as



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KFOR

Although the breakup of Yugoslavia into smaller
nations in 1991 gave rise to ethnic and religious
tensions and years of armed conflict, the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has helped
maintain peace in the Balkans for over a decade. In
December 1995, NATO first began operations in
the region with the deployment of a peacekeeping
force to Bosnia. In response to large-scale fighting
between the Serbian military and Kosovar Albanian
forces in early 1998, NATO launched a successful air
campaign—Operation ALLIED FORCE—that forced
the withdrawal of Serbian military and paramilitary
forces from Kosovo. Consequently, in June 1999,

TO deployed peacekeeping forces—Kosovo Force

or KFOR—that remain in place today

KFOR, authorized by United Nations Security
Council Resolution 1244 and part of Operation
JOINT GUARDIAN, had an initial mandate to deter
a renewal of conflict between Kosovo and Serbia,
ensure a secure environment for Kosovo’s political
development, demilitarize the Kosovo Liberation
Army, and support international humanitarian efforts
in the region. The size of KFOR, which peaked at
50,000 troops and included forces from thirty differ-
ent nations, makes it the largest peacekeeping force
deployed to the Balkans. Kosovo declared indepen-
dence in February 2008 and forty-three nations,
including the U.S., have recognized its sovereignty.
Currently, KFOR comprises approximately 15,000
troops, including 1,600 USS. soldiers.

Military intelligence has helped NATO carry out its
Kosovo mission with success. KFOR was able to use
ad imagery, human intelligence (HUMINT),
nals intelligence (SIGINT) to assess threats
to the stability of the region and to its own forces.
In addition, National Intelligence Support Teams
YISTs), comprised of highly specialized multi-agency
personnel, provided direct national level, all-source
intelligence support to U.S. and allied commanders.
Intelligence sharing and mutual support, although
not perfect, were key to integrating resources and
capabilities to meet the flexible requirements of
prolonged operations. A valuable intelligence asset
that proved highly successful in difficult terrain was the
U.S. Army’s Hunter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
‘Two soldiers on the ground can pilot this large radio-
controlled aircraft with a remote control and global
positioning device. The Hunter provided commanders

with real-time video from its retractable camera.

Photo: Three UH-1 Hueys approach a drop zone in Kosovo
during Operation JOINT GUARDIAN IL. (Courtesy of the
Department of Defense)

Sunday

DEC 2008
123456
7 8 910111218
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 25 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 Sl

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

JANUARY 2009

Thursday

1 New Year's Day

1962: Defense
Intelligence School
established, now the
National Defense
Intelligence College.

Friday

1959: Castro took
control of Cuba.

Saturday

1917: Birth of L'G
Vernon Walters, USA,
ambassador, deput
DCI, military attaché,

4

1975: Rockefeller
Commission formed to
investigate CIA
activities.

1988: Soviet Foreign
Minister Shevardnadze
announced that the
USSR would remove
troops in Afghanistan
by end of year.

1986: President
Reagan sanctioned
Libya for role in
international
terrorism,

8

1998: Ramzi Yousef
sentenced to life for
1993 World Trade
Center bombing.

9

10

1738: Birth of Ethan
Allen, Revolutionary
War hero who used
HUMINT to capture
Fort Ticonderoga
without firing a shot.

11

1984: Nicaragua shot
down US. Army
helicopter.

13

14

15

1943: Pentagon
completed.

16

1977: Christopher
Boyce and Andrew
Lee arrested for selling
intelligence satellite
secrets to the USSR.

17

1991: Operation
DESERT STORM
launched—DIA
provided significant
intelligence.

18

Martin Luther
King Jr. Day

20 a

(Local Holiday)

1981: Iran released U.S.
hostages.

22

1968: North Korea
seized intelligence ship
USS PUEBLO.

23

1946; First DCI, Sidney
Souers, sworn in.

24

1978: President Carter
signed EO12036,
restructuring US.
intelligence.

1993: Mir Amal Kansi
killed two and wound-
ed three outside CIA.

eace
ignaled end
of Vietnam War.
1975: Church
Committee began
investigating US.
Intelligence
Community,

29

1991: First major
‘ound confrontation
etween Iraqi and US.

forces in the Gulf War.

30

1968: Tet Offensive in
Vietnam began — DIA
analysts warned of
attack.

31



Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY was a
US.-led, multinational military intervention to
restore Haiti’s democratically-elected government
to power. After a military coup toppled President
Jean Bertrand Aristide’s government in September
1991, Haiti was ruled by a series of illegitimate
regimes that sanctioned repression, assassination,
and torture. In July 1994, the United Nations
authorized the use of force to restore democracy
to the impoverished nation. UN Security Council
Resolution 940 aimed to eliminate armed
opposition and to create a secure environment for
the restoration of the Aristide government and
the continued growth of democracy. President Bill
Clinton’s last ditch diplomatic effort—a negotiation
team made up of Former President Jimmy Carter,
Senator Sam Nunn, and former Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs Colin Powell—led to the peaceful
remoyal of the illegitimate Haitian government
and changed the fundamental nature of planned
military operations. The potent mix of diplomacy
and the threat of military force had won the da’

The Multinational Force for Ha deployed
peacefully in September 1994. The force included
20,000 U.S. personnel and 2,000 troops from
Bangladesh, Canada, Djibouti, Nepal, and over
a dozen other nations. The peacekeeping mission
was to ensure security, assist with the rehabilitation
of a civil administration, train a police force, help
prepare the country for ions, and turn over
responsibility to the UN. U.S. Special Operations
forces played a key role in establishing security and
assuring public administration in rural areas. On 31
the MNF turned over operations to a
eeping mission in Haiti,

Intelligence made key contributions to the success of
Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRAC arly joint
planning allowed for the smooth transition of intel-
ligence from sea to land operations. Secure commu-
nications interconnectivity linked personnel in the
field to theater and national databases and facilities,
National Intelligence Support Teams (NIST) drawn
from the Defense Intelligence Agency and other
national level Intelligence Community organizations
provided critical support to the successful mission.

Photo: U.S. soldiers walk through a river in Haiti during
Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY. (Courtesy of the
Department of Defense)

Sunday

SEPTEMBER 2009

Monday

3]

Tuesday

1

1974: LTG Daniel
Graham became 4th
Director, DIA.

1977; Lt Gen Eugene
‘Tighe became 61
Director, DIA.

1995: Lt Gen Kenneth
Minihan became 11th
Director, DIA,

Wednesday
2

2005: First DIA
airborne MASINT
mission in support of
Katrina operations.

Thursday

a

2004: Approximately
350 civilians in a school
in Beslan, Russia died
in Chechen hostage

1963: DIA established
the Production Center.

1972: Palestinian ter-
rorists killed 11 Israeli
Olympic athletes and a
German policeman in
Munich.

