Defense Intelligence 

2008

Defense Intelligence 

2008
DIA History

The Defense Intelli- gence Agency became 

operational on 1 October 1961 as the nation’s primary producer of foreign military intelligence. It fi lled a critically important need for a central intelligence producer and manager for the Department of Defense (DoD). DIA’s fi rst major test occurred in 1962 with the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Subsequent analytical eff orts focused on the 

US involvement in Vietnam, the Soviet military threat, and confl icts on nearly every continent. 

Th roughout the 1970s, Agency analysts responded 

to crises involving the Soviet Union, arms control, space issues, and confl icts in Asia, the Mideast, Africa, and South America. Intelligence requirements increased signifi cantly, and DIA’s reputation grew as the primary intelligence 

authority in military inputs to national-level products. A continuing focus on supporting fi eld commanders and national-level decisionmakers marked the 1980s. Th e Agency’s support to DoD in publishing Soviet Military Power from 1981-1990 received wide acclaim in defi ning 

the threat to national security. Th e opening of the Defense Intelligence Analysis Center in 1984 consolidated the numerous DIA locations in the Washington, DC area.

Recognizing the critical value of intelligence as a 

force multiplier during crises, the Agency bolstered its support to warfi ghting commanders in the 1980s and expanded its capabilities to meet major wartime intelligence requirements. In 1986, Congress designated DIA a Combat Support Agency. In addition, DIA earned a Joint Meritorious Unit Award (JMU) the same year for intelligence support during the TWA and ACHILLE LAURO hijackings and the Philippine crisis situation. 

Following the end of the Cold War, DIA reviewed 

its roles and organization to meet a new era of regional challenges and reductions in resources. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , General Colin Powell, honored DIA with a second JMU Award for its achievements during the 1990 Gulf War. DIA continued to support the warfi ghter in operations throughout the world such as Somalia, Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and Haiti. Th e Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC) and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) became elements of DIA in early 1992. In 1994, DIA received a third JMU Award for intelligence support during these crises. It was awarded an 
Our mission is to conduct research and analysis in support of military intelligence and national security requirements and to develop and 

preserve the institutional memory of the Defense Intelligence Agency. 

OHR produces analytical, operational, and policy studies, contributes 

to the scholarly body of work on the history of intelligence and national security in ways that support the DIA mission, and promotes greater historical awareness among the DIA workforce and other communities of interest.

Th is year, we are planning to publish studies on the Iraq Survey Group, 

DIA support to the Global War on Terror, the history of DIA, and DIA leadership. In addition, we continue to educate the workforce through the teaching of intelligence history and the creation of museum displays that illustrate critical military intelligence issues of the past and present.

Office of Historical Research (OHR) 

Th e dark blue back

and challenges of t

which represents kworld symbolized band truth is the wotwo red ellipses symthe future. Th e 13 sof Defense organiz
Th e U-2 Dragon Lady high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft provides day or night, all-weather surveilla

air forces. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)
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JANUARY 

Constructing the Pentagon As the headquarters of the US Department of Defense in Arlington, VA, the Pentagon has 

become synonymous with the United States military establishment. Its 17.5 miles of corridors contain the offi ces of the Secretary of Defense, 

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a signi

fi cant contingent — including the Command Element — from 

DIA. 

Before the Pentagon was built, the War 

Department found itself housed in a large complex of inadequate temporary buildings that were hastily constructed on the National Mall during World War I. The inspiration for the Pentagon’s design came from BG Brehon B. Somervell, the Army Quartermaster Corps’ construction division commander. In the summer of 1941, he proposed the construction of a new facility to centralize the War Department’s operations in a single building with enough space to accommodate 40,000 employees.

The Pentagon’s original building site was 

at Arlington Farms, which bordered the main approach to Arlington Cemetery. The shape, a fi ve-sided pentagon, was dictated by angles of the roads that ran around it. Eventually, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the site moved slightly south and mandated that the building be scaled down to allow space for 20,000 people. The planners, however, retained the pentagonal shape. 

Groundbreaking took place on 11 September 

1941. Because steel was in short supply during World War II, builders used wood and concrete to support the massive structure. The 

fi rst 300 

employees moved in at the end of April 1942, and construction was complete on 15 January 1943 — an astounding feat of engineering and construction fortitude that created the third largest building in the world by 

fl oor area. The 

project cost nearly $1 billion in 2007 dollars and remains the highest capacity offi ce building in the 

world.

