINT RIVER, AT ALBANY, GEORGIA. 

This river, known to the Indians as the "Thronateeska," rises in the 

west-central part of Georgia and flowing in a southerly direction cuts 

through Pine Mountain Range just below Molena. It joins the 

Chattahoochee to form Apalachicola River. Its drainage area is hilly 

and rolling on the headwaters and level at the lower end. It is largely 

cultivated, but most of the ground is well terraced. A station was 

established at Molena, Georgia, June 7, 1897. l\'Ieasurements were 

made during 1897 and 1898, and a rating table constructed by Prof. 

B. M. Hall. The alternate accumulation and washing out of sediment 

in an eddy one-half mile below so affected the gage height that it has 

not been possible to establish a definite relation between them and t,he 

discharge measurements, and the station was discontinued June 2, 1898. 

Records of measurement made at Molena may be found as follows: 

1897, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 234; 1898, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 233. Two measurements were made in 

1899 at the Macon and Birmingham bridge, near Woodbury, Georgia, 

5 miles below the old Molena station. The gage heights are assumed, 

based on permanent bench marks. First measurement, January 29, 

gage height, 0.80 foot; discharge, 590 second-feet. Second measurement, August 29, gage height, 0.57 foot; discharge, 461 second-feet. 

The United States Weather Bureau has a gage rod at Reynolds, 

80 miles above Albany. It was erected in 1893 by the United States 

Engineer Corps. The rod is aUached to the middle pier of the railroad bridge, 3 miles east of the town. The drainage area above Reynolds is reported to be 2,000 square miles. 

A second station has been maintained at Albany, Georgia, by the 

United States Weather Bureau. The drainage area at this point is, 

approximately, 5,000 square miles. Mr. J. B. Marbury, the local forecast officialat Atlanta, Georgia, furnishes the following information: 

The river gage is in two sections, the long section, from 10 to 36 feet, is nailed 

in two segments to the south face downstream side of the west pier, on the right 

or Albany side of the river; the short section is nailed to a cypress tree 120 feet 

down the river from the pier. The top of the pier foundation sill is 8.1 feet above 

low water. A second gage, reading from zero to 21 feet, is nailed to a cypress tree 

on the left bank of the river about 100 feet downstream from the point where the 

south side of Commerce street, if extended, would cross the river. The first bench 

mark is the top of the wide marble foundation stone of the African Methodist 

Episcopal Church, corner of Washington and State streets, Albany, Georgia. It 

is 49.5 feet above zero of gage. A second bench mark is the top of the sill of the 

old wharf at the foot of Broad street. It is 3 feet above low water. The observer 

is John E. Clark. No measurements of discharge were made in 1899 at this station. 
GEORGIA. 139 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Flint River at Albany, Georgia, for 1899. 

§ --

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. :May. June.\ July. Aug. Sept. 

1 6. 70 8. 30 14. 30 ---;;;;-~ 2.40 ~ 4. 30 2. 50 )! ____ _ 

3 ..... 

4 ...•• 

5 .•••• 

6 ••••. 

7 .•••. 

8 ..•.. 

9 ..... 

10 ••... 

11~----

12 .•... 

13 ••... 

lL ... 15 •..•• 16 ..••• 17.. ... 18 •••.• 19 .•••• 20 ....• 

21.. .•• 22 ••••• 23 ...•• 

24 ••••• 25 ...•• 

26 ••••• 27 ••••• 

-

-

-

&50 &ro K30 ~30 ~30 a40 .60 ~w am &40 &30 ~ro ~oo ~40 a20 .40 ~oo ~oo 

6.40 9.20 15.00 6.70 4.20 2.00 .20 4.00 2.80 

7.30 9.60 15.00 6.40 4.10 2.00 .10 4.10 2.20 

9.20 10.80 14.30 6.00 4.00 2.00 .00 3.00 2.00 

10.00 11.80 13.00 7.50 3.80 2.00 .20 3.50 2.00 

10.00 12.30 12.10 8.00 3.80 1.90 .40 3.80 2.00 

9.50 13.30 11.80 7.40 3.00 1.70 .00 3.00 2.10 

11.60 14.60 11.50 7.80 2.80 1.~ -.10 2.60 2.10 

18.50 .15.00 ro.oo 8.00 2.60 1. -.10 2.60 2.00 

16.70 17.80 9.40 7.40 2.40 1.20 -.20 2.80 2.10 

16.80 18.20 8.30 6.90 2.00 1.20 -.30 2.20 2.20 

17.00 19.90 8.00 6.50 1.80 1.20 -.40 1.80 2.20 

17.00 21.80 7.30 5.00 1. 70 .30 -.30 1.50 2.30 

17.50 19.00 8.80 5.00 1.50 .70 -.40 1.20 2.40 

18.00 17.60 8.90 5.00 1.80 .50 -.50 1.00 2.50 

18.80 16.00 9.60 5.20 1.20 .50 -.60 1.00 2.20 

17.30 15.20 10.40 5.30 1.00 .40 -'.60 1.00 2.30 

16.00 14.60 11.30 5.50 .90 .40 -.60 .80 1.80 

15.30 14.30 12.80 5.50 .00 .40 -.70 .70 1.60 

14.10 13.90 11.90 5.50 .90 .30 -.W . 70 1.50 

12.30 13.20 11.60 5.50 1.00 .30 -.70 .30 1.20 

11.00 18.00 11.50 5.30 2.30 .60 -.80 1.10 1.10 

10.20 12.00 11.30 6.70 3.30 .80 -.so 1.60 1.20 

9.40 11.80 10.60 6.90 4.80 .90 -.30 .5(1 1.30 

8.70 10.20 10.00 7.00 5.40 .90 -.70 .30 1.80 

8.20 12.80 9.40 6.80 4.80 .80 -.00 .80 1.00 

7.90 ------- 9.20 6.00 3.80 .80 1.80 .80 1.30 

7.90 .............. 8.00 5.80 3.00 1.30 1.70 .20 1.90 

7.00 ............. 9.10 .............. 2.50 .. ............. 5.00 .20 .............. . 

------

0.. N~§ 

0.40 0.60 4.10 

.10 .70 4.30 

.20 . 70 4.50 

.20 .70 4.50 

.20 .w 4.50 

.30 .70 4.20 

.00 .60 3.00 

1.30 .60 3.80 

1.60 .60 3.70 

].90 .50 8.50 

2.40 .50 8.30 

2.40 .40 8.70 

2.40 .20 8.30 

2.70 .30 4.10 

2.80 .60 4.30 

2.80 .70 4.30 

2.00 .80 4.00 

3.00 .80 3.80 

8.00 .00 8.60 

2.90 .80 8.30 

8.20 .80 8.10 

8.40 .00 3.40 

8.20 .90 8.50 

2.70 1.00 3.50 

2.70 1.20 3.70 

2.50 1.50 8.00 

1. 70 1.60 4.00 

1.30 1.70 4.20 

.00 2.20 2.50 

.70 2.60 4.90 

.50 ------ 5.90 

CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER AT OAKDALE, GEORGIA. 

This river rises in the northeastern part of Georgia and flows in a 

southwesterly direction to the boundary line between Georgia and 

Alabama, when it turns to the southward and forms the dividing line 

between these States to the southern border of Georgia, where it joins 

Flint River to form the Apalachicola. Its watershed above the 

mouth of Chestatee River is mountainous! and over 80 per cent in oak 

forests; from thence to West Point, Georgjia, it is narrow and hilly and 

about 50 per cent is under cultivation. From West Point to Columbus, Georgia, is through a rocky, mount~inons, well-wooded country. 

Below Columbus, Georgia, the river is nlavigable, but the country is 

hilly, consisting of extensive high plaill!S traversed by deep narrow 

valleys. The drainage area above Oakpale is entirely mapped on 

the following atlas sheets: Marietta, W~lhalla, Dahlonega, Ellijay, 

Suwanee, Gainesville, and Atlanta. A llarge number of important 

water-power privileges occur on the trib]aries and on the main river. 

The most important fall occurs near olumbus, where the river 

descends 120 feet in 4 miles. A fall of 362 feet from West Point to 

Columbus~ a distance of 34 miles, occurs in a number of shoals, separated by stretches of comparatively quiet water. Elaborate surveys 

of shoals near Atlanta, Georgia-Vining Shoal, 32 feet, and Bull Sluice, 

50 feet-have been made by companies with the object of develop· 

ment and electric transmission to Atlanta. Two gaging stations are 

maintained on the Chattahoochee River, one at Oakdale, about 8 milea 
140 OPERATION8 A'r RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. -[N0.36. 

northwest of Atlanta, and the other at vV est Point, Georgia, where 

the Chattahoochee River reaches the Alabama State line. The station was established at Oakdale by Cyrus C. Babb on October 17,1895. 

It is described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 85. 

It was located at the Southern Railway bridge, 1 mile above the mouth 

of Proctor Creek. 

On Jnly 30, 1896, the location of the station was changed to Mason 

& Turners Ferry, 1 mile below Oakdale. The gage at this point, 

known as the " Oakdale lower gage," is nailed to a tree on the right 

bank, 100 feet below the ferry, and set 1 foot lower than the gage at 

the Southern Railway bridge. On June 1, 1899, the lower gage was 

discontinued and the upper gage resumed and adopted by the United 

States Weather Bureau, the United States Geological Survey still 

receiving the records and making current-meter discharge measurements at that point. The gage recently put in and now used is set 

on the same datum as the old wire gage of the United States Geological Survey, established at that point by Mr. Babb in 1895, and above 

referred to, but is a vertical, timber, rod, 3.25 inches by 6 inches by 28 

feet, bolted with five it·on bolts to the east side of the center pier of the 

Southern Railway bridge. It is well painted and is graduated into feet 

with brass figures and into tenths with copper nails from -1.5 feet 

to +26.5 feet, making its total length 28 feet. Its zero point is 753.5 

feet above sea level. Bench mark No. 1 is a railroad spike in corner 

of pier, right bank, 12.39 feet above datum of gage. Bench mark No. 

2 is top of downstream iron girder under cross-ties, 23 feet from west 

end of bridge, and is 54.75 feet above gage datum. The flow is 

obstructed by rafts, which have to be cleared from the channel occasionally. The channel is straight and the current swift. The banks are 

subject to overflow. The bed of the stream is constant and the results 

obtained fairly good. All discharge measurements made in 1899 are 

referred to the upper gage at the railroad bridge. The results of 

measurements may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 85; 1897,' Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 236; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 182. The_ 

following measurements were made during 1899 by B. M. Hall and 

assistants: 

Measurement.9 of Chattahoochee River at Oakdale, Georgia. 

I Date. Gage Discharge. Date. Gage Discharge.! height. height.. 

~--

1899. 1899. 

Feet. Sec.-feet. Feet. 

March sec1.;rgJ· 11 .............. 4.35 4,397 September 9 ........... 1.32 

May1 ................. 3.80 3,452 October 6-------------- .67 1,150 

~~ 1.t:::~~====~~:::: 2.36 2,678 October 17 _ ............ .54 1,083 

I 3.92 4,788 November 18---------- .42 . 9~ -

A number of miscellaneous discharge measurements were made 

on tributaries of Chattahoochee River by B. M. Hall and his assist-
GEORGIA. 141 

ants during 18tH!. They are as follows, arranged in geographic 

order from the headstr~am down: Three measurements of Soquee 

River were made at Porter Mills, near Clarksville, Georgia. The 

first, on May 29, showed a discharge of 342 second-feet; the second, 

on June 7, gave a discharge of 239 second-feet; the third, on June 10, 

gave a discharge of 231 second-feet: The measurement of Hazel 

Creek, below the ford between Demorest and Porter Mills, on June 

10, showed a discharge of 63 second-feet. Two measurementslwere 

made on Chattahoochee River at Shallow Ford bridge, near Gainesville, Georgia, 5 miles above the mouth of Chestatee River. The 

first, on June 22, at a gage height of 1.30 feet, showed a dischar~ge of 

933 second-feet; the second, on October 10, at a gage height o .0Jl5 

foot, showed a discharge of 613 second-feet. Chestatee River at ewbridge post-office, Georgia, was discharging 354 second-feet on July 

19. Chattahoochee River at Barkers Ferry, near Bllford, Georgia, 

was carrying 782 second-feet on November 17. Sweetwater Creek 

enters the Chattahoochee 10 miles below Oakdale, Georgia. three 

measurements of its discharge were made at the Strickland bfidge 

near Austell. The first measurement, on Aprill9, gage height,'3.20, 

showed a discharge of 402 second-feet; the second, on June 24, gage 

height, 1.1 feet, gave a discharge of 242 second-feet. The third measurement, on October 24, gave a discharge of 108 second-feet. 1 The 

three following measurements were made of Chattahoochee ~iver, 

between. Oakdale and West Point: October 3, at Moodys b~dge, 

on the Owensbyville wagon road, at a gage height of 0.0 feet, the discharge was 1,165 second•feet; on October 4 tbe river at Franklin, 

Georgia, about 40 miles above West Point, at a gage height of -to. 70 

foot, showed a discharge of 1,164 second-feet; on November ~ this 

river at McGees bridge, about 20 miles above West Point, Ge9rgia, 

at a gage height of 0.40 foot, was carrying 1,670 second-feet. 

Yellow Jacket Creek, at its mouth just above McGees bridge, was 

discharging 77 second-fee~ on November 4. I 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Chattahonchee River at Oakdale, Georgia, fo~ 1899. 

LOWER GAGE AT MASON & TURNER'S FERRY. (a) I 

8•• Feb. Mar. ~pr. May. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. 

------------

1 4.25 5.10 9.80 13.00 4.7(]) 17 ..... 4.75 7.25 24.25 5.25 

160 2 ____ 4.75 4.50 6.85 7. 75 4.~ 18 ...... 4.50 6.10 11.00 4.95 50 3 ____ 3.60 5.80 6.17 6.50 4.4 19 _____ 4.10 5.60 10.50 5.00 55 4 ____ 3.40 4.90 5.90 7.75 4.35 2(])_ ---- 3.90 4.90 15.00 4.95 50 

5 .... 3.10 6.50 8.10 6.50 4.50 2L ..... 3.75 5.25 8.75 4.85 3.4.5 6 .... 3.75 10.00 8.50 5.90 5.10 22 ..... 3.60 5.20 7.25 4.85 5.50 7 ____ 6.75 16.00 6.40 6.50 4.60 23----- 3.90 5.00 9.50 4.75 3.60 8 ____ 6.10 21.50 5.90 7.75 4.35 24----- 4.25 4.90 9.00 4.95 3.50 9 ____ 5.25 13.40 5.50 7.50 4.25 25 _____ 4.10 4.60 6.50 7.25 3.35 1Q ____ 4.70 9.50 5.25 7.10 4.10 26 _____ 4.25 10.23 7.10 8.00 

~~ 1L .. 6.30 6.40 5.10 6.80 4.00 27.. ___ 3.70 22.13 6.20 6.25 12 ____ 4.75 5.50 5.00 5.75 3.95 28.---- 3.45 18.88 6.10 5.25 13 ____ ·3 ~ 4.25 4.90 4.95 5.25 3.90 29----- 3.25 -------- 7.90 5.00 14 ____ 4.50 4.10 6.25 5.20 3.85 ao- ---- 3.50 -------- 6.45 4.80 6 10 15 ____ 5.50 4.60 10.00 5.10 3.80 3L ____ 4.65 -------- 12.30 -------- 3.40 

16 --- 4.90 5.60 21.50 5.00 3.70 

----

a Discontinued May 31. 
142 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STA'fiONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.a6. 

UPPER GAGE AT SOUTHERN RAILWAY BRIDGE. 

Ff· . July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. June. JuTy.l Aug.lsept. Oct. Nov. Dec . 

----

L 2.45 1.50 1. 70 4.60 0. 40 o. 61) 1.30 17 ... 2.05 o.8o I o.6o o.5o 0.50 0.60 1.60 2 .. 2.40 1.40 1.40 2. 70 .10 .50 1.80 18 ... 2.05 1.00 .60 .30 .60 .50 1.30 

3 •. 2.30 1.35 1.20 "2.10 .10 .. 50 1. 50 19 ... 2.00 1. 30 .50 .40 .60 .50 1.10 4 .. 2.10 1.25 1.10 1.90 .10 .50 1. 40 20 ... 1. 90 1.00 .40 .40 .80 .40 1.20 

5 .. 2.05 1.20 1.10 1.60 .40 .50 1.10 21... 1. 75 1.35 .40 .40 .90 .40 1.10 6 .. 2.00 1.40 1.00 1.00 .60 .40 .90 22 ... 1. 70 

3.80 I .40 .40 .70 .90 1.10 7 .. 2.00 1.40 .90 .90 1.60 .40 .80 23 ... 1.55 2.30 .30 .30 .60 2.00 3.40 

8 .. 2.05 1.40 .80 .80 1.50 .40 .80 24 ••• 1.55 1.90 .20 .30 .50 2.40 5.50 

9 .• 2.05 1.40 . 70 . 70 2.00 .40 .80 25 ... 1.80 .80 .10 .30 .50 1. 70 4 60 

10 .. 2.10 1.30 .60 . 70 1.20 . 40 .80 26 ... 2.05 2.10 .20 .30 .40 3.00 3.40 

11 .. 2.15 1.30 .60. 3.00 .90 .40 . 70 27 ... 2.20 2.10 5.20 .20 .50 2.80 2.40 12 .. 2.75 1.10 .50 1.10 .70 . 70 2.20 28 ... 2.00 5.90 3.40 .20 .50 2. 70 2.00 

13 .. 4.80 1.10 .50 .90 . 70 .50 6.40 29 ... 1.80 3.40 1.40 .20 .90 2.10 2.10 

14 •• 4.00 .90 .50 .so . 70 .50 3.10 30 ... 1.60 3.30 3.20 .20 .70 1.80 1.80 

15 .. 2.90 .80 .50 .70 .60 . 50 2.40 31.. . ------ 3.20 2.80 -----· .60 ------ 1. 70 

16 .. 2.25 .80 .60 .60 .50 .60 1.80 

_ CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER AT WEST POINT, GEORGIA. 

This station was established July 30, 1896, by Max Hall, and is at 

the highway bridge in West Point, Georgia, about 1,200 feet above 

the railroad passenger station. A wire gage is suspended from the 

bridge and referred to four bench marks. First bench mark, downstream end, top of" first iron-floor beam from the west bank pier of 

highway bridge, elevation 24.01 feet above datum; second bench 

mark, downstream end, top of second iron-floor beam from west bank 

pier of the highway bridge, elevation 24.19 feet above datum; third 

bench mark, top of second stone pier, Atlanta and West Point Railroad bridge, 1,000 feet upstream, elevation 24.65 feet; fourth bench 

mark, notch in large oak tree, east bank of river, 100 feet above 

wagon bridge, elevation 19.26 feet. The length of the wire gage is 

_ 33.46 feet. The gage was last verified March 14, 1899. The channel 

is straight and without obstructions, except from the piers of the 

bridge. The flow is sluggish in low stages of water. The banks 

overflow at high water, but all ordinary stages of water pass through 

the main channel. The bed of the stream is fairly constant. The 

observer is C. P. Jennings, a clerk in the Atlanta and West Point 

freight depot. He is paid by the United States Weather Bureau. 

'l'he results of measurements at West Point may be found as follows: 

1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 92; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, PartJV, page 239; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 183. The following measurements were made by B. M. 

Hall and his assistants during 1899: 

March 14, gage height, 5.30 feet; discharge, 8, 726 second-feet. 

April24, gage height, 4.72 feet; discharge, 7,144 second-feet. 

May 13, gage height, 3.80 feet; discharge, 4,828 second-feet. 

June 26, gage height, 3.06 feet; discharge, 3,234 second-feet. 

September 12, gage height, 3.10 feet; discharge, 3,689 second-feet. 

October 18, gage height, 2.07 feet; discharge, 2,088 second-feet. 

December 16, gage height, 3,49 feet; discharge, 4,111 second-feet. 
GEORGIA. 143 

I 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Chattahoochee River at West Point, Georgia, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

--~ ---------------------:-------

L .... 4.80 4.50 14.50 10.00 4.80 3.60 3.00 2.50 2.40 1.10 2.10 4.40 

2 •.••• 4.35 4.65 12.70 7.70 4.20 3.80 2.80 2.30 2.00 1.30 2.10 4.30 

3 •.... 4.20 10.20 6.50 7.00 4.10 3.20 2.70 2.80 2.90 1.80 1.90 3.40 

4 ..••• 4.10 8.30 5.80 7.15 3.90 3.10 2.50 2.80 2.40 1.10 1.90 3.40 

. 5 •.... 4.00 7.20 8.40 6.70 3.80 3.00 2.40 2,70 2.10 1.40 1.90 3.40 

L ... 4.00 5.80 7.00 6.40 3.75 3.00 2.40 2.80 3.00 1.50 1.90 3.20 

7 ..••. 5.50 9.10 6.10 6.90 3.75 2.90 2.40 2.80 2.90 1.80 1.90 3.10 

8 •.••• 5.75 13.80 5.00 7.30 3.70 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.00 2.40 1.90 3.10 

9 .•••• 5.50 13.00 5.20 6.80 3.80 2.80 2.00 2.40 1.90 2.70 1.90 2.90 

10 ..••• 5.60 9.05 5.00 6.30 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.30 2.90 2.60 1.90 2.60 

11.. ••• 7.00 6.30 4.00 6.00 3.80 3.10 3.20 2.10 2.50 2.30 1.90 2.40 

12 ...•. 8.80 5.90 4,.85 .5.40 3. 70 3.20 2.50 2.20 2.10 2.30 1.90 3.50 

13 .•••. 5.90 5.20 4,.00 5.15 3.65 3.80 2.30 2.30 2.40 2.10 1.00 4,.00 

14 .•••• 5.40 4,. 75 5.00 5.10 3.65 <l.OO 2.30 2.40 2.60 1.90 1.90 4.60 

15 .•..• 6.00 5.00 5.10 5.05 3.65 4.10 2.30 2.00 2.80 2.40 2.10 4.10 

16 ..... 5.20 5.20 10.50 5.00 3.60 3.60 2.10 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.20 3.60 

17 .•... 5.00 5.10 12.30 4.95 3.60 3.10 2.30 3.00 1.60 2.30 2.20 3.10 

18 .•... 4.90 4,.60 13.50 4.90 8.50 3.00 2.30 3.20. 1.60 2.30 2.10 3.00 

19 •••.. 4,.75 4.30 12.10 4.80 3.20 2.90 2.50 2.90 1.60 2.60 2.10 2.80 

20 ..••• 4.50 <l.OO 10.75 <l.60 3.10 2.80 2.70 2.40 1.50 2.90 2.10 2.80 

21 •.••• 4,.20 3.75 8.20 4.45 3.10 2.80 3.00 2.60 1.70 3.30 2.10 2.80 

22 ..••• 4.10 3.60 7.50 4.60 3.05 2.60 3.60 2.00 1.90 2.40 1.90 2.80 

23 .•••. 4.05 3.60 6.00 4.65 3.05• 2.50 4.20 3.00 2.30 2.40 2.00 3.20 

24, ••••• 3.00 3.50 7.20 4.70 4.80 2.70 4.70 3.20 1.10 2.30 2.20 6.00 

25 .•..• 3.80 3.50 7.00 4.80 4.10 2.00 3.60 3.50 1.20 2.50 3.00 5.70 

26 ••••• 3.60 3.50 6.50 5.60 3.80 3.40 3.00 2.00 1.20 2.10 3.10 5.60 

27 .•..•. 3.50 10.70 6.20 6.05 3.10 3.50 3.20 2.50 1.20 2.00 3.40 4.10 28 .•••• 3.65 15.20 6.15 5.10 3.40 3.20 5.90 3.10 1.30 2.10 3.20 3.60 

29 ••••• 3.75 ------- 6.80 5.00 3.30 . 3.00 3.30 3.60 1.80 2.10 3.50 3.40 

30 .•••. 4.00 ------- 6.80 4.70 3.25 3.20 2:00 2.90 1.90 2.20 4.20 3.30 

31 ••••• 4,.75 .......... - 7.15 --·--- <l.OO ------- 2.70 2.10 ------- 2.10 ------- 3.20 

A station has been maintained by the United States Weather Bureau 

at Eufaula, Alabama, 80 miles below West Point. The rod is attached 

to the west side of brick' pier of wagon bridge. The top of brick foundation of pier on west bank is 48.5 feet above gage datum. The 

drainage area above this point is reported to be ·6,900 square miles. 

ETOWAH RIVER AT CANTON, GEORGIA. 

The hea.dwaters of this stream adjoin those of Chattahoochee River 

on the east, and the headwater tributaries of Coosawattee River on 

the west. Its drainage area is on the southern slope· of the Blue 

Ridge Mountains, and it flows westerly into the Gulf drainage. A 

number of fine water powers occur throughout its length, the one at 

Cartersville, where it crosses the western fall line, being especially 

noted. This river joins the Oostanaula at Rome, Georgia, to form 

Coosa River. Its drainage basin is mapped on the following atlas 

sheets: Ellijay, Cartersville, and Suwanee. The gaging station was 

established by the United States Weather Bureau March 12, 1892. It 

is located at the iron highway bridge over the Etowah River, about 

1,000 feet north of and upstream from the Atlanta, Knoxville and 

Northern Railway station, Canton, Georgia, and about one-half a 

mile above the mouth of Canton Creek. The bench mark is the top 

of one of the four pieces of track iron which forms a cap on the left 

pier, upstream side, and on which the bridge rests, and is at an elevation of 23.30 feet above datum. Up to about 14 feet the river is con-
144 OPEH.ATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No:so. 

fined between its banks, but above this stage the river begins to 

overflow the bottom lands. The reports of discharge measurements 

are found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

95; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 242; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 189. The following measurements were made by B. M. Hall and his assistants in 1899: 

April27, gage height, 1.92 feet; discharge, 2,087 second-feet. 

June 23, gage height, 0.25 foot; discharge, 770 second-feet. 

September 27, gage height, -0.19 foot; discharge, 406 second-feet, 

November 10, gage height, -0.10 foot; discharge, 420 second-feet. 

Long Swamp Creek enters Etowah River 13 miles above Canton, 

Georgia. On April 21 it was measured at Revis Bridge, near Ballground, Georgia, and showed a discharge of 188 second-feet. Fourmile Creek, a tributary of Long Swamp Creek, was measured April 21 

near Ballground, Georgia, and showed a discharge of 20 second-feet. 

Sharp Mountain Creek enters the Etowah 8t miles above Canton. 

On November 10 a measurement of this stream, made by B. M. Hall 

near Ballground, Georgia, showed a discharg~ of 34 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Etowah River at Canton, Georgia, for 1899. 

I:':_ 2 .... . a:· ... . 4 ..••• 

5 .•.•• 

6 .... . 7 .... . 8 ... .. 9 ... .. 10 .... . 11. .. .. 12.. .. . 13 ... .. 14 ... .. 15 .... . 16 ... .. 17.. .. . 18 .... . 19.----

20 ... .. 21. .. .. 22 .... . 23 .... . 24 ... .. 

25 .. ·-- 26 ..... 

~-----

. 

-

-

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

--------------------

1.80 1.80 3.00 2.40 1.60 1.00 1.40 1.40 0.80 -0.40 

1.80 1.60 2.80 2.20 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.40 .60 -.40 

1.80 1.80 2.80 2.00 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.80 .110 -.50 

1.80 2.80 2.60 3.80 1.40 4.40 1.20 1.60 .60 -.50 

1.80 3.00 2.40 3.00 1.40 3.00 1.20 1.60 .60 -.50 

1.80 6.20 2.00 2.80 1.40 1.00 1.00 1.40 .60 .00 

1.60 8.00 1.811 2.80 1.40 1.00 1.40 1.20 .50 .20 

1.40 4.00 1.80 4.00 1.40 1.00 1.60 1.60 .50 .20 

1.40 3.20 1.60 3.00 1.60 1.00 4.00 1.80 .40 .20 

1.40 3.00 1.50 2.80 1.60 1.00 2.00 1.60 .40 .10 

1.40 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.40 1.40 1.80 1.60 .40 .10 

1.80 (a) 1.40 1.80 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.60 .40 .10 

1.80 

l~k 1.40 1.80 1.40 1.60 1.40 1.40 .40 .00 

2.80 3.60 1.80 1.80 1.40 1.40 1.20 .40 .00 

2.60 7.00 1.80 1.80 1.40 1.80 1.20 .40 .00 

2.40 2.00 18.20 1.60 1.80 1.40 1.90 1.00 .40 .00 

2.30 2.00 18.00 1.60 1.60 1.40 1.80 1.00 .30 .00 

2.30 2.00 £.00 1.60 1.60 1.40 1.80 .80 .30 .00 

2.20 . 2.00 4.00 1.40 1.60 1.40 1.80 .80 .30 .00 

2.20 1.80 3.00 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.40 .20 -.10 

2.00 '1.80 2.00 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.40 .10 -.10 

1.80 1.80 2.00 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.20 .00 -.10 

1.80 LBO 2.00 1.40 1.40 1.20 1.60 1.00 .00 -.10 

2.00 1.60 1.80 -1.80 1.40 1.20 1.40 1.00 .00 -.10 

2.80 1.40 1.80 4.80 1.40 1.20 1.20 .80 -.10 -.10 

2.00 1.80 2.80 3.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 .80 -.10 -.10 

1.80 10.00 2.00 2.80 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.40 -.10 ' .00 

1.80 5.00 1.80 2.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.20 -.20 .00 

1.80 --·---- 2.80 1.80 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.00 -.30 -.10 

10.00 ------- 2.00 1.70 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.00 -.30 -.10 

5.00 .............. 2.60 .............. 1.00 ------- 1.00 .80 ------- -.10 

a Gage covered with ice. 

COOSA W ATTEE RIVER A, CARTERS, GEORGIA. 

Nov. Dec. 

----

-0.10 0.10 

-.10 .40 

-.10 .40 

-.10 .40 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .20 

-.10 .30 - .10 2.80 - .10 .80 

-.10 .30 

.00 .20 

.00 .20 

.10 .20 

.00 .10 

.00 .10 

.00 .10 

.00 .10 

.00 .10 

.90 .80 

.70 3.00 

.70 3.00 

1.10 2.00 

.70 2.30 

.50 1.80 

.10 .60 

·.10 .60 

------- .60 

This river is formed by the junction of Ellijay and Cartecay rivers 

at Ellijay, Georgia, and flows in .a southwesterly direction, joining 

the Conasauga to form the Oostanaula. Its drainage area is fo.r the 
~ • GEORGIA. 145 

most part mountain us and covered with forest growth. The station 

·was established Au ust 15, 1896, at the iron highway bridge at Carters, Murray Count , Georgia, about 20 miles northeast of Calhoun, 

the most convenient railroad station. It is described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 96. Carters is the head of navigation, small boats running to Rome, Georgia, and the Coosa River 

below. It is at the foot of the g-reat shoals made by this stream in 

cutting through the Cohutta Mountains, the last of which is Carters 

Shoals, a short distance above the bridge, with a fall of 50 feet. The 

drainage area above this point is 532 square miles, of which 150 

square miles is on the Talking Rock Creek, whic · enters the river 

one-half mile above. The basin is mapped on D lton, Ellijay, Cartersville, and Suwanee atlas sheets. The length f the wire gage is 

37.24 feet. The top of the cylindrical iron pier t the right-bank 

downstream corner of bridge is 30.35 feet above age datum. The 

gage was last verified in August, 1898. '.Phe curr ntis swift, but is 

broken by a·gravel bar above the section. The ed is gravelly and 

not apt to change. The banks are high, but occas onally overflow in 

high water. The observer, H. S.. Weems, mer hant at Carters, 

Georgia, gives his services to the Survey with ut compensation. 

Records of measurement may be found as folio s: 1896 and 1897, 

Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 244 1898, Twentieth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 191. The folio ng measurements 

were made by 0. P. Hall and Max Hall in 1899: 

January 28, gage height, 2.14 feet; discharge, 868 second- eet. 

March 14, gage height, 8.95 feet; discharge, 5,240 second-£ et. 

March 14, gage height, 7.70 feet; discharge, 4,682 second-f et. 

May 26, gage height, 2.35 feet; discharge, 906 second-feet. 

June 22, gage height, 1. 75 feet; discharge, 653 second-feet 

October 19, gage height. 1.10 feet; discharge, 377 second-f et. 

A number of measurements of the tributari s of Coosawattee 

River have been made during the past season. E "jay River, at. the 

wagon bridge near Ellijay, Georgia, was measured n October 13, and 

showed a discharge of 80 second-feet. Talking ock Creek, which 

enters Coosawattee River just above Carters Stat· on, was measured 

twice during the year, the first time on May 26, hen the discharge 

was 144 second-feet, and the second time on Jun 22, when the discharge was 114 second-feet. April 22 Scared orn reek, a tributary 

of Talking Rock Creek, was discharging 32 sec nd-feet. Sallacoa 

Creek, which enters Coosawattee River from the outh 1 mile above 

Fields Mill Ferry, was measured on May 20, hen the discharge was 

found to be 103 second-feet. Coosawattee River i elf at Fields Mill 

Ferry, 5i miles above its junction with the Conasa ga, was measured 

October 14, showing a discharge of 388 second-feet. 
146 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No,36. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Goosawattee River at. Garters, Georgia, for 1899. 

I :y:u 

2-----

3 ....• 

4 ...•. 

5 ....• 6 ____ _ 

1-----

8 ..••• 9 ____ _ 

10 .•••. 11. .•.. 12 ..•.• 

13 ..•.. 

14 •.••• 15 ••.•. 16 ••••• 17 ••••• 18 .•••• 

19.----

20 .•••• 

21.. ••• 22 .•••• 23 .•••• 24, ____ _ 

25 ..••• 26 ••••• 27 .•... I 28 ...•. 

-

-

--------------------

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. N~. -~ LM aoo ~oo ~w a~ aoo L~ 1.00 1.00 Qm 0.95 0.95 

1.00 3.(](; 4.00 5.00 3.00 1.95 1.50 l.M 1.05 .75 .90 1.30 

1.90 3.50 3.50 5.20 3.20 1.95 1.~ LM LOO .70 .90 1.20 

2.00 15.M 3.50 6.00 3.00 1.00 1.~ 1.70 LOO .. 65 .90 1.20 

2.05 14.00 6.10 5.80 2.90 2.00 1.45 1.60 .95 .65 •. 85 1.10 

2.10 13.20 4.M 5.50 2.00 2.00 1.~ 1.50 1.00 .70 .85 1.00 

2.00 12.50 4.50 5.50 2.80 LOO 1.30 1.45 .95 .70 .80 1.10 

3.00 8.00 4.00 4.M 2.70 1.90 1.30 1.50 .00 1.50 .80 LOO 

2.00 6.00 3.20 4.00 2.65 1.8.5 1.60 1.50 .00 1.20 .00 .90 

2.00 6.00 3.00. 3.70 2.60 1.85 1.50 1.40 .90 1.00 .80 .90 

2.10 5.00 3.50 3.60 2.00 1.90 1.50 1.~ .95 .90 .M 1.10 

2.00 4.00 3.50 3.50 2.50 3.20 1-~ 1.311 .90 .00 .90 7.~ 

1.90 4.00 4.00 3.~ 2.60 3.00 1.~ 1.30 .90 .95 .90 5.00 

1.90 4.50 4.50 3.00 2.60 2.50 L~ 1.60 .90 .90 LOO 3.00 

2.00 4.50 19.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 1.35 1.50 .85 .90 .. 90 2.00 

2.20 4.00 12.00 3.10 2.50 2.20 1.30 1.~ .85 .00 .90 1.50 

2.80 5.00 10.00 4.00 2.~ 2.10 1.70 1.20 .85 .90 1.00 1.30 

2.60 4.70 9.00 4.00 2.30 2.00 1.50 1.20 .80 ·.85 1.05 1.10 2.~ 3.60 7.00 3.75 2.30 1.90 1.60 1.15 .85 .85 1.00 1.10 

2.30 3.50 6.00 3:50 2.20 1.00 l.M 1.15 .85 .90 1.10 1.20 

2.10 4.00 5.00 3.~ 2.20 1.M 2.20 1.10 .80 .90 1.10 1.20 

2.10 3.50 '8.00 3.00 2.30 1.70 3.00 1.10 .80 .90 1.00 1.~ 

2.00 3.~ 7.00 3.50 2.20 1.70 2.50 1.10 .85 .85 .90 1.50 

2.00 3.50 6.50 4.00 2.15 1.70 2.00 1.05 .85 .85 1.00 3.00 

2.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 2.15 1.60 2.00 1.05 .M .80 I 1.00 2.00 

2.30 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.10 1.60 3.20 1.10 80 .80 1.20 LOO 

2.10 15.00 5.20 4.00 2.10 1.50 3.00 1.10 .80 .75 1.10 1.30 

2.10 7.00 4.80 4.00 2.05. 1.50 3.00 1.05 .M .M 1.05 1.20 

2.10 ------- 4.50 3.70 2.05 1.~ 2.20 1.15 .75 1.00 11.00 1.20 

2.20 ------- 4.60 3.60 2.00 1.45 1.90 1.20 . M 

1:88 --~:~ • 1.10 2.~ 4.~ ------- 2.00 ------- 2.00 1.10 ------- 1.10 

OOSTANAULA RIVER AT RESACA, GEORGIA. 

