# Patent

## Title
Method of regulating ink pressure

## Abstract

A method of regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead is provided. The method comprises withdrawing a volume of ink from an ink chamber and simultaneously bubbling air bubbles into the chamber via a bubble outlet to balance the withdrawn volume of ink. Each air bubble is defined by an air cavity trapped inside a film or a body of ink. The bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of the air bubbles, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a pressure regulator for an inkjet printer. It has been developed primarily for generating a negative hydrostatic pressure in an ink supply system supplying ink to printhead nozzles.
CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
The following applications have been filed by the Applicant simultaneously with the present application:

    
    
        Ser. Nos. 11/640,356 11/640,357 11/640,358 11/640,359 11/640,360
        The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated herein by reference.
    
    


CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Various methods, systems and apparatus relating to the present invention are disclosed in the following US Patents/Patent Applications filed by the applicant or assignee of the present invention:


















09/517,539
6,566,858
6,331,946
6,246,970
6,442,525
09/517,384
09/505,951


6,374,354
09/517,608
09/505,147
6,757,832
6,334,190
6,745,331
09/517,541


10/203,559
10/203,560
7,093,139
10/636,263
10/636,283
10/866,608
10/902,889


10/902,833
10/940,653
10/942,858
10/727,181
10/727,162
10/727,163
10/727,245


7,121,639
10/727,233
10/727,280
10/727,157
10/727,178
7,096,137
10/727,257


10/727,238
10/727,251
10/727,159
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10/727,274


10/727,164
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10/727,158
10/754,536
10/754,938
10/727,227


10/727,160
10/934,720
11/212,702
11/272,491
11/474,278
11/488,853
11/488,841


10/296,522
6,795,215
7,070,098
09/575,109
6,805,419
6,859,289
6,977,751


6,398,332
6,394,573
6,622,923
6,747,760
6,921,144
10/884,881
7,092,112


10/949,294
11/039,866
11/123,011
6,986,560
7,008,033
11/148,237
11/248,435


11/248,426
11/478,599
11/499,749
10/922,846
10/922,845
10/854,521
10/854,522


10/854,488
10/854,487
10/854,503
10/854,504
10/854,509
10/854,510
7,093,989


10/854,497
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10/854,516
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10/854,494
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10/854,527
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10/854,499


10/854,501
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10/854,502
10/854,518
10/854,517
10/934,628
11/212,823


