UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

MARIA FERNANDA SOTO LEIGUE, 

individually and on behalf of all others 

similarly situated, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

EVERGLADES COLLEGE, INC., 

doing business as Keiser University,

Defendant. 

________________________________/ 

ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S FIRST AMENDED CLASS ACTION 

COMPLAINT OR, IN THE ALTERNATIVE, STRIKE PORTIONS THEREOF

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendant Everglades College, Inc. d/b/a Keiser 

University’s (“Defendant” or “Keiser”) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Class Action 

Complaint or, in the Alternative, Strike Portions Thereof, ECF No. [18] (“Motion”). Plaintiff 

Maria Fernanda Soto Leigue (“Plaintiff” or “Soto Leigue”) filed a Response, ECF No. [25], to 

which Keiser filed a Reply, ECF No. [26]. The Court has carefully considered the Motion, the 

Response, the Reply, the record in this case, the applicable law, and is otherwise fully advised. For 

the reasons that follow, the Motion is denied. 

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff commenced this case by filing a complaint in state court asserting claims against 

Keiser for violations of the Florida Telephone Solicitation Act (“FTSA”), Fla. Stat. § 501.059. See 

ECF No. [1-5] at 5-21 (“Complaint”). Keiser removed the case from state court to this Court on 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 1 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

2

July 22, 2022. ECF No. [1]. In response to Keiser’s request to dismiss the Complaint, Plaintiff 

filed the First Amended Complaint. ECF No. [13] (“FAC”).1

In the FAC, Plaintiff alleges that she submitted an inquiry to Keiser through a form on its 

website on January 2, 2020. ECF No. [13] ¶ 23. According to Plaintiff, she did not consent to 

receive automated text message solicitations on her cellular phone, but nevertheless, consistent 

with Keiser’s aggressive telemarketing practices, Keiser called her eleven (11) times between 

January 2, 2020 and January 13, 2020. Id. ¶ 25. In addition, Keiser sent solicitation emails to 

Plaintiff multiple times from January 2, 2020 until August 6, 2021, and sent text messages to 

Plaintiff’s cell phone multiple times from February 11, 2020 until September 23, 2021. Id. ¶¶ 25-

26. The FAC alleges that Keiser’s messages did not include opt-out instructions. Id. ¶ 28. On 

September 23, 2021, Plaintiff responded in an attempt to opt out of further text messages with 

Keiser. Id. ¶ 29. Despite Plaintiff’s attempt, she alleges that Keiser continued to send her additional 

promotional text messages. Id. ¶ 30. Plaintiff alleges that the purpose of Keiser’s telephonic sales 

messages was to solicit the sale of consumer services—which she identifies as educational services 

in the form of university courses. Id. ¶¶ 31-32.

As a result, Plaintiff asserts three claims against Defendant for violations of the FTSA, 

seeking damages and injunctive relief individually, and on behalf of a putative class. In the Motion, 

Defendant requests dismissal of the FAC pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure or, in the alternative, to strike certain allegations in the FAC pursuant to Rule 12(f).

1 Although Keiser devotes several pages of the Motion to previous complaints filed by Plaintiff in another 

case, those pleadings are not before the Court, and are therefore not relevant to the Court’s analysis here. 

See Pintando v. Miami-Dade Housing Agency, 501 F.3d 1241, 1243 (11th Cir. 2007) (“As a general matter, 

an amended pleading supersedesthe former pleading; the original pleading is abandoned by the amendment, 

and is no longer a part of the pleader's averments against his adversary.”) (quoting Dresdner Bank AG, 

Dresdner Bank AG in Hamburg v. M/V Olympia Voyager, 463 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotations 

omitted)).

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 2 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

3

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Failure to State a Claim

Rule 8 of the Federal Rules requires that a pleading contain “a short and plain statement of 

the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Although a 

complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations,” it must provide “more than labels and 

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. 

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007); see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 

(explaining that Rule 8(a)(2)’s pleading standard “demands more than an unadorned, thedefendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”). In the same vein, a complaint may not rest on 

“‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 (alteration in original)). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a 

right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. These elements are required 

to survive a motion brought under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which 

requests dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

When reviewing a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), a court, as a general rule, must accept the 

plaintiff’s allegations as true and evaluate all plausible inferences derived from those facts in favor 

of the plaintiff. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla. v. S. Everglades Restoration Alliance, 304 

F.3d 1076, 1084 (11th Cir. 2002); AXA Equitable Life Ins. Co. v. Infinity Fin. Grp., LLC, 608 F. 

Supp. 2d 1349, 1353 (S.D. Fla. 2009). However, this tenet does not apply to legal conclusions, and 

courts “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Thaeter v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 

449 F.3d 1342, 1352 (11th Cir. 2006). Moreover, “courts may infer from the factual allegations in 

the complaint ‘obvious alternative explanations,’ which suggest lawful conduct rather than the 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 3 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

4

unlawful conduct the plaintiff would ask the court to infer.” Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 

F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682).