This river is formed about 3 miles above Resaca by the junction 

of Coosawattee and Conasauga rivers, the former having a drainage 

area of 875 and the latter 648 square miles, while there are 4 square 

miles between the junction and Resaca. This gives a total drainage 

area of 1,527 square miles, mapped on atlas sheets Cleveland, Ellijay, 

Dalton, Cartersville, and Suwanee. The station is at the iron railroad bridge of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, in the town of 

Resaca, Georgia; 1,000 feet from the depot. On July 27, 1896, a 

di~charge measurement was made by Max Hall, and ·a station established using the Weather Bureau gage. On August 19 a wire gage 

was establisheu and referred to the same datum. The initial point is 

the right bank end iron of bridge, downstream side. The length of 

the wire gage is 43.40 feet. The first bench mark is on the top of 

capstone of center pier, at an elevation of 36.12 feet; the second is 

the top of crossti.e near center, at an elevation of 40.12 feet. The 

channel is straight and the current fairly swift. The bed is soft and 

liable to change; the banks somewhat subject to overflow. The 

observer is S. M. Barnett, railroad agent at station, who is also the 

observer for the Weather Bureau. Records of measurement may 

be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

98; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 245; 1898, Twen-
GEORGIA. 147 

tieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 190. Th~ follow~ng !fieasurements 

were made by Olin P. Hall and :Max Hall dttring 1199: 

April 26, gage height, 8.05 feet; discharge, 5,146 second-fa t. 

May 20, gage height, 4.15 feet; discharge, 1,671 second-fee . 

June 9, gage height, 3.10 feet; discharge, 1,171 second-feet1 

June 21, gage height, 3.05 feet; discharge, 1,087 second-fel'. 

October 14, gage height, 1. 75 feet; discharge, 644 second-£ et. 

Three measurements of the discharge of Conasa ga River at Fites 

Ferry, 3t miles above its mouth, were made durin~ the season. The 

first, on June 9, gave a discharge of 224 second-fee~; second, on June 

21, gave a discharge of 258 second-feet, and the third, on October 14, 

gave a discharge of 122 second-feet. 

Daily gage hefght, in feet, of Oo.staru.wl 1 River at Re.~aca, Georgia, fo1· 1899 (a). 

~·I••~ 1- Ao< INo• D~ Day.[ Jan. Feb. I Mar.[ Apr. Nov. Dec. 

--· ----,---- ----

~ 11.00 16.20 13.40 11.80 2.30 17 ... 6.10 12.10 28.60 6.20 2.00 3.30 

2 .. 5.00 8 .. 80 9.60 10.30 1. 70 2.50 18... 6.25 11.40 27.30 6.00 1.80 2.80 

3 .. 4.50 7.95 8.00 8. 40 1. 70 2.60 19 ... 5.65 10.20 26.60 6.10 1.80 2.70 

L 4.20 16.00 7.40 8.10 1. 70 2.30 2[1___1 5.10 9.55 26.20 6.00 1. 80 3.50 5__ 4.10 19.90 9.30 10.20 1. 70 2.20 2L. 1 4.85 8.10 27.30 5.80 1. 70 4.40 

6 .. 4.50 21.90 10.40 9.00 1. 70 2.10 22... 4. 70 8.20 25.20 5.60 1. 70 3.60 

L 7.50 25.50 9.40 8.90 1. 60 2.00 23 ... 4.50 8.65 21.10 5.40 2.30 3.30 

8 .. 9. 35 26.50 7.50 14.30 1.60 2.00 24 ... 4.55 7. 70 . 17.00 6.40 2.80 8.10 

9 .. 8.80 25.50 6.80 13.90 1.60 1. 90 25... 5.50 6.90 11.00 8.60 2.30 8.10 

10 .. 6.20 22.20 6.60 12.70 1. 60 2.00 26 ... 5.30 6.40 9.00 8.70 2.70 6.00 

11.. 5.85 15.80 6.40 8. 90 1.60 2.10 27... 4.80 17.50 8.60 7.00 3.80 4.30 

12.. 6.00' 8.20 6.10 7.80 1. 70 5.10 28 .. - 4.55 20.20 7.90 6.30 3.40 3.80 

13 .. 5.80 7.00 6.00 7.40 1. 70 8.00 29 .. - 4.40 -------111.65 5.80 2.80 3.70 

1L 5.30 6.35 8.00 7.00 1. 70 6.40 30 ... 4.20 -----.. 11.40 5.50 2.50 3.50 

15 .. 5.50 6.70 16.00 6.80 1. 60 4.00 31.._ 6.10 ------- 11.40 --·---- ------ 8.00 

16 .. 5.15 6.70 22.00 6.50 1.90 3.60 

aN o records from May 1 to October 31. 

MEASUREMENTS OF LARGE SPRINGS IN NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 

In the basin of Sallacmt Creek, a tributary of Coosawattee River, 

and in the adjoining basin of Oothkalooga Creek, are a number of 

large springs which were measured by Olin P. Hall in 1899. On :May 

30 Dooley Spring, 3 miles south of Fairmount, Georgia, gave a discharge of 0.92 second-foot; Doves :Mill Spring, near Cash, Georgia, 

16.2 second-feet; Bakers :Mill Spring, 5 miles south of Fairmount, 

Georgia, 3.9 second-feet. June 24 a number of springs in the basin 

of Sallacoa Creek showed discharges as follows: Colima Spring, near 

Colima, Georgia, 0.28 second-foot; Arnold Spring, 1 mile south of 

Colima, 0.38 second-foot; J. R. Byrd's spring, 2l miles northwest of 

Fairmount, Georgia, 0.47 second-foot; R. W. Lander's spring, 3 miles 

east of Pinelog, Georgia, 4.27 second-feet; J. A. Johnson's spring, 2t 

miles. east of Pinelog, Georgia, 0.48 second-foot; Oakhill Church 

Spring, 2t miles east of Pinelog, Georgia, 1.85 second-feet. 

The five following springs occur in the basin of Oothkalooga Creek, 

which enters Oostanaula River 1 mile below Calhoun. On June 26 

their discharge was measured and found to be as follows· Hayse 
148 OPERATIONS AT RIVER S'l'ATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

Spring, at Folsom, Georgia, 0.35 second-foot; Cedar Spring, at Mos~ 

tetters Mill, it miles west of Folsom, 4.45 second-feet; Trimble Spring, 

2 miles north of Adairsville, Georgia, 2.35 second-feet; Gardners 

Spring, 5 miles north of Adairsville, 0.41 second-foot; Blackwood 

Spring, 5 miles southeast of Calhoun, Georgia, 1.00 second-foot. 

COOSA RIVER AT ROME, GEORGIA. 

Coosa River is formed by the junction of Etowah and Oostanaula 

rivers at Rome, Georgia. The drainage area is 3, 720 square miles .. 

Both of the tributary rivers rise in the northern part of Georgia and 

flow for the most part through a hilly, broken country, well wooded, 

about one-fourth of the land being under cultivation. The Coosa 

River flows in a southwesterly direction into Alabama ~nd joins the 

Tallapoosa 6 miles above Montgomery, Alabama, to. form Alabama 

River. Measurements of flow are made at Rome and at Riverside, 

120 miles farther downstream, and will be made in 1900 at Montgomery and Selma. The meatmrements at Rome are made on the Oostanaula and Etowah just above their junction. Etowah River is measured at ·second avenue bridge and the Oostanaula at Fifth avenue 

bridge in Rome, and the results added to give the flow of Coosa River. 

The gage height is taken from the United States Weather Bureau gage 

at Fifth avenue bridge, on the Oostanaula. There is practically no 

fall on Oostanaula River from Fifth avenue bridge to the junction,_ 

hence the gage is used as Coosa River gage and gives the fluctuations 

of Coosa River. This gage is a 4 by 6inch timber, graduated to feet 

and tenths and fastened to the downstream left-hand corner of the 

:first pier from the left bank. The zero of gage is 575.79 feet above 

sea level. The United States Weather Bureau has maintained the 

station here for many years. It is now maintained only as a half-year 

station, from November 1 to April 30, inclusive, but W. M. Towers, 

the river observer, kindly reads the gage and furnishes the Survey 

with monthly reports of the daily gage heights for the entire year 

without charge. Mr. Towers has kept the records for many years and 

has predicted floods with great precision. The channel of the Etowah 

is straight, current swift and unobstructed, but th'e Oostanaula is 

rather sluggish and somewhat obstructed by piers. The banks are 

high, but liable to overflow in times of high water. Records of measurements may be found as follows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 198; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part rv; page 

184. The following measurements have been made by Max Hall and 

others during 1899: 

January 25, gage height, 3.80 feet; discharge, 6,540 second-feet;. 

January 25, gage height, 3.60 feet; discharge, 5,932 second-feet. 

May 19, gage height, 2.75 feet; discharge, 4,394 second-feet. 

June 16, gage height, 2.40 feet; discharge, 3,352 second-feet. 

August 4, gage height, 1.45 feet; discharge, 2,835 second-feet. 

October 13, gage height, 0.60 foot; discharge, 1, 769 second-feet. 
GEORGIA AND ALABAMA. 149 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Coosa River nt Rorne, Georgia, for 1899. 

§-Jan. 

3.00 

L::: 4 ____ _ 

5 .... . 6 .... . 7 ____ _ g ____ _ 9 ____ _ 

10 ....• 

11.----

12 ..•.. 

13 .. --- 14.----

15 ..... 

16.----

. 17.----

18 ...•. 

19.----

20 ..... 

21.----

22 .... . 23 .... . 2L .. . 25 .•... 

26 ....• 27.. .. _ 28 ..••• 29 ....• 

30 ..••• 31.. ... 

3.40 

3.00 

2. 70 

2.60 

2.60 

3.60 

5.90 

5.90 

4.90 

4.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.80 

3.60 

3.60 

4.00 

4.20 

4.00 

3. 70 

3.30 

3.20 

3.10 

3.50 

3.80 

3.80 

3.30 

3.00 

3.00 

2.90 

4.40 

Feb. Mar. Apr., May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

6.90 19.70 13.20 4.00 3.00 1.70 2.20 3.40 0.40 

7.80 15.00 10.60 3.70 2.60 1.50 1.90 2.00 .30 

6.00 8.60 7.90 3.70 .2.60 1.00 1. 70 1.60 .30 

9.20 6.60 7.20 3.50 2.00 .90 1.50 1.40 .30 

15.30 7.80 9.50 3. 50 2.00 2.00 1.40 1.30 .30 

18.20 9.00 8.20 3.50 2.00 1.90 1.50 1.30 .50 

27.80 8.00 8.20 3. 70 2.00 1.90 1.60 1,20 .70 

24.00 6.80 15.00 3.70 1.90 3.00 1.50 1.00 .70 

22.40 5.70 13.40 3.60 1.80 2.10 1.80 1.00 .80 ~1.00 5.40 11.20 3.50 1.80 1.90 1.60 1.00 .60 

10.00 5.20 9.50 3.30 1.80 2.50 1.40 2.90 1.00 

16.50 4.90. 7.00 3.10 2.20 2.80 1.40 2.30 .90 

7·.00 4.50 6.40 3.10 3.80 2.00 1.20 1.50 .70 

5.00 6.00 5.90 3.00 4.00 1.60 1.10 1.00 . 70 

5.00 16.60 5.60 3.00 3.50 1.30 1.30 .90 .60 

5.50 27.70 5.40 2.90 2.50 1.80 1.90 .80 .60 

8.90 29.20 5.20 2.80 2.10 5.20 1.60 .60 .60 

9.50 25.80 4.80 2.80 2.00 4.20 1.40 .80 .60 

8.50 24.90 4.70 2.80 2.00 ·4.80 1.10 .60 .60 

7. 70 26.20 4.60 2.80 2.00 8.80 .90 . 70 .60 

6.80 24.60· 4.30 2.60 I 1.80 12.80 .90 .70 . 70 

6.90 23.00 4.10 2.60 2.20 7.90 .80 .60 .70 

7.30 22.60 4.00 .2.40 1. 70 4.80 .80 .60 .60 

6.60 21.90 5.40 2.60 1. 70 3.90 .70 .50 .50 

6.80 18.00 7.40 2.50 1.70 2.80 :70 .50 .40 

5.50 10.50 9.10 2.40 1. 70 2.60 .70 .50 .40 

19.10 7. 70 6.70 2.20 2.10 3.80 2.60 .50 .40 

23.40 6.80 5.50 2.20 1.90 3.00 2.50 .60 .40 

------- 8.80 I 4.80 2.00 1. 90 2.40 2.50 .50 .40 

------- 9.30 4.20 2.00 1.80 1.40 2.00 .40 .50 

------· 10.20 ------ 3.30 ------ 1.20 2.50 ------- .80 

----· 

COOSA RIVER AT RIVERSIDE, ALABAMA. 

_rn:l 

;1~1 

Nov 

0. 

6 1.1 

5 1.5 

5 1.3 4 1.1 

4 1.0 3 .9 3 .8 

3 .8 

a .s 

a .8 3 2.8 

3 6.1 4 5.0 

4 3.2 

5 2.0 

9 1.8 

7 1. 7 

5 1.3 

5 1.6 

5 2.0 4 2.0 

1: 0 1.8 2. 1 7.2 

1. 5 7.5 

2. 5 5.0 

g111J~:& 9 3.0 

4 3.4 - 2.0 

3. 

2. 

1. 

1. 

------

This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 99, was established Sept.ember 25, 1896, at the bridge of the 

Southern Railway across Coosa River near Riverside, Alabama. The 

drainage area is 6,850 square miles.. It is mapped on the Springville, 

Anniston, Gadsden, Fort Payne, Rome, Tallapoosa, Marietta, Cartersville, Suwanee, Ellijay, Dalton, Cleveland, Ringgold, and Stevenson 

atlas sheets. The town of Riverside is on the west bank of the river, 

and the railroad station is 1,000 feet west of the bridge at which the 

measurements are made. The length of the gage wire is 38.35 feet. 

The first bench mark is the top capstone on the large circular center 

pier of turn-span, the elevation of which is 26.80 feet above gage 

datum; second bench ma~k is base of rail near same pier, and is 32.80 

feet above gage datum. The channel is straight, current swift, but 

somewhat obstructed by a ledge of rock under water about 300 feet 

above the station. The observer is J. W. Foster, Riverside, .Alabama. 

The records of measurement may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 101; 1897, Nineteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 248; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part I,V, 

pa~e 187. The following measurements were made by Max Hall and· 

others during 1899: 

April 26, gage height, 9.00 feet; discharge, 29,069 second-feet. 

May 3, gage height, 4.05 feet; discharge, 10,592 second-feet. 

May 20, gage height, 2.70 feet; discharge, 6,276 second-feet. 

June 14, gage height, 2.20 feet; discharge, 5,010 second-feet. 

. IRR 36-4 
150 OPERATIONS AT RIVER i:iTATIONS1 1899.-~ART II. [No.36. 

August 26, gage height, 1.42 feet; discharge, 3,791 second-feet. 

September 23, gage height, 1.00 foot; discharge, 2,457 second-feet. 

November 7, gage height, 0.85 foot; discharge, 2,271 second-feet. 

December 9, ga!l'e height, 1.20 feet; discharge, 2,727 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Coosa River at Riverside, Alabama, .for 1899. 

Day. 

---

L .... 

2 ...•. 

3 .••.. 

4.. ... 5 ..... 

6 ...•• 

7 ...•• 

8 .•.•• 

9 .•••. 

10 .•... 

11.. ... 12 .•••. 

13 ..... 

14 ••••• 

15 ..... 

16 ..... 

17 ...•• 

18 .•••. 

19 .•••• 20 .••.• 21.. ... 22 .•... 

23 ••••• 

24 .•••• 25 ..•.. 

26 ••••• 27 •.•.. 

28 .•... 

29 ..•.. 

30 ...•• 

31.. ••• 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 

------------ 2.80 5.90 12.10 10.30 5.00 2.70 

2.75 6.30 12. :ro 10.20 4.50 2.80 

2.75 7.50 12.30 10.00 4.20 2.80 

2.80 7.40 12.10 9.80 3.95 2.60 

2.80 9.10 10.10 8.90 3.80 2.30 

3.00 12.10 9.00 8.75 3. 75 2.10 

3.50 14.10 8.00 9.00 3.60 2.00 

4.30 14.30 7.50 10.00 4.00 2.00 

4.20 14.30 7.25 12.30 3.85 1.95 

4.40 14.10 7.00 12.00 3.80 1. 95 

5.20 13.80 6.15 11.70 3.45 1.95 

5.90 13.00 5.20 10.00 3.30 1.95 

5.60 12.00 5.50 8.90 3.20 2.00 

5.00 10.90 7.50 7.90 3.00 2.15 

4. 70 8.70 8.30 6.30 3.00 2.80 

4.90 7.90 16.00 5.55 2.95 3.20 

5.00 7.60 17.40 5.25 2.95 2.95 

4.90 7.80 17.00 5.10 2.80 2.50 

4.70 8.10 16.50 5.00 2.80 2.25 

4.60 8.20 16.30 4.80 2.75 2.00 

4.20 8.00 16.35 4.60 2.75 1.80 

4.00 7.65 16.20 4.30 2. 70 1. 70 

3.90 8.00 15.BO 4.75 2.70 1. 70 

3.90 8.10 15.70 5.65 2.65 1.60 

4.00 7.30 15.50 8.90 2.60 1. 75 

4.25 7.00 14.90 9.00 2.50 1.60 

4.15 8.30 13.25 8.90 2.45 1.60 

4.00 11.00 11.00 8.30 2.35 1.65 

3.90 ------· 8.00 6.90 2.30 1.70 

3.75 -----·- 7.90 5.45 2.20 1.65 

3.70 ------- 8.50 ------- 2.70 -------

July. Aug. Sept. 

------

1. 70 3.95 2.30 

1.70 3.00 2.40 

1.65 2.30 2.80 

1.60 2.00 2.40 

1.50 1.90 2.10 

1.50 1. 75 2.00 

1.4.'; 1.65 1.65 

1.40 1.50 1.40 

1. 70 1.50 1.30 

1.60 1.55 1.25 

1.50 1.55 1.25 

1.50 1.60 2.20 

1.40 1.50 2.50 

1.40 1.45 2.65 

1.30 1.50 2.00 

1.30 1.50 1.40 

1.30 1.50 1.25 

1.20 1.55 1.20 

1.30 1.50 1.20 

1.50 1.45 1.10 

1.50 1.45 1.00 

1.90 1.35 .95 

3.20 1.30 1.00 

4.70 1.30 1.00 

3.60 1.30 1.00 

3.20 1.60 1.00 

3.00 1.20 .95 

3.60 1.10 .95 

4.20 1.50 .90 

5.20 2.10 .90 

4.75 2.10 -------

Oct. 

--

0.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

.95 

1.20 

1.30 

1.40 

1.30 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.10 

1.01) 

.95 

:95 

.90 

.90 

.95 

1.20 

1.15 

1.00 

1.00 

.95 

. 95 

.90 

.95 

Nov 

-~§ 0.9 5 2.60 

95 2.00 

.9 5 1.60 

95 1.50 

.9 5 1.45 

5 1.40 

95 1.35 

.9 

95 ). 30 

:9 

95 1. 30 

5 1.35 

:9 

95 1. 40 

95 5. so 

5 8.25 

0 8.00 

00 6.00 

1.0 

1. 

1. 

1.0 

00 4.50 

0 3.75 

0 3.60 

00 3. 40 

1.0 

1. 

1. 

:9 

00 3. 00 

95 2. 85 

5 2. 75 

5 3.00 

5 5.40 

.9 

.9 

1. 

2. 

2. 

00 6. 40 

15 7.10 

3.0 ogl!!J7: :l& 3 . 

2.7 

00 6.00 

5 4.85 •• 4.00 -----

COOSA RIVER AT LOCKS NOS. 4- AND 5, ALABAMA. 

The station at Lock No. 4 is located 3 miles above Riverside, Alabama. Measurements here give the discharge past Riverside except 

the small quantity, about 1 cubic foot per second, flowing into the 

Coosa from Blue Spring Branch. The measurements are made from 

the bridge of the Southern Railway at Riverside. A record has been 

kept at Lock No. 4 by the United States Engineer Corps. The first 

section of the vertical gage rod is fastened to the lower end of the 

cofferdam, 500 feet below the dam on the river. The second section 

is fastened to a sycamore tree, 150 feet below rod. The zero of rod is 

477.30 feet above the Mobile datum. The bench mark is a brass point 

in a stone post 1,000 feet up the river from lower gage, and is 510.55 

feet above Mobile datum. 

'fhe station at I~ock No. 5 is described in the Eighteenth Annual 

Report, Part IV, page 101, and is located one-half mile above the Birmingham and Atlantic Railroad crossing and about 20 miles b~low 

gaging station at Riverside, Alabama. The gage is vertical in two 

sections, fastened to the trees immediately above the landing of 

Collins Ferry. The zero of the gage is 460.37 feet above Mobile datum. 

Bench mark No.1, which is on the tree to which one section of the rod 

is fastened, is 471.80 feet above Mobile datum. Bench mark No. 2 is 
ALABAMA. 151 

center of iron plate at top of cylindrical pier, at right bank upstream 

side of the railroad bridge, and is at an elevation of 493.91 feet 

Mobile datum. Records of river height are kept by the United States 

Engineer Corps, and are kindly furnished to the Survey. Measurements of discharge are not made at either of these stations. 

Daily gage height. in feet, o.f Coosa River, at Lock No. 4, Alabama, .for 1899. 

8'"" Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. I July. Aug. I Sept. Oct. 

------------------ No. """· I 

L........ 3.0 7. 6 14.0 11.6 5; 5 2. 8 1. 9 4. 5 2. 2 0. 4 0.5 2.2 

2 .. ---- 3.0 7.7 14.2 11.7 5.2 2.9 1.8 3.3 2.3 .4 .5 1.9 

3 .. ---- 3.3 8.8 14.2 11.1 4.8 2.9 1.6 2;'5 3.2 .5 .6 1.4 4 ........ 3.5 8.6 13.5 10.6 4.6 2.6 1.5 2.0 2.5 .5 .6 1.4 5 _____ 3.3 10.7 11.4 9.8 4.3 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 .5 .6 1.4 

6 ....... 3.3 14.2 9.5 8.6 4.2 2.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 .5 .6 1.4 

7 ....... 3.9 15.9 9.2 9.8 4.1 2.7 1.3 1. 7 1.3 .5 .6 1.3 

8 ...... 5.0 16.4 8. 9 12c8 4.6 2. 7 1.3 1.5 1.3 .5 .5 1.1 

9 ..... 5.4 16.4 8.3 14.0 4.4 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 .8 .5 1.0 

10 ..... 6 0 16.1 7.3 13.9 4.3 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.0 1.1 .5 1.0 

11.. .... 6.4 15.8 6.5 13.2 4.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 .9 1.0 .5 l.U 

12 ...... 6.6 15.5 6.1 11.6 ' 4.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.0 .5 6. 7 

13 .. ---- 6.0 14.9 5.8 10.0 3.8 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.3 .5 9.4 14 _____ 5.8 13.9 8. 5 8.1 3.8 2.0 1.4 1.4 2.8 .8 .5 9.8 

15 .. ---- 5.5 10.6 9.4 7.1 3.3 2.7 1.3 1.3 1.8 .9 .5 7.4 16 _____ 5.1 7.5 19.7 6.6 3.3 3. 7 1.3 1.4 1.3 .2 .6 5.8 17 _____ 5.4 7,8 ' 20.2 6.2 3.3 2.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 .3 .6 4.3 

18 .. ---- 5.8 8.6 19.1 5.9 3.0 2.2 1.1 1.5 .9 .3 .5 3.4 19 _____ 5.7 9.6 18.5 5. 7 3.0 1.9 1.1 1.9 .8 .4 .4 2.8 

20 ....... 5.4 9.6 18.8 5.4 3.0 2.0 1.1 1.7 .7 .4 .4 2.4 

21... ... 5.0 9.1 18.8 '5.2 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 .7 .4 .8 2.6 22 _____ 4.6 8.8 18.7 5.1 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.2 .6 .4 .6 3.0 23 ..... 4.3 9. 7 18.4 5.5 2.8 1.7 2.2 1.0 .4 .4 .7 3.0 

24 ..... 4.3 9.3 18.0 6.8 2.7 1.7 5.6 .9 .3 .4 .8 5.9 

25 ...... 4.8 8.6 17.5 10.6 2.9 1.7 5.5 1.0 .3 .2 .8 7.6 26 ...... 4.9 7.7 17.0 10.5 3.0 1.6 3.8 1.4 .4 .6 2.2 8.3 

27 ....... 4.9 11.2 16.7 10.5 2. 7 1.6 3.4 1.0 .4 .6 3.1 7.8 28_; ___ 4.6 12.9 15.2 9.8 2. 7 1.5 3.4 1.0 .4 .5 3.4 6.3 

29 ...... 4.3 ~------ 12.7 8.0 2. 7 1.8 4.1 1.5 .5 .6 3.1 5.4 

30 ...... 4.0 ------- 9.5 6.0 2.4 1.8 6.3 2.1 .4 .5 2.8 4.4 

31.. ... ------- ------- 9.5 ------- 3.0 ------- 5.3 2.3 ------- .5 ------- 3.8 

Daily gage height, in .feet, o.f Coosa River at Lock No. 5, Alabama, .for 1899. 

§-Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. I July. Aug. Sept. I Oct. Nov. Dec. __ I __ 1-

1. 7 3.9 10.5 8.6 3.3 1.3 0.8 2.5 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 

2 .... .. 1.7 4.7 10.4 8.8 2.9 1.4 .7 1.7 1.1 .1 .1 .8 

3 .... . 1. 7 5.7 10.4 8.1 2. 7 1.5 .6 1.2 1.1 .1 .1 .6 

4 .... .. 1. 7 5.6 10.0 7.6 2.5 1.4 .6 .9 1.0 .1 .1 .5 

5 .... .. 1.7 7.1 8. 9 7. 4 ~-3 1.2 .6 .7 .8 .1 .1 .5 

6 ..... . 1.6 10.1 6.7 6. 7 2.2 1.0 .5 .7 .6 .1 .1 .5 

7 .... . 1.9 12.1 6.4 7.6 2.1 .9 .4 .7 .5 .1 .1 .4 

8 ..... .. 2.8 12.5 6.0 10.0 2.0 .9 .5 .6 .5 .1 .1 .4 9.---- 3.0 12.4 5.4 11.0 2.3 .9 .5 .6 .4 .1 .,1 .4 10 ____ _ 

11... ... 3.3 12.0 4.7 10.5 2.2 .8 .7 :~- .4 .2 .1 .4 4.1 11.6 4.0 9. 7 2.0 .8 . 7 .3 .3 .1 .4 12 ____ _ 

13 ....... 4.1 11.4 3.7 8.5 .2.0 .9 .6 .5 .3 .3 .1 4.0 3.7 10.9 4.3 7.0 1.8 .9 .6 .5 .3 .4 .1 5.6 14 ____ _ 3.4 10.0 6.0 5.4 1.8 1.0 .5 .5 1.3 .4 .1 6.2 15 ____ _ 3.2 7.8 6. 7 4.6 1.7 1.3 .5 .5 .8 .3 .1 5.4 16 ____ _ 3.0 4.8 14.8 4.0 1.7 1.8 .4 .8 .5 .2 .1 4.6 17 ____ _ 3.0 5.0 15.4 3.9 1.6 1.6 .4 .5 .3 .2 .1 2.4 18 ____ _ 3.3 5.6 14.5 3.6 1.5 1.3 .4 .5 .3 .1 .1 1.6 19 ____ _ 3.2 6.2 14.0 3.4 1.5 1.0 .4 .8 .2 .1 .1 1.3 20 ....... 3.0 6.4 14.1 3.2 1.5 .9 .3 .6 .2 .1 .1 1.2 21 ____ _ 2.8 6.0 14.0 3.1 1.5 .8 .5 .6 .1 .1 .1 1.2 

22 ... .. 2.5 5.8 14.0 3.0 1.4 .8 .8 A .1 .1 .1 1.3 23 .... . 2.3 6.4 14.0 3.0 1.3 .7 1.4 .4 .1 .1 .1 1.4 

24 .... .. 2.3 6.1 13.5 4.0 1.3 . 7 2.9 .4 .1 .1 .1 2.4 25 .... .. 2.6 5.6 13.0 7.1 1.3 . 7 3.0 .4 .1 .1 .1 4.6 

26 .... . 2.7 5.0 12.7 7.2 1.3 .6 2.1 .4 .1 .1 .8 5.3 

27.. .... . 2. 7 9.5 12.4 7.2 1.3 .6 1. 7 .4 .1 .1 1.5 4.9 

2.5 9.6 11.0 6.6 1.1 .6 1.9 .3 .1 .1 1.7 3.8 

- 2.3 ~ ------ 9.5 5.3 1.1 .7 2.6 .5 .1 .1 1.4 2.8 - 2.1 ------- 7.1 4.0 1.0 .9 3.8 1.0 .1 .1 1.3 2.3 

- 2.2 ------- 6.9 ------- 1.3 ------- 3.1 1.0 ·------ .1 ------- 1.9 
152 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 18!19.-PART II. [N0,36, 

OOOSA RIVER AT WETUMPKA, ALABAMA. 

This station is locat~d at gage No. 1, 3 miles above Wetumpka, Alabama, and was established November 5, 1889, by the United States 

Engineer Corps, who have maintained daily gage readings since that 

date until December 31, 1898, when the station was abandoned. The 

gage heights here are affected by backwater from Tallapoosa River at 

high stages of the latter stream, so that the record does not show the 

true flow of Coosa River. Discharge measurements can not be made 

at the Wetumpka bridge, as it is located directly over a shoal. 

Discharge measurements will be made next year at Montgomery, 10 

miles below Wetumpka, but below the mouth of Tallapoosa River, 

and at Selma, 45 miles below Montgomery, at both of which points 

Weather Bureau stations are maintained. 

TALLAPOOSA RIVER AT MILSTEAD, ALABAMA. 

Tallapoosa River rises in the west-central part of Georgia and flows 

in a southwesterly direction into Alabama, where it joins the Coosa, 

to form Alabama River, 6 miles above Montgomery, Alabama. Its 

upper tributaries drain an area between the Chattahoochee and Coosa 

basins. At Tallassee, Alabama, it crosses the southern fall line. The 

shoals at this place have a fall of 60 feet, forming an obstruction to 

navigation. The drainage area is largely wooded, with cultivated 

fields at short intervals. A gaging station was established at Milstead 

on August 7, 1897, at the bridge of the Tallassee and Montgomery 

Railway, about one-foulilth of a mile from Milstead, Alabama. The 

bridge is of iron, two spans of about 155 feet each, with short wooden 

trestles at each end. The initial point of measurement is the end of 

iron bridge, left bank, downstream side. 'fhe rod of wire gage is 

fastened to outside of guard rail on downstream side of bridge. The 

gage was last verified April18, 1899. The bench mark is top of second 

cross beam from left-bank pier, downstream end, and is 60.00 feet 

above datum. The channel is straight at the bridge, and bends above 

and below. The· current is sluggish at low water and obstructed by 

center pier of bridge.~ The banks are high, but overflow at extreme 

. high water for several hundred feet on each side. The bed is fairly 

constant, and all water is confined to the main channel by railroad 

embankments. The observer is. Seth Johnson, a farmer and fruit 

grower, Milstead, Alabama. Records of discharge measurements may 

be found as follows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

250; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 193. 
ALABAMA. 1531 

The following measurements were made by .Max Hall during 1899: 

April17, gage height, 6.34 feet; discharge, 7,444 second-feet. 

April 18, gage height, 5.63 feet; discharge, 6,853 second-feet. 

May 17, gage height, 2.80 feet; discharge, 3,000 second-feet. 

June 26, gage height, 2.05 feet; discharge, 1,847 second-feet. 

September 9, gage height, 1.36 feet; discharge, 1,016 second-feet. 

November 8, gage height, 1.25 feet; discharge, 972 second-feet. 

December 18, gage height, 2.66 feet; discharge, 2,844 second-feet. 

Two measurements of Big Sandy Creek, a tributary of Tallapoosa I 

River, were made September 11. The first, near the bridge 4 miles 

from Dadeville, Alabama, showed a discharge of 79 second-feet and 

the second, at a point a short distance above the bridge, showed a dis-~ 

charge of 74 second-feet. . 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tallapoosa Ri1•er at Milstead, Alabama, for 189.9. 

Day. Jan. Feb. 1\Iar. Apr. I May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

-·-----·-

L .... 500 17 00 27 00 18.00 4.30 2.40 2.80 3.00 2.40 ll. 70 1.50 2.40 

2 ..... 4.60 11.60 19.00 12.20 4.00 2.90 2.30 2. 7'0 2.30 . 70 1.40 2.50 I 3 _____ 3.90 24.50 13.50 6.50 3.90 2.40 1. 90 3.10 2.10 .80 1. 40 2.60 4 ..... 3.90 20.00 9.60 6.40 3.80 2.40 1. 80 3.10 2.00 .90 1.30 2.60 5 _____ 3.90 12.90 14.20 8.50 3. 70 2.30 1.60 2.50 1.80 1.00 1.30 2.90 () _____ 3.80 11.90 13.20 9. 70 3.60 2.20 1.50 2.30 1. 60 l. 40 1.20 2.20 7 ..... 7.40 17.50 10.10 10.30 3.50 2.10 1.50 2.20 1.60 1.40 1.20 2.00 8 ..... 8.00 27.00 8.60 13.00 3.60 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.40 1.30 1.20 1. 90 

9 ..... 7.10 19.00 7.70 13.00 3.50 1.90 2.20 1. 80 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.80 

10 ..... 6.40 13.80 7.20 11.20 3.40 1. 70 2.00 1.60 1.30 1.30 1.20 1. 90 11.. ___ 18.50 10.UO 6.80 8.40 3.30 UJO 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.40 1.30 2.00 12 .. --- 16.80 8.30 6.60 7.00 3.20 2.00 1. 70 1. 70 1.20 1.40 1.30 15.20 13. ____ 13.00 7.40 6.50 6.50 3.10 2.00 1.50 1.60 1.20 1.30 1.30 13.20 

14. 11.60 7.00 6.40 6.20 3.10 2.70 1.40 1.60 1.10 1.30 1.30 8.20 

15 __ ::: 9.40 6.10 7.20 6.00 3.00 2.70 1.30 1.50 1. 00 1.20 1.30 5.00 

16 ..... 7.80 10.40 12.20 7.10 2.90 2.60 1. 30 4.00 1.00 1.10 1.30 3.70 

17 .... 1 12.70 ll.50 11.00 6.60 2.80 2.10 1.20 3.90 1.00 1.20 1.60 3.00 

18. --- 10.00 10.60 10.20 5.60 2.70 1. 90 1.10 2.20 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.60 

19. --- 8.00 9.30 14.80 5.50 2.60 1. 80 1.60 1. 90 1.10 1.20 1. ~;o 2.50 

20 ..... 6.50 8.30 13.90 5.40 2.50 1. 80 1.40 1. 70 1.00 1.30 1. 50 2.70 

21. .... 5. 70 8.30 10.40 5.20 2.60 1. 70 8.40 1. 50 .90 1.40 1.40 2.70 22 .. --- 5.30 8.40 8.30 5.00 2. 70 1.50 16.75 1.60 1.00 1.50 1.40 2.70 

23 ---- n.HI 7.60 8.10 4.90 2.60 1.50 14.00 2.00 1.00 1. 60 1. 60 2.60 

24 .. --- 5.20 6.90 12.70 6.00 3.30 1. 50 16.95 2.60 .90 1. 80 1.80 9.30 

25.---- 5.20 6.40 8.70 10.00 4.60 1.50 7.90 1. 90 .90 1.50 2.20 9.40 

26 ..... 5.10 6.30 7.30 7.50 3.30 2.00 6.70 1.80 .90 1.40 '4.60 7.20 

27.. ... 4.80 25.00 6.90 6.60 2.80 2.50 6.80 3. 70 .90 1.30 6.20 5.00 

28.---- 4. 70 37.00 6.80 5.80 ·2.60 2.50 8.40 2.80 .80 1.20 4.80 4.00 

I 

29. ---- 5.10 ------- 9.00 4.90 2.50 2.20 10.10 2.10 .so 1.50- 3.60 3.50 

30 ..... 5.20 ------- 8 90 4.60 2.60 2. 70 5.40 UIO .80 1.50 2.80 3.10 

3L .... 6.50 ------- 13.85 ------- 2.50 ------- 4.40 2.30 ------ 1.60 - - ---- ~ 2.90 ! I I I 

ALABAMA RIVER AT MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. 