11/499,803
11/601,757
11/544,764
11/544,765
11/544,772
11/544,773
11/544,774


11/544,775
11/544,776
11/544,766
11/544,767
11/544,771
11/544,770
11/544,769


11/544,777
11/544,768
11/544,763
10/728,804
7,128,400
7,108,355
6,991,322


10/728,790
7,118,197
10/728,970
10/728,784
10/728,783
7,077,493
6,962,402


10/728,803
10/728,780
10/728,779
7,118,198
10/773,204
10/773,198
10/773,199


6,830,318
10/773,201
10/773,191
10/773,183
7,108,356
7,118,202
10/773,186


10/773,200
10/773,185
10/773,192
10/773,197
10/773,203
10/773,187
10/773,202


10/773,188
7,118,201
7,111,926
10/773,184
7,018,021
11/060,751
11/060,805


11/188,017
7,128,402
11/298,774
11/329,157
11/490,041
11/501,767
11/499,736


11/505,935
11/506,172
11/505,846
11/505,857
11/505,856
11/524,908
11/524,938


11/524,900
11/524,912
11/592,999
11/592,995
6,746,105
10/407,212
10/407,207


10/683,064
10/683,041
11/097,308
11/097,309
11/097,335
11/097,299
11/097,310


11/097,213
11/210,687
11/097,212
7,147,306
11/545,509
10/760,272
10/760,273


7,083,271
10/760,182
7,080,894
10/760,218
7,090,336
10/760,216
10/760,233


10/760,246
7,083,257
10/760,243
10/760,201
10/760,185
10/760,253
10/760,255


10/760,209
7,118,192
10/760,194
10/760,238
7,077,505
10/760,235
7,077,504


10/760,189
10/760,262
10/760,232
10/760,231
10/760,200
10/760,190
10/760,191


10/760,227
7,108,353
7,104,629
11/446,227
11/454,904
11/472,345
11/474,273


11/478,594
11/474,279
11/482,939
11/482,950
11/499,709
11/592,984
11/601,668


11/603,824
11/601,756
11/601,672
10/815,625
10/815,624
10/815,628
10/913,375


10/913,373
10/913,374
10/913,372
10/913,377
10/913,378
10/913,380
10/913,379


10/913,376
7,122,076
10/986,402
11/172,816
11/172,815
11/172,814
11/482,990


11/482,986
11/482,985
11/454,899
11/583,942
11/592,990
60/851,754
11/003,786


11/003,616
11/003,418
11/003,334
11/003,600
11/003,404
11/003,419
11/003,700


11/003,601
11/003,618
11/003,615
11/003,337
11/003,698
11/003,420
6,984,017


11/003,699
11/071,473
11/003,463
11/003,701
11/003,683
11/003,614
11/003,702


11/003,684
11/003,619
11/003,617
11/293,800
11/293,802
11/293,801
11/293,808


11/293,809
11/482,975
11/482,970
11/482,968
11/482,972
11/482,971
11/482,969


11/246,676
11/246,677
11/246,678
11/246,679
11/246,680
11/246,681
11/246,714


11/246,713
11/246,689
11/246,671
11/246,670
11/246,669
11/246,704
11/246,710


11/246,688
11/246,716
11/246,715
11/293,832
11/293,838
11/293,825
11/293,841


11/293,799
11/293,796
11/293,797
11/293,798
11/293,804
11/293,840
11/293,803


11/293,833
11/293,834
11/293,835
11/293,836
11/293,837
11/293,792
11/293,794


11/293,839
11/293,826
11/293,829
11/293,830
11/293,827
11/293,828
11/293,795


11/293,823
11/293,824
11/293,831
11/293,815
11/293,819
11/293,818
11/293,817


11/293,816
10/760,254
10/760,210
10/760,202
10/760,197
10/760,198
10/760,249


10/760,263
10/760,196
10/760,247
10/760,223
10/760,264
10/760,244
7,097,291


10/760,222
10/760,248
7,083,273
10/760,192
10/760,203
10/760,204
10/760,205


10/760,206
10/760,267
10/760,270
10/760,259
10/760,271
10/760,275
10/760,274


7,121,655
10/760,184
10/760,195
10/760,186
10/760,261
7,083,272
11/501,771


11/583,874
11/014,764
11/014,763
11/014,748
11/014,747
11/014,761
11/014,760


11/014,757
11/014,714
11/014,713
11/014,762
11/014,724
11/014,723
11/014,756


11/014,736
11/014,759
11/014,758
11/014,725
11/014,739
11/014,738
11/014,737


11/014,726
11/014,745
11/014,712
11/014,715
11/014,751
11/014,735
11/014,734


11/014,719
11/014,750
11/014,749
11/014,746
11/014,769
11/014,729
11/014,743


11/014,733
11/014,754
11/014,755
11/014,765
11/014,766
11/014,740
11/014,720


11/014,753
11/014,752
11/014,744
11/014,741
11/014,768
11/014,767
11/014,718


11/014,717
11/014,716
11/014,732
11/014,742
11/097,268
11/097,185
11/097,184


11/293,820
11/293,813
11/293,822
11/293,812
11/293,821
11/293,814
11/293,793


11/293,842
11/293,811
11/293,807
11/293,806
11/293,805
11/293,810
09/575,197


7,079,712
09/575,123
6,825,945
09/575,165
6,813,039
6,987,506
7,038,797


6,980,318
6,816,274
7,102,772
09/575,186
6,681,045
6,728,000
09/575,145


7,088,459
09/575,181
7,068,382
7,062,651
6,789,194
6,789,191
6,644,642


6,502,614
6,622,999
6,669,385
6,549,935
6,987,573
6,727,996
6,591,884


6,439,706
6,760,119
09/575,198
6,290,349
6,428,155
6,785,016
6,870,966


6,822,639
6,737,591
7,055,739
09/575,129
6,830,196
6,832,717
6,957,768


09/575,162
09/575,172
09/575,170
7,106,888
7,123,239
11/482,953
11/482,977


6,238,115
6,386,535
6,398,344
6,612,240
6,752,549
6,805,049
6,971,313


6,899,480
6,860,664
6,925,935
6,966,636
7,024,995
10/636,245
6,926,455


7,056,038
6,869,172
7,021,843
6,988,845
6,964,533
6,981,809
11/060,804


11/065,146
11/155,544
11/203,241
11/206,805
11/281,421
11/281,422
11/482,981


11/014,721
11/592,996
D529952
11/482,978
11/482,967
11/482,966
11/482,988


11/482,989
11/482,982
11/482,983
11/482,984
11/495,818
11/495,819
11/482,980


11/563,684
11/518,238
11/518,280
11/518,244
11/518,243
11/518,242
11/246,707


11/246,706
11/246,705
11/246,708
11/246,693
11/246,692
11/246,696
11/246,695


11/246,694
11/482,958
11/482,955
11/482,962
11/482,963
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11/482,974
11/482,957
11/482,987
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11/482,964


11/482,965
11/482,976
11/482,973
11/495,815
11/495,816
11/495,817
11/124,158


11/124,196
11/124,199
11/124,162
11/124,202
11/124,197
11/124,154
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11/124,153
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11/124,175
11/124,163
11/124,149


11/124,152
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11/124,200
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11/124,166
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11/124,185
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11/124,156
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11/124,159
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11/124,170
11/124,187


11/124,189
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11/124,193
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11/124,177


11/124,148
11/124,168
11/124,167
11/124,179
11/124,169
11/187,976
11/188,011


11/188,014
11/482,979
11/228,540
11/228,500
11/228,501
11/228,530
11/228,490


11/228,531
11/228,504
11/228,533
11/228,502
11/228,507
11/228,482
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11/228,497
11/228,487
11/228,529
11/228,484
11/228,489
11/228,518
11/228,536


11/228,496
11/228,488
11/228,506
11/228,516
11/228,526
11/228,539
11/228,538


11/228,524
11/228,523
11/228,519
11/228,528
11/228,527
11/228,525
11/228,520


11/228,498
11/228,511
11/228,522
111/228,515
11/228,537
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11/228,491


11/228,499
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11/228,512


11/228,514
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11/228,477
11/228,485


11/228,483
11/228,521
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11/228,503
11/228,480


11/228,535
11/228,478
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11/246,687
11/246,718
11/246,685
11/246,686


11/246,703
11/246,691
11/246,711
11/246,690
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11/246,717
11/246,709


11/246,700
11/246,701
11/246,702
11/246,668
11/246,697
11/246,698
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11/246,675
11/246,674
11/246,667
11/246,684
11/246,672
11/246,673
11/246,683


