Comparative Growth in Manufacturing

Productivity and Labor Costs in

Selected Industrialized Countries

U.S. Department of Labor

Bureau of Labor Statistics

1977

Bulletin 1958

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Comparative Growth in Manufacturing

Productivity and Labor Costs in

Selected Industrialized Countries

U.S. Department of Labor

Ray Marshall, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Julius Shiskin, Commissioner

1977

Bulletin 1958

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 029-001-02044-9

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Preface

This bulletin is one of a series of BLS studies providing comparative measures of 

productivity for the United States and other industrialized countries. Other studies include Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing: Trends in Nine Countries, 1960-65 (Bulletin 

1518, 1966); An International Comparison o f Unit Labor Costs in the Iron and Steel

Industry, 1964: United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom (Bulletin 1580, 1968); 

and the chartbook Productivity: An International Perspective (Bulletin 1811, 1974).

Jerome A. Mark, Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technology, Bureau of 

Labor Statistics, presented the findings of this study at the Workshop on Recent Progress 

in Productivity Measurement and Prospects, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in October 

1976. This bulletin incorporates certain data refinements and minor textual revisions.

The bulletin was prepared by Assistant Commissioner Mark and by Arthur Neef, 

Patricia Capdevielle, and other staff members of the Bureau’s Office of Productivity and 

Technology, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade, John Chandler, Chief.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without 

the permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

and cite the name and number of the publication.

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Contents

Page

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

Concepts and methods ............................................................................................... 2

What the data s h o w ...................................................................................................... 3

Productivity ...................................................................................................... 3

Labor c o s ts ......................................................................................................... 6

Effects of shifts within co u n tries..................................................................... 7

Trends by manufacturing in d u s try .....................................................................15

Comparative productivity levels ................................................................. 16

Bilateral comparisons..................................................................................16

Iron and steel in d u s try ...............................................................................17

Charts:

1. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing,

12 countries, 1960-75 ......................................................................... 4

2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing,

12 countries, 1960-75 ......................................................................... 8

Summary tables:

1. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing: Average

annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 ................................... 3

2. Output per hour in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change,

12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75 . . . . •................................. 6

3. Hourly compensation in manufacturing: Average annual rates of

change, 12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75 ................................... 6

4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values:

Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 7

Page

5. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values:

Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75 ................ 7

6. Productivity change in manufacturing by source: Average annual

rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 14

7. Productivity change in 15 manufacturing industries: Average annual

rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 15

8. Ranking of 15 manufacturing industries by productivity change:

Average annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74 . „ ................................16

9. Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Canada/United States,

1960-75 ............................................................................................... 17

10. Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Japan/United States,

1958-75 ............................................................................................... 18

11. Estimates of relative levels of output per hour, hourly labor costs,

and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries,

1964 and 1972-75 ............................................................................... 19

12. Estimates of indexes of output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit

labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries,

1964 and 1972-75 ............................................................................... 20

Appendixes:

A. Sources and m eth o d s.................................................................................21

B. Reference tables ........................................................................................27

C. Selected references.................................................................................... 72

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Introduction

For many years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has provided comparative measures 

of labor statistics for the United States and other industrialized countries to shed 

light on U.S. economic performance relative to these countries. The principal measures developed cover productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs, as 

well as labor force, employment, and unemployment.

With regard to productivity, comparative trends in output per hour in the manufacturing sector are compiled and published annually for the United States and 11 

other industrialized countries. These are time series generally starting with 1950 and 

expressed in index form (1967=100). Because of its principal interest in labor costs 

and the greater availability of current labor input data, the Bureau has directed its 

attention to measures of output per unit of labor input, i.e., labor productivity 

measures. In addition, the Bureau prepares corresponding hourly compensation and 

unit labor cost indexes to indicate the relationship between productivity movements 

and cost movements in the various countries.

The all-manufacturing measures are limited to trend comparisons, i.e., intercountry series of productivity and cost changes over time, rather than level comparisons, because of the difficulties involved in developing an adequate and comprehensive set of intercountry measures of absolute levels of productivity and because of 

the need to have current information on changes in relative performance of the 

countries. The requirements for developing a suitable set of level comparisons generally preclude the possibility of deriving current measures.

In comparing productivity levels, the data needs are rigorous, because any inconsistency is likely to be reflected fully in the relative level measure. Therefore, it is 

extremely important that data on output and input within each country be carefully 

matched and that coverage and definitions be closely aligned between countries. In 

addition, when making bilateral comparisons, it is desirable to use weighting systems 

from both countries wherever possible.

In comparing trend measures, some data inconsistencies can be tolerated because 

their effects are not likely to alter the comparative trends appreciably. This is so 

especially where a consistent error is carried within a series over a period of years.

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Concepts and Methods

The BLS indexes of manufacturing output per hour, hourly compensation, and 

unit labor costs in 12 countries are derived from available country sources of data. 

Comparisons are necessarily limited because statistical concepts and methods in each 

country are fashioned to meet domestic needs rather than international needs. In 

some cases, a country’s data can be adjusted, if necessary, to achieve greater consistency with other countries’ series. More often, however, it is only possible to point 

out the main inconsistencies. Inconsistencies can arise from differing definitions or 

concepts, and from differing methods of compiling data among countries. For instance, it cannot be taken for granted that each country means precisely the same 

thing when using such common terms as manufacturing, or production, or employee, 

or hours, or compensation. Denmark, for example, excludes handicraft work from its 

manufacturing classification. Other countries have regarded certain repair work, such 

as auto repair or shoe repair, as manufacturing production.

In deriving these measures the Bureau has confronted many of the conceptual 

problems and data limitations that are inherent in international comparisons, and it 

has developed some accommodations that satisfy practical needs, at least, if not all 

theoretical conditions.

The output component of the measures refers to constant value gross product 

originating or value added in all countries.1 The data are from the national accounts 

for all countries except Japan and Switzerland. The methods used to compile the real 

output measures, however, differ considerably among the 12 countries.

The United States, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Sweden measure the trend in 

real output by using some variant of a deflated value measure, involving deflation of 

both material input values and output values by appropriate price indexes. In the 

other countries, the estimation procedure involves some form of extrapolation of 

base-year value added, using deflated values, quantity indicators, or a mixture of the 

two. Canada and France extrapolate both inputs and outputs, and the remaining 

countries generally use gross output indicators only. In addition, the weighting structure, the frequency of revision, the use of proxy measures, and the method of 

linking with earlier series vary considerably. An indication of the problems with 

present measures of manufacturing output can be found in the magnitude of revisions that have been made from time to time in several countries, including the 

United States.

1 A description of the measures for each country is presented in appendix A to this report.

Another indication is that, in the eight countries that have more than one production 

series, the differences between series are often substantial.

Employment customarily means wage and salary employment, excluding the sellemployed and unpaid family workers. However, a preferable concept would cover all 

persons engaged in manufacturing. For the United States and Canada, the labor input 

measure pertains to all persons. For Switzerland, the data cover wage earners only, 

and for the other countries, the data apply to employees only, because of a dearth of 

information about other employed persons. Also, the employment data for one 

country (Germany) do not cover persons in establishments of less than 10 workers.

Total hours data represent “hours worked” for most of the countries but “hours 

paid” for the United States and Switzerland. The preferred measure is hours worked, 

rather than hours paid for. Hours worked are also described as hours at work or plant 

hours. The Bureau has explored the problems of developing a series on hours worked 

in the United States, but it may be a long time before such a change can be made.

Estimates of total hours generally must be made without information on the 

number of hours worked by salaried employees.

The concept of compensation presents difficulties that involve both the source of 

payment and the purpose of payment. The Bureau’s general view is that compensation (labor cost) should cover all employer expenditures that are ordinarily allocated 

to labor. Included would be direct pay in cash or in kind, before any deductions, and 

all payments into funds for the benefit of employees. Because of measurement 

difficulties, certain costs of hiring and retaining an effective work force, such as 

recruitment and training costs, subsidies for lunchrooms and similar plant facilities, 

and plant medical and welfare services, are not included. On ther other hand, certain 

payroll-related taxes that are not of direct benefit to employees have been included. 

Examples are the 5-percent payroll tax that applied in France until December 1968 

and the British Selective Employment Tax (SET) that was introduced in 1966 and 

discontinued several years later. Employee benefits that are not derived directly from 

employers or from employer-financed funds are not included as compensation. An 

example is the value of benefits received from the British National Health System, 

which is financed out of general public revenues.

Data on total compensation are available from national accounts for nine of the 

countries studied. For France, Belgium, and Switzerland, estimates are constructed 

from data on average earnings, average compensation, employment, and average 

hours.

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What the Data Show

As indicated earlier, the Bureau’s series for most of the countries begin with the 

year 1950. However, principal attention has been given to the period from 1960 to 

the present. The decade of the 1950’s was an important period of reconstruction and 

growth, but it was a period of transition in several respects. For many of the countries, the post-World War II phase of restoration and rebuilding of capital facilities 

lasted well into the 1950’s, the worldwide dollar shortage tended to dominate international economic decisions, and many restrictions on the movement of goods and 

supplies were still in effect. Consequently, the productivity and cost experience of 

the period is no longer very pertinent to current international conditions. Also, the 

data systems for all of the countries were less refined than they have become, so that 

measures of productivity and labor costs during the 1950’s may be less reliable than 

recent measures.

Productivity

Looking at the results over the past 15 years, output per hour in manufacturing 

has risen at an annual rate between 4 percent and 7 percent for most countries. The 

conspicuous exceptions are the United States, which shows an average rise of less 

than 3 percent per year, and Japan, where the average rate has been over 9 percent 

per year. Within Europe, the smaller nations have shown a much better performance 

than the larger countries. The European countries included here showing the most 

vigorous gains since 1960 have been Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and Sweden. 

Similarly, in North America, the smaller economy, Canada, has shown the higher rate 

of productivity gain.

The productivity gains in each of the countries reflected different output and 

input movements. In North America and Japan, manufacturing output rose more 

than productivity so that the productivity gains were associated with labor input 

increases. In most European countries, however, the pattern was reversed; average 

productivity gain over the entire period 1960-75 exceeded output growth, reflecting 

a general decline in total hours. The exceptions were France and Italy, where average 

output gains slightly exceeded productivity gains. The relationship between trends in 

productivity, output, and hours is shown graphically in chart 1. The changes over the

past 15 years are summarized in table 1. Supporting details are shown in appendix 

tables B-l through B-17.

Within the period, there were marked changes in the relative productivity growth 

rates both within and among the countries. During the first 5 years—from 1960 to 

1965—although most countries showed productivity increases averaging from 4 to 7 

percent per year, the United States had a substantially higher rate than it did for the 

entire period and was much more in line with the rates for most of the other 

countries (table 2).

Japan led in productivity growth during the early years as it did throughout the 

entire period, but the difference between its rate and that of other countries during 

the first 5 years was not as great as it was to become. On the other hand, Switzerland

Table 1. Output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing: Average

annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75

(Percent)

Country Output per

hour Output Hours

United States ........................................................... 2.7 3.8 1.1

Canada ..................................................................... 4.0 5.7 1.6

Japan ........................................................................ 9.7 11.2 1.4

B elgium ..................................................................... 7.0 6.1 -.8

Denmark .................................................................. 7.2 5.7 -1.4

France ........................................................................ 5.6 6.0 .4

Germany .................................................................. 5.7 5.0 -.7

It a ly ............................................................................ 6.2 6.4 .2

Netherlands.............................................................. 7.1 5.8 -1.2

Sweden ..................................................................... 6.6 5.2 -1.4

Switzerland .............................................................. 5.1 4.1 -.9

United Kingdom........................................................ 3.8 2.7 -1.1

N O T E : The percent changes are com puted fro m the least squares trend of the logarithm s of

the index numbers.

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(1960=100; ratio scale)

Chart 1. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75

— Output per hour

— Output

— Hours

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Chart 1. Indexes of output per hour, output, and hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

ITALY SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM

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Table 2. Output per hour in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change,

12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75

(Percent)

Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75

United States ........................................................ 2.7 4.9 1.4 1.8

Canada ..................................................................... 4.0 4.5 4.5 2.7

Japan ..................................................................... 9.7 8.5 13.4 5.4

Belgium .................................................................. 7.0 4.8 8.0 7.6

Denmark.................................................................. 7.2 5.4 8.7 6.8

France ..................................................................... 5.6 5.2 6.7 3.4

Germany.................................................................. 5.7 6.4 5.6 5.4

I t a l y ......................................................................... 6.2 6.8 5.3 6.0

Netherlands ............................................................ 7.1 5.0 8.7 5.8

Sweden .................................................................. 6.6 7.1 7.6 5.0

Switzerland ............................................................ 5.1 2.3 6.7 3.5

United Kingdom..................................................... 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.1

NOTE: The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of

the index numbers.

experienced very modest productivity growth during the period, substantially lower 

than all the countries examined.

During 1965-70 some pronounced changes took place. Japan’s rate of increase 

rose to the remarkable level of 13.4 percent per year, and four other countries 

showed gains of over 7 percent per year. In the United States, however, the average 

fell to 1.4 percent per year. Altogether, 8 of the 12 countries equalled or exceeded 

their rates of gain in the previous period.

In the most recent 5-year period, 1970-75, the situation reversed itself to a great 

extent. All but two of the countries showed a slower rate of gain in productivity than 

in the previous 5 years. Most noteworthy was the change for Japan, which dropped 

from a 13.4-percent to a 5.4-percent rate of gain, still a very substantial rate of 

productivity improvement. Only the United States and Italy were able to improve 

upon their 1965-70 performance, but the United States continued to show the 

slowest rate (1.8 percent) among all the countries.

It is difficult to ascertain the sources of the differences in productivity growth 

among the countries, particularly at the manufacturing level. It is also difficult to 

separate the short-term cyclical effects on productivity change from the longer term 

factors. BLS has not attempted to do this. It would appear, however, that the 

decelerations which occurred in most countries in recent years were strongly influenced by the greater severity of the recent recessions. The years between 1960 and 

1970 were remarkably free of serious industrial recession, judging from trends in 

manufacturing output. In most countries there was a mild slowdown in growth 

during 1966-67 and a sharper slowdown during 1970-71, but few countries showed 

actual output declines during either period. It was not until the recent widespread

recession of 1974 and 1975 that sharp declines in output occurred in most countries 

and were accompanied by productivity declines in most cases.

Labor costs

Productivity movements can be viewed in conjunction with changes in hourly 

compensation in order to understand the implications for unit labor cost changes 

among countries.

The average rate of gain in employee compensation in manufacturing has accelerated in almost all countries since the early 1960’s (table 3). In the latter half of the 

1960’s, 7 of the 12 countries showed a higher rate of gain in hourly compensation. 

During 1970-75, the rate of gain accelerated in all countries without exception. 

However, the countries that showed the lowest annual gain in compensation since 

1960 were also those that showed the least productivity gain (United States, United 

Kingdom, Canada, and Switzerland). Japan showed the highest rate of increase in 

average compensation and also in productivity.

In brief, the rate of change in compensation has accelerated since the 1960’s while 

the rate of productivity gain has slowed down. Consequently, unit labor costs have 

surged in recent years in close association with price increases.

The decade of the 1960’s was a period of relative cost stability, with manufacturing unit labor costs rising at annual rates ranging from 1.5 percent to 4 percent 

among the countries. An important shift occurred during the decade, however. The 

United States showed an average annual decline in costs of 1 percent during 1960-65,

Table 3. Hourly compensation in manufacturing: Average annual rates of change,

12 countries, 5-year periods, 1960-75

(Percent)

Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75

United States ........................................................ 5.6 3.5 6.1 8.0

Canada ..................................................................... 7.0 3.6 7.6 10.0

Japan ..................................................................... 15.6 13.2 15.3 20.7

Belgium .................................................................. 11.6 9.6 9.3 16.9

Denmark.................................................................. 12.2 9.6 12.5 15.5

France..................................................................... 10.4 9.2 9.3 15.1

Germany.................................................................. 10.2 9.6 8.3 13.3

I t a l y ........................................................................ 13.3 13.6 9.4 22.1

Netherlands ........................................................... 13.0 11.3 12.0 16.0

Sweden .................................................................. 10.9 10.2 9.8 14.1

Switzerland ........................................................... 9.0 8.8 7.1 11.9

United Kingdom..................................................... 9.7 6.4 7.6 16.4

N O T E : Th e percent changes are com puted fro m the least squares trends o f the logarithm s o f

the index num bers.

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Table 4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values:

Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75

(Percent)

Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75

United States ........................................................ 2.9 -1.3 4.6 6.1

Canada ..................................................................... 2.8 -.9 3.0 7.1

Japan ..................................................................... 5.4 4.3 1.7 14.5

Belgium .................................................................. 4.2 4.6 1.2 8.7

Denmark........................................................ . . . 4.6 4.0 3.5 8.1

France ..................................................................... 4.5 3.8 2.4 11.4

Germany.................................................................. 4.2 3.0 2.5 7.5

I t a l y ......................................................................... 6.7 6.3 3.8 15.2

Netherlands ........................................................... 5.5 5.9 3.0 -9.7

Sweden .................................................................. 4.0 3.0 2.1 8.7

Switzerland ........................................................... 3.8 6.3 .4 8.2

United Kingdom..................................................... 5.7 2.2 3.7 12.9

NOTE: The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of

the index numbers.

while Japan and most European countries showed increases averaging from 3 percent 

to 6 percent (table 4). During 1965-70, the situation reversed as U.S. unit labor costs 

rose at a 4.6-percent annual rate while the rate was below 4 percent for all other 

countries. Then, in 1970-75, unit labor costs rose explosively. The average annual 

increase in 1970-75 was higher than in 1965-70 for all 12 countries, ranging from 6 

percent for the United States up to about 15 percent for Japan and Italy.

For international comparisons, currency revaluation is an additional factor that 

influences the trend in unit labor costs. When trends in national units are converted 

to a U.S. dollar basis, the measures of increase in unit labor costs are more pronounced, especially in recent years (table 5). During the 1970-75 period, the exchange value of the U.S. dollar declined in relation to the currencies of nine of the 

other countries. Consequently, unit labor costs in those nine countries rose more 

sharply in U.S. dollar terms than in national currency terms. Only in Italy and the 

United Kingdom, where severe devaluations occurred in recent years, did unit labor 

costs on a dollar basis rise somewhat less than on a national currency basis.

Where there is relative stability in growth of hourly compensation, changes in unit 

labor costs display a close inverse relation to changes in output per hour. When 

changes in these two rates are charted, they tend to show a mirror image of each 

other. (See chart 2.) This is particularly true of the United States, Sweden, and, until 

recently, Canada. Where the changes in hourly compensation are more volatile or 

erratic, as in Italy, the inverse relationship between productivity and unit labor costs 

is less pronounced. Hourly compensation and unit labor costs show very similar 

movements in several countries, notably Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United 

Kingdom. These relationships illustrate the key role of productivity in holding down

unit costs and thereby reducing the inflationary pressures that can be generated by 

high wage increases.

Effects of shifts within countries

It is well known that labor productivity indexes based on real gross product and 

unweighted employee hours reflect the effects of shifts among industries with different net output per hour as well as movements in output per unit of labor input 

within component industries. In these measures, shifts in industry shares of output 

and input can affect productivity for manufacturing as a whole even in the absence 

of productivity growth in the component industries.

For some purposes an overall productivity index should reflect shifts over time in 

the importance of industries in addition to productivity changes within industries. 

For other purposes it should not. In any event, it is useful to explore how much of 

the total productivity change was a result of the contribution of each of these 

components; that is, to disaggregate the total change into the portion resulting from 

component industry productivity changes, the portion resulting from shifts in the 

mix, and the portion resulting from the interaction between productivity changes 

and changes in the mix.

Since productivity is the ratio of output to input, the relative importance of the 

industries can be defined in terms of either the numerator or the denominator. 

Consequently, the total productivity change can be partitioned into the contribution 

from shifts in the shares of industry output, industry productivity change, and

Table 5. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values:

Average annual rates of change, 12 countries, 1960-75

(Percent)

Country 1960-75 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75

United States ........................................................ 2.9 -1.3 4.6 6.1

Canada ..................................................................... 3.1 -3.0 3.5 7.8

Japan ..................................................................... 7.1 4.2 1.9 19.8

Belgium .................................................................. 6.1 4.7 1.1 16.1

Denmark.............................................. ................... 5.4 3.9 1.6 14.7

France ..................................................................... 4.8 3.8 .2 17.3

Germany.................................................................. 7.6 3.7 4.1 17.3

I t a l y ........................................................................ 6.7 6.2 3.8 14.0

Netherlands ........................................................... 7.7 6.7 3.0 18.6

Sweden .................................................................. 5.2 3.0 2.0 13.9

Switzerland ........................................................... 6.5 6.2 .5 20.3

United Kingdom..................................................... 4.0 2.1 -.3 11.2

N O T E : The percent changes are com puted fro m the least squares trend o f the logarithm s of

the index numbers.

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75

UNITED STATES

Percent

change

Output per hour

CANADA

Percent

change

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

JAPAN_________

Percent

1960 1965 1970 1975

BELGIUM

Percent

change

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

DENMARK

Percent

change

1960 1965 1970 1975

FRANCE

Percent

change

12 Output per hour r

8

• / \

4

0 i i V

-4

24 Unit labor costs

20 - / -

16 w / -

12 » /

8

- J

4

0 | S . / i — -

-4

24 Compensation per hour

20 — / \ -

16

12

8

4

0 ________ i _____________________ i___________________—

I960 1965 1970 1975

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

GERMANY

Percent

change

Percent

change

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

JffiXHERLANDS________________________________________________ JSMEDEN

Percent Percent

change change

12 Output per hour

- 12

Output per hour

8 8

4 4 ^ V N / A -

0 i i V 0 1 *

- 4 -4 *»

20 Unit labor costs

16 Unit labor costs

16

12

12

8

8

4

4

0 i \ / 1

0

- 4

- 4 - -

20 Compensation per hour

m - 20 Compensation per hour “■ «■

16 - A Y

16

12 . / \ / \ - S

12 m yr \ / «

8 8

4 4 -

0 ____________ i____________ _i_____________ _ 0 —___________ 1_____ _ __ ___ i__ ____ _____

1960 1965 1970 1975 I9 6 0 1965 1970 1975

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Chart 2. Changes in output per hour and labor costs in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1960-75— Continued

SWITZERLAND

Percent

change

UNITED KINGDOM

Percent

change

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interaction or into the contribution from shifts in the share of industry hours, 

industry productivity change, and this interaction.2

To estimate these separate effects, the Bureau assembled the necessary disaggregated output and input data for separate groups of industries within manufacturing 

for four countries—the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In 

order to obtain the desired detail, it was necessary to use some data sources other 

than those used for the all-manufacturing measures. The individual industry measures, therefore, and the resultant all-manufacturing totals should be considered as 

preliminary estimates compiled primarily for purposes of analyzing the effect of 

shifts in output or hours.

For the United States, unpublished output data for the U.S. two-digit Standard 

Industrial Classification industry groups were available from the national accounts. 

These output figures are entirely consistent with the published all-manufacturing 

measure. The labor input figures by industry differ slightly, however, because they 

exclude the hours of self-employed persons. Data that match the published all-manufacturing measures were not available for the other three countries. For Germany, 

the necessary output figures were not available in sufficient detail from the national 

accounts so industrial production indexes were used. For the United Kingdom and 

Japan, it was necessary to substitute alternative measures of labor input.3 Consequently, the all-manufacturing productivity indexes constructed from data for the

2 The following formula was used to estimate the separate effects of shifts in the share of

industry hours, industry productivity change, and interaction:

APt = (AP, 1 - S1,. , ) + (AP, 2 • S2,. , ) + . . . + (APtn • Sn(_j)

(Productivity effect)

+ (AS, 1 • P1, . , ) + (ASt 2 • P2t. j ) + . . . + '(AP,n • Snt. j )

(Shift effect)

+ (AS, 1 • AP,1) + (AS, 2 • AP,2) + . . . + (AS," ° AP,n)

(Interaction effect)

where:

rt

ptn

St1

st"

t-1

A

is output per hour in all manufacturing in year t

is output per hour in the first industry group in year t

is output per hour in the nth industry group in year t

is the share of total manufacturing hours in the first industry group in year t

is the share of total manufacturing hours in the nth industry group in year t

refers to the value of a variable for the previous year

is a first difference operator:

APt denotes Pt — Pt l

ASt denotes St — St j

Table 6. Productivity change in manufacturing by source: Average annual rates,

4 countries, 1960-74

(Percent)

Country

Change in

output

per hour

Source of change Number

of

industry

groups

Productivity

change1

Shift

in

hours

Interaction:

productivity

and shift

United States.......................... 2.68 2.70 -0.02 -0.01 20

United Kingdom .................... 3.67 3.59 .08 -.01 17

G erm any................................. 5.69 5.71 -.01 -.01 33

Japan (1 9 6 0 -7 2 ).................... 9.46 9.30 .12 .03 17

1 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction.

NOTE: Components may not add to total because of rounding. Percent changes are a simple

average of year-to-year changes.

component industries differ from the published all-manufacturing measures. However, while there are some significant year-to-year differences in productivity movements, the constructed and published measures for each country show very similar 

rates of productivity change over the 1960-74 period (1960 to 1972 for Japan). 

Results of the shift analysis based on the constructed measures, therefore, probably 

also apply in general to the published all-manufacturing measures.

It would have been desirable to have separate industry data in as fine detail as 

possible and at the same time roughly comparable among the countries. However, 

such data are generally available only at the major industry group level. Moreover, 

since systems of industry classification are not identical from country to country, it 

is not possible to achieve precisely matched coverage even for some of the major 

industries. As a result, the Bureau used data .for different groupings of industries 

which comprise all manufacturing in each country.4

Table 6 shows the average annual rat§s of change in manufacturing labor productivity separated into the effects from shifts in the shares of industry hours, industry 

productivity change, and their interaction in each of these countries. Annual data for 

the four countries can be found in appendix tables B-18 through B-21. As can be 

readily seen, shifts in the importance of industries in terms of hours had virtually no 

impact on the total productivity change in most years. In each country, the few years

3 There are also some differences in the all-manufacturing output measures for the United

Kingdom and Japan. This is because a constant set of weights was used to combine the individual

manufacturing industries over the entire period for each country whereas the published all-manufacturing production indexes for both countries include shifts in the weights.

4For the United States, all manufacturing was divided into 20 industry groups; for the United

Kingdom, 17 groups; for Germany, 33 groups; and for Japan, 17 groups. For industry-by-industry comparisons, data for all four countries were combined into 15 industry groups.

