J-A10036-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

BBB INDUSTRIES, LLC., A DELAWARE 

LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY 

Appellant

v.

CARDONE INDUSTRIES, INC. A 

PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3003 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered September 11, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at 

No(s): No. 160801387

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED APRIL 12, 2022

BBB Industries, LLC (“BBB”) appeals from the September 11, 2019 order 

of the trial court granting summary judgment in favor of Cardone Industries, 

Inc. (“Cardone”) and dismissing BBB’s complaint asserting claims against 

Cardone under the Pennsylvania Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“PUTSA”).1 BBB 

also challenges trial court rulings precluding two of its proposed expert 

witnesses and prohibiting BBB from raising certain theories of 

misappropriation of trade secrets at trial. After careful review, we affirm the 

grant of summary judgment in favor of Cardone and therefore we do not reach 

BBB’s remaining appellate issues. 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 12 Pa.C.S. §§ 5301-5308.
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The parties to this appeal are competitors in the automotive parts 

industry. The underlying action arises out of Cardone’s alleged 

misappropriation of BBB’s trade secrets related to BBB’s contract with the 

National Automotive Parts Association (“NAPA”) to supply NAPA with powersteering products in two of its nine national divisions. NAPA is a nationwide 

network of automotive part distribution centers and retail stores and is owned 

and operated by its parent company, Genuine Parts Company (“GPC”). 

Complaint ¶15; Answer ¶15. GPC owns the distribution centers and certain 

of the NAPA retail stores, but other retail locations are owned by third-party 

independent resellers. Complaint ¶15; Answer ¶15. 

Historically, BBB supplied only remanufactured rotating electrical parts, 

such as starters and alternators, to NAPA, but BBB entered the power-steering 

market in 2010 after acquiring another remanufacturer. Complaint ¶¶13, 19; 

Answer ¶19. At that time, Cardone was among the largest remanufacturers

of aftermarket auto parts and the exclusive supplier for several NAPA 

divisions; however, the quality of Cardone’s power-steering products had 

come under criticism following the transfer of operations from Philadelphia, 

where Cardone is headquartered, to Mexico. Complaint ¶¶8, 14, 18; Answer 

¶¶8, 14, 18. In 2011, BBB bid on and was awarded the contract to become 

the sole power-steering parts supplier in NAPA’s Mountain Division, a contract 

which had previously been held by Cardone. Complaint ¶¶6, 23; Answer ¶¶6, 

23. In 2012, BBB replaced Cardone as the power-steering supplier for NAPA’s 

Western Division. Complaint ¶¶6, 23; Answer ¶¶6, 23. 
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BBB alleges in its complaint that its power-steering products enjoyed an 

excellent reputation with NAPA and NAPA’s customers, and in late 2012, BBB 

entered into negotiations with NAPA to take over as supplier in three additional 

divisions. Complaint ¶¶6, 23, 29. BBB asserts that the negotiations should 

have wrapped up quickly as NAPA was already in possession of BBB’s pricing 

and other information, which BBB had uploaded to NAPA’s secure website for 

suppliers, NAPA Sales Team (“NST”). Id. ¶¶2, 17, 29. Among the proprietary 

information that BBB uploaded to NST included invoice and downstream 

pricing for retail customers and independent resellers; “back-end” rebates for 

off invoice line items or for reaching certain sales milestones; direct shipping 

discounts for resellers; and changeover incentives and terms. Id. ¶21. BBB 

understood its information on the NST site to be secure based upon NAPA’s 

“vendor code of conduct” requiring suppliers to respect each other’s 

intellectual property rights, NAPA’s internal policy prohibiting its employees 

from sharing a supplier’s information with another supplier, and the 

representations of the third-party administrator of the site. Id. ¶¶16, 17. 

While BBB anticipated that the negotiations to take over additional NAPA

divisions would proceed smoothly, it did not turn out as BBB expected; 

instead, according to the complaint, Cardone “began a deliberate, aggressive 

campaign to undermine BBB and NAPA’s burgeoning commercial relationship” 

using illegally obtained BBB trade secret information. Id. ¶6. BBB alleges 

that the misappropriation of its trade secrets began as late as October 2012 

when a Cardone employee obtained downstream pricing for over 2,600 BBB 
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power-steering parts; the Cardone employee shared this information by email 

with his co-workers, stating that the BBB pricing information “isn’t ours.” Id.