1976: Soviet pilot
landed MiG-25 fighter
in Japan, an intelligence
windfall for DIA.

1997: First test flight of
the F-22A Raptor.

8

9

2001: Al-Qaida

members assassinated

Ahmad Massoud,

Afghan Northern
liance leader.

10

1970: LTG Donald
Bennett became 2nd
Director, DIA.

11

2001: Al-Qaida
crashed commercial
janes into World
‘rade Center and Pen-
tagon, killing almost
3,000 people, including
7 from DIA.

12

2001: NATO mutual
defense clause used for
first time in 52-years
after 9/11 attacks.

13

1996: Defense
HUMINT Service
reached full operating

capability.

14

1981: LT'G James
Williams became 7th
Director, DIA.

16

1974: DIA established
the General Counsel.

17

18

1947: CIA and Air
Force established by the
National Security Act.

19

1994: USS. forces
landed in Haiti in
Operation UPHOLD
DEMOCRACY.

20

2001: U.S. and Euro-
pean Union pledge
partnership against
terrorism.

Zl

2001: DIA analyst
Ana Montes arrested
for passing secrets to
Cuba,

1980; Iran-Iraq War
began.

23

1996: NIMA (National
Imagery and Mappin;
eres Act miesy ®

24

1986: USSR executed
Adolf Tolkachev

‘on data from spies
Edward Howard and
Aldrich Ames.

25

1940: William
Friedman's Signals
Intelligence Service
cracked Japanese
PURPLE code.

26

1990: UN Security
Council imposed air
embargo against Iraq.

27

1982; U.S. Marines
arrived in Beirut to
participate in peace-
keeping activities in
Lebanon.

28

29

30

1949: Berlin Airlift
ended after the opening
ofland routes to

Berlin.

)



Operation ENDURING FREEDOM
and ISAF

Within weeks of the terrorist attacks on 11 September
2001, the United States launched Operation
NDURING FREEDOM (OEP) to remove the
Taliban from power and eliminate terrorist safe-havens
in Afghanistan, The Global War on Terror began
with a series of air strikes and cruise missile attacks
that targeted Taliban military installations and terror-
ist training camps. By March 2002, the Taliban had
lost power and al-Qaida had all but disappeared.
Over the past few years, however, the Taliban has
re-established a great deal of influence and has carried
out an increased number of attacks on U.S. and inter-
national forces. As the U.S. and its allies continue to
refine their mission and force strengths, the Taliban has
re-emerged as a growing threat to a stable and demo-

cratic Afghanistan.

DIA has provided intelligence support to military
operations in Afghanistan from the start of OE

in October 2001 to the present day, The Agency

first focused on locating, capturing, and eliminating
al-Qaida leaders as well as destroying terrorist train-
ing centers and infrastructure. DIA now supports the
mission of the International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) in Afghanistan, which currently has over 53,000
troops from twenty-s ATO, nine partner, and two
non-NATO countries. ISAF’s stabilization and recon-

struction mission has expanded to all of Afghanistan.

Since January 2006, when ISAF took over combat
duties from OEF forces in southern Afghanistan, ISAF
has participated in more combat operations in southern
Afghanistan and has experienced increasing casualties.
Today, DIA remains a key player in support of military
operations in Afghanistan, combating both insurgent
actions against U.S. and ISAF troops and narcotics
trafficking that helps fund the Taliban and terrorist
activities.

In July 2006, DIA formed the Afghanistan Intelligence
Cell (AIC) to serve as a central point of expertise for
Afghanistan defense intelligence. The AIC provides
strategic analysis to policymakers and supports the
warfighter by briefing military and civilian personnel
deploying to Afghanistan and working closely with mili-
tary units in theater, In order to improve the flow of
information to ISAF forces, DIA has deployed increas-
ing numbers of analysts to Afghanistan. Approximately
one-third of AIC analysts have deployed to
Afghanistan, where they have supported HUM

elements and exploited captured documents.

Photo: U.S. Marines conduct a mounted patrol in support of
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM in Decembe
(Courtesy of the Department of Defense).

Sunday

DECEMBER 2009

Monday

Tuesday

1

Wednesday Thursday

a

3

iday
4

Saturday

e

1981: Defense Intelli-
gence Senior Executive
Service established.

2006: Iraq Study Group
issued report.

1987: President Reagan
and Soviet leader
Gorbachev signed the
INF Treaty.

1992: U.S. Marines
landed in Somalia as
part of Operation
RESTORE HOPE.

the Counterintelligence
Group.

12

13

2003: Saddam Hi
captured.

he presidents

, Croatia, and
Serbia signed the Day-
ton Peace Agreement
in Paris.

15

2005: Democratic
election held for new
government in Iraq.

16

1998: U.S. launched
Operation DESERT
FOX in Iraq.

2004: President Bush
signed Intelligence
Reform Act.

18

1972: US. began Opera-|
tion LINEBACKER II
by resuming bomb-

ing strikes primarily
against targets in Hanoi
and Haiphong, North
Vietnam.

1988: LTG Harry
Soyster became 9th
Director, DIA.

20

1989: US. forces,
supported by DIA,
intervened in Panama
in Operation JUS
CAUSE

sored by Libya blew up
Pan Am Flight 103 over
Lockerbie, Scotland.

De

2001: Shoe bomber
Richard Reid arrested
for attempt to destroy
Paris-Miami flight.

23

24

») 5 os

26

27

28

29

1946: U.S. Army
Strategic Intelligence
School established.

NOV 2009
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22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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JAN 2010
ie
34567 89
10 11 12 15 14 18 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 50
31



Operation EAGLE CLAW/EVENING

LIGHT OCTOBER 2009

On 4 November 1979, a group of militants calling

themselves followe rs of the line of Imam (Imam Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday jay Saturday

Khomeini) seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran.
After considering various responses, U.S. lead- 1 DIA Day 3
rs decided to attempt a difficult and dangerous

rescue of the fifty-three American hostages. On 11
April 1980 President Jimmy Carter authorized a mov 2009 ssi Rae
complex rescue operation called EAGLE AW 12846567 operational.

