Defense Intelligence 

2007

Defense Intelligence 

2007
DIA History

The Defense Intelligence Agency became operational on 1 October 1961 as the nation’s primary producer of 

foreign military intelligence. It fi lled a critically important need for a central intelligence producer and manager for the Department of Defense (DoD). DIA’s fi rst major test occurred in 1962 with the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Analytical eff orts then focused on the US involvement in Vietnam, the Soviet military threat, and confl icts on nearly every continent. Th roughout the 1970s, Agency analysts responded to crises involving the Soviet Union, arms control, space issues, and confl icts in Asia, the Mideast, Africa, and South America. Intelligence requirements increased signifi cantly, and DIA’s reputation grew as the primary intelligence authority in military inputs to national-level products. A continuing focus on supporting fi eld commanders and national-level decisionmakers marked the 1980s. Th e Agency’s support to DoD in publishing Soviet Military Power from 1981-1990 

received wide acclaim in defi ning the threat to national security. Th e opening of the Defense Intelligence Analysis Center in 1984 consolidated the numerous DIA locations in the Washington, DC area.Recognizing the critical value of intelligence as a force multiplier during crises, the Agency bolstered its support to warfi ghting commanders in the 1980s and expanded its capabilities to meet major wartime intelligence requirements. In 1986, Congress designated DIA a Combat 

Support Agency. In addition, DIA employees earned a Joint Meritorious Unit Award (JMU) the same year for intelligence support during the TWA and ACHILLE LAURO hijackings and the Philippine crisis situation. 

Following the end of the Cold War, DIA reviewed its roles and organization to meet a new era of regional challenges and reductions in resources. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , General Colin Powell, honored DIA with a second JMU Award for its achievements during the 1990 Gulf War. DIA continued to support the warfi ghter in operations 

throughout the world such as Somalia, Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and Haiti. Th e Armed Forces Medical 

Intelligence Center (AFMIC) and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) became elements of DIA in 

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Soviet Military Power, 1989

The USS Cole after the attack in 2000.
Th e DIA Militardrawings that Aartists, in close cportrayal of a nudepicted classifi original form. Th illustrate publicagenerated graphlast of the visual June 2000. Th e D

DIA Military Arproviding DefenTh e 11 paintings and the United S

Transformation

Th e dark blue baand challenges o

which represents world symbolizeand truth is the two red ellipses the future. Th e 1of Defense organ

The attacks of 11 September 2001 highlighted the need for comprehensive change throughout the 

Intelligence Community (IC). As a result, Congress enacted the sweeping “Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004,” the most dramatic reform of US intelligence capabilities since the National Security Act of 1947. Th e IC and Congress launched intensive eff orts to identify shortcomings, design reforms, and improve organizational constructs and interrelationships. As part of the transformation of intelligence, DIA focused on revitalizing the workforce and improving core knowledge databases to meet new requirements and missions. DIA’s eff orts provided greater support to operations and increased deployment of personnel to regions throughout the world. Th e DoD established an Under Secretary for Defense Intelligence to provide a focal point for DoD intelligence activities.
SA-2, unknown artist, 1978. The SA-2 “Guideline” is a low-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile system that has been 

in 1960 when the Soviets shot down U-2 pilot Gary Powers, precipitating an international crisis. Thirty-six countries conCuba, and Pakistan. (DIA Military Art Collection)
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JANUAR

Tet Offensive At the beginning of 1968, the North 

Vietnamese Army and Vietcong launched a series of surprise attacks in dozens of cities and towns in South Vietnam that ultimately changed the course of the war. Despite the superior fi repower of US forces and 

fi erce counterattacks 

that in

fl icted massive casualties, the Tet 

Offensive proved that Communist forces could still take the offensive and were far from defeat. Within months, US troop strength in Vietnam would reach a new peak of about a half million men.

 On 30 January 1968, the 

fi rst day of the 

mutually agreed truce for Tet, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, Vietcong and North Vietnamese regular forces launched a major campaign of coordinated attacks. The Tet Offensive targeted the seven largest cities, including Saigon and Hue, and thirty provincial capitals throughout the country. In Saigon, Vietcong commandos occupied the American embassy buildings for six hours before US forces killed them. Vietcong forces in Hue held out in a bitter struggle until 24 February; others fought on for weeks. 

 The audacity of the strikes and the failure 

of the Intelligence Community to predict such a large offensive led to increased doubts about the war on the US home front. Even though the Vietcong failed to hold any of the areas they attacked, the Communists considered the Tet offensive a military defeat. The operation may also have been considered politically abortive, since it failed to spark a popular uprising against the South Vietnamese government. Although 

the Vietcong would never recover their preattack strength, the Tet Offensive represented a psychological and propaganda victory for the Communists. For the United States, it was the beginning of the end of involvement in Vietnam.