¶25. According to BBB, Cardone used the stolen pricing data to submit a 

competing bid for the three NAPA divisions in December 2012 with significantly 

lower prices and improved terms and incentives as compared to Cardone’s 

existing deal with NAPA. Id. ¶30. 

BBB alleges that, while it eventually secured the power-steering 

business in the three new NAPA divisions, its eventual take-over on July 1, 

2013 had been delayed for months as a result of the misappropriation and 

was on significantly less favorable terms than its existing deal with NAPA. Id.

¶¶6, 31. As part of the new deal, BBB was required to drop its prices for all 

power-steering parts it supplied to NAPA, both in its three new divisions and 

in the two existing divisions it serviced, and also to decrease its prices for all 

its business with NAPA. Id.

On August 11, 2016, BBB filed this instant action against Cardone 

asserting one claim under the PUTSA. In addition to the October 2012 

unauthorized access of confidential information described above, BBB 

identified several additional alleged misappropriations of trade secrets in its 

complaint, including June 2013, December 2013, and March 2014 “raid[s]” by 

a Cardone employee of the secure BBB area of the NST website. Id. ¶¶32-
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37.2 BBB alleges that Cardone misappropriated material it knew or should 

have known was confidential and protected by non-disclosure agreements “by 

improperly accessing the NST website” or “by inducing NAPA personnel to 

disclose BBB’s secrets” despite knowing the information was confidential. Id.

¶¶43-46. BBB asserts that it sustained damages based on the delay in the 

expansion of its business with NAPA, price decreases on power-steering 

products and other products sold to NAPA, as well as an extension of payment 

terms to NAPA. Id. ¶48. Finally, BBB alleges that Cardone received profits 

above and beyond what it otherwise would have received from NAPA as a 

result of the misappropriation. Id.

Following discovery, Cardone filed an initial motion for summary 

judgment, which the trial court denied on September 24, 2018. On March 6 

and 7, 2019, the trial court heard oral argument on various motions in limine

filed by the parties. Three of those rulings are at issue here. First, the trial 

court granted Cardone’s oral motion to preclude the expert testimony of 

Joseph W. Lesovitz, BBB’s expert in business valuation and financial forensics, 

finding that Lesovitz’s testimony would not have allowed the jury “to engage 

____________________________________________

2 BBB maintains that, after discovery, it has identified as many as ten 

instances of Cardone’s misappropriations of its trade secrets. BBB first 

learned of Cardone’s alleged theft of its trade secrets in 2014 during discovery 

in connection with a lawsuit that Cardone brought in Tarrant County, Texas 

against BBB and Joel Farina, an ex-Cardone employee who allegedly stole 

numerous confidential documents from Cardone prior to joining BBB. 

Complaint ¶3; Answer ¶3. According to the parties, this lawsuit remains

pending. 
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in anything other than speculation to determine the type of damages that 

were requested or demanded by BBB[.]” N.T., 3/7/19, at 35. Second, the 

trial court granted Cardone’s motion in limine to preclude the expert testimony 

of Larry R. Samuelson, a former NAPA senior executive, as the court found 

that Samuelson’s testimony would not be based on “personal knowledge” and 

would improperly touch on legal conclusions that were ultimately up to the 

jury. N.T., 3/6/19, at 149-53; Docket #136, Order, 3/11/19. Finally, the trial 

court granted Cardone’s motion to prevent BBB from relying at trial on other 

theories of trade secret misappropriation aside from the “improper means” 

theory alleged in the complaint. Docket #135, Order, 3/11/19; see 12 Pa.C.S. 

§ 5302.

On May 1, 2019, after the resolution of the motions in limine, Cardone 

filed a second summary judgment motion limited to the issue of damages 

causation. On September 11, 2019, the trial court granted that motion. 