This river is formed by the junction of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers I 

6 miles above Montgomery. The basin is described at length under 

the descriptions of its two tributaries. A gage rod was established 

by the United States Engineer Cbrps a number of years ago at the I 

.Montgomery wharf, ne~:~<r the Union Passenger Station, at foot of Commerce street. The readings are now taken by the Weather Bureau 

and are furnished to our Survey. The gage rod is in six sections, I 

as follows:_ Section 1, from 2 to 10 feet on fender pile at face of 
154 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36, 

wharf, 108 feet from lower end; section 2, from 10 to 15 feet nt upper 

end of pile protection to Louisville and Nash ville Railroad bank 

in corner pile, and the 15-foot mark is 1.1 feet above the top of pile; 

section 3, 15 to 27 feet on bent in center of drain, on the lower side 

of Commerce-street sewer; section 4, 27 to 36 feet, on upper side of 

sewer, third bent; section 5, 36 to 46 feet, same side of sewer, sixth 

bent; section 6, 46 to 50 feet, same side of sewer, seventh bent. The 

rods are of pine timber, painted and graduated to "feet and tenths. 

There are also two new sections, 15 to 25 feet and 25 to 37 feet, on 

trees about 50 yards south of the old gage. The bench mark is northeast corner of stone doorsill, north door of Windsor Hotel, on Commerce street, and is 57.68 feet above zero of gage. This latter datum 

is 103.7 feet above sea level. The high-water mark for Montgomery is 

59.7 feet, and was reached in April, 1886. The danger line is placed 

.at 35 feet. The width of the river at low water is 690feet. No discharge measurements at this station were made during 1899, but will 

probably be made in the coming year, and in that case the measurements will be made at the iron bridge of the Louisville and Nashville 

Railroad, about 3 miles above Montgomery. This bridge is 60.6 feet 

above low water, with three s-pans over the river, the center one being 

a draw or turn span. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Alabarna River at Montgomery, Alabarna, for 1899. 

§'~·I""" ""'· .,.. ""'· '=· ,.,, ......... Oo< --------------------

5.0 13.0 35.1 20.8 9.8 3.2 2.3 9.4 3.1 -0.3 

2 ..••• 5.2 14.9 35.2 21.5 8.4 3.5 2.5 7.2 2.6 -.4 

3.---- 5.1 19.0 33.5 21.4 7.3 3. 7 2.3 6.8 2.2 -.4 4 _____ 5.0 28.0 30.3 19.0 6.7 3.8 2.0 5.6 2.1 -.3 

5.---- 4.8 28.5 ll7.0 17.2 6.3 3.6 1.7 4.8 2.5 .2 

6 ..... 4.8 22.1 25.6 16.8 6.0 3.2 1.5 3.8 1.9 .1 

7. ---- 5.3 24.8 18.7 16.4 5.8 3.0 1.2 3.4 1.7 .2 

8.---- 7.4 28.9 16.1 20.3 5.6 2.8 1.2 3.2 1.3 .3 

9 .... 8.5 31.6 14.3 22.3 5.8 2.6 1.3 2.9 .5 .3 

10 ..... 8.9 32.0. 13.2 24.2 6.8 2.5 1.5 2.5 .9 .2 

11 ..... 11.0 31.6 12.1 24.0 6.3 2.4 1. 7 2.2 .9 .2 

12"---- 17.5 29.7 10.9 ;!2.1 5.7 2.3 1. 7 2.0 .8 .4 

_13 ..... 18.0 26.8 11.8 19.4 5.1 2.4 1.5 1. 7 .6 .6 

u. ---- 16.3 24.7 13.2 17.1 5.1 2.6 1.3 1.5 .5 .4 

15 ..... 18.9 20.6 16.0 14.1 5.0 2.8 1.1 1.4 1.3 .5 

16 ..... 12.7 19.2 18.3 12.0 4.8 3.3 1.0 1.3 1.8 .4 

17.. ... 12.4 17.6 24.9 10.4 4.4 3.4 .9 2.3 1.0 .2 

18 ..... 13.0 16.5 29.0 9.8 4.3 8.5 .9 3.5 .8 .1 

19 ..... 13.1 15.9 30.8 9.3 4.0 8.1 .9 2.8 .5 .1 

20 ..... 10.0 15.9 81.7 9.0 3.9 2.2 1.4 1.8 .4 .2 

21.. ... 8.4 16.0 32.0 8.5 3.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 .o .4 

22 ..... 7.8 15.4 32.0 8.1 3.8 • 1.5 4.8 1.5 .0 .5 

28 ..... 7.8 14.7 31.4 8.2 3.8· 1.2 9.0 1.5 -.1 .8 

24.---- 8.9 13.5 30.0 9.4 4.9 1.2 13.7 1.8 -.1 .4 

25 ..... 8.9 13.5 30.0 11.0 5.2 1.2 16.0 2.0 -.1 .4 

26 ..... 9.0 13.5 28.3 14.8 5.2 1.6 11.7 1.5 -.1 .3 

27 ..... 11.1 24.0 27.4 16.7 4.8 1.8 8.3 1.7 -.2 .2 

28 ..... 9.0 33.0 26.1 16.7 . 3.8 2.1 9.5 2.7 -.2 .1 

29 ..... 8.7 ----·-- 24.9 15.8 3.5 2.3 10.4 2.8 -.3 .1 

30 ..... 8. 7 ------- 23.9 12.2 3.1 2.1 10.4 1.9 -.3 .4 

31.. ... 9.0 ------- 19.3 ------- 3.0 ------- 9.2 1.9 ------- .4 ---------------------- Mean. 9.5 21.2 24.2 15.6 5.2 2.5 4.8 2.9 0.9 0.2 

Nov . Dec. 

0. 

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1: 

3. 

4. 

4 3.3 

2 2.8 

1 2.5 

0 2.8 ~ 

0 2.0 

0 1. 7 

1 1.5 

1 1.4 

1 1.3 

1 1.0 

1 7.5 

1 14.6 

1 15.6 

1 15.5 

1 14.6 

1 11.4 

0 7.5 

1 5.9 

1 4.6 

1 4.0 

1 3.7 

0 3.6 

4 3.5 

5 9.6 

6 10.5 

0 11.2 

0 12.0 

0 10.6 

3. 

3. 

-----o. 

gHlj8:8 -----~ 6 6.7 
ALABAMA. 155 

ALABAMA RIVER AT SELMA, ALABAMA. 

This station is located 45 miles by railroad below Montgomery, and 

was originally established by the United States Engineer Corps. Readings are now taken by the Weather Bureau. The gage rod is a pine 

plank painted white with black marks, and is in two sections. Section 1, 3 feet to 23 feet, is fastened to the pile on the lower side of the 

cofferdam on the draw pier. Section 2, 23 feet to 48 feet, is spiked to 

the bridge. 'rhe bench mark is an iron bolt driven in the face of a 

rock bluff, 182.3 feet from center of north face of pier and above the 

bridge, and is 26.05 fee-t above zero of the gage. The high-water 

mark is 57 feet, and was reached April 8, 1886. The danger line is 

placed at 35 feet. The rod is attached to the iron highway bridge, 

the floor of which is about 60 feet above low water. There is a turnspan at one end. The section is good for measurements, with a width 

of about 300 feet at low water. No measurements of discharge were 

made here during 189p. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Alabama River at Selma, Alabama, for 1899. 

§-Jan. 

6.2 

2. --·- 3 ... :. 

4. ·--- 5. ---- 6. ·- ·- 1. ---- 8 ..... 

9 ....• 

10 .... . 1L ... . 

12.----

13 ..... 14 ____ _ 

15 .... . 16 .... . 

17.----

18 ..... 19 ____ _ 20 ____ _ 

2L __ _ 

22 ..... 23 .. __ _ 24__ __ _ 

25.. .. . 26 .... . 27.. .. . 28 ____ _ 

29.. ... 30 

6.2 

6.5 

6.2 

6.2 

5.8 

6.6 

8.3 

9. 7 

11.6 

13.9 

14.8 

21.2 

21.9 

19.8 

18.0 

17.5 

17.2 

17.0 

15.81 14.2 

12.6 

10.2 

10.3 

9.4 i 

9.0 

8.9 

8.6 

8.6 

9.0 

9.6 

Feb. I Mar. 

~-;j 17.0 36.8 

20.2 38.8 

24.0 37.7 

26.8 3.5.31 27.2 32.6 

27.2 30.5 

29.8 27.5 

32.2 23.4 

33.9 19.7 

34.4 16.9 

33.9 15.01 32.0 13.9 

30.0 16.2 

28.0 16.8 

26.5 19.4 

26.8 21.4 

24 .. 0 27.7 

22.3 

19.9 31.61 33.5 

19.9 34.7 

19.5 34.8 

18.8 34.2 

17.8 33.4 

17.3 31.1 

16.4 

20.3 32.! 31.8 

31.2 30. 

------- 29 .. 

------- 27.8 

------- 26.3 ---------

- 11.6 24.6 28. 

Apr. May. June. 

23.8 13.9 4.5 

24.3 11.5 4.0 

24.9 9.9 4.0 

24.1 9.8 4.0 22.3 8.5 3.8 

20.9 8.1 3.9 

20.0 7.5 3.8 

19.8 7.4 3. 7 

23.3 I 7.3 3.3 

25.6 7. 3 3.1 

26.9 7.5 2.8 

26.6 7.2 2.3 

25.1 6. 8 2.6 

22.6 6.5 2.4 

19.5 6.3 2.4 

16.3 6.2 2.3 

14.0 6.1 2.8 

13.0 5.6 3.4 

12.0 5.4 3.9 

11.2 5.0 3.9 

10.5 4.8 3.1 

10.4 4.5 2. 8 

10.2 4.4 1.6 

10.1 4.8 1.4 

12.4 5.0 1.4 

13.5 6.0 1.6 

16.3 6.1 1.7 

17.9 5.2 2.0 

17.7 4.5 2.2 

16.1 4.3 2.4 

------- 4.2 ------- -------- 18.4 6. 7 2.9 

July. Aug. Sept. 

2.5 11.1 3.7 

2.5 9.9 4.3 

2.6 9.0 4.6 

2.6 6. 7 4.8 

2.1 6.5 4.4 

1.6 5.8 4.4 

1.6 5.3 4.1 

1.5 4. 7 3.9 

1.4 4.5 3.6 

1.3 3. 7 .6 

1.3 3.5 .4 

1.2 3.0 .3 

1.5 2.9 .3 

1.2 2.7 .2 

1.1 2.6 .2 

1.0 2.6 .1 

1.0 2.6 .6 

.7 36 1.3 

.6 4.1 1.0 

.6 4.3 .9 

1.0 3.6 .6 

1.6 3.5 -.6 

5.5 3.4 -.7 

10.7 3.1 -.8 

14.8 3.6 -1.0 

17.0 4.2 -1.0 

17.0 3.9 -1.0 

14.9 3.6 -1.0 

13.1 4.3 -1.1 

12.8 4.6 -1.1 

11.9 3.8 ------- -------- 4.8 4.5 1.2 

Oct. 

-1.2 

-1.3 

-1.3 

-1.3 

-1.1 

-1.0 

-1.6 

-.5 

-.4 

-.4 

-.5 

-.6 

- .6 - .2 

-.2 

-.2 

-.3 

-.5 

-.7 

-.6 

- 7 

-.8 

-.2 

.0 

.0 

-.5 

-.5 

-.6 

-.6 

- .6 -.4 

--

-.6 

No v. Dec. 

-0. 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-1: 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-1. 

-

-

-

3: 

4. 

4. 

-----

-

2 4.8 

3 3. 7 

5 3.0 

6 3.0 

7 2.8 

7 2. 8 

8 1.7 

8 1. 7 8 1.3 

9 1.3 9 1. 4 0 4.0 

1 10.4 

2 16.6 

2 17.8 

3 16.3 

3 13.4 

3 9.9 

2 8.4 

0 3.8 

0 3. 8 

6 3.4 

6 3.4 

3 3.8 

1 7.6 

2 12.2 

9 13.5 

2 13.7 

:. ~~ I 

2 7.1 

CATAWBA RIVER NEAR BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA. 

A measurement of lthis river, a tributary of Alabama River, was 

made by Mr. S. Hill !Lea, civil engineer, in June, 1897, at a point 7 

miles northeast of Birmingham, Alabama. The stage of the river 

was consid\3red to be that of average low water. The mean velocity 

o_f the current was fot~nd to be 2.56 feet per second, and the discharge 

817 second-feet. T 
156 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1890 -PART II. (N0.36, 

BLACK WARRIOR RIVER AT TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA. 

The Black Warrior River rises in the south-central part of Alabama and flows in a southwesterly direction into the Tombigbee, 

·On the southern boundary of Greene County. Tombigbee Rivl:'r 

flows southward from the junction until it reaches Alabama River, 

with which it unites to form Mobile River. The drainage area is 

for the most part flat, open country, much of it being under cultivation. Above Tuscaloosa it is largely in a Carboniferous formation, 

containing pervious strata, porous shales, and limestone caves, through 

which considerable water is probably lost. A continuous record of 

gage height at Tuscaloosa since 1889 has been kept by the United 

States Engineer Corps. During 1895 and 1896 a number of discharge 

measurements were also made, from which a rating table was 

obtained, and since that time measurements of flow have been made 

regularly by the United State Geological Survey, and computations 

made of the discharge. This station is described in the EightMnth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 103, and is located about three-fourths 

of a mile from the business center of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. It is 

reached by passing down. Bridge street to the river, thence down the 

east bank 1,890 feet to the gage, which consists of an inclined timber 

2 by 6 inches, supported on posts and graduated by means of notches 

placed 1 foot apart vertically. There are two bench marks, one on a 

willow tree, 10 feetwest of gage, and 97.84 feet above Mobile datum; 

the other on a small hackberry, 30 feet south of the upper end of 

the gage, and .139.36 feet above Mobile datum. The zero of gage 

is 87.30 feet above same datum. The discharge measurements are 

made from the highway bridge above the gage. The channel is 

straight and unobstructed. The current is sluggish at time of low 

water; the banks high and rocky and not subject to overflow. Tlie 

observer is R. C. McCalla, jr., United States assistant engineer. 

Records of measurement may be found as follows: From 1889 to 

1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 108; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 251; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 194. The following measurements were made by B. M. 

Hall and Prof. George S. Wilkins, of the University of Alabama, in 

1899: 

Measurements of Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 

Date. Ga1te heig t. Discharge. Date. J Ga1te 1 heig t. Discharge. 

1899. 1899. 

Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. feet. February 21 .......... 19.36 12,855 March4 ................ 23.70 12,609 February21 .......... 19.25 12,64:0 March 14 .... ~ .......... 31.18 36,653 February 24 .......... 22.85 16,216 March 14 ............... 34.37 40,331 February 28 .......... 39.47 48,010 March 17 ............... 69.50 119,533 March L .............. 35.60 24,988 March 18 ............... 66.40 86,410 

March2 ............... 30.35 18,052 March 23 ............... 40.30 23,911 
ALABAMA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 157 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Black Warrior River at Tuscaloo&a, .Alabama,for 1899. 

~-Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun~. _July. Aug.- Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

-----------------------

L .... 4.40 26.10 37.70 30.30 7.90 2.00 0.10 6.50 1.20 -1.50 -1.03 4.83 

2 ---- 4.50 29.50 32.00 29.20 7.00 1.50 .so 4.90 .70 -1.61 -1.02 3.50 

3 ..... 4.60 27.00 27.70 24.80 6.30 1.20 .30 3.40 .62 -1.80 -1.03 2.77 

4 ....• 4.70 29.00 24.10 22.00 5.80 1.00 -.70 2.70 .23 -1.79 - .99 2.03 

5 .•.•• 4. 70 45.50 21.00 23.20 5.30 1.00 -.10 2.00 -.02 -1.51 -1.00 1.50 

6 ..... 11.20 50.60 20.80 22.60 4.80 .90 -.30 1.90 -.17 -1.48 -1.02 1.22 

7 .•.•. 42.50 51.40 19.50 23.30 4,40 1.00 -.20 1.80 38 -1.46 -Ul3 .98 

8.---- 411.30 51.70 16.90 33.110 4.40 .80 -.30 1.30 -.40 -1.34 -1.03 .88 

9 ..... 46.60 48.60 14.40 34.00 7.60 .40 -.40 1.20 -.46 -1.30 -1.03 .58 

10 ..... 40.40 43.10 12.90 00.80 6.50 .40 -.40 1.10 - .68 -.116 -1.01 .60 

11 .•... 35.70 37.80 11.90 27.00 5.10 .50 -.40 2.00 -.73 -.78 -1.01 2.20 

12 ..... 31.90 32.80 11.00 23.60 4.80 .50 -,!)() 1.70 -.79 -.72 -.118 23.50 

13 .•... 28.00 26.80 10.00 20.10 4.20 .50 -.60 1.30 -.71 -.70 -.96 39.53 

14 •.... 25.00 25.70 28.80 17.20 4.80 .50 -.60 .90 - .73 -.88 -.98 30.71 

15.---- 22.20 22.110 44.50 14.90 4.70 .50 -.70 .60 -.78 - .94 -.99 26.50 

16 ..... 20.00 21.60 511.30 13.00 4.80 .70 -.70 .40 -·.sa -1.03 -1.00 20.63 

17 •.••. 111.60 111.110 60.80 11.60 3.70 .60 -.10 .30 - .86 -1.07 -.97 15.21 

18 .•••. 20.10 20.10 57.70 10.50 8.00 .40 -.70 .30 -.88 ·-1.12 -.117 10.83 

111 ..... 18 60 20.80 52.40 9.80 2.80 .30 -.70 .60 - .90 -1.16 -.95 8.02 

20 ..... 16.10 20.60 411.80 9.60 2.70 .20 -.70 .60 -.92 -1.12 -.95 8.09 

21. •••• 14.00 111.60 46.80 11.50 3.70 .10 -.60 .70 -.114 -1.10 -.92 9.63 

22 .•••• 12.20 18.50 41.60 8.70 3.80 .40 -.50 1.50 -.99 -.84 - .89 10.80 

23 .•.•• 11.00 22.70 36.80 8.60 3.30 -.10 -.20 2.60 -1.03 -.73 -.33 10.63 

24 .•.•. 11.00 23.10 33.00 11.30 3.10 -.10 +-60 2.50 -1.05 -.71 + .17 22.01 

25 .•••• 20.30 20.110 211.50 13.60 2.70 -.60 4.90 2.60 -1.04 -.88 .88 29.04 

26 .•..• 29.30 18.50 26.50 13.20 2.30 +-20 7.60 2.30 -1.05 -.94 2.60 25.91 

27 ..... 26.20 23.50 24.20 12.60 2.00 .20 7.40 2.10 -1.04 -1.02 4.50 20.98 

28 .•... 22.50 311.00 22.30 11.40 1.75 .20 7.110 1.110 -1.18 -.60 10.48 17.09 

29 ..•.• 18.60 .......... 21.10 10.00 1.50 .20 11.50 1.60 -1.28 -.13 11.411 15.80 

80 ..•.. 15.70 ------- 19.30 8.90 1.60 .10 9.30 1.50 -1.38 -.96 6.67 14.62 

31 •.••. 14.80 ------- 18.10 ------- 2.50 ------- 8.50 1.10 ------- -1.03 ·------ 12.51 

The United States Weather Bureau has maintained gage readings 

at Demopolis, Alabama, on Tombigbee River, at the mouth of the 

Black Warrior River. The distance to Mobile is 185miles. The gage 

rod is on the steamboat landing, and is 225 feet in length. From the 

· bottom of the rod to the top of the bluff the gage is constructed of 

2 by 12 inch pine boards set edgewise in a trench cut in the bank and 

securely fastened, the .upper edge faced with three-eighths by 2 inch 

iron graduated to feet and tenths. At the top of the bluff to a point 

5 feet above highest water the gage is marked by rows of copper 

tacks on a 6 by 8 inch post set firmly in the ground. The bench _mark 

is the top of water table on the north side of the city jail at the western end, and is 68.40 feet above zero of gage and 13.71 feet below top 

of track of Southern Railw~y at the freight. depot. The highest 

water was 66 feet, on April18, 1874; the lowest, 3.9 feet, on October 

26 to 30, 1875. The danger line is at 35 feet. 

ALLEGHENY RIVER. 

Allegheny River, which with the Monongahela forms the Ohio at 

Pittsburg, rises in northern Pennsylvania, flows northerly into the 

State of New York, then again turning southerly flows through western Pennsylvania. The headwaters have an elevation of about 2,250 

feet and adjoin those of Genesee River on the north and of the 

Susquehanna on the east. The total length from the source to the 

mouth at Pittsburg is about 300 miles, 47 miles of which are in New 

York State. The catchment basin on the. upper waters attains the 
158 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [NO. 36. 

height of from 2,600 to 2,800 feet above sea level. The principal facts 

concerning this river have been given in a report by Mr. George M. 

Lehman, assistant engineer, contained in House Document No. 72, 

Fifty-fifth Congress, third session. The total area of the watershed 

as measured from the map of the Pennsylvania geological survey, is 

11,400 square miles. The principal tributaries making up this total 

with their area in square miles are as follows: Conewago Creek, 

including Chautauqua Lake watershed, 935; Tionesta Cr:eek, 458; 

French Creek, 1,180; Clarion River, 1,175; Redbank Creek, 526; 

Mahoning Creek, 397; Kiskiminitas River, 1,846, and Allegheny 

River above mouth of French Creek, about 5,950. 'rhe average 

fall of the river below Oil City is 2.2 feet per mile, but there are 

several stretches where for several miles the fall reaches nearly 5 

feet per mile. Between Oil City and Tarentum, a distance of 112.6 

miles, there are 81 ripples, some of them at very low water having 

only 0.5 foot depth of water; the depths in quiet water are in many 

places from 10 to 20 feet. The distance between Oil City and Tarentum, the part of the river surveyed and reported upon in 1897 by the 

United States Engineer Corps, and where the river is quite winding, 

is 112.6 miles by river channel and 57 miles by air line. The distance 

by river channel from Pittsburg to Franklin is 126.4 miles and the 

railroad distance 124 miles. The following table, furnished by Mr. 

George Jv.:. I~ehman, was made in connection with the survey of the 

river by the United States Engineer Corps in 1897. It shows the 

heights above low water of 1865 and 1898: 

Height of Allegheny River above low water in 1865 and 1898. 

Dis- Floodtance Width I---.---I 

from Place. between I 

- -P-it-ts---1------------------1:-ba_n_k_s. -1865. -1898. burg. 

Miles. 

134.0 Oil Cit:y ·----------· ----------------------·------------- 126.4 Franklin (French Creek) _ ------ ---·-- ----------------- 110.0 Kennerdell_------_-----_----- ____ ------_----------- ___ _ 91.6 Emlenton------ ·--- ------ ____ ---------- __ -------------- 85.0 Parker (Clil.rion River)------------------- ____ -------- 80.5 Monterey ------ ------ ------------------------------ ___ _ 70.7 East Brady -------------------------------- ____ -------- 65.0 Red bank Junction (Red bank Creek).------------ .... 56.2 Mahoning (Mahoning Creek)------------------------- 45.6 Kittanning ........ ----- ... ___ ...... ___ ...... _ ......... . 

38.2 Logansport------ ____ .---- ......... -------------------- 28.7 Freeport (Kiskiminitas River) ............ ------------ 21.6 Tarentum ... ___ ----.-----_----- ........... ----- ....... . 0 Pittsburg • ----- _ ----- __ .... ---- _ ----------- .... ---- ___ _ 

Feet. 

800 

1,050 

900 

500 

1,000 

700 

700 

950 

1,000 

1,000 

750 

850 

1,500 

1,000 

Feet. 

22.5 

23.2 

26.5 

31.3 

26.0 

32.0 

33.0 

24.5 

28.3 

30.3 

28.0 

32.0 

28.5 

31.4 

Feet. 

12.5 

12.() 

13.5 

19.0 

16.2 

20.5 

23.5 

18.0 

23.5 

25.0 

28.0 

28.5 

24.0 

29.0 

L----~-----------------~--~--~------

It is said that the highest flood occurred in 1832, when the water 

rose to a height of 36 feet at Pittsburg. The flood of 1865 is the 

highest known, at least for any great extent of river and for which 

it was possible to get fairly reliable information. The depths show 

that the rainfall was quite general over the watershed, particularly 
PENNSYLVANIA AND M.ARYI,AND. 159 

above Oil City. There is a very gradual and slight increase toward 

Pittsburg. The flood of 1898 was high on the lower Allegheny; the 

records show heavy rainfall over the watersheds of tributaries south 

of Clarion River, and the.depths indicate this. The width of river 

has strong influence in depths, as shown in list. 

Other high floods than those mentioned above have occurred at 

Pittsburg, but they have not all come from Allegheny River. The 

flood of 1884 backed water for several miles up from the mouth of the 

Monongahela, the depth recorded being 34.5 feet above low water. 

The flood of 1889 rose to 31.3 feet, but at points above the vicinity of ' 

Pittsburg the heights ranged about halfway between those of the1865 and 1898 floods. 'l'he high water of 1865 is locally known as 

the" oil flood," because of the fact that many hundred barrels of oil 

awaiting shipment by steamboat from the Oil City district were carried 

downstream. 

· Observations of the discharge of the Allegheny at Pittsburg at the 

time of the 1898 flood were made by Mr. George M. Lehman on the 

velocity of drift passing between the bridges. The current averaged 

-7.7 miles per hour, and the estimated discharge was 290,000 secondfeet. 

YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER AT FRIENDSVILLE, MARYLAND. 

This river rises in Garrett County, Maryland, and flows in a northwesterly direction into Pennsylvania, where it empties into Monongahela River 15 miles above Pittsburg. Its source is on the western 

slope of the Allegheny Mountains, at an elevation of about 2,900 feet. 

The average fall of the stream for 19 miles above its mouth is· about 

2 feet per mile, but above this point it soon increases to !I'll average 

fall of nearly 5 feet per mile. The bank height above low water 

ranges between 15 and 28 feet, and the average width between banks 

from the mouth to West Newton, Pennsylvania, is 546 feet. The 

following heights_ at various points in Pennsylvania of the high water 

of February, 1897, above low-water stage, was furnished by Mr. 

George M. I.ehman: Whikett, 13 feet; Jacobs Creek, 10 feet; Smithton,. 14 feet; Port Royal, 17 feet; Snyder, 16 feet; West Newton, 20 

feet; Suterville, 22 feet; Buena Vista, 26.5 feet; Coulterville, 28.5 

feet; Boston, 29 feet; McKeesport, 28.5 feet. 

A measurement of Youghiogheny River was made October 13, 1892, 

with surface floats, at Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Kenneth 

Allen, in connection with an investigation- of a water supply for the 

works of the H. C. Frick Coke Company. It was during a period of 

extreme drought, and the discharge was found to be 106 second-feet. 

The area of its watershed was approximately obtained from maps of 

uncertain accuracy, but was called 1,775 square miles. 

The station at Friendsville, Maryland, was established by E. G. 

Paul August 17, 1898. Measurements are made from the iron high-
160 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II [N0.36. 

way bridge connecting the east and west portions of the village. The 

wire gage is 20 feet from zero to the end of the weight, and referred 

to a scale board 14 feet long, graduated to feet and tenths. The 

channel is straight for several hundred feet above and below the 

bridge. The bed is rocky and the banks high and not subject to overflow. The observer is J. H. Cuppet, a merchant residing within a 

short distance of the gage. The results of measurements for 1898 

may be found in the Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 199. 

The following measurements were made by E. G. Paul during 1899: 

January 24, gage height, 5.40 feet; discharge, 959 second-feet. 

January 25, gage height, 6,35 feet; discharge, 2,050 second-feet. 

May 17, gage height, 5.97 feet; discharge, 1,697 second-feet. 

June 30, gage height, 5.40 feet; discharge, 944 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Youghiogheny River at Friendsville, Maryland, for 

1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. 

----

June. ' , July. Aug. Sept. 

------

o.ciN~a 

1 ...• 5.!0 5.00 6.50 6.50 4.60 4.90 5.20 4.50 4.00 4.10 4.10 4.30 

2 •••• 5.20 4.90 6.40 6.30 5.00 4.90 I 4.80 4.30 4.10 4.10 4.60 4.30 

3 .... 5.20 5.00 6.30 6.00 5.20 4.80 4.60 4.20 4.00 4.10 5.00 4.30 

4 .•.. 5.40 7.40 6.30 5.80 5.30 4.80 4.40 4.20 4.00 4.10 4.80 4.30 

5 .... 6.50 7.00 7.70 5.30 5.30 4.80 4.60 4.60 3.90' 4.00 4.50 4.30 

6 ·--- 6.30 6.20 8.20 5.20 5.20 4.60 4.50 4.80 3.90 4.00 4.50" 4.50 

7---- 6.10 5.90 6.60 5.10 5.20 4.50 4.50 4.50 ·3.90 4.00 4.40 4.60 

8---- 6.00 5.60 6.20 6.90 5.10 4.50 4.50 4.30 4.10 4.00 4.30 4.60 

9---- 5.80 5.40 5.90 6.50 6.90 4.40 4.40 4.20 4.00 4.00 4.30 4.80 

10---- 5.60 5.30 6.30 5.90 6.50 5.20 4.40 4.20 4.40 4.00 4.40 4.90 

11 .... 5.30 5.20 6.10 5. 70 6.30 5.90 4.30 4•30 4.40 3.90 4.30 4.90 

12 .. ,. 5.20 5.10 6.00 5.50 5.90 5.80 4.20 4•20 4.80 3.90 4.20 5.40 

13 .... 5.10 5.10 5.90 5.30 5.60 5.60 4.20 4.20 4.30 3.90 4.20 5.80 

14 •••• 6.10 ~Frozen 5.70 5.20 5.60 5.60 4.30 4.20 4.20 3.90 4.20 5.50 

15---- 8.00 ... do .. 5.60 5.10 5.50 5.70 4.40 4.10 4.10 3.90 4.20 5.30 

16 •. :. 7.10 .•. do .. 5.60 5.10 5.60 6.50 4.60 4.10 4.10 3.90 4.10 5.10 

17 •••• 6.80 ... do .. 5.70 5.00 5.70 6.20 4.60 4.10 4.00 3.90 4.10 5.10 

18 .... 6.50 ... do. 5.70 5.00 8.00 5.40 4.90 4.00 4.00 8.90 4.10 5.20 

19---- 6.20 5.10 5.70 5.00 9.50 5.00 4.70 4.00 4.10 3.90 4.30 5.40 

20 .... 5.80 5.20 5.70 4.90 7.20 4.80 4.50 4.00 4.10 3.90 4.40 5.40 21 •••. 5.50 5.40 6.00 4.90 6.90 4.80 4.40 4.00 4.30 3.90 4.60 5.30 

22 •••• 5.40 6.80 6.00 4.80 6.50 4.70 4.30 4.00 4.20 3.90 4.70 5.30" 

23 •••• 5.30 7.20 6.30 4.70 6.10 4.60 4.20 4.00 4.20 3.90 4.60 5.30 24 •••. 5.30 6.40 6.30 4. 70 5.60 4.50 4.20 4.00 4.10 8.90 4.60 5.20 

25 ·--· 6.40 5.90 6.00 4. 70 5.30 5.30 4.40 4.00 4.00 3.90 4.60 5.20 

26 ---- 6.00 6.2t)' 5.80 4.60 5.10 5.10 4.20 4.00 4.00 8.90 4.40 5.20 

27 ---- 5.70 7.90 5.60 ·4.60 4.90 5.20 4.20 4.00 4.10 3.90 4.40 5.10 llij"oo 7.20 6.60 4.70 4.90 5.20 4.20 4.00 4.10 4.00 4.40 5.10 

5.30 -------- 8.00 4.70 4.80 5.40 4.40 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.40 5.10 

5.10 ·---·--- 7.30 4.60 4.90 5.60 4.30 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.30 5.10 

5.10 ................ 6.90 ------- 4.90 ------- 4.30 . 4.00 --·--- ------- ------- 5.10 

. 

CHEAT RIVER AT UNEV A, WEST VIRGINIA. 

This river rises in the eastern part of West Virginia, and flows 

almost due north across the Pennsyivania boundary, entering Monongahela River 3 miles north of the State line. The drainage area 

is partly mapped on the St. George, Piedmont, Franklin, Beverly, 

Monterey, and Huntersville atlas sheetR. As there is no bridge at a 

place convenient for making measurements, a cable of 600 feet span 

was stretched across the stream 6 miles northeast of Morgantown, at 

Uneva, West Virginia, and observations of heights begun on July 8, 
MARYLAND, VIRCHNIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA. 161 

1899. The gage is a post bolted to a rock and fraduated to feet and 

tenths. The initial point of soundings is on he right bank. The 

channel above and below the station is straight. The current is sluggish. The right bank is low and subject to ver:flow, but the left 

bank is high arid rocky. The bed of the stream is rocky and constant. 

The observer is A. F. Blosser, a blacksmith at Uneva, West Virginia. 

On July 8, 1899; a measurement at this station was made by E. G. Paul, 

at a gage height of 2.60 feet, and. gave a discharge of 1,148 second-

. feet. A measurement was made of this river during a period of 

extreme drought at Morris crossroads, Pennsylvania, 1 mile below the 

West Virginia State line, on October 6, 1892, by Mr. Kenneth Allen, 

and the discharge found to be [2~9 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cheat River at Uneva, West Virginia, for 1899. 

Day. July. Aug.18ept. Oct. Nov. 