The Pentagon, home of the Department of Defense in Arlington, VA.

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1943: Pentagon completed.

1946: President Truman established Central Intelligence Group.

1991: First major ground confrontation between Iraqi and US forces in the Gulf War.

1986: President Reagan sanctioned Libya for role in international terrorism.

1981: Iran released US hostages.

1973: Paris Peace Accords signaled end of Vietnam War.1975: Church Committee began investigating US Intelligence Community.

Martin Luther 

King Jr. Day

1946: First DCI, SidSouers, sworn in.

1962: Defense Intelligence School established, now the National Defense Intelligence College.

1977: Christopher Boyce and Andrew Lee arrested for selintelligence satellitsecrets to the USSR

1968: Tet Off ensive Vietnam began—Danalysts warned of attack.

New Year’s Day

1959: Castro took control of Cuba.

1998: Ramzi Yousef sentenced to life for 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

1988: Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze announced that the USSR would remove troops in Afghanistan by end of year.
US Navy sailors stand watch as the submarine USS ANNAPOLIS exits Souda Bay, Greece, in support of 

Department of Defense)
The 54th Volunteers

African-American troops have served in 

the United States Army since the American Revolution. Before the Civil War, however, black soldiers were still technically slaves and were not formally mustered into the Army. When Abraham Lincoln formally freed the slaves with his Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863, offi cial African-American units composed of freed slaves joined the Army for the 

fi rst 

time. One of the most renowned units was the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

Massachusetts Governor John Andrew organized the 54th Volunteers in March 1863 and 

chose Colonel Robert Shaw, the son of prominent white abolitionists, to lead it. Initially, the Army only assigned the unit manual labor and transport work, refusing to place it in a combat role. In July 1863, however, the regiment was put in the vanguard of a bloody assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina. The casualty rate — at 45 percent — was appalling. Out of a total of nearly 600 troops, 116 men died in the attack, including Shaw, and another 156 were wounded. Although the attack failed, the performance of the 54th Volunteers was exemplary. Confederate troops buried Shaw and his fallen comrades in a mass grave outside the fort. Years later, Sgt. William Carney became the 

fi rst African-American 

soldier to win the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner.

After the Battle of Fort Wagner, Colonel 

Alfred Hartwell, another white offi cer, took command of the 54th Volunteers, and the unit participated in several other smaller, but important battles. The regiment disbanded after the war ended. In 1989, the Academy Award winning fi lm Glory brought international fame to the unit’s story.

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FEBRUAR

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1956: President Eisenhower created the President’s Foreign Intelligence & Advisory Board (PFIAB).

1920: Birth of Eloise Page, fi rst female CIA station chief and DIA terrorism expert.

1993: Islamic terrorists bombed World Trade Center in New York City, killing 6 and wounding 1,000.

2004: Libya decided to eliminate WMD.

1985: Poland expelled US Defense Attaché COL Frederick Myer for espionage.

1963: John Hughesspecial assistant to Director, DIA, gave Cuban Missile Crisbriefi ng on nationatelevision.

1998: Osama bin Laden issued fatwa that justifi ed attacks on US citizens anywhere.

1945: Yalta Conference marked beginning of Cold War.

1950: Klaus Fuchs charged with giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets.

Washington’s

Birthday

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A painting of the attack on Fort Wagner in July 1863.

1973: North Vietnam released fi rst US POWs following signing of Paris Peace Accords.
Th roughout its nearly 24-year career, the SR-71 Blackbird remained the world’s fastest and highest-fl ying 
The Ice Lady

During Operation DESERT STORM, the 

Second Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR), a combined arms combat unit equipped with M1A1 Abrams Tanks and M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicles, spearheaded VII Corps’ attack on the Iraqi Army. On 26 February 1991, the regiment was heavily involved in blocking an Iraqi counterattack into Kuwait by Saddam Hussein’s Republican Guard Divisions. At a desolate spot deep in the eastern Iraqi desert, the 2nd ACR came head to head with Saddam’s elite Tawakalna Division. The engagement, later known as the “Battle of 73 Easting,” resulted in the complete destruction of the Iraqi armored force. 