Docket #212, Order, 9/11/19. In its later opinion explaining the rationale for 

its summary judgment ruling, the trial court emphasized the fact that BBB did 

not seek any discovery from NAPA, which was weighing numerous other 

factors in deciding whether to award business to BBB including issues related 

to quality control, supply chain reliability, and its own profit incentives. Trial 

Court Opinion, 8/31/20, at 1-2, 8, 10. The court concluded that BBB could 

not rely only on its valuation expert, Lesovitz, to prove damages, as his report 

was based upon “countless assumptions” regarding how the alleged 

misappropriation would have affected NAPA’s negotiation position and would 
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have to have been resolved through numerous jury interrogatories. Id. at 7-

10. 

In light of the insufficient damages evidence, the trial court determined 

that the jury would only be able to “speculate on what factors motivated 

NAPA’s negotiations without BBB” and would not be able to “isolate how much 

[of] BBB’s loss, if any, was caused by Cardone’s alleged misappropriation of 

pricing trade secrets.” Id. at 11. Because BBB relied by its own choosing on 

“conjecture” rather than evidence of NAPA’s business decisions that would 

have “provide[d] reasonable certainty to measuring damages,” the court 

found that summary judgment should be granted in favor of Cardone. Id. at 

13. BBB filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s September 11, 

2019 order.3

BBB raises the following issues for our review:

1. BBB offered extensive evidence that Cardone, its competitor, 

improperly accessed BBB’s trade secrets and used that 

information to derail BBB’s negotiations to serve as a supplier of 

power-steering products to [NAPA]. Ignoring that evidence, the 

trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Cardone on 

BBB’s trade secret misappropriation claim on the ground that BBB 

could only prove its case by offering direct testimony from a third 

party customer, NAPA. Did the trial court err as a matter of law 

in granting summary judgment to Cardone on that basis?

2. The trial court excluded the testimony of BBB’s damages 

expert, Joseph W. Lesovitz, on the ground that, in the absence of 

direct testimony from NAPA, BBB’s claim for damages was purely 

____________________________________________

3 The trial court did not request that BBB file a concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal. The court filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on 

August 31, 2020.
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speculative. Was this holding legally erroneous and an abuse of 

the trial court’s discretion?

3. The trial court excluded portions of the testimony of BBB’s 

automotive-parts industry expert, Larry R. Samuelson, who 

sought to offer his opinion on the competitive value of the 

information taken by Cardone as well as the meaning of 

specialized terms appearing in Cardone’s emails, on the ground 

that BBB could not prove its case without direct testimony from 

NAPA and that Samuelson lacked direct personal knowledge of the 

facts at issue. Was this holding legally erroneous and an abuse of 

the trial court’s discretion?

4. The trial court held that BBB could only present evidence at trial 

supporting an “improper means” theory of misappropriation, even 

though BBB’s complaint also contained allegations supporting a 

“duty” and “accident or mistake” theory of misappropriation under 

12 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 5302(2)(ii)(C) & 5302(3)(iii). Did the trial 

court err as a matter of law in so holding?

BBB Brief at 5-6 (suggested answers omitted).

BBB first argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

on the issue of damages because it offered extensive, uncontradicted evidence 

that Cardone used BBB’s trade secrets in a way that materially harmed BBB’s 

power-steering business. This evidence included internal Cardone discussions 

evidencing that it used BBB’s confidential information to its advantage as well 

as contemporaneous communication from NAPA before and after Cardone 

submitted its counterbid incorporating the trade secrets, which demonstrated 

the effect of the counterbid on BBB’s business relationship with NAPA. BBB 

asserts that the timeline of events established in the summary judgment 

record makes clear that its negotiations with NAPA halted immediately after 

Cardone’s counterbid and that NAPA’s demands to BBB that it offer better 

pricing and terms only happened after the counterbid.
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BBB cites to several purported errors of law by the trial court in its 

decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Cardone. First, BBB contends 

that the trial court erred in speculating as to other motivations for NAPA’s 

demands on BBB during contract negotiations, when the court was required 

to view all evidence in the light most favorable to BBB. In addition, BBB 

asserts that the trial court improperly faulted BBB for not offering direct 

evidence from NAPA to substantiate damages when it is well-established that 

circumstantial evidence is sufficient to raise a general issue of material fact, 

including on the issue of damages. Finally, BBB avers that the trial court 

incorrectly held that challenges in calculating damages in this matter rendered 

them speculative as a matter of law, as the question of whether damages are 

speculative is concerned with whether damages can be proven at all, not with 

difficulties in calculating the amount. 