~ Day. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----

1 ---- ------ 3.00 2.20 2.00 3.70 2.90 17 ---- 3.50 2.40 2.70 1.80 2.40 3.40 

2---- ------ 2.80 2.00 2.00 4.00 2.80 18---- 3.40 2.30 2.30 1.80 2.40 3.20 

3---- -----· 2.70 2.30 1.90 3.80 2.70 19 ·--- 3.00 2.20 2.20 1. 70 2.50 3.00 

4 •.•• ------ 2.50 2.20 1.90 3.50 2.70 20 ---- 2.80 2.10 2.00 1.70 3.40 4.80 

5---- ------ 3.40 2.20 1.90 3.30 2:60 21 ---- 2.40 2.00 1.90 1.60 3.40 4.40 

6 ---- ·----- 3.30 2.20 1.90 3.10 2.60 22 .... 2.40 2.00 1.90 1.60 3.20 4.10 

7 .... ------ 3.00 2.10 1.80 2.10 2.50 23 ·--- 2.40 1.90 2.30 1.60 3.00 3.90 

8 .... 2.60 2.80 2.00 1.80 2.10 2.50 24 ---- 2.30 1.90 2.20 1.60 3.00 5.20 

9 .... 3.00 2. 70 2.00 1.80 2.80 2.50 25 --·- 2.50 1.80 2.20 1.60 3.90 4.40 

10 ---- 2.80 2.60 2.20 1.70 2.70 2.50 26 ---- 2.70 1.80 2.10 1.70 3.70 3.60 

11 .... 2.70 2.50 4.10 1.70 2.60 2.70 27 ---- 2.80 1.80 2.30 1.70 3.50 3.20 

Ill---- 2.50 2.40 3.80 1. 70 2.90 5.50 28 ---- 2.60 2.50 2.40 1.70 3.00 2.90 

13 ·--- 2.40 2.30 3.50 1.70 2.70 6.40 29 ·--- 2.50 2.40 2.30 1.70 3.10 2.70 

14 ---- 2.50 2.20 3.20 1.70 2.60 4.80 30---- 3.50 2.30 2.20 1. 70 3.10 2.60 

15 ---- 2.80 2.20 3.00 1.70 2.60 4.20 31 ---- 3.60 2.30 ......... 1.70 .......... -------- 16 ---- 2.80 2.30 2.80 1. 70 2.50 3.80 

The United States Weather Bureau have maintained gage readings 

on Cheat River at Rowels burg, West Virginia, 36 miles above its junction with the Monongahela. The river at this point is 270 feet wide. 

The drainage area above the station is reported to be 890 square miles. 

The ga~e rod is on the second pier of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad bridge. The bench mark of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, situated on the center pillar, west end of the bridge, is 

26.66 feet above zero of the gage. The highest water was 22 feet, on 

J:Uly 10, 1880; lowest, 0.9 foot, on October 15, 1895. The danger line 

is at 14 feet. . 

NEW RIVER AT RADFORD; VIRGINIA. 

This river rises in Watauga, Ashe, and Alleghany counties, North 

Carolina, and flows in a·northwesterly direction into West Virginia, 

where it meets the Gauley, near Kanawha Falls, to form the Great 

Kanawha. The drainage area is mapped on the Kanawha Falls, Nicholas, Hinton, Beverly, Monterey, Huntersville, T.ewisburg, Raleigh, 

Christiansburg, Dublin, Pocahontas, Abingdon, Wytheville, Hfilsville, Yadkinville, Wilkesboro, and Cranberry topographic sheets. 

The upp~r tributaries have a general northeasterly and southwesterly 

direction, draining the narrow valleys of the greater Appalachian 
162 OPERATIONS A'r RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-P.ART II [No.36. 

Valley in Virginia. The basin of New River is for the most part 

mountainous and wooded, forming one of the most beautiful and picturesque sections in the eastern part of the United States. The river 

itself is rapid and a part of it almost impassable, even for canoes. 

System~tic measurements of flow of New River are made at Radford, 

Montgomery County, Virginia, and at Fayette, West Virginia. The 

station at.Radford is located at the highway bridge close to theN orfolk 

and Western Railway station. It was established by D. C. Humphreys August 1, 1898. The gage used was erected by the United 

States Weather Bureau. It consists of a vertical board graduated to 

feet and tenths, and is attached to the iron framework connecting the 

pair of iron concrete cylinders which form the first pier from the right 

bank. The bench mark is the bottom of the lowest horizontal brace 

connecting the two cylinders, the elevation being 3. 88 feet above the 

zero of the gage. The discharge measurements are made from the 

upstream side of the bridge. The initial point of soundings is on the 

right bank of the river 40 feet from the first pier. The bottom is of 

solid rock and gravel and is smooth and regular. On the left bank 

there is a steep, rocky bluff. The right bank is low and subject to 

overflow for about 100 yards, but all the water must pass under the 

bridge, which is about 85 feet above low water. The observer is A. J. 

Killinger, bridge tender at Radford, Virginia. The following measurements were made by D. C. Humphreys during 1899: 

June 29, gage height, 1.12 feet; discharge, 4,980 second-feet. 

August 11, gage height, 0.20 foot; discharge, 2,172 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of New River at Rr;,:lford, Virginia, for 1899. 

2-----

3---.--

4 ·----

5 ----- 6 ..... 

7 -----

8 -----

9-----

10-----

11 ..... 

12-----

13-----

14 ----- 15 ----- 16 ---- 17-----

18:----

19 ... .. 20 .... . 21. ... . 22 .... . 

23-----1 

24-----

25-----

26 -----

~7 -----

-

-

-

Jan. 

--

1.00 

LlO 

1.00 

1.20 

1.50 

1. 80 

4.00 

2.60 

1.80 

1. 70 

1.60 

1.20 

1.50 

1.40 

1.50 

1. 60 

1. 70 

1.20 

1.10 

1.10 

.90 

.80 

1.00 

1.00 

.90 

1.00 

1.00 

.90 

1.00 

.80 

.80 

Feb. 

--

0. 70 

. 70 

1. 70 

2.00 

3.90 

5. 70 

5.00 

4.20 

3.10 

3.00 

2.40 

2.00 

1. 90 

1.30 

.90 

1.20 

3.50 

3.20 

3.60 

2.80 

3.00 

3.00 

2.90 

2.00 

l. 90 

2.00 

4.60 

4.00 

........... - .............. 

-------

Mar. Apr. May. 

------

3.00 2.40 1.40 

2.60 2.00 1.3(! 

2.00 1.90 1.30 

6.05 1.60 1.40 

10.50 2.00 1.30 

7.00 1. 90 1.00 

5.00 1.80 1.10 

4.00 4.10 L20 

2.90 3.80 1.90 

2.50 2.90 1.80 

2.20 2.90 2.00 

2.00 1.90 1.90 

1.90 1.80 2.00 

1. 70 1. 70 2.10 

3.00 1.80 1.80 

6.10 1.60 1. 70 

3. 70 1.50 1.30 

2.90 1.40 1.10 

7.75 1.60 1.00 

7.90 1.50 1.00 

4.00 1.40 .90 

3.80 1.30 .80 

3.00 1.30 1.10 

2.80 1.10 1.50 

2.60 1.00 1.40 

2.50 2.00 1.10 

2.00 2.50 .80 

3.10 2.00 .80 

3.00 1.80 . 70 

3.20 1.60 .80 

2.90 ------- .90 

June. July. Aug. 

------

1.10 0.80 0.00 

1.00 .40 .00 

.90 .40 .00 

.80 .30 .00 

.70 .30 .00 

.60 .40 .00 

.40 .50 .00 

.40 .40 .00 

.30 .30 .00 

.30 .20 .00 

.40 .30 .00 

1. 00 .30 .00 

3.90 .40 .00 

2.60 .20 1.00 

2.00 .10 .50 

1. 70 .00 .40 

1.10 .00 .20 

.90 .00 .20 

.80 .00 .10 

.90 .00 .20 

.70 .10 .30 

.60 .10 .30 

.50 .10 .20 

.50 .00 .00 

.60 .00 .00 

.90 .00 .00 

1.20 1.00 .00 

1.00 .90 1.00 

1.00 .80 1.10 

.90 .50 1.00 

------- .40 1.00 

Sept. Oct. 

----

1.00 0.30 

1.00 .20 

1.00 .00 

1.10 .00 I 

1.00 .00 

.10 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .20 

.00 .10 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

.00 .00 

1.00 .00 

1.60 .00 

1.00 .00 

.90 .00 

.80 .00 

.60 .00 

.50 .00 

.50 .00 

.40 .00 

.30 .00 

.40 .00 

.30 .10 

------- .00 

__::_-r;;:l No 

0.4 ot~~~;-1 1. 00 - .30 

0-.20 

0-.30 

0-.10 

-

.9 

.6 

.3 

20 - .10 

.0 0-.10 

:o 

.0 

.0 

00 ·- .10 

0-.20 

0 + .10 0 .20 

.0 0 1.75 

.0 0 4.20 

00 2. 90 

00 1. 00 00 .90 

20 .80 

00 .80 

00 . 70 

00 .90 

.0 0 1.00 

00 .90 

00 .60 

00 .60 

.0 0 .50 

00 .40 

20 .20 

-.3 

ggl!J-~ 0 .20 

-----. .. .20 
• 

VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA. 166 

GREENBRIER RIVER AT ALDERSON, WEST VIRGINIA. 

This river rises on the western slope of the Allegheny Mountains, 

in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, and .flows in a southwesterly 

direction, emptying into New River near Hinton, Summers County, 

West Virginia. The station was established by C. C. Babb and 

D. C. Humphreys, at Alderson, West Virginia, 21 miles above Hinton,, August 1, 1895. The drainage area at this point is 1,344 square 

miles, and is mapped on Hinton, Beverly, Monterey, Huntersville, 

and Lewisburg atlas sheets. Greenbrier River receives many short 

tributaries from the Allegheny Range, and .flows for the most part 

through a hilly, broken, and mountainous country well covered with 

forests. The station, described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 111, is located one-half mile above the mouth of Muddy 

Creek, on the county bridge at Alderson. The wire gage, length 28.37 

feet, is in the third panel of the second span, downstreltm side, and was 

last verified on August 12, 1899. This gage is refecred to three bench 

marks: The first, on the upper end of the coping of the first pier from the 

left bank, 21. 75·feet above zero of the gage; the se~ond, on upper end 

of the bridge seat of the left bank abutment, 21.61 feet above the zero 

of the gage; the third, on stone foundation of water tank of the 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, 23.48 feet above the zero of the gage. 

A temporary bench mark has been established on lower end of third 

.floor beam, in second Rpan from left bank. Elevation 22.47 feet above 

the zero of the gage. The bridge consists of four spans 435 feet long. 

At ordinary stages the water .flows in two channels, there being an 

island 600 feet long and 75 feet wide between them. The banks are 

high and not subject to overflow. The bed is of rock and gravel and 

fairly constant. The observer is W. J. Hancock, clerk in a hardware 

store, Alderson, West Virginia. Records of measurement can be 

found as follows: 1895-96, Eigtheenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

113; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 254; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 204. The following measurements were made by D. C. Humphreys during 1899: 

June 22, gage height, 1.94 feet; discharge, 456 second-feet. 

August 12, gage height, 1.36 feet; discharge, 104 second-feet . 
i64 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Greenbrier Rivm• at Alderson, West Virginia, far 

1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June . . July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

--------------------------- 1. .... 2.80 2.63 5.75 4.13 2.42 2.75 1. 78 1.48 1.30 1.48 1.37 1.52 

I 2----- 2.75 2.90 4.95 3.68 2.40 3.15 1. 75 1.43 1.40 1.42 1.48 1.50 

3 .••.• 3.08 2.38 6.10 3.35 2.77 3.20 1.73 1.43 1.38 1.42 1.58 1.45 

4 ..... 2.75 2.27 12.98 3.13 2.60 2.00 1. 72 1.33 1.35 1.42 1.58 1.45 

5 .•.•• 3.52 4.58 15.38 2.90 2.55 2.65 1.67 1.48 1.45 1.40 1.80 1.45 

6 ..... 5.3.~ 6.21 10.95 2.83 2.52 2.47 1.61 1.35 1.42 1.40 1.68 1.45 

7----- 8.60 5.80 6.45 2.75 2.66 2.34 1.58 1.22 1.37 1.40 1.62 1.4.~ 

8 ..... 6.00' 4.50 4.90 3.00 5.38 2.25 1.61 1.35 1.47 1.40 1.58 1.42 

9 ·-··· 4.60 3.68 4.15 4.75 7.30 2.47 1.63 1.35 1.55 1.33 1.53 1.40 

10 ...•. 3.90 3.10 3.90 4.10 6.30 2.27 1.62 1.34 1.47 1.38 1.48 1.40 

11 ..... 3.50 2.70 3.75 3.58 4.60 2.25 1.64 1.34 1.50 1.35 1.48 1.40 

12 ..... 3.20 2.65 3.75 3.42 4.30 2.68 1.60 1.36 1.50 1.34 1.48 1.48 

15----- 3.03 2. 75 3.60 3.23 4.58 3.30 1.58 1.38 1.47 1.34 1.45 2.20 

14 ..... 2.98 2.75 3.43 3.15 4.80 2.90 1.60 1.32 1.42 1.37 1.43 2.40 

15----- 3.90 2.80 3.60 3.05 4.35 2.83 1.58 2.30 1.38 1.36 1.43 2.45 

16 •.... 3.28 2.70 4.05 2.95 3.83 2.75 1.56 2.00 1.40 1.35 1.43 2.20 

17----- 3.95 2.60 4.10 2.85 3.45 2.52 1.52 1.72 1.38 1.35 1.40 2.00 

18 ..•.• 3.70 2.68 3.75 2.80 3.15 2.37 1.52 1.60 1.32 1.26 1.40 1. 75 

19 •.... 3.48 2.80 5.05 2.75 3.05 2.23 1.55 1.38 1.40 1.26 1.38 1.73 

20 ..... 3.23 3.10 6.35 2.70 2.92 2.20 1.58 1.40 1.47 1.30 1.38 1.76 21 ..... 3.00 4.40 4.95 2.60 2.88 2.15 1.55 1.35 1.48 1.30 1.42 1.85 22. ____ 2.92 6.75 4.20 2.50. 2.68 2.03 1.83 1.42 1.42 1.27 1.38 1.75 

23 ..... 2.90 6.60 3.85 2.45 2.58 1.89 1.60 1.36 1.65 1.22 1.38 1.73 

24 ..... 2.80 5.25 3.70 2.40 2.52 2.10 1.54 1.37 1.70 1.32 1.38 1. 78 

25 ..•.. 2.85 4.28 3.50 2.87 2.42 1.95 1.55 1.30 1.60 1.28 1.40 1.73 

' 26 ..... 3.30 3.80 3.35 2.60 2.33 1.92 1.50 1.30 1.58 1.25 1.40 2.13 

27----- 3.15 8.83 3.22 2.88 2.27 1.87 1.54 1.28 1.55 1.25 1.36 2.02 

I 

28 3.05 7.60 3.17 2.72 2.20 1.00 '1.50 1.25 1.53 1.25 '1m 2!1. ·::: 2.97 ------- 6.38 2.57 2.17 1.92 1.58 1.37 1.50 1.25 1.53 1.80 30 _____ 2.70 ------- 5.95 2.50 2.15 1.85 1.52 1.32 1.50 1.22 

31. .... 2.75 ------- 4.65 -·----- 2.30 ------- 1.50 1.32 ------- 1.32 --~~~- l:~ 

The UD:ited States Weather Bureau has maintained gage readings 

on New River at Hinton, West Virginia. The drainage area above 

the station is reported to be 6,020 square miles. The railroad track 

at the depot is 33.5 feet above zero of gage. The highest water was 

on September 13, 1878, when it reached 23 feet; lowest, 0.5 foot, date 

unknown. The danger line is at 14.5 feet. 

NEW RIVER AT FAYETTE, WEST VIRGINIA. 

This station, established by C. C. Babb and D. C. Humphreys July 

29, 1895, is described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, 

page 113, and is located just below the mouth of Wolf Creek, on the 

highway bridge of one span at Fayette, West Virginia. The drainage 

area is mapped on the Kanawha Falls, Nicholas, Hinton, Beverly, 

Monterey, Huntersville, Lewisburg, Raleigh, Cliristiansburg, Dublin, 

Pocahontas, Abingdon, Wytheville, Hillsville, Yadkinville, Wilkes- • 

boro, and Cranberry atlas Rheets. The wire gage is on the guard rail 

on the upper side of the bridge, about the middle of the span, the 

scale being graduated to feet and tenths. The gage is referred to four 

bench marks: First, the top of the bottom plate of the lower plate 

girder at. the end of the first panel from the left bank, downstream 

side, 55.13 feet above the zero of the gage; second, top of lower end 

of coping on the main pier, right bank, downstream side, 52.13 feet 

above the zero of the gage; third, bridge seat on the right bank, 

downstream side, 54.58 feet above the zero of the gage; fourth, west 
WEST yiRGINlA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 165 

corner of abutment stone by Chesapeake and Ohio Railway station, 

58.62 feet above the Z!:'ro of the gage. The gage was last verified 

August 14, 1899. The channel is straight above and below the station, the current is swift and without obstructions, except for immense 

bowlders in the bottom. The banks are high, rocky, and not subject to overflow. The bed is constant in section. The observer is 

M. W. Brellahan, agent Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Fayette, West 

Virginia. Records of measurement may be found as follows: 1895-96, 

Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page p5; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 156; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 203. 'I'he following measurements were made by D. C. 

Humphreys during, 1899: June 22, gage height, 3.65 feet; discharge, 

5,097 second-feet; August 14, 'gage height, 1.80 feet; discharge, 2,985 

second-feet. 

Daily gage height,· in feet, of New River at Fayette, West Virginia, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----

1 ..... 4.45 4.45 9.00 8.40 6.80 6.30 3.80 2.40 2.70 0.95 1.80 0.80 

2 ..... 4.30 5.00 11.51 8.35 6.25 6.35 3.00 2.30 1.55 .80 2.00 .85 

4. 3 .... _ 4.10 6.40 19."35 6.50 6.00 6.00 3.20 2.20 1.50 .80 1.95 .80 ____ 4.10 7.21i 35.08 6.10 5.85 5.50 3.05 2.40 1.90 .70 1.85 .70 

5 ~ ---· 4.00 14.20 29.78 5.50 5.70 4.95 2.40 2.25 2.20 .60 1.80 .55 6 ----· 5.90 20.60 24. <l3 5.85 li.75 4.60 2.45 2.15 2.10 .65 1.75 .50 

7 ----- 13.00 22.80 18.78 7.50 5.65 3.15 2.25 2.00 2.00 .50 1.75 .50 

8----- .10.10 17.10 14.00 8.10 7.55 3.25 2.20 1.85 1.40 .50 2.40 .45 

9----- 6.50 14.35 13.30 7.10 12.40 3.20 2.10 1.40 1.30 2.05 1.65 .35 10 _____ 5.20 10.05 10.10 7.05 12.10 3.05 2.05 1.45 1.35 2.40 1.40 .80 1L. ___ 8.10 8.30 9.50 7.15 8.10 3.05 1.95 1.35 1.45 2.35 1.20 1.00 

12----- 7.50 6.50 9.00 9.80 9.95 3.00 1.90 1.30 1.40 2. 6.5 1.20 1.00 13_- ____ 7.40 6.10 8.20 8.00 8.25 6.85 2.05 1.35 1.30 2.60 1.15 1. 70 14, ____ 6.45 5.Jlll 8.00 7.55 8.90 11.60 1.85 1.40 1.30 2.60 1.10 9.50 

15----- 6.15 4. 8.40 7.00 10.70 11.75 1.4.'i 1.50 1.25 2.45 1.10 8.30 

16- --- 5.80 4.30 8.25 6.75 9.50 10.30 1.35 2.10 1.211 2.40 1.05 4.60 

17 -·-·- 5.50 4.45 10.50 6.65 8.00 7.05 1.30 2.70 1.15 2.30 1.05 3.25 

18_ ---· 5.05 6.50 10.10 6.00 6.60 6.00 1.40 2.15 1.20 2.15 1.00 2.95 

19----- 4.75 6.85 15.00 5.55 5.95 5.30 1.35 1.45 1.20 2.10 1.00 2.80 

20--·-- 4.35 6.20 20.00 5.55 5.65 5.05 1.40 1.40 1.15 2.10 1.00 2.85 

2L---· 4.10 9.40 17.60 5.50 5.20 4.35 1.80 1.30 1.10 2.05 .90 3.05 

22----- 4.20 11.25 11.40 5.40 5.05 4.10 1.90 1.25 1.15 2.05 .90 3.10 23 _____ 5.55 10.10 8.30 5.40 5.00 3.50 1. 75 1.25 1.10 2.00 .90 3.15 

24----· 5.40 9.50 8.00 5.30 4.85 3.20 1.50 1.10 1.05 1.85 .95 3.00 

25----- 4.90 8.60 7.55 5.25 4.60 3.20 1.45 1.05 1.15 1.80 1.00 3.40· 

26----- 4.85 8.95 6.40 5.40 4.5(1 3.10 1.45 .95 1.30 1. 70 -1.10 3.80 

27 ----· 4.85 20.05 11.10 8.50 4.10 3.05 1.40 .90 1.20 1.70 1.10 4.10 28 -·--- 4.60 14.65 15.00 8.70 3.90 3.30 1.30 .90 1.20 1.60 1.05 4.40 

29 -·--- 4.50 ------- 18.70 7.75 3.85 4.15 3.80 .85 1.20 1.65 1.00 3.05 

30----- 4.60 ------- 14.10 7.10 3.80 4.05 3.00 .80 1.20 1. 70 .85 2.90 

3L-... - 4.50 ------- 9.05 ------- 4.30 ------- 2.25 2.60 ------- 1.60 2.85 ·. 

FRENCH BROAD RIVER AT ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA. 

French Broad River rises in the western part of North Carolina, 

and flows in a general northwesterly direction into Tennessee. It 

joins Holston River just _above Knoxville to form the Tennessee. 

The watershed is for the most part mountainous and covered with a 

heavy growth of timber. There are water powers capable of development at a number of places on the ~rench Broad. The drainage 

area is mapped on the Asheville, Mount Mitchell, Pisgah, and Saluda 

atlas sheets. Measurements of flow have been made at Ashevjlle, · 

North Carolina. This station, described in the Eighteenth Annual 

IRR 36--5 
166 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART IJ. [No.36. 

Report, Part IV, page 116, was established by Cyrus C. Babb in 

September, 1895, and is located at the Bingham School iron highway 

bridge, 3 miles west of Asheville, North Carolina, and is reached by 

an electric car line from Asheville. The Swannanoa River joins the 

French Broad 3 miles above the station. The zero of the rod of the 

wire gage is opposite the east edge of the fifth upright, first span from 

east, upper side. When the gage height is 3.22 feet, water surface is 

17.18 feet below top of the lower end of the second floor beam, first 

span from the east. The gage was last verified on October 27, 1899. 

'l'he initial point for soundings is on the right bank at the end of the 

first span of the bridge. Both banks may overflow in very high water. 

The current is swift, the channel straight, rocky, and reasonably 

permanent. The observer is J. M. Taylor, a carpenter at Asheville, 

North Carolina. Records of measurements may be found as follows; 

1895-97, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 257; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 205. 

The following measurements were made by E. W. Myers and R. E. 

Shuford during 1899: 

February 25, gage height, 4.30 feet; discharge, 2,810 second-feet. 

June 16, gage height, 3.03 feet; discharge, 2,359 second-feet. 

September 30, gage height, 1.94 feet; discharge, 714 second~feet. 

October 27, gage height, 1.95 feet; discharge, 815 second-feet. 

November 30, gage height, 2.12 feet; discharge, 1,043 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of French Broad River at Asheville, North Carolina, 

I :a~:. 2 ___ _ 

3-'-- 4_ __ _ 

5---- 6 ___ _ 

7----

8---' 

9 .... 10 ___ _ n ___ _ 12 .... 13 ___ _ 

14-... 15. ··- 16 -··· 17 ·--- 18 .... 

19 --·- 20 ---- 21. ... 22 ___ _ 

23----

24. •.. 25 ... . 26 ... . 

27 -··-

-

. 

. 

Jan. 

--

4.60 

4.20 

i!.90 

3.80 

3.90 

3.95 

4.20 

4.70 

4.65 

4.50 

4.40 

4.20 

4.10 

4.03 

4.40 

4.40 

4.35 

4.30 

4.25 

4.10 

3.70 

3.65 

3.60 

3.70 

4.05 

4.03 

4.00 

3.80 

3.75 

3.70 

3.65 

Feb. 

--

3.60 

3.55 

4.65 

8.20 

8.00 

7.03 

7.00 

6.50 

5.50 

5.00 

4.80 

4.70 

4.50 

4.40 

4.30 

5.60 

5.40 

5.25 

5.20 

5.00 

4.15 

4.30 

4.50 

4.40 

4.30 

4..40 

8.80 

7. 75 

-------

---·---

------. 

, for 1899. 

Mar. Apr. May. June. July. 

----------

6.80 5.25 4.20 2.90 2.40 6.40 5.20 4.15 2.80 2.43 5.60 5.80 4.17 2. 73 2.50 4.40 5.50 4.15 2. 70 I 2.45 4.20 5.10 4.20 2. 73 2.45 4.30 5.40 4.30 2.65 2.47 4.35 5.85 4.40 2.53 2.45 4.35 5.80 4.30 2.50 2.40 4.30 5.70 4.30 2.57 2.40 4.25 5.80 4.20 2.63 2.37 4.30 5.90 4.35 2.70 2.35 4.30 6.45 4.60 2.73 2.35 5.00 6.45 4.55 2.65 2.30 8.50 5.60 4.40 2.53 2.23 11.50 4.50 4.30 2.50 2.20 9 . .1)0 4.80 4.20 2.57 2.15 7.60 4.60 4.00 2.63 2.40 5.50 4.50 3.80 2.83 2.45 11.25 4.45 3. 70 2.80 2.37 10.00 4.35 3.60 2.80 2.27 7.50 4.30 4.40 2.70 2.23 6. 70 4.20 4.30 2.65 2.15 6.05 4.40 4.20 2.60 2.20 5.70 4.50 4.00 2.55 2.20 5.40 4.60 3.80 2.47 2.15 5.25 4.70 3.70 2.65 3.00 5.60 4.50 3.60 2.85 3.15 5.2.5 4.40 2.85 2.95 3.00 5.33 4.30 2.80 2.80 2.80 5.40 4.25 2. 75 2.50 2.50 5.35 ------- 3.00 ------- 2.43 

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----------

2.45 3.10 1.80 2.30 2.23 2.30 3.05 1.83 2.30 2.15 2.23 3.00 1.85 2.20 2.15 2.20 2.80 1. 90 2.15 2.20 2.10 2.60 1.90 2.13 2.17 2.00 2.30 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.03 2.10 2.05 2.07 2.13 2.50 3.50 2.65 2.05 2.11 2.70 2.60 2.40 2.03 2.05 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 2.15 3.50 2.35 2.25 2.00 3.4!1 2.45 2.20 2.20 2.20 6.35 2.20 2.15 2.13 1. 97 6.13 2.25 2.10 2.05 1. 95 5.20 2.27 2.10 2.65 1. 93 3.70 2.23 2.10 2.40 1. 95 2. 77 2.10 2.10 2.30 2.00 2.85 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.00 2.75 2.03 2.23 2.20 2.13 2.70 2.03 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.67 2.00 2.10 2.05 2.07 2.60 2.00 1.90 2.07 2.05 2.55 1.97 1.85 2.10 2.03 3.40 1. 95 1.83 2.10 2.00 3.93 

1.93 1. 90 2.07 2.00 3.80 2.00 2.15 2.05 2.15 3.53 2.10 2.10 2.03 2.30 2.10 2.50 2.15 2.00 2.40 2.70 2.60 1.85 2.05 2.37 2.65 2.80 1.80 2.13 2.35 2.60 3.85 -----·· 2.25 ------- 2.57 
NORTH CAROLINA. 167 

TUCKASEGEE RIVER AT BRYSON, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This river rises in the southwestern part of North Carolina, at the 

base of Tennessee Ridge, which separates Jackson and Transylvania 

counties. It flows in a northwesterly direction, emptying into the Little 

Tennessee River at Bushnell, North Carolina. Measurements of discharge are made at Bryson, 2 miles below the mouth of Newton Mill 

Creek. · The drainage area is 609 square miles, largely of a rough and 

mountainous nature, covered with forest growth, and is mapped on 

the Cowee, Pisgah, and Mount Guyot atlas sheets.. The old station, 

described in the Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 116, was 

located on the Southern Railway bridge about 3 miles above Brysqn, 

North Carolina, and just below Governor Island post-office, and was 

abandoned March 25, 1897, because the section was poor. A new station was established by A. P. Davis November 7, 1897, at the highway bridge in the town of Bryson, North Carolina. The gage is bolted 

to the north pier, lower side, and can be read from the bridge. The 

initial point of sounding is at the south end of upstream hand rail. 

The channel is straight, but obstructed by the remnants of two old 

piers. The current is sluggish, the river bed muddy and fairly constant. The observer is H. H. Welch, a carpenter at Bryson, North 

Carolina. Results of measurements may be found as follows: 1896, 

Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 117; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 257; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 206. The following measurements were made by 

E. W. Myers and R. E. Shuford !n 1899: 

Measurements of Tuckasegee River at Bryson, North Carolina. 

E-.~-:-~-------------------1-h-:-~-~--t·-l-:e-~-.~-;-~-.1 1-0-ct-.-28-_-;-~-.~------------------1-h:-~-~-~ & ·~ I 

June17 ------·--------·- 2.00 1,216 Do__________________ 1.10 460 

June19_________________ 1.80 712 Dec.5................... 1.20 479 

Sept. 20 .......... _ ----· 1.25 376 Dec. 28------------------ 1.70 1,010 

Do---··'····-------- 1.25 369 
168 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tuckasegee River at Bryson, North Carolina, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Ju'lle. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---------------------------

1 •.••• 2.50 2.05 3.20 3.40 2.30 1.80 1.50 1.4D 1.4D 1.00 1.00 1.50 

2 ••.•• 2.20 1.85 3.00 3.05 2.30 1.80 1.50 1.4D 1.4D 1.00 1.00 1.4D 

3 ...•• 2.05 3.00 2.25 3.50 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.4D 1.35 1.00 1.80 1.4D 

4 .•••• 2.20 9.00 3.30 3.20 2.60 1.70 1.50 1.4D 1.30 1.00 1. 7() 1.20 

5 ••••• 2.60 ···r:oo· 3.50 3.10 2.60 1.70 1.50 1.4D 1.30 1.00 1.20 1.20 

~ ::::: 3.00 3.4D 3.10 3.00 1.70 1.80 1.30 1.30 1.00 1.15 1.20 

2.60 7.00 3.25 3.10 3.00 1.70 1.80 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.05 1.20 

8 .•••. 2.55 5.30 3.00 3.00 2.00 1.70 1. 70 1.30 1.20 2.00 1.05 1.20 

9 ....• 2.50 3.50 2.95 3.60 2.85 1.70 1.60 1.30 1.20 1.50 1.00 1.50 

10 ...•• 2.80 3.00 2.80 3.20 2.60 1.80 1.60 1.4D 1.20 1.4D 1.00 1.30 

11 •...• 2.30 3.20 2.80 3.00 2.60 1.80 1.50 1.4D 1.20 1.4D 1.00 1.50 12 ..••• 

~~Jo 3.00 2.65 3,00 2.35 3.50 1.4D 1.4D 1.20 1.30 1.00 6.50 

13 .•.•. 2.80 2.60 2.90 2.30 2.80 1.30 1.4D 1.20 1.25 1.00 2.90 

14 ..... 2.80 3.4D 2.90 2.20 2.20 1.30 1.4D 1.20 1.10 1.00 2.00 15 _____ 2.30 2.70 9.60 2.85 2.20 2.10 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.65 

16----- 2.20 2.70 6.50 2.80 2.25 2.00 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.50 

17 ----· 2.20 2.70 4.80 2.60 2.20 2.00 1.50 1.30 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.30 

18 ..••. 2.20 2.60 4.90 2.60 2.25 2.00 1.30 1.30 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.30 19 _____ 2.10 2.50 11.00 2.55 2.25 1.80 1.30 1.30 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.90 

20 ..••• 2.10 2.50 5.80 2.50 2.20 1.70 1.30 1.20 1.25 2.00 1.05 1.50 21. ____ 2.05 2.50 4.60 2.50 2.10 1.70 1.4D 1.20 1.05 1.15 1.50 1.50 

22 ...•• 2.00 2.45 4.80 2.45 2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.50 1.50 

23 ..... 2.00 2.4D 4.30 2.4D 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.50 

24 ----· 2.20 2.35 3.70 3.00 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.90 25 _____ 2.05 2.30 3.60 2.90 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.90 

26 •.... 2.00 3.4D 3.60 2.80 1.90 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.90 

27 ----· 2.00 7.00 4.00 2.80 1.90 1.70 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.80 28. ____ 1.95 3.50 3.60 2.60 1.90 1.60 2.00 1.30 1.00 1.05 1.50 1.70 29 _____ 1.90 ------- 3.50 2.Ji0 1.80 1.60 . 2.00 1.35 1.00 1.05 1.45 1.70 30_, ___ 1.80 .............. 3.4D 2.4D 1.80 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.50 31. ____ 2.00 ......... - 4.00 ------- 1.80 ------- 1.50 1.50 ............ 1.00 ------- 1.50 

a River frozen. 

LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER AT JUDSON, NORTH CAROLINA. 

This river rises in the mountains between North Carolina and 

Georgia, and 11.ows in a northwesterly direction, emptying into Tennessee River at Lenoir, Tennessee. Measurements of flow are made 

at Judson, North Carolina, below the mouth of Sawyer Branch. 

The area drained is 6~2 square miles, which is largely mountainous 

and covered with a forest growth. It is mapped on the N antahala, 

Cowee, and Walhalla atlas sheets. The station, as described in the 

Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 117, was established by 

E. W. Myers in June, 1896. It is located on the Southern Railway 

bridge about one-fourth of a mile from Judson, North Carolina. The 

river is straight for several hundred yards above and below the station; the bottom rocky and very rough on the west side and sandy on the 

east side. The current is swift and considerably obstructed by two old 

piers. The section is constant, but not a good one for measurements. 

The observer is R. C. Sawyer, a farmer at Judson, North Carolina. 

Records of measurements may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 117; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 256; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

207. The following measurements were made by E. W. Myers and 

R. E. Shuford during 1899: 

February 27, gage height, 10.25 feet; discharge, 21,880 second-feet. 

·June 20, gage height, 3.30 feet; discharge,"1,491 second-feet. 

September 21, gage height, 2.23 feet; discharge, 339 second-feet. 

September 27, gage height, 2.65 feet; discharge, 721 second-feet. 

October 29, gage height, 2.84 feet; discharge, 896 second-feet. 

December 6, gage height, 2.75 feet; discharge, 758 second-feet. 
NORTH CAROLINA. 169 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Little Tennessee River at Judson, North Carolina, for 

1899. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

80 

L 

ay. 

-----

-----

__ .. __ 

-----

-----

·----

-----

-----

-----

-----

----· 

-·---

-----

-----

-----

---·-

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

.......... 

