[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 18-13326

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cv-00702-KS-DAB

SUCCESS JUMBO, 

SAVIOR B. SAMUEL,

BRIAN BAKE, 

AMIYENKUMO EMMANUEL, 

RUTH OFUA, 

ROSELINE ATUIN, 

KEHINDE BATIFE, 

JEFFREY OGBUDU, 

IDOWU IJANBOH, 

TAMARRAUBIBIBOGHA GUNUBOH, 

EMMANUEL OPOKUMA, 

DEMIAN UDAKA, 

MATHIAS MUMBOH, 

PHILIP MEZEH, 

OBO SAKA, 

THANKGOD HAROLD, 

JAMES OGONIBA, 

APIRI OBANABA, 

STANLEY CHUKWUEMEKA, 

VICTOR DIAMOND, 

JIMMY IWEZU, 

FAITH DOUTIMIWEI, 

PROMISE OWEI, 

MANFRED PEPPLE, 

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DIFFA PREKEBINA, 

EMMANUEL AZIBAKANYE, 

DAUBOTEI UGOWONNI, 

KELVIN AKONO, 

DANIEL HAROLD, 

IFEOMA OKORO, 

OLUWABUKOLA JAYEOLA, 

JUSTINA AMUSO, 

VICTORIA NWIDUM, 

LOLIA SOBEREKON, 

TARIERE OKUBA, 

GODSGIFT MOSES, 

ALL PLAINTIFFS, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

ALABAMA STATE UNIVERSITY, 

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Alabama

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(January 30, 2019)

Before, ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARCUS, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit 

Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

A number of Nigerian students filed a complaint against Alabama State 

University contending that it improperly withheld scholarship funds that the 

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Federal Republic of Nigeria provided for them. The district court granted 

summary judgment to the university. This is the students’ appeal.

I.

In April 2013 two university representatives, Stephen Havron and David 

Iyegha, went to Nigeria to discuss the admission of Nigerian scholarship students. 

Iyegha testified that they reached an oral agreement that the students would be 

“treated as out-of-state students” and that “all charges would be set accordingly.” 

The following month Nigeria sent a letter to the university confirming that it was 

“providing full scholarship[s] (covering tuition fees, books, supplies, insurance, 

room/boards, living expenses, and other incidentals)” for the students. 

After thirty-four Nigerian students matriculated, Nigeria wired scholarship

funds directly to the university, which placed the funds in a deferred revenue 

account. The university then established individual accounts for each student. It 

transferred funds from the deferred revenue account to individual student accounts 

as each student registered for classes, purchased books, signed up for housing, and 

incurred other expenses. University officials testified that these students were not 

charged an amount for each of these expenses different from the amount that 

would be charged to other non-Nigerian students.

In April 2015 Iyegha wrote a letter to university president Gwendolyn Boyd 

highlighting several concerns that the Nigerian students had raised. These 

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concerns included the students being charged for meal plans they did not want, 

forced to buy high-cost books through the campus bookstore, and being charged 

for staying in dormitories during the semester and over breaks regardless of 

whether they were actually residing in the dormitories during those times. Iyegha

also noted that funds left over in students’ individual accounts at the end of the 

year had not been refunded to them, but had instead been used to defray the cost of 

outstanding payments Nigeria still owed the university.

In May 2015, after Boyd had failed to satisfy the students’ concerns, they 

sent a letter to Nigerian officials. Shortly after, Nigeria sent a letter to Boyd asking 

that “1. All credit balances for Tuition be carried over for each student and be used 

as [an] initial deposit for the next semester[’s] fees. 2. All credits/balances on all 

other line items should be refunded to each student.” Provost Leon Wilson 

testified that at the time this letter was sent there were no funds to carry over to the 

next semester or to refund to students because Nigeria was late in paying the 

scholarship funds to the university. He also testified that he reached out to 

Nigerian officials in an attempt to discuss the matter after receiving the letter, but 

did not hear back. Nigerian officials eventually resolved the late payment, but did 

not address the students’ complaints again. 

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In May 2016, after Nigerian students had filed a lawsuit demanding 

reimbursement of scholarship funds,

1 Wilson wrote another letter to Nigerian

officials. He received a response asking him for an accounting of how much credit 

Nigeria had on balance with the university and instructing him to “hold[] on to the 

funds until Instructions are given on the process of refunds.” In July 2016 a 

Nigerian delegation visited the university to resolve the matter. They agreed that 

moving forward the university would collect only tuition and related fees from 

Nigeria and other scholarship funds would be paid directly to students. The 

university then disbursed scholarship funds that it received from Nigeria in 2016 to 

the students, except for funds related to tuition. Nigeria still had a credit of 

$201,358.90 after this distribution, and Wilson wrote a letter asking for 

instructions on how to refund the residual funds to Nigeria. Nigerian officials

instructed Wilson to “suspend the process of remitting the residual funds . . . 

pending the determination of the actual amount outstanding with your institution.” 

In August 2016 Nigerian students filed the present complaint against the 

university seeking the refund of certain scholarship funds that the university

received from Nigeria from 2013 to 2015. The students brought various state law 

claims and a claim of national origin discrimination under Title VI of the Civil 

Rights Act of 1964. The university interpleaded the residual funds and remitted 

 1 This earlier suit was dismissed on jurisdictional grounds and is not at issue in this 

appeal.