11/246,682
6,988,841
6,641,315
6,786,661
6,808,325
6,712,453
6,460,971


6,428,147
6,416,170
6,402,300
6,464,340
6,612,687
6,412,912
6,447,099


7,090,337
11/478,585
6,913,346
10/853,336
11/000,936
7,032,998
6,994,424


7,001,012
7,004,568
7,040,738
11/026,136
7,131,715
11/026,125
11/026,126


7,097,285
7,083,264
7,147,304
11/450,445
11/472,294
11/503,084
6,227,652


6,213,588
6,213,589
6,231,163
6,247,795
6,394,581
6,244,691
6,257,704


6,416,168
6,220,694
6,257,705
6,247,794
6,234,610
6,247,793
6,264,306


6,241,342
6,247,792
6,264,307
6,254,220
6,234,611
6,302,528
6,283,582


6,239,821
6,338,547
6,247,796
6,557,977
6,390,603
6,362,843
6,293,653


6,312,107
6,227,653
6,234,609
6,238,040
6,188,415
6,227,654
6,209,989


6,247,791
6,336,710
6,217,153
6,416,167
6,243,113
6,283,581
6,247,790


6,260,953
6,267,469
6,588,882
6,742,873
6,918,655
09/835,707
6,547,371


6,938,989
6,598,964
6,923,526
09/835,448
6,273,544
6,309,048
6,420,196


6,443,558
6,439,689
6,378,989
6,848,181
6,634,735
6,299,289
6,299,290


6,425,654
6,902,255
6,623,101
6,406,129
6,505,916
6,457,809
6,550,895


6,457,812
10/296,434
6,428,133
11/144,778
7,080,895
11/144,844
11/478,598


11/599,341
787,368
11/607,976
11/607,975
11/607,999
11/607,980
11/607,979


11/607,978
10/882,774
10/884,889
10/922,890
10/922,875
10/922,885
10/922,888


10/922,882
10/922,876
10/922,886
10/922,877
11/071,251
11/071,261
11/159,193


11/491,378
6,938,992
6,994,425
6,863,379
11/015,012
7,066,577
7,125,103


11/450,430
11/545,566
6,746,105
6,764,166
6,652,074
10/510,093
6,682,174


6,648,453
6,682,176
6,998,062
6,767,077
10/760,214
10/962,413
6,988,789


11/006,733
11/013,881
7,083,261
7,070,258
11/026,046
11/064,011
11/064,013


7,083,262
11/080,496
11/083,021
7,036,912
7,147,302
11/084,757
11/281,673


11/442,190
11/525,857
11/585,947
6,485,123
6,425,657
6,488,358
7,021,746


6,712,986
6,981,757
6,505,912
6,439,694
6,364,461
6,378,990
6,425,658


6,488,361
6,814,429
6,471,336
6,457,813
6,540,331
6,454,396
6,464,325


6,435,664
6,412,914
6,550,896
6,439,695
6,447,100
09/900,160
6,488,359


6,623,108
6,698,867
6,488,362
6,425,651
6,435,667
6,527,374
6,582,059


6,513,908
6,540,332
6,679,584
6,857,724
6,652,052
6,672,706
7,077,508


10/698374
6,935,724
6,927,786
6,988,787
6,899,415
6,672,708
6,644,767


6,874,866
6,830,316
6,994,420
7,086,720
10/982,763
10/992,661
7,066,578


7,101,023
11/225,157
11/272,426
11/349,074
7,137,686
11/501,858
11/583,895


6,916,082
6,786,570
10/753,478
6,848,780
6,966,633
10/728,924
6,969,153


6,979,075
7,132,056
6,832,828
6860590
6905620
6786574
6824252


6,890,059
10/913,325
7,125,102
7,028,474
7,066,575
6,986,202
7044584


7,032,992
7,140,720
11/030,964
11/048,748
7,008,041
7,011,390
7048868


7,014,785
7,131,717
11/176,158
11/202,331
7,104,631
11/202,217
11/231,875


11/231876
11/298635
11/329,167
11/442,161
11/442,126
11/478,588
11/525,861


11/583939
11/545504
11/583,894
10/882,775
6932459
7,032,997
6,998,278


7,004,563
6,938,994
10/959,135
10/959,049
10/962,415
7,077,588
6,918,707


6,923,583
6,953,295
6,921,221
10/992,758
11/008,115
11/012,329
11/084,752


11/084,753
11/185,720
11/177,395
7,147,303
7,101,020
11/336,796
11/442,191


11/525,860
6,945,630
6,830,395
6,641,255
10/309,036
6,666,543
6,669,332


6,663,225
7,073,881
10/636,208
10/636,206
10/636,274
6,808,253
6,827,428


6,959,982
6,959,981
6,886,917
6,863,378
7,052,114
7,001,007
7,008,046


6,880,918
7,066,574
11/036,021
6,976,751
11/071,471
7,080,893
11/155,630


7,055,934
11/155,627
11/159,197
7,083,263
11/472,405
11/484,745
11/503,061


11/544,577
7,067,067
6,776,476
6,880,914
7,086,709
6,783,217
7,147,791


6,929,352
6,824,251
6,834,939
6,840,600
6,786,573
7,144,519
6,799,835


6,938,991
10/884,890
7,140,719
6,988,788
7,022,250
6,929,350
7,004,566


7,055,933
7,144,098
11/165,062
11/298,530
7,147,305
11/442,160
11/442,176


11/454,901
11/442,134
11/499,741
11/525,859
6,866,369
6,886,918
10/882,763


6,921,150
6,913,347
11/033,122
7,093,928
11/072,518
7,086,721
11/171,428


11/165,302
7,147,307
7,111,925
11/455,132
11/546,437
11/584,619









BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The inkjet printheads described in the above cross referenced documents typically comprise an array of nozzles, each nozzle having an associated ink ejection actuator for ejecting ink from a nozzle opening defined in a roof of a nozzle chamber. Ink from an ink cartridge or other reservoir is fed to the chambers where the ejection actuators force droplets of ink through the nozzle opening for printing. Typically, an ink cartridge is a replaceable consumable in an inkjet printer.
Ink may be drawn into each nozzle chamber by suction generated after each drop ejection and by the capillary action of ink supply channels having hydrophilic surfaces (e.g. silicon dioxide surface). During periods of inactivity, ink is retained in the nozzle chambers by the surface tension of an ink meniscus pinned across a rim of each nozzle opening. If the ink pressure is not controlled, it may become positive with respect to external atmospheric pressure, possibly by thermal expansion of the ink, or a tipping of the printer that elevates the ink above the level of the nozzles. In this case the ink will flood onto the printhead surface. Moreover, during active printing, ink supplied through the ink supply channels has a momentum, which is sufficient to surge out of the nozzles and flood the printhead face once printing stops. Printhead face flooding is clearly undesirable in either of these scenarios.
To address this problem, many printhead ink supply systems are designed so that a hydrostatic pressure of ink at the nozzles is less than atmospheric pressure. This causes the meniscus across the nozzle openings to be concave or drawn inwards. The meniscus is pinned at nozzle openings, and the ink cannot freely flow out of the nozzles, both during inactive periods. Furthermore, face flooding as a result of ink surges are minimized.
The amount of negative pressure in the chambers is limited by two factors. It cannot be strong enough to de-prime the chambers (i.e. suck the ink out of the chambers and back towards the cartridge). However, if the negative pressure is too weak, the nozzles can leak ink onto the printhead face, especially if the printhead is jolted. Aside from these two catastrophic events requiring some form of remediation (e.g. printhead maintenance or re-priming), a sub-optimal hydrostatic ink pressure will typically cause an array of image defects during printing, with an appreciable loss of print quality. Accordingly, inkjet printers may have a relatively narrow window of hydrostatic ink pressures, which must be achieved by a pressure regulator in the ink supply system.
Typically, ink cartridges are designed to incorporate some means for regulating hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied therefrom. To establish a negative pressure, some cartridges use a flexible bag design. Part of the cartridge has a flexible bag or wall section that is biased towards increasing the ink storage volume. U.S. Ser. No. 11/014,764 and U.S. Ser. No. 11/014,769 (listed above in the cross referenced documents) are examples of this type of cartridge. These cartridges can provide a negative pressure, but tend to rely on excellent manufacturing tolerances of an internal leaf spring in the flexible bag. Further, the requirement of an internal biasing means in a flexible bag presents significant manufacturing difficulties.
Another means of generating a negative ink pressure via the ink cartridge is shown in FIG. 17. A piece of foam or porous material 2 is placed in the cartridge 1 over the outlet 3. The foam 2 has a section that is saturated with ink 4, and a section 5 that may be wet with ink, but not saturated. The top of the cartridge 1 is vented to atmosphere through the air maze 7. Capillary action (represented by arrow 6) draws the ink from the saturated section 4 into the unsaturated section 5. This continues until it is balanced by the weight of the increased hydrostatic pressure, or ‘head’ of ink drawn upwards by the capillary action 6. The hydrostatic pressure at the top of the saturated section 4 is less than atmospheric because of capillary action into the unsaturated section 5. From there, the hydrostatic pressure increases towards the outlet 3, and if connected to the printhead (not shown), it continues to increase down to the nozzle openings (assuming they are the lowest points in the printhead). By setting the proportion of saturated foam to unsaturated foam such that the hydrostatic pressure of the ink at the nozzle is less than atmospheric, the ink meniscus will form inwardly.
However, ink cartridges comprising foam inserts are generally unsuitable for high speed printing (e.g. print speeds of one page every 1-2 seconds) using the Applicant's pagewidth printheads, which print at up to 1600 dpi. In such high speed printers, there are a large number of nozzles having a higher firing rate than traditional scanning printers. Therefore the ink flow rate out of the cartridge is much greater than that of a scanning printhead. The hydraulic drag caused by the foam insert can starve the nozzles and retard the chamber refill rate. More porous foam would have less hydraulic drag but also much less capillary force. Further, accurate pressure control requires equally accurate control over the internal void dimensions, which is difficult to achieved by the stochastically formed void structures of most foam materials. Accordingly, porous foam inserts are not considered to be a viable means for controlling ink pressure at high ink flow rates.
As an alternative (or in addition) to ink cartridges having integral pressure regulators, the ink supply system may comprise a pressure regulator in the ink line between the printhead and an ink reservoir. The present Applicant's previously filed U.S. application Ser. No. 11/293,806 (filed on Dec. 5, 2005) and Ser. No. 11/293,842 (filed on Dec. 5, 20055), the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, describe an in-line pressure regulator comprising a diaphragm and biasing mechanism. This mechanical arrangement is used to generate a negative hydrostatic ink pressure at the printhead. However, this type of mechanical pressure regulator has the drawback of requiring extremely fine manufacturing tolerances for a spring, which opens and closes the diaphragm in response to fluctuations in ink pressure upstream and downstream of the diaphragm. In practice, this mechanical system of pressure control makes it difficult to implement in an ink supply system required to maintain a constant negative hydrostatic ink pressure within a relatively narrow pressure range.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a pressure regulator, which is suitable for maintaining a hydrostatic ink pressure within a relatively narrow pressure range. It would further be desirable to provide a pressure regulator, which is suitable for use at relatively high ink flow rates. It would further be desirable to provide a pressure regulator, which is simple in construction and which does not require a plethora of moving parts manufactured with high tolerances.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect the present invention provides a method of regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said method comprising:

    
    
        withdrawing a volume of ink from an ink chamber and simultaneously bubbling air bubbles into the chamber via a bubble outlet to balance the withdrawn volume of ink, each air bubble being defined by an air cavity trapped by a film or a body of ink,
        wherein the bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of the air bubbles, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.
    