-----

-----

-----

-----

----· 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr, 1\:[ay. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

------------------r---------

3.52 3.56 4.82 4.78 3.78 2.38 3.14 3.70 4.32 2.48 2.48 2.72 

3.59 3.59 4.39 4.50 3.76 2.47 3.40 3.68 4.21 2.46 2.49 2.72 

3.69 4.98 3.98 3.99 3.80 2.40 3.33 3.68 3.17 2.46 2.40 2.70 

3.57 11.38 3.74 3.82 3.92 2.37 3.80 3.64 3.80 2.45 2.41 2.70 

3.58 10.58 3.72 3.81 5.68 2.38 3.27 3.82 3.81 2.42 2.72 2.70 

3.52 9.72 3.64 3.80 4.93 2.34 3.26 3.58 3.70 2.39 2.74 2.58 

4.23 11.40 3.64 3.78 4.80 . 2.31 4.42 3.47 2.91 2.39 2.69 2.59 

4.23 9.58 3.68 3.72 3.91 2.30 3.90 3.28 2.46 3.71 2.68 2.52 

3.98 8.56 3.67 3.72 3.90 2.29 3.18 2. 71 2.33 5.58 2.64 2.50 

3.92 7.51 3.61 3.70 3.82 2.29 3.10 2.70 2.32 4.31 2.64 2.82 

3.64 5.32 3.61 3.68 3.71 2.27 2.90 4.98 2.32 3.72 2.63 2.82 

3.84 5.32 3.62 3.69 3.70 2.91 2.71 4.57 2.28 3.20 2.62 2.60 

3.80 4.58 3.64 3.49 3.68 6.71 2.71 . 3.38 2.27 2.58 2.62 2.70 

3.71 3. 72 9.66 3.48 3.60 6.70 2.70 2.92 2.25 2.! 2.62 8.40 

3.70 3.71 7.42 3.46 3.62 5.82 2.68 2.88 2.25 2. 2.64 6.50 

3.69 3.70 8.93 3.48 3.80 5.40 2.69 2.88 2.24 2. 2.63 4.51 

3.68 3.68 6.81 3.52 3.82 3.58 3.48 2.64 2.22 2.48 2.58 3.92 

3.69 3.68 4.58 3.52 3.71 3.41 3.30 2.63 2.25 2.49 2.59 2.94 

3.69 3.72 13.00 3.51 3.74 8.40 3.10 2.60 2.28 2.~ 2.57 2.94 

8.69 3.74 12.00 3.48 3.78 2.56 2.93 2.60 2.28 2. 2.57 2.90 

3.66 8.74 8.66 3.49 3.52 2.58 2.84 2.48 2.23 2.1i'i 2.49 2.53 

3.68 3.70 6.54 3.61 2.90 2.47 3.91 2.42 2.20 2.60 2.54 2.52 

3.67 3.69 4.88 3.60 2.80 2.75 4.28 2.41 2.21 2.60 . 2.70 2.41 

3.67 3.68 4.32 3.72 2.50 2.70 4.20 2.41 2.21 2.50 2.71 2.40 

3.69 3.60 4.28 3.72 2.47 3.15 3.90 2.40 2.26 2.50 2.77 2.42 

3.58 3.65 3.92 . 3.70 2.46 3.10 3.90 2.39 2.65 2.50 2.89 2.42-

3.52 10.25 4.78 3.78 2.30 3.00 3.91 2.38 2.50 2.50 3.42 2.43 

3.59 6.72 4.74 3.74 2.31 3.31 3.88 2.37 2.41 2.60 d. 50 2.41 

3.58 ........... 5.70 3. 79 2.36 3.30 3.86 2.37 2.41 2.58 2.93 2.42 

3.59 ------- 5.90 3.7() 3.36 3.00 3.86 2.24 2.40 2.57 2.90 2.42 

3.67 ------- 5.60 ------- 2.34 ------- 3.71 2.26 ------- 2.57 ------- 2.~ 

HIWASSEE RIVER AT MURPHY, NORTH CAROLINA. 

"' 

Hiwassee River rises in the northern part -of Georgia and flows 

through the southwestern corner of North Carolina into Tennessee, 

where it empties into Tennessee River. The watershed is broken and 

mountainous for the most part and well covered with forest. The 

area drained is 410 square miles, and is mapped on the Mqrphy, Nantahala, and Dahlonega atlas sheets. The river is measured at two 

places, Murphy, North Carolina, and Charleston, Tennessee, 17 miles 

above its mouth. The station at Murphy, described in.the Eighteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 117, is located on the highway bridge 

crossing the river at Murphy, North Carolina, one-half mile above 

Valley River, and was established by E. W. Myers July 26, 1896. The 

• wire gage was last verified on December 29, 1899. The, length of the 

gage is 29.10 feet. The section here is a fairly good one, though 

somewhat obstructed by the remains of two old piers directly under 

the present bridge. The course of the stream is straight for several 

hundred yards above and below the bridge, and the· ¢urrent fairly 

rapid. The bottom is hard and rocky and not subject to any decided 

change by high water. The obserV-er isM. L. Brittain, Murphy, North 

Carolina. The results of measurements may be found as follows: · 

1896-97, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 269; 1898, Twen-
170 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

tieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 209. The following measurementswere made by E. W. Myers and R. E. Shuford in 1899: 

February 28, gage height, 7.50 feet; discharge, 2,150 second-feet. 

June 23, gage height, 5.17 feet; discharge, 400 second-feet. 

June 23, gage height, 5.30 feet; discharge, 436 second-feet. 

September 28, gage height, 4.93 feet; discharge, 304 second-feet. 

September 28, gage height, 5.00 feet; discharge, 345 second-feet. 

December 7, gage height, 5.10 feet; discharge, 317 sec.ond-feet. 

December 29, gage height, 5.50 feet; discharge, 613 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Hiwassee River at Murphy, North Carolina, for 1899. 

I Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

l_____ 5.80 5.60 6.90 6.80 5.85 5.30 5.30 5.40 4.90 4.85 5.10 

2 ~ M--- 5.70 5. 70 6.60 6.60 5.82 5.30 ------- 5.20 5.25 4.80 4.90 5.35 

3----- 5.70 5.70 6.70 6.50 5.80 5.30 -----·- 5.20 5.50 4.85 4.90 5.10 

4, ____ 5.65 14.00 6.32 7.20 5.80 5.25 ------- 5.15 5.30 4.75 4.90 5.10 

5----- 5.60 9.60 7.40 6.55 6.10 5.25 ------- 5.12 5.20 4.80 4.90 5.10 

6 ----- 5.70 9.45 6. 75 6.50 5.80 5.25 ------- 5.20 5.10 4.90 4.90 5.02 

7----- 6.30 9.90 6.50 6. 51) 5.85 5.10 ------- 5.20 5.10 4.90 4.90 5.00 

8 ----- 6.00 7.85 6.40 6.70 5.70 5.10 --5.-20' 5.20 5.15 5.70 4.90 5.10 

9----- 5.90 7.20 6.40 6.60 5.70 5.20 5.12 5.05 5.15 4.90 5.05 

10----- 5.80 6.75 6.30 6.50 5.70 5.15 5.10 5.15 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.10 

11----- 5.80 6.60 6.20 6.40 5.62 5.10 5.10 5.15 5.20 5.02 4.90 5.10 

12 .... 5.80 6.55 6.10 6.30 5.62 5.82 5.05 5.10 5.10 5.00 4.85 9.10 

13 .. ---- 5.70 6.30 6.10 6.20 5.60 5.80 5.00 5.10 5.00 4.90' 4.85 6.30 14.. ___ 5.70 6.40 6.75 6.20 5.55 5.50 5.00 5.05 5.00 4.80 4.90 5.82 

15 ..... 5.75' 6.40 10.80 6.10 5.60 5.35 5.00 5.20 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.70 

16----- 5.75 6.30 8.75 6.10 5.50 5.25 .5.00 5.32 4.90 5.00 4.90 5.50 

17----- 5.75 6.25 7.50 6.05 5.50 5.30 5.10 5.20 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.40 

HI. .... 5.70 6.25 7.10 6.00 5.50 5.20 5.30 5.10 ·5.oo 4.95 4.90 5.40 

19----- 5.70 6.00 18.40 6.00 5.60 5.20 5.20 5.00 5.00 5.10 4.85 5.30 

20----- 5.70 6.10 8. 70 6.00 5.50 5.15 5.10 5.00 5.10 5.00 4.85 5.50 

21. .... 5.70 6.10 7.60 6.00 5.45 5.10 5.30 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.40 

22----- 5.60 6.10 7.20 5.90 5.40 5.10 5.30 5.00 5.00 4.90 4.90 5.35 

23----- 5.60 6.00 8.15 5.90 540 5.10 5.30 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.40 5.30 

24----- 5.52 5.92 7.00 5.90 5.42 4.85 5.20 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.12 6.30 

25----- 5.65 6.10 6.80 6.70 5.40 4.95 5.20 5.10 5.00 4.90 5.10 5. 70 

26----- 5.60 6.00 6.60 6.10 5.40 5.05 6.80 5.05 5.00 4.90 5. 75 5.60 

27----- 5.60 9.10 6.52 6.00 5.35 5.00 5.75 5.25 5.02 4.90 5.40 5.50 28 : ____ 5.60 7.30 6.50 6.00 5.35 5.00 5.90 5.45 5.00 5.00 5.30 5.55 

29 ----- 5.50 ------- 6.90 5.90 5.32 5.00 ------- 5.10 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.50 30 _____ 5.50 ------- 6.70 5.90 5.32 5.00 ------- 5.10 4.88 4.90 5.10 5.35 31 _____ 5.90 ------- 7.80 -~- ... - 5.30 ....... - -......... - 5.70 ------- 5.00 ~--. --- 5.40 

No readings July 1 to 9; gage broken. 

HIWASSEE RIVER AT CHARLESTON, TENNESSEE. 

The gaging station on this river is located at the bridge of the Southern Railway 600 feet from the depot in the town of Charleston, Tennessee. It is 17 miles above the mouth of t.he river and 53 miles above 

Chattanooga, Tennessee. The drainage area is mapped on the Cleveland, Murphy, Ellijay, Nantahala, Dahlonega, Dalton, Loucl.on, and 

Kingston atlas sheets. This station was originally established by the 

United States Engineer Corps, but is now maintained as a half-year 

station by the·u nited States Weather Bureau, gage heights being kept 

from November 1 to April 31, inclusive. The gage rod is fast.ened to 

the downstream end of the south pier of the bridge, 125 feet from the 

shore. It is painted white and marked in feet and tenths. The bench 

mark is a cross cut in the top surface of the upper corner stone of the 
NORTH CAROLINA, TENNESSEE, AND GEORGkA. 171 

pier, andis35.00feetabove the zero of the gage. Thh greatest height 

recorded at this point'was on March 31,1886, when the gage read 32.2 

feet. The danger line is placed at 22 feet. The railroad bridge is an 

iron 3-span bridge, with a total length of 390 feet. There are embankments at each end which confine the water, even at the hjighest stages, 

within the banks. The observer is J. M. Bates, Charleston, Tennessee. The following measurements were made by Max Hall in 1899: 

May 6, gage height, 3.65 feet; discharge; 6,684 second,feet• 

May 25, gage height, 2.05 feet; discharge, 3,730 second-feet. 

September 16, gage height, 0.35 foot; discharge, 1,366 second-feet. 

October 27, gage height, 0.20 foot; discharge, 1,194 secon~-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Hiwassee River at Charleston, Tennessee, for 1899. 

~ .. : ........... . a 2 .. 

____________ ---- ------------------ ... ____________ ----_ 

4 .. -- ---- -------- ------------ 5 .. ---------- ------ ---------- 6 .... ---------- -------------- 7------------ ..... ------------ 8 ...... -------- ·--- .... ------ 9---- ----.. ------------ ------ 10 ________ ---------- ---------- n ______ ---------------------- 12 .... ------------------------ 13. ----- ---------------------- 14 ............. ----------------

15 .. -- ------ ------------ ------ 16--------------------- . ---- 17---------------------. ----- 18 .... ------------------------ 19 ·-----.. ------ ---------- ---- 20 ______ ---- -----~ ------------

21..--------------------------

22 .... ------ -----· --·--· ------ 23 .. ---- • -.. -- ---- ---- ---- ---- 24------ ---------------------- 25 ________________ ------------

26 ...... ---------- ------ ------ 27---- ···-- ---------- ---------- 28-------- ---------- ---------. 29 ..... ---------------- .... --- 30 .... -------------------- ---· 31_ _____ ------ ------ ----------

J~. Feb. """· Ap•. Nw. """I 

2.60 4.30 7.20 9.40 0.50 1.00· 

2.80 3.40 1'>.90 7.20 .40 .80 

2.40 3.10 5.30 6.10 .40 1.20 

2.30 16.00 5.30 6.40 .40 1.00 

2.30 21.60 7.30 7.90 .40 .80 

4. 00 18.60 8. 90 6.50 .30 . 70 

8.30 22.40 8.10 6.30 .30 .70 

6.70 20.90 7.50 11.00 .30 .80 

4.00 16.50 5.60 7.80 .30 .60 

3.90 13.50 4.50 7.10 .30 .60 

3.40 8.90 4.30 6.00 .30 .60 

3.50 5.90 4.00 5.60 .30 8.00 

3.10 5.00 3.90 5.30 .30 7.00 

2.90 3.70 5.70 5.00 .30 2.90 

3.00 4.30 24.20 4.60 .30 2.10 

2.90 4.80 27.30 4.60 .50 1.80 

3.20 6.90 20.00 4.40 .50 1.40 

8.30 5.60 14.40 4.10 .40 1.30 

3.00 5.90 24.00 4.00 .40 1.30 

2.80 5.30 27.60 4.00 .30 1.80 

2.60 4. 70 19.90 8.90 .30 2.00 

2.50 4.60 16.60 3.10 .30 1.50 

2.40 4.60 16.00 3.50 . 70 1.40 

2. 40 4. 20 13. 00 4. 50 1. 70 8. 20 

2. 70 3. 90 8. 70 4. 60 1.00 3. 70 

2.70 3.70 7.60 6.00 .90 2.50 

2.40 7.50 7.00 4.50 1. 70 2.00 

2.30 11.50 7.50 4.00 1.50 1.90 

2.20 -------- 10.60 8.70 1.20 2.00 

2.20 -------- 8.60 3.60 1.00 1.70 

2.40 -------- 8.00 ---------------- 1.10 

No readings May 1 to October 31. 

A measurement of Hiwassee River at Reliance, Tennessee, was made 

by Max Hall, October 25, 1!:!99: Gage height, 2.60 feet; discharge, 607 

second-feet. 

TOCCOA RIVER AT BLUERIDGE, GEORGIA. 

This stream has its source on the northern slopes of the Blue Ridge 

Mountains, in Georgia, and flows northwesterly into Hiwassee River. 

'l'he area is covered with a fine growth of oak, hickory, and other hard 

woods, and is mapped on the Ellijay and Dahlonega atlas sheets. The 

station, established by B. M. Hall on November 25, 1898, is located at 

the Morganton bridge, about 4 miles east of the town of Blneridge, 

Georgia. The gage is a 14-foot rod, in two 7-foot sections, nailed to a 
172 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

tree on the right bank just below the bridge. It is graduated to feet 

and tenths, and is set to conform to bench marks which were established October 15, 1896, and October 26, 1898. The measurements 

during 1896 were made at the railroad bridge about 3 miles below, but 

are referred to the present gage by comparison of the bench marks at 

the two bridges. The bench mark at Morganton bridge is on the top 

of the bridge floor, on the downstream side, 50 feet from the initial 

point, and is 18.00 feet above zero of gage. This bridge is a wooden, 

queen-post, open bridge, in three spans, with a total length between 

abutments of 153 feet. The width of the river, including the two 

piers, at ordinary stages is 143 feet between banks, the three channels 

being 50, 38, and 33 feet. The· observer is M. V. Pressley, a mail 

carrier who crosses the bridge twice dairy, except on Sundays; no 

readings are had on this day, but figures have been interpolated. 

The following measurements were made by B. M. Hall and Max Hall 

during 1899: 

April28, gage height, 8.50 feet; discharge, 1,141 second-feet. 

June 16, gage height, 2.70 feet; discharge, 522 second-feet. 

September 18, gage height, 1.93 feet; discharge, 242 second-feet. 

October 24, gage height, 1.90 feet; discharge, 222second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Toccoa River at Blueridge, Georgia, for 1899. 

§'= Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Jn1y. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

1. .... 3.10 3.20 4.30 4.20 3.70 3.00 2.50 2.60 2.80 2.00 2.10 2.40 

2 ----· 3.00 3.20 4.00 3.60 3.50 2.10 2.4.') 2.60 2.40 2.00 2.00 2.2n 

3----- 2. 90 3.30 4.10 3.11 3.50 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.40 1.90 2.00 2.10 4 _____ 2.90 5.90 4.10 4.60 3.40 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.50 1.90 2.00 2.10 

5 ..... 2.10 6.70 4.00 4.40 3.10 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.40 1.90 2.00 2.10 

6 ----· 3.02 8.90 4.00 3.90 3.60 2. 90 2.80 2.50 2.40 2.00 2.00 2.00 7 ..... 3.04 6.10 3.80 4.50 3.40 2. 90 2.70 2.50 2.30 3.00 2.00 2.00 

8 .... 3.08 5.50 3.70 4.80 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.40 2.30 2.80 2.10 2.00 

9 ----· 3.10 5.00 3.60 4.00 3.20 2.70 2.75 2 .. 30 2.30 2.60 2.10 2.00 

10 ..... 3.10 4.00 3.10 4.00 3.10 2.70 2.75 2.30 ' 2.50 2.30 2.10 2.50 

11 ..... 3.20 !1.70 3.00 3.10 3.00 2.70 2.70 2.30 2.60 2.10 2.10 3.60 

12 ..... 3.00 3.80 3.50 3.90 3.00 3.40 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.00 2.10 3.50 

13 ..... 3.00 3.90 4.00 3.80 3.00 3.20 2.80 3.40 2.30 2.00 2.00 3.30 

14 ..... 3.10 4.00 4.00 3.70 3.00 3.00 2.70 3.40 2.30 2.00 2.00 2. 90 

15 ..... 3.10 4.00 4.90 3.70 3.00 2.10 2.60 3.40 2.20 2.00 2.10 2.80 

16 ..... 3.10 4.10 6.00 3.60 3.00 2.70 2.40 3.20 2.20 2.00 2.10 2.50 

17 ..... 3:20 3.10 4.40 3.60 3.00 2.60 2.40 2.40 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.40 

18 ..... 3.10 3.30 4.00 3.60 3.00 2.60 2.80 2.40 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.30 19 _____ 3.00 3.40 4.50 3.60 3.30 2.60 2.70 2.40 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.60 

20----- 3.00 3.60 5.00 3.60 3.00 2.60 2.70 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.60 

21 ..... 2.10 3.50 4.80 3.60 3.20 2.50 2.80 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 22 ..... 3.00 3.60 4.60 3.60 3.20 2.4ll 2.80 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.40 23 _____ 3.80 3.50 . 5.60 3.80 3.10 2.60 2.60 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 

24 ••••. 3.10 3.40 5.00 4.00 3.10 2.10 2.50 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 -------- 25 ..... 3.20 3.40 4.50 5.30 3.10 2.40 2~80 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.00 -------- 26 ..... 3.10 4.00 4.20 4.10 3.10 2.70 2.80 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.30 -------- 27 ..... 2.10 5.80 4.00 4.60 3.10 2.90 3.90 2.40 2.00 2.00 2.60 -------- 28----- 2.10 4.90 4.00 3.10 3.00 2.85 3.60 2.60 2.00 2.00 2.30 -------- 29----- 2.00 .............. 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.70 2.80 2.50 2.00 2.20 3.20 ------·- 30 ..... 2.80 ·------ 4.00 3.30 3.10 2.60 2.80 2.60 ~~.00 2.40 3.10 -------- 31. .... 4.00 ------- 4.80 ------- 3.11 ------- 2.80 2.70 ------- 2.20 ------- -----·--

TENNESSEE RIVER AT 'KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE. 

This river is formed by the junction of French Broad and Holston 

rivers 4 miles above Knoxville. The drainage basin is mapped on 

Knoxville, Maynardsville, Morristown, Jones ville, Estill ville, Bristol, 
TENNESSEE. 173 

Abingdon, Taze.:well, Pocahontas, Greenville, Asheville, Roan Mountain, Cranberry, Mount Guyot, Mount Mitchell, Morganton, Saluda, 

Pisgah, Oowee, and Wytheville atlas sheets. ·The station was originally established by the United States Weather Bureau, and was located at the old county highway bridge at Knoxville, which has lately 

been torn down. The new gage is situated at the Augusta and Knoxville Railroad bridge. The datum of the new gage i!'l 0.6 of a foot 

higher than that of the old one, so that this amount has to be added 

to the new readings to make them conform to the old standard. This 

correction has been applied to the published heights of the Weather 

Bureau and of this Survey, both in the table of gage heights and in 

the list of discharge measurements. Measurements of discharge are 

made at the Cherokee highway bridge 2! miles below the gage, as 

there is at that point a better section for meter measurements. This 

bridge is a three-span iron bridge, and the width of water surface 

at low stages under it is 550 feet. The bridge is about 80 feet above 

low water. The following measurements were made by Max Hall 

during 1899: 

May 4, gage height, 1.90 feet; discharge, 12,810 second-feet. 

May 25, gage height, 1. 70 feet; discharge, 10,134 second-feet. 

September 16, gage height, 0.10 foot; discharge, 3,912 second-feet. 

October 26, gage height,-0.60 foot; discharge, 2,728 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tennessee River at Knoxville, Tennessee, for 1899. 

I~ . 2-----

3-----

4-----

0-----

6-----

7 .•••. 

8-----

9 ••••• 

10-----

11 .... . 12 .... . 

13-----

14 ••••. ilL ... . 16 .... . 

17-----

18-----

19-----

20 ••... 21 ••••. 

22-----

23 •.... 

24-----

25-----

26 ••••• 

27-----

-

-

-

;Tan. Feb. 

----

(a) 1.20 

(a) 1.20 

(a) 1.40 

(a) 8.60 

(a~ 16.70 

(a. 18.70 

~a~ 22.50 a 22.20 

(a) 16.00 

(a~ 9.40 (a 6.00 

(a 5.00 

(a) 4.20 

(a) 8. 60 (al 2.00 ~a 2.40 .40 3.40 

2.50 7.00 

2.40 6.60 

2.20 5.70 

2.10 4.80 

1.80 4.30 

1.60 4.40 

1.50 4.40 

1.50 3.90 

1.60 8.50 

1. 60 5.20 

1.50 9.40 

1.30 -----·- 1.20 ------- 1.20 ------· 

Mar. Apr. May. 

9.20 8.00 2.30 

6.80 6.60 2.20 

6.40 5.60 2.00 

14.00 5.80 2.00 

14.40 8.20 2.40 

19.20 7.60 2.60 

16.40 6.00 3.80 

9.00 5.90 4.40 

6.70 6.50 5.40 

6.10 7.30 5.20 

5.10 6.20 4.40 

4.60 5.20 4.00 

4.20 i.80 4.30 

8.90 4.50 4.40 

11.50 4.00 4.80 

20.40 3:80 4.80 

17.40 3.1;0 3.00 

11.00 8.20 2.40 

18.00 2.90 2.20 

28.00 2.80 2.10 

25.40 2.60 1.90 

13.60 2.50 1.80 

10.10 2.30 1.80 

7.80 2.20 1.70 

7.00 2.40 1.70 

6.50 2.60 1.60 

7.60 3.00 1.40 

9.20 2.70 1.30 

12.20 2.60 1.20 

12.10 2.50 1.20 

10.40 ------- 1.30 

June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

---- N~. -~ 1.50 1.20 1.00 0.80 -0.10 -0.20 0.30 

1.10 .90 .so 1.60 - .20 + .40 .30 

1.70 .60 .70 1.40 -.30 .50 .30 

1.60 .40 .60 .80 -.30 .50 .40 

1.40 .20 .40 .60 - .40 .50 .30 

1.20 .40 .30 .40 -.40 .40 .30 

1.10 .30 .20 .30 -.50 .30 .10 

.90 .30 .20 .30 - .30 .10 .10 

.90 .40 .20 .30 - .20 .00 .00 

1.10 .40 .30 .30 - .60 -.10-.10 

1.20 .40 .30 .40 + .80 -.20 - .20 

1.40 .50 .70 .70 .70 -.20 .00 

1.70 .30 .80 .60 .40 -.30 4.60 

3.00 .20 .80 .40 .30 - .30 5.30 

3.10 .10 .60 .30 .20 - .40 4.90 

3. 70 .00 .60 .20 .10 -.50 3.30 

2.40 .00 .oo .10 .00 -.50 2.60 

2.00 .10 .30 .00 -.10 -.60 1.90 

1.60 .20 .20 - .10 -.10 -.60 1.80 

1.40 .40 .10 .00 -.20 -.60 1.80 

1.20 .40 .00 .20 -.20 -.70 1.60 

1.00 .40 .10 .50 -.30 -.70 1.90 

.90 .30 .20 .40 -.30 -.70 1.80 

.70 .20 .30 .20 -.40 -.60 2.10 

.80 .30 .40 .00 -.50· -.50 3.40 

1.20 .30 .40 .00 -.50 -.50 3.70 

1.00 1.40 .50 .20 -.60 -.40 3.20 

1.10 1.30 .60 .20 -.60 -.20 2.50 

1.60 2.10 .60 .10 -.60 +-20 2.20 

1.40 2.60 .00 .00 -.40 .30 1. 70 

------- 1.40 .00 ------- -.40 ------- 1. 70 

a January 1 to 16, no readings; gage obstructed by false work of new bridge. 

Clinch River, a tributary of ':i'ennessee River, was measured at 

Clinton, Tennessee, on May 5, at a gage height of 7.55 feet, and 

showed a discharge of 5,220 second-feet. 
174 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36. 

TENNESSE~ RIVER AT CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE. 

This river, after passing Chattanooga, enters Alabama. It then 

makes a bend to the west and later to the north, returning to Tennessee. Flowing through this State and Kentucky, it empties into 

the Ohio 50 miles above Cairo. In 1879 a gage was established at 

Chattanooga, Tennessee, at the foot of Lookout street, just below 

Chattanooga Island, by the Signal Corps of the United States Army, 

which has been in charge of the Weather Bureau since July 1, 1891. 

The drainage area above this station is 21,382 square miles, and is 

mapped on Morristown, Greenville, Roan Mountain, London, Knoxville, Mount Guyot, Asheville, Murphy, Briceville, ·standingstone, 

Wartburg, Pikeville, Maynardville, Cumberland Gap, Jonesville, 

Estillville, Bristol, Whitesburg, Grundy, Abingdon, Tazewell, Pocahontas, Wytheville, Cranberry, Morganton, Mount Mitchell, Salud~J,, 

Pisgah, Como, Nantahala, Walhalla, Dahlonega, Ellijay, Dalton, 

Cleveland, Ringgold, Kingston, and Chattanooga atlas sbeets. The 

gage is on an inclined railroad iron for about 20 feet of its lower 

portion. Above this it is a vertical rod bolted to the rock bluff forming the river bank. The zero of the gage is .630.64 feet above sea 

level. Measurements are made from the Hamilton County steel highway bridge at the foot of Walnut street, a short distance below the 

gage. Gage heights are obtained from L. M. Prindell, United States 

Weather ·Bureau observer. Records of measurement may be found 

as follows: 1890 to 1895, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

120; 1896-97, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 261; 1898, 

Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 210. The following measurements were made by Max Hall and others during 1899: 

.May 3, gage height, 6. 71 feet; discharge, 37,770 second-feet . 

.May 26, gage height, 4. 76 feet; discharge, 25,526 second-feet. 

June 21, gage height, 4.15 feet; discharge, 21,391 second-feet. 

September 15, gage height, 1.90 feet; discharge, 10,819 second-feet. 

Oc_tober 27, gage height, 0.80 foot; discharge, 6,56{! second-feet. 

East Chickamauga Creek, a tributary of the Tennessee, was measured at Anderson upper ford, 3 miles from Ringgold, Georgia, October 

26, and gave a discharge of 35 second-feet. 
TENNESSEE AND OHIO. 175 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tennessee River at Chattanooga, Tennessee, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---------------------------

1 ..... 4.75 5.70 19.25 22.80 7.80 .4.15 3.~ 4.20 2.20 J_.20 1.10 1. 70 

2 ..... 4.95 5.65 17.60 19.50 7.10 4.25 3. 3.55 2.35 1.10 1.10 1.70 

3----- 5.80 5.80 15.15 14.90 6.70 4.40 3.05 3.05 2.80 1.05 1.05 1.70 

4 ..... 5.60 10.70 14.15 12.95 6.30 4.85 2.60 2.75 3.05 .95 1.10 1.70 

5 .... 5.95 23.10 17.95 13.25 6.15 4.65 2.60 2.45 2.65 .90 1.50 1.80 

6 ..... 7.25 80.45 24.50 14.70 7.10 4.25 2.60 2.45 ~-25 .60 1.50 1.70 

7 .... 18.80 34.30 26.55 15.70 8.50 4.05 2.65 2.40 1.95 .85 1.50 1.60 

8 ..... 18.40 36.95 27.60 18.05 9.35 3.75 3.05 2.40 1.80 1.00 1.45 1.50 

9 .... 17.35 38.25 27.70 17.75 10.0(1 3.55 2.90 2.25 1.60 1.15 1.35 1.40 

10 ..... 17.15 36.75 16.15 15.70 10.70 3.40 2.60 2.10 1.80 1.60 1.20 1.40 

11 ..... 13.85 80.30 11.85 14.20 11.15 3.90 2.55 2.10 1.70 1.80 1.15 1.60 

12----- 10.50 19.35 10.60 12.90 10.40 4.30 2.45 2.00 2.00 1.85 1.10 5.20 

13 ..... 9.15 12.15 9.55 11.65 9.80 5.25 2.80 2.00 1.80 1.70 1.00 6.45 

14 ..... 8.10 9.50 11.20 10.70 9.30 5.80 2.20 2.25 2.00 1.65 1.00 7.40 

15 ..... 7.55 8.50 24.55 10.00 9.55 6.45 2.15 2.65 1.85 1.40 1.00 7.15 

16 .... 7.30 7.55 34.25 9.40 9.20 6.10 1.95 2.65 1.65 1.25 1.00 6.20 

17 ..... 7.40 7.95 36.90 8. 75 8.70 6.40 1.90 2.40 1.45 1.15 1.00 5.20 

18 ..... 7.45 9.55 36.15 8.40 7.75 6.20 1.80 2.30 1.35 1.15 1.00 4.25 

19 ..... 7.25 11.30 35.85 8.00 6.90 5.25 1.90 2.15 1.20 1.10 1.00 3.85 

20 ..... 7.00 12.65 37.05 7.55 6.40 4.70 2.05 1.90 1.05 1.10 .95 4.25 

21 ..... 6.811 11.50 39.20 7.35 5.90 4.20 2.05 1.70 1.00 1.10 .85 4.40 22 ..... 6.45 10.65 40.00 7.05 5.60 3.75 2.40 1.60 1.05 1.10 .85 4.40 

23 ..... 5.90 10.10 38.70 7.85 5.31'> 3.50 2.70 1.45 1.30 1.05 1.00 4.15 

24 ..... 5.65 9.75 32.70 9.65 5.30 3.25 3.50 1.30 1.5() 1.00 1.15 5.65 

25 ..... 6.05 9.50 23.15 9.35 5.05 3.15 3.40 1.20 1.50 .95 1.30 6.15 

26----- 6.35 9.20 16.30 10.75 4.60 3.00 3.00 1.20 1.45 .85 1. 70 6.30 

27 ..... 5.85 13.20 13. 6.5 10.30 4.65 3.25 3.05 1.20 1.30 .80 1.80 5.85 

28 ..... 5.75 1d.45 13.95 9.20 4.40 3.65 3.65 1.25 1.20 .60 1.85 5.55 

29 ..... 5.55 _____ ,._ 17.30 8.35 4.30 3.50 4.25 1.50 1.25 .90 1.80 5.10 

30 31 ____ .....5.30 ------- 21.20 7.75 4.20 3.30 4.25 1.85 1.30 1.00 1. 75 4.65 

5.80 ------- 22.80 ------- 4.25 ·------ 5.15 1.75 ·-·---- 1.05 ------- 3.85 

OLENTANGY RIVER AT COLUMBUS, OIDO. 

This river rises in the north-central part of Ohio and flows in a 

southerly direction into the Scioto at Columbus. Its watershed is in 

general flat and for the most part cultivated. Systematic measurements were begun in Columbus on November 22, 1898, when the etation at the Fifth avenue bridge was established by H. A. Pressey, 

Prof. C. N. Brown, and B. H. Flynn. The gagings are made on the 

upstream side of the bridge, the initial point being on the left bank. 

A wooden post, graduated to feet and tent.hs, was driven in the bed 

of the stream near the bridge as a gage, and referred to a scale cut in 

the face of the left abutment, from which high-water readings can be 

taken directly. The observations of river heights are made under 

the direction of Prof. C. N. Brown, of the Ohio State University. 

Thfl students in civil engineering have for the last two years studied 

the rainfall and run-off of the basin of the Olentangy and Scioto 

rivers. A description. of the watershed and the results of observations may be found in the Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

215. The following measurements were made during 1899: 

Measurements of Olentangy River at Columbus, Ohio. 

Date. Gage Dis- Date. Ga~e Disheight. charge. heig t. charge. 

1899. Feet. Sec.(.eet. 1899. Feet. Sec.-feet. Jan. 5 ................... 5.71 ,335 Mar. 25 ................... 3.25 1,717 Jan.15 __________________ 7.90 9,= Mar. 27 ................... 3.15 1,546 

Mar.15 ..... ------ ...... 1.87 Mar. 31. ........... ------- 3.67 2,221 

Mar.16 ----------------- 1.97 477 

iE~: tr::::·:::::::::::::: 1.70 326 

Mar. 20 _____ ------------ 3.58 2,356 1.45 180 

Mar. 22 ..... ____ -------- 2.95 1,480 1.33 126 

Mar. 24 ................. 4.54 3,174 Sept. 16 .................. 0.90 5 

Do---------- ........ 4.21 2,910 
176 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0,36. 

Daily gage -,eight, in feet, of Olentangy River at Columbus, Ohio, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

--------------------------- 1 ..... 1.95 1.55 2.65 3.76 .uu 2.20 1.15 1.20 1.10 1.00- 1.10 1.10 

2----- 1.70 1.55 2.65 2.80 1.28 2.50 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.10 a ___ - 2.10 1.55 2.57 2.24 1.19 3.00 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.15 1.20 

4----- 1.94 1.55 2.110 1.98 1.27 2.55 1.10 1.40 1.10, 1.00 1.20 1.20 5 _____ li.li3 1.55 4.37 1.82 1.27 2.00 1.10 1.50 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.20 

6 -·-·- 5.17 1.55 4.25 1.73 1.17 1.75 1.10 3.10 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.20 

7 ---·- 3.80 1.55 3.00 1.70 1.60 1.85 1.10 2.45 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.20 

8 ----- 2.57 1.55 2.14 2.00 1.56 1.55 1.10 2.10 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.20 

9 ----- 2.18 1.55 2.07 2.45 1.38 1.45 1.10 1. 75 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.20 

10 ----- 2.06 1.55 2.07 2.45 1.28 1.50 1.10 1.45 100 1.00 1.20 1.20 

11 ----- 1.87 1.55 2.32 2.05 . 1.34 1.40 1.10 1.40 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.20 

12 ..... 1.77 1.55 2.80 1.83 1.18 1.40 1.10 1.85 1.00 1.00 1.10 ].55 

13 ..... 1.90 1.55 2.57 1.72. 1.27 1.30 1.10 1.30 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.90 

14 ..... 8.45 1.55 2.20 1.75 1.20 1.30 1.15 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.90 

15 ----- 8.20 1.55 1.110 1.66 1.20 1.30 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.00 1;20 1.50 

16 ..... 5.90 1.55 1.88 1.55 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.45 

17 ..... 4.07 1.55 1.98 1.48 1.14 1.20 1.35 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.50 

18 ..... 2.98 1.55 1.87 1.42 1.17 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.50 

19 ..... 2.53 2.22 3.42 1.40 1.27 1.25 1.40 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.90 

20 ..... 2.10 2.17 8.65 1.36 1.20 1.25 1.55 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 3.30 

21 ..... 1.98 1.87 3.04 1.85 1.25 1.30 1.45 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 2.75 

22 ..... 1.38 2.38 2.80 1.83 1.30 1.45 1.30 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 2.20 28 ..... 1.80 3.92 5.19 1.29 1.40 2.35 1.30 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.85 

24 ..... 1.80 l.87 4.48 1.30 1.25 1.90 1.25 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.80 

25 ..... 1.87 1.88 3.38 1.31 1.20 1.65 1.40 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.80 

26 ... - 1.80 1.87 8.67 1.27 1.20 1.45 1.50 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.80 

27 ..... 1.78 3.97 8.48 1.31 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.80 

28 ..... 1.55 8.52 8.64 1.45 1.25 1.20 1.30 1.10 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.80 

29 ..... 1.55 ------- 3.73 1.85 1.35 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.80 

30 ..... 1.55 .............. 3.12 1.30 1.60 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.80 I 31 ..... 1.87 ------- 3.64 ------- 1.95 ------- 1.20 1.10 ------- 1.10 -------- 1.80 

SCIOTO RIVER AT COLUMBUS, OHIO. 

This river drains the central portion of the State of Ohio, and flows 

in a general southerly direction into Ohio River near the city of 

Portsmouth. Its watershed is fiat and highly cultivated above Columbus, while in the southern part it is hilly, with eomparatively little 

cultivatton. A description of the watershed and results of measurements may be found in the Twentieth Annual RepQrt, Part IV, page 

212. Systematic measurements were begun at Columbus November 

22, 1898, when a station was established by H. A. Pressey, Prof. C. N. 