B. Motions to Strike

Generally, Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs motions to strike. 

“The court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, 

impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Under Rule 12(f), “[a] motion to strike 

will usually be denied unless the allegations have no possible relation to the controversy and may 

cause prejudice to one of the parties.” Harty v. SRA/Palm Trails Plaza, LLC, 755 F. Supp. 2d 1215, 

1218 (S.D. Fla. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Home Mgmt. Sols., 

Inc. v. Prescient, Inc., No. 07-20608-CIV, 2007 WL 2412834, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 21, 2007) 

(same); Action Nissan, Inc. v. Hyundai Motor Am., 617 F. Supp. 2d 1177, 1187 (M.D. Fla. 2008) 

(same). Irrespective of the court’s broad discretion, this ability to strike is considered to be drastic, 

and is often disfavored. Thompson v. Kindred Nursing Ctrs. E., LLC, 211 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1348 

(M.D. Fla. 2002) (quoting Augustus v. Bd. of Pub. Instruction of Escambia Cnty., Fla., 306 F.2d 

862, 868 (5th Cir. 1962)); Fabing v. Lakeland Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc., No. 8:12-cv-2624-T-33MAP, 

2013 WL 593842, at *2 n.2 (M.D. Fla. 2013) (calling Rule 12(f) a “draconian sanction”).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Motion to Dismiss

Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed because college degrees and 

college courses are not “consumer goods or services” as defined in the FTSA. Specifically, 

Defendant argues that an offer to enroll in college courses or to obtain an education is not personal 

property that can be owned or conveyed. In response, Plaintiff argues that educational services are 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 4 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

5

consumer services, and under the FTSA, the purpose, and not just the content, of a communication 

controls.

i. The FTSA

The FTSA states that

[a] person may not make or knowingly allow a telephonic sales call to be made if 

such call involves an automated system for the selection or dialing of telephone 

number or the playing of a recorded message when a connection is completed to a 

number called without the prior express written consent of the called party.

Fla. Stat. § 501.059(8)(a). The statute defines a telephonic sales call, in pertinent part, as “a 

telephone call, text message, or voicemail transmission to a consumer for the purpose of soliciting 

a sale of any consumer goods or services[.]” Fla. Stat. § 501.059(1)(j). “Consumer goods and 

services” are defined in relevant part as “real property or tangible or intangible personal property 

that is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes[.]” Fla. Stat. § 501.059(1)(c). 

Keiser argues that because personal property is an asset that can be owned, and therefore conveyed, 

the educational services in the form of university courses alleged by Plaintiff are not consumer 

goods or services, and do not fall within the ambit of the FTSA, because such services cannot be 

transferred to another. Defendant urges the Court to draw from the context of family law and the 

equitable distribution of assets, according to which an education is not considered to be property. 

See Hughes v. Hughes, 438 So. 2d 146, 150 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (“[A]n educational degree is not 

property subject to distribution as lump sum alimony because its value, which must be measured 

by future earning capacity, is too speculative to calculate.”). Plaintiff in turn, urges the Court to 

rely on case law pertaining to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), in which courts 

have concluded that debt incurred as a result of educational services is related to personal, family, 

or household purposes. See Urquiaga v. Fin. Bus. & Consumer Sols., Inc., No. 16-cv-62110-

BLOOM/Valle, 2016 WL 6877735, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 22, 2016) (finding “consumer debt” 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 5 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

6

element sufficiently pleaded where complaint alleged attempt to collect on debt related to a student 

loan). Upon review, however, the Court finds that neither context is sufficiently analogous to be 

particularly helpful in this case.

The FTSA does not specifically define “personal property.” When words are 

“conspicuously absent” from a definition of a statutory term, courts are not permitted “to add words 

to or rewrite a statute.” Smith ex rel. MS v. Crisp Reg’l Hosp., Inc., 985 F.3d 1306, 1309 (11th Cir. 

2021). Here, Defendant’s reliance on family law does not offer support in the context of consumer 

protection. Similarly, while the FDCPA is a consumer protection statute, it specifically applies to 

debt collection, and Plaintiff appears to conflate the issue of whether educational services can be 

considered to be personal property under the FTSA and the purpose for which the personal 

property is used. In any event, Defendant does not provide persuasive authority for the proposition 

that the FTSA does not apply to educational services as alleged by Plaintiff. As such, the Court 

will not read that limitation into the statute.

Indeed, the authority Defendant relies upon for the proposition that the Florida legislature 

intended to treat communication related to education differently—Florida’s telemarketing laws—

does not support the conclusion Defendant urges here. The Florida Telemarketing Act 

(“Telemarketing Act”), Fla. Stat. §§ 501.601 et seq., contains a provision that specifically exempts 

soliciting for educational purposes. See Fla. Stat. § 501.604(2) (“The provisions of this part . . . do 

not apply to: [a] person soliciting for religious, charitable, political, or educational purposes.”). 