US Marines 

fi ghting in Hue during the Tet Offensive.

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7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 28 29 30 31 

1943: Pentagon completed.

1946: President Truman established Central Intelligence Group with RADM Sidney Souers as fi rst DCI.

1991: First major ground confrontation between Iraqi and US forces in the Gulf War.

1986: President Reagan sanctioned Libya for role in international terrorism.

1991: Operation DESERT STORlaunched—DIA provided signifi intelligence.

1738: Birth of EAllen, RevolutioWar hero who uHUMINT to capFort Ticonderogwithout fi ring a 

Martin Luther 

King Jr. Day

1946: First DCI, Sidney Souers, sworn in 

1962: Defense Intelligence School established, now the Joint Military Intelligence College.

1977: Christopher Boyce and Andrew Lee arrested for selling intelligence satellite secrets to the USSR.

1984: CWO Robert Prescott, DAO Guatemala, died in a plane crash.

1968: Tet Offensive in Vietnam began—DIA analysts warned of attack.

New Year’s Day

(observed)

1959: Castro took control of Cuba.

1917: Birth of LVernon Waltersambassador, deDCI, military at

1998: Ramzi Yousef sentenced to life for 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

1978: President signed EO1203restructuring Uintelligence.
DELTA IV IN DRYDOCK, Edward L. Cooper. The Soviet Union designed the DELTA IV submarine to modernize th

Russians built all seven of these nuclear-powered subs in Severodvinsk, launching them at the rate of about one per year Russian Navy, the DELTA IV carries 16 SS-N-23 liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missiles. (DIA Military Art Coll
Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.

 In 1909, the War Department assigned 

First Lieutenant Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., one of three African-American offi cers on active duty at the time, as the fi rst US military attaché 

to Liberia. His main mission was to assess requirements for a US team to train a Liberian defense force. While conducting the survey, Davis contracted Blackwater fever, a common disease affl icting new arrivals to the West African coast, and was recalled in 1911. 

 If not for efforts to colonize Liberia with 

freed American slaves, the US would have had little need for a military attaché in Liberia in the early 1900s. Indeed, the United States had no other military or naval attachés posted in Africa at the time. But special historical ties with Washington, the threat to the regime in Monrovia from foreign and domestic elements, and a US-sponsored program to help train an effective self-defense force, resulted in the initiative for such an assignment to the country. This led to Davis’ selection to serve in Monrovia in 1909. For his distinguished service, the Liberian Government awarded him the Order of the Star of Africa, Grade of Commander.

 Born in Washington, DC on 1 July 1877, 

Davis carved out a long and distinguished military career after his tour in Liberia, becoming, in 1940, the fi rst black general in the 

US Army. He retired after 50 years of active duty in 1948, the same year that President Harry S. Truman issued an order barring discrimination in the armed forces. Davis died in Chicago, IL on 26 November 1970 and was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.

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FEBRUAR

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1956: President Eisenhower created the President’s Foreign Intelligence & Advisory Board (PFIAB).

1920: Birth of Eloise Page, fi rst female CIA station chief and DIA terrorism expert.1993: Islamic terrorists bombed World Trade Center in New York City, killing 6 and wounding 1,000.

1985: Poland expelled US Defense Attaché COL Frederick Myer for espionage.

1994: Aldridge arrested for esp

1956: Khrushchnounced Stalin speech; CIA sooa copy.

1967: 1LT GeoSisler, fi rst Miltelligence offi cceive Medal of killed in Vietna

1963: John Hughes, special assistant to Director, DIA, gave Cuban Missile Crisis briefi ng on national television.

1991: Cessation hostilities in Gu

1945: Yalta Conference marked beginning of Cold War.

Washington’s

birthday

First Lieutenant Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., Military Attaché.
THROUGH THE EYE OF THE NEEDLE, K. Randel, 1996. A single/two-seat multi-role fi ghter, the Lockheed Mart

thirty years. Many nations fl y variants of the F-16 today, including Israel, Greece, Chile, and the United Arab Emirates. H

near Pale, Bosnia-Herzegovina on 25 May 1995, as part of Operation DENY FLIGHT. (Courtesy of the Air Force Art Co
Kosovo

 In early 1998, large-scale fi ghting erupted 

between the Serbian military and Kosovar Albanian forces. This confl ict led to the deaths 

of over 1,500 Kosovars and forced 400,000 people from their homes. Slobodan Milosevic, the president of the Serb Republic, rejected subsequent international efforts to resolve the crisis peacefully. When Serb forces intensifi ed 

offensive operations against Kosovar Albanians in mid-March, the international community decided to take military action. 