“[S]ummary judgment is appropriate only in those cases where the 

record clearly demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact and 

that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” In re 

Risperdal Litigation, 223 A.3d 633, 639 (Pa. 2019) (citation omitted). 

Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, “a record that supports summary judgment 

will either (1) show the material facts are undisputed or (2) contain insufficient 

evidence of facts to make out a prima facie cause of action or defense and, 

therefore, there is no issue to be submitted to the jury.” Cigna Corp. v. 

Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc., 111 A.3d 204, 210-11 (Pa. Super. 2015) 

(citation omitted); see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 1035.2. 
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In addressing a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must take 

all facts of record and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most 

favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all doubts as to the 

existence of a genuine issue of material fact against the moving party. 

Salsberg v. Mann, 262 A.3d 1267, 1269 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc). Thus, 

the trial court may only grant summary judgment “where the right to such 

judgment is clear and free from all doubt.” Risperdal Litigation, 223 A.3d

at 639 (citation omitted).

The issue of whether the record supports the grant of summary 

judgment is a question of law as to which our standard of review is de novo,

and our scope of review is plenary. Id.; Salsberg, 262 A.3d at 1269. 

Accordingly, we need not defer to the determinations made by the trial court. 

Summers v. Certainteed Corp., 997 A.2d 1152, 1159 (Pa. 2010) (citation 

omitted). “If there is evidence that would allow a fact-finder to render a 

verdict in favor of the non-moving party, then summary judgment should be 

denied.” Salsberg, 262 A.3d at 1269 (citation omitted).

Under the PUTSA, a plaintiff can recover damages “both [for] the actual 

loss caused by misappropriation and the unjust enrichment caused by 

misappropriation that is not taken into account in computing actual loss.” 12 

Pa.C.S. § 5304(a). Where damages are not recoverable based upon the actual 

loss or unjust enrichment methods, a court may also award damages 

calculated from “a reasonable royalty for a misappropriator’s unauthorized 

disclosure or use of a trade secret.” Id. “[O]ne cannot be held liable for 
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damages for misappropriation of a trade secret without proof of actual harm 

through past use or disclosure[.]” Den-Tal-Ez, Inc. v. Siemens Capital 

Corp., 566 A.2d 1214, 1232 (Pa. Super. 1989) (en banc).

“Generally, under Pennsylvania law, damages need not be proved with 

mathematical certainty, but only with reasonable certainty, and evidence of 

damages may consist of probabilities and inferences.” Bailets v. 

Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, 181 A.3d 324, 336 (Pa. 2018). “It is 

only required that the proof afford a reasonable basis from which the factfinder can calculate the plaintiff’s loss.” Witherspoon v. McDowell-Wright, 

241 A.3d 1182, 1188 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Delahanty v. First 

Pennsylvania Bank, N.A., 464 A.2d 1243, 1258 (Pa. Super. 1983)). 

Although the evidence does not require mathematical precision, a plaintiff 

must put present “sufficient facts” such that the fact-finder “can arrive at an 

intelligent estimate [of damages] without conjecture.” Id. (quoting 

Delahanty, 464 A.2d at 1257-58). “[T]he test of whether damages are 

remote or speculative has nothing to do with the difficulty in calculating the 

amount, but deals with the more basic question of whether there are 

identifiable damages[; t]hus, damages are speculative only if the uncertainty 

concerns the fact of damages rather than the amount.” Logan v. Mirror 

Printing Co. of Altoona, Pa., 600 A.2d 225, 227 (Pa. Super. 1991) (citation 

and emphasis omitted).
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Upon review, we ascertain no error in the trial court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of Cardone.4 Initially, we note that the summary judgment 