    


Optionally, said ink chamber is an ink reservoir for a printer.
Optionally, said ink chamber has an ink inlet port for fluid communication with an ink reservoir.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 100 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a circular opening, such that a radius of said circular opening controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a body of ink.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace above ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air bubble trapped inside a film of ink.
Optionally, a capillary channel supplies ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action.
Optionally, a bubble vent adjacent said bubble outlet vents said air bubbles into said headspace.
Optionally, said volume of ink is withdrawn by a pumping effect of a printhead in fluid communication with an ink outlet of said chamber.
In a second aspect the present invention provides an ink pressure regulator for regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said regulator comprising:

    
    
        an ink chamber having an ink outlet for fluid communication with the printhead via an ink line;
        an air inlet open to atmosphere;
        a bubble outlet positioned for bubbling air into ink contained in the chamber; and
        an air channel connecting the air inlet and the bubble outlet,
        wherein said bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of air bubbles drawn into said ink as result of supplying ink to the printhead, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.
    
    


Optionally, said ink chamber is an ink reservoir for a printer.
Optionally, said ink chamber has an ink inlet port for fluid communication with an ink reservoir.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 100 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a circular opening, such that a radius of said circular opening controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
Optionally, each cross-sectional dimension of said air channel is greater than the width of the slot, thereby minimizing flow resistance in the air channel.
Optionally, said air channel is bent or tortuous for minimizing ink losses through the air inlet.
Optionally, said air channel is dimensioned such that a maximum capillary volume of ink in said channel is less than about 0.1 mL.
Optionally, one wall of said chamber comprises an air intake plate, said plate comprising the air inlet, the air channel and the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said plate comprises a plurality of laminated layers, said layers cooperating to define the air inlet, the air channel and the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said plate comprises:

    
    
        a first layer having an air inlet opening defined therethrough and an elongate recess defined in a first face thereof, said recess extending longitudinally from said air inlet aperture to a terminus; and
        a second layer laminated to said first face, said second layer having a bubble vent opening defined therethrough,

wherein said bubble vent opening is positioned for fluid communication with said terminus.

    
    


Optionally, a depth of said recess towards said terminus defines a critical dimension of said bubble outlet, said critical dimension controlling a Laplace pressure of air bubbles exiting said bubble outlet.
Optionally, said recess has a shallower portion at said terminus, said shallower portion providing a constriction in said air channel.
Optionally, said terminus is defined by a circular recess having a diameter greater than said bubble vent opening, thereby providing a bubble outlet defined by an annular slot.
Optionally, said first face has a moat defined therein, said moat protecting said recess from adhesive during lamination of the first and second layers.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a pressure release valve for releasing excess pressure in a headspace above ink in said chamber.
In a third aspect the present invention provides a printhead ink supply system comprising:
an inkjet printhead;
an ink reservoir;
an ink pressure regulator for regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to said printhead, said regulator comprising:


    
    
        an ink chamber having an ink outlet;
        an air inlet open to atmosphere;
        a bubble outlet for bubbling air bubbles into the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a film or a body of ink, said bubble outlet being dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of air bubbles drawn into said chamber as result of supplying ink to the printhead, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink; and
        an air channel connecting the air inlet and the bubble outlet; and

a first ink line providing fluid communication between said ink outlet and an inlet channel of said printhead.

    
    


Optionally, said ink reservoir is defined by said ink chamber.
Optionally, said ink pressure regulator is a replaceable ink cartridge.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink supply system, further comprising an ink cartridge defining said ink reservoir, said ink cartridge having an ink supply port in fluid communication with an ink inlet port of said ink chamber.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink supply system, further comprising a second ink line providing fluid communication between an outlet channel of said printhead and a return inlet of said ink reservoir, such that said ink supply system is a loop.
Optionally, said return inlet comprises an ink filter for filtering returned ink.
Optionally, a first pump is positioned in said first ink line upstream of said printhead.
Optionally, said first pump is open and idle during printing, such that said pressure regulator determines the hydrostatic pressure of the ink in the printhead during printing.
Optionally, a second pump is positioned in said second ink line downstream of said printhead.
Optionally, said first and second pumps are independently configurable for priming, depriming, purging and printing operations.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a body of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a pressure-release valve for releasing excess pressure in a headspace above ink in said chamber.
Optionally, said air channel is bent or tortuous for minimizing ink losses through the air inlet.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace above ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air bubble trapped inside a film of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a capillary channel in fluid communication with ink contained in the ink chamber, said capillary channel supplying ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action.
In a fourth aspect the present invention provides an ink pressure regulator for regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said regulator comprising:

    
    
        an ink chamber having an ink outlet for fluid communication with the printhead via an ink line;
        an air inlet open to atmosphere;
        a bubble outlet positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace of the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a film of ink;
        a capillary channel in fluid communication with ink contained in the ink chamber, said capillary channel supplying ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action; and
        an air channel connecting the air inlet and the bubble outlet,
        wherein said bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of air bubbles drawn into said chamber as result of supplying ink to the printhead, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.
    
    


Optionally, said ink chamber is an ink reservoir for a printer.
Optionally, said ink chamber has an ink inlet port for fluid communication with an ink reservoir.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 100 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a circular opening, such that a radius of said circular opening controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a bubble vent adjacent said bubble outlet, said bubble vent opening into said headspace.
Optionally, said bubble outlet and said bubble vent cooperate such that each air bubble breaks through a meniscus of ink pinned across said bubble outlet and vents into said chamber via said bubble vent.
Optionally, one wall of said chamber comprises an air intake plate, said plate comprising the air inlet, the air channel, the bubble outlet and the bubble vent.
Optionally, said plate comprises a plurality of laminated layers, said layers cooperating to define the air inlet, the air channel, the bubble outlet and the bubble vent.
Optionally, said plate comprises:

    
    
        a first layer having an air inlet opening defined therethrough and an elongate recess defined in a first face thereof, said recess extending longitudinally from a proximal end at said air inlet aperture to a distal end; and
        a second layer laminated to said first face, said second layer having a capillary inlet opening and a bubble vent opening defined therethrough,

wherein said capillary inlet opening is positioned towards said distal end of said recess and said bubble vent opening is positioned towards said proximal end of said recess.

    
    


Optionally, a depth of said recess at said proximal end defines a critical dimension of said bubble outlet, said critical dimension controlling a Laplace pressure of air bubbles exiting said bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble vent opening is dimensioned to pin a meniscus of ink across the opening by surface tension.
Optionally, said bubble vent opening is adjacent said bubble outlet.
Optionally, said recess is dimensioned to provide sufficient capillary pressure to raise a column of ink from said distal end to said proximal end.
In a fifth aspect the present invention provides an ink pressure regulator for regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said regulator comprising:

    
    
        an ink chamber having an ink outlet for fluid communication with the printhead via an ink line;
        an air inlet open to atmosphere;
        a bubble outlet for bubbling air bubbles into the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a film or a body of ink; and
        an air channel connecting the air inlet and the bubble outlet,
        wherein said bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of air bubbles drawn into said chamber as result of supplying ink to the printhead, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.
    