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them to the district court in September 2017. In July 2018 the district court 

granted summary judgment to the university. The university told the court that the 

residual funds in the court registry belonged to Nigeria, but after Nigeria failed to 

advise the court about how to distribute the funds they were remitted back to the 

university. Nigerian students then filed two successive motions to alter, vacate, or 

amend the district court’s judgment, which were both denied. The students now 

appeal, contending that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to 

the university on their Title VI claim by applying the incorrect legal standard and 

by failing to give appropriate weight to evidence of discrimination presented by the 

students.

II.

The Nigerian students first contend that the district court erred in evaluating 

their Title VI claim under the McDonnell Douglas framework rather than a 

deliberate indifference standard. We note that several of our sister circuits have 

applied the McDonnell Douglas framework to Title VI claims. See e.g., Rashdan 

v. Geissberger, 764 F.3d 1179, 1182 (9th Cir. 2014) (“We now join the other 

circuits in concluding that McDonnell Douglas also applies to Title VI disparate 

treatment claims.”); Fuller v. Rayburn, 161 F.3d 516, 518 (8th Cir. 1998) 

(analyzing a Title VI claim under McDonnell Douglas’ burden shifting 

framework); Hankins v. Temple Univ. (Health Scis. Ctr.), 829 F.2d 437, 440 (3d 

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Cir. 1987) (applying McDonnell Douglas to both Title VI and Title VII claims 

“[b]ecause of the difficulty in acquiring direct evidence of . . . motivation in most 

cases.”). And in any case, the Nigerian students have waived this argument 

because they raised it for the first time on appeal and never objected to the 

application of McDonnell Douglas in the district court despite ample opportunity 

to do so. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th 

Cir. 2004) (noting that we have “repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the 

district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this 

court”) (quotation marks omitted). 

III.

The students also contend that the district court erred in excluding evidence, 

apparently referring to the court’s statement in its summary judgment order that 

characterized affidavits submitted by Nigerian students as “subjective beliefs.”2

We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment, 

drawing “all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving 

party.” Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2011). Summary 

 2 Both parties incorrectly assert that the district court made an evidentiary ruling and that 

we should review it for abuse of discretion. This appears to be based on the court’s 

characterization of affidavits as expressions of “subjective beliefs.” But the district court did not 

hold that these affidavits were inadmissible. It merely found that they were insufficient to 

present a genuine issue of material fact for trial. So the de novo standard for reviewing a grant of 

summary judgment applies.

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judgment may be granted only if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact 

and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson v. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2509–10 (1986) 

(quotation marks omitted). A genuine issue of material fact exists when “the 

evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving 

party.” Id. at 248, 106 S. Ct. at 2510. 

We evaluate the students’ Title VI claim under the McDonnell Douglas

framework, because the students did not object to its application in the district 

court. Under that framework a plaintiff must first make out a prima facie case of 

discrimination. Nix v. WLCY Radio/Rahall Commc’ns, 738 F.2d 1181, 1185 

(11th Cir. 1984). If a plaintiff successfully sets out a prima facie case, the burden 

shifts to the defendant to articulate “one or more legitimate non-discriminatory 

reasons for its action. If it does so, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to 

produce evidence that the . . . proffered reasons are a pretext for discrimination.” 

Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Developers, Inc., 610 F.3d 1253, 1264 (11th Cir. 2010)

(citation omitted).

To show pretext a plaintiff must demonstrate “both that the reason was false, 

and that discrimination was the real reason” motivating the action. St. Mary’s 

Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 2752 (1993). So long as 

a defendant does not act because of a discriminatory reason, relief will not be 

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granted solely because a decision was made “for a good reason, a bad reason, a 

reason based on erroneous facts, or for no reason at all.” Id. (quotation marks 

omitted).

The Nigerian students contend that the district court erred in ruling that they 

could not make out a prima facie case of discrimination. They argue that the 

court’s finding that the only evidence that they were treated differently than 

similarly situated non-Nigerian students consisted of affidavits containing

“subjective beliefs” was reversible error. But our review is de novo, so whether or 

not the district court erred in its analysis is irrelevant. Our inquiry is focused 

instead on whether the Nigerian students produced evidence that could allow a 

reasonable jury to rule in their favor. We conclude that they did not. Even if the

students could make out a prima facie case, the university has proffered a 

nondiscriminatory reason for handling the scholarship funds in the manner that it 

did and the students have not shown that this was pretext for discrimination. 

The university has shown through ample evidence in the record that it tried 

repeatedly to contact Nigerian officials to discuss how to deal with scholarship 

funds multiple times before 2016 to no avail. Once the university had the 

opportunity to discuss the matter with Nigerian officials, it gave the students 

scholarship funds unrelated to tuition that it had received from Nigeria in 2016 and 

it stopped collecting such funds moving forward. The only evidence the students 

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presented that indicates that the university mishandled scholarship funds from 

2013 to 2015 are affidavits from the students themselves and from Iyegha. But 

even if the facts alleged in those affidavits are true, the students must show more

than that the university mishandled funds for “a bad reason, a reason based on 

erroneous facts, or for no reason at all.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). To show 

pretext the students must also show that the university withheld the funds for a 

discriminatory reason. They have not, so they have failed to show that there was a 

genuine issue of material fact for trial.

AFFIRMED.

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