The regiment’s 24-man psychological operations (PSYOPS) team included Army Sergeant 

Theresa Lynn Treloar, the sole female member. Her assignment took her closer to the front lines than any other US servicewoman, but the highly secret aspect of her team’s work prevented her role from coming to public attention. The PSYOPS team leader, an Army captain, hand picked Treloar and kept her on the team despite questions at the battalion level over whether a woman should be assigned so close to the front lines. Early on, Treloar had to prove her abilities to her fellow team members, some of whom saw her calm, quiet professionalism as coldness and dubbed her “The Ice Lady.” A trained marksman, Treloar carried an M-16 ri

fl e, an AT-4 anti-tank 

weapon, and a grenade while on assignment in the 

fi eld. By the time the regiment engaged in 73 

Easting, Treloar’s “coldness” was valued as calm con

fi dence under pressure, and her nickname 

became a badge of honor.

APR 2008

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FEB 2008

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MARCH 

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1949: NATO pact signed.

1970: Nuclear NonProliferation Treatcame into force.

2004: Terrorist bombs killed 191 people on commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. 

1984: Iranian-backed terrorists kidnapped CIA Beirut station chief William Buckley.

1965: DIA added medical intelligence element. 2003: Operation IR

FREEDOM launch

1882: Offi ce of Naval Intelligence established.

1977: DIA’s new National Military Intelligence Center completed in Pentagon.

1982: Groundbreaktook place in Washton, DC for a memto honor US soldierkilled in Vietnam.

1973: Last US troops left Vietnam.

1991: Warsaw Pact dissolved.

An M1A1 Abrams of the 2nd ACR.

1969: Chinese and Soviet armed forces began clashing at several points along the Manchurian frontier.

1969: US B-52 bombers began secret bombing campaign in neutral Cambodia during the Vietnam War.
US Marines practice stalking techniques with an M-40 sniper rifl e in an exercise with Croatian forces in 2
Seeing Through the Iron Curtain

During sixteen months between April 1961 

and October 1962, the United States had a secret weapon against the Soviet Union, a disgruntled Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) Colonel named Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky. Colonel Penkovsky contacted the West in early 1961 when he realized that his military career was coming to an end. Penkovsky’s superiors had discovered that his father had fought in the White Army, which had opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution. This knowledge made Penkovsky himself suspect in the eyes of the Communist Party. 

His career fi nished, Penkovsky came to 

believe that the Communist system was not working in Russia. Disappointed and vengeful, he contacted US and British intelligence and provided them with copied Soviet military manuals and nuclear missile diagrams as well as information on missile sites and Soviet war plans. These top secret materials revealed that the Soviets lagged far behind the US in the nuclear arms race and allowed photo-analysts to determine the type of missiles the Soviets had placed in Cuba. 

Penkovsky was arrested by the KGB on 

22 October 1962 at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The materials he provided the US on the strength and operability of the Soviet missile program, coupled with information derived from U-2 and other reconnaissance aircraft over fl ights, gave President Kennedy and his military advisers the knowledge they needed to successfully negotiate the Soviet Union’s attempt to gain a nuclear foothold in the Western hemisphere. Penkovsky’s fate, however, was sealed. He was convicted of espionage and treason, and executed.

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APRIL 2

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1964: DIA S&T directorate formed

1982: Argentina sethe Falkland Islandfrom the British—intelligence aided British response.

1961: Soviet GRU COL Penkovsky provided intelligence to US and UK.

1915: Germans used chemical warfare (chlorine gas) eff ectively for the fi rst time in warfare.

1987: US Special Operations Commestablished.

1980: US broke diplomatic ties with Iran aft er seizure of US hostages.

1917: US declared war on Germany and entered WW I.

2003: Baghdad fell Coalition armor.

2005: DNI John Negroponte sworn in.

1978: Pro-communist rebels murdered Afghan President Sardar Mohammed Daoud.

The US Navy escorts a Soviet freighter loaded with missiles from Cuba in November 1962.