+ LIGHT, which included the Army’s 8 9 10 11 18 18 14 1985: Lt Gen Leonard

+ 18 16 17 18 19 20 21 *
, Air Force transport aircraft, and Navy Perroots became 8th 1993: 12 Americans
i y @2 23 24 25 26 27 28 Director, DIA. killed, 78 wounded

heli opters piloted for the most part by Marines. 29 30 1986: Goldwater- in operation against
ah nll) Nichols Act signed. Somali warlord Aidid
The Operation’s helicopters could not fly all the 1996: NIMA created. in Mogadishu.

way to Tehran from the aircraft carrier 1ITZ so

planners set up a landing area in the Iranian desert 4 5 8 10

for refueling called “Desert One,” a name infor-

mally adopted for the operation. On 24 April 1980.
ht helicopters took off from the NIMITZ headed

for Desert One. The pilots were soon confronted

1985: US. fighters
5 intercepted the aircraft
arriving at the refueling site. Faced with these and 2001: Operation EN- carrying four terror-

* 1961: Director, DIA, DURING FREEDOM ists who hijacked the
othe r proble; ms, the military calle d off the mission. added to United States | 1973: Yom Kippur War | began with air strikes cruise ship ACHILLE
Tragically, during the evacuation of Desert One, Intelligence Board, in Middle East began. | in Afghanistan. LAURO.

one of the helicopters crashed into a C-130, result-

ined > dez Biase A See 1 ‘The Columbus
ing in the deaths of eight military personnel. The pay! 13 14 17

Iranians quickly dispersed the hostages, holding
them at different sites.

by a severe dust storm, and there were delays

Soon after the failed mission, the Carter administra-
tion appointed a commission to investigate, chaired
I ral Ja if ay, USN (reti and

xy Admir ie s L. Holloway, \ d and 2000: Al-Qaida 1980: Intelligence
composed of six active duty and retired senior offi- 2005: DNI released bombed the 1983: DIA discovered | Oversight Act re- 2002: VADM Lowell
- “he commission criticized the lack of central- text of Zawahiris letter | USS COLE in Aden, | Cuban vessels supply- | vamped Congressional 1964: China detonated | Jacoby became 14th
to Zarqawi. Yemen. ing arms to Grenada. oversight of IC. its first nudear weapon] Director, DIA.

ized planning and the insufficient number of rescue
helicopters, which was the specific cause of the fail-

ure. It also criticized the excessive secrecy employed INNS) Ly 20 21 23 24
by the operations managers, which prevented a
necessary exchange of information among the four

military services. One of the commission’s most

significant recommendations was the creation of 1962: President

a Joint Task Force fc nterte m, situated 1987: U.S. forces Kennedy ordered
Jo Bar tung tab ee bearer earring bombed the Iranian 1981: President’s blockade of Cuba after 1983: Terrorist de-
directly under the Joint Chiefs of Staff with perma- 1989: Eric Honnecker’s | Rostam oil drilling _| Foreign Intelligence intelligence discovered stroyed the Marine
nently assigned staff personnel and certain assigned 20-year rule in East platform in the Persian | Advisory Board Soviet offensive ballis- compound in Beirut, | 1945: UN founded.

- feo Jee Germany ended. Gulf. (PFIAB)' re-established, | tic missiles on island. killing 254,
After prolonged negotiations, the Iranians

finally released the hostages on 20 January 1981 just

as President Ronald Reagan took the oath of office. 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 1

Photo: Six RH-35D Sea Stallion helicopters in flight during
VENING LIGHT. (Courtesy of the Department

1952; President

‘Truman established 1956: Suez War began;

the National Security 1962: Krushchev US. Air Force directed
1983: US. forces landed | Agency. agreed to dismantle | Lockheed to develop

on Grenada during 2002: President Bush missile sites in DISCOVERER,

Operation URGENT signed US. Patriot Act Cuba under UN SAMOS, and MIDAS
FURY. anti-terrorism law, supervision. programs.

of Defense)







Preparing for War: DIA and OIF
Planning

In the summer of 2002 the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff issued a planning order outlining DIA’s
responsibilities in the event of a conflict with Iraq. The
intelligence guidance contained in this order identi-
fied the J2 as the coordinating authority for national
intelligence support to the combatant commands
(COCOMs) and joint task forces and directed these
entities to forward their requirements for national
intelligence support to the Deputy Directorate for
Crisis Operations. The guidance also directed United
States Central Command (CENTCOM) to determine
which intelligence support functions (such as battle
damage assessment and order of battle production
could be transferred to non-theater organizations,
thereby freeing the Command to focus its efforts on
warfighting. This process, known as crisis intelligence
federation, was managed for the COCOMs by DIA
through th

The intelligence guidance issued that summer
also addressed the roles and missions of National
Intelligence Support Teams (NISTs). The NISTs
trained, organized, and managed by DIA—are mobile
teams that include personnel drawn from agencies
across the Intelligence Agency. In a crisis they deploy
to the theater of operations to provide a link between
the COCOM and the national intel!

to enhance coordination among the various intel-
ligence agencies, and to provide in-theater analytical
expertise. During the second half of 2002, the

NIST Division began preparing teams for possible
deployment in support of ( COM.

Another important component of DIA’s support to
military planning during this period was the Military
Intelligence Board (MIB). The MIB, convened and
chaired by the Director, DIA, acts as a senior forum
for the Defense Intelligence Community. Specific
MIB responsibilities include coordinating intelligence
support to military operations and resource issues,
and providing direction and oversight to defense
intelligence production, collection, and infrastructure.
Although possessing no executive authority, MIB
recommendations carried great weight and on 8
October 2002 the DIA Director convened a MIB to
discuss defense intelligence support to CENTCOM
planning.

The above summary highlights just a few of the
processes and organizations employed by DIA to
support the planning efforts leading up to 19 March
2003. DIA continued to provide a full range of intel-
ligence support both during and after the phase of
major combat operations

Photo: A USAF Grew Chief completes a post-flight inspec-
tion of an RQ-1 Predator UAV during Operation IRAQI
FREEDOM. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)

Sunday
1

FEBRUARY 2009

Monday

)

Tuesday

3

1950; Klaus Fuel
charged with giving
atomic bomb secrets
to the Soviets,

Wednesday

4

1945: Yalta
Conference marked
beginning of Cold War.

Thursday
=

1956: President
Eisenhower created the
President’s Foreign In-
telligence & Advisory
Board (PFIAB).

iday Saturday
6 7

1963: John Hughes,
special assistant to 1967: LLT George
Director, DIA, gave Sisler, first Military In-
Cuban Missile Crisis | telligence officer to re-
briefing on national | ceive Medal of Honor,
television. killed in Vietnam.

1961: Defense Secre-
tary Robert McNamara
directed the establish-
ment ofa DIA.

10

2004: Libya decided to
eliminate WMD.

11

12

1973: North Vietnam
released first US POWs|
following signing of
Paris Peace Accords.

13 14

1956: Khrushchev de-
nounced Stalin in secret}
speech; CIA soon gets

a copy.

15

1989: The last Soviet
combat troops depart-
ed Afghanistan.

| (6) Washington's
Birthday

1996: LTG Patrick
Hughes, USA, became
12th Director, DIA.

17

1965: DIA added
medical intelligence
element.

19

1920: Birth of Eloise
Page, first female CIA
station chief and DIA
terrorism expert.