 NATO responded by organizing Operation 

ALLIED FORCE to end the atrocities committed by Yugoslav forces against ethnic Albanians in the southern province of Kosovo. On 24 March 1999, NATO launched an air campaign to force the withdrawal of Serbian military and paramilitary forces from Kosovo. Operation NOBLE ANVIL, the US component of this NATO action, was designed to promote regional stability, cooperation, and security. In June, Milosevic sued for peace after seventy-seven days of Allied air strikes had left his forces in disarray. The success of the operation allowed the UN to station an international peacekeeping force in the region and establish a political framework that would allow Kosovo to remain semi-autonomous. 

 Throughout Operation ALLIED FORCE, 

DIA provided intelligence for coalition forces. In addition to targeting and bomb damage assessment following air strikes in Serbia and Kosovo, DIA provided analyses of military capabilities, profi les of major political fi gures, as well as assessments of defense and infrastructure of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. DIA also supported an allied military intelligence battalion in Bosnia and a National Intelligence Support Team (NIST) in Sarajevo.

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APR 2007

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FEB 2007

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 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

MARCH 

1949: NATO pact signed.

1970: Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty came into force.

2004: Terrorist bombs killed 191 people on commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. 1954: KGB established.

2003: Operation IRAQI FREEDOM launched.

1965: Defense Secretary Robert McNamara approved DIA’s plan for Defense Attaché System.

1977: DIA’s new National Military Intelligence Center completed in Pentagon.

1982: Groundbreaking took place in Washington, DC for a memorial to honor US soldiers killed in Vietnam.

1971: SchlesingReport urged mreform.

1963: DIA’s production Center occupied Arlington Hall Station VA.

1951: Seoul, capSouth Korea,recby UN forces.

The Kosovo Campaign medal.
SA-6, unknown artist, 1978. The SA-6 “Gainful” is a low-to-medium-altitude surface-to-air missile system. It fi rst saw 

recently against NATO forces in the Kosovo campaign in the 1990s. Variations of the SA-6 are in service today with man(DIA Military Art Collection)
Pauline Cushman

 Women played important roles in 

intelligence during the Civil War. One of the more famous female spies of the war was Pauline Cushman (her real name was Harriet Wood), an actress of Creole descent, and a dedicated Unionist who collected information for the Federal military. She fi rst worked in St. Louis, 

where she helped uncover Confederate agents, and subsequently moved to Nashville where she continued her counterintelligence efforts. 

 In 1863, Union intelligence offi cers and 

Cushman successfully carried out a plan to obtain key information behind Southern lines. When Federal authorities in Nashville expelled Cushman for being “a dangerous secessionist,” she was warmly welcomed by the Confederates. Cushman and the Union, however, staged the expulsion to give her easy access to military camps throughout Tennessee and Alabama. She not only identifi ed agents and communications routes, she also began developing order of battle intelligence on the Army of Tennessee. 

 After Confederates caught her with 

incriminating documents while engaged in a mission, General Braxton Bragg sentenced her to hang. A daring Union cavalry raid on the town where Cushman was held captive, however, set her free. Cushman’s rescue was well publicized, which compromised any possibility to continue her espionage activities in the future. She returned to the stage and continued under the name “Major” Pauline Cushman. Though the Major used her Civil War experiences as a drawing card, she never spoke in detail of her espionage activities.

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APRIL 

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MAR 2007

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1964: DIA S&T directorate formed. 1982: Argentina seized the Falkland Islands from the British—US intelligence aided British response.

1961: Bay of Pigs landing in Cuba.

1775: Paul Revfamous midnigtelligence” ride

1970: China’s satellite reconnaissance program began with launch of CHINA ONE.

1915: Germans used chemical warfare (chlorine gas) effectively for the fi rst time in warfare.

1999: India sucfully test-fi red a range model of ballistic missile

1987: US Special Operations Command established.

1975: C-5A crakilling USDAO members CelesBrown, ViviennClark, Dorothy Joan Prey, and Watkins.

2003: Baghdad fell to Coalition armor.

1948: President Truman signed the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe.

Major Pauline Cushman, Union spy. 
KRIVAK FRIGATE, Brian McMullin, 1978. One of the major successes of the Russian shipbuilding industry, the Kriv

armament and effi cient design made it a threat to Western navies. Operating as an escort ship, the latest version has added remain in service with the Russian, Ukrainian, and Indian navies. (DIA Military Art Collection)
The Nisei 

In the years before World War II, 

fi rst generation Japanese immigrants to the United States (known as the Issei) remained concentrated in small ethnic enclaves in Hawaii, California, and other states along the West Coast. Living in these communities, they sought to create an environment that would permit their children to remain connected to Japanese culture and traditions while also slowly integrating into American society. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and America’s entry into World War II, many of this second generation of Japanese-American citizens, known as the Nisei, joined the United States military to assist in the fi ght against the Japanese.