1986: US bombed terrorist targets in Libya during Operation EL DORADO CANYON.
A US Army signal intelligence specialist sights in an antenna during fi eld exercises in 1984. (Courtesy of 
USS STARK

On 17 May 1987, while on routine patrol in 

the central Persian Gulf, the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate USS STARK (FFG-31) was hit by two Exocet anti-ship cruise missiles fi red by an Iraqi F-1 Mirage fi ghter aircraft during the Iran-Iraq War. The Mirage pilot later claimed that he had mistaken the frigate for an Iranian oil tanker. The STARK was in international waters, well outside the Iraqi and Iranian declared war zones. It never fi red a weapon nor employed any countermeasures, either in self defense or in retaliation. 

The warhead of the fi rst missile, which 

penetrated the STARK’s port-side hull, failed to detonate but shot out fl aming rocket fuel. The 

second missile also penetrated the hull, detonating just inside the ship in the crew quarters. The explosion from the second missile caused extensive structural damage and fl ooding. Combustion of the burning propellant of both missiles immediately caused intense fi res to erupt throughout 

the ship. The attack killed thirty-seven sailors and wounded twenty-one. Battling intense fi res, 

the crew managed to bring the badly damaged frigate under control during the night. After limping to Bahrain for temporary repairs, the STARKreturned to her home port in Florida under her own power. She would later return to service and remain active until her decommissioning in 1999.

The attack on the STARK dramatically illustrated that shipboard fi res resulting from weapons effects are much more severe than normal 

peacetime fi res, and the US Navy learned valuable lessons about fi ghting such fi res. The attack 

was the Navy’s second most deadly peacetime disaster, after the gun turret explosion on board the battleship USS IOWA. Although the frigate was eventually restored, the attack further 

strained relations between the US and Iraq.

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MAY 2

The USS STARK after being hit by two Exocet missiles 

in May 1987.

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JUN 2008

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Memorial

Day

1998: Pakistan conded fi rst nuclear test

1999: Th e International War Crimes Tribunal at Th e Hague indicted Slobodan Milosevic for crimes against humanity.

1985: Retired Navy CWO John Walker arrested for spying.

1919: War Department created Code and Cipher Solution Section or “the Black Chamber.”

1974: India exploded a nuclear device in the Rajasthan Desert.

1976: LTG Samuel Wilson became 5th Director, DIA.

1968: Paris peace talks began between North Vietnam and US.

1975: Communist forces in Cambodia captured US freighter Mayaguez.

1946: OSS operative Virginia Hall awarded Distinguished Service Cross for heroism.

1954: Vietnamese Communists defeaFrench at Dien BiePhu.

1961: EO10936 created President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.

1960: Joint Study Group formed, recommended creating DIA.

1972: SALT I Treaty signed by Presidents Nixon and Brezhnev.
A US Army AH-64A Apache helicopter from Task Force 2-6 Cavalry, stands ready at an undisclosed airfi 

ENDURING FREEDOM. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense) 
The Espionage Act of 1917

On 15 June 1917, two months after America’s 

entry into World War I, Congress passed the Espionage Act. The legislation made it a crime, punishable by death during war, for anyone to obtain national defense information with the intent to use it “to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation.” In addition, the new law made it illegal to interfere with military operations, obstruct recruitment and enlistment, or to promote the “insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny [and] refusal of duty” in the armed forces of the United States. The Espionage Act received strong Congressional support and was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who believed that any widespread dissent in time of war constituted a real threat to American victory.

When war broke out in Europe, the United 

States did not have a strong domestic counterintelligence capability. The Espionage Act, however, provided the country with a sweeping national security law and inaugurated the mission of the Department of Justice’s Bureau of Investigation (the FBI’s predecessor) to combat threats against the Homeland. Under the new law, the government singled out a number of socialist, radical, and paci

fi st groups for legal action.

Congress later passed the Sedition Act of 

1918, which imposed heavy penalties on anyone convicted of using “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the Constitution, the government, the military, or the 

fl ag. Although 

this latter act was repealed in 1921, the Espionage Act of 1917 (as amended) remains the foundation of the nation’s internal security laws today.

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JUNE 2

1963: DIA Automated Data Processing Systems Center assumed data management responsibility.

1950: Korean War began with North Korean invasion oSouth Korea.1996: Terrorists bombed Khobar Ters in Saudi Arabia

1948: Berlin Blockade began.