    


Optionally, said ink chamber is an ink reservoir for a printer.
Optionally, said ink chamber has an ink inlet port for fluid communication with an ink reservoir.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 100 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a circular opening, such that a radius of said circular opening controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a body of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a pressure release valve for releasing excess pressure in a headspace above ink in said chamber.
Optionally, said air channel is bent or tortuous for minimizing ink losses through the air inlet.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace above ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air bubble trapped inside a film of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a capillary channel in fluid communication with ink contained in the ink chamber, said capillary channel supplying ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action.
In a further aspect there is provided a pressure regulator, further comprising a bubble vent adjacent said bubble outlet, said bubble vent opening into said headspace.
In a sixth aspect the present invention provides an ink cartridge suitable for regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said cartridge comprising:

    
    
        an ink chamber having an ink outlet for fluid communication with the printhead via an ink line;
        an air inlet open to atmosphere;
        a bubble outlet for bubbling air bubbles into the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a film or a body of ink; and
        an air channel connecting the air inlet and the bubble outlet,
        wherein said bubble outlet is dimensioned to control a Laplace pressure of air bubbles drawn into said chamber as result of supplying ink to the printhead, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.
    
    


Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 10 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is dimensioned such that a hydrostatic pressure of ink in the chamber is at least 100 mm H2O less than atmospheric pressure.
Optionally, said bubble outlet has a critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the bubble outlet.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a circular opening, such that a radius of said circular opening controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension and a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Optionally, a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a body of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, further comprising a pressure release valve for releasing excess pressure in a headspace above ink in said chamber.
Optionally, said air channel is bent or tortuous for minimizing ink losses through the air inlet.
Optionally, the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace above ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air bubble trapped inside a film of ink.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, further comprising a capillary channel in fluid communication with ink contained in the ink chamber, said capillary channel supplying ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, further comprising a bubble vent adjacent said bubble outlet, said bubble vent opening into said headspace.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, which is a replaceable or disposable ink cartridge.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, further comprising an ink inlet for receiving ink from the printhead.
In a further aspect there is provided an ink cartridge, further comprising an ink filter for filtering the received ink.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Optional embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side section of a pressure regulator according to the present invention having a needle-like bubble outlet;
FIG. 2 is magnified view of the bubble outlet shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3A is a schematic perspective view of a slot-shaped bubble outlet;
FIG. 3B shows the bubble outlet of FIG. 3A partially blocked with debris;
FIG. 4 is a schematic side section of a pressure regulator according the present invention having a slot-shaped bubble outlet;
FIG. 5 is a magnified view of the bubble outlet shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of the air intake plate shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative air intake plate with protective moat;
FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of an alternative tri-layered air intake plate;
FIG. 9 is a schematic side section of the pressure regulator shown in FIG. 4 connected to a separate ink cartridge;
FIG. 10 is a schematic side section of a pressure regulator with bubble outlet positioned for bubbling air bubbles into a headspace;
FIG. 11 is a magnified view of the bubble outlet shown in FIG. 10 during bubble formation;
FIG. 12 is a magnified view of the bubble outlet shown in FIG. 10 during an idle period;
FIG. 13 is a magnified view of the bubble outlet shown in FIG. 10 during an instant when the headspace is venting after having been positively pressurized;
FIG. 14 is an exploded perspective view of the air intake plate shown in FIG. 10;
FIG. 15 shows schematically an ink supply according to the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a schematic perspective view of an ink cartridge and pressure regulator configured for minimal ink leakages; and
FIG. 17 is a schematic side section of a prior art ink cartridge incorporating a foam insert.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF OPTIONAL EMBODIMENTS
Pressure Regulator with Circular Bubble Outlet
FIG. 1 shows the simplest form of the present invention, for the purposes of explaining the basic operating principle of the pressure regulator. In FIG. 1, there is shown a pressure regulator 100 comprising an ink chamber 101 having an ink outlet 102 and air inlet 103. The ink chamber 101 is otherwise sealed. The ink outlet 102 is for supplying ink 104 to a printhead 105 via an ink line 106. A bubble outlet 107 is connected to the air inlet 103 via an air channel 108.
When ink 104 is drawn from the ink chamber 101 by the printhead 105, the displaced volume of ink must be balanced with an equivalent volume of air, which is drawn into the chamber via the air inlet 103. The bubble outlet 107, which is positioned below the level of ink, ensures that the air enters the chamber 101 in the form of air bubbles 109. The dimensions of the bubble outlet 107 determine the size of the air bubbles 109 entering the chamber 101.
As shown in FIG. 2, the air channel 108 takes the form of a simple cylindrical channel, so that the bubble outlet 107 is defined by a circular opening at one end of the cylindrical channel. Accordingly, any air passing through the channel must at some point be bounded by a liquid surface with radius of curvature not greater than the internal radius of the channel.
During printing, the nozzles on the printhead 105 effectively act as a pump, drawing ink from the ink chamber 101 with each drop ejection. If the ink chamber were left freely open to atmosphere with an air vent (as in some prior art ink cartridges), the hydrostatic ink pressure of the ink supplied to the printhead would be simply be the determined by the elevation of the ink reservoir above or below the printhead. However, in the ink chamber 101, each time a microscopic volume of ink is drawn from the chamber 101, it must overcome the pressure inside an air bubble 109 forming at the bubble outlet 107. Once the pumping effect of the nozzles generates sufficient pressure to match the pressure inside the air bubble 109 forming at the bubble outlet 107, then the air bubble can escape into the reservoir of ink 104 and ink can flow from the chamber 101 via the ink outlet 102.
Therefore, the air bubbles 109 forming at the bubble outlet 107 provide a back pressure against the pumping effect of the printhead nozzles. In other words, the effect of the bubble outlet 107 is to generate a negative hydrostatic ink pressure in the ink supply system.
The pressure inside the spherical air bubbles 109 is determined by the well-known Laplace equation:

ΔP=2γ/r 

where:

ΔP is the difference in pressure between the inside of the air bubble and the ink;

r is the radius of the air bubble; and

γ is the surface tension of the ink-air interface.

The size of the air bubbles 109 can be varied by varying the dimensions of the bubble outlet 107. Therefore, the dimensions of the bubble outlet 107 provides a means of establishing a predetermined negative hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to the printhead 105. Smaller bubble outlet dimensions provide a larger negative hydrostatic ink pressure by virtue of generating smaller air bubbles having a higher Laplace pressure.
In the pressure regulator 100 described above, the air channel 108 is a small-bored cylinder (e.g. hypodermic needle) having a circular opening defining the bubble outlet 107. However, a significant problem with this design is that the circular bubble outlet 107 has a very small area (of the order of about 0.01 mm2) and is susceptible to blockages by contaminants in the ink. It would be desirable to increase the area of the bubble outlet 107 so that it is more robust, even if there are contaminants in the ink.
Pressure Regulator with Slot-Shaped Bubble Outlet
As shown in FIG. 3A, an improved design of bubble outlet 107 uses a slot 110, as opposed to a circular opening. The slot has a length dimension L and a width dimension W. The air bubbles 109 exiting the slot typically have a cylindrical front extending across the length of the slot. As explained below, the curvature of the air bubbles 109 exiting the slot and, hence, the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles, is determined primarily by the width dimension.
For non-spherical bubbles, the Laplace pressure is given by the expression:

ΔP=γ/r1+γ/r2 

where:

ΔP is the difference in pressure between the inside of the air bubble and the ink;

r1 is the radius of a width dimension of the air bubble;

r2 is the radius of a length dimension of the air bubble;

γ is the surface tension of the ink-air interface.