21

1994: Aldridge Ames
arrested for espionage.

ee)

23

24

1991; Ground offensive
began in Operation
DESERT STORM.

26

1993: Islamic terror-
ists bombed World
‘Trade Center in New
York City, killing 6 and
wounding 1,000.

28

1991: Cessation of
hostilities in Gulf War.

JAN 2009
1238
45678 910
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 50 31





Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT
STORM

The Persian Gulf War is a striking example of the
crucial role of defense intellig
tions. When Iraqi Republican Guard units captured
Kuwait in a coordinated, multi-2
August 1990, the United States and its allies respond-

ence in military opera-

is assault on 2

ed with a rapid and powerful offensive. Within days,
President George H.W. Bush announced the move-
ment of U.S. forces to the Gulf and a major force
deployment under Operation DESERT SHIELD.
He built up a coalition of international forces that
eventually incorporated military units from thirty-four
nations, including Arab and Islamic countries.

CENTCOM planners devised operations to minimize
Iraqi strengths and exploit weaknesses, aiming to

y those centers of gravity critical to Iraq’s ability

> war: command and control, weapons of mass

destruction, and the Republican Guards. A massive
air campaign against Iraqi targets signaled the start of
Operation DESERT STORM on 17 January 1991.
The Coalition advance was swift and deadly. On 2
February, after an allied armored assault routed and
destroyed Iraq’s military forces in a matter of days,
President Bush declared a ceasefire. Kuwait was free
and Iraq’s military forces lay in ruir

One of DIA’s defining missions was the
response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
proved itself as a combat support agency and as the
senior military intelligence component of the U.
Intelligence Community during the war. DIA set up
an extensive, 24-hour crisi
to tailor national-level intelligenc
coalition forces assembled to expel Iraqi troops from
Kuwait. DIA also dispatched more than 100 employ-
ees into the Kuwaiti Theater to provide intelligence
support, and deployed eleven National Intelligence
Support Teams overseas. The intelligence they
produced was critical to the overwhelming coalition
victory. Colin Powell, Chairman of the JCS during
DESERT STORM, noted after hostilities that no
combat commander in history had ever received such
detailed intelligence on his adversary as U.S. and
coalition commanders did both before and during
the conflict. This DIA-led effort remains a powerful
example of the force multiplying effect that intel-
ence support can offer operational units in theater,
Before and during hostilities, DIA and the Intelligence
Community provided accurate and timely intelli-
gence to CENTCOM, confirming their role as force
multipliers.

Photo: Two USAF F-15C Eagle fighters and a Royal Saudi
Air Force F-5E Tiger I fighter in flight during Operation
DESERT STORM. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)

he Agency

management cell designed
> support for the

Sunday

Monday

AUGUST 2009

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

iday

Saturday

1

1961; DoD issued
Directive 5105.21

establishing “Defense
Intelligence Agency.”

1990: Iraq invaded
Kuwait.

1945: US. dropped
the first atomic bomb,
“Little Boy? in combat
on Hiroshima.

1955: Prototype U-2
made its first planned
flight.

1974: VADM Vincent
de Poix became 3rd
Director, DIA.

1998: Al-Qaida
bombed U.S. Embassies
in Kenya and Tanzania.

8

2008: Georgia-Russia
conflict began.

9

1945: U.S. dropped the
second atomic bomb,
“Fat Man? on
Nagasaki, Japan.

11 12 13

1961: Defense
Secretary McNamara
appointed Lt Gen
Joseph Carroll the Ist
Director, DIA.

1949: GEN Omar
Bradley appointed first
Chairman ofthe Joint
Chiefs of Staff.

1961: Construction of
the Berlin Wall started.

14

LS

1961: DIA’s Military
Intelligence Board
activated.

16

1990: DIA designated
Executive Agent for
DESERT SHIELD
imagery collection.

18 19

1981: Two U.S. Navy
F-14s shot down two
Libyan SU-22s over
the Gulf of Sidra.

1993: US, placed
Sudan on list of state
sponsors of terrorism.

in Afghanistan an
the Sudan.

1968: Soviet invasion
of Czechoslovakia.

22

1956: Chinese fighters
shot down U.S. Navy
reconnaissance aircraft
over the Shen;

Islands near China,
killing all 16 crew
members.

23

24

1966: DIA Liaison
Detachment, Ottawa,
established.

30

31

25 26 27

1944: Allied forces
liberated Paris in
WwIl.

28

29

1949: Soviets deto-
nated their first atomic
weapon, an event
detected by the Air
Force.



Vietnam War

DIA had only a limited role in tactical support to
. forces during the Vietnam War. The Agency
me fully operational in 1964, only a year before
USS. combat forces began arriving in South Vietnam.
Moreover, DIA’s charter documents did not clarify
how it would provide tactical support to theater
commands. As a result, the Military Assistance
Command, Vietnam (MAC assumed the bulk of
tactical and operational intelli
when U.S. combat forces be
communist forces in Southeast Asia.

ence support activities
an directly engaging

MACY’s efforts to provide tactical intelligence to
troops in the field eclipsed DIA’s limited tactical intel-
ligence capability. While the Agency provided basic
intelligence, such as the Enemy Order of Battle, and
operé
ment
either in Vietnam or in Washington. Between 1965
and 1970, DIA’s tactical role was virtually
tent, and the Agency played little part in planning for
major operations in the Mekong Delta, the Central
Highlands, along the Demilitarized Zon:
where. When the United States and South Vietnam
secretly invaded Cambodia in 1970, DIA was not
even informed of the operation until after it began.

ional analysis, such as battle damage assess-

these products were not widely disseminated

nonexis-

and else-

evertheless, this situation began to change slowh
in 1970. A series of organizational realignments that
year allowed the Agency to influence oy
tactical intelligence production. DIA Director Donald
Bennett was part of group in the Pentagon respon-
sible for planning the famous, but unsuccessful raid
on the Son Tay prisoner of war camp outside Hanoi.
The Agency also provided accurate tactical warn-
ing of a major communist offensive in 1972, and
supported Operation LINEBACKER, the air coun-
ter-offensive that successfully beat back this attack. In

eneral, however, DIA tact
for much of the Vietnam War.

xert mor

| support was limited

Lessons learned from DIA’s experience in the
ietnam War allowed the Agency to improve its

intelligence collection and analytical methods. A slow

but steady pe

se DIA’s influence in policy circles and led to

iod of change in the 1970s helped to
incr
dramatic improvements in operational intelligence in

the 1980s.

Photo: A U.S. reconnaissance patrol lowers an infantryman
into an enemy tunnel in Vietnam in 1967. (Courtesy of the
National Archives and Records Administration)

Sunday

1

2003: Khalid Sheikh
Mohammed

Monday

began cl
several points a
Manchurian frontier.