 The Nisei contributed signifi cantly to 

military intelligence during combat in the Pacifi c 

and during the postwar occupation of Japan. Their language skills as soldier-linguists proved critically important for a number of intelligencerelated activities. Nisei linguists participated in intelligence-gathering patrols, translated captured enemy documents, monitored enemy transmissions, and interrogated enemy prisoners of war. Many served in the Military Intelligence Service Language School at Camp Savage, Minnesota, training future Japanese linguists to support military operations in the Pacifi c. 

 Perhaps more important than the Nisei’s 

language skills, however, was their knowledge of the Japanese people and awareness of Japanese culture. After the war, this knowledge and awareness positioned the Nisei to become unoffi cial cultural ambassadors during the transition from wartime military operations to peacetime occupation and rebuilding. During this critical but delicate period, the Nisei facilitated communication between the occupiers and the occupied, helped to clarify American intentions, and assisted with the implementation of various political, economic, and social initiatives.

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

MAY 2

A Nisei soldier interrogates a Japanese prisoner in 1942.

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Memorial

Day

2001: A US court convicted four al-Qaida members of terrorism charges in the bombing of two US embassies in Africa.

1998: Pakistan conducted fi rst nuclear test.

1950: Harry Goarrested on espicharges for passatomic secrets t

1985: Retired Navy CWO John Walker arrested for spying.

1976: LTG Samuel Wilson became 5th Director, DIA.

1968: Paris peace talks began between North Vietnam and US.

1945: WW II hoended in Europe

1972: Palestinian terrorists hijacked a Belgian airliner and fl ew it to Tel Aviv.

1954: Vietnamese Communists defeated French at Dien Bien Phu.

1968: MSGT RBenavidez earneMedal of Honor Vietnam protectintelligence perand equipment.

1960: SA-2 missile downed American U-2 and Soviets captured pilot Francis Gary Powers.

1940: President Roosevelt authorized authorized wiretapping to catch German agents.

1960: Joint Study Group formed, recommended creating DIA.
PREDATOR, Christopher Peterson, 2004. The RQ-1/MQ-1 Predator is tactical endurance, medium-altitude unmanned 

is used primarily for surveillance and reconnaissance missions, although it has also fi red Hellfi re missiles in anti-terrorist o

Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. (Courtesy of the Air Force Art Collection)
The Phantom Army

The D-Day invasion in June 1944 owes its 

success in part to a clever Allied intelligence campaign. Before the cross-Channel invasion of France, the Allies initiated a complex deception operation aimed at convincing the Germans that the invasion would actually take place at the Pas de Calais, the closest and obvious choice for a landing, and not the Normandy beaches. General Dwight D. Eisenhower directed his staff to create a phantom invasion force known as the 1st Army Group. For its commander Eisenhower designated General George S. Patton, a well seasoned veteran of the North African and Sicilian campaigns.

Allied intelligence devised a series of 

deceptive measures. For instance, Allied planners directed construction crews to build dummy plywood-and-canvas installations and deployed an assortment of infl atable tanks and vehicles near Dover, England. Intelligence offi cers also anchored a vast armada of rubber landing craft in the Thames River estuary, clearly visible to German reconnaissance aircraft. As naval units maneuvered off the Channel coast, the Allies initiated a massive bombing campaign over the Pas de Calais region in the weeks preceding the invasion. Fake radio traffi c simulated the operations of a major military organization. 

The deception exceeded all expectations. 

Convinced that the Pas de Calais was the planned site for the Allied invasion, Hitler considered the Normandy landings a mere diversion. As fi ghting raged along the beaches of Normandy, the Germans kept 19 divisions in the vicinity of Pas de Calais waiting for an attack that never materialized. These German forces could have taken a heavy toll on the Allied invasion army at Normandy. As a result, the phantom army saved the lives of countless Allied soldiers and allowed the Allied armies to establish a foothold in France on the road to victory.

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JUNE 

JUL 2007

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MAY 2007

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Fl

1950: Korean War began with North Korean invasion of South Korea.1996: Terrorists bombed Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia. 1948: Berlin Blockade began.

1963: USSR anagreed on “hot-telephone link.

2002: Hamid Karzai inaugurated as president of Afghanistan. 

1953: Soviets crushed anti-government riots in East Berlin.

1942: The Offi cStrategic Servic(OSS) establish

1970: DIA’s Assistant Army Attaché MAJ Robert Perry killed by Palestinian guerrillas in Jordan.