In practice, the length of the slot is much greater than the width (r2>>r1), and so the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles exiting the slot with a cylindrical front becomes:

ΔP=γ/r1 or 2γ/W (since W=2r1)

It will therefore be appreciated that the width of the slot 110 is the only critical dimension controlling the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles 109 exiting the slot.
FIG. 3B shows a hypothetical scenario where a piece of debris 111 has become stuck to the slot 110. However, unlike the case of a circular opening, the slot 110 is still able to control the critical curvature of bubbles exiting the slot. An air bubble 109 having a cylindrical front can still exit the slot 110 as shown in FIG. 3B. Thus, the slot 110 provides a more robust design for the bubble outlet 107, whilst still maintaining excellent control of the hydrostatic ink pressure.
In the embodiments discussed so far, the dimensions of the air channel 108 mirror the dimensions of the bubble outlet 107. This is not an essential feature of the regulator and, in fact, may adversely affect the efficacy of the regulator, particularly at high flow rates. The inherent viscosity of air can cause a significant flow resistance or hydraulic drag in the air channel 108. According to Pouiseille's equation, flow rate has an r4 relationship with pipe radius r. Hence, the problem of flow resistance is exacerbated in channels having very small radii.
In the present invention, a critical dimension of the bubble outlet 107 is optionally less than about 200 microns, or optionally less than about 150 microns, or optionally less than about 100 microns, or optionally less than about 75 microns or optionally less than about 50 microns. Optionally, the critical dimension of the bubble outlet may be in the range of 10 to 50 microns or 15 to 40 microns. By “critical dimension” it is meant the dimension of the bubble outlet determining the curvature and, hence, the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles.
Such dimensions are necessary to provide the desired negative hydrostatic ink pressure, which is optionally at least 10 mmH2O, or optionally at least 30 mmH2O, or optionally at least 50 mmH2O for a photo-sized printhead. For an A4-sized printhead, the desired negative hydrostatic ink pressure is optionally at least 100 mmH2O, or optionally at least 200 mmH2O, or optionally at least 300 mmH2O. Optionally, the negative hydrostatic pressure may be in the range of 100 to 500 mmH2O or 150 to 450 mmH2O
The air channel 108, having a width of, say, less than 200 microns, generates significant flow resistance for air entering the channel. If air is unable to pass through the channel 108 at the same flow rate as ink is supplied to the printhead 105, then a catastrophic deprime of the printhead would result at high print-speeds.
Accordingly, it is desirable to configure the air channel 108 so that each cross-sectional dimension of the air channel is larger than the critical dimension of the bubble outlet 107. So, for the slot-shaped bubble outlet 107 shown in FIG. 3A, the air channel 108 should optionally have each cross-sectional dimension greater than the width W of the slot 110.
However, it is important that the volume of the air channel 108 is not too large. When the printhead 105 is idle, ink may rise up the air channel 108 by capillary action. This volume of ink must be pulled through the air channel 108 by the printhead 105 before air bubbles 109 are drawn into the ink chamber 101 and the optimal hydrostatic ink pressure for printing is reached. Hence, a volume of ink drawn into the air channel 108 by capillary action during idle periods will be wasted, since it cannot be printed with optimal print quality.
The capillary volume of ink increases with the radius of the air channel. Accordingly, the cross-sectional dimensions (e.g. radius) of the air channel 108 should optionally not be so large that the maximum capillary volume exceeds about 0.1 mL of ink, which is effectively a dead volume of ink. Optionally, the maximum capillary volume of ink in the air channel is less than about 0.08 mL, or optionally less than about 0.05 mL, or optionally less than about 0.03 mL.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative ink pressure regulator 200 having a bubble outlet 207 and air channel 208 with the abovementioned design considerations taken into account. The pressure regulator 200 comprises an ink chamber 201 having an ink outlet 102. One sidewall of the ink chamber 201 is defined by a laminated air intake plate 210 comprising first and second planar layers 211 and 212. The first and second layers 211 and 212 have respective first and second faces 221 and 222 which cooperate to define the air inlet 203, the air channel 208 and the bubble outlet 207. The air inlet 203 may optionally comprise an air filter (not shown) for filtering particulates from air drawn into the ink chamber 201.
The ink chamber 201 also comprises a one-way pressure release valve 219, which is normally closed during operation of the pressure regulator 200. The valve 219 is configured to release any positive pressure in a headspace 240 above the ink 104, which may, for example, result from thermal expansion of a volume of air trapped in the headspace during typical day/night temperature fluctuations. A positive pressure in the headspace 240 is undesirable because it forces ink up the air channel 208 and out of the air inlet 203, leading to appreciable ink losses from the chamber 201.
Referring to FIG. 6, the first layer 211 of the air intake plate 210 has an air inlet opening 213 defined therethrough and an elongate recess 214 in the form of a groove defined in the first face 221. The elongate recess 214 extends from the air inlet opening 213 to a recessed terminus region. The recessed terminus region comprises a circular recess 216 which has a relatively shallow depth compared to the elongate recess 214. Still referring to FIG. 6, the second layer 212 has a bubble vent opening 217 defined therethrough. As will be appreciated from FIGS. 4 and 6, when the first and second faces 221 and 222 are laminated together, the recesses and openings cooperate to define the air inlet 203, the air channel 208 and the bubble outlet 207.
FIG. 5 shows in detail a bubble outlet region 220 of the air intake plate 210. The circular recess 216, being shallower than the elongate recess 214, defines a constriction 218 in the air channel 108. This constriction 218, defined by the depth of the circular recess 216 in the first face 221, defines a critical width dimension for the bubble outlet 207. The bubble outlet 207 therefore takes the form of an annular slot with a length of the slot being defined by a circumference of the bubble vent opening 217 in the second layer 212.
An advantage of having an annular slot is that it maximizes the length of the slot, thereby improving the robustness of the bubble outlet 207 to particulate contamination. An advantage of having a relatively deep elongate recess 214 is that it minimizes flow resistance in the air channel 108 defined by cooperation of the recess 214 and the second face 222. Typically, the elongate recess 214 has a depth in the range of 0.2 to 1 mm or 0.2 to 0.5 mm, and a width in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm or 0.7 to 1.3 mm.
Still referring to FIG. 5, it can be seen that inner faces 231 of the bubble vent opening 217 are beveled so as to optimize escape of bubbles from the bubble outlet 207.
Referring to FIG. 7, the first layer 211 of the air intake plate 210 may have a moat 230 defined therein. The moat 230 surrounds the features defined in the first layer 211 and, importantly, protects the elongate recess 214 and circular recess 216 from any adhesive during the lamination process. The wicking of any excess adhesive between the first and second faces 221 and 222 is arrested by the moat 230 as capillary action can only transport liquids into of structures ever decreasing dimensions, and any path across the moat includes a region of increasing dimension. This prevents blocking of the air inlet channel 208 or the bubble outlet opening 207, which are defined by lamination of the two layers. Hence, the moat 230 is a feature, which facilitates manufacture of the air intake plate 210.
Of course, it will be appreciated that the air intake plate may take many different forms and may, for example, be defined by cooperation of more than two laminated layers. FIG. 8 shows an air intake plate 250 defined by cooperation of three layers. A first layer 251 has an air inlet opening 252 defined therethrough; a second layer 253 has an bubble vent opening 254 defined therethrough; and a third film layer 255 is sandwiched between the first and second layers. The film layer 255 has an air channel opening 256 defined therethrough, so that when the three layers are laminated together a fluidic path is defined from an air inlet to the bubble vent. The thickness of the film layer 255 defines the depth of the air channel and the critical dimension of the bubble outlet at the terminus of the air channel.
Tables 1 to 4 below show measured hydrostatic ink pressures for the pressure regulator 200 shown in FIGS. 4 to 6. Four pressure regulators were constructed having different critical dimensions of the bubble outlet 207. Dynamic pressure measurements were made at various flow rates and static pressure measurements were made by stopping the flow of ink. The dynamic pressure loss is the difference between the dynamic regulating pressure and the static regulating pressure.