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in which shifts in hours had any appreciable impact were usually recession years. In 

Germany, for example, the greatest effect was in 1974, where the contribution of 

shifts in hours was 0.7 percentage points to the total productivity change of 3.8 

percent. In the United States, large effects also took place in 1974 (with 0.3 percentage points and a total change of —3.9 percent) and in 1961 (w ith—0.3 percentage points and a total change of 2.4 percent). Both were recession years in the United 

States but the effects were in the opposite direction. The United Kingdom had a very 

substantial shift effect in 1 y e a r-1961—with 0.15 percentage points and a total 

change of -0.22 percent. In Japan, the effect of shifts in hours has been rather slight 

in relation to overall productivity gains. The greatest shift effect in Japan was 0.38 

percent in 1968, when the total productivity change was 12 percent.

For the period as a whole, however, in each country the productivity growth 

within industries was virtually the entire source of the overall productivity change. 

For the most part this was because in each country industries maintained almost the 

same proportions of total manufacturing hours over the entire period. In Germany, 

for example, with the exception of textile mill products, no industry’s share of total 

manufacturing hours changed by more than 2 percentage points, and even textiles 

changed by only 3 percentage points.

The industry group productivity changes, however, reflect the effects of shifts 

among the industries comprising the group. We were not able to extend the analysis 

for any of the countries except the United States, where we had available unpublished measures for 400 manufacturing industries on a gross output basis. The total 

shift effect based on this additional detail was increased but not appreciably.

With regard to the effects of output shifts on manufacturing productivity, for the 

period 1960-74 the results for the United States show a slight negative effect, 

amounting to —0.16 percent per year. For the United Kingdom, the effect of output 

shifts was negligible for the period. For Germany and Japan, however, the effects 

were substantial, amounting to 0.45 percent for Germany and 0.82 percent for Japan 

(1960-72).

Trends by manufacturing industry

As mentioned earlier, the productivity growth rates for manufacturing in the four 

countries are almost entirely a reflection of the productivity movements of the 

component industries. Table 7 summarizes these movements for the 1960-74 period 

for the 15 industry groups included; appendix tables B-22 through B-45 show annual 

data.

The results for the period show a low variance among rates of productivity change 

for individual industries in three of the countries. In other words, the industry rates 

cluster closely around the mean for all manufacturing. For the United States, the 

average annual increase for all manufacturing was 2.7 percent, and 14 of the 15 

industries showed gains within 2 percentage points of that average, i.e., between 0.7

Table 7. Productivity change in 15 manufacturing industries: Average annual

rates, 4 countries, 1960-74

(Percent)

U.S. SIC

number Industry United

States

United

Kingdom Germany Japan

(1960-72)

20-39 All manufacturing industries............... 2.7 4.1 5.8 9.8

20,21 Food and tobacco................................. 3.0 3.3 5.0 6.4

22 Textile mill products............................. 4.6 6.0 6.8 4.4

23,31 Apparel and leather goods.................... 2.9 3.7 4.4 3.5

24, 25 Lumber and furniture .......................... 3.8 3.6 6.7 14.2

26, 27 Paper and printing................................. 2.3 3.0 5.4 2 8.9

28 Chemicals and allied products............. 4.5 7.1 9.2 14.0

29 Petroleum and coal products............... 3.6 7.0 8.5 14.9

30, 39 Rubber and miscellaneous

manufactures..................................... 2.4 4.6 6.7 7.7

32 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete

products ............................................ 1.4 4.9 3 5.7 7.5

33 Primary metals........................................ 1.2 2.4 4 5.4 12.2

34 Fabricated metal products.................... 2.0 51.8 4.4 9.6

35 Machinery, except electrical ............... 1.7 6 4.2 7 2.8 11.8

36 Electrical equipment and supplies 5.0 5.4 6.5 12.3

37 Transportation equipment.................... 2.6 2.8 8 4.5 12.6

38 Instruments and related products 2.7 6.6 4.7 8.2

Standard deviation (unweighted)9 . . . . 1.134 1.641 1.607 3.533

1 Excludes furniture.

2 E x c lu d e s p rin tin g .

3 Includes quarrying.

4 Includes railroad and street cars.

5 Includes jewelry and precious metals.

6 Includes ordnance and small arms.

7 Includes locomotives.

8 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

9 For the United States, standard deviations weighted by output or by hours are about the

same as the unweighted; for the United Kingdom and Japan, weighted standard deviations are

lower; for Germany, the output-weighted standard deviation is higher than the unweighted.

NOTE: The percent changes are computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of

the index numbers. The standard deviations were computed from simple averages of the

unweighted industry rates of productivity change: 2.9 percent for the United States; 4.4 percent

for the United Kingdom; 5.8 percent for Germany; and 9.2 percent for Japan.

percent and 4.7 percent. Furthermore, 10 of the 15 industries were within 1 percentage point of the average. For the United Kingdom, the average was 4.1 percent, and 

11 of the 15 industries showed gains within 2 points of that average. Similarly, for 

Germany, the all-manufacturing average gain was 5.8 percent, and 12 of the 15 

industries gained within 2 points of that average.

For Japan, the outcome is noticeably different. Japan has six major industries that 

have been expanding rapidly since 1960—chemicals, petroleum refining, primary

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metals, machinery, electrical equipment, and transportation equipment. These industries, combined, accounted for 43 percent of Japan’s manufacturing output in 1960, 

rising to 60 percent of output by 1972. They each achieved productivity gains of 

over 12 percent per year, compared to a 9.8-percent average gain for all manufacturing. Most of the remaining industries had productivity gains well below 9 percent per 

year and accounted for a diminishing share of Japanese manufacturing output. Thus 

the pattern of Japanese productivity improvement does not resemble the cluster 

pattern found in the other three countries. The structure of Japan’s manufacturing 

output and productivity has undergone profound changes since 1960.

In general, in none of the countries can the overall rate of gain be attributed in 

large measure to an outstanding performance by just one or two industries.5 Nor can 

a relatively low overall rate, such as in the United States, be attributed to a laggard 

performance by one or two industries.

Although the variance in industry growth rates is low within most of the countries, there appears to be a similarity in the rankings of industry growth rates among 

countries. For example, chemicals, petroleum, and electrical manufacturing were 

among the six industries with the largest productivity gains in each country (table 8). 

On the other hand, primary metals, fabricated metals, machinery, food and tobacco, 

and paper and printing were among the industries with the smallest rates of gain in all 

or most cases. With very few exceptions, Japan shows the highest productivity gains 

in each industry, followed by Germany, then the United Kingdom, and finally the 

United States. Thus, the ranking of countries by productivity increase in all manufacturing holds true as well for individual industry groups.

Comparative productivity levels

A number of efforts have been made over the past 30 years to compare levels of 

output or productivity between major countries. Some have been highly aggregative 

in coverage, such as the studies undertaken for the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) by Milton Gilbert and Irving Kravis during the 1950’s. 

(See appendix C for these and other studies discussed below.) Other studies have 

been bilateral in nature.

Bilateral comparisons. An early bilateral comparison, covering U.S. and U.K. outputs, 

was conducted by Deborah Paige and Gottfried Bombach for the OEEC. The Eco5 The German chemical industry may offer an exception. This major industry has expanded

rapidly since 1960 and has shown an average productivity increase o f 9.2 percent per year,

compared to an all-manufacturing increase of 5.8 percent per year. It has been calculated that,

excluding the chemical industry, the rate of increase for all German manufacturing would have

been just 5.2 percent, so the influence of the chemical industry was to raise the all-manufacturing

rate by 0.6 percent.

Table 8. Ranking of 15 manufacturing industries by productivity change: Average

annual rates, 4 countries, 1960-74

U.S. SIC

number Industry United

States

United

Kingdom Germany Japan

(1960-72)

36 Electrical equipment and supplies 1 5 6 4

22 Textile mill products............................ 2 4 3 13

28 Chemicals and allied products............. 3 1 1 2

24, 25 Lumber and furniture .......................... 4 10 4 14

29 Petroleum and coal products............... 5 2 2 1

20, 21 Food and tobacco................................. 6 11 10 12

23, 31 Apparel and leather goods.................... 7 9 13 15

38 Instruments and related products 8 3 11 9

37 Transportation equipment.................... 9 13 12 3

30, 39 Rubber and miscellaneous

manufactures ................................... 10 7 5 10

26, 27 Paper and printing................................. 11 12 8 8

34 Fabricated metal products.................... 12 15 15 7

35 Machinery, except electrical ................ 13 8 14 6

32 Stone, clay, glass, and

concrete products............................. 14 6 7 11

33 Primary metals........................................ 15 14 9 5

nomic Commission for Europe (ECE) has contributed significantly as a sponsor of 

comparative studies among the European countries. More recently, E. C.West has 

conducted comparisons between U.S. and Canadian manufacturing and K. Yukizawa 

has conducted Japan-United States comparisons, also for manufacturing.

West’s study is based upon a comparison of output and employment in Canada 

and the United States during 1963. West calculated net output by double deflation 

for a sample of 30 three-digit manufacturing industries as reported in the Census of 

Manufactures for each country. In order to estimate relative levels for all manufacturing, he adjusted the Canadian employment data to account for head office employment and he added an adjustment to account for the nonsample industries. His 

results showed that Canadian output per manufacturing employee was 64.4 percent 

of the U.S. level, using Canadian price weights, or 68.5 percent using U.S. price 

weights.

In order to estimate relative levels for more recent years, BLS has made an 

adjustment to the West estimates to account for a slight difference in average hours 

worked between the two countries. Then the Canada-to-United States ratios were 

calculated for other years by using the BLS indexes of manufacturing output per 

hour for the two countries. The results for 1975, for example, show the ratio of 

Canadian to U.S. output per hour to be 76 percent, using Canadian weights, and 81 

percent, using U.S. weights. The BLS results, presented in table 9, correspons closely 

with similar estimates made by Professor D. J. Daly of York University, Downsview, 

Ontario.

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Table 9. Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Canada/United States,

1960-75

(U.S. = 100)

Ratio in percent

Item and year Canadian

price

weights

U.S.

price

weights

Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net output per employee, 19631 ...................... 64.4 68.5

Ratio, Canadian to U.S. average annual hours worked per

employee, 19632 ...................................................................................... 101.4 101.4

Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net ouxpui per hour worked, 1963 .................... 63.5 67.5

Ratio, Canadian to U.S. net output per hour3 :

1960..................................................................................................... 63.1 67.1

1961..................................................................................................... 65.0 69.1

1962..................................................................................................... 65.4 69.6

1963 ..................................................................................................... 63.5 67.5

1964................................................................................................. . . 62.9 66.9

1965..................................................................................................... 63.3 67.4

1966..................................... ............................................................... 64.2 68.3

1967..................................................................................................... 65.9 70.1

1968..................................................................................................... 68.2 72.6

1969..................................................................................................... 71.2 75.7

1970..................................................................................................... 72.6 77.3

1971.......................................................................................... .......... 73.4 78.1

1972.......................................................................................... .......... 72.1 76.7

1973 ..................................................................................................... 72.4 77.0

1974..................................................................................................... 75.2 80.0

1975 ..................................................................................................... 76.3 81.2

1 Ratio of Canadian to U.S. net output per employee in total manufacturing, as estimated by

E. C. West in C an ada-U nited States Price an d P ro d u ctiv ity D ifferences in M an u factu rin g

Industries, 1 9 6 3 ; Staff Study No. 32 prepared for the Economic Council of Canada, 1971, p. 26.

2 BLS estimate, calculated after reducing U.S. average paid hours by 7 percent in order to

compare with Canadian hours worked series.

3 Calculated from BLS index series on manufacturing output per hour in the two countries.

A somewhat similar bilateral comparison has been prepared by Professor Kenzo 

Yukizawa, covering productivity in Japanese and U.S. manufacturing. Yukizawa 

compared U.S. gross output per employee with Japanese gross output per employee 

for three time periods, 1958-59, 1963, and 1967, based mainly on physical quantity 

measures of output for a sampling of matched products. Yukizawa’s results for 1967 

show Japanese manufacturing output per employee to be 49 percent of the U.S. 

level, using Japanese price weights, and 58 percent using U.S. price weights. Daly 

points out that the results may show a higher Japan-to-United States ratio than 

would be shown if net output data were used. In addition, the comparisons are based 

on only 60 industries at approximately the 4-digit U.S. level of classification. The 

industry coverage in 1967 accounted for only 25 percent of U.S. gross value added 

and 32 percent of Japanese net value added in manufacturing, and for 21 percent of 

U.S. employment and 24 percent of Japanese employment in manufacturing. The

figures therefore are not necessarily representative of all manufacturing industries 

and appear to cover a higher proportion of relatively efficient industries in Japan 

than in the United States.

BLS has adjusted Yukizawa’s ratios to account for the difference in average hours 

worked between the two countries and has calculated the ratios for other years on 

the basis of its trend series on output per hour. These estimates for 1975 show a 

Japan-to-United States ratio of 65 percent, using Japanese price weights, and 76 

percent using U.S. price weights, (table 10).

Iron and steel industry. The BLS has undertaken some comparisons of productivity 

levels with the concentration on selected manufacturing industries. The principal 

effort has been to compare levels of productivity and labor costs in the iron and steel 

industry of five countries. The steel industry was selected for the first absolute 

measurement project because it ranks high among basic industries in terms of size, 

public interest, and availability and comparability of data. The initial report on iron 

and steel was issued in 1968, and indexes have been used to keep the comparisons up 

to date since that time. Just recently the Bureau has introduced more current weights 

and made other revisions in the data; the preliminary findings are presented here for 

the first time.

The BLS studies involve one serious technical problem—the weights—and numerous problems that arise from insufficient data or unmatched data. The weights in use 

until very recently were 1961 unit labor requirements for the industry in the United 

States, applied to the United States and each of the other countries. These are the 

same weights that have been used by the ECE in its steel productivity project. The 

Bureau has recently introduced later U.S. weights, for the year 1967, which were 

obtained mainly for the domestic measure of steel productivity. The shift from 1961 

to 1967 weights did not have an appreciable effect on the international comparisons 

of productivity levels. The results are about the same, using either set of weights. 

Nevertheless, the U.S. weights may be inadequate for use in international comparisons.

One reason for being cautious about the use of U.S. weights is that there has been 

a major expansion of the industry in most countries since 1967, accompanied by 

widespread introduction of steelmaking innovations that might alter unit labor requirements for certain products. A second reason is that the Bureau has weights from 

no other country to permit balanced international comparisons.

The absence of complete matching data on steel output and labor input for each 

country obliges the analyst to make a series of assumptions and extrapolations in 

order to bridge the data gaps. A few examples will illustrate the nature of the 

problem. The European data on pipe and tubing are reported in two categories, 

welded and seamless. The U.S. data system, on the other hand, covers seven categories of pipe and tubing, some with sharply different labor requirement weights. 

The European data on stainless steel give an overall tonnage figure but no product

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Table 10. Relative output per hour in manufacturing, Japan/United States,

1958-75

(U.S. = 100)

Ratio in percent

Item and year Japanese

price

weights

U.S.

price

weights

Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per employee1:

1958-592 ............................................................................................. 31.6 37.5

19583 ................................................................................................... 27.2 32.2

19593 ................................................................................................... 30.2 35.8

1963..................................................................................................... 34.0 39.7

1967...................................................................................................... 49.3 57.8

Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per hour worked4 :

1958...................................................................................................... 21.3 25.2

1959..................................................................................................... 23.8 28.1

1963 ...................................................................................................... 27.8 32.4

1967...................................................................................................... 41.0 48.1

Ratio, Japanese to U.S. output per hour worked5:

1958...................................................................................................... 21.6 25.3

1959...................................................................................................... 23.9 28.1

1960...................................................................................................... 27.4 32.1

1961...................................................................................................... 30.1 35.4

1962...................................................................................................... 30.0 35.3

1963...................................................................................................... 30.4 35.7

1964...................................................................................................... 32.7 38.4

1965...................................................................................................... 33.0 38.8

1966...................................................................................................... 35.8 42.0

1967 ...................................................................................................... 41.0 48.1

1968...................................................................................................... 44.6 52.3

1969...................................................................................................... 50.8 59.6

1970...................................................................................................... 57.5 67.5

1971...................................................................................................... 56.4 66.2

1972...................................................................................................... 58.0 68.0

1973 ...................................................................................................... 63.4 74.3

1974...................................................................................................... 67.1 78.7

1975...................................................................................................... 64.9 76.2

1 (Rates converted to U.S. = 100) from ratios of U.S. gross output per employee to Japanese

gross output per employee, as estimated by K. Yukizawa in Japanese and American Productivity:

An International Comparison of Physical Output Per Head’, Discussion Paper No. 087, Kyoto

Institute of Economic Research, March 1975, p. 17.

2 Ratio of Japanese gross output per employee in 1959 to U.S. gross output per employee in

1958.

3 BLS estimates based on indexes of U.S. and Japanese output and em ploym ent in the 2 years.

4 Based on BLS estimates of annual hours worked per employee in the tw o countries.

5Calculated from BLS index series on manufacturing output per hour in the tw o countries

linked in 1967 by the ratio of U.S. to Japanese output per hour worked.

N O TE: Comparison is based on 60 industries (59 in 1967) at approximately the 4-digit U.S.

level of classification.

detail; alloy and stainless tonnage are combined in the product listings. Yet the U.S. 

weights are vastly different between products of alloy and products of stainless steel. 

In Japan, there is substantial employment of contract labor in steelmaking activities, 

and the use of contract labor is said to vary from period to period. The Bureau has 

not been able to obtain adequate data on how many contract workers are employed 

or the number of hours or rates of pay for these workers. In each case it is obliged to 

estimate the output or inputs on the basis of inadequate information.

The initial results therefore contain a degree of uncertainty or variance that 

reaches beyond any normal amount of statistical discrepancy. The method of dealing 

with these uncertainties has been to present the results as ranges rather than single 

best estimates. The Bureau feels reasonably confident that a particular measure of 

productivity or labor cost falls within the given range, but it does not have the 

precise measure.

In brief, as indicated in table 11, the findings show some sharp contrasts among 

the five major countries studied. Preliminary estimates for 1975 show that productivity in the Japanese steel industry is above the U.S. level, ranging between 111 and 

132 percent of the United States. The German industry reached a level between 81 

and 90 percent of the United States. The French productivity level was about onehalf, and the British was less than one-half, the U.S. level.

It should be noted that 1975 was a recession year for the steel industry in all of 

the countries. Steel output dropped sharply in every country, but most acutely in 

France (table 12). Productivity showed virtually no change in Japan, but dropped 10 

to 11 percent in the United States and Germany, 14 percent in the United Kingdom, 

and 28 percent in France.

Estimates of grotvth in steel productivity illustrate very clearly the changes that 

have occurred since 1964. In the 10 years from 1964 to 1974, productivity in the 

steel industry increased at a rate of 3 percent per year in the United States, 2 percent 

per year in the United Kingdom, 5.6 percent per year in France, and 7 percent per 

year in Germany. The rate for Japan was 11 percent per year.

In order to develop better measures, however, a broader effort seems called for 

than BLS alone can offer. It is important to obtain weights from the other countries 

besides the United States. The ECE project of several years ago attempted to do this 

but was not successful. Also, improved matching of products could be achieved. To 

do this, however, closer collaboration on a bilateral basis among country statisticians 

is called for. Or a stronger coordinating effort by international organizations could be 

undertaken and perhaps would be more successful now because of the greater interest in productivity within nations.

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Table 11. Estimates of relative levels ot output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries, 1964 and 1972-75

(United States = 1 0 0 )

Year United Japan France Germany United Kingdom

States Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Output per hour

1964 ............................................................................................ 100 48 55 48 52 55 63 48 51

1972 ............................................................................................ 100 87 103 62 69 77 85 50 53

1973 ............................................................................................ 100 98 117 60 67 77 86 48 51

1974 ............................................................................................ 100 100 119 61 68 82 91 44 46

1975 ............................................................................................. 100 111 132 49 54 81 90 42 45

Hourly labor costs I1)

1964 ............................................................................................. 100 16 16 34 35 37 39 29 30

1972 ............................................................................................ 100 33 34 48 48 58 58 33 34

1973 ............................................................................................. 100 42 43 60 60 74 74 34 35

1974 ............................................................................................. 100 44 46 59 59 76 76 33 34

1975 ............................................................................................. 100 44 45 67 67 76 76 35 36

Unit labor costs i 1 )

1964 ............................................................................................. 100 29 33 66 72 60 70 57 61

1972 ............................................................................................. 100 32 39 69 77 68 76 62 67

1973 ............................................................................................. 100 36 44 89 100 86 96 66 71

1974 ............................................................................................. 100 37 46 87 97 84 93 72 78

1975 ............................................................................................. 100 33 41 124 138 84 93 79 86

1 Labor costs converted to U.S. dollars at the annual average exchange rate for each year.

N O TE: With the exception of a few items (wire and wire products are excluded for the

United Kingdom and wheels and axles are excluded for Germany), the estimates for 1964 and

1972 are based on the U.S. definition of the iron and steel industry. In addition, the output of

each c o u n try 's in d u s try has been a d ju s te d fo r d iffe re n c e s in p ro d u c t m ix am o n g c o u n trie s and

over time by weighting the component products of the iron and ste«*l industry with U.S. 1967

labor requirements (hours of labor required per ton of each product). The weights used are

cumulative, that is, for each ena product, they reflect all stages of production within the industry

from coke through the end products. No adjustments have been made for possible differences

among countries in the degree of vertical integration or the quality of steel produced. The results

are presented in ranges because of gaps in the data.

The estimates for 1973-75 were obtained by applying trend indexes for each

country—unadjusted for strict comparability among countries—to the 1972 relatives. While the

1973-75 output index for the United States is based on the 1967 labor requirements weights, the

output indexes for the other countries are based on the weights underlying their own production

indexes.

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Table 12. Estimates of indexes of output per hour, hourly labor costs, and unit labor costs in the iron and steel industry, 5 countries,

1964 and 1972-75

(1964 = 100)

Hourly labor costs Unit labor costs

Year

Output

per

hour

Based on

national

currency

values

Based on

U.S.

dollar

values1

Based on

national

currency

values

Based on

U.S.

dollar

values1

Output Hours

Total

labor

costs

United States

1964 ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1972 ..................................................................................... 120.7 161.2 161.2 133.5 133.5 107.2 88.8 143.2

1973 ..................................................................................... 133.1 173.4 173.4 130.3 130.3 127.6 95.9 166.3

1974 ..................................................................................... 134.2 202.1 202.1 150.6 150.6 127.5 95.0 192.0

1975 ..................................................................................... 120.2 238.3 238.3 198.2 198.2 96.5 80.3 191.4

Japan

1964 ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1972 ..................................................................................... 221.1 277.2 331.1 125.4 149.8 253.2 114.5 317.5

1973 ..................................................................................... 275.8 341.5 456.3 123.8 165.5 312.4 113.3 386.9

1974 ..................................................................................... 282.9 454.9 564.7 160.8 199.6 311.2 110.0 500.4

1975 ..................................................................................... 281.4 539.4 658.2 191.7 233.9 270.7 96.2 518.9

France

1964 ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1972 ..................................................................................... 159.2 231.6 225.0 145.5 141.4 130.0 81.7 180.1

1973 ..................................................................................... 169.0 272.6 301.1 161.2 178.1 137.7 81.5 222.0

1974 ..................................................................................... 173.0 341.3 348.0 197.3 201.2 147.2 85.1 290.4

1975 ..................................................................................... 124.1 408.4 467.5 329.2 376.8 98.1 79.1 322.9

Germany

1964 ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1972 ..................................................................................... 166.9 198.8 247.8 119.1 148.4 143.2 85.8 170.5

1973 ..................................................................................... 185.4 225.5 338.5 121.6 182.5 163.1 88.0 198.4

1974 ..................................................................................... 197.2 262.9 404.7 133.3 205.2 171.6 87.0 228.8

1975 .................................... ................................................ 175.8 295.1 477.8 167.9 271.9 134.0 76.2 225.0

United Kingdom

1964 ..................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1972 ..................................................................................... 126.4 205.5 184.0 162.6 145.6 94.4 74.7 153.5

1973 ..................................................................................... 134.1 231.3 203.1 172.5 151.4 105.1 78.4 181.3

1974 ..................................................................................... 122.0 277.7 232.7 227.5 190.7 93.5 76.7 212.8

1975 ..................................................................................... 105.5 366.0 291.2 346.8 276.0 78.6 74.5 272.6

1 Indexes in national currencies adjusted for changes in prevailing

exchange rates.

N O TE: With the exception of a few items, the indexes for 1964 and

1972 are based on the U.S. definition of the iron and steel industry. For

the four foreign countries, they are based on the m idpoint of minimum

and maximum estimates for each year. Indexes for 1973 to

1975—unadjusted for strict comparability among countries—have been

linked at 1974. See note to table 11.

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Appendix A. Sources and Methods

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiles and publishes indexes of output 

per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing for the United 

States .and 11 other industrial countries. The indexes are constructed from three 

aggregate measures—manufacturing output, total hours, and total compensation. For 

most countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification, but some countries depart from these 

definitions to one degree or another.

The output measures refer to constant value gross product originating or value 

added in all countries. The methods used to compile the real output measures, 

however, differ considerably among the 12 countries. In the United States, Belgium, 

Germany, Italy, and Sweden, the estimation procedure is wholly or primarily that of 

double deflation, that is, adjustment of both gross outputs and inputs to eliminate 

price change. In the other countries, the estimation procedure involves some form of 

extrapolation of base-year value added, using either quantity indicators or deflated 

values. Canada and France extrapolate both inputs and outputs while the other 

countries generally use gross output indicators.

The hours and compensation measures refer to all persons engaged in the United 

States and Canada, wage workers only in Switzerland, and to all employees in the 

other countries except Germany. For Germany, the compensation data refer to all 

employees including workers in the handicraft industries while the hours data exclude handicraft workers but include the self-employed. Hours refer to paid hours in 

the United States and Switzerland, hours worked for the other countries. Compensation includes all wages and salaries paid directly to employees plus employer expenditures for social insurance programs, and—for France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom-employment or payroll taxes that are not compensation to employees but are a 

labor cost to employers.

The definitions and data sources for the output, hours, and compensation measures used by the Bureau are outlined briefly for each country in this appendix. To 

simplify the discussion, only the long-term measures used from 1960 are covered. 

The statistical measures used for the years before 1960 and the statistical series used 

for recent year estimates—until the long-term measures are available—are not mentioned.

United States

Output Gross product originating in market prices in 1972 dollars. Obtained by 

deflation of product originating in current prices based on income statistics by means 

of implicit price deflators. Deflators computed using value added in current prices, 

based on production statistics, divided by value added in constant prices, estimated 

by deflation of the current-price data on both outputs and inputs by wholesale price 

indexes. Publication: Survey o f Current Business (U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C»)

Hours. Total hours paid of all persons engaged. Compiled by BLS as denominator for 

national productivity index. Based on employment for wage workers and salaried 

employees and average paid hours for wage workers from BLS monthly establishment survey covering all sizes of establishments; normally scheduled hours (unpublished data) from BLS biennial employee compensation survey; and number of selfemployed and average hours from BLS labor force sample survey of households. 

Publication: Employment and Earnings (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, Washington, D.C.).