Brown, and B. H. Flynn. It is located at the Grandview avenue 

bridge in Columbus. The wire gage is located on the upstream side 

of the bridge, and is referred to a scale eut in the face of the left 

abutment, from which high-water readings can be taken directly. 

The river bed at the station is rocky: The banks are naturally low, 

but levees have been built on each side in order to prevent ove1·fiow; 

high water seldom reaches the top of the levees, but occasionally they 

are overflowed. The following measurements were made under the 

direction of Prof. C. N. Brown during 1899: 
OHIO. 177 

Measurements of Scioto River at Columbus, Ohio. 

Date. Ga%e Dis· Date. Ga1t" Dishelg t. charge. heig t. charge. 

1899. Feet. Sec.ieet .. 1899. Feet. Sec.-feet. Jan. 15 •••••• --···· ------ 19.50 1 ,895 Mar. 'i?IT ••••••••••••••••••• 14.05 8,879 Jan. 20 .................. ' 13.00 2,291 Mar. 29 ................... 14.56 8,894 Mar.6 ................... 15.50 5,867 i i-m:-f::_-m:::-

11.76 982 

Mar.8 .... -------------- 13.85 2,457 11.94 1,116 

Mar.9 .... ·. 12.89 1,995 11.80 668 Mar.17 .... :::::::-- .... 11.61 942 11.02 581 

Mar. 20 ............. : :::: 14.05 8,271 10. 7'J 841 

Mar.22 .... 14.80 8,905 9.90 236 

Mar. 24 .... -~:::::::::::: 15.00 4,526 tJ>;i.~ii::~: ::::::::::::·: 9.80 208 

Do ................. 14.57 4,050 11.10 2B 

Mar. 25 .................. 14.58 8,919 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Scioto River at Columbus, Ohio, for 1899. 

Day. I J=. ,..,_ ·...:.. A,.. ""Y· Ju~. July. Aug ...... DoC No•§ ---------------------------------------

1. .... 11.25 10.65 . 13.80 14.15 9.60 10.85 9.10 9.50 9.10 9.05 9.45 9.45 

2----- 11.80 10.80 13.80 13.30 9.75 10.85 9.00 9.40 9.10 9.20 9.85 9.40 

3----- 10.95 10.50 13.15 12.70 9.85 10.70 9.10 9.40 9.00 9.25 9.30 9.40 

4 ..... 11.50 10.45 13.65 12.10 9.80 10.90 9.10 9.30 9.00 9.20 9.85 9.35 

5 ..... 16.00 10.85 15.65 11.75 9.70 10.40 9. to 9.85 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.30 

6----- 15.75 10.40 15.65. 11.50 9.65 10.20 9.10 12.70 9.00 9.10 9.85 9.30 

7 ..... 14.25 10.40 14.55 11.40 9.80 10.00 9.50 11.95 9.00 9.00 9.40 9.40 

8----- 13.50 10.85 13.80 11.95 965 9.70 9.80 11.10 9.00 9.00 9.80 9.80 

9 ..... 13.25 10.80 13.00 12.25 9.75 9.70 9.05 10.65 9.00 9.00 9.25 9.80 

10 ..... 12.25 10.80 12.55 12.15 9.70 9.65 8.90 10.20 9.00 9.05 9.25 9.80 

11 ..... 11.45 10.40 12.80 11.85 9.70 9.55 8.90 9.95 9.00 9.10 9.85 9.35 

12 ----- 11.20 10.40 13.05 11.55 9.75 9.45 9.00 9.75 9.00 9.10 9.25 9.50 

13----- 11.70 10.30 12.90 11.85 9.80 9.40 9.00 9.55 9.00 9.10 9.15 9.65 

14 ..... 20.80 10.30 12.45 11.30 9.70 9.40 9.80 9.45 8.95 9.10 9.30 10.10 

15----- 19.65 10.30 11.95 11.15 9.60 9.30 9.85 9,85 8.95 9.10 9.25 10.00 

16----- 17.85 10.25 11.85 10.95 9.60 9.40 9.50 9.30 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.90 

17----- 16.80 10.20 11.65 10.85 9.60 9.30. 9.75 9.30 9.05 9.10 9.30 9.80 

18----- 15.40 10.80 12.25 10.70 9.55 9.25 9.95 9.20 9.10 9.15 9.30 9.80 

19----- 14.05 11.10 14.30 10.70 9.60 9.20 9.85 9.20 9.00 9.15 9.30 .9.95 

20----- 13.10 11.25 14.10 10.50 9.60 9.25 9.90 9.20 8.90 9.15 9.30 11.55 

21 ..... 12.55 11.40 13.95 10.15 9.80 9.20 9.90 9.20 8.95 9.10 9.85 11.30 

22----- 11.95 12.80 14.20 9.75 9.70 9.20 9.65 9.10 11.05 9.10 9.45 11.20 

2B- ---- 11.65 13.45 16.40 9.85 9.55 9.20 9.60 9.10 9.05 9.10 9.30 10.85 

24 ...... 11.50 12.60 14.95 9.80 9.55 9.20 9.50 9.00 9.05 9.10 9.25 10.55 

25 ..... 11.55 12.25 14.80 9.80 9.50 9.15 10.35 9.10 11 •. 00 9.10 9.25 10.80 

26 ----- 11.40 12.85 15.45 9.85 9.40 9.10 9.75 9.10 9.00 9.10 9.85 10.25 

27----- 11.10 15.15 14.25 9.80 I 9.40 9.15 10.20 9.10 9.00 9 10 9.30 10.15 

28 ..... 10.65 14.25 15.05 9.751 9.40 9.10 10.05 9.10 9.05 9.25 9.30 10.10 

29. --- 10.80 ------- 14.85 9.70' 9.50 9.10 9.75 9.10 9.00 9.40 9.85 10.10 

30----- 11.00 .............. 14.00 9.70 9.50 9.10. 9.70 9.10 9.00 9.40 9.30 9.95 

31 ..... 11.05 ----·-- 14.90 ------- 9.75 ------- 9.65 9.10 ------- 9.40 ------- 9.90 

LAKE SUPERIOR OUTFLOW. 

In December, 1895, and January, 1896, the United States engineers 

measured the outflow of Lake Superior under each of the spans of the 

international bridge. 1 From these and other measurements made at 

Spry's dock, about a mile below the rapids, the discharge at various 

stages of the river was computed' as shown in the following table: 

Discharge of St. Marys River at vario·u.s stages. 

Stags of ch :l 

river. Dis ar~~ 

Feet. Second-fe]t. 600.6 57,440 

601. 2 67' 310 

602. 0 81, 210 L 603. o 99, 770 

' From report by Alfred Noble, civil engineer, May 25, 1897, in Report on Compensating Works, 

Michigan Lake Superior Power Company, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, September, 18119. 
178 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36. 

It is proposed to withdraw from St. Marys River about 30,000 secondfeet by a canal traversing the city of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, 

pass it through turbines installed below the Government pier and 

return it to the river. The turbine shafts are to be coupled directly 

to electric generators which are to develop 40,000 effective horsepower. 

The section of this canal in rock will be about 200 feet wide and carry 

22 feet of flowing water. The available head has been assumed to be 

19 feet, and from this a little less than 3 feet is deducted for loRses by 

friction and ot.her causes, leaving an effective head of a trifle over 16 

feet, as given by the report of Mr. H. von Schon. 

The above-described measurements were made by Mr. E. E. Haskell, 

assistant engineer, and briefly noted in the annual report of the Chief 

of Engineers, United States Army, 1896, page 4027. In the next 

annual report, that for 1897, on pages 4092 to 4104, are details of 

measurements made by Mr. E. E. Haskell during February and March, 

1896. The discharge section was il). the reach of river extending from 

the foot of St. Marys Rapids to the head of Little Rapids. It began 

at the foot of Spry's dock on the American side of the river and ended 

at Plummer's dock on the Canadian side. The total water width 

at this point is 2,483 feet. The river was frozen at the time of making 

observations, and the section was sounded and current observations 

made through the ice. At this time the attempt was made to measure 

low velocities by means of a hydrometric pendulum, but the results 

obtained with this instrument were not satisfactory. It was found 

that the friction caused by the ice was practically 31 per cent of that 

caused by the bottom. . 'fhe discharges as measured varied from 

60,470 to 77,290 second-feet. 

In addition to th~ measu.rements of the outflow of Lake Superior 

similar work has been done on the St. Clair and Niagara rivers, results 

·of which are to appear in the annual report of the Chief of Engineers 

for the year ending June 30, 1900. Investigations of Detroit and St. 

Lawrence rivers and additional details concerning St. Marys River are 

being obtained for publication a year later. 

MAUMEE RIVER AT WATERVILLE, OHIO. 

Maumee River is formed by the junction of St. Joseph and St. 

Marys rivers near Fort Wayne, Indiana, and flows in a northeasterly 

direction through Ohio, emptying into Lake Erie at Toledo. The 

southern part of the watershed is flat, the northern part being gently 

rolling and hilly in places. Formerly the hilly section was covered 

with timber, all of the best of which has been cut, leaving a section of 

scrub timber, with occasional farms cleared and cultivated. At the 

station the bed of the stream is rocky and the current sluggish, the fall 

being only 1.1 feet per mile on an average. Two dams have been built 

on the Maumee-one at Defiance, to supply water for the Ohio State 
OHIO. 179 

canals, and one at Grand Rapids for furnishing water power. A station was established on this river by H. A. Pressey and B. H. Flynn 

November 19, 1898. It is located at the highway bridge near Waterville, the gagings being made on the downstream side of the bridge. 

Zero of gage is on the left bank, marked by a nail in the guard rail. 

The wire gage 1s referred to a bench mark cut in the upstream side of 

the abutment on the left bank of the river. The elevation is 25.2 feet 

above' gage datum. This is the lowest place on the river .at which 

gagings can be made without being affected by backwater from the 

lake. The observer is J. E. Harper, station agent at Waterville, Ohio. 

Two measurements of discharge were made by B. H. Flynn and H. A. 

Pressey during 1899, as follows: The first, on March 3, at a gage height 

of 6.18 feet, gave a discharge of' 15,490 second-feet; the second, on 

September 25, at a gage height of 2.15 feet, gave a discharge of 125 

second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Maumee Rioor at Waterville, Ohio, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. 

----- 1 _____ 4.35 

2----- 4.35 

3 ..... 4.05 

4----- 4.30 

5----- 5.15 

6----- 5.70 

7 .... 5.50 

8 ----- 5.15 

9 ----- 4.40 

10----- 4.45 

11. .... 4.45 

12----- 4.10 

13----- 3.80 

14 ----- 5.00 

liL .... 8.50 

16 --·-- 9.50 

17 ----- 9.65 

18 ----- 8.80 

19 ----- 7.85 

20 ..... 6.55 21 _____ 5.65 

22----- 4.00 

23----- 4.50 

24----- 4.20 

25 ----- 3.95 

26----- 4.00 

27----- 2.50 

28 ----- 3.70 

29.---- 2.90 

30----- 3.00 

31 ----- 2.70 

Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

------------------ 3.00 7.60 5.70 3.00 3.05 2.10 2.25 2.40 

3.15 7.70 5.25 2.95 3.00 2.10 2.35 2.45 

3.35 6.10 5.50 3.00 3.00 2.05 2.35 .2.45 

3.35 6.85 5.20 2.85 3.15 2.05 2.35 2.40 

11.45 6.75 5.25 2.80 a. 25 1.95 2. 25 2.55 

2.75 6.85 5.10 2.80 3.10 2.05 3.55 2.70 

3.20 6.55 4.90 2.80 3.20 2.05 4.05 2.65 

3.80 5.60 4.90 2.95 3.10 2.10 3.75 2.55 

3.80 5.10 4.80 3.15 3.00 2.05 3.70 2.50 

3.80 4.80 4.70 3.25 2.95 2.10 3.60 2.40 

3.80 5.35 4.55 3.05 2.95 1.90 'I 2.35 

3.80 7.00 4.30 2.95 2.95 2.00 3. 2.30 

3.80 8.70 4.20 2.75 2.85 2.05 3. 2.25 

3.80 7.75 4.20 3.05 2.80 1.90 3. 2.20 

3.80 6.95 4.10 3.35 2.55 1.85 3. 2.15 

3.80 6.30 3.20 3.30 2.50 1.•80 3. 2.10 

3.80 6.90 3.75 3.30 2.40 1.85 

·~ 2.10 

3.80 5.95 3.65 3.15 2.35 2.05 2. 5 2.00 

3.50 7.35 3.45 3.25 2.40 2.40 2. 2.00 

2.95 9.25 3.50 3.35 ·2.30 2.80 2. 2.00 

3.00 9.50 IU5 3.15 2.15 2.75 2. 2.00 

4.05 8.90 3.00 3.15 2.10 2.65 2 .• 2.00 

4.50 8.35 3.05 3.35 2.20 2.80 2. 0 2.00 

5.20 8.10 3.20 3.15 2.30 2.40 2. ~ 2.00 

5.50 7.30 3.35 . 3.00 2.20 2.40 2.05 

6.10 7.15 3.65 2.75 2.25 2.30 ~: ~ 2.10 

8.35 7.00 3.70 2.85 2.20 2.35 2. ~ 2.00 

8.40 6.65 3.35 3.30 2.25 2.50 2. 2.00 

------- 6.10 3.10 3.30 2.20 2.45 2. ~ 2.10 

------- 5.75 3.10 3.05 2.15 2.40 2.10 

------- 5.65 ............. 3.00 ------- 2.35 ~: 5 

I 

SANDUSKY RIVER AT MEXICO~ OHIO. 

I 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.10 

-2.10 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

1.90 

1.90 

1.95 

2.10 

2.15 

2.20 

2.20 

2.10 

2.10 

2.10 

2.10 

2.05 

2.00 

2.05 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20 

Nov. Dec. 

----

2.35 2.30 

2.45 2.20 

2.50 2.20 

2.40 2.15 

2.40 2.10 

2.35 2.10 

2.45 2.05 

2.60 2.00 

2.90 2.00 

2.90 2.00 

2.85 2.10 

2.90 2.20 

2.75 2. 25 

2.75 2.30 

2.60 2.40 

2.50 2.45 

2.35 2.80 

2.25 2.75 

2.20 3.05 

2.20 3.00 

2.15 4.50 

2.20 5.25 

2.35 5.05 

2.40 4.50 

2.50 4.10 

2.50 4.10 

2.40 4.00 

2.40 4.00 

2.40 4.00 

2.30 4.00 

------- 4.00 

This river rises in the north-central part f Ohio and flows in a 

westerly and nort...1erly direction into Sandus y Bay, an arm of I~ake 

Erie. Its watershed is largely used for farmi g and pasturage, h<>.ving only an occasional patch of forest. Sixte n dams have been built 

along its course in order to utilize the water p~wer. Only five of these 

are now in use, but the flow is more or less pbstructed by them all. 

I 

, I 
180 OPERATIONS A'l' RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No,36. 

Measurements. of flow were begun in November, 1898, in connection 

with the work of the State board of health in their study of the pollution of the Ohio streams and also to obtain information in regard to 

water power. Two stations have been established on the Sandusky, 

one at Mexico, 6 miles above Tiffin, and the other at Fremont, about 

15 miles from the mouth of the river. The Mexico station was established by H. A. Pressey and B. H. Flynn on November 17, 1898, and 

is located at the highway bridge near Mexico, about 40 miles above 

Fremont, Ohio. The wire gage is on the upstream side of the bridge, 

and is referred to a beneh mark cut in the top side of the upstream 

wing of the right abutment of the bridge. The elevation of the bench 

mark is 30.00 feet above gage datum. Gagings are made from the 

downstream side of the bridge, the initial point being on the left bank, 

marked by a nail in the guard rail. The stream flows through a long 

stretch of clay banks, with little sand and gravel, mid is unobstructed 

near the point of measurement. At extreme high water the banks are 

overflowed, and at very low water the measurements are somewhat 

uncertain, owing to the sluggishness of the stream. The observer is 

M. L. Estep, of Mexico, Ohio. One measurement of discharge was 

made by ll. H. Flynn in March, 1899, at a gage height of 5.40 feet, 

which gave a discharge of 1,38fi second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Sandusky River at Mexico, Ohio, for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---------------------------

L. ___ 3.00 1.90 5.60 6.40 1.50 4.10 1.10 1.40 0.60 0.60 1.10 1.20 

2---- 2.90 1.90 4.30 6.00 1.40 4.10 1.00 1.30 .50 .60 1.10 1.20 3 _____ 2.80 1.80 4.00 4.90 1.40 3.70 1.00 1.30 .60 .60 1.00 1.20 

4----- 3.10 1.80 5.00 4.70 1.30 3.00 1. 00 1.30 .50 .60 1.20 1.20 

5----- 10.20 1. 70 9.40 4.20 2.40 2.40 .90 1.20 .50 .60 1.20 1.30 2-~~~~ 10.80 1.70 10.80 3.40 1.90 2.00 .90 2.50 .50 .50 1.10 1.60 

' ----- !1.80 1.70 9.20 3. 00 .2.20 2.00 .90 2.10 .50 .50 1.10 1.40 

8----- 6.10 1.60 6.30 4.80 2.00 2.50 .80 1.60 .60 .50 1.10 1.30 

9----- 4.00 1.60 - 4.50 5.80 1.80 3.00 .80 1.40 ,60 .50 1.10 1.20 

10----- 3.50 1. 60 4.00 5.00 1.60 2.40 .80 1.40 .60 .50 1.00 1.20 n _____ 3.50 1.60 7.80 4.10 1.50 2.00 .80 1.40 .60 .50 1.00 1.20 12 _____ 3.40 1.60 8.40 3.20 1.40 1.80 .80 1. 30 .60 .60 1.00 1.30 

13----- 3.40 1.60 6.50 3.50 1.90 1. 70 .70 1.30 .50 .60 1.00 1.60 

14----- 10.20 1.60 4.80 3.40 1.50 1.50 .70 1.20 .50 .80 1.00 1.60 

15 ----· 15.50 1.60 3.80 3.00 1.40 1.40 1.10 1.20 .50 .80 110 1.80 

16----- 17.00 1.50 3.70 2.50 1.30 . 1.30 1:50 1.00 .50 .80 1.20 1.80 

17 ----- 15.30 1. 50 3.70 2.30 1.30 1.30 1.60 .90 .60 .80 1.20 1.70 

18----- 10.30 1.50 3.90 2.00 2.20 1.20 1.50 .90 .60 .80 1.20 1.90 

19----- 6.30 1.50 11.00 2.00 4.20 1.10 1.40 .90 .60 .70 1.20 2.20 

20----- 4.20 1.50 11.80 1.90 3.20 1.00 1.30 .80 .80 .80 1.20 3.00 21 _____ 3.60 1.50 9.30 1.90 2.40 1.00 1.30 .so .80 1.00 1.20 3.30 

22----- 3.40 8.10 7.30 1.80 2.00 .90 1.30 .80 .. 70 1.00 1.10 2.80 

23 .... _ 3.20 9.20 9.30 1.80 ' 1.80 .90 1.20 .80 .60 1.00 1.10 2.40 

24 ----- 3.00 7.20 10.10 1.60 1.70 .80 1.20 .80 .60 1.00 1.20 2.20 25 ·---- 3.00 5.00 9.50 1.80 1.60 1.30 1.20 .70 .60 1.00 1.20 2.20 

26----- 2.90 5.40 7.40 1.80 1.60 1.20 1.20 .70 .60 1.00 1.20 2.10 

27 ----· 2.70 9.20 6.40 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.10 .70 .60 1.10 1.20 2.10. 

28----- 2.60 8.40 6.00 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.20 .70 .60 1.10 1.30 2.00 

29.---- 2.40 ------- 5.50 1. 70 1.60 1.10 1.50 .60 .60 1.20 1.20 2.00 

30- ·--- 2.20 ------- 6.10 1.60 3.40 1.10 1.50 .60 .60 1.20 1.20 1. 80 31_ ____ 2.00 ----·.- 5.90 ------- 4.70 ------- 1.40 .60 ------- 1.20 ------· 1.60 
! 

OHIQ AND NEW YORK. 181 

SANDUSKY :RIVER AT FREMONT, OHIO. 

This station, establishe~ by H. A. Pressey and B. H. Flynn on 

November 18, 1898, is at the bridge of the Lake. Shore HaUroad at Fremont, Ohio. The gagings are made from the board walk on the lower 

cord of the bridge, the initial point being a cross cut on the bottom 

lateral at the west end of the bridge. The gage is an iron pipe graduated to feet and tenths, located at the waterworks intake, and is 

referred to a bench mark cut on top of south end of west abutment of 

bridge. 'l'he elevation of bench mark is 20.1 feet above gage datum. 

The bed is rocky, the banks high and not subject to overflow. During the summer of 1899, owing to the scarcity of water for the waterworks of Fremont, the rubble dam below the station was rebuilt, 

affecting the flow of the river and gage readings, especially at time 

of low water. The observer is Charles F. Reiff, superintendent of 

the waterworks at Fremont, Ohio. A measurement of discharge was 

made March 2, 1899, by B. H. Flynn: Gage height, 2.32feet; discharge, 

1, 784 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Sandusky River at Fremont, Ohio, for 1899. 

~ Jan. Feb. .Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. _ 

L .... 2.00 1.30 2.95 2.90 0.40 2.20 -0.05 +0.05 0.35 0.75 0.95 0.90 

2 .•••. 1.75 1.20 2.25 2.75 .35 2.1&- .15 .10 .40 .70 .95 .90 

3 ..••. 1.70 1.20 2.05 2.45 .80 1.95-.211 .05 .35 .75 1.05 .95 

L.... 2.30 1.20 2. 75 2.55 .40 1.55 - .25 .00 .40 . 75 1.05 1.00 

5 ..••. 5.15 1.20 4.80 2.30 1.55 1.10 - .15 .00 .35 .75 1.115 .95 

6 ..... 4.90 1.10 4.55 195 1.00 .80-.15-.10 .40 .70 1.05 .95 

7 ----· 4.40 1.10 .3.75 1.80 '.85 .80-.15 +.55 .45 .60 .95 .95 

8 ..... 3.25 1.05 2.95 2.75 .95 .75-.10 .25 .45 .60 .90 .95 

9 .••.• 2.70 .75 2.40 2.85 .75 1.40-.20 .10 .45 .60 .90 .95 

10 _____ 2.35 .70 2.65 2.50 .65 1.30 _ .10 .00 I .40 .60 .90 .90 

11 •.••• 2.15 .80 4.40 2.10 .50 1.00 + .05 .00 .40 .60 .90 1.00 

12 ..... 2.15 .80 4.05 2.00 .45 .75-.15 .00 .30 .45 .95 1.00 

13 ·---· 2.50 .80 3.15 1.95 .40 .55 - .15 - .15 :so .50 .91) 1.05 

14-.... 7.80 .80 2.10 1.75 .40 .35-.20-.10 .30 .70 .95 1.20 

15 ..... 8.25 .80 2.10 . 1,50 .40 .30- .20-.10 .80 .70 .90 1.20 

16 ..... 7.40 .75 1.95 1.25 .35 .20 + .60-.15 .50 .75 .90 1.20 

17 ----· 6.80 .80 1.90 1.05 .40 .20 .55-.20 .50 .85 .95 1.10 

18 .•••. 5.00 1.00 2.85 .90 .80 .10 .35-.15 .50 .-85 .95 1.10 

19 ••... 8.40 1.05 6.70 .80 1.55 .10 .15 -.20 .65 .95 .95 1.50 

20 ..••. 2.00 1.55 5.05 .80 1.55 .. 10 .10-.25 .60 .85 1.00 1.90 

2L .... 2.55 2.05 4.05 .70 1.00 .00 .00-.25 .55 .85 .95 1.90 

22 ..... 2.25 4.25 4.00 .65 .75 .00 .05 -.25 .55 .85 .95 1.711 

23 ....• 2.20 4.00 4.65 .60 .55 .OIJ- .10- .25 .55 .85 .90 1.50 

24 ..... 2.20 3.30 4.20 .60 .45-.05-.10- .25 .6.5 .80 .95 1.40 

25 ..... 2.80 2.50 3.80 1.15 .35-.05 + .05-.35 .80 .85 .95 1.50 26- ·-·- 2.15 3.40 3.60 1.00 .30 .00 - .10 - .40. . 70 .85 .95 1.25 

27 .•... 2.10 4.20 3.10 .75 .35-.05-.15-.80 .70 .80 .95 1.10 

28 ..•.. 1.65 3.60 2.80 .70 .5.5 .00-.15-.35 .80 .95 .!)5 1.10 

29. ·--- 1.55 . 2.80 .60 1.20 - .0.5 - .15 -.25 .80 .95 .95 1.10 

30 ..... 1.45 -·-·--- 2.90 .55 2.15 -.05-.15-.05 .70 .90 .90 1.00 

31, ____ 1.35 -····-· 2.85 ------· 2.50 -·--·--·- .05 + .20 ·---·-· 1.05 •••.••• .95 

NIAGARA RIVER BELOW BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 

Measurements of Niagara River were made under the direction 

of the United States Board of Engineers on Deep Waterways, from 

September, 1897, to September, 1898, the work being. in charge of 

E. E. Haskell, assistant engineer. 'Phe results are discussed in a 

paper prepared by Mr. Clinton B. Stewart, assisting Mr. Haskell, 

and presented to the Western Society of Engineers in December, 

IRR 36--6 
182 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36. 

1899. 1 The point of measurement was on the north side of the 'nternational bridge, about 3 miles below the head of the river. At th s point 

the total width is 1,806 feet, of which 128.5 feet is taken up by t e width 

of the eight bridge piers. The distance between soundings w s about 

20 feet. The soundings were made with a 41-pound cast-iron weight 

attached to a sash chain, in swift and deep water, and with a 2 -pound 

lead in the shallower water. Velocity measurements were ade by 

means of Haskell current met~rs with high and low pitch wheels. 

The velocity of the current was determined at points about 80 feet 

apart and at 0.3 of the total depth. Measurements of veloc ty near 

the surface were also taken, with the meter immersed 1 foot, a so near 

the bottom, with the weight just clearing, so that the meter w eel was 

1.5 feet above the bottom. 

At a water-surface elevation of 567.0 feet above mean tide at New 

York, the area of cross section was 39,629 square feet. The d' charge 

measurements covered a range of about 2.3 feet in lake leveL Taking the elevation of mean level of Lake Erie at 572.78, this b ing the 

average at Cleveland for the period 1875 to 1898, the corresponding 

discharge, when corrected, is placed at 221,500 second-feet. The rate 

of increase in discharge at this elevation is about 25,000 second-feet 

per foot rise. 

In the results of this investigation published by Mr. Clinton B. 

Stewart in the Journal of the Western Society of Engineers, the gages 

showing height of water at the time of measurements were located, 

one on the American shore and the oth~r on the Canadian shore, each 

about 2! miles from the mouth of the river. The~e were read during 

the months of July and August, 1898, simultaneously at ten-minute 

intervals throughout the day. They have been referred to the gage 

near Buffa;lo, readings of which were made from 1887 to 1897. The 

fall from these to the latter is 0.13 foot. No attempt has been made to 

estimate the daily flow. It is probable that this can be done, as the bed 

of the river is of rock and not ~ubject to change. The construction 

of the international bridge about 1870 may have changed the slope 

conditions slightly, but probably has not influenced the flow by more 

than a few per cent. 

The measurements of the outflow of Lake Erie through Niagara 

River were continued from September, 1898, by the Corps of Engineers, 

United States Army, in charge of the survey of northern and northwestern lakes, of which Mr. E. E. Haskell was assistant engineer and 

Mr. F. C. Shenehon was resident engineer. From the measurements 

made by these two parties the outflow, by months, for the years 1895 

to 1898 has been computed and published. 2 The mean discharge for 

these thirty-four years is 220,428 second-feet. The following table 

gives the results, by months, in condensed form: 

1 Journal of Western Society of Engineers for 1899, pp. 450 to'492. 

• Regulation of the Level of Lake Erie. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, H. R. Doc. No. 200, 

pp. 15 and 16. 
NEW YORK. 183 

Mean monthly discharge of Niagara River below Buffalo, New York, for years 1865 

to 1898, inclusive, in thousands of cubic feet per second. 

Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean. 

---------------------------- 1865. 205 193 200 2l6 231 230 229 227 226 219 210 206 216 

1866. 200 197 205 21R 225 231 234 228 226 226 220 220 219 

1867. 213 206 215 223 236 244 239 231 221 213 202 197 220 

1868. 192 185 197 216 227 237 236 223 216 206 202 198 211 

1869. 197 196 206 214 227 237 245 242 235 223 212 221 221 

1870. 227 232 227 244 249, 219 250 248 241 231 224 221 237 

1871. 216 208 219 231 238 ZlB 238 232 228 212 207 198 222 

1872. 196 191 189 193 203 211 211 210 205 201 194 189 199 

1873. 187 187 189 217 234 236 236 234 224 217 212 221 216 

1874. 231 232 233 237 240 241 242 238 226 215 205 201 228 

1875. 196 192 195 204 215 225 229 228 225 213 209 214 211 

1876. 214 227 244 259 268 272 ' 268 260 255 240 242 233 248 

1877. 223 219 214 224 230 232 239 235 233 223 221 223 226 

1878. 225 228 232 243 250 250 250 243 240 231 226 ~ 237 

1879. 217 214 214 223 227 229 230 225 216 211 200 ~ 218 

1880. 218 219 222 226 233 236 238 232 226 215 214 206 224 

I i~~~: 196 199 206 223 233 239 238 230 221 220 215 220 220 

232 232 244 250 256 260 258 254 247 235 226 214 242 

1883. 212 217 221 224 236 255 261 259 250 242 232 232 237 

1884. 224 231 236 250 258 260 254 

~ 238 229 217 216 239 

1885. 211 206 203 223 242 256 255 251 248 245 243 236 

1886. 244 225 220 243 251 254 253 247 241 235 224 226 239 

1887. 220 230 252 253 258 259 252 243 237 222 215 216 238 

1888. 211 205 207 223 229 232 236 233 222 213 215 212 220 

1889. 212 209 205 213 217 228 233 225 . 216 206 200 206 214 

1890. 214 221 224 237 246 256 245 234 229 224 223 218 231 

1891. 212 212 223 220 215 219 216 210 206 197 188 189 209 

1892. 190 186 187 198 217 236 239 230 222 209 201 195 209 

1893. 187 189 193 210 230 235 228 220 210 202 194 195 208 

1894. 202 199 200 209 218 225 223 214 210 202 197 195 208 

1895. 188 184 184 189 '194 196 193 192 18!\ 180 178 181 187 

1896. 183 181 180 189 198 204 201 206 198 193 186 186 192 

1897. 186 190 198 210 218 220 220 216 210 198 196 195 205 

1898. 196 200 206 220 224 225 219 214 205 201 198 195 209 

SENECA RIVER AT BALDWINSVILLE, NEW YORK. 

This stream has its source in the lake of the same name in central 

New York; its general course is northeasterly until its junction with 

the Oneida River in Onondaga County, where the two form the Oswego 

River, which flows northwesterly, entering Lake Ontario at the city of 

Oswego. The station is located at the dam on Seneca River at Baldwinsville, where the drainage area is 3,103 square miles. A head or 

crest gage is placed at each end of the dam and both are read twice 

daily. ·Only one tailrace gage was placed. 'fhe elevation of the zeros , 

of the crest gages is 93.99 feet, while the elevation of the zero of the 

tailrace gage is 84.91 feet, or a difference of 9.08 feet. To obtain the 

effective heads on the water wheels it is necessary to add to the daily 

readings of the crest gages 9.08 feet, and subtract the readings of the 

tailrace gage. Ten mills utilize the flow fere developed for power 

purposes, and to get the entire flow of the ri~:r it is necessary to keep 

a record of the different heads on the wlleel gates as well as the 

amount of opening of each. The records at this point, as well as on 

various other streams in the State of New Tork, were begun by Mr. 

Gemge W. Rafter for the United States Boa~d of Engineers on Deep 

Waterways. The computations of discharge are quite laborious and 

have been made as noted in Volume XXVI ff the Proceedings of the 

American Society of Civil Engineers, page 30 . The following figures 

are based on Bazin's experiments. The 0 wego Canal is fed fro:cy:t 

Seneca River, and practically its entire flow should be added to that 
184 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. (N0.36. 

of the stream to obtain the total yield of the watershed. The discharge of this canal, including both lockage and leakage, was taken 

as 70 second-feet from June to October, 1899. 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Seneca River at Baldwinsville, New 

York, for 1898. 

~~. Doo. Day. N~. Doo. . Day. N~. D- Day. N~. Doo.l 

1~1== 2,628 10 .••. -------- 2,389 19 .•.. 3,308 2,151 28 --- 3,119 8,449 :. ... ·------- 2,512 11. ••. -------- 1,872 20.... 2,590 2,292 29.... 2,810 3,191 

3 ... -------- 2,609 12.... 3,011 2,219 21.... 3,293 2,418 30.... 2,801 3,326 4 ... ----·-·· 2,379 13.... 2,625 2,078 22.... 3,174 2,927 31. •.. -------- 8,365 

5 ... -------- 2.889 14.... 3,583 2,056 23.... 3,23~ 3,455 ---- G ... -------- 2,715 15 ..•• 3,684 1,982 U .•.• 3,236 3,838 Mean 3,142 2,689 7 ... -------- 2,981 16.... 3,500 2,111 25.... 3,257 3,661 

8 ... -------- 2,687 17.... 3,418 2,271 26.... 3,U5 3,630 

9 ... -----·-- 2,467 18.... 3,270 1,551 27.... 2,452 3,368 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Seneca River at Baldwinsville, New 

York, for 1899, 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ne:l --------------------------- L. .. 2,680 1,838 3,232 4,599 3,406 2,073 1,067 585 570 134 1,328 1,415 2 .•.. 2,686 1,791 3,172 4,495 3,521 1,692 158 572 680 658 1,386 1,4-54 

3 .... 2,454 1,953 3,352 4,806 3,230 1,132 771 560 112 650 1,220 1,050 

L .. 2,M7 1,7~ 3,U9 4,567 3,032 1,884 163 540 650 608 1,592 1,631 

5 •... 2,993 1,835 3,468 4,520 3,007 2,085 1,141 532 505 613 1,270 1,496 6 .... 3202 1, 793 3,855 4,329 2,1106 2,058 1,185 70 670 610 -1,793 1,450 7 .... 2:977 1,676 4,190 4,072 2,692 1,859 1,142 621 671 653 1,543 1,455 

8 .•.. ~-~ 1,6113 3,992 H:rt 2,799 1,467 825 533 591 70 1,462 1,330 

9 ..•. 1,293 3,943 2,842 1,713 678 5132 623 635 1,516 1,650 

10 •..• 2:696 1,267 :·= 5,019 2,705 2,~ 1,103 499 158 550 1,1>97 

11.. •. 2,645 1,267 4,955 2,662 1,188 475 521 525 1,631 ~:~ 12 .•.. 2,1>M 1,241 3;623 5,347 2,614 1,631 1,215 491 490 624 1,708 1,759 

13 .•.. 2535 1,340 3,915 5,181 2,637 l,M1 1,258 74 422 646 1,786 1,828 14 •••. 2:577 1,419 3,860 5,218 2,302 1,628 1,182 339 409 629 1,527 1,7U 

11'---- 2,950 1,380 3,860 5,327 2,477 1,608 1,207 575 437 74 1,544 1,501 

16 •... 3,186 1,101 3,978 4,874 2,398 1,581 174 521 513 787 1,545 1,533 

17.. .. 3,626 1,226 3,872 4,939 2,534 1,797 1,226 99 70 765 1,599 1,565 

18 .... 3,708 1,500 3,678 5,033 2,35.5 789 1,155 571 514 765 1,518 1,565 

19 .•.. 3,769 1,652 3,413 4 981 2,415, 1,303 922 545 50S 765 1,742 1,878 

20 .... 3,645 1,4~ 3,821 4:791 2,536 569 574 70 623 781 1,966 1,470 21 .... ' 3,469 1,685 3,6211 4,606 2,302 583 712 580 488 8M 1,712 1,960 22 .... 3,272 2,056 3,563 4,620 2,576 646 543 596 397 301 1,670 2,096 

23 .... 3,298 2,403 8,755 4,040 2,009 756 206 614 177 875 1 739 2,045 u ____ 3,310 2,488 4,021 4,311 2,257 895 656 502 562 798 1:757 2,050 

25 .... 3,209 2,646 4,091 4,026 2,334 386 -5811 548 573 787 1,1104 2,050 

26 .... 8,095 2,_462 4,093 3,992 2,296 668 593 529 561 725 1,891 2,055 

27 .... 2,358 2,668 4,348 3,883 2,209 625 613 70 643 7~ 1,879 1,978 

28 .... 2,093 2,584 4,278 3,975 1,962 588 586 565 643 822 1,711 2,0311 

29 .... 1,662 ~ ------- 4,776 8,853 2,045 543 531 !;22 691 351 1,728 2,091 

30 .... 2,028 -------- 4,702 3,216 2,066 328 238 395 ------- ~7 1,087 2,089 3] ____ 1,871 -------- 4,782 -------- 2,192 -------- 467 375 ------- 971. ------- 2,089 

---------------------------- ~an. 2,851 1,769 3,875 4,543 2,568 1,573 776 455 481 637 1,612 1,722 

CHITTENANGO CREEK AT BRIDGEPORT, NEW YORK. 