1941: Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service (later FBIS) established.

1953: Soviets crushed anti-government riots in East Berlin.

1970: DIA’s Assistant Army Attaché MAJ Robert Perry killed by Palestinian guerrillas in Jordan.

1999: NATO and Yugoslavia signed accord for withdrawal of Serbian forces from Kosovo.

1967: Israeli planes and ships attacked the USS LIBERTY, a Navy/NSA SIGINT collection ship.

1942: Battle of Midway began—WII Pacifi c Th eater 

turning point madpossible by exceptiintelligence.

1989: Chinese troops crushed protestors in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) founded.

2003: Iraq Survey Group (ISG) established.

1917: Espionage Act passed.

1979: SALT II Treasigned by PresidenCarter and Brezhn

President Woodrow Wilson.
Th e battleship USS MISSOURI fi res salvoes from its 16-inch guns during an exercise in 1990. (Courtesy 
The National Security Act of 1947

As part of a major reassessment of the 

nation’s security apparatus after World War II, the National Security Act of 1947 was signed into law on 26 July 1947. This pivotal legislation reorganized and modernized US armed forces, foreign policy, and the Intelligence Community apparatus. It directed a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the US government and created many of the institutions that presidents would fi nd useful 

when formulating and implementing foreign policy. The act merged the War and Navy departments into the National Military Establishment (NME) headed by the secretary of defense and recognized the US Air Force as an independent service from the Army. Initially each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, but the act was amended 10 August 1949 to formalize their subordination to the Secretary of Defense. At the same time the NME was renamed the Department of Defense. 

In addition to military reorganization, the 

act established the National Security Council, a central coordinating body for national security policymakers in the Executive Branch to discuss long-term issues and more immediate national security crises. It also established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the nation’s fi rst peacetime civilian intelligence agency. The CIA became the primary intelligence-gathering organization in the government, while DIA would later become the main military intelligence body.

The importance of the National Security Act 

cannot be overstated. It was a central document in US Cold War policy and refl ected the nation’s 

acceptance of its position as a world leader. Although the original legislation did not actually unify the armed services, it did increase the coordination of the national security establishment.

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JULY 2

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1957: First public acknowledgement NSA—5 years aft eestablishment.

1942: Arlington Hall Station made an offi cial military intelligence post.

1990: NATO declared Warsaw Pact no longer a military threat.

1918: Bolling Field named aft er COL Raynal Bolling.

1945: US tested the fi rst atomic bomb Alamogordo, NM.

1979: DIA established Directorate for Resources and Systems.1996: DIA civilian Judith Goldberg killed while on duty in Cairo.

1977: COBRA DANE phased-array radar system operational.

2004: 9/11 Commission delivered report. 1988: Eight-year Iran-Iraq war ended.

1990: DIA received the fi rst reports of Iraqi divisions near the Kuwaiti border.

1953: Armistice for Korean War signed.1999: VADM Th omas Wilson became the 13th Director, DIA.

1977: House of Representatives established the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

2005: Bombings in London Underground killed 52 people.

President Harry S. Truman.

1983: Congress voted to end covert support to the Nicaraguan Contra guerillas.
Iraqi and US Army soldiers search for weapons caches and personnel of high interest during counterins

February 2007. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)
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The Soviet Invasion of 

Czechoslovakia

When Alexander Dubcek became First 

Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party (CSCP) in January 1968, his government set out on 

a reform program that focused mainly on increasing popular political participation and internal party democratization. For the Czechoslovaks, the so-called “Prague Spring” inaugurated by these reforms was marked by an excited public debate, open political expression, and a general loosening of state control over society. This new era of democratic reform, however, would be short-lived.

The changes instituted by the Czechoslovaks 

alarmed the Soviet Union’s Politburo. Some members of the Warsaw Pact, especially East Germany and Poland, pressed the Soviets to intervene to prevent the spread of Dubcek’s reforms to their countries. Pressure on the Dubcek government to curtail these reforms mounted throughout the summer of 1968 as Warsaw Pact troops massed on the Czechoslovakian border. In August, the Soviet Union terminated all diplomatic efforts and invaded Czechoslovakia with nearly 500,000 soldiers. 