Compensation Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted 

by BLS for estimated compensation of self-employed. Employee compensation compiled on the basis of data from unemployment insurance reports to estimate aggregate wages and salaries, and statistics from the Social Security Administration and 

other Government insurance agencies and from various tax and insurance reports for 

private plans to estimate employer insurance contributions. Compensation imputed 

for self-employed by assuming that hourly compensation of self-employed equals 

that of employees. Publication: Survey o f Current Business (U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C.).

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Canada

BLS uses productivity, hourly compensation, and unit labor cost data compiled 

by Input-Output Division, Statistics Canada. Publication: Aggregate Productivity

Measures, 1946-74 (Statistics Canada, Ottawa).

Output. Index of real domestic product at 1971 factor costs, linked at 1971 to index 

at 1961 factor costs, compiled as part of system of national accounts. Index computed monthly as well as annually, and for manufacturing and other industry, also 

called index of industrial production. Estimation procedure consists of extrapolation 

of base year value added. Value-added weights derived from detailed input-output 

tables for base years. Extrapolation primarily by means of volume indexes based on 

deflated current values. Both inputs and outputs deflated for over 80 percent of 

value added. Manufacturing census or annual survey provide current value data for 

annual indexes, other sources for monthly indexes and recent years. Industry selling 

price indexes are most frequently used deflators. Publications: Indexes o f Real Domestic Product by Industry or Canadian Statistical Review (Statistics Canada, 

Ottawa).

Hours. Total hours worked by all persons engaged. Compiled on basis of data on 

wage and salary worker employment and average hours worked by wage workers 

from Annual Census of Manufactures; average hours worked by salary workers, using 

paid hours from deflated Census salaries, adjusted to hours worked basis using hours 

structure data from Labour Cost Survey; number of self-employed based on working 

owners and partners series from Annual Census of Manufactures; and average hours 

worked by self-employed from Labour Force Survey.

Compensation. Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted 

for estimated compensation of self-employed. Employee compensation compiled on 

the basis of data from Annual Census of Manufactures for aggregate wages and 

salaries, and data from various supervisory agencies for employer contributions to 

pension and other insurance funds. Compensation imputed for self-employed by 

assuming that hourly compensation of self-employed equals that of employees.

Japan

Output. Index of industrial production, calculated using quantity indicators exclusively, combined with value-added weights for 1960, 1965, and 1970. Printing and 

publishing, wood furniture and fixtures, and ordnance and accessories not covered by 

index. Indicators measure directly 65 percent of value added in manufacturing industries covered. Monthly Current Production Survey of Ministry of International Trade 

and Industry provides most indicators of quantity. Base-year value added at factor

costs derived from Census of Manufactures and, for commodity weights, Current 

Production Survey. Index recalculated back for 2 years preceding new base year. 

1970-based index linked to 1965-based index at January 1968 and 1965-based index 

linked to 1960-based index at January 1963. Publications: Industry Statistics

Monthly (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo), or Monthly Statistics o f Japan and Japan Statistical Yearbook (Bureau of Statistics, Office of the 

Prime Minister, Tokyo).

Hours. BLS estimates of total hours worked by all employees based on employment 

data published with the national accounts and average monthly hours worked by 

regular employees from the Monthly Labour Survey. Employment computed by 

extrapolating manufacturing employment from the population census using data 

from the Labour Force Survey. Average monthly hours obtained from establishment 

sample survey and refer to all “regular” employees in establishments with five or 

more regular employees. Publications: Annual Report on National Income Statistics

(Economic Planning Agency, Economic Research Institute, Tokyo); Year Book o f

Labour Statistics (Ministry of Labour, Statistics and Information Department, 

Tokyo).

Compensation Total compensation of employees from Japanese national accounts. 

Compiled by estimating regular wages and salaries using average per capita wages and 

employment for various employee and establishment size groups, and estimating 

value of other pay, allowances, and employer social insurance expenditures. Average 

wages based on data from Monthly Labour Survey and Enterprise Welfare Facility 

Survey. Employment estimated from Population Census data extrapolated using 

Labour Force Survey data; 1966 Business Establishment Statistics for large firm 

employment, also extrapolated; and Monthly Labour Survey statistics. Other compensation estimated using Dwelling Statistics Survey data, for value of companysupplied housing, and various Government tax statistics. Publication: Annual Report

on National Income Statistics (Economic Planning Agency, Economic Research Institute, Tokyo).

Belgium

Output. Gross product originating at market prices in 1970 francs, obtained by 

double deflation of current-price value added. Data calculated using 1970 valueadded price weights linked at 1966 to data for previous years calculated using 1963 

value-added price weights. Estimating procedure consists of deflation of current price 

data on both outputs and inputs, these data having been used to compile estimates of 

value added in current prices. Publication: Bulletin de Statistique or Etudes Economiques (Institut National de Statistique, Brussels).

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Hours. BLS estimates of total hours worked by all employees. Calculated using 

employment statistics published with the national accounts and average hours 

worked of wage workers and of salary workers. Employment data compiled primarily 

on basis of social security statistics on covered wage and salary worker employment. 

Average hours worked of wage workers and average scheduled hours of salary 

workers obtained from semiannual survey of establishments with 10 or more 

employees, and benchmarked to annual hours worked for 1966 and 1969 obtained 

from the EEC harmonized labor cost survey of establishments with 50 or more 

employees. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the 

European Communities, Luxembourg) and lEconomie Beige (Ministere des Affaires 

Economiques, Direction Generale des Etudes et de la Documentation, Brussels); 

Annuaire Statistique de la Belgique (Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Institute 

National de Statistique, Brussels); Statistiques Sociales or Bulletin de Statistique

(Institut National de Statistique, Brussels); Labor Costs in Industry, Social Statistics 

series (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg).

Compensation. BLS estimates of total compensation of all employees. Compiled 

using total hours worked by wage workers and by salaried workers, explained in 

previous section, and estimates of average hourly compensation of wage workers and 

of salaried workers. Average hourly earnings of wage workers obtained from semiannual survey of establishments with 10 or more employees. Average hourly earnings 

of salary workers estimated by BLS using hourly earnings in 1966, 1969, and 1972 

obtained from the EEC harmonized labor cost survey extrapolated on the basis of 

earnings trend obtained from the index of contractual monthly salaries, converted to 

an hourly basis and adjusted for estimated wage drift. Earnings adjusted for additional compensation using primarily EEC labor cost survey data. Publications: Statistiques Sociales (Institut National de Statistique, Brussels); Labor Costs in Industry, 

Social Statistics series (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Revue du Travail (Ministere de L’Emploi et du Travail, Brussels).

Denmark

Danish statistics on manufacturing output, total hours, and compensation exclude 

manufacturing activities classified as handicrafts, including all firms with less than 6 

employees and certain manufacturing industries for which statistics do not correspond well with those available for other industry. Those manufacturing activities 

excluded accounted for approximately 20 percent of production value in manufacturing in 1966.

Output. Gross product originating at factor cost in 1955 kroner, obtained by extrapolation of base-year value added using single indicators—output volume indexes 

compiled from gross output values in current prices deflated by appropriate price

indexes. Publication: “Nationalregnskabsstatistik,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks Statistik, Copenhagen).

Hours. Total hours worked in manufacturing computed by BLS using wage and 

salary worker employment and total wage worker hours data from monthly establishment survey, benchmarked to data from annual census of manufacturing establishments employing six or more workers, both conducted by Danmarks Statistik. 

Homeworkers and persons working less than 15 hours per week excluded. Census 

statistics linked at 1965 and 1970 to account for sample revisions. Publication: 

“Industribeskaeftigelsen,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks Statistik, Copenhagen).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees, from Danish national accounts. 

Publication: “Nationalregnskabsstatistik,” in Statistiske Efterretninger (Danmarks 

Statistik, Copenhagen).

France

Output. Gross product originating in 1963 market prices from European Economic 

Community harmonized national accounts for 1960-70, and gross product originating including mining in 1970 market prices from French national accounts for 

later years. Estimation procedure involves extrapolation of output and inputs within 

the framework of detailed annual input-output tables. Extrapolation using quantity 

indicators. Publication: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg) and Rapport sur les Comptes de la Nation (Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, Institut national de la Statistique et des Etudes 

economiques (INSEE), Paris).

Hours. BLS estimate of total hours worked by all employees. Compiled using employment data published with national accounts and adjusted average scheduled 

hours of wage and salary workers. Employment estimates by INSEE based on population census, annual labor force survey, and quarterly establishment survey. Average 

scheduled hours obtained from the quarterly survey of establishments with 10 or 

more employees. Scheduled hours adjusted by BLS for changes in holiday and vacation leave and for time lost due to strikes, using information from various sources. 

Publications: National Accounts Yearbook (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg) and Rapport sur les Comptes de la Nation (INSEE, Paris); 

Bulletin Mensuel et Supplements des Statistiques du Travail (Ministere du Travail, 

Division de la Statistique, Paris).

Compensation. For 1960-65, total compensation of employees compiled by INSEE 

for EEC harmonized national accounts; for 1966 and later years, BLS estimates.

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Compensation in 1960-68 adjusted by BLS for 5-percent payroll tax for general 

government revenues. BLS estimates compiled on basis of total employment published with national accounts; annual employment structure survey data; average 

hourly earnings of wage workers obtained from semiannual surveys of establishments 

with 10 or more employees; average hours worked by wage workers computed using 

data sources and procedures cited in previous section; monthly earnings of salary 

workers obtained from same establishment survey as wage worker earnings; and 

additional compensation data from EEC labor cost surveys extrapolated to other 

years on the basis of other information. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook

(Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Statistiques du

Travail, selected supplements (Ministere du Travail, Division de la Statistique, Paris); 

Labor Costs in Industry, Social Statistics series (Statistical Office of the European 

Communities, Luxembourg).

Germany

Output Gross product originating - in market prices in 1962 marks, obtained by 

double deflation of current-price output and input data which are benchmarked to 

the 5-year census of manufactures and irregular craft censuses. Ratios of inputs to 

gross output are obtained from the censuses and from periodic cost structure surveys, 

and are assumed to be fixed between benchmark years. Constant-price value added 

estimated by deflating gross output by means of output price indexes and adjusting 

input ratios for changes in input prices. Publication: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, Konten und Standardtabellen (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden).

Hours. Computed by BLS using wage and salary worker and proprietor employment 

and wage worker average hours from Statistisches Bundesamfs Monthly Industry 

Report covering manufacturing enterprises, excluding licensed handicrafts, with 10 

and more employees.

Total hours exclude employees in handicrafts and small establishments and include the self-employed, while output includes licensed handicrafts and compensation covers all wage and salary workers including those in licensed handicrafts considered manufacturing activity. Preliminary calculations of handicraft worker hours by 

BLS indicate that this discrepancy has little effect on the productivity or hourly 

compensation trends over time, although it does affect some year-to-year changes. 

Publication: Industrie und Handwerk: Beschaftigung und Umsatz, Brennstoff- und

Energieversorgung (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees, from German national accounts 

for 1960-71. Beginning in 1972, BLS estimates of manufacturing wages and salaries 

plus employer social security contributions linked to natioanl accounts measure at

1971. Aggregate wages and salaries estimated by BLS on basis of wage, salary, and 

employment data for manufacturing excluding handicrafts from the Monthly Industry Report. Wages and salaries adjusted for changes in employer social insurance 

contributions using employee compensation data for the total economy from the 

German national accounts. Publications: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, 

Konten und Standardtabellen (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden); Industrie und

Handwerk: Beschaftigung und Umsatz, Brennstoff- und Energieversorgung (Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden).

Italy

Output. Gross product originating at factor costs in 1963 lire, and for years since 

1970, gross product originating, including mining but excluding energy products, at 

market prices in 1970 lire, linked to manufacturing series. Constant price estimates 

obtained by deflating current price data on both gross output and inputs, these data 

having been used to compile the estimates of value added by industry in current 

prices. Publication: Annuario di Contabilita Nazionale (Institute Centrale di Statistica, Rome).

Hours. Total hours worked by manufacturing employees, estimated by BLS using 

data on total employment and average hours worked by production workers. Beginning in 1965, employment data are from a quarterly survey of establishments with 

10 or more employees conducted by the Ministry of Labor and National Insurance, 

benchmarked to April all-establishment employment estimates made by the Ministry 

for the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Statistics on the number of 

permanent employees (employees working more than 32 hours per week) from the 

quarterly labor force survey are used for the years betore 1965 and are linked to the 

establishment-survey-based data at 1965. Average hours worked by production 

workers are also obtained form the quarterly establishment survey. Publications: 

Rassegna di Statistiche del Lavoro (Servizio Italiano Publicazioni Internazionali, 

Rome); Social Statistics (Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Bollettino Mensile di Statistica, August 1966 supplement (Instituto Centrale 

di Statistica, Rome).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees from Italian national accounts, 

including mining but excluding energy products from 1970. The Bureau does not 

have information concerning details of the estimation procedure. Publication: Annuario di Contabilita Nazional (Instituto Centrale di Statistica, Rome).

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Netherlands

Output. Gross product originating at market prices in 1963 guilders for 1961-69; 

index of industrial production for 1970 and later years. Real value added compiled 

within the framework of detailed input-output tables. Preferred method of estimation-extrapolation of base-year value added using single indicators of quantities of 

gross output. Double deflation of gross output and inputs used for a few industries. 

Index of industrial production calculated using data on quantities produced, deflated 

values of deliveries, quantities of materials used, and other estimates, combined with 

1970 factor cost value-added weights. Publications: National Accounts Yearbook

(Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg); Maandschrift (Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague).

Hours. Total hours worked by all employees, estimated by BLS using data on 

(1) number of employees (in man-years) from Dutch national accounts; and (2) average weekly scheduled hours including overtime of wage and salaried workers in 

industry, obtained from a semiannual survey of earnings and hours in establishments 

with 10 or more employees, and adjusted by BLS for changes in holiday, vacation, 

and personal leave. Published employment statistics are adjusted by BLS, beginning 

in 1970, to exclude employment in natural gas and oil extraction. Publications: 

Nationale Rekiningen (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague); Sociale

Maandstatistiek and Jaarcifers (Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees from Dutch national accounts. 

Published compensation adjusted by BLS, beginning in 1970, to exclude compensation in natural gas and oil extraction. Publication: Nationale Rekeningen (Central 

Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague).

Sweden

Output. Gross product originating in 1968 market prices. Constant-price estimates 

calculated by separately deflating data on gross output and inputs used to compile 

current price estimates of value added. Current-price data obtained from comprehensive annual industrial surveys. Real gross output estimated using both quantity indicators and price deflation. For inputs, current values deflated by fixed-weight price 

indexes.

Hours. Aggregate hours worked by employees, from Swedish national accounts. Employment data from the quinquennial Census of Population and Housing are adjusted 

to labor force survey concepts, and extrapolated for other years. Extrapolation of 

employment and estimating of average hours based on data from the annual survey

of manufactures and labor force survey. Publication: Nationalrakenskaper (Statistiska Centralbyran, Stockholm).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees from Swedish national accounts. 

Compensation adjusted by BLS for an employment tax for general Government 

revenues introduced in 1969. Publication: Nationalrakenskaper (Statistiska Centralbyran, Stockholm).

Switzerland

Output. Index of industrial production, calculated using quantity indicators primarily, combined using gross value-added weights. Handicrafts and manufacture of 

transport equipment, musical instruments, and jewelry not covered by index. Indicators used are quantities produced, quantities of materials used, volume of exports, 

and deflated value of sales, which together measure 85 percent of value added in the 

manufacturing industries covered. Gross value added in 1964 market prices used to 

combine the indexes for 1964 and later years; gross value added in 1958 market 

prices used to combine the indexes for 1958 to 1963. Publication: La Vie Economique (Departement Federal de L’Economie Publique, Berne).

Hours. Total paid hours of wage workers in manufacturing, excluding handicrafts, 

computed by BLS using data on wage worker employment and average weekly paid 

hours from quarterly reports of industrial establishments subject to the “Federal Act 

respecting work in industry, handicrafts, and commerce” (Labor Act). The reports 

cover one-third of the establishments subject to the act and two-thirds of all wage 

workers engaged in manufacturing. Publication: Yearbook o f Labour Statistics (International Labour Office, Geneva).

Compensation. Total compensation of wage workers, calculated by BLS using data 

on (1) average hourly earnings, obtained from an annual October earnings survey 

covering establishments employing approximately 85 percent of all workers engaged 

in manufacturing; (2) additional compensation, estimated by the Swiss Employers’ 

Confederation; and (3) total paid hours. Publications: La Vie Economique (Departement Federal de L’Economie Publique, Berne); and Wages and Total Labour Costs

for Workers, International Survey (Swedish Employers’ Confederation, Research Department, Stockholm).

United Kingdom

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Output. Index of real output at 1970 factor costs from the British national accounts 

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cator extrapolation of base-year value added. Indicator most frequently used is deflated value of sales or deliveries. 1970 value-added weights, derived from inputoutput table compiled using 1968 and 1970 Census of Production data, used to 

combine index since 1968; other weight bases are 1958 and 1963. At time of each 

earlier rebasing, estimates of real output revised to take account of Census of Production data. Long-term index linked using coefficients derived from 3-year overlaps. 

Index for whole period recalculated on 1968 SIC. Publication: National Income and

Expenditure or Monthly Digest o f Statistics (Central Statistical Office, London).

Hours. Total hours worked by manufacturing employees, estimated by BLS using 

data on total employment, published with the national accounts, and average weekly 

hours worked by production workers. Employment figures based on census of production coverage and definitions. Average hours are estimated by applying the 

monthly index of average weekly hours worked by operatives to 1968 annual hours 

worked by all employees from the 1968 labor cost survey of manufacturing enterprises in Great Britain with 25 or more employees. Publications: National Income

and Expenditure (Central Statistical Office, London); Labour Costs in Great Britain,

1968 (Department of Employment, London); Department o f Employment Gazette

and British Labour Statistics Year Book (Department of Employment, London).

Compensation. Total compensation of employees from national accounts, adjusted 

by BLS for net premiums from the selective employment tax (SET) introduced in 

1966. Compensation compiled using data on (1) aggregate wages and salaries, obtained primarily from periodic Census of Production statistics, extrapolated to nonsurvey years using annual data on numbers employed and average wages and salaries; 

and (2) employer expenditures for pay in kind and social insurance programs, estimated on the basis of Government tax statistics, Department of Employment labor 

cost survey results, and Government surveys of pension programs. Publication: National Income and Expenditure (Central Statistical Office, London).

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Appendix B. Reference Tables

Page

B-l. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 ..................... 29

B-2. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 . . . 30

B-3. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency

values, 12 countries, 1950-75 31

B-4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values, 12

countries, 1950-75 32

B-5. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75 33

B-6. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, United States, 1950-75 ........................................................ 34

B-7. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Canada, 1950-75 35

B-8. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Japan, 1950-75 .................................................................... 36

B-9. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Belgium, 1960-75 37

B-10. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Denmark, 1950-75 ................................................................ 38

B-l 1. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, France, 1950-75 .................................................................... 39

B-l2. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Germany, 1950-75 ................................................................ 40

B-l3. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Italy, 1950-75 41

B-l4. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Netherlands, 1950-75 42

B-l5. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Sweden, 1950-75 43

B-16. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Switzerland, 1960-75 44

B-17. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, United Kingdom, 1950-75 45

Page

B-l 8. Productivity change in manufacturing by source, United States,

1960-74 46

B-l9. Productivity change in manufacturing by source, United Kingdom,

1960-74 46

B-20. Productivity change in manufacturing by source, Germany,

1960-74 47

B-21. Productivity change in manufacturing by source, Japan, 1960-72 . . . 47

United States

B-22. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 48

B-23 Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 49

B-24 Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 50

B-25. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 51

B-26. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 52

B-27. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 53

United Kingdom

B-28. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 54

B-29. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 55

B-30. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 56

B-31. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 57

B-32. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 58

B-33. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 . 59

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Page Page

Germany

B-34. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 60

B-35. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 ................................. 61

B-36. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 ......................................... 62

B-37. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 63

B-38. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-74 64

B-39. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-74 . 65

Japan

B-40. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 66

B-41. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 67

B-42. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 68

B-43. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-72 69

B-44. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries,

1960-72 70

B-45. Percent distribution, 15 manufacturing industries, 1960-72 71

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(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

Table B-1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75

YEAE

UNITED

STATES CANADA JA FAN

BELGIUM

DENMARK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

NETHERLANDS SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

UNITED

KINGDOM

1950 ...... 64.9 51. 9 21.4 0.0 50.3 43.9 36 .6 36.5 42.9 45.0 0. 0 61.9

1951 ...... 67.0 54.0 26.8 0.0 50.9 46. 2 37.7 40.7 44.4 46.3 0.0 62 .5

1952 ...... 68.2 55. 5 28.2 0. C 50.5 47 .7 41 .2 42.3 45. 5 46.2 0. 0 59.9

1953 ...... 69.4 57 .4 32.0 0.0 51.2 50. 2 44.2 44.1 49.1 48.7 0.0 62.7

1954 ...... 70.5 59. 8 34. 3 0.0 53 .4 51 .6 46 .0 46.6 51.0 48.7 0. 0 64.8

1955 ...... 74.0 63.8 36.0 0.0 54.8 54. 2 48.9 51.1 53.6 48.3 0.0 66.9

1956 ...... 73.5 66. 5 38.4 0.0 56 .3 57.7 50.2 54.4 56. 8 52. 4 0. 0 66.9

1957 ...... 75.0 66 .9 41.9 0.0 58. 4 58. 6 54.6 56. 5 59.0 55.1 0.0 68.5

1958 ...... 74.6 69. 2 39. 2 0.0 60.4 60.9 57 .4 58.5 60.3 57.6 0. 0 69.7

1959 ...... 78.1 73.0 45.6 0.0 64. 5 65. 3 62.0 62.9 64.7 61.1 77.7 72 .5

I960 ...... 78.8 75. 5 52. 6 70.5 66 .6 68.7 66 .4 65.1 68. 1 63.1 80. 4 76.8

1961 ...... 80.7 79.6 59.3 71.7 70.4 71.9 70.0 67.4 71.9 66.1 80.5 77.4

1962 ...... 84. 5 83. 9 61.9 76.7 74.0 75 .2 74 .4 74.1 73.8 7 1.0 79.9 79.3

1963 ...... 90.4 87.1 67.1 79.3 76. 4 79.7 78.4 76.5 75.7 75.1 82.2 83.6

1964 ...... 95. 2 90. 9 75. 9 84.1 82 .6 83 .7 84 .5 81.5 82.9 8 1.9 85. 8 89.7

1965 ...... 98.2 94 .4 79.1 88.0 86.7 88. 5 90.4 91.6 87.8 88.5 90.5 92.4

1966 ....... 99.7 97. 2 87. 1 94.2 91 .1 94 .7 94 .0 96.0 93.1 9 2.1 95. 2 9 5.7

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 .C 100.0 100.0

1968 ...... 103. 6 107. 3 112. 6 109.1 109.8 111.4 107 .6 108.4 110.9 110.1 105. 2 10 6.9

1969 ...... 1 04 .9 113.3 130 .0 118.6 120.3 115. 4 113.8 112.2 120.5 118.3 116.1 108.4

1970 ...... 104. 5 115. 2 146. 5 129.2 129.3 121 .2 116.6 117.8 132.2 124.5 125. 5 109. 1

1 S 71 ...... 110.3 122.9 151.7 136.3 138.8 127. 5 122. 5 123.5 140.6 128.0 131.3 114.3

1972 ...... 116, 0 126. 9 163. 9 152.6 150.7 135 .9 130.3 132.9 152.0 137.9 137.9 121. 2

1973 ...... 119.4 131.1 184.3 164.2 159.8 142.2 138.6 147.8 163.9 147.4 147.7 127.9

1974 ...... 114. 7 131. 0 187. 5 174.0 166 .9 146.1 145 .6 155.5 173.3 154.7 150.7 127. 1

1975p ..... 114.9 133.1 181.7 183.3 180.8 139. 8 150.4 150.7 169.9 154.7 144. 8 125.4

p = preliminary.

NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed,

and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and

all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.

29

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-2. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEA B

UNITED

STATES CANADA JAPAN

BELGIUM

DENMARK FRANCE1 GERMANY ITALY

NETHERLANDS SWEEIN1

SWITZERLANDONI TED

KINGDOM1

1950 ...... 45.0 39. 3 17. 7 0.0 26.6 21.6 24.# 25.8 22.7 23.1 f.O 33.6

1951...... 49. 5 44.5 22.6 0.0 29.5 27.7 27.6 28.3 25. 1 27.0 0. 0 36.5

1952 ...... 52.7 48.9 26. 1 0.0 32.0 , 32. 1 29.6 3®.5 26.7 31.7 ®.® 4®.®

1952 ...... 55.7 51.3 27.4 0.0 33 .0 33.0 31.0 32.5 27.5 33. 5 0. 0 42.0

1954...... 58.2 54. 2 30. 1 0.0 34.5 34.9 32.® 33.9 3®.2 34.3 ®.« 44.4

1955 ...... 60.4 55.9 31.5 0.0 36.3 37.6 34.2 37.0 33.0 36.6 0.0 47.6

1956 ...... 64.3 58.9 32.8 0.0 39.0 40.5 36.9 40.3 36.6 3 9.3 0.® 51.7

1957 ...... 68.1 62.9 34.4 0.0 41 .3 43.6 41.3 42.5 40.7 42.0 0. 0 55.0

1958 ...... 71.1 66.1 3 5. 1 0. 0 43.2 48.7 44.8 45.5 42.4 45.2 0.9 58.6

1959 ...... 74.0 68.7 39.1 0.0 46.2 51.8 48.6 47.1 4 3. 4 47. 2 54. 4 60.4

I960 ...... 77.0 72.2 43. 1 52.5 49.2 56.0 54.3 49. 5 46.6 50.8 57.1 64.5

1961...... 79.3 74. 1 50.2 55.6 55.2 61.6 60.6 52.5 53. 3 55.7 62. 2 69.5

1962 ...... 82.5 76. 3 57.3 59. 8 60.5 67,. 8 68.5 61.5 56.7 62 .2 68.1 73.1

1963 ...... 85.1 79.0 64.0 66.2 65.7 74.9 73.2 73.2 62.2 68.7 74. 3 76.5

1 9 6 4...... 88.9 82.0 71.9 74. 2 71.1 80.5 78.9 82.3 72.1 74.9 80.5 8 2.0

1965 ...... 90.9 86.1 81.0 82.3 78.9 86.7 86 .7 89.0 80.5 82. 5 86. 6 89.7

1966 ...... 95.2 92.9 89. 3 91.4 89.6 92.4 94.5 91.4 90.0 90.2 94.1 97.2

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

1968 ...... 107.0 107. 3 116. 3 106. 3 111.2 113.3 105.9 107.2 110.4 109.2 105.2 107.2

1969 ...... 114.0 115.3 137.9 116.2 124.1 120.0 115 .5 117.6 124.4 119. 5 112. 2 115.8

1970 ...... 121.7 124. 3 164. 2 130. 9 145.0 134.7 133.0 141.1 143.8 131 .9 124.7 132.8

1 5 7 1...... 129.8 133.1 190.2 149.7 157.2 150.6 151.5 165.9 163.8 148. 2 141. 1 151.7

1572 ...... 137.0 142.6 219.5 173.8 176. 1 168.4 169.4 189.2 188.0 168 .6 157.4 170.3

1973 ...... 147.0 155.2 267.9 199.0 203 .4 190.0 191.8 237.6 220. 2 185. 5 177. 9 193.7

1974 ...... 161.7 174. 4 352.2 240.4 244.9 231.2 221.9 297.3 261.8 217.2 201.4 230.0

197 5 p ..... 179.8 203.0 406.3 286.9 295.3 272.5 247 .6 383.2 297. 4 259. 3 216. 0 291.8

1 Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation

to employees, but are labor costs to employers,

p = preliminary.

NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed,

and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and

all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.

30

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-3. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on national currency values, 12 countries, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967= 100)

YE AB

UNITED

STATES CANADA JAPAN

BELGIUMDENMABK FBANCE GEFMANY ITALYNETHERLANDS SWEDENSWITZERLAND

UNITED

KI NGDCM

1 9 E C ...... 69.4 75.8 82.7 0.0 52.8 49.2 65.7 70. 7 52.9 51.3 0.0 54.3

1 9 5 1 ...... 73.9 82.4 8 4. 5 0.0 57.8 60.0 73.4 69.5 56.6 58.3 0.0 58.4

19 5 2 ...... 77.3 88.1 92.7 0.0 63.4 67.2 71.7 72. 0 58.6 68.7 0.0 66.8

1953 ...... 80. 2 89.4 8 5. 5 0.0 64.5 65.8 70.2 73.7 56.0 68.7 0.0 67.0

1 9 5 4............... 82.5 90.5 87.6 0.0 64.6 67.6 69.6 72. 8 59.2 70.3 0.0 68.5

1955 ...... 81.6 87.6 87. 4 0.0 66.2 69.3 69.9 72.4 61.6 74.1 0.0 71.2

1956 ...... 87.5 88.6 85.4 0.0 69.2 70.1 73.6 74. 0 64. 5 75.1 0.0 77.3

1957 ...... 90.8 93.9 8 2. 2 0.0 70.8 74.4 75.6 75.3 68.9 76.2 0.0 80.3

1956 ...... 95.4 95.6 89.6 0.0 71.5 80.0 78. 1 77. 8 70.3 78.4 0.0 84.1

1959 ...... 94.8 94. 1 8 5. 6 0.0 71.6 79.2 78.4 74.8 67.0 77.2 70. 1 83.3

1960 ...... 97.7 95.6 82.0 74.5 73.8 81.4 81.8 76. 1 68.4 80.6 71.0 84.0

1 9 6 1 ...... 98.3 93.0 8 4. 5 77. 6 78.4 85.7 86.5 78.0 74.1 84.2 77,3 89.8

1962 ...... 97.7 90.9 92.5 78.0 81.7 90. 1 92.0 82. 9 76.8 87.6 85.3 92.2

1963 ...... 94.2 90.7 9 5. 4 83. 4 86.0 94.0 S3.3 95.7 82.2 91.5 90.5 91.5

196 U ...... 93.4 90.2 94.8 88.2 86 .0 96.2 93. 3 101.0 87.0 91.4 93. 8 91.4

1965 ...... 92.6 91.3 10 2. 3 93. 5 91,0 98.0 95.8 97.2 91.7 93.2 95.6 97.1

1966 ...... 95.4 95.6 102.5 97.0 98 .4 97.5 100.5 95. 2 96.6 97.9 98.9 101.6

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1C0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1968 ...... 103.3 99.9 103.4 97.4 101.3 101.7 98. 5 98. 9 99.6 99.2 100.0 100.2

1969 ...... 108.7 101.7 106. 1 97. 9 103.2 104.0 1C1.4 104.8 103.3 101.0 96.7 106.8

1970 ...... 116. 5 107.9 112.1 101.4 112.2 111.1 114.0 119. 8 108.8 105.9 99.4 121.7

1 9 7 1 ...... 117.6 108. 3 125. 4 109. 8 113.3 118.2 123.7 134.3 116.5 114.8 107.4 132.6

1972 ...... 118.1 112.3 134.0 113.9 116.8 123.9 130.0 142. 4 123.7 122.2 114.2 140.5

1973 ...... 123.2 118.4 145. 4 121. 2 127.3 133.6 138.4 160.8 134.4 125.8 120.4 151.4

1 9 7 4 ...... 140.9 133.1 187.8 138.1 146.7 158.3 152.4 191.2 151. 1 140.4 133. 7 180.9

1S75p ..... 156.4 152.6 223. 5 156. 5 163.3 195.0 164.6 254.2 175.0 167.6 149.2 232.7

p = preliminary.

NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed,

and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and

all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.

31

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-4. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, based on U.S. dollar values, 12 countries, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 - 100)

YEAH

UNITED

STATES CANADA JA EAN

BELGIUMDENMABK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

NETHERLANDS SWEDEN

SWITZERLANDUNITED

KINGDOM

1950 ................... 6 9 . a 7 4 . 8 83.2 0.0 53.4 69.2 62.4 70.6 50.0 51.2 0.0 5 5 . 2

1951 ................... 73.9 84.4 85.0 0.0 58.5 84.3 € 9.7 6 9 . 4 5 3 . 5 58.2 0.0 59.4

1952 .................. 7 7 . 3 97 . 0 93.3 0.0 64.2 94.5 € 8 . 2 71 .9 55.6 68.5 0.0 67.8

1953 ................... 80.2 98.0 86.1 0.0 65.3 92 .5 66.8 7 3 . 6 5 3 . 1 6 8 . 5 0.0 68.6

195 a ............... 8 2 . 5 100 . 3 88 . 1 0.0 65.3 94.9 66.1 72.7 56.3 7 0 .2 0.0 70.0

1955 ................... 81 . 6 95.8 87.9 0.0 66.9 97.4 66.2 72 . 3 5 8 . 2 7 4 . C o . c 72.3

1956 ................... 8 7 . 5 9 7 . 1 85.9 0.0 70.0 98.5 69.7 73.9 60.6 74.9 o,.o 78.6

1957 .................. 90.8 105.7 82.7 0.0 71.5 87.0 71.7 7 5 . 2 65.0 7 6 . C 0.0 81 . 5

1958 .................. 9 5 . 4 106 . 2 90 . 1 o . c 7 2 . 3 81 . 7 74.2 77.8 66.9 7 8.2 0.0 85.9

1959 ................... 94.8 105.8 86.1 0.0 72.5 7 9.5 74.7 7 5 . 2 64.0 77.0 70.2 85.1

1960 ................... 97.7 106 . 3 82 . 5 7 a . 2 7 a . 7 81 .7 78.1 76.5 65.4 80 .5 7 1 . 1 8 5.7

1961 .................. 98.3 99.1 84.8 77.3 79.2 85.9 85.9 7 8 . 3 73.6 84.1 77.4 91.4

1962 .................. 97.7 9 1 . 8 92.8 77.S 82.6 90.5 91.7 83.4 76.8 87.7 8 5 . 4 9 4 . 1

1963 ................... 94.2 90.7 95.6 83.1 87.0 94.3 93.3 96 . 1 8 2 . 2 9 1 . C 90.6 93.1

196 a ............... 9 3 . 4 9 0 . 2 94 . 8 88.1 86.8 96.6 93.6 1 01 . 0 86.9 9 1.6 9 3.9 9 2.8

1965 ................... 92 . 6 91.3 102.5 93.6 91.8 98.3 95.7 9 7 . 1 9 1 . 8 93.3 95.6 98.7

1966 ................... 9 5 . 4 95 . 7 102 . 4 96.8 99.5 97.6 100.2 95.1 96.2 97.8 98 . 9 10 3. 1

1967 .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . C 100.0 100.0

1968 ................... 103 . 3 100 . 1 103 . 8 96.9 101.5 101.1 98.3 99.0 99.1 99.1 100 . 3 87 . 2

1969 ................... 1 08.7 101.9 107.2 97.0 95.8 98.8 103 . 1 104 . 3 102.7 100.8 97.1 92.8

1970 ................... 116.5 111 . 5 113.3 101.5 i c a . a 98.9 124.6 119.2 108.4 105.4 99.7 10 6.0

1971 ................... 117.6 115.7 130.7 112 . a 106.8 105.5 141.8 135 . 6 120 . 3 116.1 113.1 117.9

1972 ................... 118 . 1 122 . 3 160 . 1 128.5 117.3 120.8 1 €2 . 5 152.2 138.9 132.6 129 . 5 127.7

1973 ................... 123.2 127.7 194.3 155.2 i a 7.6 148.1 208.3 172 . 5 174 . 1 149.2 165.2 134.9

1974 .................. 140.9 146 . 9 233.4 176.5 168 . a 162.0 235.2 183.4 202.8 163.6 194.9 153.9

1975 p ................ 156.4 161.8 272.9 211.9 198.8 224.1 267.3 243 . 2 249 . 8 208.9 2 5 C . 2 187.9

p = preliminary

NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners, the self-employed,

and unpaid family workers) in the United States and Canada, wage earners in Switzerland, and

all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries.

32

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-5. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEA B

UNITED

STATES CANADA JAPAN

BELGIUM

DENMARK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

NETHERLANDS SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

UNITED

KINGDOM

1950 ...... 51 .7 41. a 8.6 0.0 45.0 37. 6 26.9 26.4 36.4 44.3 0.0 60.9

19 5 1 ...... 57.5 44.9 12.1 0.0 45 .4 41 .2 30.9 30.2 38.0 47.2 0. 0 63.3

1952 ...... 59.3 46.6 13.1 0.0 43.2 41.9 35.1 31.4 38.0 46.0 0.0 60.1

1953 ...... 63. a 50.0 16.2 0.0 44.8 43.1 39.1 34.0 42.0 47.0 0.0 64.4

1 9 5 4...... 58.9 48.9 17.8 0.0 48.5 45.0 43.5 37. 5 45.9 49.1 0.0 67.9

1 9 5 5...... 65.3 53.6 19.2 0.0 49.4 47.7 50.7 40.9 49.9 51.3 0.0 72.2

1956 ...... 65.7 58.6 23.7 0.0 50.1 52.2 54.4 44.1 53.8 54.0 0.0 72.0

1957 ...... 66. 1 58.5 28.1 0.0 53 .1 55.2 57.9 47.0 56. 2 56.8 0.0 73.7

1958 ...... 60.3 57.4 27.6 0.0 55.3 57. 1 60.3 48.0 56.2 58.0 0.0 72.9

1959 ...... 67.2 61.6 33.5 0.0 62.0 59.5 65 .5 53.3 61.8 61. 2 68. 5 77.2

1960 ___ _ . . 67.7 62.7 42.0 69.6 68.5 64. 5 73.5 60.2 68.9 65.9 74.8 83.4

1 9 6 1...... 67.4 65.2 50.3 72.7 72.2 68.7 78.7 66.3 71.3 70.4 80.0 83.5

1962 ...... 73.3 71.3 54.6 78.4 78.4 73.3 82.3 73.4 74.8 75.8 83.5 83.7

1963 ...... 79.1 76.1 61.0 82.3 79.4 79.1 84.9 78.2 77.6 79. 5 87.0 86.7

1 9 6 4 ...... 84.9 83.4 70,8 89.8 88.7 84.9 92.5 79.2 85.4 87.2 91.3 94.8

1965 ...... 92.5 91.0 73.5 93.2 94.6 88.4 100.3 83.3 91.3 94.0 93. 9 97.6

1966 ...... 100.0 97.4 83. 3 98.6 96.5 95. 8 102.3 91.0 96.2 96.7 96.5 99.3

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

1968 ...... 105.6 106.7 115.4 107.2 107.0 106. 4 111.5 109.3 109.5 106.1 104.3 106.8

1969 ...... 108.7 114.4 134.3 119.7 120.7 116.2 124.8 116.4 120. 1 114. 2 114. 8 110.9

1 9 7 C ...... 102.6 112.9 152.9 131. 3 127.7 123. 7 132.2 125.6 129.5 122.1 123.5 111 .4

1 9 7 1...... 103.9 119.6 157.0 136.6 132 .2 13 0.6 134 .7 126.0 134.6 122.0 127. 0 110.9

1972 ...... 113.6 127.5 168.7 148. 3 142.5 138. 8 138.8 131.1 138.5 124.7 129.6 114.0

1973 ...... 123.2 137.8 195.4 158.8 148.2 146 .6 147.9 145.3 145.6 132.8 136.5 123.5

197a ..... 116.8 141.7 189.3 165.6 152.7 150. 1 146.9 154.4 148.9 140.3 138.3 120.0

1975p ..... 106.3 134.8 168.3 149.0 142.0 136 .7 137.1 139.4 138.5 137. 1 118.3 112.9

p = preliminary.

33

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-6. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing,

United States, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTEOT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PEB

HOUR

HOUEIY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

NATICNAL

CURRENCY

B A S I S

u . s .

EOILAE

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

COLLAR

BASIS

1950 ...... .51 .7 79.6 35.8 64. 9 45.0 45. 0 69.4 69.4

1 9 5 1 ...... 57.5 85.7 42.5 67.0 49.5 49.5 73. 9 73.9

1952 ...... 59.3 87.0 45* 9 68. 2 52.7 52.7 77.3 77.3

1953 ...... 63.4 91.4 5C.9 69.4 55.7 55.7 80. 2 80. 2

1 9 5 4 ...... 58.9 83.5 48.6 70. 5 58.2 58.2 82.5 82.5

1 9 5 5 ...... 65.3 88.1 53.3 74.0 60.4 60.4 81. 6 81. 6

1956 ...... 65.7 89.4 57.5 73. 5 64.3 €4. 3 87.5 87.5

1957 ...... 66.1 88.1 6C.0 75.0 68.1 68. 1 90.8 90. 8

1958 ...... 60.3 80.9 57.5 74.6 71.1 71.1 95.4 95.4

1959 ...... 67.2 86.0 63.7 78.1 74.0 74.0 94. 8 94. 8

1960 ...... 67.7 85.9 66.1 78. 8 77.0 77.0 97.7 97.7

1 9 6 1 ...... 67.4 83.5 66.3 8C.7 79.3 79.3 98. 3 98.3

1962 ...... 73.3 86.8 71.6 84. 5 82. 5 82. 5 97.7 97.7

1963 ...... 79. 1 87.6 74.5 90.4 85.1 85. 1 94. 2 94. 2

1964 ...... 84.9 89.2 79.3 9 5. 2 88w 9 88.9 93.4 93.4

1965 ...... 92.5 94.3 85.7 98.2 90 .9 90.9 92. 6 92.6

1966 ...... 100.0 100.3 95.4 99. 7 95.2 95.2 95.4 95.4

1967 ...... 100.0 100. 0 1CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1968 ...... 105.6 101.9 109.1 103. 6 107.0 107.0 103.3 103.3

1969 ...... 108.7 103. 7 118.2 104.9 114 .0 114.0 108.7 108.7

1 9 7 C ...... 102.6 98.2 119.5 10 4. 5 121.7 121.7 116.5 116.5

1971 ...... 103.9 94. 2 122.3 11C.3 129 .8 129.8 117.6 117.6

1972 ...... 113.6 98.0 134.2 115.0 137.0 137.0 118.1 118.1

1973 ...... 123.2 103. 2 151.8 119.4 147.0 147.0 123.2 123.2

1974 ...... 116.8 101.8 164.6 114. 7 161.7 161.7 140.9 140.9

1 9 7 5 p ..... 106.3 92. 5 166.3 114.9 179 .8 179.8 156.4 156.4

p = preliminary.

34

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-7. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Canada, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PER

HOUR

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT' LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL SATE1

CURRENCY

EASIS

U.S,

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1950 ...... 41 •4 79.6 31.3 51.9 39.3 38. 8 75. 8 74. 8 98.7

1 9 5 1 ...... 44.S 83. 2 37.0 54.0 44.5 45. 6 82. 4 84. 4 10 2.4

1952 ...... 46.6 84.0 41.1 55. 5 48. 9 53. 9 88. 1 97. 0 11 0.2

1953 ...... 50.0 87. 1 44.7 57.4 51 .3 56. 3 89. 4 98. 0 109.7

195*1...... 48.9 81.6 44.2 59.8 54.2 60. 0 90. c 100. 3 110.8

1955 ...... 53.6 84. 0 47.0 63.8 55 .9 61. 2 87. 6 95. 8 109.4

1956 ...... 58.6 88.2 52.0 66. 5 58.9 64. 6 88. 6 97. 1 109.6

1957 ...... 58.5 87. 4 55.0 66.9 62 .9 70. 7 93. 9 105. 7 112.5

1956 ...... 57.4 83.0 54.9 69. 2 66. 1 73. 5 95. 6 106. 2 111.2

1959 ...... 61.6 84. 4 58.0 73. C 68.7 77. 2 94. 1 105. 8 112.5

1960 ...... 62.7 83.0 59.9 75. 5 72.2 80. 3 95. 6 106. 3 111 .3

1 9 6 1 ...... 65.2 81. 9 60.7 79.6 74.1 78. 9 93. 0 99. 1 106.5

1962 ...... 71.3 85.0 64.8 83.9 76.3 77. 0 90. 9 91. 8 100.9

1963 ...... 76.1 87. 4 65.1 87.1 79 .0 79. 0 90. 7 90. 7 100.0

1 9 6 4 ...... 83.4 91.7 75.3 90. 9 82.0 82. 0 90. 2 90. 2 100.0

1965 ...... 91.0 96.4 83.0 94.4 86.1 86. 2 91. 3 91. 3 100. 1

1966 ...... 97.4 100.2 93.1 97. 2 92.9 93. 0 95. 6 95. 7 100.1

1967 ...... 100.0 100. 0 1CO.O 1 00.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0

1968 ...... 106.7 99.4 106.7 107. 3 107.3 107. 4 99. 9 100. 1 100.1

1969 ...... 114.4 101. 0 116.4 113.3 115.3 115. 5 101. 7 10 1.9 100. 2

1 9 7 0 ...... 112.9 98.0 121.8 115. 2 124.3 128. 5 107. 9 111. 5 103 .4

1 9 7 1 ...... 119.6 97.3 129.5 122.9 133.1 142. 2 108. 3 115. 7 10 6.8

1972 ...... 127.5 100.4 143.2 126.9 142.6 155. 3 112. Z 122. 3 108.9

1973 ...... 137.8 105. 1 163.1 131.1 155 .2 167. 4 118. 4 127. 7 10 7,. 9

1 9 7 4 ...... 141 .7 108.2 188.6 131.0 174.4 192. 4 133. 1 146. 9 11 0.3

1975 ...... 134.8 101. 3 2C5.6 133.1 203.0 215. 3 152. 6 161. 8 10 6. 1

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

35

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-8. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Japan, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YE AB OUTPUT HOURS

COBFENSAT ION

OUTPUT

PER

HOUR

HOUFIY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL BATE1

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S,

DCILAB

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U,S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1 9 5 C ...... 8.6 40.0 7.1 21. 4 17.7 17. 8 82.7 83. 2 100.6

1 9 5 1 ...... 12.1 45.2 1C.2 26.8 22.6 22.8 84. 5 85. 0 100.6

1952 ...... 13.1 46.4 12.1 28. 2 26. 1 26.3 92.7 93. 3 100.6

1953 ...... 16.2 50. 5 13.8 32.0 27.4 27.6 85.5 86. 1 100.6

1 9 5 4 ...... 17.8 51.7 15.5 34. 3 30. 1 30.2 87.6 88. 1 100.6

1955 ...... 19.2 53. 3 16.8 36.0 31 .5 31.7 87.4 87. 9 100.6

1956 ...... 23.7 61.7 20.3 38. 4 32.8 33.0 85.4 85. 9 100.6

1957 ...... 28.1 67. 1 23.1 41.9 34.4 34.7 82.2 82. 7 100.6

1958 ...... 27.6 70.5 24.7 39. 2 35. 1 35.3 89.6 90. 1 100.6

1959 ...... 33.5 73. 3 28.6 45.6 39.1 39.3 85.6 86. 1 100.6

1960 ...... 42.0 80.0 34.5 52. 6 43.1 43. 4 82.0 82. 5 100.6

1 9 6 1 ...... 50.3 84. 8 42.5 59.3 50.2 50.3 84.5 84. 8 100.3

1 9 6 ? ...... 54.6 88.1 50.5 61. 9 57.3 57. 5 92.5 92. 8 100.4

1963 ...... 61.0 91. 0 56.2 67.1 64 .0 64.1 95.4 95. 6 100.2

1 9 6 4 ...... 70.8 93.2 67.1 75. 9 71.9 72.0 94.8 94. 3 100.0

1965 ...... 73. 5 93. 0 75.3 79.1 81 .0 81.1 102. 3 102. 5 100.2

1966 ...... 83.3 95.7 85.4 87. 1 89.3 89.2 102.5 102. a 99.9

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 1CC.0 10C.C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0

1968 ...... 115.4 102.6 119.3 112. 6 116.3 116.9 103.4 103. 8 100.4

1969 ...... 134. 3 103. 3 142.4 130.0 137.9 139.3 106.1 107. 2 101. 1

1970 ...... 152.9 104.4 171.4 146. 5 164.2 166.0 112.1 113. 3 101.1

1 9 7 1 ...... 157.0 103. 5 196.9 151.7 190.2 198.2 125.4 130. 7 10 4. 2

1972 ...... 168.7 102.9 225.9 163.9 219.5 262.3 134.0 160. 1 119.5

1973 ...... 195. 4 106. 0 284.1 184.3 267.9 358.2 145.4 194. 3 133.7

1 9 7 4 ...... 189.3 101.0 355.6 187. 5 352.2 437.6 187.8 233. a 124.2

1975P...... 168. 3 92.6 376.3 181.7 406 .3 495.9 223.5 27 2.9 122. 1

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

36

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-9. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Belgium, 1960-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

FEB

HOUR

HOUBIY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL RATE1

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S,

DOLLAB

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

EOLLAB

BASIS

1 9 6 C ...... 6 9„ 6 98.7 51.8 70. 5 52.5 52.3 74.5 74.2 99.6

1961 ...... 72.7 101. 4 56.4 71.7 55.6 55.4 77.6 77.3 99.6

1962 ...... 78.(1 102.2 61.2 76.7 59.8 59.7 78.0 77.9 99.8

1963 ...... 82.3 103. 8 68.7 79.3 66 .2 65.9 83.4 83. 1 99.6

196(1...... 89.8 106.7 79.2 8 4. 1 74.2 74. 1 88.2 88.1 99.9

1965 ...... 93.2 105. 8 87.1 88.0 82.3 82.4 93.5 93.6 100.1

1966 ...... 98.6 104.7 95.7 94. 2 91.4 91. 1 97.0 96.8 99.7

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 1CC.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1968 ...... 107.2 98.2 104.4 109. 1 106.3 105.7 97.4 96.9 99.5

1969 ...... 119.7 100. 9 117.2 118.6 116.2 115.1 97.9 97.0 99. 1

1 S 7 0 ...... 131 .3 101.7 133.1 129. 2 130.9 131.0 101.4 101.5 100.1

1 9 7 1 ...... 136. 6 100.2 15C.0 136.3 149.7 153.2 109.8 112.4 10 2.4

1972 ...... 148.3 97.2 168.9 152. 6 173.8 196. 2 113.9 128.5 112.9

1973 ...... 158. 8 96. 8 192.6 164.2 199.0 254.8 121.2 155.2 128.0

1 9 7 4 ...... 165.6 95.1 228.7 174.0 240. 4 307. 1 138.1 176.5 127.8

1975 p...... 149.0 81.3 233.2 183.3 286.9 388.5 156.5 211.9 135.4

'Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

37

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-10. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Denmark, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PER

HOUR

HCUBIY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL BATE1

CURRENCY

EASIS

u,s.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1950 ...... 45.0 89.4 23.7 50.3 26.6 26.9 52. 6 53.4 101.2

1951 ...... 45.4 89. 1 26.3 50. 9 29.5 29.8 57.8 58.5 101.2

1952 ...... 43.2 • 85.6 27.4 50.5 32.0 32. 4 63. 4 64.2 101.2

1953 ...... 44. 8 87.4 28.9 51.2 33.C 33.4 64.5 65.3 101.2

1954 ...... 48.5 90.9 31.4 53.4 34.5 34.9 64.6 65.3 101.1

1955 ...... 49.4 90.2 32.7 54. 8 36.3 36.7 66.2 66.9 101. 1

1956 ...... 50.1 88.9 34.7 56.3 39.0 39. 4 69.2 70.0 101.1

1957 ...... 53. 1 91.0 37.6 58.4 41.3 41.8 70.8 71.5 101.1

1958 ...... 55.3 91.6 39.6 60.4 43.2 43. 7 71.5 72.3 101.1

1959 ...... 62.0 96. 1 44. 4 64. 5 46.2 46.8 71.6 72.5 101.3

1960 ...... 68.5 102.8 5C.5 66.6 49.2 49. 8 73.8 74.7 101.3

1961 ...... 72.2 10 2.5 56.6 70. 4 55.2 55.8 78.4 79.2 101.1

1962 ...... 78.4 105.9 64.0 74.0 60.5 61. 2 81.7 82.6 101.2

1963 ...... 79.4 103.9 68.3 7 6. 4 65.7 66.5 86.0 87.0 101.1

19 6 4 ...... 88.7 107.4 76.3 82.6 71. 1 71. 7 86.0 86.8 100.9

1965 ...... 94.6 109.d 86.0 86. 7 78.9 79.6 91.0 91.8 100.9

1966 ...... 96.5 106.0 95.0 91.1 89.6 90. 6 98. 4 99.5 101.0

1967 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 9 6 6 ...... 107.0 97.4 108.4 109.8 111.2 111. 5 101.3 101.5 100.3

1969 ...... 120.7 100. 3 124. 5 120. 3 124.1 115.2 103.2 95.8 92.8

1970 ...... 127.7 98.8 143.2 129.3 145.0 135.0 112.2 104.4 93.1

1971 ...... 132.2 95. 2 149.7 138. 8 157.2 148.3 113.3 106.8 94.3

1972 ....... 142.5 94.6 166.5 150.7 176. 1 17 6. 8 116.8 117.3 100.4

1973 ...... 148.2 92.7 188.7 159.8 203.4 235.8 127.3 147.6 115.9

1974 ....... 152.7 91.5 224.0 166.9 244.9 281. 1 146.7 168.4 114.8

1975p ..... 142.0 78. 5 231.8 180. 8 295.3 359.4 163.3 198.8 121.7

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

38

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-11. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, France, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATIONOUTPUT

PER

HCUB

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

BATE2NATIONAL

CURRENCY

EASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1950 ................... 37.6 85.8 18.5 03.9 21.6 3 0 . 0 09.2 69.2 100.6

1 9 5 1 ................... 01.2 8 9 . 2 20.7 06.2 27.7 38.9 6 0 .0 8 0 .3 100 . 5

1952 ................... 01.9 87.8 28.1 07.7 3 2 . 1 05.0 67.2 90.5 100.5

1953 ................... 03.1 85.8 28.3 50.2 3 3 . C 06.0 65.8 92.5 100.5

1 9 5 0 ................... 05.0 87.1 30.0 51-6 30.9 09 . 0 67.6 90.9 100.5

1955 ................... 07.7 88.0 33.0 50.2 37.6 52.8 69.3 97.0 100.5

1956 ................... 52.2 90.0 36.6 57.7 00.5 56 . 8 70 . 1 98.5 100.5

1957 ................... 55.2 9 0 . 1 01 . 1 5 8 . 6 03.6 51.0 7 0.0 87.0 116.9

1958 .................. 57.1 93.7 05.7 60.9 08.7 0 9 . 7 8 0 . 0 81.7 102.1

1959 ................... 59.5 91.0 0 7 . 1 6 5 . 3 51.8 51.9 79.2 79.5 100.3

1960 ................... 60.5 93.8 52.5 68.7 56.0 5 6 . 1 81.0 81.7 100.3

1 9 6 1 ................... 68.7 9 5 . 5 58.8 71.9 61.6 61.8 8 5.7 85.9 100.3

1962 .................. 73.3 97.5 66.1 7 5.2 67.8 6 8 . 1 9 0 . 1 90.5 100.0

1963 ................... 79.1 9 9 . 2 70.3 79.7 70.9 75.2 90.0 90.3 100.0

196 <1.................. 80.9 101.0 81.6 83.7 80.5 80.9 96.2 96.6 100.0

1965 ................... 88.0 99.9 86.6 88.5 86.7 87.0 98.0 98.3 100.0

1966 ................... 95.8 101.2 93.0 90.7 92.0 9 2 . 5 97.5 97.6 100.1

1967 .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 1 0 C .0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1968 ................... 106.0 95.6 1 C 8.2 111.0 113.3 112 . 5 101.7 101.1 99.0

1969 .................. 116.2 100.6 120 . 8 115.0 12 C . C 110.0 100.0 98.8 95.0

1970 .................. 123.7 102.0 137.0 121.2 130.7 119 . 9 111.1 98.9 89.0

1 9 7 1 .................. 130.6 102 . 5 150 . 3 127 . 5 15 C .6 130.5 118.2 105.5 8 9 . 3

1972 ................... 138.8 102.1 172.0 135.9 168.0 160 . 3 123.9 120.8 97.5

1973 ................... 106.6 103.0 195.8 102 . 2 1 9 C .0 210.7 133.6 108.1 110.9

1 9 7 0 ................... 150.1 102.8 237.7 106.1 231.2 236 . 7 158 . 3 162.0 102.0

1975 p ................ 136.7 97.8 266.5 139 . 8 272.5 213.2 195.0 220.1 110.9

1 Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation

to employees, but are labor costs to employers.