1944: Allied trolanded in FrancD-Day—intelligcoup.

1967: Six-Day War began in Middle East.

1942: Battle of Midway began—WW II Pacifi c Theater turning point made possible by exceptional intelligence.

1989: Chinese troops crushed protestors in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

1948: Berlin Airlift began.

1979: SALT II Treaty signed by Presidents Carter and Brezhnev.

A US soldier stands beside a dummy armored car in 1944.
BM-27 MULTIPLE ROCKET LAUNCHER, Edward L. Cooper, 1986. The 16-tube, 220-mm BM-27 multiple rocket l

rounds, scattering mines, and delivering chemical warheads to targets over 20 miles away. The Russians used it to provid

It is in service today with about seven different nations. (DIA Military Art Collection)
Counterproliferation

On 1 July 1968, the international community 

opened for signature the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty (NPT) to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. The NPT allows 

fi ve nations 

to possess nuclear weapons: the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China. The only nuclear powers at the original signing of the treaty, they also represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council. Under the treaty, the 

fi ve nuclear weapons states agree 

not to transfer nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons technology to others, and the nonnuclear weapons parties agree not to develop nuclear weapons. Currently 188 parties subscribe to the NPT, which contains three major pillars: nonproliferation, disarmament, and the right to use nuclear technology for peaceful ends.

The proliferation of nuclear, biological, 

and chemical weapons from state and nonstate actors poses an increasingly signi

fi cant 

security threat to much of the world. States such as Iran, North Korea, and Syria continue to attempt to acquire and develop weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Terrorist groups as well have cultivated an interest in acquiring such deadly weapons. The growing availability of WMD, the proliferation of missile-related technologies, the expertise and knowledge in delivery systems, and the proliferation of new and more complex chemical and biological agents have increased the scope and nature of the WMD threat. 

DIA’s Counterproliferation Support Offi ce 

produces, manages, and integrates all-source intelligence on foreign nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) warfare programs in support of US counterproliferation efforts. It assesses procurement networks for NBC warfare technology and oversees and produces intelligence in support of arms control, acquisition studies, and technology and arms transfers relating to foreign NBC programs. DIA’s efforts help prevent the spread of WMD and ensure the security of the United States and its allies.

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

JULY 

1776: DeclaratiIndependence s

1 2 3 

4 

8 9 10 11 15 16 17 18 22 23 24 25 29 30 31 1 

1957: First public acknowledgement of NSA—5 years after its establishment.

1942: Arlington Hall Station made an offi cial military intelligence post.

1775: George Washington took command of the Continental Army.

Indepen

1918: Bolling Field named after COL Raynal Bolling.

1945: US tested the fi rst atomic bomb at Alamogordo, NM.

1979: DIA established Directorate for Resources and Systems.1996: DIA civilian Judith Goldberg killed while on duty in Cairo.

1941: Offi ce of ordinator of Infestablished; becOSS in 1942.

2004: 9/11 Commission delivered report.

1975: US APOLLO 18 and the Soviet SOYUZ 19 docked in space.

1916: German agents set off explosion in New York harbor.

1990: DIA wenWATCHCON Iissued warning on Iraqi.

1990: US warships in the Persian Gulf placed on alert.

1989: Lebanese terrorists announced the execution of Marine Lt Col William Higgins.

Iran continues to improve the range of its Shahab 3 missile, which can carry nuclear, chemical, or HE warheads.
SS-N-21, Edward L. Cooper. The SS-N-21 “Sampson” is a submarine-launched, land attack cruise missile that is the eq

Arms Reduction Treaty 2 (START 2), Russia removed its nuclear-armed versions of the SS-N-21 in 1992 and modifi ed a missiles are still in service today with the Russian Navy. (DIA Military Art Collection)
 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

Hurricane Katrina and DIAIn the early dawn of 29 August 2005, the full 

force of Hurricane Katrina struck the United States near the Louisiana/Mississippi border. The storm ravaged the coastal regions of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, leaving in its wake a path of indiscriminate destruction. When the levees broke around New Orleans, the waters quickly 

fl ooded the city and neighboring 

parishes, killing approximately 1,600 people and leaving hundreds of thousands of residents stranded and homeless. Estimates of the storm damage were upwards of $75 billion. 

Along with a number of federal and state 

agencies, the armed forces, dozens of nations, and people from all over the United States, DIA responded quickly to the crisis. With communications and transportation networks destroyed, DIA provided a broad range of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance resources to help gauge the scope of the disaster. Analysts responded to urgent requests for information from Northern Command (NORTHCOM) and federal agencies while other DIA personnel deployed to the region to assess damaged infrastructure. In addition, the defense attaché offi ces (DAOs) coordinated the actions of 

over 95 countries that offered aid, with military elements from foreign nations helping deliver critical support.