Tuesday

3

MARCH 2009

Wednesday Thursday
+ 5

1970: Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty

1949; NATO pact
came into force.

signed.

iday

1962: DIA opened its
new production center
at Arlington Hall, VA.

Saturday
7

8

1965: First American
combat soldiers in
Vietnam.

9

11 12

2004: Terrorist bombs
killed 191 people on
commuter trains in
Madrid, Spain.

13

1954: KGB established.

Seoul, capital
of South Korea, recap-
tured by UN forces.

15

16

1984: Iranian-backed
rorists kidnapped
Beirut station
chief William Buckley,

1965: DIA added
medical intelligence
clement.

18

1969: U.S. B-52 bomb-

Cambodia during the

2003: Operation IRAQI
Vietnam War.

FREEDOM launched.

20

1965: Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara
approved DIAS plan

for Defense Attaché
System.

21

1971: Schlesinger
Report urged major IC
reform.

23

1882: Office of Naval
Intelligence established.

24

Ope

1999: NATO began
D

pie 26

1977: DIA's new
National Military
Intelligence Center
completed in Pentagon.

ration AL]

md

28

30

1973: Last U.S. troops
left Vietnam.

3

1991; Warsaw Pact

dissi

1

olved,

FEB 2009
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15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 28 30



In Defense of the Nation

With the attacks of 11 September 2001 altering

the strategic intelligence landscape, the Intelligence
Community responded by shifting more of its analyti-
cal efforts and resources to the defense and security of
the U.S. Homeland. Although DIA continues to focus
on intelligence support to overseas operations, one

of the Agency’s lesser known missions is to support
homeland security and defense efforts. Providing a
wide range of capabilities, products, and services, DIA
helps to secure and defend the United States against
threats from terrorists, weapons of mass destruction,
and cyberattacks.

DIAS mission responsibilities embrace a wide range
of homeland security issues. The Agency helps assess
the security of physical targets and cyber assets such
as telecommunications and transportation networks,
water supply systems, energy grids, and government
operations that affect U.S. military forces in the execu-
tion of their mission. It also coordinates Agency
reports, policy, and guidance concerning homeland
security/defense issues and hosts information sharing
forums between DIA elements and the Department of
Homeland Security. In addition, DIA establishes threat
levels for U.S. military interests and assesses threats to
Defense Department interests at home.

DIA maintains a 24/7 watch for the homeland secu-
rity mission and collaborates with the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) and other federal agencies, the
National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), Northern

Jommand (NORTHCOM), and local law enforce-
ment officials to assess a wide spectrum of threats to
the nation. Other DIA offices assess domestic threats
such as terrorism, WMD proliferation, and drug
trafficking and look at ways to prevent or minimize
national crises. The ional Center for Medical
Intelligence produces reports that help the Federal
Government prepare for and respond to foreign health
threats to the United States.

Cooperation between the Intelligence Community
and law enforcement organizations—especially infor-
mation sharing—is critical to successful homeland
security operations, and DIA has taken efforts to create
a collaborative environment for the homeland secu-
rity/defense community, For instance, in December
2002, DIA personnel activated a computer network
that improved the exchange of information between
federal, state, and local law enforcement and intel-
ligence elements, Now under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the system
has expanded its coverage into all fifty states, the
District of Columbia, and five U.S. territor

Photo: A US. Coast Guard Petty Officer stands guard near
Brooklyn Bridge in September 2002. (Courtesy of the US.
Coast Guard)

Sunday
1

NOVEMBER 2009

Wednesday Thursday

Monday

2

1962: DoD established
Defense Intelligence
School,

Tuesday

3

1971; SECDEF

aird established the
Assistant Secretary of
Defense (Intelligence).

4

1979: Iranian militants
seized U.S. Embassy in
‘Tehran and took the
staff hostage.

|

1971: US. Intelligence
Board (USIB) reconsti-
tuted under the cha
manship of the DCI.

iday

1970: U.S. launched the
first TRW Defense Sup-
port Program satellite.

Saturday

7

9

1989; Fall of the

Berlin Wall began when
authorities opened
crossing points.

10

| | iat

1918: WW I ended
with the signing of
the Armistice in
Compiégne, France.

12

1997: Ramzi Yousef
convicted of mas-
terminding the 1993
bombing of WTC.

13

14

1979: President Carter
froze Iranian assets
following the seizure of
the embassy in ‘Tehran,

15

1979: Sir Anthony
Blunt exposed as a
former Soviet spy of the
“Cambridge Spy Ring”

16

1964: China tests first
nuclear bomb.

2001: Taliban removed

from power in
Afghanistan.

18

1991: Lt Gen James
Clapper became 10th
Director, DIA.

19

1994: UN Security
Council authorized air
strikes of Serb targets
in Croatia.

1962: President
Kennedy lifted the
blockade of Cuba.

Islamabad attacked,
killing two US.
servicemen and two
Pakistanis.

22

1989: Defense Depart-
ment terminated

the SR-71 Blackbird
program.

23

24

1954: President Eisen-
hower approved the
development of the
U-2 aircraft.

2003; NIMA renamed
NGA

25

) 6 Tankeal

1984: U.S. restored full
diplomatic ties with
Iraq, which had been
severed since 1967.

27

28

29

1775: Continental
Congress established
the Secret Correspon-
dence Committee for
intelligence operations.

30

1962: DIA established
Directorate for Mapping,
Charting, and

Geodesy.

DEC 2009

12845
678 910 le
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31







Humanitarian Operations

The role of the United States Defense and
Intelligence Communities in humanitarian assistance
missions has become especially prominent over the
last few years. In the wake of destruction left by
particularly devastating natural disasters, the U.S. has
contributed military and civilian personnel, expertise,
and equipment to provide critical relief to suffering
regions around the world.

As part of a truly global effort, the Department

of Defense (DoD) contributed significant amounts
of aid and expertise to the areas devastated by the
Indonesia tsunami in December 2004, which left
approximately 300,000 people dead or missing, and
another million displaced. In support of Operation
UNIFIED ASSISTANCE, DoD deployed upwards of
20,000 military personnel, over two dozen ships, and
more than 100 aircraft to the areas hit hardest by the
disaster. U.S. helicopters and cargo aircraft flew more
than 3,500 missions to deliver relief supplies and
equipment into and throughout the affected regions.
In the first two months of relief operations, the L
military delivered over 24,000,000 pounds of re
supplies and equipment.

Military support to Hurricane Katrina relief was
also a massive endeavor. The hurricane, which struck
the coastal regions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Alabama in August 2005, killed 1,600 people, left
thousands homeless, and caused $75 billion in damag-
es to the region. Consequently, the U.S. contributed
upwards of 70,000 military personnel, over 300 heli-
copters and 75 fixed-wing aircraft, an aircraft carrier,
and hospital ships. DoD evacuated more than 75,000
people in the first month, provided medical treat-
ment for over 5,000 people, and delivered millions of
gallons of water, almost 80 million of pounds of rice,

and over 15 million meals.