2 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars,

p = preliminary.

39

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-12. Output per hour, hourly comoensation. and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Germany, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PER

HCUB

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

BATE1NATIONAL

CURRENCY

EASTS

U.S.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1950 ..... . 26.9 73.7 17.7 36.6 2 0 .0 2 2 . 8 65.7 62.0 95.0

1 9 5 1...... 30.9 82.0 22.7 37. 7 27.6 26.3 73.0 69.7 95.0

1952 ...... 35.1 85.0 25.1 0 1 .2 29.6 28. 1 71.7 6 8 .2 95.0

1953 ...... 39.1 8 8 . 6 27. 5 0 0. 2 31.0 29.5 70.2 6 6 .8 95.0

1950...... 03.5 94.7 3C.3 06.0 32.0 30.0 69. 6 6 6 .1 95.0

1955 ...... 50.7 10 3. 5 35.0 08. 9 30.2 32.0 69.9 6 6 .2 9 0.7

1956 ...... 50.0 108.2 OC.O 50.2 36.9 35.0 73.6 69.7 90.8

1957 ...... 57.9 106.0 «!3.8 50.6 01.3 39.2 75.6 71.7 90.9

1958 ...... 60.3 105.0 07.0 57.0 0 0 .8 0 2 .6 78. 1 70.2 95.1

1959 ...... 65.5 10 5.6 51. 3 62. 0 08.6 06.0 78.0 70.7 95.0

I960 ...... 73. 5 110.7 6 C.1 6 6 .0 50.3 51. 9 81.8 78.1 95.6

1 9 6 1...... 78.7 112. 3 68. 1 70. 0 60.6 60.2 86.5 85.9 99.3

1962 ...... 82.3 110.5 75.6 70.0 68.5 68.3 92.0 91.7 99.7

1963 ...... 80.9 108. 2 79. 2 78. 0 73.2 73.2 93.3 93.3 1 0 0 .0

196 4 ...... 92. 5 109.5 86.3 80.5 78.9 79. 1 93.3 93. 6 100.3

1965 ...... 100.3 1 1 1 .0 96. 2 90. 0 86.7 86.5 95.8 95.7 99.8

1966 ...... 102.3 108.8 1 0 2 .7 90.0 90.5 90. 2 100.5 1 0 0. 2 99.7

1967 ...... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0. 0 1 0C.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100 .0

1968 ...... 111.5 103.6 109.8 107.6 105.9 105.8 98.5 98. 3 99.9

1969 ...... 1 2 0 .8 109.7 126.6 113. 8 115.5 117.0 101 .0 103.1 1 0 1 .6

1970 ...... 132.2 113.0 15C.7 116.6 133.0 105. 0 1 1 0 .0 1 2 0. 6 109.3

1 9 7 1 ...... 130.7 109.9 166. 6 122. 5 151.5 173.8 123.7 1 0 1 .8 110.7

1972 ...... 138.8 106.5 18C.0 130.3 169.0 211.7 130.0 162. 5 125.0

1973 ...... 107.9 106.7 20 0.6 138.6 191.8 288.7 138.0 208.3 150.5

1 9 7 0...... 106.9 100.9 223.8 105.6 221.9 302.5 152.0 235.2 150.0

1975p ..... 137.1 91. 2 225.8 150. 0 207.6 0 0 2 .0 160.6 267.3 162.0

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

40

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-13. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Italy, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YE/IB OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PER

HCUE

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

KATE1NATIONAL

CUBBENCY

EASIS

u,s.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1 9 5 0...... 26.4 72.5 18.7 36.5 25.8 25. 7 70.7 70.6 99.9

1 9 5 1 ...... 30.2 74. 2 2 1 .0 40.7 28.3 28.2 69.5 69.4 99.9

1952 ...... 31.a 74.2 2 2 .6 42.3 30.5 30.4 72.0 71.9 99.9

1953 ...... 34.0 77. 1 25.0 44. 1 32.5 32.4 73.7 73.6 99 .9

1 9 5 4 ...... 37. 5 80.6 27.3 46.6 33.9 33.9 72.8 72.7 99.9

1955 ...... ao.9 80.0 29.6 51. 1 37.C 36.9 72.4 72.3 99.9

1956 ...... 4a.1 81.0 32.6 54.4 40.3 40. 2 74.0 73.9 99.9

1957 ...... 47.0 83. 2 35.4 56. 5 42.5 42.5 75.3 75.2 99.9

1958 ...... 48.0 82.1 37.4 58.5 45.5 45.5 77.8 77.8 99.9

1959 ...... 53.3 84.7 39.9 62.9 47.1 47.3 74.8 75.2 100.5

1960 ...... 60.2 92.4 45.8 65.1 49.5 49. 8 76. 1 76.5 100.5

1 9 6 1 ...... 66.3 98. 4 51.7 67. 4 52.5 52.8 78.0 78.3 100.5

1962 ...... 73.4 99.1 60.9 74.1 61.5 61. 8 82.9 83.4 100.5

1963 ...... 78.2 102. 3 7 4.9 76. 5 73,. 2 73.5 95.7 96.1 100.4

196 4 ...... 79.2 97.2 80.0 81.5 82.3 82.3 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .0

1965 ...... 83.3 91.0 81.0 91.6 89.C 88.9 97.2 97.1 99.9

1966 ...... 91.0 94.7 8 6 .6 96.0 91.4 91.3 95. 2 95. 1 1 0 0 .0

1967 ...... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0C.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

1968 ...... 109.3 100.9 108.1 108.4 107.2 107.3 98.9 99.0 1 0 0 .1

1969 ...... 116.4 10 3.7 1 2 2 .0 1 1 2 .2 117.6 117.0 104.8 104.3 99.5

1970 ...... 125. 6 106.6 150.5 117.8 141.1 140. 4 119.8 119. 2 99.5

1 9 7 1 ...... 126.0 10 2.0 169. 3 123.5 165.9 167.5 134.3 135.6 100.9

1972 ...... 131.1 98.7 186.7 132.9 189.2 202.3 142.4 152. 2 106.9

1973 ...... 145.3 98. 3 233. 6 147. 8 237.6 255.0 160.8 172.5 107.3

1 9 7 4 ...... 154.4 99.3 295.1 155.5 297.3 285.3 191.2 183. 4 95.9

1975p ..... 139.4 92. 4 354. 3 150. 7 383.2 366.6 254.2 243.2 95.7

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

41

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-14. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Netherlands, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION

OUTPUT

PER

HCUB

HO UR IY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

BATE1NATIONAL

CURRENCY

EASIS

U.S,

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S.

DOLLAR

BASIS

1950 ...... 36.** 85.0 19.2 42.9 22.7 21.4 52.9 50. 0 94.6

1 9 5 1 ..... . 38.0 85.6 21.5 44, 4 25.1 23.8 56.6 53. 5 94.6

1952 ...... 38.0 83.6 22.3 45.5 26.7 25.3 58.6 55. 6 94.8

1953 ...... **2.0 85. 5 23.5 49. 1 27.5 26.1 56.0 53. 1 94.9

195<l...... **5.9 90.1 27.2 51.0 30.2 28. 7 59.2 56. 3 95.0

1955 ...... **9.9 93. 1 30.7 53.6 33.C 31.2 61 .6 58. 2 94.5

1956 ...... 53.8 94.8 34.7 56.8 36.6 3 4.4 64.5 60. 6 94.1

1957 ..... . 56.2 95. 3 38.7 59.0 4C.7 38.3 68.9 65. 0 94.3

1958 ...... 56.2 93.2 39.5 60.3 42.4 40. 4 70.3 6 6 .9 95.2

1959 ...... 61.8 95.4 41. 4 6 4. 7 43.4 41.4 67.0 64. 0 95.4

1960 ...... 68.9 1 0 1 .2 47.1 6 8 .1 46.6 44. 5 68.4 65. 4 95.5

1961 ...... 71.3 99. 1 52.8 71.9 53.3 52.9 74.1 73. 6 99 .3

1962 ...... 7**.8 101.4 57.5 73.8 56.7 56. 7 76.8 76. 8 1 0 0 .0

1963 ...... 77.6 10 2. 4 63.7 75. 7 62.2 62.2 82.2 82. 2 1 0 0 .0

196*1...... 85.** 103.0 74.2 82.9 72.1 72. 0 87.0 8 6 .9 99.9

1965 ...... 91.3 10 3.9 83.7 87. 8 8C.5 80.6 91.7 91 .8 1 0 0 .1

1966 ...... 96.2 103.3 93.0 93. 1 90.0 89. 5 96.6 96. 2 99.5

1967 ...... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0. 0 10C.C 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

1968 ...... 109.5 98.8 109.1 110.9 110.4 109.9 99.6 99. 1 99.5

1969 ...... 1 2 0 .1 99.7 124.0 120. 5 124.4 123.7 103.3 1 0 2 .7 99.4

1970 ...... 129. 5 98.0 14C.8 132.2 143.8 143. 2 108.8 108. 4 99.6

1971 ...... 134.6 95. 8 156.9 140. 6 163.8 169.1 116.5 1 2 0 .3 103.2

1972 ...... 138.5 91.2 171.4 152.0 188.0 2 1 1. 0 123.7 138. 9 1 1 2 .2

1973 ...... 145.6 88.9 195.7 163.9 22C.2 285.4 134.4 174. 1 129 .6

197*1 ...... 148.9 85.9 224.9 173.3 261.8 351.5 151. 1 2 0 2 .8 134.3

1975p ..... 138.5 81. 5 24 2. 4 169.9 297.4 424.6 175.0 249. 8 142.8

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

42

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-15. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Sweden, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATION1OUTPUT

PER

HCUE

HO UR IY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL FATE2

CURRENCY

E AS IS

U.S.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U.S*

DOLLAR

BASIS

1 9 5 0 ...... 44.3 98.4 22.7 4 5 . 0 23.1 23.0 51. 3 51. 2 99.8

1951 ...... 47.2 101.9 27.6 46. 3 27.C 27.0 58. 3 58. 2 99.8

1952 ...... 46.0 99.5 31.6 46. 2 31.7 31.7 6 8 .7 6 8 .5 99.8

1953 ...... 47.0 96. 4 22.3 48. 7 33.5 33.4 6 8 .7 6 8 .5 99.7

19 5 «4...... 49.1 1 0 0 .8 34.5 48. 7 34.3 34. 2 70. 3 70. 2 99.8

1955 ...... 51.3 10 3.9 38.0 49. 3 36.6 36. 5 74 .1 74. 0 99.8

19 56 ...... 54.0 103.1 4C.5 52. 4 39.3 39.2 75. 1 74. 9 99.8

1957 ...... 56.8 10 3.0 43.3 c c 1 42.0 41.9 76. 2 76. 0 99.8

1958 ...... 58. 0 1 0 0 .6 45.5 57. 6 45.2 45.1 78. 4 78. 2 99.8

1959 ...... 61.2 100. 2 47.3 61. 1 47.2 47. 1 77. 2 77. 0 99.7

I960 ...... 65.9 104.5 53.1 63. 1 50.8 50.8 80. 6 80. c 99.9

1961 ...... 70.4 106. 5 59.3 6 6 .1 55.7 55.6 84. 2 84. 1 99.9

1962 ...... 75.8 1 06.8 66.4 71. 0 62.2 62.2 87. 6 87. 7 1 0 0 .1

1963 ...... 79.5 105.9 72.7 7 5. 1 68.7 68.3 91 .5 91. 0 99.5

1964 ...... 87.2 106.4 79.7 81. 9 74.9 75.0 91. 4 91. 6 1 0 0 .2

1965 ...... 94.0 106.2 87.6 8 8 .c 82.5 82. 6 93. 2 93. 3 1 0 0 .1

1966 ...... 96.7 105.0 94.6 92. 1 90.2 90.1 97. 9 97. 8 99.9

1967 ...... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

1968 ...... 106.1 96.4 105.3 1 1 0 .1 109.2 109.1 99. 2 99. 1 99.9

1969 ...... 114.2 96. 6 115.4 118. 3 119.5 119.3 101 .C 1 0 0 .8 99.8

1970 ...... 1 2 2 .1 98.1 129.3 124. 5 131.9 131.3 105. 9 105. 4 99.5

1971 ...... 1 2 2 .0 9 4. 6 140. 1 129. 0 148.2 149.8 114. 8 116. 1 1 0 1 .1

1972 ...... 124.7 90.4 152.4 137. 9 168.6 182.9 1 2 2.2 132. 6 108.5

1973 ...... 132.8 90.0 167. 1 147. 4 185. 5 2 2 0 .0 125. 8 149. 2 118 .6

19 74 ...... 140.3 90.7 197.0 154. 7 217.2 253.0 140. 4 163. 6 116.5

1S75p ..... 137.1 8 8. 6 229.9 154. 7 259.3 323.1 167. 6 208. 9 124.6

1 Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation

to employees, but are labor costs to employers.

2 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars,

p = preliminary.

43

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-16. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, Switzerland, 1960-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COMPENSATIONOUTPUT

PER

HCUE

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATICNAL PATE1

CURRENCY

EASIS

U .S.

DOLLAR

EASIS

NATICNAL

CURRENCY

BASIS

U .S .

DOLLAR

BASIS

I960 ...... 7H. 8 93.0 53.1 80.4 57.1 57. 2 71.0 71. 1 1 0 0 .2

1961 ...... 80.0 99. 4 61.8 80. 5 62.2 62.3 77.3 77.4 1 0 0 .2

1962 ...... 83.5 104.5 71.2 79.9 6 8 .1 6 8 . 2 85. 3 85. 4 1 0 0 .1

1 963 ...... 87.0 105.9 76.7 82.2 74.3 74.5 90.5 90.6 1 0 0 .2

19 6 4 ...... 91.3 106.4 85.6 85.8 80.5 80.6 93. 8 93.9 1 0 0 .2

1965 ...... 93.9 10 3.7 89. 8 9C. 5 8 6 .6 8 6 .6 95.6 95.6 1 0 0 .0

1966 ...... 96. 5 101.4 95.4 95.2 94.1 94. 1 98. 9 98. 9 1 0 0 .0

1967 ...... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 10C.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0

1968 ...... 104.3 99.1 104.3 105.2 105.2 105.6 1 0 0 .0 100. 3 100.3

1969 ...... 114.8 98. 9 1 1 1 .0 116. 1 1 1 2 .2 112.7 96.7 97.1 100.4

1970 ...... 123.5 98.4 122.7 125.5 124.7 125. 2 99. 4 99.7 100.4

1971 ...... 127.0 96.7 136. 4 131.3 141.1 148.5 107.4 113.1 105.3

1972 ...... 129. 6 94.0 148.0 137.9 157.4 178.5 114. 2 129. 5 113.4

1973 ...... 136.5 9 2. 4 16 4.4 147.7 177.9 244. 1 120.4 165 .2 137 .2

1974 ...... 138.3 91.8 184.9 150.7 201.4 293.7 133.7 194. 9 145.8

19 7 5 p ..... 118.3 81.7 176.5 144.8 216.0 362.3 149.2 250.2 167.7

1 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars. p = preliminary.

44

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-17. Output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, United Kingdom, 1950-75

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

YEAR OUTPUT HOURS

COEEENSAHON 1

OUTPUT

PER

HCUB

HOURLY COMPENSATION UNIT LABOR COSTS

EXCHANGE

NATIONAL RATE2

CURRENCY

EASTS

U .S .

COLLAR

EASIS

NATIONAL

CURRENCY

EASIS

U .S.

DOLLAR

EASIS

1950 ................... 60.9 9 8 . 4 33.0 61.9 3 3 . 6 39.2 59.3 55 . 2 101.8

1 9 5 1 ................... 63.3 101.3 36-9 6 2 - 5 36.5 37 . 1 58.9 59.9 101 . 8

1952 ................... 6 0 . 1 100 . 9 9 C . 2 59.9 90.0 90.6 66.8 67.8 10 1. 5

1953 ................... 69.9 102.6 93.2 6 2 . 7 92.0 93.0 67.0 68.6 102.3

1 9 5 4 ................... 67.9 109 . 8 46-5 64.8 99.9 95.3 68.5 70.0 10 2. 1

1955 ................... 72.2 107.9 51.9 6 6 . 9 97.6 98.3 71.2 7 2 .3 101 . 5

1956 ................... 72.0 107 . 7 55.7 66.9 51 . 7 5 2 . 6 7 7 . 3 7 8 . 6 10 1.6

1 9 5 1 ................... 73.7 107.6 59.2 6 8 . 5 5 5 . C 55.9 80.3 8 1 .5 101 . 6

1958 ................... 72.9 109.7 61.9 69.7 58.6 59.9 89.1 85.9 10 2 . 2

1959 ................... 77.2 106.9 69.3 7 2 . 5 60.9 61.7 83.3 85.1 102.1

1960 ................... 8 3 . 9 108 . 6 7 C . C 76.8 69.5 65.9 89.0 85.7 10 2 . 1

1 9 6 1 .................. 83 . 5 107.9 75.0 7 7 . 9 69.5 70.8 8 9 .8 9 1 .9 101 . 9

1962 .................. 83.7 105 . 6 77.2 79.3 73.1 79.6 92.2 9 9 . 1 10 2. 1

1963 .................. 86.7 103.7 79.3 8 3 . 6 76.5 77.9 91.5 93.1 101 . 8

1 9 6 9 .................. 9 9 . 8 105.7 86.6 89.7 82.0 83.2 91.9 92.8 101.5

1965 .................. 97.6 105.6 99.7 9 2 . 9 89.7 91.2 97.1 98.7 101.7

1966 .................. 9 9 . 3 103.7 1 C C . 9 9 5 . 7 9 7 . 2 9 8 . 7 1 0 1 . 6 .10 3 . 1 10 1. 5

1967 .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 . C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1968 .................. 106 . 8 99 . 9 1 C 7.0 106.9 107.2 93.3 100.2 87.2 87.0

1 9 6 9 .................. 110.9 102.9 118.5 108 . 9 115.8 100.6 106.6 92.8 86.9

1970 .................. 111.9 102 . 1 135.5 109.1 132.8 115.6 121.7 106.0 8 7 . 1

1 S 7 1 ................... 110.9 97.0 197.1 119 . 3 151.7 139.8 132.6 117.9 88.9

1972 ................... 119.0 99 . 1 16 C . 2 121.2 170.3 159.8 190.5 127.7 90.9

1973 ................... 123 .5 96.5 187.0 127 . 9 193.7 172.6 151.9 139.9 89.1

1 9 7 9 ................... 120.0 9 9 . 9 217.2 127.1 230.0 195.7 180.9 153.9 8 5. 1

19 7 5 p ................ 112.9 90.0 262.7 125 . 9 291 . e 235.7 232.7 187.9 80.8

1Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation

to employees, but are labor costs to employers.

2 Value of foreign currency in U.S. dollars,

p = preliminary.

45

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-18. Productivity changes in manufacturing1 by source, United States,

1960-74

(Percent)

Period

Change in

output

per hour

Source of change

Productivity

change2

Shift

in

hours

Interaction:

productivity

and shift

1 9 6 1 ............................................................ 2.39 2.72 -0.33 0.01

1962 ............................................................ 4.40 4.54 -.15 .01

1963 ............................................................ 6.86 6.69 -.19 -.02

1964 ............................................................. 5.10 5.06 .04 .00

1965 ............................................................. 3.34 3.34 -.09 .00

1966 ............................................................. 1.19 1.25 -.02 -.04

1967 ............................................................. .26 .11 .15 -.01

1968 ............................................................. 3.59 3.54 .02 .04

1969 ............................................................. 1.15 1.15 -.02 .01

1970 ............................................................. -.23 -.28 -.02 .07

1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 5.66 -1.89 -.05

1972 ............................................................. 5.00 5.35 -.31 -.03

1973 ............................................................. 2.91 2.76 .18 -.03

1974 ............................................................. -3.85 —4.14 .31 -.03

Average annual rate:

1960-74 ..................................................... 2.68 2.70 -.02 -.01

1970-74 ..................................................... 2.37 2.41 .00 -.04

1965-70 ..................................................... 1.19 1.15 .02 .01

1960-65 ..................................................... 4.42 4.42 -.07 .00

1 Based on 20 industry groups.

2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction.

NOTE: Components may not add to total because of rounding.

Table B-19. Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source. United Kingdom,

1960-74

(Percent)

Period

Change in

output

per hour

Source of change

Productivity

change2

Shift

in

hours

Interaction:

productivity

and shift

1 9 6 1 ............................................................. -0.22 -0.36 0.15 -0.01

1962 ............................................................. 2.08 2.10 .00 -.02

1963 ............................................................. 4.09 3.88 .20 .00

1964 ............................................................. 7.62 7.65 -.04 .01

1965 ............................................................. 3.68 3.59 .10 .00

1966 ............................................................. 3.63 3.56 .06 .01

1967 ............................................................. 3.04 2.82 .23 -.01

1968 ............................................................. 6.29 6.37 -.04 -.04

1969 ............................................................. 2.92 2.79 .13 .00

1970 ............................................................. 2.34 2.14 .22 -.02

1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 5.04 5.04 .03 -.02

1972 ............................................................. 5.47 5.50 -.06 .03

1973 ............................................................. 7.34 7.41 -.04 -.03

1974 ............................................................. -1.96 -2.22 .25 .00

Average annual rate:

1960-74 .................................................... 3.67 3.59 .08 -.01

1970-74 ..................................................... 3.97 3.93 .04 -.01

1965-70 ..................................................... 3.64 3.54 .12 -.01

1960-65 ..................................................... 3.45 3.37 .08 .00

1 Based on 17 industry groups.

2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction.

NOTE: Components may not add to total because of rounding.

46

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-20. Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source, Germany,

1960-74

(Percent)

Change in

output

per hour

Source of change

Period Productivity

change1

Shift

in

hours

Interaction:

productivity

and shift

1 9 6 1 ............................................................. 4.61 4.94 -0.24 -0.09

1962 ............................................................. 5.80 5.79 .08 -.06

1963 ............................................................. 4.99 4.99 .01 .00

1964 ............................................................. 8.53 8.57 -.04 .00

1965 ............................................................. 4.94 5.29 -.30 -.05

1966 ............................................................. 3.57 3.58 -.01 .00

1967 ............................................................. 5.91 5.03 .76 .12

1968 ............................................................. 8.47 9.07 -.56 -.05

1969 ............................................................. 7.09 7.72 -.60 -.03

1970 ............................................................. 2.91 3.21 -.28 -.03

1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 5.27 5.04 .20 .03

1972 ............................................................. 7.05 6.73 .31 .02

1973 ............................................................. 6.82 6.89 -.11 .03

1974 ............................................................. 3.76 3.06 .67 .03

Average annual rate:

1960-74 .................................................... 5.69 5.71 -.01 -.01

1970-74 .................................................... 5.72 5.43 .27 .03

1965-70 ........................ ' ......................... 5.59 5.72 -.14 .00

1960-65 .................................................... 5.77 5.92 -.10 -.04

1 Based on 33 industry groups.

2 P ro d u c tiv ity change e x c lu d in g change d u e to s h ift in h o u rs and in te ra c tio n .

NOTE: Components may not add to total because of rounding.

Table B-21. Productivity change in manufacturing1 by source, Japan,

1960-72

(Percent)

Period

Change in

output

per hour

Source of change

Productivity

change2

Shift

in

hours

Interaction:

productivity

and shift

1 9 6 1 ............................................................ 9.00 8.84 0.05 0.12

1962 ............................................................. 5.84 5.63 .12 .08

1963 ............................................................ 7.26 7.35 .04 -.13

1964 ............................................................. 11.15 11.08 .03 .03

1965 ............................................................ 4.86 4.74 .06 .05

1966 ........................................................ .... 10.20 10.38 -.16 -.03

1967 ............................................................ 14.71 14.60 .06 .05

1968 ............................................................ 12.04 11.54 .38 .11

1969 ............................................................. 12.76 12.32 .31 .13

1970 ............................................................. 11.16 10.87 .29 .01

1 9 7 1 ............................................................. 3.80 3.93 -.10 -.03

1972 ............................................................. 10.70 10.32 .35 .03

Average annual rate:

1960-72 .................................................... 9.46 9.30 .12 .03

1970-72 ..................................................... 7.25 7.13 .12 .00

1965-70 .................................................... 12.17 11.94 .17 .05

1960-65 .................................................... 7.62 7.53 .06 .03 .