DIA’s technical expertise played a key role 

in recovery operations. Using two DC-3 aircraft equipped with hyper-spectral and optical sensors, DIA’s MASINT and Technical Collection (DT) worked with other members of the IC and government to help locate hazardous material spills. The Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC) assessed potential medical threats to forces conducting relief operations while webmasters from DIA’s Western CONUS Regional Service Center provided Web posting and dissemination requirements. These coordinated efforts began the slow process of recovery for a region forever changed by the powerful storm. 

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1968: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

1949: Soviets dnated their fi rst weapon, an evedetected by the Force.

1998: US cruise missiles struck targets in Afghanistan and the Sudan.

1961: DIA’s MIntelligence Boactivated.

1961: Construction of the Berlin Wall started.

1961: Defense Secretary McNamara appointed Lt Gen Joseph Carroll the 1st Director, DIA.

1942: US execuGerman sabotehad landed on LIsland in June.

1974: VADM Vincent de Poix became 3rd Director, DIA.1998: Al-Qaida bombed US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 

1945: US dropped the fi rst atomic bomb, “Little Boy,” in combat at Hiroshima.

1965: Limited Test Ban Treaty signed.

1961: DoD issuDirective 5105.establishing “DIntelligence Ag

SEP 2007

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JUL 2007

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AUGUST 

1953: Coup ousted Prime Minister Mosadegh of Iran.

A US Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter 

fl ies above 

New Orleans shortly after Hurricane Katrina.
SCUD B BALLISTIC MISSILE, unknown artist, 1983. The Soviets fi rst deployed the SS-1C “Scud B” in the early 19

around the world. A tactical mobile ballistic missile, it can deliver a conventional, nuclear, biological, or chemical warheTransporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle MAZ 543 P has replaced the tracked vehicle seen here. (DIA Military Art C
Bernardo de Galvez

The contributions of Bernardo de Galvez 

to the American Revolution make him a heroic fi gure in the birth of the United States. As the governor of the Louisiana territories in 1777, he corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry and established covert contacts with American agents. Galvez secured the port of New Orleans from British trade. Through a clandestine world trading company established by Spain, Galvez transported money, guns, ammunition and tons of military supplies up the Mississippi River to aid the rebel forces under Generals George Washington and George Rogers Clark. 

Once Spain entered the war against Great 

Britain in 1779, Galvez took more direct action against British forces in the Revolutionary War. As General of Spanish Colonial forces in North America, he raised a diverse army of Spanish regulars, various Indian tribes, and freed slaves and launched attacks on British forces along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. After winning a series of battles, including the capture of the British stronghold at Mobile, his campaign came to a victorious end with the surrender of Fort George in Pensacola, the British capital of West Florida. Historians consider these victories a decisive factor in the outcome of the Revolution.

The United States will always owe a debt of 

gratitude to Galvez for his commitment to the early American cause. At the end of hostilities in 1783, Galvez helped draft the terms of the Treaty of Paris, and the American Congress praised him for his critical aid during the war. The city of Galveston, TX, is named in his honor. Today, a mounted statue of Galvez stands proudly at the corner of Virginia Ave. and 22nd St. in downtown Washington, DC. 

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SEPTEMB

AUG 2007

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OCT 2007

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Labor Day

1990: The DoD Joint Intelligence Center became operational. 2005: First DIA airborne MASINT mission in support of Katrina operations.

2004: Approximately 350 civilians in a school in Beslan, Russia died in Chechen hostage crisis.

2001: Al-Qaida members assassinated Ahmad Massoud, Afghan Northern Alliance leader.

1970: LTG Donald Bennett became 2nd Director, DIA.

1940: William Friedman’s Signals Intelligence Service cracked Japanese PURPLE code.

2001: Al-Qaida crashed commercial planes into World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing almost 3,000 people, including 7 from DIA.

2001: NATO mdefense clause fi rst time in 52-after 9/11 attac

1949: Berlin Airlift ended after the opening of land routes to West Berlin.

1986: USSR executed Adolf Tolkachev on data from spies Edward Howard and Aldrich Ames.

1994: US forces landed in Haiti Operation UPHDEMOCRACY

1947: CIA and Air Force established by the National Security Act.

1947: James Forrestal became fi rst Secretary of Defense.

1974: DIA established the General Counsel.

1963: DIA established the Production Center.

1990: UN SecuCouncil imposeembargo agains

1972: Palestinirorists killed 11 Olympic athletGerman policemMunich.

1996: NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) Act passed.