The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia took 

the US intelligence community by surprise. Despite the aggressive statements made by Soviet diplomats throughout the summer and the buildup of Warsaw Pact troops on Czechoslovakia’s border, most analysts considered the military option unlikely, assessed the troop deployments as mere Soviet saber-rattling, and accepted the Soviet explanations that the deployments were military exercises. The intelligence community was not willing to make what seemed at the time to be the radical assertion that the Soviet Union would conduct an invasion of a close, if not entirely cooperative, ally. Some of the same errors would be repeated eleven years later when Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan.

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1966: DIA Liaison Detachment, Ottawa, established.

1994: Last Soviet troops departed East Germany.

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1998: US cruise missiles struck targin Afghanistan and the Sudan.

1993: US placed Sudan on list of state sponsors of terrorism.

1961: Constructiothe Berlin Wall sta

1961: Defense Secretary McNamara appointed Lt Gen Joseph Carroll the 1st Director, DIA.

1949: GEN Omar Bradley appointed fi rst Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .

1945: US dropped fi rst atomic bomb, “Little Boy,” in comat Hiroshima.

1955: Prototype U-2 made its fi rst planned fl ight.

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AUGUST 

1953: Coup ousted Prime Minister Mosadegh of Iran.

Czechoslovaks battle Soviet tanks in the streets of Prague.
A US Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter offl oads Coalition Forces Soldiers in a landing zone 7,500-feet a

Afghanistan. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)
Inchon

The outbreak of war in Korea in June 1950 

presented the United States and its allies with a serious challenge. By late summer, Korea was in danger of falling to Communist forces. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of UN forces in the Far East, felt that he could turn the tide of the war with a decisive attack behind enemy lines. He hoped that a landing at Inchon, on Korea’s central western coast, would allow him to cut off and destroy North Korean forces that had pushed US and South Korean forces south toward Pusan. Although the plan to attack Inchon — Operation CHROMITE — was initially received with skepticism, the battle was a stunning success that helped prevent a Communist victory in Korea.

Intelligence played a crucial role in the 

success of Operation CHROMITE. Prior to the assault, prisoner-of-war interrogations con

fi rmed that the North Koreans expected no 

attack at Inchon and had deployed only 1,000 poorly trained troops in the area. In addition, two weeks before the invasion, Eugene Clark, a Navy lieutenant attached to MacArthur’s G-2 (Intelligence) staff, landed at Inchon and reported on tides, enemy strength, mines, and other defenses. His information helped convince MacArthur that Inchon was vulnerable to an attack and helped the invasion forces target and destroy enemy forti

fi cations and forces.

On 15 September 1950, US Marines launched 

an amphibious assault on the port of Inchon. After heavy naval bombardment and bombing, US forces scaled the sea walls and fought their way into the heart of the city. Within two weeks, they drove inland and captured Seoul, the Korean capital. Although the Battle of Inchon spelled the end of the North Korean attempt to occupy the entire peninsula, the Korean War would drag on for almost three more years.

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SEPTEMBE

Labor Day

1974: LTG Daniel Graham became 4th Director, DIA.1977: Lt Gen Eugene Tighe became 6th Director, DIA.1995: Lt Gen Kenneth Minihan became 11th Director, DIA.

1990: Th e DoD Joint Intelligence Center became operational. 2005: First DIA airborne MASINT mission in support of Katrina operations.

2004: Approximate350 civilians in a scin Beslan, Russia din Chechen hostagcrisis.

2001: Al-Qaida members assassinated Ahmad Massoud, Afghan Northern Alliance leader.

1970: LTG Donald Bennett became 2nDirector, DIA.

1981: LTG James Williams became 7th Director, DIA.

1949: Berlin Airliftended aft er the opening of land routes to West Berlin.

1986: USSR executAdolf Tolkachev on data from spies Edward Howard anAldrich Ames.

2001: DIA analyst Ana Montes arrested for passing secrets to Cuba.

1974: DIA established the General Counsel.

1996: NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) Act passed. 1980: Iran-Iraq War began. 

US Marines scaling a seawall at Inchon on 15 September 1950.