DIA provided key support to the both relief efforts.
DIA’s National Center for Medical Intelligence
assessed the state of Indonesia’s medical facili-

ties as well as the impact of infectious diseases on
Indonesians and relief workers. The Agency also
provided a broad range of intellige surveillance,
and reconnaissance resources to Hurricane Katrina
relief efforts, DIA personnel deployed to the devastat-
ed region to assess damaged infrastructure while the
Defense Attaché Offices coordinated the actions of
over 95 countries that offered critical aid and support.
DIA also helped locate hazardous material spills using
two DG-3 aircraft equipped with special sensors.

Photo: A US. Navy helicopter picks up relief supplies in Banda
Aceh, Indonesia during Operation UNIFIED ASSISTANCE.
(Courtesy of the Department of Defense)

Sunday

MAR 21
4567
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18 16 17 18 19 20 21
‘22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 50 51

Monday

APRIL 2009

Tuesday Wednesday

1

Thursday
2

1982: Argentina seized
the Falkland Islands
from the British—U.S.
intelligence aided
British response,

iday

1948: President
‘Truman signed the
Marshall Plan to re-
build Western Europe.

Saturday

4

1975: C-5A crashed
Halling USDAO Saigon
members Celeste
Brown, Vivienne
Clark, Dorothy Curtiss,
Joan Prey, and Doris
Watkins.

5

1917: U.S. declared
war on Germany and
entered WW I,

1980: U.S, broke dip-
lomatic ties with Iran
after seizure of U.S.
hostages.

2)

2003: Baghdad fell to
Coalition armor.

10

11

1999: India successfully,
test-fired a long-range
model of its Agni ballis-
tic missile.

12

2001: China released
24 US. Navy EP-3
crewman following
a collision with a
Chinese fighter.

13

14 15

1969: North Korea
1986: President Rea- | shot down U.S. Nay
gan ordered airstrikes] EC-121 signals intel-
on terrorist targets in _| ligence plane, killing
Libya. 31 personnel.

16

1987: US. Special
Operations Command
established.

1961: Bay of Pigs
landing in Cuba.

18

1775: Paul Revere’s
famous midnight
“intelligence” ride.

19

1943: Photo interpreter
Constance Babington-
Smith detected a V-1
rocket near Peene-
munde, Germany.

20

1961: Soviet GRU
COL Penkovsky
provided intelligence
to US. and U.K.

21 z2

1915: Germans used
chemical warfare (chlo-
rine gas) effectively
2005: DNI John for the first time in
Negroponte sworn in. } warfare.

23

24

1980: Attempt to
rescue US. hostages in
Iran failed.

25

26

1976: Permanent
Senate Select Intel-
ligence Committee
established.

27

1978: Pro-communist
rebels murdered Af-
ghan President Sardar
Mohammed Daoud.

28 29

1964: DIA S&T
directorate formed.







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DIAh ved authorization to release the images, photos, and information

contained in this publication to the public. We would like to thank the Department of
st Guard, and th

for the use of their photographs. All events listed on this calendar are noted according

se Intelligence History, 2009” was prepared by the Historical Research Program
Office, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC
vailable on our wel at www.dia.mil/History.

340, An electronic version is

to the time and date of the location where they occurred.





Operation JUST CAUSE C
In December 1989, President George H.W. Bush J [ ue . EK 2009

launched Operation JUST CAUSE to overthrow

General Manuel Noriega’s dictatorial regime in Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Panama. Noriega, who maintained his hold on power
through force and intimidation, had nullified election 24

results arid attacked and harassed his political opposi- JI 1 2 3 4
tion. He was also under indictment in the United
States for drug traflicking and racketeering and had
threatened the lives of the 35,000 U.S citizens that

lived in Panama. After clashes between Panamanian 1942: Battle of

and U.S. forces led to the death of a Marine, and Midway began—WW
o , “ 1989: Chinese troops | II Pacific Theater 1944: Allied troops

riega announced a state of war between the U.S 2003: rag Survey 1995: USAF Captain | crushed protestors in turning point made landed in Beance 6a
and Panama, President Bush launched the invasion on Group (ISG) Scott O'Grady was shot | Tiananmen Square in | possible by exceptional | 1967: Six-Day War D-Day—intelligence

20 December. established. down over Bosnia. Beijing. intelligence. began in Middle East. coup.

The US. invasion of Panama was a short and success- 8 9 10 11 12 13

ful operation. At the start of the attack, the 82d

Airborne Division made a night combat jump to seize
Torrijos International Airport, its first combat jump
since World War II. The 82nd then carried out combat

air assault missions in Panama City and the surround- 1967: Israeli planes and | 1999: NATO and 1970: DIAs Assistant
ing areas, quickly defeating hostile forces and occupy- crete ern il Z ships attacked the USS ugpeleyia send a Army Attaché MAJ iis lice of
ing the are: J 5 ed Pan: ; sfanse airstrike in ‘lle LIBERTY, a Navy/NSA | accord for withdraw: Robert Perry killed 1942: The Office of
ing the area, U.S. troops routed Panamanian Defens« open aie HGINT colecnds "| Grsebiaa rece iem | Beesticien faserilae” Strategic Services
Forces and captured strategic installations throughout al-Zarqawi. ship. Kosovo. in Jordan. (OSS) established.

the country. Noriega surrendered on 3 January 1990

and is currently serving the remainder of a 40-year 14 15 16 17 20

sentence in Florida for drug trafficking.

Military intelligence helped make Operation JUST
CAUSE a success. U.S. Army intelligence units
obtained information on Panamanian troop disposi-
tions and movements and helped uncover large weap-

ons caches. U.S, intelligence tracked Noriega’s exact 1953: Soviets crushed | 1979:SALT I Treaty | 2002: Hamid Karzai
location and prevented his attempted escape out of 1917: Espionage Act anti-government riots | signed by Presidents inaugurated as presi-
locatio: pre ‘ PiSG. CSCAk 2 passed. in East Berlin. Carter and Brezhnev. | dent of Afghanistan.

the country. When Noriega sought refuge in the Papal
Junciature in Panama City, an Army intelligence

officer assisted in the negotiations to gain custody of ad, 24 25 26

the Panamanian leader.