This creek rises in Madison County, New York, and flows in a 

northerly direction between Madison and Onondaga counties into 

Oneida Lake, the outlet of which is Oneida River, a tributary of 

Oswego River. The basin of Chittenango Creek is shown on Chittenango atlas sheet of the United States Geological Survey. Observations for the computation of flow of this creek are made at the milldam in Bridgeport, New York, a short distance above its mouth. 

The drainage area at this point is 307 square miles. Three times a 

day observations are made of the river height above the crest of 
NEW YORK. 185 

the dam, head on wheels, and the amount of gate opening. J e:fferson 

Downs, of the flour mill, is the observer. The mill runs three Camden turbines-two of which are 60-inch, and one 54-inch. The dam is 

of timber, backed with stone. T~e elevatio of the zero of the crest 

gage is 92.84 feet, while the zero df the tailra e gage is 85.88 feet, the 

difference between them being 6. 96 feet. In· omputing the flow over 

the dam the crest is divided into three part , each of which is considered as a separate weir. The discharge ov r the·dam was first computed from Bazin's experiments, but after uly 1, 1899, it was computed from the results of the experiments rna e at Cornell University. 

A cross ~;ection of the dam and additional facts are given by Mr. 

Geo. W. Rafter in Volume XXVI of the Proceedings of the American 

Societ.y of Civil Engineers, page 309. 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Chittenango Creek at Bridgeport, New 

York, for 1898. 

I"''~ L .... 

t.:<M. No". """- Doy. Sopt. Oo<. No•. Doo. Doy.l-· Ocl. N~§ --·---------------------------

--- 180 562 427 12 ... ------ 196 1,571 434 23-... 115 465 593 1,293 I 2__ ---... 205 M9 360 13 ... -----· 197 1,265 4M 24.... l3D 487 569 1,401 __ 171 434 348 1L. ·-·--· 181 921 442 25.... 85 472 490 1,075 

4 .. ---- 1 

3 .. ------ 172 358 385 15-.. ------ 354 790 450 26.... 142 352 442 857 

D-- ---- 6 .. ----

~-- ---: -

-

-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

156 

309 

235 

204 

130 

165 

194 

379 471 16 ... 385 414 1L. 

331 404 18 ... 359 320 19 ..• 366 261 21L •• 474 265 2L.. 

1,339 465 22 ... 

82 il35 694 472 

116 299 615 619 

53 284 500 605 

119 297 506 678 

139 320 675 669 

117 269 728 793 111 463 623 1,155 

27 .... 149 ' 867 465 726 

28 .... 214 972 523 . 541 

29 .... 154 661 413 480 3() ____ 198 565 421 630 

3L .. ------ 519 ·----- 630 

--------- Mean 129 344 612 597 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Chittenango Creek at Bridgeport, New 

York, for 1899. 

I:~- Jan. Feb. ·Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. N~. D~ I ---- 515 520 632 837 447 426 116 84 81 75 60 113 2 _____ 571 484 473 795 357 346 M 79 49 90 145 127 

3 ••.•. 636 440 385 752 310 234 97 169 45 91 145 143 4 _____ 737 465 520 861 172 105 113 126 133 90 160 159 6 ______ 1067 385 1260 866 172 184 132 134 81 80 165 149 

6 ----- 1310 356 1331 864 157 229 99 70 76 141 228 151 

7----- 1282 342 1475 857 95 229 123 125 74 89 128 166 

8----- 1135 465 1069 1420 172 244 132 125 96 45 120 179 

9----- 724 385 860 1675 172 192 45 134 96 107 108 156 

10----- 486 385 852 1369 227 147 89 79 15 117 65 168 

11 •.... 473 385 659 1306 237 70 262 62 71 101 46 181 12- ..•• 623 385 565 1214 172 169 2?1 44 96 101 35 211 

13 •·••• 849 538 1196 1597 172 192 162 15 92 85 72 326 

14. .•.• 738 524 1001 1737 165 182 169 141 56 72 57 395 

15 ..... 1260 462 9.70 1614 180 109 '99 125 88 15 85 395 

'18 ----- 1280 362 665 1405 174 184 70 100 79 84 60 374 

17----- 1101 449 834 1339 250 192 101 87 25 30 88 355 

18 ....• 632 354 526 1221 310 70 221 76 89 38 &7 468 

19 ---·· 390 385 565 859 374 152 210 91 74 38 25 706 

20 ..... 395 541 736 861 374 84 204 25 96 45 88 588 

21. .... 389 444 766 629 385 92 L'm 120 117 47 70 298 22 ..••• 385 619 962 447 281 100 117 109 39 -15 78 304 23 _____ 399 950 1061 165 265 124 70 96 84 60 100 254 24 .••.. 372 1074 1345 627 252 134 102 (a) 25 68 102 200 

25----- 311 1314 1061 527 197 70 102 ------- 67 43 110 139 28 _____ 362 1015 885 456 195 141 122 ------- 49 57 25 238 

27----- 308 645 626 331 227 109 110 ------- 112 48 109 261 

28----- 332 7M 760 279 225 109 88 .............. 119 25 133 201 

29 ..••. 385 ------- 1075 359 312 84 109 56 96 20 114 - 249 

30 ..••• 448 ------- 1360 295 333 91 45 98 79 65 105 244 31 _____ 637 ------- lJIIj(J ------- 229 ........ .,.. 141 112 ------- 65 ------- 240 

-------------------------- Mean. 862 551 893 921 245 161 123 96 76 64 9~ 281 

a Repairing dam; water drawn oJf August 25 to 28. 
186 OPERATION8 AT RIVER 8TATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

ONEIDA CREEK AT KENWOOD, NEW YORK. 

This stream rises in Madison County, New York, and flows in a 

northwesterly direction, crossing the Erie Canal and emptying into 

Oneida Lake at its southeastern extremity. It is shown on the Oneida 

atlas sheet of the United States Geological Survey. The station is 

located at the silk-mill dam in Kenwood, about 3 miles from Oneida, 

the drainage area at this point being 59 square miles. One gage gives 

the height of water above the crest of the dam, and two gages are 

read at the silk mill, giving the head on wheels. From these readings and from the number of gate openings the quantity of water 

passing over the dam as well as through the wheels is determined, 

thus giving the discharge of the creek at this point. The dam is of 

timber, well constructed, and without leakage. Computations of the 

flow over it have been made from Bazin's experiments of 1894. The 

computations for the discharge measurements after July 1, 1899, are 

based on the coefficients determined at Cornell University. The 

cross section of the dam is shown in Volume XXVI of the Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, page 309. • 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Oneida Creek at Kenwood, New York, 

for 1899. 

I ,"~~= May . • June. July. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. May. June. July. Oct. N 

---.---

71 46 18 15 144 23 18 ... ------ 68 30 28 25 ::cl 

2-------- 60 36 20 21 69 29 19 .. ------- 66 26 26 24 25 97 

3 •• ------ 60 36 20 21 56 25 20.-------- 91 31 26 24 28 79 4 ________ 59 35 20 21 66 27 21. ________ 80 26 24 25 24 92 5 ________ 54 31 30 21 55 29 22.--- ---- 82 26 25 ------ 26 80 

6 .... ---- 55 31 34 21 44 29 23 63 31 LO 25 7 ••.. ---- 48 31 21 24 40 25 24. :::::::: 54 31 26 25 

24 68 

26 55 

8 ••.. ---- 53 24 41 -··u· 26 33 25 ....•.... 66 31 21 24 

9 ••.. ---- 53 24 40 26 41 26.-------- 43 31 21 25 24 70 25 36 

10 ..•. ---- 53 24 51 24 24 125 27 .. ------- 43 31 20 24 26 39 

11-------- 54 25 26 21 26 97 26 ..• ------ 71 24 21 25 26 27 

12 •••.•••• 59 26 24 24 27 70 29 .• ------- 108 24 18 ---·-- 26 34 13 ________ 59 26 24 24 28 70 30. ··--- ---- 76 21 10 29 26 27 

14.. .•.... 48 26 24 24 26 91 31. ________ 59 ----- 15 ________ 21 31 --- 53 51 21 ---25' 22 82 --------- 16. _______ 60 41 20 26 73 Mean. 62 30 25 24 

17-------- 61 36 31 25 26 130 ~- : I 

Record not kept for August and September. 

WEST BRANCH OF FISH CREEK AT MCCONNELLSVILLE, NEW YORK. 

This stream rises in the northern part of Oneida County and flows 

in a southerly direction to its junction with the East Branch, where 

it forms the main Fish Creek, which stream flows in a westerly 

direction, emptying into the east end of Oneida Lake. The lower 

part of the course of Fish Creek is shown on the Oneida atlas sheet 

of the United States Geological Survey. The station is located at, the 

Harden dam in McConnellsville. The drainage area at this point is 

186.7 square miles. The dam is of timber, with a small leakage. 

The crest has been so repaired by•the Board on Deep Waterways that 

it is horizontal. The record of gage heights is voluntarily kept by 
NEW YORK. 187 

FrankS. Harden, on a gag~ showing the height of the river above the 

crest of the dam and also on one at the end of the tailrace~ The flow 

of this dam is computed from Bazin's experiments, series 170, up to 

July 1, 1899, and after that date they are based on the experiments 

made at Cornell University, as noted in Volume XXVI of the Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, page 310. 

E.~tirnated daily discharge, in second-feet, of West Branch of Fish Creek at 

McConnellsville, New York, for 1898. 

I 

Day. Sept.j Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---- ---------- L ------ 137 365 237 12 .... ------ 87 997 199 23 ..... 57 700 216 317 2-_ ------ 110 319 245 13 .... 100 124 700 186 24 _____ 332 750 300 468 3 .. ------ 111 292 217 14_ __ 90 134 734 212 25 .•... 360 624 329 390 4__ ------ 121 172 195 15 ... 96 397 434 162 26 _____ 197 434 319 285 5__ _, _____ 130 155 182 16 ___ 47 360 514 157 27. ____ 231 1,097 255 285 6 .. ------ 137 120 182 17 ... - ~ 47 562 36.~ 147 28 ..... 181 871 :l99 225 7__ ------ 131 146 196 18 ... 50 346 365 120 29 ....... 181 686 251 170 8 .. ------ 122 138 182 19 .... 98 227 365 187 30 ...•. 147 440 172 120 9 .. ------ 65 135 199 20 ..... 81 190 370 157 3L ..... ------ 464 ------ 120 10 ... ------ 102 5m 180 2L. 57 172 371 190 -------- 11__ ------ 81 1,562 uo 22--- 55 467 220 287 Mean_ 134 333 384 210 

Estirnated daily discharge, in second-feet, o.f West Bra.nch of Fish Creek at 

McConnellsville, New York, for 1899. 

F+Jan. Feb. Mar. .Apr. May. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. .Apr. May.l ----

L__ 120 228 402 586 273 18----- 615 133 567 1644 189 2 ___ 126 183 402 520 313 19----- 615 120 485 1434 374 3 ___ 194 183 438 601 243 20----- 530 183 505 1174 374 4_ __ 261 172 595 601 184 2L ____ 495 198 433 1085 255 5 ... 321 120 700 601 184 22 --"-- 360 258 442 1045 303 6 ___ 396 212 956 591 184 23----- 314 338 443 940 244 7_ __ 396 156 856 689 120 2L .... 425 438 442 664 194 8 .... 285 11'6 700 1557 183 25----- 350 438 442 564 189 

9--- 352 147 856 2110 154 26 _____ 325 360 360 470 174 

10--- 42~ 136 583 1690 154 27----- 338 403 552 366 134 11 ... 502 117 546 1724 183 28----- 308 403 599 366 50 12 ... 587 80 700 2055 243 29----- 225 ·------- 599 364 700 

13--- 873 99 1178 2440 194 30 _____ 278 -------- 599 220 455 14 ... 873 132 1178 2920 120 31_ ____ 278 -----··-- 599 -------- 483 

15--- 795 94 1178 3040 189 -----------

16--- 787 131 972 2410 189 Mean. 435 206 615 1,206 239 

17--- 735 148 782 1720 189 

EAST BRANCH OF FISH CREEK ABOVE POINT ROCK, NEW YORK. 

This stream rises in Lewis County, New York, and flows in a southerly direction into Oneida County, where it joins the West Branch to 

form the main Fish Creek. The station is_located at the sawmill of 

Fowler W. Willson at Point Rock. The dam is of timber and has considerable leakage. The old sawmill located here is seldom used; whenever the wheels are running, however, record is kept of the length of 

time and of the amount of gate openings. The profile of crest of dam 

is somewhat irregular and, in order to facilitate computations, has been 

divided into five sections, the flow through each of which has been 

computed separately by Bazin's experiments of 1894. The discharge 

measurements after July 1, 1899, are based on experiments made a.t 
188 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

Cornell University, as noted in Volume XXVI of the Proceedings of 

the American Society of Civil Engineers, page 310. 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of East Branch of Fish Creek at Point 

Rock, New York, for 1898. 

I"":~ t. 

--- 2 __ --- 3 __ --- 4 __ --- 5 __ --- 6 __ ---

7-- ---

-

-

-

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

Oct. Nov. 

----

160 340 100 320 100 250 80 245 210 210 295 385 240 415 210 350 185 4UO 185 720 170 1830 

Dec. Day. Sept. Oct. 

--------

325 12 ... ------ 225 325 13.._ ------ 250 360 14-.. ------ 295 340 15 ___ ------ 600 340 16 ___ ------ 555 340 17 ___ ------ 350 345 18 ... ------ 250 360 19 ___ ------ 230 370 20 ___ ------ 310 350 2L .. ------ 240 360 22 ___ 10 860 

Nov. Dec. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

--------------

8~0 360 23 _____ 155 1,090 370 660 4ll5 340 24 _____ 690 710 370 745 450 385 25_ ---- 420 460 345 880 395 335 26 _____ 300 450 325 850 370 510 27 _____ 265 1,245 325 805 310 520 28 ..... 370 710 340 630 340 520 29 ..... 300 490 385 490 345 570 30 _____ 160 400 370 610 340 6UO 3L. ... ------ 370 ------ 610 310 630 -------- 265 68.~ I Mean. :!ij6 387 424 501 

Estimated daily discharge, in second-feet, of Ea.St Branch of- Fisk Creek at Point 

Rock, New York, .for 1899. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 

---------------

1 ----- 565 475 748 970 2,745 305 2 670 475 810 1,040 ::,260 390 3- _____ 670 420 810 1,090 1,950 270 4------ 805 450 815 1,150 1,340 265 

5-.---- 1,190 420 840 1,420 930 295 6- ..... 1,280 450 900 1,435 750 295 

1------ 1,280 390 1,010 1,330 660 260 

8-.---- 1,090 370 1,010 1,220 635 230 

9 .. ---· 1,060 420 770 1,150 540 200 10. _____ 985 390 945 1,240 520 160 

11-.---- 930 370 1,150 1,390 510 150 12-..... 900 320 1,245 1,500 520 165 

13 .. ---- 1,005 440 1,200 1,600 570 150 14-. .. __ 1,000 420 1,110 1,660 520 140 15 ______ 770 500 1, 04.5 1,760 580 130 

16_ ----- 680 610 985 1, 870 510 115 

17------ 610 640 985 1,900 500 115 

18 .. ---- 485 740 1,090 _1,900 600 125 19 ...... 550 760 1,150 2,030 650 150 20 ...... 510 810 1,100 2,510 700 170 21. ..... 490 750 1,060 3,170 635 175 

22------ 485 780 1, 04.~ 3,550 540 175 23 ...... 425 820 1,165 4;030 410 170 24 ...... 385 825 1,165 4,320 415 150 25 ...... 370 900 1,235 4,650 500 120 26 ______ 350 945 1,235 4,170 450 105 

27------ 320 1,050 1,165 3,490 410 95 28 ...... 370 1,210 1,150 ·3, 110 440 100 29 ...... 320 -----.0 1,130 2,790 475 80 30 ______ 320 ------- 1,200 2,790 450 70 31. _____ 340 ·------ 1,245 ------- 400 ------- ------------ M<'an. 68! 612 1,049 2,208 745 177 

July. Aug. Sept. 

------

(a) (a) (<t) 

------- ------- ---·-·- ______ , ------- ------- ------- ------- ------ ---- -- ------ -------

------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------.- .. ------ ------- ------- ------- . -----. ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ,: ______ 

------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------. ------- ------- ------- ·-- --- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ------- ------- ---·--- ------- ---·--- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- . ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------ ------- -- ---- ~ ------- ------- ---------

. -· ---- ------- --···---

Oct. 

--

25 

21 

27 

35 

40 

60 

68 

80 

100 

110 

110 

120 

115 

120 

150 

130 

180 

190 

190 

190 

195 

220 

270 

270 

285 

290 

335 

415 

510 

530 

620 ---

194 

_M Nov. 

65 o-J~\ 65 

66 

66 

0 1,230 5 1,180 0 1,160 

68 

70 

71 

75 

79 

82 

84 

82 

8 

635 1,120 

0 1, 121) 0 1,040 0 1,1•00 

0 1, 040 0 1,000 5 1,040 0 1,180 5 1,180 40 1,040 88 0 1,000 86 0 990 86 0 965 88 0 9!10 9 

9 

00 1,000 00 "990 84 0 965 84 0 915 86 0 915 

90 0 880 9 20 810 90 0 960 

9 40 960 

1,0 25 1,040 

1,08 0 1,045 

1,1 

----- ~ 

8 

00~,080 - 1,060 ----

30 1,035 

a Flow during July, August, and September not computed, owing to fact that all wat"r 

leaked through the dam. 

OSWEGO RIVER AT FULTON, NEW YORK. 

This stream is formed by t.he junction of Oneida and Seneca rivers 

in Onondaga County, New York, and flows northwesterly, emptying 

into Lake Ontario· at the city of Oswego. The station is located at 

the dam at Fulton, 7 miles above Oswego, the catchment area being 

4,916 square miles. The dam is well built of stone and brick and has 

· no leakage. At this· point four gages are read-one above the dam, 
NEW YORK. 1~9 

one in the tailrace of the Fulton Worsted Mill, one iJn the headrace 

and one in the tailrace of the Oswego Falls Pulp a~d Paper Company's mill. The mills are located at each end of the dam,, and both 

use water from tho Oswego River. The dam is 404.6 feet in length, 

and the crest is practically level. During the low-water stages flashboards are placed on the crest of the dam, and in order to compute 

the discharge of the river at this point it is necessary to take these 

flasqboards into account, as well as the height of the; dam, the head 

on the various wheels, and the number of openings of the same. The 

records at this point are not at present available. A ~ross section of 

the dam is given in Volume XXVI of the Proceedings qf the American 

Society of Civil Engineers, page 309. 

OSWEGO RIVER AT OSWEGO, NEW YORK. 

Another series of records on this stream besides the one at Fulton 

have been maintained at the high dam between Oswego and Fulton. 

The water at this point is used in the State canal and by the Oswego 

Waterworks Company, whose pump house is ~n the left side of the 

stream. This station was established April 1, 1897. The following 

figures of daily gage height were obtained from Mr. Thomas H. Bennett, superintendent of the Oswego Waterworks Company: 

l.Jaily gage height, in feet, of Oswego River at Oswego, New ~ork, for 1897. 

Day. A,.. ""•· J~. Ju>y. A,.. ""' 0"' NoY. ""'I 

!.................... 3.38 -------- 5.63 6.56 8.08 8.79 8.33 8.50 7.42 

lL.................. 3.54 4.58 5.60 6.33 8.08 -------- 8.38 8.29 7.42 a ___________________ . a. 71 4. 65 5.6o 6.42 8. 79 ________ 8.17 7.33 

4-------------------- -----~-- 4.73 5.60 --------. 8.08 8.83 8.67 8.17 7.44 

5____________________ "3.71 4.75 -------- . 6.42 8.17 .•• :.... 8.46 8.25 -------- 6.................... 3.71 4.83 5.63 6.46 8.92 8.42 8.17 7.08 

7____________________ 3.71 4.63 5.63 6.58 8.25 8.79 8.42 -------- 7.17 

8................... 3.75 -------- 5.67 6.79 -------- 8.83 8.54 821 7.17 "-------------------- 3.52 4.94 5.67 6.75 8.58 8.75 8.58 8.17 6.88 

10 ..••...........••... -------- 5.00 5.67 6.79 8.50 8.83 8.08 6.83 11.................... 3.54 5.00 5.67 8.50 8.83 8.46 8.17 6.75 

12-------------------- 3.54 -------- -------- 6.50 8.42 -------- 8.46 8.17 13 ___ ;________________ 3.54 5.04 5.67 6.83 8.50 8.42 8.54 8.25 -·ii:71i"" 

14.................... 3.71 5.08 5.75 6.96 8.44 8.29 8.33 8.25 6.83 

15 ••.••..•.... ------- 3.71 -------- 5.75 6.83 -------- 8.38 8.42 -------- 6.50 

16.................... 3.75 5.04 5.77 6.75 8.58 8.33 8.38 8.04 6.54 

17 ..••...•............ ------- 5.04 5.85 6.75 8.42 8.50 -------- 7.98 6.50 

18.................... 3.90 5.04 5.90 -------- 8.42 8.54 8.79 7.92 6.50 

19 ...•••.. ·--------- 4.00 5.17 -------- 6.67 8.50 -------- 8.42 7.83 -------- 20.................... 4.08 5.25 5.96 6.71 8.50 8.67 8.2.1) 7.83 6.50 

21.................... 4.13 5.25 6.17 11.67 8.54 8.63 ...... ,. -------- 6.63 

22 ....... ------------ 4.17 6.17 6.75 -------- 8.58 8.33 7.79 6.75 

23.................... 4.21 5.29 6.25 6.71 8.67 8.58 8.33 7.92 6.75 

24.................... 4.27 5.38 6.25 6.83 8.71 8.58 -------- 7.79 7.17 

25.................... 4.48 5.29 6.33 -------- 8.71 8.42 8.38 7.79 7.33 

26-------------------- 4. 48 5.38 -------- 6.42 8. 75 -------- 8.42 7. 79 -------- 27.................... 4.48 5.42 6.25 6.33 8.75 8.50 8.46 7.46 7.08 

28.................... 4.48 5.42 6.38 6.33 8.75 8.21 8.42 ------·· 7.25 

29 .•••.••..•....•••.... 4.50 .•...... 6.21 a8.00 ........ 8.54 8.50 7.17 7.46 

30 ••...• ---- ---- ------ 4. 67 5. 411 6. 31 8.13 8. 79 8. 46 8. 50 7.17 7.17 

31 ____________________ -------- 5.46 -------- 8.10 8.58 -------- ···•···· --- ·-·- 7.26 

a2.01 feet were added to the wall of the dam. 
190 OPERA'l'IONS AT RIVER S'fATIONS1 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswego River at Oswego, New Y ark, for 1898. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. .Aug. Sept . Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---- ---------------------- 1 •.••• 7.58 6.50 5.88 6.13 ""6.'46" 7.00 8.29 8.33 7.83 ------- 7.00 6.75 

2----- ------- 6.50 5.92 6.17 ""6.'9i( 8.29 8.33 7.83 7.83 7.00 6.75 

3----- 7.42 6.50 6.00 ""6.'3i' 6.50 ------- 8.33 7.88 "7.'83" 7.00 "'ii:iii" 4, _____ 7.58 6.67 6.08 6.29 7.25 ------- 8.00 8.17 7.00 

5 ..... 7.29 .6.67 6.17 6.35 6.27 7.25 ------- 8.17 1-92 7.88 ""•1.'08" 6. 75 

6 ..... 7.46 --o:iio· ""6.'29' 6.44 6.25 7.25 ""7.'83" 8.25 7.96 ""7.'92" 6.92 

7----- 7.25 6.50. 6.21 7.25 8.25 7.96 7.02 6.75 

8----- 7.33 6.67 6.25 6.58 ------- 7.50 ...... ,. .... 8.08 7.67 ""7.'88" 7.08 6.1'6 11 ..... ------- 6.63 6.25 6.67 6.21 7.50 --s:oo· 8.25 7.71 7.00 ':'.04 

10 ----· 7.50 6.63 6.25 ""6.'7i" 6.25 7.58 8.25 7.67 7.96 6.42 -------- 11 .. --- 7.50 6.63 6.21 6.33 7.58 8.00 8.33 7.83 8.00 6.38 7.00 

12----- 7.33 6.17 6.13 6.83 ""6.'42' 7.58 7.92 8.42 7.75 8.00 ""6.'ils 7.00 

13----- 6.75 ""6.'54" ""5.'92' 6.92 7.67 7.58 8.50 7.67 8.25 7.42 

14. .... 6.63 6.92- 6.42 7.75 7.58 8. 21 7.83 ------- 6.08 7.50 

15----- 6.50 6.63 5.88 7.00 6.46 7.77 ·------ 8.42 7.92 ""7.'67' 6.17 7.33 

16----- ""6.'26" 6.83 5.88 ·7.00 ------- --·foo- ------- 8.25 7.92 6.25 7.25 

17----- 6.58 o.83 ""7.'io- ""6.'7i" ------- 8.25 7.67 7.75 6.25 

18----- 6.54 6.00 5.88 7.90 "7.'if" ------- 8.25 8.00 7.67 6.33 

19 ----· 6.54 6.00 5.88 7.17 6.71 8.00 -----·- 8.25 8.00 7.67 ""6.'3if 7.25 20 _____ 6.54 ""5.'92' ""5.'88- 6.92 ------- 8.00 ------- 8.25 8.00 7.58 7.17 

21 ..... 6.29 7.13 ------- 8.00 ------- 8.33 8.00 7.58 6.33 6.7o 

22----- 6.21 5.92 5.83 7.17 ""6.'83' 8.08 ------- 8.21 8.00 ""7.'33" 6.25 6.50 

23 ..... ------- 5.79 5.83 7.17 8.08 ............. 8.25 8.00 6.38 6.13 

24 ----- 5.75 5.67 5.88 ""6.'50" ------- 8.13 ------- 8.33 7.92 7.17 6.42 -------- 25----- 5. 75 5.67 5.88 ------- .............. ------- 8.27 7.88 7.17 6.42 6.08 

26 ----· 5.88 5.67 5.92 6.38 6.92 ------- ------- 7.83 8.08 7.13 ""6.'50' 6.08 

27 ----- 5.83 ""5."75" --o:oo· 6.25 ------- ""8.'2i" ........... 7.92 7.1!2 7.08 6.13 28 _____ 6.17 6.17 ·------ ------- 7.92 8.00 6.96 6.50 6.42 

29----- 6.17 -----.-- 6.00 6.27 ------- 8.27 ------- 7.92 7.92 7.00 6.58 6.25 

30----- ------- 6.04 6.29 8.29 --··---- 7.75 7.88 ""foo· 6.58 6.25 

31..: __ 6.83 --- -~· - 6.04 -----·- 6.96 ------- ------· 7.75 . -~--· - ------- ----·---

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswego River at Oswego, New York, for 1899. 

Day. ,_ ... 1-· A.,. May. '=•· '"'T· Aug. S.,• ""'- Nov. I 

!_____________ 6.M 7.21 6.83 n.92 6.08 7.33 ------- 8.42 8.29 8.50 7.92 

L::::::::::: ~:ll ~:~ ~:~~ --5:83- g:gg 7"33 s.oo g:: --o:oo· g:llll H~ ,~,_______ ______ 6.29 ______ 6.67 5.83 --7:67- --s:oo· 8.33 8.42 8.42 

5_: ___________ ------- 7.38- 6.33 5.83 6.33 7.67 8.00 ------- 8.50 8.42 7.75 

6 _____________ 6.25 7.38 8.25 5.83 ------- 7.83 8.17 8.33 8.58 8.42 7.67 

7_____________ 6.46 7.42 6.25 5.92 6.83 7.83 8.33 8.33 8.33 ------- 7.75 

g::::::::::::: ~:8b g:~ g:~ 5.25 U~ g:~ --s:oo· Ul --~~~- --s:50· -------- 1o _____________ 7.08 8.50 6.50 5.33 6.83 _______ 8.08 8.42 7.08 s.50 

n _____________ 7.00 _______ ------- 5.25 6.83 8.08 8.00 8.33 8.58 8.50 _______ _ 

12 _____________ 7.00 7.75 6.33 5.17 ------- 8.08 8.17 ------- 9.00 8.50 -------- 13 _____________ 6.75 7.75 6.83 5.17 ------- 8.25 8.17 8.42 8.55 8.67 -------- }4, _____________ ·------ 7.58 6.42 5.21 7.08 7.50 8.33 8.50 8.33 8.58 -------- 15 _____________ 6.17 7.38 6.38 ------- 7.08 7.50 8.42 8.75 ------- -------- 16_____________ 6.13 7.25 6.33 5.25 7.00 7.50 8.08 8.33 10.58 8.58 -------- 17_____________ 6.13 7.33 6.38 5.25 7.00 ------- 8.25 8.33 1!.67 

18 _________ ---- 6.25 ------- ------- 5.25 7.00 7.50· 8.33 1!.08 ------- 8.42 -------- 19 _____________ 6.29 7.33 6.50 5.33 7.08 7.58 8.33 ------- 8.67 8.75 -------- 2() _____________ 6.25 7.21 6.50 5.25 ------- 7.58 8.33 1!.50 8.50 8.50 -------- 2} _____________ ------- 7.17 6.46 5.50 7.08 7.67 8.42 .8.50 9.17 ·------ -------- 22------------- 6.42 7.00 ··----- ------- 7.08 7.67 8.33 8.67 8.33 23 _____________ 6.42 7.00 6.33 5.54 7.08 7.83 8.33 8.42 -- 8.33 -------- 24,_____________ 6.50 7.00 6.38 5.63 7.08 ------- 8.83 8.50 --9.33" 8.33 -------- 25 _____________ 6.33 ------ - - - 5.75 7.25 7.67 8.42 8.42 8.50 8.42 ------~-

26------------- 6.29 6.75- "ti.iii 5.75 7.33 7.50 ------- 8.42 8.50 8.50 ·------- 27 _____________ 7.42 6.79 6.13 5.79 ·------ 7.67- 8.33 8.50 8.50 8.33 ________ ! 

"---·• mo •"•" 7."' • " • ., '""' 7... umu .... "" 00 • 00 ..... • ::::::: I ~::::::::::::: U~ g:~f --6:oo· Ull U~ --s_-42- g:~ 8' 50 8.33 _______ _ 31__ ___________ 7.25 5.75 7.33 ------- 8.42 8.33 8.33 --------

SALMON RIVER AT ORWELL, NEW YORK. 

This river rises in Lewis County, New York, and flows in a westerly 

direction into Lake Ontario, a portion of its course being shown on 

the Pulaski atlas sheet of the United States Geological Survey. At a 

· point about a mile below Orwell are Salmon Falls, where the river 

has a yertical descent of about 110. feet, but at present no attempt 
NEW YORK. 191 

has been made to utilize it. Observations were made at Orwell, at 

which locality the river has a drainage area of 190.5 square miles. 

The gages are at an old wooden"dam built to furnish power for a sawmill. The dam is considerably out of repair and leaks badly. When 

the stalion was first established current-meter measurements were 

made of this leakage, and it was found to be 8R cubic feet per second. 

The profile of the crest is irregular, and iu order to facilitate computation is divided into four parts, each section being computed separately 

and the sum total taken as the entire flow. The station was abandoned May 31, 1899, on account of the leakage through the dam, which 

it was difficult to estimate accurately. The r(;lsults are not at present 

available for publication. 

BLACK RIVER AT WATERTOWN, NEW YORK. 

This river rises in Herkimer County and flows in a northeasterly 

direction into Black River Bay, an arm of Lake Ontario. A portion 

of its course is shown on the Watertown atlas sheet of the United 

States Geological Survey. Observations of the height of water have 

been made at the dam of the city waterworks of Watertown, located 

2 miles above, at Huntingtonville. The station was eRtablished on 

February 22, 1897. The record in the following table has been furnished by Frank A. Hinds, civil engineer. It is the average of two 

daily readings. 

The readings from August 22 to September 16, 1897, do not give reliable data, as the high dam on the opposite channel of the river developed a leak, which gradually increased until it became necessary to 

open the traps in the dam, letting the water down so that it could be 

repaired. It is possible that this leak commenced earlier than August 

22. The conditions at this point are peculiar, in that the stream flows 

in two channels with an island between. There is a dam on each 

channel, the high dam, previously referred to, creating a settling 

basin for the water supply of the city of Watertown. The other dam, 

known as the Huntingtonville, on the opposite side of the island, is 

the one near which the readings given herewith are taken. 

In addition to the amount of water which is indicated by the flow over 

this (the Huntingtonville) dam, there should be added the quantity 

taken from the other channel above the high dam to supply water for 

the city of Watertown. There is also constant leakage from seams in 

the rock underneath the Huntington ville dam, where the observations 

are made. This quantity has been variously estimated, but direct 

measurements have not been made. In the following table the original 

readings have been diminished by dropping the figure 100; for example, 

the reading on February 22, 1897, of 103.10 is given below as 3.10. In a 

few instances this has introduced a minus quantity when the surface 

dropped below 100, as was the case on Oct,ober 3,· and 8 to 11, 1897. 

The crest of the dam is irregular in profile, and for ease of computation is divided into six parts, each of these being considered horizontal. 
192 OPERATIONS A'r RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II (N0.36. 

The discharge of the river was computed by Mr. Robert E. Horton. 