Notably, the Telemarketing Act’s definition of “consumer goods or services” is the same as the 

definition contained in the FTSA, see Fla. Stat. § 501.603(3), yet unlike the Telemarketing Act, 

the FTSA does not contain a specific exemption for communications related to educational 

purposes. Had the Florida Legislature intended to exclude communications related to educational 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 6 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

7

services or university courses from the ambit of the FTSA, it certainly could have done so

explicitly.

Moreover, the FTSA, like its federal counterpart the Telephone Consumer Protection Act 

(“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227, is a consumer protection statute, and because it “is remedial in nature, 

it should be construed liberally in favor of consumers.” Legg v. Voice Media Grp., Inc., 990 F. 

Supp. 2d 1351, 1354 (S.D. Fla. 2014).

As such, the communications alleged by Plaintiff are sufficient to state a claim under the 

FTSA.

ii. The Text Messages are Actionable

Defendant argues next that even if the text messages fall within the purview of the FTSA, 

they are nevertheless not actionable because they were sent in response to Plaintiff’s inquiry, and 

such communications should be exempted from the definition of a sales call. Defendant also 

contends that the FAC itself disproves the allegation that Defendant engaged in unsolicited text 

messaging because the form Plaintiff completed contained clear consent language. The Court 

disagrees with respect to both arguments.

In support of its first argument, Defendant relies upon Edelsberg v. Vroom, Inc., No. 16-

62734, 2018 WL 1509135, at *4-5 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 2018), in which the court determined that a 

communication did not constitute telemarketing under the TCPA. However, Edelsberg is 

distinguishable in several important ways. First, Edelsberg involved a single text message, whereas 

Plaintiff here alleges at least eleven (11) calls and approximately twenty-two (22) text messages. 

ECF No. [13] ¶¶ 25-26, 30. Second, the defendant in Edelsberg contacted the plaintiff in response 

to an online advertisement in which plaintiff was offering to sell a vehicle and which included his 

cell phone number and did not state that he did not want to be contacted by dealers. Here, in 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 7 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

8

contrast, Plaintiff alleges that she submitted an inquiry for information via a form on Defendant’s 

website, that she did not consent to receive automated text message solicitations, and thereafter 

Defendant contacted her numerous times despite her request not to be contacted. Id. at ¶¶ 23-24, 

29-30. Third, and most importantly, the court in Edelsberg reached its conclusion at the summary 

judgment stage upon a fully developed record. In this case, Defendant is challenging the 

sufficiency of the allegations, and therefore, the issues of whether Plaintiff consented or whether 

the communications sent by Defendant were in response to Plaintiff’s inquiry are issues of fact 

that the Court does not consider at this juncture. See e.g., Wilson v. EverBank, N.A., 77 F. Supp. 

3d 1202, 1237 (S.D. Fla. 2015) (the truth or existence of a fact as alleged is an issue not properly 

resolved at the motion to dismiss stage).

Defendant’s second argument on this point fails for the same reason. Even if it were proper 

for the Court to determine the extent and validity of the consent language in the form on 

Defendant’s website, as alleged by Plaintiff, the consent language does not include consent to 

receive telephonic sales calls. The FAC alleges the following consent language:

By clicking the “Request Info” button, I consent to calls, emails and texts from 

Keiser University at the phone number that I have provided and some of these calls 

may occur from automated technology.

ECF No. [13] ¶ 56. Accordingly, the Court does not find, as Defendant argues, that this language 

disproves the allegation that Defendant engaged in unsolicited text messaging.

B. Motion to Strike

In the alternative, Defendant requests that the Court strike paragraphs 12 through 22 of the 

FAC, and Exhibit A, as immaterial and scandalous allegations regarding Keiser’s status as a nonprofit entity. Defendant argues that the allegations and Exhibit serve only to malign Keiser, cause 

confusion, expand the scope of discovery, and cause Defendant reputational harm. Plaintiff 

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 8 of 9
Case No. 22-cv-22307-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

9

responds that the allegations generally support that Defendant drives profit by selling its services, 

and Defendant sent promotional text messages as a telemarketing strategy.

A motion to strike “is not intended to procure the dismissal of all or part of a complaint.” 

Blake v. Batmasian, 318 F.R.D. 698, 700 (S.D. Fla. 2017) (citing Williams v. Delray Auto Mall, 

Inc., 289 F.R.D. 697, 700 (S.D. Fla. 2013)). Further, “[i]f there is any doubt as to whether under 

any contingency the matter may raise an issue, the motion should be denied.” Id. 

Upon review, Defendant has not demonstrated that the challenged allegations and Exhibit 

A have no possible relation to the controversy and that they may cause prejudice, such that the 

drastic remedy of striking is warranted.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Motion, ECF No. [18], is DENIED. Defendant shall file its 

answer to the FAC no later than October 28, 2022.

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on October 20, 2022.

_________________________________

BETH BLOOM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to: 

Counsel of Record

Case 1:22-cv-22307-BB Document 27 Entered on FLSD Docket 10/20/2022 Page 9 of 9