1 Based on 17 industry groups.

2 Productivity change excluding change due to shift in hours and interaction.

NOTE: Components may not add to total because of rounding.

47

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-22. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTEY 19 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1 9 7 4

ALL I ND US T R I E S ............................................................................................................. 7 9 . 4 8 1 . 3 84.9 90. 8 95.4 98.6 99.7 10C.0 103.6 104.8 104.5 110. 2 1 1 5 . 7 1 1 9 . 1 1 14 . 5

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................... ..................,............................. 80.1 82.4 86. 1 91.9 93. 2 94. 8 9 9 . 5 1 CC . C 1 01 . 9 1 0 4 . 8 1 0 9 . 5 1 1 2 . 1 118.8 119.8 121.8

TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 62.3 65. 6 68. 3 88. 1 92.2 9 5 . 9 1 CO . 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 C C . 8 1 0 2 . 3 1 1 2 . 1 114. 5 117.8 115. 5 124. 2

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 86. 9 86.9 8 8 .5 9 1.0 94.2 96.5 1 0 0 . 4 100.0 104.0 103.6 104. 9 108. 0 115.3 128.6 134. 8

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ...................................................................... .................... 70. 2 7 0 .7 7 0 . 5 80 .2 91 .C 9 8 .2 95.7 100.0 102.8 103.2 108. 9 107. 3 111.8 110.8 114.9

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. 84.6 86.7 89.2 93.7 99.9 100.8 102.0 100.0 103.7 107.6 101.4 108.0 114.6 123.2 117.7

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 75.4 78.5 82.4 90.1 96.1 101.3 102.0 100.0 110.1 112.7 115. 4 124.2 134.7 142.5 135.2

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 69.3 75.8 83.8 89.8 93.9 98.5 100.0 100.0 106.0 110.0 111.4 113.6 116.1 122 .7 116.3

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MF RS.................................................................. 82.0 86.3 89.1 94. 1 96. 2 95. 9 97.7 1C0.0 104.9 110.1 1 0 5 . 7 1 1 3 . 8 1 1 7 . 9 1 2 1 . 3 107. 3

STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 86.7 89.7 92.4 9 7 . 9 1 0 1 . 7 1 0 2 . 5 1 0 0 . 6 1 0 C . 0 1 0 1 . 7 104.2 102.7 104.9 111.0 112.8 104. 2

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 83.3 8 3 . 9 8 6 . 8 9 0 . 7 9 5 . 6 9 8 . 0 1 0 0 . 8 1 C C . 0 9 9 . 0 9 4 . 5 9 1 . 6 9 2 . 6 9 7 . 4 1 0 3 . 2 1 0 4 . 1

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................ 85.2 86.8 89.5 90.6 94.7 99.0 99.6 100.0 102.5 104.7 102. 7 106.6 112.8 117.1 107. 0

MACHINERY, EXCEET ELECTRI CAL ................................................................... 85. 4 88. 6 9 3.0 94.3 99.1 99.8 99.9 100.0 101.0 101.5 104. 6 108. 7 113. 9 115.2 105.4

E L E C T R I C AI EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... € 6 . 0 69.2 73.4 82.0 87.5 95.9 97.2 100.0 104. 5 109. 5 109. 9 119.6 128.2 130.4 126.5

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 77.6 79.0 85.5 92.4 97.8 101.7 100.2 100.0 106.2 102.8 98. 8 114.4 118.2 117.6 105.1

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 82.4 81.9 8 7 . 5 9 1 . 5 9 1 . 8 99.5 102. 1 100.0 106.0 114.7 106.8 111.0 115.5 117.9 115.7

48

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-23. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTBY 1S 60 1961 1962 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1 9 6 6 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 4

ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 67.7 67. 4 73. 3 79. 1 84.9 92.5 1C0.0 10C . 0 1 0 5 . 6 108.7 102.6 103.9 113.6 123. 2 116. 8

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 8C.9 82.3 85.3 90.4 91.7 93. 5 99.3 1CC.0 101.3 104.6 108.4 108.6 114 .0 114.0 115. 6

TEXTI LE MILL PRODUCTS ....................................................................................... 5 9 . 2 59. 8 63. 9 80.9 86.2 94. 4 103.5 1CC.0 105.2 1C6.9 111.7 113.8 123. 4 123.6 123.9

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 78.2 77.0 82. 4 84. 8 88.5 94.9 1C2.4 100.0 1 0 4 . 9 103.2 99.3 100.6 110. 5 124.0 122. 6

LUMBER AND FUBNI TURE .......................................................................................... 66. 1 6 3 . 0 6 5 . 0 7 5. C 88. C 98.6 99.4 100.0 105.4 106.9 105. 0 106. 3 120. 9 124.2 122.4

PAPER AND P RI NT I NG ................................................................................................ 7 4 . 2 7 6 . 2 79.5 8 4 .1 91 .4 95.0 100.4 100.0 105.5 112.6 104.7 108. 2 117. 1 128.2 122.1

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 6 2 . 6 6 5 . 0 69.9 77.9 84.4 92.4 98.7 100.0 113.6 119.7 1 2 C. 8 1 2 5 . 1 1 3 5 . 9 147.7 142.7

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 7 8 . 8 82.1 88.0 91.2 93. 1 97.6 100.0 100. 0 1C8.0 1C9.4 116.0 l r 9 . 1 122.4 129.0 125.9

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MERS.................................................................. 65.8 68.1 75.1 79.8 84.9 91.4 98. 8 100.0 110.6 120.3 11C.6 117.7 132.0 144.1 125. 5

STONEr CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 81.7 81.6 86.0 93. 1 99. 6 103. 2 104.0 1CC.C 1C3.4 1C9.6 1 0 4 . 0 1 0 5 . 9 117.2 125.5 114.0

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................ 7*1.4 7 0 . 3 75.2 80. 3 90.6 98.4 105.1 10C.0 99.5 98.6 89.9 85.0 92.3 106.0 107. 0

FABRICATED METAL P R O D U C T S ............................................................................ 68.6 67. 6 73. 5 76. 1 81.8 90.8 98.5 100.0 1 0 5 . 3 110.0 99.9 98.2 109. 8 122. 7 110. 8

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL ................................................................... 61. 6 62. 1 69.5 72.2 80.8 88.8 98.9 100.0 99.9 104.5 102. 7 96. 7 108. 2 122.3 118. 0

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U F E L I E S ............................... .................... 49. 2 52. 1 59.1 65.2 69.3 82.3 96.3 100.0 105.5 113.3 106.9 107. 6 121.6 135.0 130.2

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 6 1 . 2 58.0 68.7 77.1 80.9 91.6 99.5 100.0 112.8 108. 3 88. 4 97.9 105.4 112.5 93.2

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRCEUCTS ....................................................... 64.1 62.6 69.2 73.6 74.8 86.2 99.0 10C.0 107.5 120.3 107.2 105.4 116.3 129.0 131.2

49

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-24. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTRY 1S60 1961 1962 1963 1969 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1979

ALL I NDUS T R I E S ................................. .................... ...................................................... 85.2 82. 9 86. 3 87. 2 6 9 .C 93.9 100.2 1CC.0 1 02.0 103.8 98.1 99.3 98. 2 103. 9 102.0

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 1 C 1 . 0 9 9 . 9 99.0 98.3 98.9 98.6 99.8 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.0 96.9 96.0 95.2 99.9

TE XT I L E M i l l EECDUCTS ........................................................................................ 93.7 91.2 93.6 91. 8 93. 9 98. 9 102.8 10C.0 1C9.3 1C9.5 99.6 99.9 109.7 107.0 99. 8

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 90.0 88. 6 93. 1 93. 3 9 9 .C 98.3 1C2.0 100.0 100.9 99.6 99.6 93. 2 95.8 96. 5 90. 9

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ............................................................. .............................. 99. 1 89.0 92. 3 9 3 . 6 9 6 . 8 1 0 0 . 9 1 0 9 . 0 10C.0 102.5 103.6 96.9 99.0 108.1 112. 1 106. 5

PAPER AND P RI NTI NG ................................................................................................. 87.7 87. 9 89.1 89.7 91.5 99.2 98.9 100.0 101.7 109.6 103. 3 100. 2 102. 1 10 9. 1 103.7

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 83.0 82.8 89.8 86.5 87.8 91.2 96.7 100.0 103. 2 106.1 109.6 100.7 100.9 103.6 105.5

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 113.8 108.3 105.0 101.6 99.1 99.1 100. 1 100.0 101.9 99. 9 109. 1 109.9 105.9 105.1 108.2

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFFS................................................................... 8C.2 79.0 89.3 89.8 88.2 95. 2 101. 2 100.0 105.9 1C9.2 1C9.6 103.5 111.9 118.8 117.0

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 99.3 91.0 93. 1 95.2 97.9 100.7 103.9 100.0 101.7 105.2 1 01.2 100.9 105.5 111.2 109. 5

PRIMARY METALS ....................................................................................................... 89.2 83.8 86.6 88. 5 99. 5 100. $ 109.3 100.0 1CC.5 1C9.9 98.2 91.8 99.8 102.7 10 2. 8

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................. 80.6 77.9 82. 1 83.9 86.3 91.7 98.9 100.0 1 02.8 1C5.0 97.2 92. 1 97. 3 109. 8 103. 5

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL ................................................................... 73.3 70.1 79.7 76.6 81.5 89.0 99.1 100.0 98.9 103.0 98. 1 88.9 99.9 106.2 111. 9

ELE CTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 79. 6 75. 2 80.5 79.5 79.2 85.8 99.1 100.0 101.0 103.5 97. 3 90.0 99.8 103.6 102.9

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 78.9 73.9 80.3 83.9 82.7 90.1 99.3 100.0 106. 2 105.3 89.5 85.6 89.2 95.7 88.7

I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 7 7.8 7 6 .5 7 9 .2 8 0 .9 81 .5 86.6 97.0 100.0 101.9 109.9 100. 9 95.0 100.7 109.3 113.9

50

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-25. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1S 60 1961 1962 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 0 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 , 1970 1971 1972 1973 1970

ALL I ND US T R I E S ............................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1CC. C 1 CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

FOOD AND TOBACCO .............................. ....................................................................... 115.2 115.7 115.8 115.7 111.6 109.9 114.0 110.2 112.0 110.3 119.7 116.2 117.2 114.9 121.5

TEXTI LE MILL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 47.7 48.3 48.2 58. 2 58.0 58. 3 60.5 59.9 58.3 58.5 64.2 62.2 61.0 58.1 65.0

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 5 7 . 5 56.1 54.7 52.6 51.8 51. 0 52.9 52.5 52.7 51.9 52.7 51.4 52.3 56.7 61.8

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ........................................................................................... 72.8 71.6 68. 3 7 2 . 7 78.5 82.0 7 9 . 0 8 2 . 3 81 .7 81 .1 85.8 80.2 79.6 76. 6 8 2. 6

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. 100.0 104. 1 102.5 100.8 1C2.3 99.8 99.8 97.6 97.7 100.2 90. 7 95. 7 96.7 101.0 1CC.0

CHEMICALS ANE ALLI ED PROEUCTS ............................................................... 113. 9 115.9 116.5 119.2 12C.9 123.4 122.8 120.0 127.6 129.1 132.5 135. 2 139.7 103.6 101.7

PETROLEUM ANE COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 2 1 9 . 8 235.0 248.8 2 4 9 . 4 248.2 252.0 252.6 252. 1 258.0 260.8 268. 8 259.8 252.8 259.8 256.1

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. €8.1 90.5 89.6 88.5 86.1 83. 1 83. 6 85.0 86.5 89.7 86.0 88.1 87.0 87.0 80.0

STONE, CLAY, G L AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 109.4 110.6 109.1 108.2 106.9 104.3 101. 1 1 0 0 . 3 9 8 . 5 99.8 98.6 95.5 96.2 95.0 91.2

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................ 14C.4 138.0 136.7 133.8 130. 0 133.0 135.2 133.8 127.8 12C.7 117.2 112.4 112.6 115.9 121. 7

FABRI CATE! METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 92.9 92. 5 91.3 86.5 86.0 87.0 86.5 86.6 85.7 86.6 85. 1 83.8 84. 5 85. 1 81. 0

MACHINFRY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL .................................................................. 113.4 114.9 115. 5 109. 6 109 . 1 106.8 1 C 5 . 6 105.5 102.9 102.2 105.6 104. 1 10 3 . 9 10 2 . 0 97. 2

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 71. 5 7 3 . 2 7 4 . 3 7 7 . 7 7 8 . 9 83 .7 83.8 86.0 86.8 89.9 90. 5 93. 0 95. 3 90.2 95. 1

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 128. 5 127.7 132.4 133.9 134.8 135.6 132.1 131.5 134.9 129.1 120. 3 136.5 134. 3 129. 8 120.7

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ...................................................... 102. 4 99.5 101.8 99.7 95.1 99.8 101.2 98.8 101. 1 108. 2 100. 9 99. 5 98.6 97.9 99.8

51

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-26. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 19 61 1 9 6 2 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1 9 6 6 1 9 6 7 1968 19 69 1 97 0 197 1 1972 1973 1974

ALL I ND U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 10C.CC0 100. CCO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 13.121 13.405 12.775 12.548 11.868 11.096 10.909 10.564 10.535 10.567 11.609 11.481 11.018 10.164 10.865

TEXT I L E MILL ERODUCTS ........................................................................................ 2 . 6 1 4 2 . 6 4 7 2.600 3.049 3. 025 3.042 3.086 2.582 2.969 2.931 3.247 3.264 3.238 2.990 3. 164

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 4.979 4.922 4.841 4.619 4. 492 4. 416 4.412 4.3C7 4.279 4.088 4.170 4.169 4.187 4.335 4.521

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE ........................................................................................... 4 .3 4 3 4. 154 3. 943 4. 217 4.611 4.736 4.423 4.446 4 . 4 3 7 4.374 4.551 4.547 4.7 3 1 4. 484 4. 657

PAPER ANE P RI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 9 . 4 26 9 . 7 1 9 9 . 3 1 7 9. 130 9. 253 8.821 8.632 8.556 8 .587 8.899 8.778 8.953 8.857 8.945 8.984

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 5. 757 6.002 5. 934 6.129 6 .185 6 .211 6 .143 6.223 6.694 6.8 48 7. 329 7. 488 7. 441 7. 459 7.601

PETROLEUM AND CCAL PRODUCTS ...................................................................... 2 . 6 3 6 2 . 9 6 7 2 . 9 2 5 2 . 8 0 7 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 5 7 0 2 . 4 37 2 . 4 2 6 2. 490 2. 451 2 . 7 5 5 2 .7 9 1 2 .6 2 3 2 . 5 5 0 2 . 6 2 6

RUBBER ANE MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. 4.C25 4.187 4.246 4.178 4.140 4.089 4.093 4. 142 4.338 4. 583 4. 468 4.693 4.812 4.846 4.450

STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 4.C05 4.015 3.890 3.903 3.889 3.697 3. 448 3. 216 3.245 3.344 3.361 3.377 3.419 3.377 3.237

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................ 10.128 9.614 9.448 9.3 5 1 9. 821 9. 802 9.690 9 . 2 16 8.679 8.360 8.081 7.535 7.484 7.928 8.443

FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S ............................................................................ 7.004 6.933 6.931 6.642 6. 656 6 . 7 8 0 6 . 8 1 0 6.510 6.890 6.990 6.729 6.530 6.673 6.883 6.553

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL .................................................................. 10.226 10. 195 10. 482 1 0 .0 9 7 1 0 . 5 2 5 1 0 . 6 0 8 1 0 . 9 4 5 11 .0 5 9 10 . 4 6 1 1 0 . 6 2 9 11.068 10.284 10.527 10.974 11. 172

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ..................................................... 6 . 2 6 7 6 . 6 5 4 6 . 9 4 1 7 . 0 9 5 7. C35 7 . 6 6 4 8 . 2 97 8.6 14 8 .607 8.977 8.979 8. 920 9. 214 9 .441 9.601

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 13.C78 12.437 13.544 14.083 13.773 14.314 14.384 14.457 15.437 14.402 12.457 13.622 13.411 13.201 11.530

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 2.1SC 2.149 2.184 2.151 2.038 2.153 2.29 1 2. 212 2. 252 2. 558 2. 417 2.346 2.366 2 .4 2 0 2 .5 9 7

52

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-27. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United States, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

IN D U S T FY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

|---------

1969 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974

ALT. TND USTR TP S ........................................................................................................... 1 0 0 . COO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.ooc

10.100

1 CO.. 0 00 1CC.C CC 1 0 0 . CCO 100.000 100.000 1 CC.000 1O0.000 100.000 100.000

FOOD AND T O RAC CC .............................................................................................................. 11.394 11.587 11.031 10.845 10.634 9. 573 9. 616 9.374 9.249 9.700 9.883 9.399 8.845 8.943

TEXT TT .F MTI.T. P RO DU CTS .............................................................................................. 5.475 5.480 \52399

8.844

5.241 5. 225 5.218 5. 103 4.877 5. C92 5.011 5.054 5 .247 5.309 5.148 4 . 8 7 0

APPARFT. AND L E A T H E R GOODS .................................................................................. 8.666 8.774 ^ 8.773 8. 666 8. 590 8.348 8.2C3 8.118 7.875 7.911 8.105 8.007 7.649 7. 312

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ....................... ............................ ... 5.966 5. 803 5. 772 5. 7 98 5. 8 7 1 5 . 7 7 3 5. 602 5 . 4C1 5 . 42 8 5. 391 5 . 306 5.67 1 5. 946 5. 854 5.639

PAPE R AND P R I N T I N G ........................................................................................ ... 9.067 9. 338 9. 090 9.058 9. 049 8.835 8.648 8.806 8.785 8.879 9.269 9.358 9. 161 8. 858 8. 950

C H E M IC A L S AND A L L I E D PRO D U C T S ..................................................................... 5. 054 5. 181 5. C95 5 . 14 2 5.115 5.035 5.003 5.185 5.246 5. 30 4 5. 529 5. 539 5. 328 5. 193 5.362

PETROLEUM AND COAT, P RO D U C T S ....................................................... ... 1. 291 1. 263 1. 176 1. 126 1 . 076 1 . 020 0 . 965 0.966 0.965 C.926 1. 025 1. 075 1. 037 0. 982 1.025

RURRER AND M I S C E L L A N E O U S M E R S ........................................................................ 4.570 4.625 4.740 4.720 4.807 4 . 923 4 .898 4. 8 5 3 5. 0 16 5. 107 5. 174 5.325 5.532 5 .572 5.563

S T O N E , C L A Y , G L A S S , AND C O N C R ET E ........................................................... 3.660 3.631 3.564 3.608 3 . 63 7 3. 5 4 5 3. 410 3. 3 C 6 3 . 29 6 3.352 3.409 3.536 3.553 3.554 3.547

PRIMARY MET ALS ..................................................................................................................... 7.214 6.966 6.912 6.991 7.314 7.370 7. 166 6. 887 6.789 6. 929 6 . 89 6 6 .701 6. 647 6.840 6.940

FA R RTC A TE T METAT. PRO D U C T S ................................................................................. 7.541 7.497 7.589 7.679 7. 735 7.793 7.873 7.976 8.038 8.073 7.905 7.791 7.901 8.083 8.094

M AC HI N ER Y , E X C E P T ET.ECTRTC AT ....................................................................... 9 . 0 18 8. 872 9. 076 9 . 21 2 9 . 6C2 9 . 93 4 10 .362 10.482 10.168 1C.400 10.483 9.879 10. 134 10.757 11.498

FT. ECTRT CAT E Q U IP M E N T AND S U P P L I E S ....................................................... 8.768 9.087 9. 339 9. 129 8.912 9. 1 5 2 9. 899 10.011 9 .913 9. 981 9.923 9.551 9. 666 10. 023 10.098

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 10. 177 9.738 1C.228 10.519 10.216 10.554 10.887 10.992 11.447 11.157 10.022 9. 981 9. 982 10.168 9.557

I N S T R U M E N T S AND RET. A TED PRO D U CTS ........................................................... 2.137 2. 159 2.146 2.159 2.142 2.158 2.264 2.340 2.326 2.365 2.395 2.358 2.400 2. 473 2.602

53

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-28. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1 S€ M 1965 1,966 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974

ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 79.2 79.0 80.6 83.9 90. 3 93.7 97. 1 100.0 106.3 1C9.4 112.0 117.6 124.0 133.1 130. 5

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 8C . 7 8 2 . 7 84.1 87.1 90.0 93.3 97. 1 100.0 104.7 107.1 108. 3 112.3 119.4 124.5 125.3

T E XTI LE HI L L EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ 72.7 74.4 75.0 82.7 87.3 92.0 94.6 100.0 116.5 118.5 125.2 137.4 144.4 154.8 145.8

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOOES ........................................................................... 81.9 83.3 81.5 83.0 88. 4 94. 8 9 8 .8 100.0 104.9 103.7 108.7 115.5 119.6 130.2 133.0

LUMBER ANE FURNI TURE .......................................................................................... 74.8 78.7 78.4 81. 1 92. 5 92. 1 94.1 10C.O 101.0 9 9 . 2 1 0 3 . 8 1 0 9 . 3 117.2 129.5 116. 1

PAPER ANE PRI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 87.5 85.7 85.9 87.8 95.2 9 6 . 2 9 9 . 3 1 C C . 0 1 0 3 . 3 105.7 107.2 110.9 119. 5 132. 3 127. 3

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 64.5 66.0 69.5 74. 7 82.6 88.8 93.5 100.0 112.3 114.4 123.0 129. 2 140.3 157.3 163. 5

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ................................. , ................................ 55.7 60. 1 67.3 72.7 82.8 89.4 97.4 100.0 101.5 108.6 110. 8 126. 1 133. 6 148.4 141.9

RUBBER ANE MISCELLANEOUS MF RS.................................................................. €9.8 68.9 72.6 75.8 84.6 88.9 94.7 100.0 106. 1 108. 1 108. 4 111.4 115.8 124.4 122.1

STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 72.3 74.8 75.9 79.9 88.6 90.3 93.4 100.0 103.6 106.0 106. 2 119.5 128.7 141.6 135.5

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 91.9 85.5 88.1 90.6 98.2 102. 4 101.0 100.0 104.8 1C8.7 108.5 109.9 115.5 124.4 117.6

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ............................................................................ 97.7 90.5 89.9 92. 3 103.0 105.4 99.9 1C0.0 107.2 112.4 108.6 108.3 112.8 118.5 117. 2

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRI CAL2 ................................................................... 77.4 80.5 81.1 82.9 88. 2 92. 3 97.6 100.0 105.3 1C6.6 111.3 121.3 123.0 132. 1 132. 1

E L E C T R I C A L EQ U IP M E N T AND S U P P L I E S ......................................................... 74.8 75. 8 78.0 81.7 85. 1 84.8 92.0 100.0 1 0 4 . 3 111 .4 117. 1 123.3 135.8 153. 2 141. 8

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 83.0 80.8 84.8 87. 6 9 4 .C 96.6 101 .3 100.0 106.9 110.7 108.0 111.9 117. 3 116.0 113. 4

I NSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... €4. 6 64. 9 69.9 73.5 84.6 94 .7 98.6 100.0 114.7 126.4 134. 4 133. 7 129. 5 139.8 147.6

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

54

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-29. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTEY 1 9 6 0 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 2 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1 9 6 6 1 S 67 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 1 1 9 7 2 197 3 1 9 7 4

ALL I NDUS T RI E S ............................................................................................................ 84.3 84.3 84.4 87.1 95.2 98.0 99. 6 100.0 1C6.2 110.3 110.9 110.6 113.5 123.0 119.6

POOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 83.9 86.5 88.1 90.9 92.9 95.3 98.2 100.0 102. 8 106.0 107. 5 108.2 112.9 117.6 118.3

TEXTI LE MILL ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 9 4 . 2 91.0 89.3 93.8 99.5 102.4 102. 1 100.0 115.5 119.1 116.9 119.7 122.6 129.1 118.0

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOCDS ............................................................................ 99.7 100.1 95.4 95.4 100.6 104. 3 104. 2 100.0 104.6 1C3.1 1C2.4 107.6 110.0 115.6 112.7

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE . . . . * ................ .............................................................. 7 9 . 7 8 2 . 6 8 0 . 9 8 4 . 1 9 8 . 1 9 9 . 1 9 7 . 1 1 C C . 0 1 0 7 . 8 1 C O . 9 1 01.2 104.3 114.9 134.2 113.9

PAPER AND P R I NTI NG ................................................................................................. 86.6 85.2 85. 1 87.7 95.7 9 7 . 7 1 CO. 3 10C.C 1 0 4 . 0 107.4 108. 1 105.2 110.9 121. 2 117.6

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 67.0 68.0 70.6 75. 9 83.6 89.4 94.5 10C.0 1 0 7 . 8 113.9 119.9 122.4 129. 6 145. 3 153. 1

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ................................................ ..................... 78. 6 83. 0 81.4 84.0 92.1 9 8 . 2 1 0 4 . 3 100.0 109.9 120.5 130. 9 135. 3 134.3 1 4 4 . C 138.7

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MPRS................................................................... 67. 6 67. 1 70.5 75.1 86.9 92.3 96.1 100.0 112.3 116.8 117.4 117.0 122. 3 136.7 134.2

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ...................................................... 75.8 79.0 80.5 83.0 95.8 97.0 96.3 100.0 104. 6 106. 1 102. 4 110.2 116.9 130.9 120.3

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 1C1.8 95.9 90.5 94.8 107.6 112.5 106. 2 10C.0 106.4 1C9.0 108.7 99.2 99.3 108.7 99.7

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 96.7 92.4 89.2 92.0 106.4 110. 4 104. 3 100.0 109.0 115.4 110.9 103.8 106.1 114.3 113.7

MACHINERY, EXCEET ELECTRI CAL2 .................................................................. 75.3 81.7 81.2 81. 1 88.7 93.7 99.4 10C.C 1C4.2 1C9.9 113.3 113.4 107.6 117.1 117. 1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 70.0 72. 8 76.0 79.9 86.8 85.6 93.4 1CC.0 103.4 110.1 1 1 3 . 4 116.3 124.9 142.0 136.4

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 9 8 . 2 9 2 . 7 9 4 . 3 9 5 . 9 1 0 2 . 7 1 0 1 . 9 1C1 .4 100.0 105.6 110.2 106. 1 104.9 107.8 109. 6 104. 8

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 61.9 65. 5 7C.C 74.8 83.2 94.0 S I . 5 100.0 111.8 120.2 130.0 131. 1 120.9 132.2 136.4

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

55

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-30. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUST FY 196C 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 15 67 1S68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