TABLE 1







35 micron bubble outlet










Flow Rate
Dynamic Regulating
Static Regulating
Dynamic Pressure


(ml/sec)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Loss (mm H2O)













0.05
−203
−178
−25


0.04
−196
−175
−21


0.03
−194
−178
−16


0.02
−189
−173
−16


0.01
−185
−175
−10


0.005
−172
−165
−7




−174 (Average)
















TABLE 2







70 micron bubble outlet










Flow Rate
Dynamic Regulating
Static Regulating
Dynamic Pressure


(ml/sec)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Loss (mm H2O)













0.05
−110
−84
−26


0.04
−104
−79
−25


0.03
−100
−84
−16


0.02
−91
−79
−12


0.01
−84
−83
−1


0.005
−80
−76
−4




−81 (Average)
















TABLE 3







105 micron bubble outlet










Flow Rate
Dynamic Regulating
Static Regulating
Dynamic Pressure


(ml/sec)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Loss (mm H2O)













0.05
−65
−38
−27


0.04
−65
−44
−21


0.03
−56
−40
−16


0.02
−51
−38
−13


0.01
−43
−38
−5


0.005
−38
−36
−2




−39 (Average)
















TABLE 4







140 micron bubble outlet










Flow Rate
Dynamic Regulating
Static Regulating
Dynamic Pressure


(ml/sec)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Pressure (mm H2O)
Loss (mm H2O)













0.05
−60
−32
−28


0.04
−56
−34
−22


0.03
−54
−36
−18


0.02
−51
−37
−14


0.01
−38
−34
−4


0.005
−34
−31
−3




−34 (Average)









Excellent control of ink pressure was achievable simply by varying the dimensions of the bubble outlet.
Moreover, the pressure measurements confirmed that the air bubbles were being generated in accordance with the Laplace equation. The average static regulating pressures were found to obey the equation:

P=−0.0067/W+18.3

where:

P is the average static regulating pressure in millimeters of water head;

W is the width of the bubble outlet in micron; and

18.3 is an offset pressure due to the level of ink in the chamber.