A portrait of Bernardo de Galvez, hero of the American Revolution.
SOVIET SPACE SHUTTLE ON THE LAUNCH PAD, Ronald C. Wittmann, 1986. As part of its efforts to militariz

research and development program in the 1970s centered at Tyuratam. The Buran Space Shuttle effort led to a number of support has halted these activities today. (DIA Military Art Collection)
Terrorism 

Even before the terrible events of 11 

September 2001 that led to the Global War on Terror (GWOT), the United States witnessed a number of deadly terrorist attacks over the past three decades. The 1980s marked a particularly troubled decade as terrorists targeted the US embassy and military barracks in Beirut, Lebanon (1983) and the US embassy in Kuwait (1983). In 1985, terrorist groups bombed establishments frequented by US servicemen in Madrid and West Berlin, hijacked a TWA 

fl ight 

from Athens to Rome and killed a US Navy diver, attacked the cruise ship Achille Lauro, and targeted airports in Rome and Vienna. In 1988, a bomb explosion on a New York-bound Pan-AM Boeing 747 sent the aircraft crashing into the Scottish village of Lockerbie. 

The United States faced similarly high levels 

of terrorism in the 1990s. Terrorist attacks struck the World Trade Center (1993), US military headquarters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (1995), a federal offi ce building in Oklahoma City (1995), Khobar Towers military complex in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, and the US embassies at Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (1998). In addition, a small boat loaded with explosives detonated alongside the USS Cole while it lay at anchor in the Yemeni port of Aden in 2000. 

While much of the world has been subjected 

to terrorism for at least a millennium, the attacks of 9/11 represent a particularly tragic milestone in America’s decades-long experience with terrorism. Future generations of historians delving into the history of the 21st century must certainly consider the horri

fi c terrorist 

attacks of 11 September 2001 and the robust military response that followed as the century’s de

fi ning moments. Any effort to develop 

an effective strategy to manage terrorism’s challenges, however, must look beyond the immediacy of current events and engage with the phenomenon’s historical roots.

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

OCTOBE

30 1 2 3 7 

8

9 10 

14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 28 29 30 31 

1961: DIA became operational.1985: Lt Gen Leonard Perroots became 8th Director, DIA.1986: Goldwater–Nichols Act signed.1996: NIMA created.

DIA Day

1780: British Major John André hanged by the Continental Army as spy.

1986: Cruise ship ACHILLE LAURO hijacked.2001: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM began with air strikes in Afghanistan.

Columbus

 Day

(Observed)

1980: Intelligence Oversight Act revamped Congressional oversight of IC.

2002: VADM LJacoby became Director, DIA.

1964: China detonated its fi rst nuclear weapon.

1962: DIA, CIA, and Service photo interpreters identifi ed Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba.

1962: President Kennedy ordered blockade of Cuba after intelligence discovered Soviet offensive ballistic missiles on island.

1983: Terrorist destroyed the Marine compound in Beirut, killing 254.

1945: UN found

1956: Suez War began; US Air Force directed Lockheed to develop DISCOVERER, SAMOS, and MIDAS programs.

1952: US detonated the fi rst hydrogen bomb on Eniwetok Atoll.

1993: 12 Amerkilled, 78 wounin operation agSomali warlord in Mogadishu. 

1962: Krushchev agreed to dismantle missile sites in Cuba under UN supervision.

The Khobar Towers bombing in 1996. 
Q-5/A-5 FANTAN, unknown artist, 1978. The Fantan is a single-seat, twin-engine supersonic attack aircraft developed 

troops in ground attack operations, although it can also intercept fi ghters. The Q-5 (export version is A-5) is in service toPakistan. (DIA Military Art Collection)
Exploration in Northwest America

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson proposed 

an expedition to the Pacifi c Ocean in the hope of fi nding an all-water route to the coast. Turning to the US Army, the only organization that could support such an endeavor, Jefferson commissioned Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark to lead a party through rugged and uncharted terrain. In addition to fi nding a Northwest Passage, the expedition’s mission was to provide information on the Native American tribes, discover trade routes, and chart the geography of the region. Jefferson considered it critical to the growth of the United States to establish friendly relations with the tribes that inhabited the huge swath of territory in the Louisiana Purchase.

The cross-country expedition of Lewis 

and Clark’s Corps of Discovery proved to be a rousing success. In two years and four months, the small party traveled almost 8,000 miles. Although unable to locate an uninterrupted water route to the Pacifi c, the Corps of Discovery 

returned with valuable information relating to Native American tribes, trade routes, and geographic and scientifi c data. Establishing 

good relations with various tribes, Lewis and Clark helped open the West to commerce and settlement.