1950: US launched assault on Inchon during Korean War.
Th ree soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division observe movement from atop a fortifi ed bunker during O

(Courtesy of the Department of Defense)
The International Security 

Assistance Force in Afghanistan 

On 20 December 2001, the United Nations 

Security Council voted (UNSCR 1386) to create the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) with a mandate to assist the new government 

of Afghanistan in establishing and maintaining security, to support reconstruction and development activities, and to expand governmental 

authority throughout the country. From 2001 to 2003, ISAF was led in turn by the United Kingdom, Turkey, Germany, and the Netherlands. NATO assumed command in August 2003, the 

fi rst time 

it had undertaken a mission beyond the borders of Europe. 

Key components of ISAF include ISAF 

Headquarters (located in Kabul and charged with providing operational direction and planning support), the Kabul Multinational Brigade (responsible for daily patrolling and civil-military cooperation projects), and the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (joint civil-military teams dispatched to provincial capitals to assist with reconstruction and development efforts). The PRTs have been instrumental in extending the authority of the central government, enhancing 

security, and assisting with local reconstruction and development efforts. There are currently 25 PRTs operating throughout Afghanistan.

ISAF’s current strength stands at more than 

34,000 troops drawn from 37 different countries, including 26 NATO members and 11 partner countries. ISAF works alongside the US-led coalition fi ghting Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) but the two efforts are distinct, if complementary: OEF executes military operations targeting Al Qaida and Taliban elements while ISAF focuses primarily on development and reconstruction activities. In recent months, however, this distinction has blurred. As ISAF continues to expand its operations into some of the more troubled regions of Afghanistan, it is encountering increased resistance and is now taking a more direct and active role in military operations.

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OCTOBE

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1961: DIA became operational.1985: Lt Gen LeonPerroots became 8Director, DIA.1986: Goldwater–Nichols Act signed1996: NIMA create

DIA D

1961: Director, DIA, added to United States Intelligence Board. 1973: Yom Kippur War in Middle East began.

1985: Cruise ship ACHILLE LAURO hijacked.2001: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM began with air strikes in Afghanistan.

Columbus

 Day

(Observed)

2000: Al-Qaida bombed the USS COLE in Aden, Yemen.

1980: Intelligence Oversight Act revamped Congressional oversight of IC.

1962: DIA, CIA, and Service photo interpreters identiSoviet off ensive msiles in Cuba.

1981: President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) re-established.

1962: President Kennedy ordered blockade of Cuba aft er intelligence discovered Soviet off ensive ballistic missiles on island.

1952: President Truman established the National Security Agency.2002: President Bush signed US Patriot Act anti-terrorism law. 

2005: DNI publicly released the new National Intelligence Strategy.

1956: Suez War beUS Air Force direcLockheed to develDISCOVERER, SAMOS, and MIDprograms.

1962: Krushchev agreed to dismantle missile sites in Cuba under UN supervision.

A Norwegian member of ISAF on patrol in Kabul, Afghanistan. 

1987: US forces bombed the Iranian Rostam oil drilling platform in the Persian Gulf.
Two US Navy Plane Captains conduct the fi nal pre-launch check on an F-14B Tomcat before the aircraft 

Reconnaissance (ISR) mission in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. (Courtesy of the Departmen
Counterinsurgency in 

the Philippines, 1899-1902

Following the US victory in the short-lived 

Spanish-American War (1898), US President William McKinley adopted a policy of “benevolent assimilation” with respect to the former Spanish colony of the Philippines. Many Filipinos, however, had hoped to win their independence, and Emilio Aguinaldo, the 29-year-old commander of the Filipino forces who fought against Spanish rule in 1896, led a force of Filipino insurgents in an attack on American forces in Manila in February 1899. Following the failure of this and other conventional attacks, the rebel leader disbanded the 

fi eld army 

and launched a guerrilla campaign.

Over the course of the ensuing campaign, the 

strength of the guerrilla forces ranged from 80-100,000 while the 

fi eld strength of the US forces 

varied from 24,000 to 44,000. Despite this shortage of troops, the American commander, Major General Elwell Otis, undertook an ambitious pacifi cation plan emphasizing civic action programs that targeted local communities. Otis enjoyed some early successes and stepped down in May 1900, believing that he had defeated the guerrillas.