For DIA, lessons learned during the assault on
Grenada six years earlier paid off in Panama. A DIA
intelligence task force was directly involved in opera- 1993: US. forces struck

tional planning and could readily anticipate planners’ 1941; Foreign Broad- targets in Iraq after in-

whtellisance tectiesta: During hostilities DLA manaeed 1963: DIA assumed | cast Monitoring 1996: Terrorists telligence revealed Iraqi
s i 4 a) ee aR) J2 functions from the | Service (later FBIS) 1948: Berlin Blockade | bombed Khobar Tow- | plot to kill President

national intelligence assets in a successful effort to Joint Staff, established. began. ers in Saudi Arabia. George H.W. Bush.

provide operational and tactical intelligence to troops 28 9 30
in the theater, Doctrinal changes in intel » pri 2 3
tice in the years between Operations URGENT FURY - :
and JUST GAUSE had paid off, allowing for closer

coordination between intelligence and operational
planning and providing a powerful force multiplying .
fe 1988: Terrorist group 1963: DIA Automated
effect. “17 November” Data Processing Sys-
5 . 5 ; killed CAPT William tems Center assumed
Photo: A C-130E Hercules aircraft flies over Panama during Nordeen, the Defense data management
Operation JUST CAUSE. (Courtesy of the Department of Attaché in Athens. responsibility.

Defense)



Operation RESTORE HOPE

With mass starvation and a breakdown of civil order,
Somalia was in the midst of a humanitarian disaster
in 1992. The first efforts of the United Nations to
provide relief for the stricken nation failed as Somali
warlords and splintering political factions obstructed
any progress. After warlord General Mohamed Farrah
Aidid demanded the withdrawal of all UN peacekeep-
ers under the threat of violence, the UN Security
Council adopted Resolution 794, which authorized
the use of “all necessary means to establish as soon

as possible a secure environment for humanitar-

ian relief operations in Somalia.” In response, on 4
December 19! President George H.W. Bush initi-
ated Operation RESTORE HOPE.

Operation RESTORE HOPE was carried out by
a USS.-led multinational force (Unified Task Force
or UNITAF) with a mission to create a secure envi-
ronment for the delivery of humanitarian aid to

the southern half of Somalia. Military operations,
which began on 8 December, involved approximately
38,000 soldiers from twenty-three countries, with
large contingents from France, Italy, Morocco, and
Australia. Conventional forces carried out security
patrols in urban areas, while U.S. Special Operations
Forces established their presence in the countryside.
Operational objectives of the Special Forces were to
make contact with Somali factions and their leaders,
provide information to UNITAF forces on potential
threats, and to provide area assessments to help in

planning relief and security operations.

ilitary intelligence contributed to the peacekeeping
mission in a variety of ways. Reconnaissance patrols
and human intelligence (HUMINT) reported on the
size, location, and capabilities of local Somali factions.
They also discovered the location of several large
weapons caches. Psychological operations forces set
up a radio broadcasting system and a newspaper to
promote the humanitarian aspects of the mission. In
addition, UNITAF forces dropped over seven million

leaflets to promote its overall mission. On 4 May 1993,

after UNITAF had established a secure environment
and helped put an end to starvation, the UN assumed
responsibility for peacekeeping operations in Somalia
UNOSOM I]), Unfortunately, the political situation
in Somalia unraveled later in the year and the nation

once again fell back into disorder.

Photo: The USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN sails off the coast
of Somalia in support of peacekeeping operations in 1993.
(Courtesy of the Department of Defense)

Sunday

Monday

AUG 2009
©
23485678
9 10 11 12 14:18
16 17 18 1920 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31

JULY 2009

Wednesday Thursday

Tuesday

1965: DIA assumed
control of the Defense
Attaché System.

F

riday

Independence
Day
(Observed)

Saturday

6

1990: NATO declared
‘Warsaw Pact no longer
a military threat.

2005: Bombings in
London Underground
killed 52 people.

8

1942: Arlington Hall
Station made an
official military
intelligence post.

1957: First public
acknowledgement of
NSA—5 years after its
establishment.

11

1941: Office of the
Coordinator of
Information
established; became
the OSS in 1942.

13

1977: COBRA DANE
phased-array radar
system operational.

14

1977: House of Repre-
sentatives established
the Permanent Select
Committee on
Intelligence.

15

16

1979: Saddam Hussein
assumed the
presidency of Iraq.

1975: U.S. APOLLO 18
and the Soviet SOYUZ
19 docked in space.

18

20

1990; DIA received the
first reports of Iraqi
divisions near the
Kuwaiti border.

21

1988: Eight-year
Tan tias eer nied.

2004: 9/11 Commis-
sion delivered report.

23

24

25

1990: DIA went to
WATCHCON II and
issued warning report
on Iraq.

1947: President
‘Truman signed the
National Security Act.

at

1953: Armistice for
Korean War signed.
1999: VADM Thomas
Wilson became the
13th Director, DIA.

28

1983: Congress voted
to end covert support
to the Nicaraguan
Contra guerillas.

29

al

1989: Muslim
terrorists announced
the execution of
Marine Lt Col
William Higgins.



Historical Research Program Office

IA’s Historical Research Program Office has three primary missions: 1) to conduct

historical research and analysis in support of the DIA mission; 2) to develop and preserve
the institutional memory of DIA; and 3) to promote historical awareness among the DIA
workforce.

In support of these missions, our office produces studies and book-length monographs, supports
DIAs analytical efforts through a variety of research and writing efforts, prepares educational
exhibits, conducts oral history interviews to capture and preserve the experience of current and
former DIA employees and leaders, and hosts seminars on historical subjects relevant to some
of today’s national security challenges.

Some of our recently completed projects include a classified study of the Iraq Survey Group, a
brochure providing a brief overview of the history of DIA, a new website that provides the DIA
workforce with access to a wide range of historical information and History Office products,
an exhibit on weapons and equipment seized in Iraq, and a series of exhibits highlighting the
unique characteristics of regional cultures around the globe.

Projects currently underway include a history of DIA during the Cold War, a study examining
DIAs counterterrorism efforts in the 1980s and 1990s, a study on intelligence and intelligence
sharing in Afghanistan, a history of DIA support to the global war on terrorism, and the
preparation of a pamphlet containing biographical sketches of DIA Directors and Deputy
Directors.

The DIA Seal

The dark blue background of the seal signifies the unknown, or the threats
and challenges of the world around us. The flaming torch and its gold color,
which represents knowledge or intelligence, is lighting our way to a known
world symbolized by the blue-green planet. The eternal search for knowledge
and truth is the worldwide mission of the Defense Intelligence Agency. The
two red ellipses symbolize the technical aspects of intelligence today and in
the future. The 13 stars and the wreath identify the Agency as a Department
of Defense organization.





ince its creation in 1961, the Defense Intelligence

Agency has made vital contributions to U.S. national
security efforts. The concept of a Defense Intelligence
Agency developed between 1945 and 1961, when
several independent boards recommended creating a
unified military intelligence agency to address problems
in intelligence production and management. Efforts
languished until Robert McNamara—Secretary of Defense
under President John F. Kennedy—established DIA in
the summer of 1961. Soon afterward, on 1 October, DIA
became operational as the nation’s primary producer of
foreign military intelligence.