Substituting the first term into the Laplace equation, the surface tension γ of the ink was calculated as 33.5 mN/m. Independent surface tension measurements of the ink correlated well with this calculated figure.
Ink Cartridge Comprising Pressure Regulator
As shown in FIG. 4, the pressure regulator 200 comprises an ink chamber 201, which defines an ink reservoir for the printhead. Due to the simplicity and low-cost manufacture of the pressure regulator 200, it may be constructed as a replaceable ink cartridge for an inkjet printer. Hence, each time the ink cartridge is replaced, the pressure regulator is replaced. An advantage of this design is that long-term fouling of the pressure regulator 200 is avoided, because it is periodically replaced during the lifetime of the printer.
Replaceable Ink Cartridge Connected to Pressure Regulator
In an alternative embodiment, the pressure regulator may be a permanent component of a printer. In this alternative embodiment, the pressure regulator is configured for connection to a replaceable ink cartridge. Hence, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the pressure regulator 200 is connected to a replaceable ink cartridge 280 via a pair of connectors. An ink connector 281 connects an ink supply port 282 of the ink cartridge 280 with an ink inlet port 283 of the ink chamber 201. The ink supply port 282 and corresponding ink inlet port 283 are positioned towards a base of the ink cartridge 280 and ink chamber 201 respectively, to maximize usage of ink 104 stored in the cartridge.
A pressure-equalizing connector 285 is positioned to equalize pressure in the headspace 240 of the ink chamber 201 and a headspace 241 of the ink cartridge 280. Corresponding pressure-equalizing ports 286 and 287 are positioned towards a roof of the ink chamber 201 and ink cartridge 280, respectively.
When the ink cartridge 280 is empty, it is disconnected from the ink connector 281 and the pressure-equalizing connector 285, and removed from the printer. A new ink cartridge can then be installed in the printer by the reverse process. Although only shown schematically in FIG. 9, it will be readily appreciated that the ink cartridge 280 may have suitable connection ports 282 and 287, which are configured for sealing engagement with the ink connector 281 and pressure-equalizing connector 285, respectively, when the ink cartridge is installed in the printer. Connection ports suitable for such sealing engagement are well known in the art.
As shown in FIG. 9 the ink inlet port 283 and pressure-equalizing port 286 are defined in a sidewall of the ink chamber 201 which is opposite to the air intake plate 210. However, the ports 283 and 286, may of course be defined in the air intake plate 210 so as to simplify construction of the pressure regulator 200.
Bubble Outlet Positioned in Headspace
In the pressure regulator described in FIG. 4, the bubble outlet 207 is positioned so as to bubble air bubbles 209 into a body of ink 104 contained in the ink chamber 201. Typically, the bubble outlet 207 is positioned towards a base of the chamber 201 in order to maximize ink usage at optimal hydrostatic pressure, with the air inlet 203 being positioned towards a roof of the chamber. A problem with this arrangement is that ink 104 contained in the chamber 201 can easily escape up the air channel 208 and out of the air inlet 203 during idle periods as a consequence of temperature fluctuations, whereby heating air in the headspace 240 increase the headspace pressure and forces ink up the air channel 208 and out of the air inlet 203. Such temperature fluctuations are unavoidable and can result in significant ink wastage.
As already alluded to above, one means of addressing this problem is by incorporating a pressure-release valve 219 into the ink chamber 201. This valve 219 is configured to release any positive pressure in the headspace 240. However, valves of this type add significantly to the cost and complexity of the pressure regulator. Hence, the pressure-release valve 219 makes the pressure regulator 200 less amenable for incorporation into a disposable ink cartridge.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an ink pressure regulator, which does waste quantities of ink during temperature fluctuations and does not require a pressure-release valve, and which is therefore more amenable for incorporation into a disposable ink cartridge.
FIG. 10 shows an ink pressure regulator 300, which meets the above-mentioned criteria. The ink pressure regulator is similar in design to that shown in FIG. 4 and still relies on controlling the Laplace pressure of air bubbles entering the ink chamber. However, rather than air bubbles bubbling into a body of ink contained in the chamber, the air bubbles enter the chamber via the headspace above the body of the ink. This design enables any excess pressure in the headspace to vent through the air inlet during idle periods, as will be explained in more detail below.
Referring to FIG. 10, the ink pressure regulator 300 comprises an ink chamber 301 having an ink outlet 302. One sidewall of the ink chamber 301 is defined by a laminated air intake plate 310 comprising first and second planar layers 311 and 312, which cooperate to define an air inlet 303, a bubble outlet 307, a bubble vent 305, an air channel 308, a capillary channel 315 and a capillary inlet 316. The bubble outlet 307 and bubble vent 305 are positioned above the level of ink in the chamber 301 so that air bubbles 309 enter the headspace 340 of the chamber via the bubble vent. The bubble outlet 307 is connected to the air inlet 303 via the air channel 308. The bubble outlet 307 is generally slot-shaped and is critically dimensioned to control the Laplace pressure of air bubbles 309 as ink is drawn from the ink outlet 302.
However, in contrast to previous embodiments, the air bubbles 309 are formed by air breaking through a meniscus of ink pinned across the bubble outlet 307 and adjacent bubble vent 305, as shown more clearly in FIG. 11. The so-formed air bubbles 309 emerging from the bubble outlet 307 escape through the bubble vent 305 and into the headspace 340 of the ink chamber 301. Since the air must break through an ink meniscus, the air bubbles 309 are defined by an air cavity trapped inside a film of ink, rather than a whole body of ink. Regardless, the same Laplacian pressure control is still achievable, as described above.
The capillary inlet 316 provides fluid communication between the body of ink 104 in the chamber 301 and the capillary channel 315 defined between the two layers 311 and 312. The capillary channel 315 is configured to provide sufficient capillary pressure such that a column of ink 304 rises up the channel at least as high as the bubble outlet 307, thereby ensuring formation of air bubbles 309 by air breaking through a meniscus of ink. The capillary pressure is sufficiently high to re-form a meniscus across the bubble outlet 307 and bubble vent 305 after each air bubble 309 has vented into the headspace 340.
The bubble vent 305 is dimensioned such that the column of ink 304 has a meniscus pinned across the vent by surface tension, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. However, the bubble vent 305 should not be so small that it is susceptible to blockage by particulates. A bubble vent 305 having a diameter of the order of about 1 mm has been found to be suitable.
In practice, during idle periods when there is no significant pressure in the headspace 340 of the ink chamber 301, the column of ink 304 rises above the bubble outlet 307 and typically pins across the entrance to the air channel 308, as shown in FIG. 12.
A significant advantage of the present embodiment is demonstrated in FIG. 13. FIG. 13 shows the situation where a positive pressure is built up in the headspace 340 during an idle period. The pressurized air forces any ink from the air channel 308 and the air escapes from the chamber 301 via the air inlet 303. Accordingly, only minute quantities of ink escape from the chamber 301 when the headspace 340 becomes pressurized due to temperature rises.
A further advantage of the present embodiment is that the air channel 308 is relatively short, thereby minimizing any flow resistance in the air channel and allowing high flow rates of ink from the chamber 301 with optimal pressure control. Any flow resistance problems (such as those described above in connection with the embodiment shown in FIG. 4) are therefore avoided.
Ink Supply System
It will be readily appreciated that the pressure regulators described herein may be incorporated into an ink supply system for an inkjet printer. The Applicant has developed previously a circulatory ink supply system comprising a pair of peristaltic pumps. The pumps are configurable for priming, depriming and printhead purging operations. This ink supply system is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/415,819, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference.
FIG. 15 shows schematically a circulatory ink supply system incorporating an ink pressure regulator according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 15, the ink pressure regulator 300 is connected to a replaceable ink cartridge 280 via an ink connector 281 and a pressure-equalizing connector 285. However, it will of course be appreciated that the ink pressure regulator 300 may be incorporated into a replaceable ink cartridge, as already described above.
The ink supply system comprises a printhead 105 connected to an upstream pump 150 and a downstream pump 151. The ink cartridge 280 and ink pressure regulator 300 complete the circuit.
During normal printing, the upstream pump 150 is left open and the ink pressure regulator 300 controls the hydrostatic ink pressure in the system.
During storage, both pumps 150 and 151 are shut off to isolate the printhead 105. Priming of the printhead 105 can be achieved by pumping ink to the printhead using the upstream pump 150. Similarly, depriming of the printhead 105 can be achieved by pumping ink from the printhead back to the ink cartridge 280 using downstream pump 151. The ink cartridge 280 typically comprises a filter for filtering any ink returned to it by the downstream pump 151.
The printhead 105 may also be purged with air supplied from air inlet 152 by opening check valve 153 and pumping the downstream pump 151 in a reverse direction. The air purge generates a froth or foam of ink at the printhead face, which is used for maintenance operations, as described in our copending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 11/495,815, 11/495,816 and 11/495,817, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Minimizing Ink Leakages
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the pressure regulator and/or ink cartridge are required to have a plurality of apertures or ports (e.g. bubble outlet, pressure-release valve, ink return inlet etc.). Each of these represents a potential leakage point for ink, especially if the pressure regulator and/or ink cartridge is tipped. Any leakage of ink, other than in the supply of ink to the printhead, is clearly undesirable.
Accordingly, the pressure regulator and/or ink cartridge should be designed in such a way as to minimize undesirable leakages via, for example, the bubble outlet. Certain design criteria are immutable: if the bubble outlet bubbles air into the ink, then it must be positioned towards the base of the ink chamber; the ink outlet must also be positioned towards the base of the ink chamber; the pressure-release outlet must be positioned towards a roof of the ink chamber.
FIG. 16 shows schematically a combined pressure regulator/ink cartridge system of the type shown in FIG. 9, which is suitable for use in the ink supply system shown in FIG. 15. The system comprises an ink chamber 201, an ink cartridge 280 and an air intake plate 210. In use, the air intake plate 210 is fixed to the ink chamber 201 and the ink cartridge 280 is removably engaged with the air intake plate.
Ink is supplied from ink chamber 201 via ink outlet 202 and ink is returned to the ink cartridge 280 via ink return inlet 290, which feeds ink to an ink return opening 291 in the air intake plate 210 and into a return conduit 292 extending longitudinally in the headspace 241 of the ink cartridge 280. A pressure-equalizing conduit 293 adjacent the ink return conduit 292 communicates with the headspace 241 in the ink chamber via pressure-equalizing ports 286 and 287. Ink is fed from the ink cartridge 280 to the ink chamber 201 via an ink outlet port 282 communicating with a corresponding ink inlet port 283 in the ink chamber. An ink supply conduit 294 extends longitudinally along the base of the ink cartridge and supplies ink to the ink outlet port 282. The use of longitudinal conduits 294, 293 and 292 in the ink cartridge minimizes ink leakages when the cartridge is tipped.
The air intake plate 210 comprises the bubble outlet 207 in a first corner and the pressure-release valve 219 in an opposite second corner. In order to minimize ink leakages via the bubble outlet 207, the air inlet 203 is positioned at the second corner and the air channel 208 is bent towards the second corner. Likewise, a pressure-release outlet 296 is positioned at the first corner and a pressure-release channel 297 communicating with the pressure-release valve 219 is bent towards the first corner.
It will, of course, be appreciated that the present invention has been described purely by way of example and that modifications of detail may be made within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the accompanying claims.

## Claims

1. A method of regulating a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to an inkjet printhead, said method comprising:
withdrawing a volume of ink from an ink chamber and simultaneously bubbling air bubbles into the chamber via a bubble outlet to balance the withdrawn volume of ink, each air bubble being defined by an air cavity trapped by a film or a body of ink,
wherein the bubble outlet is defined by a constriction in an air channel, and wherein said bubble outlet is configured as a slot having a length dimension which is longer than a width dimension, such that said width dimension controls the Laplace pressure of the air bubbles, thereby regulating a hydrostatic pressure of the ink.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said ink chamber is an ink reservoir for a printer.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said ink chamber has an ink inlet port for fluid communication with an ink reservoir.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein a width of said slot is less than 200 microns.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bubble outlet is positioned for bubbling air bubbles into ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air cavity trapped inside a body of ink.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bubble outlet is positioned in a headspace of the ink chamber for bubbling air bubbles into the headspace above ink contained in the chamber, each air bubble comprising an air bubble trapped inside a film of ink.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein a capillary channel supplies ink from the chamber to the bubble outlet by capillary action.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein a bubble vent adjacent said bubble outlet vents said air bubbles into said headspace.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said volume of ink is withdrawn by a pumping effect of a printhead in fluid communication with an ink outlet of said chamber.