In the summer and fall of 1900, however, the 

guerrillas redoubled their efforts. By attacking US forces, Aguinaldo hoped to turn US public opinion against the war and ensure the election victory of anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan. Instead, the guerrillas only achieved some small successes and now faced the harsh measures applied by Otis’ successor, Major General Arthur MacArthur. MacArthur aimed to reduce public support to the guerrillas by declaring martial law and implementing General Order 100, a Civil War-era directive that subjected combatants captured out of uniform and their supporters to execution. This approach succeeded in isolating Aguinaldo, who was captured in March 1901. After capturing or killing subsequent guerrilla leaders, on 4 July 1902 the United States declared an end to hostilities.

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NOVEMBE

Philippine insurgents surrendering to US forces in 1900.

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28 29 30 31

Veterans

Day

1971: SECDEF Laird established the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Intelligence).

1979: Iranian militants seized US Embassy in Tehran and took the staff hostage.

1971: US IntelligenBoard (USIB) recontuted under the chamanship of the DC

1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall began when authorities opened crossing points.

1918: WW I ended with the signing of the Armistice in Compiègne, France.

1991: Lt Gen James Clapper became 10th Director, DIA.

1985: Terrorists hijacked an Egyptian airliner, killing one American.

1954: President Eisenhower approved the development of the U-2 aircraft .2003: NIMA renamed NGA.

1962: DIA established Directorate for Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy.

1962: DoD established Defense Intelligence School.

1994: UN Security Council authorized strikes of Serb targein Croatia.

1997: Ramzi Yousef convicted of masterminding the 199bombing of WTC.

1964: China tests fi rst nuclear bomb.

2001: Taliban removed from power in Afghanistan.

30 1984: US restored f

diplomatic ties with Iraq, which had beesevered since 1967.
An American patrol crosses a Luxembourg fi eld on a scouting mission during the Battle of the Bulge. (C
The Battle of the Bulge

By the winter of 1944, Allied armies had 

advanced from the beaches of Normandy to within 50 miles of the vital Ruhr industrial region while the Red Army threatened the frontiers of East Prussia. Faced with defeat, German Führer Adolf Hitler devised a bold plan to attack the Allies in the Ardennes and seize the vital Belgian port of Antwerp. Hitler hoped a devastating victory would prompt the Western Allies to sign a separate peace, freeing the German armies to turn eastward to concentrate on the Soviet threat.

Between 16 September and 16 December, the 

Germans went to great lengths to conceal massive troop movements and supply trains to the west. Hitler restricted knowledge of the plan until the last possible moment. Allied intelligence discovered the rapid transfer of German aircraft and the Sixth Panzer Army to the West as it moved into attack position. Allied analysts, however, remained confi dent the Germans were unable to mount a major offensive. They interpreted German troop movements as defensive shifts undertaken in preparation for an expected Allied attack. The name given by Hitler to the operation, Operation Wacht Am Rhein (“Watch on the Rhine”) reinforced Allied assumptions about the Germans’ defensive posture.

As a result of both a successful deception 

campaign and the analytical shortcomings of the Allies, the Germans achieved complete surprise when they attacked on 16 December 1944. The failure to predict German intentions ranks as one of the most signifi cant intelligence failures in the history of the American military. Although the Allies eventually repulsed the German offensive, it would take more than a month of heavy fi ghting 

and cost more than 90,000 American casualties.

1995: Th e presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia signed the Dayton Peace Agreement in Paris.

30 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 28 29 30 31 

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesd

DECEMBE

1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, a major intelligence failure, brought the US into WW II.

1987: President Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty.

1998: US launched Operation DESERT FOX in Iraq.

2005: Democratic election held for new government in Iraq.

2004: President Busigned Intelligence Reform Act.

1988: Terrorists sponsored by Libya blew up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.

2001: Hamad Karzai appointed head of government in Afghanistan.

1946: US Army Strategic Intelligence School established.

1992: US Marines landed in Somalia as part of Operation RESTORE HOPE. 
DIA has received authorization to release the images, photos, and information contained in this publication to the public. We would like to 

thank the Department of Defense, the United States Air Force, and theUS Army Center of Military History for the use of their photographs. All events listed on this calendar are noted according to the time and date of the location where they occurred.

“Defense Intelligence 

Historical Research (O20340. Questions and to the OHR at 202-231website at www.dia.m

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