In its first decade, DIA immediately faced two defining
events of the Cold War: The Cuban Missile Crisis and the
Vietnam War. On one hand, decisionmakers lauded DIA’s
assistance during the Cuban Missile Crisis, but on the other
hand, the Vietnam War exposed managerial shortcomings
in the Agency that led to a period of change. In the 1970s,
DIA underwent several transformations to improve its
intelligence products. Despite declining resources and
staffing, a series of energetic Directors strengthened the
Agency’s managerial role and improved DIA’ cooperation
within the Department of Defense and in the Intelligence
Community. As a result, DIA began having a more

DIA History

PCRINTEL,,
je laa Lig
Y f "ey

yyy Re:

"TELLIGE

substantial impact on major national security issues such
as nuclear arms control negotiations, war planning, and
intelligence estimation.

As Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union increased
dramatically in the early 1980s, DIA improved its
technological, collection, and managerial capabilities to
meet the intelligence needs of both military commanders
and national-level decisionmakers. DIA intelligence played
a major role in strategic decisions about the Soviet Union,
but also contributed to tactical and operational planning
in the Caribbean and Central America.

The Agency's maturation paid major dividends in the
post-Cold War era. In the buildup to hostilities in
Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM, DIA
surged to activate an intelligence task force and expand its
Operational Intelligence Crisis Center. DIA intelligence
teams also spread out in theater and to U.S. Central
Command to tailor intelligence support to Coalition forces
in Iraq. The Agency has deployed National Intelligence
Support Teams (NISTs) to locations such as Northern Iraq,
Kenya, Somalia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Albania, and Haiti. Itwas
at the forefront of the Information Revolution when, in
1992, the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications
Systems (JWICS) and the Joint Deployable Intelligence

Support System (JDISS) came on line, providing secure,
high-speed, multi-media transmission of intelligence
information. That same year, the Armed Forces Medical
Intelligence Center (AFMIC) and the Missile and Space
Intelligence Center (MSIC) became elements of DIA. The
newly formed Defense HUMINT (Human Intelligence)
Service (DHS) achieved its initial operating capacity
in 1995, consolidating the HUMINT activities of all the
Services under the umbrella of DIA.

In the twenty-first century, DIA remains “Committed
to Excellence in Defense of the Nation” Following the
attacks of 11 September 2001, DIA responded with
timely and focused intelligence to combat al-Qaida and
related terrorist networks and their sponsors throughout
the world. In addition, the Agency has increased its
deployment of personnel overseas. DIA has also responded
to humanitarian crises, supporting rescue operations
in the aftermath of the December 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2005 earthquake
in Pakistan. Today, with more than 12,000 civilian and
military employees, the Agency continues to support
counterinsurgency and counterproliferation operations
around the world.



Operation URGENT FURY

On 25 October 1983 the United States and its
Caribbean allies invaded the island of Grenada. U.
leaders had been watching Grenada move steadily
further into the Soviet orbit since 1979, when char-
ismatic socialist Maurice Bishop came to power in a
nearly bloodless coup d'état. Bishop quickly estab-
lished friendly relations with Cuba, which helped
Grenada fund and build a large new airport and
runway on Point Salines. The U.S. grew increas-
ingly concerned about the size of the Salines runway,
believing it was being built to accommodate military
aircraft from Communist Bloc nations. Less than five
years after he came to power, Bishop was overthrown

and executed by hard-line members of his own party.

Fearing for the safety of hundreds of American medi-
cal students caught up in the resulting violent anarchy
and mindful of the strategic implications of a commu-
nist Grenada, President Ronald Reagan decided

to invade the island. DIA provided operational
commanders with overhead imagery of the island and
an analysis of the Cuban trained Grenadian People’s
Revolutionary Army. However significant intelligence
gaps remained, including the exact locations of both
the Grenadian Army’s command and control center
and the American students. This meant that during
the operation, the U.S. Marines, Navy SEALs and
Army Rangers who spearheaded the invasion were
forced to improvise on the ground to accommodate a

series of unexpected contingencies.

DIA formed an intellig ask force that provided
operational planners with intelligence on the size and
composition of the Grenadian Armed Forces, Cuban
military capabilities on Grenada, and geographic
information about the island. The Agency also coor-
dinated a multi-agency foreign material exploitation
team to collect captured Soviet-made weaponry

and military equipment and thousands of official
documents. When analyzed, these demonstrated

the step-by-step process by which the Soviet Union
had involved itself in Grenada and amply justified
the largest U.S. military deployment since Vietnam
DIA distributed intelligence summaries to assist field
commanders during the operation. The Defe
Department and the Intelligence Communit
meanwhile, took the lessons of Grenada to heart,
and incorporated significant changes in methods of
communication and command and control to improve

their working relationship,

US. soldiers use a field radio during Operation
NT FURY. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense)

Sunday

APR 2009

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Monday

MAY 2009

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday Fr
1

ici
and Soviets captured
pilot Francis Gary
Powers.

1968: MSGT Roy
Benavidez earned
Medal of Honor in
Vietnam protecting
intelligence personnel
and equipment.

3

1976: Permanent Senate
Select Intelligence
Committee established.

1961: President
Kennedy created
President’ Foreign
Intelligence Advisory
Board.

1960: Joint Study Group
formed, recommended
creating DIA.

8

1972: Palestinian
terrorists hijacked a
Belgian airliner and
flew it to Tel Aviv.

9

10

2002: FBI agent Robert
Hansen sentenced to
life in prison for selling
secrets to Moscow.

11

1946: OSS operative
Virginia Hall awarded
ished Service
jor heroism.

1975: Communist
forces in Cambodia
captured U.S. freighter
Mayaguez.

13

1968: Paris peace talks
began between North
Vietnam and US.

15

1976: LTG Samuel
Wilson became Sth
Director, DIA.

1974: India exploded
ja nuclear device in the

19

1919; War Department
created Code and

Cipher Solution Section
or “the Black Chamber.”

20

1985: Retired Navy
CWO John Walker
arrested for spying.

21

1982: British troops
invaded San Carlos in
the Falkland Islands.

1984; ‘The Defense
Intelligence Analysi
Center (DIAC)
officially opened,

26

1972: SALT I Treaty
signed by Presidents
Nixon and Brezhney,

2d

1996: Russia and
Chechnya agreed on
peace accord,

28 Po

2001: A U.S. court
convicted four al-Qaida
members of terrorism
charges in the bombing
1998: Pakistan conduct- | of two U.S. embassies in
ed first nuclear test. Africa.

30



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