ALL TN DU ST R T F S ..................................................................................................................... 1C6.5 1 0 6. 7 104.7 103.8 105.4 104.7 102. 6 100.0 SS. 9 1C0.8 99. 1 94.0 91 .5 92 .4 91.6

FOOD AND T O P A C C O ................................. - .......................................................................... 1C3.9 104.6 104.8 104. 3 1 0 3 . ”2 102. 1 101. 1 100. 0 98. 2 99.0 99. 3 96.3 94.5 94.5 94.4

T E X T I L E MTT.L PRO DU CTS .................................- .......................................................... 12*/. 7 122.2 119.0 113.4 114.0 111.3 108.0 100.0 99. 1 100. 5 95. 0 87.2 84.9 83.4 80.9

APPARET. AND T.FATHFR ROODS .............................................................. - ................ 121.7 120.2 117.0 115.0 113.8 110.0 105. 5 100.0 99.7 99.4 94.2 93.2 91 .9 8 8 . 8 8 4 . 7

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE ........................................................................................... 106.5 105.0 10 3. 2 10 3. 7 106.0 107.6 1C3.2 100.0 106.8 1C1.7 97.5 95.4 98.1 103.6 98. 1

PAPER ANE PRI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 98.9 99.4 99.1 99.8 100.5 101. 6 101.1 1CC.0 1 CC.6 101. 5 1 0 0 . 9 94.9 9 2. 8 9 1.6 92. 4

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 104.0 103. 0 101. 7 101.7 1C1.2 1 C C . 7 1C1 .1 10C.0 96.0 99.6 97.5 94.7 9 2. 4 92. 4 93. 6

PETROLEUM ANT coat product ^ ...............,____________ _____ _______ 142.9 138.2 120 .9 115. 6 111.3 1 0 9 . 8 1 C7.1 100.0 108.3 111.0 11 8. 2 107. 3 100.5

105. 6

97.0 97. 8

RUBBER ANE MISCELLANEOUS MF F S .................................................................. 96.9 97. 4 97.2 99.1 102.7 1 03. 8 101 .5 100.0 105.9 108. 1 108. 3 105. 1 109.9 109.9

STC1NE r T, A y , RT A S S r AND C O N C R ET E ........................................................... 1C4.9 105.6 106.0 104.0 1C8.1 107 .4 103.2 100.0 100. 9 100. 1 96.4 92.2 90.8 92.5 88. 8

PRIMARY METALS ................................................................................................... ... 11C.9 112.1 102.7 104.6 109.6 109.9 105.2 100.0 101. 6 100.3 100. 2 90.3 86.0 87.4 84.7

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... S5.0 102.0 99.2 99.7 103.3 104.7 104. 4 100.0 101.7 102.7 1C2.1 95.8 94.1 96.5 97.1

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL2 . . . . . . . ............................................. 97.3 101.5 100.1 97. 8 100. 6 101.5 131.9 100.0 98.9 1C3.0 101.8 93.4 87.5 88.6 88. 6

ELECTRIC A T E Q U IP M E N T AND S n P F L T E S ........................................... ... 93.5 96.0 97.4 97. 8 102. 1 101.0 101.6 1CC.0 99.1 9 8. 9 96.8 94.3 92.0 92.6 96. 2

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................... 118.4 114. 8 111.2 109. 6 109.3 1C5.5 1C0.1 1GC.0 9 8 . 8 99. 6 9 8 . 2 9 3 . 8 9 1 . 8 94. 5 92. 4

IN S T R U M E N T S ARD RET.ATED PR O D U C T S ........................... ................................ 95.8 101.0 100.1 101. 8 98. 4 99.3 98.9 100.0 97.5 95.1 96. 7 98. 0 93.4 94.6 92. 4

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

56

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-31. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1S 6 8 1969 1 9 7 0 1971 1972 1973 1974

ALL I NDUS T R I E S ....................................................................................... ..................... 1CC.C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10C.0 1C0.0 100.0 100. 0 1CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 1 2 8 . 3 131.7 131.2 130.6 125.5 125.4 125.9 125.9 124.0 123.2 121.8 120. 2 121.2 117.7 120.9

T EXTI LE MILL PRODUCTS ....................................................................................... 7C.7 71.5 70.6 74.8 73.3 74.5 74.0 75.9 83. 1 82.2 84.8 88.6 88.3 88.2 84.7

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 72.0 73.4 70.3 68.8 68.1 70.4 70.8 6S.6 68.7 66.0 67.5 68.4 67.1 68.0 70.9

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ................................................................................. . . . 86.7 91.4 89.2 88.7 94.0 90.2 89.0 91.8 87.2 83.2 85.1 85.3 86.7 89.3 81.6

PAPER AND PRI NT I NG ................................................................................................. 129.9 127.5 125. 1 122.9 123.9 120. 7 120.2 117.5 114.3 113.6 112.5 110.8 113.2 116.8 114. 6

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 108.5 111.3 114. 8 118.6 121.9 126. 4 128.3 133.3 14C.9 139.4 146.5 146.5 150.8 157.5 167. C

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 116.8 126. 2 138. 6 143. 8 152.1 158.4 1 6 6 . 6 1 6 6 .C 1 5 8 . 5 1 6 4 . 8 1 6 4 . 2 178.0 178. 8 185. 1 180. 5

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. 92. 6 92. 6 95.6 95.9 9 9 . 4 1 0 0 . 7 103.6 106 .2 106.0 104.9 102. 8 100. 5 99. 1 99.2 99.3

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 8 4 . 9 88.0 87.5 88.4 91.2 89 .6 89.4 93.0 90.6 90. 1 88. 1 94. 5 96. 4 98.8 96.5

PRIMARY METALS ........................................................................................................... 12C.8 112.6 113.8 112.4 113.1 113.8 108.3 104. 1 102. 6 103.4 1CC. 9 97.3 96.9 97.3 93.8

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 114.8 106.6 103.8 102.3 106.1 104.7 95.7 9 3 .C 93.8 95.6 90.2 85.7 84.6 82.8 83.5

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL2 .................................................................. 95.6 99.6 98.4 96.6 95.5 96.4 98. 4 97.8 96.9 95.3 97.2 100.9 97.0 97.1 99. 0

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ................................................... 85.9 87.2 87.9 88. 5 85. 6 82. 3 86. 1 SC . 9 89.2 92.5 95.1 95.3 99.5 104.6 98. 8

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 102.7 100. 2 103.0 102. 2 102. C 101.1 102.3 98.0 98.6 99.2 94.6 93.2 9 2 . 7 85. 4 85. 1

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 7 2 . 4 72. 8 76. 8 77. 6 8 3 .C 89.6 90.0 88.6 95.7 102.4 106.4 100.8 9 2. 5 9 3 . 1 100. 2

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

57

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-32. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 1963 I960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1970

ALL I N D U S T F I E S ............................................................................................................ 10C.COC 100. 000 10 0 . 00 0 1 0 0 . 00 0 100. 00 0 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1CC.00C 100.000 1 0 0 . OCO 100.000

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 11.€14 11.970 12.182 12.171 11.393 11.307 11.507 11.670 11.300 11.226 11.315 11. 021 11.608 11.160 11.509

T E XT I L E MILL EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ 6.601 6.606 6.080 6.592 6.002 6.397 6.280 6.120 6. 658 6. 618 6. 560 6. 631 6.612 6.029 6.001

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 0.677 0.698 0.070 0.331 0.181 0.209 0.137 3.955 3.895 3. 700 3. 651 3.850 3.830 3.717 3.727

LUMBER AND FUBNI TURE ........................................................................................... 3.C3C 3.101 3.073 3.095 3.300 3. 202 3. 125 3. 207 3^.255 2 . 93 5 2.926 3.020 3.205 3.099 3.050

PAPER ANE P RI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 9.C55 8.906 8.887 8.869 8. 860 8 . 790 8. 879 8. 8 1 5 8 . 6 3 3 8 . 5 83 8.591 8.386 8.611 8.685 8.67 2

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 5.766 5.808 6.069 6.316 6. 367 6.619 6.880 7*252 7.362 7.093 7.839 8.030 8.279 8.568 9.288

PETROLEUM ANE COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 0.795 0.829 0. 812 0.812 0. 815 0.803 0.882 0.802 0.872 0.921 0.990 1.031 0.996 0. 986 0. 977

RUBBER ANE MISCELLANEOUS MF RS ................................................................... 3. 150 3.131 3. 287 3. 39 0 3.588 3.702 3.796 3.933 0.160 0. 166 0. 161 0.162 0. 236 0 . 3 7 2 0.013

S TONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 3. 508 3.650 3.717 3.710 3.920 3 . 8 6 0 3 . 770 3.899 3.801 3.750 3. 597 3. 887 0. 010 0.150 3.922

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 9.017 8.863 8.363 8.078 8.812 8.907 8.311 7.795 7 .811 7. 708 7. 638 6.996 6.82C 6.888 6.098

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 7.362 7.032 6.789 6.779 7.178 7.233 6.725 6.020 6.588 6. 720 6. 016 6.025 5.999 5.966 6.108

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL2 ..............................................,.................... 11.793 12.780 12.701 12.283 12.297 12.615 13.179 13.20 1 12.952 13.153 13.077 13.530 12.509 12.567 12.929

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ...................... .............................. 7.269 7.562 7.885 8 . 0 3 5 7 . 9 9 2 7. 6 51 8. 217 8.76C 8.530 8.707 8.953 9.21b y .600 10.109 9.99 3

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 10 .068 13.650 13.870 13.671 13.390 12.909 12. 600 1 2 . 01 7 12 .307 12,-016 11 .879 11.786 11.780 11.065 10.88 3

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRCEUCTS ....................................................... 1. 253 1. 326 1. 010 1. 060 1. 092 1.637 1 .671 1 .706 1 . 797 1 .859 2.000 2.022 1.817 1. 830 1. 906

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

58

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-33. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, United Kingdom, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1568 1969 1570 1971 1972 1973 197 4

ALL I NDUS T R I E S ........................................................................... ................................ 1 0 0 . CCC 100.000 1 0 0 . OCO 100.000 1 0 0 . OCC 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1 0 0 . COO 1CC.000 100.000 1 0 0 . OCO 100.000

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 9.C51 9.086 9. 283 9 . 3 1 8 9 . C81 9 . 0 5 0 9.141 9.275 9.117 9.110 9. 293 9. 497 9. 577 9.488 9.553

T E XTI LE MILL ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 9 . 6 8 1 9 . 2 4 1 9. 180 8.818 8.731 8.583 8.491 8.072 8.010 8 .0 5 2 7 .7 3 9 7. 482 7. 488 7. 290 7.131

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 6.495 6.399 6.355 6.298 6.138 5.976 5.843 5 .6 8 5 5. 672 5. 608 5. 405 5.632 5.709 5.464 5.255

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E .................................................... ................. .................... 3.493 3.438 3.445 3.490 3.514 3.593 3 . 5 1 2 3. 45 4 3 . 7 3 4 3.526 3.439 3.545 3.742 3.919 3.742

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ..................................... . . . . ............................................... 6.970 6.984 7.102 7.214 7. 152 7 .2 8 3 7.389 7. 5C2 7 . 5 5 6 7 . 5 5 8 7 . 6 3 5 7.570 7.607 7.437 7.567

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ........................................................... . 5.313 5 .2 5 3 5 .2 8 5 5 .3 2 8 5. 225 5. 237 5.360 5.441 5.226 5.376 5.352 5.483 5.490 5.439 5. 561

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS .......................................... .......................... 0.681 0.657 0 . 5 86 0 . 5 6 5 0 . 5 3 6 0 . 5 3 2 0.529 0.5C7 0.550 0.559 0.6 0 5 0.579 0. 557 0. 532 0.541

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 3.369 3 . 3 8 1 3. 4 40 3 . 5 3 5 3.611 3.675 3.664 3.705 3 . 9 2 6 3.972 4 .0 4 8 4. 140 4. 27 3 4. 407 4. 442

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CCNCRI TE ....................................................... 4. 131 4. 152 4.248 4.200 4.303 4.306 4.217 4.195 4 .2 3 7 4. 166 4 .0 8 1 4. 115 4. 162 4. 158 4.065

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 7. 796 7.869 7.351 7.544 7.791 7.865 7.677 7.489 7.614 7 . 4 5 3 7 . 5 7 2 7 . 1 9 3 7 . 0 3 8 7 . 0 8 1 6.927

FABRI CATEt METAL PRODUCTS1 ........................................................................... 6.415 6.596 6.544 6.630 6.767 6.908 7.024 6.9C2 7.026 7. 031 7. 114 7 .034 7.091 7.205 7.313

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL2 .................................................................. 12.331 12.830 12.907 12.716 12.882 13.092 13.397 13.456 13.363 13.796 13.861 13.413 12.902 12.949 13.059

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 8.460 8.669 8.970 9.083 9. 335 9 . 3 0 2 9. 540 9. 639 9. 565 9.455 9.416 9.668 9.686 9.665 10.117

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 1 4 . 0 8 3 1 3 . 6 2 5 1 3 . 4 6 4 1 3 . 3 7 4 13. 136 12.773 12.359 12.671 12.526 12.522 12.562 12.642 12.712 12.954 12.782

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 1.731 1.822 1. 840 1.887 1.798 1.826 1.856 1.525 1.878 1 .816 1.879 2.007 1.964 1.971 1. 942

1 Includes jewelry and precious metals. 2 Includes ordnance and small arms.

59

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-34. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1867 1 S 6 8 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 0 1971 1972 1973 1974

ALL I N D U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 68.9 72.1 76.2 80.1 86.9 91.2 94.4 100.0 108. 5 116.2 119. 5 125.8 134.7 143.9 149.3

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 69. 3 73. 5 77. 4 81.0 87.2 9 2 . 4 95 .6 100.0 106.1 110.7 112. 8 120. 1 125. 1 131.2 139. 2

TEXT I L E MILL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 66. 3 71.2 7 7 . 3 8 2 .2 8 7 .4 9 3 . 5 96 .3 100.0 113.1 120.8 124. 7 141. 1 148. 8 157.9 1 6 9 .C

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 76.11 81.7 85.4 87.7 92.7 99.2 101.2 100.0 109.7 116. 5 116.4 123.2 129.2 128.1 134.1

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE ........................................................................................... 611.3 67.3 72.6 75.5 84.1 90.3 94.8 100.0 106. 2 117.5 123. 5 133.3 142.3 149.9 152.3

PAPER AND PRI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 72.0 74.4 77.9 80.9 87.1 92. 4 95. 9 10C.0 1 C 9 . 5 117.1 12C.5 125.3 135.0 144.8 152.3

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 55.3 57.3 63.5 69. 8 77.2 82.6 89.8 100.0 115.1 125.8 130.6 141.4 155.4 172.5 176. 8

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 40.5 48.9 55. 1 65.9 72.0 79.7 92.9 1CC.C 1C7.5 107.3 119.0 122.2 120.7 135.0 127. 6

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 66.9 70.0 75.8 78. 3 86.9 92.0 94.2 1CC.0 113.7 120.4 125.4 133. 1 143. 5 154. 6 162. 3

STONE, CL AY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 65. 1 69.7 75.4 80. 3 87.9 91.0 95.2 100.0 1 0 8 . 2 11 3 . 3 1 1 8 . 5 1 2 5 . 2 1 3 3 . 4 138.0 141. 4

PRIMARY METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 76. 7 75. 4 77.2 77.2 88.5 88.7 90.4 100.0 111.6 120.1 1 18. 3 1 1 8 . 3 129. 9 143.6 152.5

FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S ......................... ................................................... 76.5 79.4 84.0 86.0 92.1 96.2 96.5 100.0 100. 3 115.8 1 1 8 . 9 122.0 127.7 136.2 139.6

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL' 3 ................................................................... 85.8 89 .3 9 1 . 5 91 .7 9 6 . 7 9 9 . 5 99.6 100.0 100.9 108.3 113.7 117.3 121.0 123.5 126.9

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ..................................................... 69.5 73.0 75.8 78.4 84.9 92.0 92.8 100.0 111.7 120.1 124.8 130.8 144.5 156.1 162.2

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT4 ............................................................................... 7 7 . 4 8 1 . 4 8 3 . 4 9 3. 3 9 8 . 1 9 9 , 2 1C2.8 100.0 112.3 122.3 123.7 127.1 136.1 144. 1 138. 5

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 74.3 76.0 79.0 82. 5 94. 4 99.7 101. 3 10C.0 112.0 121 .6 123.6 119.3 128.0 136.0 137.0

1 Includes quarrying. 3 Includes locomotives.

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

60

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-35. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUST BY 19 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197 4

ALL I NDUS T R I E S .............................................................................................................. 76. 3 81.0 84.3 86.6 95.1 101 .2 102.8 100.0 112.3 127.3 135. 4 138. 0 143. 4 1 5 3 . 4 1 5 C . 5

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 7 3 . 3 77. 5 82. 2 85. 8 91.3 95.5 98.3 1CC.0 105.3 110.1 114.0 120.6 122. 3 127. 3 128. 8

T EXTI LE MILL ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 9 2 . 4 95.2 97.9 9 9 . 3 1 0 3 . C 1 0 7 . 5 1 0 7 . 5 100.0 115.9 126.9 128. 0 124. 9 138.6 138.4 13C.3

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 8 9 . 0 9 4 . 5 9 8 . 4 99.4 104.3 111.8 1 12 .0 100.0 112. 1 121.1 117.5 119. 1 122. 0 111.6 102.4

LUMBER AND FURNITURE ........................................................................................... 7 8 . 2 81.4 85.7 84.0 93.4 99.8 102.9 100.0 108. 3 123.6 132. 4 143.5 156.3 166.5 156.3

PAPER AND F R I NT I NG ................................................................................................. 7 5 . 0 7 8 . 4 8 2 . 5 8 5 . 4 9 1 . 4 97. 1 100.3 10C.0 111.4 123.1 128.9 129.4 135.4 142.4 141.8

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 5 2 . 9 56.0 61.8 67.7 76.5 84. 1 92. 2 100.0 117.1 134.3 142.5 150.4 160.6 180.7 185.6

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS .......................................... .......................... 42.7 52.1 58.2 67. 1 77. € 86.0 95.6 1CC.C 111.1 116.2 127.8 129.2 133.4 141.2 130. 1

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. €2.7 66. 9 73. 4 77.1 89.2 98.9 102. 4 100.0 123.3 143.5 155.3 162.9 175.3 192. 8 189. 0

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 77.7 83. 1 88. 3 9 0 . 6 1 0 1 . 4 1 C 4 . 3 1 C 5 . 8 100.0 107.8 115.0 123.0 129.4 136. 8 137. 4 126. 8

PRIMARY METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 54.7 94. 8 91.7 88.0 103.5 104.8 99.7 100.0 115.8 131.0 131. 6 121. 5 126. 8 143-8 148.8

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 88. 5 93. 5 93.9 95.9 1 0 5 .C 111.8 108.5 100.0 104.8 130.0 139.4 139. 9 141.8 152.5 145.7

MACHINERY, EXCEPT E L E CT RI CAL 3 .................................................................. 88.4 96.8 9 8 .C 95.5 102.4 109.2 108.0 100.0 105. 8 123. 1 133. 2 132.2 129.5 133.6 133.8

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ................................................... 73.0 81.0 83.0 84.6 93. 1 103.8 102. 3 100.0 117.3 138.4 157.4 158.8 173.2 193 .2 195. 1

TRANSPORTATION EQUI PMENT4 .............................................................................. 81.8 85.7 91.6 100.5 107.7 112.6 115. 8 100.0 122.8 147.4 162.5 165.5 166 .8 1 7 9 .7 157.9

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ...................................................... 83.8 85.7 84.9 85. 8 98. 7 104. 8 104.7 1CC.C 1 1 3 . 8 131 .3 1 3 6 . 8 121.1 122.9 134.0 131. 5

1 Includes quarrying. 3 Includes locomotives.

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

61

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-36. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTBY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

ALL I ND U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 110.8 112. 0 1 1 0 . 5 1 0 8 . 2 109.5 111 .0 1C8.8 1CC.0 103.6 109.6 113. 3 109. 7 106. 4 106.6 100.8

FOOD AND TOEACCO ....................................................................................................... 105.8 1 0 5 . 0 1 0 6 . 1 1 0 6 . 0 1C 0 . 7 103.0 102.7 1CC.C 95.2 99.5 101.1 100.4 97.7 97.0 92. 5

T E XT I L E H I L L PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 139.3 133.8 126.7 120. 8 1 1 7 . S 1 1 5 .0 111 .7 10C.0 102.4 105.1 102.6 95.6 93.2 87. 6 77. 1

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 116. 5 115.7 115.2 113.3 112.5 112 .6 110.7 100.0 102.1 103.9 100. 9 96. 7 94. 4 87.1 76.3

LUMBER AND F UFNITURE ........................................................................................... 121.5 121.0 118.0 111.3 111.1 110.6 108.5 100.0 102.0 1 0 5 . 1 1 C 7 . 1 1 C 7 . 6 1 0 9 . 8 111.1 102.6

PAPER AND P RI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 100.2 105.3 106.0 105.5 105.0 105.1 100.5 100.0 101.8 105.2 107. 0 103.2 100.3 98.4 93.1

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 9 5 . 6 97.7 97.0 97.1 99. V 101. 8 102. 6 100.0 101.7 1C6.7 105.1 106.3 103.3 104.8 105.0

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 105.0 106.0 105.8 101.8 107. 7 107.8 1C3.0 100.0 103.4 1C8.4 1C7.4 105.7 110.5 104.6 101.9

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS M F F S ................................................................... 93.8 95.5 96.9 98. 0 10 2 . 6 1 0 7 . 0 1 0 8 . 7 10C. O 1 C 8 . 4 1 1 9 . 2 1 2 3 . 8 1 2 2 . 4 122.2 124.7 116. 5

STONE, CLAY, G I A S S , AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 119.2 119. 3 117. 1 112. 8 115.0 110.6 111 .1 100.0 99.7 101.5 103.7 103.4 10 2 . 6 99 . 6 89. 7

PRIMARY METALS2 ............................................................................................................. 123.6 125.8 118.8 110.0 1 17.C 118.1 110.3 100.0 103.7 109.1 111.2 102.7 97.6 100. 1 97. 6

FABRI CATED META I PRODUCTS . . ..................................................................... 115.7 117.7 111.8 111.5 113.9 116.2 112.0 100.0 104.5 112.2 117. 2 114. 7 111. 1 112.0 104.4

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL3 ................................................. .................. 103.1 108.3 107.2 100.1 105.9 109.7 108.5 100.0 104.9 113.7 117. 2 112.7 107.0 108.2 105.4

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P E L I E S ...................... . . ........................ 1C5.1 111.0 109.0 108.0 109.7 112.9 110.3 100.0 105. 1 115-3 126. 1 121. 4 119.9 123.8 120.2

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT4 ............................................................................... 105.7 105.3 109.8 107.6 109.8 113. 5 112.7 100.0 1C5.4 12<2.5 131.4 130.2 122 .6 124.7 114.0

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 112.8 112.8 107.0 100.0 100.6 105.2 1C3.3 100.0 101.6 1C8.0 110.7 101 .5 96.0 98.5 96.0

1 Includes quarrying. 3 Includes locomotives.

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

62

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-37. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY 1960 1961 1962 196 3 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1966 1967 1968 19 69 1970 1971 1972 1973 1 9 7 4

ALL I NDUS T RI E S ................................................................................................... ,. . . 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 10C.C 100.0 1 CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 176.6 179.2 178.4 177.8 176. 2 178. 1 178.0 175.7 171 .9 167.4 165.8 167.7 163.2 160. 3 163.9

T EXTI LE MILL PRODUCTS ....................................................................................... 7 1 . 2 7 3 . 0 7 5 . 0 7 5 . 9 7 4 . 4 7 5 .9 7 5 .4 74 .0 77 .1 7 6 .9 7 7 . 2 8 2 .9 8 1 .7 81. 2 83. 7

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 67.5 69.0 68.2 66.7 6 5 . C 66.2 65.2 60.9 61.6 6 1.1 59. 3 59. 6 58.4 54.2 54.7

LUMBER AND F U R N I T U R E ............................................. ............................. .............. 76. 1 76. 1 77.6 76.8 78.9 80.7 81 . 8 81.5 79.8 82.5 84. 2 86. 3 86. 1 84.9 83.1

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ................................................................................................. 95.6 94.5 93.4 92 .5 91 .7 92.7 93.0 91.5 92. 4 92.2 62. 2 91.1 91.7 92.1 93.4

CHEMICALS AND^ AI LI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 1(13.1 141 .7 148.4 155.4 158.4 161. 5 169. 5 178.3 189.2 193.1 194. 8 200.3 205.7 213.7 211. 1

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ................................................................. ... 552.(4 637.9 678.7 773.3 778.8 821.9 924. 2 939.6 921.2 867.9 935.6 912.6 842.0 881 .7 803. 2

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MERS................................................................... 83.3 83.4 85.3 84.0 85.9 86.7 65.6 85.8 9C.0 89.0 90.1 90.8 9 1 . 5 9 2 . 2 9 3. 3

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 95.2 97.3 99.5 101.0 101.9 100. 5 101.5 100.7 1 0C.4 98.2 99.8 100.2 99.6 96.6 95. 3

PRIMARY METALS2 ............................................................................................................ 112.3 105. 5 10 2. 2 97. 3 102.8 98.2 96.6 10C.9 103.8 1C4.3 99.8 94.8 97. 3 100.7 103. 0

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 82. 5 81.9 81.9 79.8 76.8 78.5 75.9 74.3 68.7 74.1 73. 9 72. 0 70. 5 70.4 69.5

MACHINERY, EXCEET ELECTRI CAL3 .................................................................. 92. 4 92.0 89.0 85.0 82.5 81.0 78.2 74.2 69.0 69.2 70.5 69. 1 66.6 63.7 63.1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 84.0 84.3 8 2 . 8 81 . 5 8 1 . 4 8 4 . 0 81.9 83. 3 85.8 86. 1 87. 0 86.6 89.3 9C.4 90.5

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT4 .............................................................................. 11C.5 111.0 107.6 114.6 111.0 107.0 107.0 96.3 1C1.7 1C3.5 101.7 99.3 99.3 98.4 91.2

INSTRUMENTS AND BELATED PRODUCTS ...................................................... 65.5 68.0 66.8 66.4 70.0 70.5 69. 2 64.4 66.6 67.4 66.6 6 1 . 1 61 .2 6 0 . 9 59. 1

1 Includes quarrying. 3 Includes locomotives.

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

63

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-38. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY I9 60 1961 1 962 1963 1964 19 6 5 1966 1967 1 96 8 196 9 197 0 1971 1972 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 4

ALL I ND US T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 10C.CCC 100. ooc 100.000 100. OCO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

FOOD AND TOEACCO ....................................................................................................... 12.609 12.560 12.804 13.008 12.607 12.397 12.557 13.132 12.309 11.351 11.053 11.480 11.205 10.898 11.234