During their courageous and often dangerous 

exploration across central and northwestern America, Lewis and Clark turned to a Shoshone woman, Sacagawea, for help. Her navigational, diplomatic, and language skills played a role in the successful exploration of America’s new frontier. Serving as an aide to the expedition’s leaders, Sacagawea was able to use her knowledge of the geography to help guide the expedition through areas of diffi cult terrain. Her fl uency in Native American linguistic dialects also helped secure safe passage for the expeditionary party. An indispensable asset to the success of the mission, Sacagawea skillfully provided information to Lewis and Clark at critical junctures of their journey that helped shape the new frontiers of the nation.

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

NOVEMB

The US Mint introduced the Sacagawea Golden Dollar in 2000.

28 29 30 31 

4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 

18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 

OCT 2007

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DEC 2007

  2 3 4 5  9 10 11 12 116 17 18 19 223 24 25 26 2

30 31

Veterans

Day

1979: Iranian militants seized US Embassy in Tehran and took the staff hostage.

1971: US Intelligence Board (USIB) reconstituted under the chairmanship of the DCI. 1970: US launched the fi rst TRW Defense Sup- port Program satellite.

1805: Captains Merriwether Leand William Clreached the PacOcean and comintelligence mi

1918: WW I ended with the signing of the Armistice in Compiègne, France.

1979: President froze Iranian asfollowing the seof the embassy Tehran.

1991: Lt Gen James Clapper became 10th Director, DIA.

1962: President Kennedy lifted the blockade of Cuba.

1970: US forcethe empty Son TPOW camp in V

1994: UN Security Council authorized air strikes of Serb targets in Croatia.1997: Ramzi Yousef convicted of masterminding the 1993 bombing of WTC.
CHINOOK IN AFGHANISTAN, photo by Spc. Isaac Scruggs. The CH-47 Chinook is a tandem-rotor, twin-turbine tr

It serves as the backbone of US Army logistics efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Here a Chinook fl ies through a mountain operations. (Courtesy of US Army)
30

Lieutenant General William W. 

“Buffalo Bill” Quinn

Lieutenant General William W. Quinn, a 

combat veteran of WWII and Korea, has the distinction of serving as DIA’s fi rst Deputy Director (1961-1964). An infantry offi cer who 

graduated from West Point in 1933, Quinn would soon earn a reputation for his extensive combat and military intelligence experience. During World War II, he fi rst served as a divisional and 

corps intelligence offi cer in North Africa and Italy 

before becoming the chief intelligence offi cer 

(G-2) for the Seventh Army in March 1944. Quinn was responsible for coordinating the collection of information for the invasion of southern France, Operation DRAGOON, in August of that year. After the war, he became Director of the Strategic Services Unit and then ran operations for the Central Intelligence Group, a forerunner of the CIA. 

At the start of the Korean War, Quinn 

was Deputy Chief of Operations at Far East Command Headquarters under General Douglas MacArthur and soon became the G-2 of the newly formed X Corps. MacArthur placed Quinn in charge of intelligence for the amphibious assault at Inchon, a turning point in the initial phase of the war. In January 1951 he took command of the 17th Infantry Regiment (the “Buffaloes”) of the 7th Infantry Division. Quinn led the regiment during severe fi ghting against Chinese forces around Hwachon Reservoir and other actions, including a reconnaissance task force mission that penetrated eight miles behind enemy lines. He was decorated for his gallantry in Korea with the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, and Purple Heart. 

As Deputy Director, DIA, Quinn helped lead 

the agency through one of its most signifi cant 

challenges — the Cuban Missile Crisis. He died in September 2000 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

31

25 26 27 28 

2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 16 17 18 19 23 24 25 26 

 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednes

DECEMB

General Quinn (as a Colonel) during the Korean War.

NOV 2007

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25 26 27 28 29 30

Christmas 

Day

1982: President Reagan signed EO 12333 on collecting intelligence.

1981: Defense Igence Senior ExService establish

1998: US launched Operation DESERT FOX in Iraq.

1962: DIA established the Counterintelligence Group.

1964: Defense Secretary McNestablished DefAttaché System1991: USSR ceexist.

2004: President Bush signed Intelligence Reform Act.

1988: LTG HarrSoyster became Director, DIA.

1776: General Washington defHessians at TreNJ with HUMI

1946: US Army Strategic Intelligence School established.

JAN 2008

1 2 3 4 5 

 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
DIA has received authorization to release the paintings, photos, and 

information contained in this publication to the public. We would like to thank the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United States Air Force Art Program for their help in digitizing the paintings. All events listed on this calendar are noted according to the time and date of the location where they occurred. 

“DEFENSE INTELLIGEN

OFFICE, DEFENSE INTE

COMMENTS ABOUT THIS 

202-231-5554. A

N ELE

WEBSITE AT WWW.DIA.M

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