record in this matter is replete with evidence that, as part of its negotiation

practice, NAPA shared BBB’s and Cardone’s business information between and 

among each other during the 2010 to 2013 time period when the parties were 

competing for NAPA’s power-steering parts business. BBB employees 

admitted during depositions that NAPA provided information to BBB relating 

to Cardone’s independent reseller discounts, back-end rebates, and 

distribution center pricing during the relevant time period. See Cardone 

Motion for Summary Judgment, 3/12/18, Exhibit A at 54-55, Exhibit B at 234-

37, Exhibit L at 155-57, 176. Moreover, one of the principal avenues through

____________________________________________

4 Preliminarily, we note that our ability to thoroughly set forth the underlying 

facts in this case has been substantially impeded by the parties’ filing of large 

portions of the summary judgment record under seal in the trial court

pursuant to a jointly agreed upon protective order. See Docket #14, Agreed 

Protective Order Regarding the Disclosure and Use of Discovery Materials, 

10/5/16, at 1 (limiting disclosure of all “confidential, proprietary, trade secret, 

and/or commercially sensitive information”). In this Court, the parties filed 

heavily redacted briefs and designated much of their reproduced record as 

under seal, including the entire portions of deposition transcripts of BBB and 

Cardone employees to the extent relied upon at summary judgment and email 

chains the confidentiality of which appears to be based solely upon mere 

references to the status of negotiations with NAPA. While we recognize that 

protective orders are expressly permitted during the discovery phase of 

litigation “to protect a party . . . from unreasonable annoyance, 

embarrassment, oppression, burden or expense,” see Pa.R.Civ.P. 4012, we 

caution the parties from their overzealous use of the protective order with 

respect to these summary judgment proceedings. See A.A. v. Glicken, 237 

A.3d 1165, 1170 (Pa. Super. 2020) (noting that there exists a common law 

presumption of openness of judicial proceedings and that the judicial record 

should only be closed to the public on good cause shown).
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which BBB alleges that Cardone misappropriated its trade secrets was by way 

of a “mysterious email” sent by a NAPA employee to a Cardone employee in 

August 2012. BBB Brief at 14; BBB Opposition to Motion for Summary 

Judgment, 5/31/19, Exhibit 37. While this does not alter the fact that we 

must assume for our present analysis that Cardone improperly obtained BBB’s 

trade secrets, the evidence of NAPA’s frequent information sharing among 

business competitors necessarily informs our analysis of the primary issue in 

this appeal of whether BBB has produced evidence sufficient to show that it 

suffered damages from Cardone’s alleged misappropriations. 

BBB’s alleged damages in this case fall into three categories. First, BBB 

asserts that its takeover of additional NAPA divisions for which negotiations 

appeared to be winding down at the end of 2012 was delayed for several 

months until July 2013 as a result of Cardone’s December 2012 bid 

incorporating BBB’s trade secrets. Second, BBB contends that it was required 

to offer more favorable terms and pricing to NAPA after Cardone tendered its 

bid. And third, BBB maintains that Cardone’s use of the confidential 

information prevented BBB from becoming the nationwide power-steering 

parts supplier for NAPA and limited it to only taking over three of the remaining 

seven regional divisions. 
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As the trial court explained in its opinion, however, BBB’s decision to not 

seek any discovery from NAPA5is fatal to BBB’s attempt to show, with any 

degree of reasonable certainty, that BBB sustained these claimed damages. 

In the absence of firsthand testimony from NAPA employees or internal NAPA 

communications, BBB relies in large part on NAPA’s communications to BBB 

and Cardone, which BBB argues show that it was the superior supplier in 

NAPA’s eyes and poised to take over all of NAPA’s power-steering business 

when negotiations began in 2012. For example, NAPA told Cardone as early 

as 2010 that its power-steering parts had engendered numerous customer 

complaints regarding the quality of the parts. BBB Opposition to Motion for 

Attorney’s Fees, 10/10/19, Exhibit 1 at 342; BBB Opposition to Motion for 

Summary Judgment, 5/31/19, Exhibit 21. In addition, BBB cites to NAPA’s 

warnings to Cardone in late 2012 that it was at risk of losing NAPA’s powersteering business. BBB Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, 

5/31/19, Exhibits 40, 41. 