T E XTI LE MILL EBODUCTS ........................................................................................ 5.64 1 5. 478 5. 4 19 5 . 3 4 3 5 . C51 4 . 9 5 3 4 . 8 7 9 4.662 4.808 4.647 4 . 4 0 7 4 . 5 5 8 4. 508 4. 205 4. 036

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ........................................................................... 4.503 4.506 4. 510 4. 430 4 .2 3 6 4.265 4.210 3.862 3.852 3.672 3.351 3. 333 3.288 2.810 2. 626

LUMBER ANE FURNI TURE ........................................................................................... 3. 294 3.231 3.270 3.119 3.159 3.173 3.220 3.216 3.1 0 1 3. 121 3. 143 3. 344 3. 507 3. 491 3.338

PAPER ANE P RI NTI NG ................................................................................................ 5.C35 4.958 5. 019 5.050 4.927 4 . 9 1 6 5 . 0 0 2 5. 126 5 .0 8 4 4. 956 4.879 4.806 4.840 4.760 4 . 8 2 7

CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 8.999 8.974 9.524 10.150 10.445 10.782 11.643 12.983 13.528 13.692 13.663 14.147 14.546 1 # 2 9 5 16.004

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 2.096 2.409 2.590 2.902 3.057 3. 183 3. 488 3.747 3.7C7 3.421 3.536 3.508 3.487 3.449 3.238

RUBBER ANE MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. 2.952 2 . 9 6 5 3. 131 3. 19 5 3 . 3 70 3.509 3.579 3.592 3.942 4.047 4.118 4.240 4.392 4.513 4.510

STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE1 ....................................................... 6.037 6.089 6.216 6. 20 3 6. 329 6. 114 6.113 5.934 5.694 5.359 5.388 5.566 5.661 5. 316 4.999

PRIMARY METALS2 ............................................................................................................ 10.452 9. 858 9. 168 8. 555 9. 16 7 8 . 7 2 1 8 . 1 7 3 8.420 8.676 8.665 8.180 7.411 7.448 7. 891 8. 325

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................ 8.494 8.456 8. 162 8. 104 8.084 8 . 0 9 1 7 .734 7.324 6 .834 7.474 7.542 7.423 7.247 7.282 7.089

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL3 ................................................................... 12.160 12.536 12.212 11.566 11.295 11 . 3 2 5 11 . 0 3 5 1 0 . 4 9 5 9 . 8 8 2 10. 148 1 0 .3 2 5 10.052 9. 481 9. 143 9.326

ELECTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P F L I E S ...................... ............................. 8.948 9.350 9. 211 9 .136 9 .1 5 6 9.593 9.313 9.351 9.768 1C.165 10.871 1C.765 11.296 11.776 12.118

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT4 ............................................................................... 7.359 7.262 7.459 7.958 7.773 7.635 7 . 7 37 6.863 7. 503 7. 946 8. 236 8.230 7.986 8.039 7.197

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 1.422 1 . 3 7 1 1.305 1.283 1.344 1.342 1. 319 1. 295 1.312 1.336 1.309 1.137 1 .110 1 . 1 3 1 1 . 131

1 Includes quarrying. 3 Includes locomotives

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

64

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-39. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Germany, 1960-74

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDOSTFY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

ALL I N D U S T R I E S ........................................................................................................ 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 10C.OCC 100.000 100.000 1OO.CCO 1 0 0 . CCC 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000

FOOD AND TU BACC O .............................................................................................................. 7 . 1 3 8 7 . 0 1 0 7 . 177 7 . 3 1 7 7. 150 6. 962 7.056 7.474 7.162 6.780 6.667 6.843 6.865 6.800 6.856

T E X T I L E M IL L E RCD U CTS .............................................................................................. 7.926 7.501 7.229 7.035 6.790 6. 529 6.470 6.3C3 6.233 6.040 5.710 5.496 5.519 5. 180 4.820

A PPA RE L AND L E A T H E R GOODS ....... .......................................................................... 6.670 6. 529 6. 617 6. 643 6. 521 6 . 4 3 6 6.454 6 .345 6.256 6.014 5.651 5.59 4 5 . 6 30 5. 186 4. 804

LUMBER AND FU F N I T U R E .................................................................................................. if. 330 4.248 4. 214 4.060 4.0C4 3 . 9 3 0 3 . 9 3 6 3 . 9 4 7 3 . 8 8 6 3.785 3.732 2.874 4. 072 4.111 4.017

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G ........................................................................................................ 5. 267 5. 244 5. 371 5 . 4 5 8 5 . 3 7 3 5 .301 5.380 5.601 5.503 5.373 5. 290 5. 273 5. 277 5. 168 5.171

C H E M IC A L S AND A L L I E D P R O D U C T S ..................................................................... 6.267 6.332 6.417 6.532 6.595 6 .678 6 .867 7.283 7. 149 7.069 7. C13 7 . 0 6 2 7 . 0 7 2 7.158 7.581

PETROLEUM AND COAL PR O DUC TS ........................................................................... 0.379 0.378 0.382 0.375 0.392 0.387 0.377 0.399 0.398 0.394 0.378 C.384 0.414 0.391 0.403

RUBBER AND M I S C E L L A N E O U S M F R S ....................... ............................................... 3.542 3.556 3.670 3.805 3 .9 2 3 4 .0 4 8 4. 180 4. 184 4. 379 4.548 4.571 4.671 4.802 4.893 4.832

S T O N E , C L A Y , G L A S S , AND C O N C R E T E 1 ........................................................... 6.342 6.258 6.248 6. 141 6. 212 €.084 6.C21 5.695 5.6 7 2 5.457 5.397 5.557 5.681 5.505 5. 245

PRIMARY M E T A L S 2 ..................................................................................................................... 9.310 9.345 8.973 8.794 8.916 8. 882 8.458 8.347 8.355 8.304 8.196 7.817 7.656 7 . 8 37 8 . 0 8 0

F A B R I C A T E D METAL PRO D U C T S ................................................................................. 10.294 10.321 9. 971 10.149 10.256 10.313 10.182 9.855 9.946 1 0 . 0 84 10.199 1 0 . 3 0 6 10.283 10.351 10.204

MACHINERY, EYCFPT ELECTRIC AT 3 ....................................................................... 12. 163 13.633 13.724 13.613 13.686 13.985 14.103 14.148 14.324 14.668 14.637 14.541 14.227 14.363 14.791

FT.FCTRT CAT, E Q U I P M E N T AND S U P P L I E S ........................................................ 10.647 11.087 11.119 11.203 11.250 1 1 . 4 1 9 11 . 3 7 7 1 1 . 2 2 8 11.389 11.807 12.499 12.435 12.646 13.034 13.391

T R A N S P O R T A T I O N E Q U I P M E N T 4 .................................................................................... 6.660 6.541 6.935 6.944 7.006 7.139 7 .229 6.9 8 2 7. 275 7. 675 8.C96 8.287 8.044 8.166 7.892

I N S T R U M E N T S AND RET.ATFD P R O D U C T S ........................................................... 2.C45 2.016 1.953 1.931 1.920 1.904 1.908 2.C10 1.972 1 . 9 80 1 . 9 6 4 1 . 8 6 0 1.813 1.857 1.913

1 Includes quarrying 3 Includes locomotives.

2 Includes railroad and street cars. 4 Excludes aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and street cars.

65

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-40. Output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUST FY 1960 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

ALL I ND U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 5 0 . 9 5 9 . 8 63.3 67.9 75.0 79.1 87.2 1CC.0 112.0 126.3 14C.4 145.8 161. 4

POOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 6 5 . 1 66.0 70.5 83. 1 87. 1 91.7 98.0 100.0 10 .3 112.8 122.0 126.5 137 .4

T E XTI LE MILL PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 77.8 80. 1 78.7 81.7 80. 5 90.0 92.9 1CC.0 107.0 1C9.8 114.9 119.1 126.3

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 6 9 . 5 7 2 . 9 9 2 . 9 8 0 . 3 8 2 . 6 8 9 . 2 101 .0 10C.0 10C.3 106.3 108.3 102. 1 110.9

LUMBER AND F URNI T URE 1 ........................................................................................... 79.9 80.9 82. 1 83. 9 8 7 .7 90.1 90 .2 100.0 1 0 ^ . 5 112.1 118, 0 120. 1 126.3

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................ 57. 5 66.2 7C.2 73.3 7 9 .C 82.1 90.3 100.0 112.0 127.7 143. 3 147. 9 158.5

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 02.0 05.6 50.2 57.8 65.7 72.0 82.9 100.0 112. 1 131.2 156.0 170.7 185.4

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 37.9 01.8 05.9 50.1 63.0 72.2 80.8 100.0 118.0 136.7 157. 6 165. 1 171 .3

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFBS................................................................... 59.5 68.1 73.2 75.7 80.6 82.0 89. 1 100.0 103.8 113.5 126.4 136.5 160.3

STONE, CLAY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 61.0 67.2 72.6 70. 0 82.2 80.0 88.8 100.0 109.6 118.7 13C.7 133.8 146 .4

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 0 5 . 6 5 0 . 8 5 0 . 3 56.7 68. 2 71. 0 82.3 10C.C 111.2 129.6 142.4 143.9 164.2

FABRI CATED METAL P R O D U C T S .................................................... ....................... 60. 1 60.9 60. 0 66. 1 7 3 . 5 7 5 . 0 8 5 . 0 10C.0 118.2 130.7 142.4 147.4 164. 7

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELE CTRI CAL ................................................................... 0 9 . 9 56.0 59. 2 60. 1 71.8 72.0 78.2 100.0 127.0 141.5 160. 2 156.7 169.9

ELE CTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ...................... . .......................... 09. 1 55.6 59.6 61.1 69.5 69.8 83.2 100.0 118.6 142.8 154. 4 161. 4 187. 4

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 39.0 06.0 51.6 50.8 71.1 78.5 85.6 100.0 106. 1 119.2 135. 1 150.1 161.8

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRCLUCTS ....................................................... 55.2 60.7 72.7 81.2 87.3 86.9 95.5 100.0 106. 3 123.2 141. 6 140.2 151.8

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

66

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-41. Output, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTRY 1560 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

ALL I NDUS T RI E S ...............................,............................................................................. 43.7 51.3 55.6 62. 2 71.8 74.6 84.2 10C.C 114.4 132.4 150.8 154.9 166.3

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 5 2 . C 56.2 60.8 75. 3 81.7 86.9 95. 2 100.0 102.5 1C8.9 117.1 120.7 127.5

TEXTI LE B i l l ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 7 6 . 7 8 0 . 6 78.1 81.8 86. 1 91.3 94.4 1CC.C 104.4 1C4.9 108.3 109.0 107.8

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS . . ...................................................................... 4 2 . 7 4 8 . 4 65.6 70.4 75. 5 81. 4 96.4 10C . 0 1 0 2 . 9 1 1 3 . 3 119.9 123.3 125.3

LUMBER AND F URNI TURE1 . , ....................................................................................... 71.4 75. 6 77. 3 81.7 86.7 87.7 93.1 100.0 104.3 111.0 115.7 114. 1 117.0

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................. H €. 2 5 8 . 3 62.3 69.0 78.1 80.0 89.7 100.0 110.4 124.4 141. 0 144. 4 153.3

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 38.0 43.6 49.7 58.3 68.1 74.5 84.7 100.0 112.2 131.4 156. 3 167. 0 173. 1

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ....................................... .............................. 3 2 . 9 39.5 44.5 53.2 63.0 72.4 83. 1 100.0 118.3 141. 4 166. 1 182.1 190.4

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 43.9 53.2 58.8 65.8 73.9 75.4 86.0 100.0 106.3 120.2 136.8 145.8 164.8

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 49.1 57.0 62.3 66.0 76. 1 78. 4 85. 4 100.0 111.8 124.0 138.7 140.9 150.5

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 39.1 48.6 48.2 54. 6 67. 5 68. 7 78.9 1CC.C 114.5 136.7 153.8 151.1 165.6

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 4 1 . 7 4 9 . 1 5 1 . 7 57. 9 67.6 69.1 81.8 1CC.0 121.0 143.3 165.3 170.7 189. 3

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL .................................................................. 39.3 50. 8 55.3 61.9 70.8 68.0 75.3 100.0 131 .8 156.1 186.9 180.4 186.7

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 22. 3 43. 8 50.2 53.6 63.3 61 .6 75.9 100.0 128.9 170.9 199. 2 203.0 229. 9

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 26.4 33. 9 38.1 42.5 59.3 6 6.9 77.1 100.0 115. 1 131.0 15C.6 166.9 184. 9

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ................................................ 42.5 52.9 63.0 74.2 83.1 82.3 93.7 100.0 109. 8 131.1 158. 0 158.3 169.2

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

67

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-42. Hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, 1967 = 100)

INDUSTFY 196C 1961 1962 1963 1960 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

ALL I ND U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 79.6 85.8 87.8 91.7 9 5. 2 9 0 . 3 9 6 . 6 1CC.C 1 C 2 . 1 104.8 107.4 106.3 103.0

FOOD AND T O E A C C O ....................................................................................................... 7 9 . 8 80.7 86.3 90.6 93.8 90.7 96.7 100. C 56.2 96.6 56.0 95.4 92.8

T E XT I L E MILL ERODUCTS ............................................... ...................................... 98.6 100.7 99.2 100. 1 101.9 101. 5 1C1.6 100.0 57.6 55.5 94.3 91.5 85.3

APPAREL AND LEATBER GOODS ............................................................................ 61.4 66.3 70.7 83. 5 91. 0 91. 3 95.0 1C0.0 1C2.6 106.6 110.8 120.8 113.0

LUMBER AND F URNI TURE1 ........................................................................................... 8 9 . 0 9 3 . 0 90. 2 97. 0 9 6 . 5 97.0 98.8 10C.O 95.8 99.0 98. 1 95.0 92. 6

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................ 83.9 88.0 88.8 90. 1 96.5 97.0 99.0 100.0 98.6 97.4 98.4 97.6 96.8

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 9C. 3 95.6 9 9 . C 100.9 1C3.6 103.6 102.2 100.0 100.1 100.2 100. 2 97 . 8 9 3 . 4

PETROLEUM AND CCAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 86.9 90.6 96.9 98.2 99.3 100.0 102.8 100.0 100. 2 1C 3 . 4 1 C 5. 4 110.2 111.1

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS.................................................................. 73.8 78.1 80.3 86.9 91.6 91.9 96.6 100.0 102. 4 106.0 108. 2 1C6.9 102.8

S TONE, CL AY, GL AS S , AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 7 9 . 9 8 0 . 8 8 5 . 8 88.8 92.7 92.9 96. 2 100.0 102.0 104.4 106.1 1C5.4 102.8

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................ 85.7 95.5 9 5 . 7 96. 2 9 9 .C 96.3 95.9 100.0 102.9 105.5 108.0 105.0 100.9

FABRI CATED METAL PRODUCTS . . ..................................................................... 69.3 75.6 80.3 87. 5 92.0 92. 1 96.3 1CC.C 1C2.3 1C9.7 116.0 115.8 114.9

MACHINERY, EXCEPT E L E C T R I C A L .................................................................. 78.6 90. 2 93. 0 96. 5 56.7 90.0 96.0 1CC.0 1C3.7 110.3 116.7 115. 1 109.9

ELE CTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ........ ........................................... 67.7 78.9 80.3 87. 8 51.2 88.2 91 . 2 100.0 108.7 119.7 129. 0 125.8 122.7

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 67.0 73.0 73.9 77.0 83.5 85.1 90.0 100.0 108 .4 109.9 111. 5 111. 1 114. 3

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 7 6 . 9 81.8 86.7 91.5 95.2 90.7 98.1 100.0 103. 3 106. 5 111. 6 1 1 2 . 9 111.4

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

68

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-43. Relative levels of output per hour, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUST FY 196 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972

ALL I NDUS TRI E S ................................................................................................... . . . 1CC.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 1C0.0 1CC.C 1CC.0 1C0.0 1CC.0 1C0.0 100.0

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 1C5.1 98.2 98.5 108.4 102.2 102.6 99.9 88.5 82.4 79.0 76.9 76.8 75.4

TEXTILE MILL ERCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 77.5 73.2 68.0 65.8 61.2 62.2 58. 2 54.6 52.2 47.5 44.7 44.7 42 .8

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................. 1 0 5 . 9 1 0 1 . 9 122.6 10 3. 8 9 1 . 5 94. 2 96.8 83.5 74.8 70.3 64.4 58.5 57.4

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE1 ............................................................. ............................. 86.5 80. 4 77.0 73. 4 69.0 67.6 64.2 59.4 55.4 52.7 49.9 48.9 46. 5

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G 2 ................................................................................................. 110.5 116.6 116.9 113. 8 11C.3 109.4 1C9.1 105 .4 105.3 106.5 107.6 106.9 10 3 . 5

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 18!. 9 185. 2 192.6 2C6.7 211.7 220.9 231 .0 2 4 2 .9 243.1 252.2 269. 9 284. 5 279. 1

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ................................................... ................. .266.0 269. 3 279.7 307.2 324.0 351.6 357.1 385.4 4 0 6 . 0 4 1 7 . 0 4 3 2 . 5 436.7 409. 1

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 78.9 82.9 8 4 . 2 81 .1 77.8 75.4 74.3 72.7 67. 4 65.3 65. 5 68.1 72.3

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 1 1 6 . 5 1 1 7 . 0 119.3 114.0 113.3 110.9 105.9 104.0 1C1.7 97.8 96.8 95.5 94.4

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................ 1 1 8 . 2 1 2 0 . 9 1 1 3 . 0 1 1 8 . 8 1 2 8 . 5 1 2 8 . 3 1 3 4 . 2 142. 2 141.2 145.8 144.2 140.4 144.7

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 95.2 94.2 88.4 84. 5 84.6 82. 3 84.6 86.8 91.6 89.8 88.1 87.8 88 .6

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL .................................................................. 92. 1 96. 4 95. 8 96.6 97.2 93.6 91.7 102.3 1 1 6 .0 114 .6 116.7 110.0 107.7

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 9 0 . 2 9 3 . 6 9 4 . 8 9 0 . 6 92.8 88.8 96 .1 1CC.7 106.6 113.9 110.7 111.5 116.9

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 92. 5 100. 1 105.1 104.2 121.5 128.0 126.7 128.9 122.1 121.7 124.0 132. 8 129. 3

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 81.7 87. 8 93.3 97.0 93.9 89.2 88.9 81.2 77.0 79. 1 81.8 78.0 76. 4

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

69

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-44. Percent distribution of output, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUST FY 1 9 6 0 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 2 1 9 6 3 1964 1965 1966 1967 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 9 1970 197 1 197 2

ALL I ND U S T R I E S ............................................................................................................ 1 0 0 . COO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1CC.000 100. OCO 100.000 10C.000 100.000 1CC.000 100.000

FOOD AND T 0 E A C C 0 ....................................................................................................... 12.235 11.251 11.234 12.431 11.695 11.967 11.616 10.276 9.201 8. 453 7.979 8.009 7.881

T E XTI LE H I L L EFODUCTS ........................................................................................ 12.951 11.577 10.360 9.689 8.842 9.025 8. 261 7. 372 6 . 7 29 5 . 8 4 1 5.296 5.188 4.780

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOODS ............................................................................ 3.503 3.377 4. 230 4.053 3.766 3.908 4.101 3.583 3.223 3.067 2.849 2.852 2.699

LUMBER ANE FURNI TURE1 ........................................................................................... 5 . 0 4 1 4 . 8 9 9 4 . 6 27 4 . 3 6 8 4 . 0 16 3 . 9 1 2 3 . 6 7 6 3 . 3 2 7 3 . 0 3 2 2 . 7 9 0 2 . 5 5 3 2 . 4 5 1 2 . 3 4 2

PAPER ANE P RI N T I N G2 ................................................................................................ 3.881 3.987 3. 940 3. 893 3. 823 3.766 3 . 7 4 2 3 . 5 1 3 3 . 3 91 3 . 3 0 1 3 . 2 8 6 3 . 2 7 6 3. 240

CHEMICALS ANE ALLI ED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 9. 631 9 . 6 0 1 1 0 . 1 0 6 1 0 . 5 8 7 1 0 . 7 2 5 11 . 2 9 4 11 . 3 6 9 1 1 . 3 0 6 11.084 11.222 1 1 . 7 1 3 1 2 . 1 9 2 1 1 . 7 7 2

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 1.039 1.062 1. 104 1.178 1 . 2 0 9 1 . 3 3 9 1 . 3 6 0 1 . 3 7 9 1 .4 2 5 1.472 1. 519 1. 621 1. 579

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 5 . 1 0 2 5 . 2 5 9 5 . 3 6 9 5 . 3 6 4 5 . 2 1 9 5 . 1 2 6 5 . 1 8 4 5 . 0 7 3 4. 7 13 4. 6 0 8 4 . 602 4 . 7 7 7 5 . 0 3 C

S TONE, CL AY, GL AS S , AND CCNCFETE ....................................................... 6.301 6.223 6.278 5.944 5.942 5.886 5.685 5.6C4 5 .4 7 5 5. 249 5. 154 5.099 5.072

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 9.C83 9.599 8 .789 8 .898 9 . 5 4 2 9 .3 4 8 9 .5 0 5 10. 147 10.151 10.480 10.347 9.898 1 0 .1 0 9

FABRICATED METAI P R O D U CT S ............................................................................ 6.118 6.133 5.969 5.961 6.037 5.939 6.231 6.413 6.781 6.942 7.C29 7.070 7.300

MACHINERY, EXCEPT EL E C T R IC A L .................................. ................................ 9.274 10.218 10.268 10.255 10.177 9. 408 9.228 1 C.316 11.880 12.163 12.786 12.014 1 1 . 5 8 6

ELE CTRI CAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S ..................................................... 7.437 8. 334 8. 816 8.405 8.611 8.054 8.798 9.762 10.995 12.604 12.895 12.794 13.497

TRANSPORTATI ON EQUIPMENT ............................................................................... 6.214 6.796 7.057 7.025 6. 5C6 9.227 9.426 10.295 10.352 10.189 10.281 11.091 11.451

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 1. 590 1.684 1.852 1.949 1.890 1 . 8 0 2 1 . 8 1 7 1 . 6 3 3 1 . 5 6 7 1.618 1.711 1.669 1. 662

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

70

Digitized for FRASER 

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table B-45. Percent distribution of hours, 15 manufacturing industries, Japan, 1960-72

(Indexes, all manufacturing = 100)

INDUSTRY I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 9 1970 1971 1972

ALL I NDUS T R I E S .................................................................................................. ,. . . 1 0 0 . COO 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 1 0 0 . OCC 100.000 10C . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . COO 1CC.000 100.000

FOOD AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................................... 11.649 11.453 11.401 11.472 1 1 .4 4 4 1 1 .6 6 2 11.626 11.609 11. 163 10.697 10.379 1C.424 10.454

TEXTI LE MILL PBCDUCTS ....................................................................................... 16.006 15.822 15.237 1 4 . 7 3 4 1 4 . 4 4 1 1 4 . 5 1 3 1 4 . 1 9 0 1 3 . M51 12.888 12.299 11.840 11.615 11.173

APPAREL AND LEATHER GOCDS ............................................................................ 3.3C8 3.313 3.450 3.906 4.116 4.149 4.236 4. 288 4. 309 4.364 4.423 4.875 4.703

LUMBER AND FURNI TURE1 ........................................................................................... 6.292 6.094 6.006 5.950

in

OO

I N

o

5.786 5.727 5.6C3 5.476 5.295 5.118 5.011 5.037

PAPER AND P R I N T I N G2 ................................................................................................. 3 .5 1 2 3. 418 3. 371 3.422 3.465 3.444 3.430 3.334 3.219 3.100 3.055 3.063 3. 1 30

CHEMICALS AND ALLI ED PRODUCTS ................................................................ 5 . 2 8 9 5. 184 5. 246 5. 122 5. 066 5.112 4.922 4.654 4 . 5 6 0 4 . 4 4 9 4 . 3 4 1 4 . 2 8 5 4. 218

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 0. 290 0.394 0.395 0 . 3 8 3 C . 3 7 3 0 . 3 8 1 0.381 0.358 0.351 0.353 0.351 0.371 0. 386

RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS MFRS................................................................... 6.465 6.346 6.376 6.612 6.712 6 .797 6.975 6.975 6.992 7. 053 7.030 7.015 6.961

STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE ....................................................... 5.411 5.320 5.262 5.216 5.245 5.306 5.367 5.387 5. 281 5. 368 5. 323 5.341 5.374

PRIMARY METALS ............................................................................................................. 7 . 6 8 4 7.941 7.777 7.491 7 .4 2 4 7 . 2 8 5 7 .0 8 2 7. 138 7.191 7.187 7.176 7.052 6.987

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS ........................................................................... 6.427 6.509 6.753 7 .051 7. 138 7.214 7. 362 7 . 2 8 7 7 . U01 7 . 7 3 2 7 . 9 8 3 8 . 0 5 3 8 . 2 3 8

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL .................................................................. 9.962 10.595 10.722 10.612 10.459 10.055 10.062 1 0 . C € 5 10.244 1C.616 10.957 1C.926 10.760

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND S U P P L I E S .................................................... 8.249 8.906 9. 301 9.277 9.283 9.068 9.155 9.694 10.314 11.070 11.644 11.476 11.542

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT .............................................................................. 6.716 6.788 6. 716 6 . 7 4 4 7.CC3 7.207 7.442 7.985 8.476 8.373 8.289 8.352 8.8 59

INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS ...................................................... 1.946 1.918 1.986 2.008 2.C13 2.021 2.043 2.013 2.035 2.045 2 . 0 9 1 2. 139 2. 177

1 Excludes furniture. 2 Excludes printing.

71

Digitized for FRASER 

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix C. Selected References

Chandler, John H., and Patrick C. Jackman. Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing;

Trends in Nine Countries, 1950-65. Bulletin 1518. U.S. Department of Labor, 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966, 34 pp.

Daly, D. J. Estimates o f Manufacturing Productivity Levels, United States, Canada

and Japan. Downsview, Ontario, York University, July 1976, 9 pages. (Part of a 

study supported by the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources).

Gilbert, Milton, and associates. Comparative National Products and Price Levels; a

Study o f Western Europe and the United States. Paris, Organization for European 

Economic Co-operation, 1958,168 pp.

Gilbert, Milton, and Irving B. Kravis. An International Comparison o f National Products and the Purchasing Power o f Currencies. Paris, Organization for European 

Economic Co-operation, 1954,203 pp.

Grossman, Michael, and Victor R. Fuchs. “Intersectoral Shifts and Aggregate Productivity Change” In American Statistical Association, Business and Economic Statistics Section, Proceedings, 1972, pp. 66-75.

Hill, T. P. The Measurement o f Real Product. Paris, Organization for Economic 

Co-operation and Development, February 1971,119 pp.

Kravis, Irving B. “A Survey of International Comparisons of Productivity” , In The

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