The results, however, have been revised several times upon the acquisition of new information. Another record of Black River has been 

kept by the Taggart Company at Felts Mills, about 10 miles above 

Watertown, covering a somewhat longer period of time than that at 

Huntingtonville, but the figures are not at present available. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Black River at Huntingtonville dam, .for 1897. 

r--;;:; Fob. M=. Ap•. May. J- Jo'y Aog SopC Doe No•~~~~ 

I~= 3.00 4.20 ~----;.-; 2.S9 3.20 ~ 0.35 -;.;;;;-~ 2 .... ·-------- ------- ------- 4.23 4.83 3.58 2.88 3.16 .95 .37 2.84 4.40 

3 _____________ -------------- 4.40 4.56 3.40 2.93 3.15 1.26 .02 3.21 3.57 

4.------------------- ------- 4.48 4.41 3.57 2.85 3.03 1.44 .10 3.50 3.45 

/; _____________ ------- 3.32 4.90 4.58 3.72 2.79 2.85 1.14 .18 3.42 3.75 

6 _____________ ------- 3.58 5.03 4.49 3.65 2.71 2.79 1.55 .10 3.20 4.10 

7 _____________ ------- 3.69 5.22 4.43 3.49 2.93 2.70 1.65 .03 3.20 4.26 s ____________________ 3.74 5.48 4.12 3.40 2.75 2.49 1.55 .02 3.34 4.31 

9 _____________ ------- 3.80 5.60 3.83 3.30 2.73 2.64 1.49 .44 3.35 4.38 

10 _____________ ------- 3 .. 98 5.60 3.59 4.05 2.77 2.70 1.47 .63 3.56 4.40 u_____________ ______ 4.35 5.40 3.59 4.48 2.64 3.6o 1.23 .10 4.02 i.77 

12 ------------ ....... 4.43 5.05 3.45 4.54 2.67 4.63 .78 .35 4.03 4.83 

13 _____________ ------- 4.58 4.75 3.47 4.43 2.82 4.74 .71 1.68 4.15 4.70 

14 _____________ ------- 4.50 4.64 3.63 4.03 2.69 4.40 .80 2.92 3.92 4.60 

15 _____________ ------- 4.35 4.70 4.08 3.73 2.95 3.75 .35 3.00 3.82 4.73 

16 _____________ ------- 4.20 4.88 4.23 3.55 2.99 3.42 .00 3.45 3.63 4.91 

17 _____________ ------- 4.00 5.07 4.10 3.44 2.95 3.20 1.25 2.83 3.95 5.00 

18 _____________ ------- 3.90 5.15 3.95 3.31 2.90 3.30 1.40 2.1!8 4.23 4.96 

19 _____________ ------- 3.88 5.24 3.72 3.18 2.87 3.44 1.08 2.95 4.24 4::46 

20 _____________ ------- 4.38 5.18 3.64 3.10 2.89 3.23 1.28 .~.88 3.90 3.75 

21. ____________ ------- 5.20 5.24 3.46 3.33 2.90 3.03 1.18 2.83 3.60 3.68 

22------------· 3.10 5.10 5.16 3.51 3.53 2.85 2.91 1.33 2.80 3.73 3.68 

23 ............. 3.10 5.48 4.95 3.65 3.39 2.76 2.89 1.38 2.79 3.57 3.66 

24 _____________ 3.50 6.48 4.82 3.44 3.23 2.70 2.74 1.25 2.60 3.35 3.50 

2-5_____________ 3.25 6.10 5.13 3.47 3.07 2.60 2.63 1.25 2.88 3.25 3.43 

28 ..... ----·----- 3.75 5.70 5.53 3.90 2.99 2.90 2.66 1.30 2.77 3.74 3.47 

27 _____________ ------- 5.45 5.80 4.13 2.89 2.87 2.67 1.30 2.79 4.90 3.39 

28 _____________ ------- 4.88 6.07 4.03 2.99 2.8.5 2.44 1.65 2.83 5.13 3.36 

29 _____________ ------- 4.48 6.01 3.92 2.89 3.00 2.34 1.58 2.75 5.28 3.32 

30 ____________ ------- 4.30 5.41 3.85 2.87 3.28 1.97 .33 2.75 4.92 3.30 

31. ............ ------- 4.30 3.80 3.30 .63 2. 73 3.23 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Black River at Huritingtonville dam, f01' 1898. 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

----------------------

L ..... ---- ·----- 3.21 3.55 3.40 4. 75 4.03 3.55 3.09 2.95 3.0] 3.14 3.65 3.48 

2------ ----.----- 3.39 3.60 3.50 4.59 3.73 3.42 3.04 3.15 3.00 2.91 3.53 3.45 

3 ______ ---------- 3.28 3.57 3.40 4.20 3.78 3.31 2.84 2.96 2.95 2.94 3.50 3.45 

4 .. ---- ---------- 3.30 3.50 3.40 3.90 3.83 3.23 2.80 3.03 2.45 2.95 3.43 3.38 

5 .. --------- ----- 3.34 3.55 3.35 3.80 3.89 3.21 2.95 3.10 3.05 3.08 3.40 3.40 

6 7 ______ 

________________ ---------- 3.HO 3.45 3.35 3.80 4.13 3.14 2.94 3.28 3.22 il.55 3.37 3.38 

3.25 3.50 3.35 3.75 4.03 3.13 2.98 3.20 3.19 3.70 3.65 3.28 

8 ... ------------ 3.15 3.5C 3.37 3.73 3. 75 3.05 2.91 3.15 3.20 3.58 3.60 3.23 

9 ...... ___ , ------ 3.25 3.45 3.52 3.65 3.55 2.98 2.88 3.01 3.28 3.27 3.60 3.18 

10 ______ ---------- 3.23 3.40 3.75 3.63 3.60 3.01 2.76 2.95 3.23 3.28 3.60 3.19 

11 ...... ---------- 3.23 3.68 4.53 3.63 3.45 3.11 2.82 2.95 3.10 3.19 4.98 3.13 

12 .. --------.----- 3.22 4.65 5.75 3.56 3.28 3.03 2.90 2.98 3.11 3.06 5.15 3.23 

13 .. ---- ---------- 3.63 4.93 6.75 3.51 3.80 3.05 2.90 3.05 3.03 3.03 5.13 3.23 

14 ...... ---------- 4.00 4.75 7.50 3.53 3.86 3.23 2.8!1 3.02 2.88 3.16 5.05 3.25 1~--- ------------- 4.10 4.55 8.10 3.60 3.72 3.35 2.90 2.70 2.90 3.53 4.78 3.25 

16 .. ---- ----.----- 4.04 4.30 7.55 3.59 3.51 3.31 2.90 3.01 2.85 3. 77 4.48 3.26 

17----------.----- 3.99 4.05 6.70 3.48 3.50 3.23 2.88 2.90 2.84 4.03 4.08 3.30 

18 ...... ---------- 3.88 3.90 6.20 3.38 3.42 3.13 2.90 2.85 2.62 3.85 3.88 3.25 

19 ......... ------- 3. 78 3.80 6.00 3.48 3.35 2.97 3.09 2.88 2.80 3.62 3.70 3.28 

20 ...... ---------- 3.75 3.73 5.74 3.58 3.48 3.25 2.97 2.87 2.81 3.53 3.61 3.33 21. _______ -------- 4.00 3.85 5.83 3.85 3.58 3.35 3.00 2.88 2.96 3.52 3.71 3.33 

22 .... ------------ 4.35 3.91 5.97 3.99 3.53 3.30 3.00 2.81 2.92 3.61 3.71 3.48 

23 ____ ------------ 4.35 3.89 5.87 4.25 3.44 3.23 3.00 2.95 2.85 4.02 3.63 3.98 

24 .... -----· ------ 4.48 3.80 5.55 4.53 3.48 3.18 2.87 3.35 3.10 4.31 3.71 4.34 25 __________ ------ 4.43 3.69 5.18 4.73 3.55 3.05 3.03 3.50 3.54 4.08 3.56 4.30 

28 ................ 4.32 3.60 4.95 5.09 3.58 3.00 3.30 3.65 3.58 3.93 3.48 4.22 

27-------- 28 ________________ ----·--· 4.12 3.55 4.65 5.33 3.85 2.93 3.20 3.66 3.55 4.33 3.18 4.00 

3.90 3.65 4.48 5.24 3.93 3.05 3.05 3.53 3.43 4.60 3.31 3.75 

29---- ---- ---- ---- 3.74 ------ 4.51 4.85 3.73 3.04 3.06 3.30 3.39 4.57 3.41 3.85 

30 ____ -------- ---- 3.59 ------ 31. _______________ 4.75 4.40 3.69 3.03 3.03 3.10 3.25 4.25 3.50 3.83 

3.60 -----. 4.88 ------ 3.66 ------ 3.12 3.08 ------ 3.90 ------ 4.14 
NEW YORK AND CANADA. 193 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Black River at Huntington ville dam, for 1$99. 

8-Jan. 

3.98 2 ... . 3 ... . L .. 5 .... 

6 •••• 

7----

8 •... 

9 •... 

10.---

11 .... 12 .••• 13 .... 14_ __ _ 

15 __ _ 

16 ___ _ 

17----

18 •. -- 19 •... 

20 .... 

21. ••• 22 .... 23 ___ _ 

24 .•.• 25 ... . 26 ... . 

~---· 

-

-

-

:J. 91 

3.74 

3.80 

5.38 

5.25 

5.05 

5.05 

4.89 

4.63 

4.30 

4.05 

3.93 

3.90 

4.11 

4.39 

4.41 

4.30 

4.25 

3.65 

3.84 

3.73 

3.68 

3.60 

3.55 

3.59 

3.50 

3.43 

3.30 

3.40 

3.34 

Feb. I Mar.\ Apr.l May.[ June. I July.l Aug. 

3.28 3. 79 3.95 6.71 3.65 3.10 2.88 

3.33 3.70 3.89 6.43 3.43 2.91 2.90 

3.31 3.69 3.86 6.20 3.38 2.90 2.95 

3.30 3. 72 3.79 5.99 3.23 2.88 2.90 

3.30 3.88 3.80 5.70 3.18 3.07 2.83 

3.30 4.23. 3.91 5.20 3.20 3.09 2.73 

3.30 4.43 4.06 4. 79 3.18 3.15 2.80 

3.30 4.32 4.65 4.21 3.13 3.10 2.85 

3.30 4.21 4.92 3.95 3.05 2.98 2.90 

3.29 4.08 4.96 3.83 3.13 3.26 2.83 

3.25 3.95 5.09 3.73 3.00 3.50 2.76 

3.29 4.24 5.43 3.83 3.13 3.35 2.73 

3.38 4.93 5.51 3.88 3.05 3.21 2.75 

3.38 4.90 5.71 3.70 3.05 3.13 2. 76 

3.38 4.84 5.99 3.60 2.96 3.08 2.92 

3.35 4.65 6.01 3.63 3.10 2.91 2.95 

3.37 4.60 6.06 3.65 3.10 2.87 2.93 

3.29 4.40 6.06 3.83 3.10 2.90 3.16 

3.25 4.25 6.17 3.63 3.18 3.03 2.90 

3.30 4.09 6.61 3.85 3.05 2.88 2.75 

3.33 4.10 7.13 4.05 3.00 2. 88 2.63 

3.42 4.09 7.64 4.01 3.00 2.90 2.90 

3.61 4.10 7.71 3.85 3.00 2.89 2.85 

3. 76 4.20 7.72 3. 77 3. 0.5 3.00 2.83 

3. 75 4.17 7.70 3.59 3.02 3.05 3.01 

3.65 4.13 7.72 3.44 3.03 2.96 2.95 

3. 75 4.08 7.62 3.46 3.13 2. il'J 2.83 

3. 78 3.98 7. 51 3.43 3.05 2.94 2.84 

4.10 3.94 7.34 3.42 2.98 2.82 2.85 

4.10 4.08 7.06 3.73 3.05 2.65 2.90 

------ ~ 3.97 ------- 3.75 ------- 2.68 2.88 

Sept. I Oct. Nov. I Dec. 

2.89 2.88 3.38 2.98 

3.01 2.88 3. 75 2.99 

2.70 3.10 3.93 3.08 

2.95 3.05 3.69 3.33 

2.60 2.98 3.59 3.32 

2.90 2.91 3. 53 3.18 

2.85 2.91 3.43 3.10 

2.91 2.73 3.25 3.00 

2.93 2.92 3.24 2.99 

2.91 2.83 3.10 2.95 

3.00 2.88 3.08 3.18 

2.73 2.80 2.93 4.15 

3.05 2.81 3.09 4. 98 

2.70 2.81 2.96 4.9~ 

2.74 2.81 3.00 4. 88 

2.98 2.74 3.06 4.35 

2.78 2.90 3.10 3.53 

3.00 2.89 . 3.10 . 3. 71 2.98 2.92 2.113 4.11 

2. 75 2.94 2.95 4.30 

2.80 2.83 3. 01 4.55 

2.93 2.63 2.98 4.60 

2. 75 2.90 2.93 4.20 

2. 70 2.88 2.99 4.10 

2.99 2. 93 2.95 4.00 

2.95 2.95 2. 79 3.60 

2.99 2.95 2.94 3. 48 

2.99 2.95 2.96 3.40 

2.90 2.93 2.93 3.38 

3.03 3.03 2.86 3.38 

------- 3.28 ------- 3.23 

ST. LAWoRENCE RIVER NEAR MONTREAL, CANADA. 

I 

St. Lawrence River receives the outflow of the Great Lakes, and," 

discharging northeasterly, is joined by Ottawa River near the city 

of MontreaL About 50 miles below Montreal the river widens into 

what is known as I"ake St. Peter. At the upper end of this lake 

is the town of Sorel, at which is one of the important gages for 

recording the height of the stream. The discharge of the river 

has been measured at a point about 40 miles below Montreal and 

a mile below the wharf at the town of Lanoraie, this place being 

chosen because of the excellent form of thw channel. The width of 

the river here is between 3,000 and 3,300 feet, and the depth at low 

stages about 40 feet. 'l'he first measurement was made by Mr. W. 

J. Sproule, under the direction of the Montreal Flood Commission, 

by means of rod floats, on November 9 and 13, 1886. At that time the 

height of water was 11 feet 9 inches on the flats of Lake St. Peter. 

The area of cross section was 115,298 square feet, and the discharge 

311,101 second-feet. 1 The next measurements were made by Prof. 

C. H. McLeod, of McGill University, Montreal, on November 13 and 

14, 1895. At that time the water was 8 feet 9 inches in depth on the 

flats of Lake St. Peter, the area was 105,432 square feet, and the discharge 215,621 second-feet. The lowest water of that year (1895) occurred in the latter part of October and early inN ovember, the water 

level being at the time of measurement 7 inches above the lowest 

'Discharge of the St. Lawrence River, by Prof. C. H. McLeod: Trans. Can. Soc. Civil Engineers, Vol. X, Part I, 1896, p. 129. 
194 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [No.36. 

point.previously recorded. It is estimated that at the lowest stage of 

that year, which is the lowest on record, the cross section was reduced 

about 2 per cent, and the discharge was estimated to have been 196,000 

second-feet. 

On October 23 and 24, 1896, another measurement was made by 

Professor McLeod, giving an area of cross section of 117,500 square 

feet and a discharge of 258,500 second-feet. At this date the depth of 

wate'r on the fiats of Lake St. Peter was 10 feet and 7 inches. All 

depths on these fiats have been obtained by reduction from the zero 

readings taken on the gage at Sorel, the zero of which is said to correspond to 9 feet 6 inches below the level of the fiats, and to +0.05 on 

Steikel's datum, as noted in the Reports of the Public Works Department, Canada, for 189Q-!H. The height of water at this section is 

known to be influenced slightly by the tides, but the. effect on the discharge has not been investigated. 

The discharge of Ottawa River was measured on September 27 and 

28, 1899, at a point about 2 miles below the dam at Carillon. The 

cross section measured 50,000 square feet and the discharge 39,600 

second-feet. At the time of the measurement the reading of the gage 

at Lock No. 1 of Carillon Uanal gave 12.0 feet on the lower sill. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT .. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. 

Measurements of discharge of the Mississippi River at St. Paul, 

below the mouth of the Minnesota River, have been made for anumber of years by the Engineer Corps of the United States Army. The 

object of the measurements is the determination of the effect of the 

reservoirs at the head of the Mississippi River in maintaining deep or 

navigable water during the periods of drought. Measurements and 

computations of the amount of water discharged from reservoirs at 

such seasons are made and comparisons had with the behavior of the 

river at St. Paul and lower places. Observations of river height are 

made at the United States Weather Bureau gage located on a wharf 

near the foot of Jackson t~treet. The zero of this gage is at an elevation of 683.334 feet. The measurements are made from a boat, at a 

section about halfway between Wabash street bridge and Roberts 

street bridge, in the city of St. Paul. Every time a series of observations are made two wires are stretched across the river parallel to each 

other and at a distance of 13 feet apart. Upon the completion of the 

measurement the wires are reeled up separately on apparatus especially constructed for the purpose, as it is impossible to maintain 

permanent cables across the river, on account of obstructing navigation. The bridges in _the city are too high for satisfactory work. 

Records of height are maintained by the United States Weather Bureau and are furnished to this office. Results of measurements may 

be found as follows: 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 

267; 1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 230. 
CANADA, MINNESOTA, AND MONTANA. 195 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota, for 1899. 1 

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. I Oct. Nov. Dec. 

-----------

1. .. Frozen. Frozen. Frozen. Frozen. 6.4 5.7 8. 7 4.0 7.5 4.4 7.2 4. 7 

2 ... .... do .. .•.. do .. .... do .. : .•. do .. 6.6 6.6 8.7 3.8 7.2 4.3 7.1 4.7 

3 ... .... do .. ..•. do .. •... do .. ..•. do .. 6.8 7.7 8.5 3.7 6.9 4.2 7.0 4.6 

4. .. .... do .. .... do .. .•.. do .. ...• do .. 7.0 8.2 8.3 3.7 6.7 4.2 6.8 4.5 

fj_ __ .... do .. .... do .. ..•. do .. .... do .. 7.1 8.5 8.0 3.6 6.4 4.2 6.7 4.2 

6--- .... do .. ---do .• .... do .. .... do .. 7.2 8.7 7.8 3.5 6.2 4.1 6.6 3.2 

7. .. .... do .. .... do .. .... do .. .... do .. 7.5 9.2 7.5 3.5 6.2 4.1 6.5 2.5 

8--- .••. do .. .... do .. .... do .. 5.0 7.6 9.6 7.3 3.5 6.1 4.1 6.4 2.5 

9 ••• .... do .. .... do .. .... do .. 6.9 7.5 9.7 7.0 3.5 5.9 4.0 6.2 3.2 

10.-- .... do .. .••. do .. .••. do .. 7.4 7.2 9.8 6.8 3.7 11.8 4.0 6.1 4.2 

11 .•• .••. do .. .... do .. .••. do •. 7.5 6.9 9.9 6.5 3.9 5.7 4.0 6.0 4.6 12--- .... do .. .... do .. .... do •. 8.1 6.7 9.7 6.2 4.0 5.7 4.1 6.0 4.4 

13 ... .... do .. .... do .. ..•. do .. 9.8 6.5 9.9 6.0 4.1 5. 7. 4.1 5.9 Frozen. 

14 •.. .... do .. .... do .. .••• do .. 10.5 6.2 10.0 5.9 3.8 5.6 4.3 5.8 Do. 15 ___ .••• do .. .... do .. .... do .. 10.3 6.1 10.3 5.9 3.8 5.6 4.4 5.7 Do. 

16 ... .... do .. •••. do .. .... do .. 10.4 6.0 10.5 6.0 3.8 5.6 4.6 5.6 Do. 

17--- •... do .. ..•. do .. .•.• do .. 10.4 6.1 10.6 5.7 4.0 5.5 5.3 5.5 Do. 

18 •.. .... do .. ____ ilo __ ____ do .• 10.4 6.1 10.8 5.4 4.0 5.3 5.8 5.4 Do. 19 ___ .... do .. •••. do .. •••• do .. 1'1.1 6.0 10.9 5.2 4.0 5.2 6.7 5.4 Do. 

20 ••• ..••• do .. •.•. do .. .... do .. 9.5 5.9 10.9 5.1 4.3 5.1 7.5 5.3 Do. 

21. •• .••. do .. .... do .. .•.. do .• 8.8 5.9 10.9 5.0 4.6 5.0 8.0 5.2 a4.8 22 ••. .... do .. •••• do .. .••. do .. 8.0 5.9 11.0 5.0 5.8 5.0 8.4 5.1 a4.8 

23 .•• •... do .. ..•. do .. .•.. do .. 7.4 5.9 11.0 5.0 6.6 5.0 8.7 5.0 a4.8 24 ___ •••. do .. ••.. do •. .... do .. 7.0 5.8 10.9 4.8 8.0 5.0 8.8 5.0 a4.8 25 ... .••• do .. •••• do .. .... do .. 6.7 5.8 10.7 4.7 8. 7 4.9 8.7 5.0 a4.8 26 ••• ...• do .. .... do .. ••.. do .. 6.5 5.8 10.3 4.6 8.8 4.9 8.6 5.0 a4.8 

27 ---· ..•. do .. .... do .. .••. do .. 6.3 5.7 9.9 4.5 8. 7 4.8 8.2 4.9 a4.8 26 ••• •••. do .. .... do .. .... do .. 6.1 5.8 9.5 4.3 8.5 4.8 8.0 4.9 a4.8 29--- .... do .. .... do .. 6.1 5.8 9.2 4.2 8.3 4.7 7.8 4.8 a4.6 

30 ... •... do .. --------- • ••• do .. 6.2 5.7 8.8 4.1 8.0 4.5 7.6 4.8 a4.6 

~--- ••.. do .. --------- . ••. do .. --------- 5.7 ------ 4.0 7.7 ------ 7.4 ------ a4~ 

a Estimated. 

WEST GALLATIN RIVER AT SALESVILLE, MON'~'ANA. 

This stream has its source in the northwestern corner of Yellowstone National Park and flows in a northerly direction, joining Madison and Gallatin rivers near Threeforks to form the Missouri River. 

The upper 75 miles of its course is in a canyon the scenery of which 

rivals many of the noted canyons of Yellowstone National Park. Surveys for a road up this canyon have been made in order to reach the 

road system that the Government has built in the park, but the plans 

have not •yet been carried out. About 10 miles above Salesville, Montana, the river leaves its canyon and enters the Gallatin Valley, which 

has an extent, in round numbers, of 1,200 square miles. This area has 

been noted for a number of years for its fertility; immense crops of 

hay and cereals are yearly matured here. The land is irrigated from 

canals taken from the Gallatin River and a number of tributaries, 

including Middle Creek, Bozeman Creek, and East Gallatin River. 

On certain bench lands against the sides of the surrounding mountains dry farming is practiced, or, in other words, crops are raised 

without irrigation. Two gaging. stations are maintained on this river, 

one near Salesville and the other at Logan, near its mouth. The 

Salesville station, which has been· maintained for a number of years, 

is located at the highway bridge crossing the stream about 5 miles 

south of Salesville. Kleinschmidt ditch, having a capacityof75 secondfeet but carrying of late years not over 40 second-feet, diverts water 

from the river above the station. A gage rod was erected in 1895 and 

'Records kept by United States Weather Bureau. 
I 196 OPERATION~ AT RIVER S'l'ATIONS, 1899.-, -PART II. [No.36. 

spiked to a tree; in 1896 a wire gage was placed on the bridge, and the 

two gages made to read the same. The bench mark is the head of the 

southwest bolt in the rim of the southeast cylindrical pier, and its 

elevation is 13.70 feet above gage datum. The observer is Ira T. 

Williams, of Salesville, Montana. The results of discharge measurements. are shown as follows: 1896, Eighteenth Annual Report, Part 

IV, page 126; 1897, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 276; 

1898, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV, page 241. The following 

measurements were made under the supervision of Samuel Fortier 

during 1899: 

M:arch 21, gage height, 2.90 feet; discharge, 474 second-feet. 

April 6, gage height, 2.80 feet; discharge, 766 second-feet. 

April 13, gage height, 3.25 feet; discbarge, 719 second-feet. 

May 1, gage height, 3.40 feet; discharge, 830 second-feet. 

May 9, gage height, 4.00 feet; discharge, 1,056 second-feet. 

June 10, gage height, 5.35 feet; discharge, 2,607 second-feet. 

August 30, gage height, 3.88 feet; discharge, 711 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of We.~t Gallatin River at Salesville, Montana, for 1899. 

I ~a·~·--· 2 --·-

3 ---- 4_ __ _ 

5 -··--

6 ----

7----

8 ---· 

9- ·-- 10 ---- 11 .... 

12----

13- ·-· 14,----

15.---

111.---

U ... c 

18----

19- --· 20- --· 21. ... 

22 -·-- 23 --·- 24_ __ _ 

25 -··-- 26 -··- 27 -·-· 

. 

-

-

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jnne. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 

-------------------- 3.10 2. 70 ------- --2:so 3.30 4. 70 7.30 4.60 3.80 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------- 3.20 5.10 7.30 4.50 3.80 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------ 2.80 3.10 5.50 7.30 4.50 3.80 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------· 2.80 3.20 6.10 7.30 4.50 3. 70 3.50 

3.lil 3.10 2.90 2.80 3.30 5.65 7.20 4.50 3. 70 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------ 2.80 3.40 5.00 7. 20 4.40 3. 70 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------ 2.90 3.50 5.00 7.10 4.40 3. 70 3.50 

3.10 ------- 2.90 3.20 3. 70 4.95 7.05. 4.35 3. 70 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------. 3.30 3.90 5.05 7.00 4.30 3. 70 3.50 

3.10 ------- ------ 3.30 3.90 4.30 6.95 4.30 3. 70 3.50 

------ -··----- ------ 3.30 4.00 5. 70 6.85 4.20 3.60 3.51) 

--·---- 3.10 2.90 3.30 4.10 6.05 6.75 4.20 3.60 3.5\J 

------- ------ ------- 3.20 4.00 6.15 6. 4.5 4.20 3.60 3.50 

------- ------- ------- 3.10 :!.90 6.50 6.25 4.10 3.60 3.51 

3.04 ------- ------- 3.10 3.90 H.95 5.95 4.10 3.60 3.50 

------- ------- ------ 3.20 3.90 7.05 5.75 4.10 3.60 3.5J 

------- ------- 2.1JU 3.10 3.85 7.25 5.55 4.10 3.60 3.5:J 

------- ------- ------ 3.00 3.80 7.60 5.40 4.10 3.60 3.5) 3.00 3.00 2.90 3.00 3.80 8.10 5.30 4.10 3.60 3.50 

------- ------- ------- 3.00 3.80 8.55 5.30 4.10 3.60 3.50 

------- . ------ ------- 3.10 3.90 8.10 5.30 4.00 3.60 3.50 

------- ·------ ------- 3.20 4.151 7.35 5.20 3.90 3.60 3.50 

------- ------- ------- 3.30 4.30 6.70 5.10 3.90 3.60 3.50 

--iiiii" -- ~---- 2.90 3.30 4.50 6.90 5.00 3.90 3.60 3.50 

--2.'iiii" ------- 3.30 4.55 7.00 5.00 3.90 3.60 3.50 

. ------ ------- 3.40 4.65 7.11J 4.90 3.90 3.50 3.50 

------. -------- -------- 3.50 4.55 7.20 4.85 3.90 3.50 3.50 

··2:so- ------- ------. 3.30 4.50 7.20 4.80 3.90 3.50 3.50 

------- ------- 3.30 4.60 7.20 4.70 3.80 3.50 ------ ------- ----·-- ------- 3.30 4.65 7.30 4.70 3.80 3.50 ------- ------- ------- 2.80 3.30 4.70 ------- 4.60 3.80 _____ ,._ 

------- -~ 

MIDDLE CREEK NEAR BOZEMAN, MONTANA. 

Nov. Dec. 

------

------

------: --if io--

--3:5-o ·------- ------

------

------

------

------ 3.10 

------ 3.5 0 ------· ------

------

------

------

------ 3.40 

------ 3 . 0 ··------ .;5 

·-----

------

------

. -----

. ----- . 3.3J 

--- ·-- 3.5 0 ---· .... 

------_y::::::l 

·a 

-----

-----

-----

-----

This creek, a tributary of East Gallatin River, has its source on 

the northern slope of the Gallatin Range. Although it drains a smaJl 

area, it is an important stream, on account of its water supply, which 

is used for irrigation purposes in the Yicinity of Bozeman. The g-aging 

station is located 9 miles south of Bozeman and one-eighth of a mile 

above the old sawmill dam in the creek canyon. Discharge measurements are made from a wil'e cable placed aeross.the stream in 1898. 

The gage is about 200 feet below the cable, and consists of a hori-
MONTANA. l 197 

zontal frame supporting a wire gage. Be ch mark No. 1 consists 

oOf a spike driven horizontally into a stump 5 feet high about 80 feet 

east of the gage rod. 'fhe middle of this sJPike. is at an. elevation of 

7.03 feet above gage datum. Bench mark ~o. 2 consists of an 8-inch 

bridge spike driven horizontally into a charred stump about 25 feet 

northeast of the gage, with an elevation of 3.58 feet. Bench mark 

No. 3 consists of a large rock 93 feet east of t~e gage, marked "B. M." 

in black paint, and is 4.84 feet above gage datum. Results of discharge measurements may be found as follows: 1896, Eighteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 128; 1898, Tfentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 243. The following measur~ments were made under 

the direction of Samuel Fortier during 1899: 

Measurements of Middle Creek near Batman, Montana. c= DaOO. I ~' :,., ""'" .:i.'S, ~';.. 

I Mar.lL~~~~:-.......... FeO.t05 Sec.·fe7~ June 28..~t ........... Fef.t:io Sec.-~tt. !~~:i2:::: :::::::::::::: :8~ ~~ ~~i~ is:::::::·_::::::::::: J~ §~~ May 7................... .10 92 July26................... .60 246 

Juue16................. .90 351 Aug. 26 .•. -r--·····------ .15 . 77 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Middle Creek at Bozeman, ]}fontana, for 1899. 

1.~~~: ..... --~~~--- --~~~· __ ~.:~~:. -~~~:. --~~~:_1 J:] J:~:~ A:.:~ s~~:o I :: 

2 .••••.•.... -----·-- ----·--- ------·· .••..••. -------- 1.20 1.10 .40 .10 .05 

3 .•......... -0.25 -------- --·----· ----·-·· ·····--- 1.10 1.00 .40 .13 .00 

4 ........... -------- ·--- ... -------- ---·---- ·------- 1.70 .95 .40 .10 .00 

L~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ :~~;~~; ~~~~~i~ ~~~~~~~~ :::6~i8: j~ ~:~~ :i :m :~ 1L::::::::: :::::::: :::::::: -=-·-~~- :::::::: :~ :~g U8 :ID; :6g :88 11 •••••.••••• ·------- -----·-· -------- ........ .50 1. 0 1.00 .30 .08 .00 12 ----······· .00 -------- ·------- ·····--· .43 1. 0 .95 .30 .05 .00 

13----------- ·------- ·------· - .08 -------- .35 . .90 .30 .05 .00 

14 .••••.•.... ···-·--· ........ -.08 -------· .30 . 0 .85 .25 .05 .00 

15 ........... -------- -------· -------· -------- .20 . 0 .80 .20 .05 .00 

16 ................... -------- ···----- -------- .23 1.10 .80 .20 .00 

17----------- - .10 -------- ···--·-· -------- .30 1.50 .80 .20 .04 .00 

18.------ ---· ---· .... ---- .... -------- . ...... . 28 !l.i .80 . 20 . 04 .00 

19 ........................... -------- ........ .30 1. 0 .95 .20 .03 .00 

20 ................................... -------- .28 1. 0 .85 .20 .01 .00 

21........... ........ ........ ........ ........ .25 1. 0 .75 .15 .01 .00 

~ ::::::::::: :~::i6: :~:~~: :~:~~~: :::::::: :~ tgg ' Jg :}~ :8~ :88 ~t::::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: Jg t~ Jg jg :8& :~ .............. - .75 -.08 ........ .70 l.~ .50 .10 .00 .00 ...... ........ ........ ........ ........ .70 1.50 .50 .10 .00 .00 ...... - .10 ........ - .05 ........ .50 11.30 .45 .10 .00 .00 ...... ........ ........ ........ ....•... .70 ........ .40 .10 .00 

GALLATIN RIVER AT LOGAN, I MONTANA. 

The main Gallatin River is formed by t~e junction of the East and 

West Gallatin rivers 5 miles above Logan. J The wire gage is located 

on the east span of the railroad bridge. B nch mark No. 1 is the top 

IRR 36--7 I 

I 
~98 OPERATIONS AT RIVER STATIONS, 1899.-PART II. [N0.36. 

of the northeast corner of the iron plate at foot of diagonal end member of truss east end upper side, and is 13.70 feet above datum. 

Bench mark No. 2 consists of the head of a bridge spike driven vertically into the top of a pile stump, to which the lower end of the old 

incline gage is fastened; it is 0.162 foot above gage datum. Discharge measurements are made from the cable across the river 300 

feet above the railroad bridge, and show the amount of water available after the diversion as above. The section is a good one, the 

channel being straight for some distance above and below the gaging 

cable. The results of measurements are published as follows: 1896, 

Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV, page 129; 1897, Nineteenth 

Annual Report, Part IV, page 278; 1898, 'l'wentieth Annual Report, 

Part IV, page 240. The following measurements were made under 

the direction of Samuel Fortier during 1899: 

March 18, gage height, 1.00 foot; discharge, 580 second-feet. 

April 9, gage height, 1.90 feet; discharge, 1,120 second-feet. 

April 24, gage height, 1.60 feet; discharge, 1,089 second-feet. 

May 22, gage height, 2.20 feet; discharge, 1,786 second-feet. 

July 14, gage height, 3.00 feet; discharge, 1,079 second-feet. 

July 30, gage height, 1.90 feet; discharge, 760 second-feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Gallatin River at Logan, Montana, for 1899. 

Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

---------- ------

1 ___________ ~--- ...... - 1.00 LOO 3.05 5.00 1.90 l.QO 1.30 1.50 -------- 2----------- 1.00 1.00 3.10 5.00. 1.80 1.50 1.30 1.50 -------- 3----------- -------- 1.00 1.00 3.35 4.45 1.80 1.40 1.30 1.50 -------- 4----------- -------- 1.15 1.00 4.10 4.30 1.80 1.40 1.30 1.00 -------- 5----------- -·Too· 1.05 1.00 4.05 4.05 1.80 1.40 1.30 ·------- "Too·· 6 ___________ 1.40 1.55 3.80 3.90 1.80 1.40 1.30 -------- 7----------- 1.20 1.80 1.60 3.45 3.75 1.80 1.40 1.30 -·Too- -------- 8 ----------- 1.35 1.95 1.65 3.25 3.55 1.80 1.40 1.30 -------- 9----------- 1.45 2.65 1.85 3.10 3.50 1. 80 1.40 1.30 -------- ---- ·--- 10 ...... ------ 1.25 3.25 2.20 3.35 3.50 1.90 1.40 1.30 -------- -------- 11. ---------· 1.10 2.85 2.35 3.65 3.50" 1.90 1.40 1.30 ------·- -------- 12.---------- 1.00 3.10 2.45 4.25 3.30 1.90 1.40 1.30 ................ ·Too·- 13----------- 1.00 2.70 2.60 4.35 3.05 1.90 1.40 1.30 -------- 14----------- 1.00 2.40 2.75 4.05 3.00 1.90 1.40 1.30 -·Too· .............. 15----------- 1.00 1.85 2.80 3.80 2.90 1.90 1.40 1.30 -------- 16.---------- 1.00 2.15 2.75 4..00 2.80 1.80 1.40 1.30 -------- -------- 17----------- 1.00 2.00 2.80 4.35 2.70 1.80 1.40 1;30 -------- -------- 1R ........... 1.00 1.90 2.55 5.25 2.60 1. 70 1.40 1.30 -------- -------- 19----------- 1.00 1.80 2.00 5.65 2.60 1. 70 1.40 1.30 -------... ·Too·· :~o. ---------- 1.00 1.80 1.90 5.90 2.45 1.70 1.40 1.30 

21 ..... ------ 1.10 1.00 1.90 6.25 2.40 1.70 1.40 1.30 "'Too- -------- 22 ........... 1.10 1. 75 2.05 5.60 2.40 1. 70 1.40 1.30 -------- 23 ----------- 1.10 1.70 2.15 4.90 2.35 1.65 1.30 1.00 -------- -------- 24----------- 1.20 1.60 2.45 4.75 2.25 1.60 1.30 1.70 -------- -------- 25.---------- 1.00 1.60 2.75 4.85 2.10 1.60 1.30 1.65 -------- -------- 26 ----------- 1.35 1.60 2.90 5.20 2.00 1.60 1.30 1.60 -------- -------- 27----------- 1.30 1.60 2.90 5.20 1.UO 1.60 1.30 1.00 -------- -------- 26 ----------- 1.10 1.60 2.90 5.00 1;90 1.60 1.30 1.00 -------- -------· 29----------- 1.00 1.60 2.90 5.10 1.90 1.55 1.30 1.50 1.60 (a) 

30----------- 1.00 1.60 3.00 5.05 1.90 1.00 L30 1.00 ----·--- -------- 31 ........... 1.00 -------- 3.05 -------- 1.90 . 1.00 -------- 1.00 -----·-- ------·-

January 1 to March 6 river frozen; no readings. a Frozen. 

A measurement of Bridger Creek, a tributary of East Gallatin River, 

was made August 3 at the highway bridge at. the fish hatchery in the 

canyon, and showed a discharge of 25 second-feet. 

0