However, the summary judgment record calls into question whether

NAPA’s communications to BBB and Cardone accurately revealed NAPA’s

bargaining position and its true view of its competing parts suppliers. While 

NAPA asked BBB to make certain concessions to match Cardone on payment 

____________________________________________

5 BBB stated below that it made the intentional business decision to not 

“disturb an important client [i.e. NAPA] by unnecessarily dragging them into 

discovery.” BBB Opposition to Motion In Limine to Preclude Samuelson 

Testimony, 5/3/18, ¶5; see also N.T., 3/6/19, at 36-38.
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terms and incentives, the record is devoid of evidence to show that these 

requests were based upon an actual Cardone counter proposal rather than 

being simply a negotiation tactic. Cardone Motion for Summary Judgment, 

3/12/18, Exhibit C at 230, 238-39, Exhibit L at 130-31; BBB Opposition to 

Motion for Summary Judgment, 5/31/19, Exhibit 63. In addition, as NAPA’s 

description of quality issues at its competitor shifted over the course of 

negotiations, BBB employees began to question internally whether NAPA was 

being entirely truthful during the negotiations. BBB Opposition to Motion for 

Summary Judgment, 5/31/19, Exhibit 60.

By virtue of the fact that BBB chose not to take evidence directly from 

NAPA, whether in the form of interrogatories, discovery of internal 

communications, or through depositions, a jury would only be left to guess as 

to the key issue in this case relating to the factors NAPA considered—and the 

relative weight afforded to each of these factors—when awarding its powersteering parts business. BBB introduced into the record at least circumstantial 

evidence that NAPA was evaluating its power-steering parts suppliers on 

factors entirely separate from pricing and the other negotiated terms of the 

supplier agreements. BBB Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, 

5/31/19, Exhibit 32. However, as the trial court explained, “the record is 

silent on whether these factors are assumed to be equal” or, assuming they 

are weighted differently, “which [factors are] more important to NAPA.” 

Docket #212, Order, 9/11/19, at 2. In the absence of firsthand evidence from 
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NAPA, its decision-making process remains entirely obscured from view. See 

id. at 3 (“Without hearing from NAPA, it’s all guesswork.”). 

Moreover, by relying on the out-of-court statements of NAPA employees 

to prove that the company looked more favorably on one of its suppliers over 

another, BBB is offering the NAPA statements for the truth of the matter 

asserted and thus runs squarely into the rule against hearsay. See Pa.R.E. 

801(c), 802. In Pennsylvania, a trial court may consider hearsay presented 

by a non-movant in opposition to a summary judgment motion but only if the 

party relying on the hearsay can demonstrate to the trial court “a plausible 

avenue for the admission at trial of the hearsay.” Kardos v. Armstrong 

Pumps, Inc., 222 A.3d 393, 402 (Pa. Super. 2019); see also Petrina v. 

Allied Glove Corp., 46 A.3d 795, 799 (Pa. Super. 2012).

BBB argues that NAPA’s out-of-court statements “fall squarely within 

the hearsay exception for ‘[a] statement of the declarant’s then-existing state 

of mind[.]’”

6

 BBB Reply Brief at 9 (quoting Pa.R.E. 803(3)). As our Supreme 

Court has recently explained, “a singular expression of the declarant’s state 

____________________________________________

6 BBB also asserts that this Court should not undertake an inquiry into the 

potential admissibility of the NAPA evidence because the trial court did not 

definitively rule that the communications at issue are hearsay. BBB Reply 

Brief at 9. While the trial court did not expressly rule that the NAPA 

statements are inadmissible hearsay, the question of whether such 

communications were covered by exceptions to the hearsay rule was debated 

at hearings on the motions in limine. See N.T., 3/6/19, at 174-75. In any 

event, this Court is not bound by the rationale of the trial court, and we may

affirm its ruling on any basis. Commonwealth v. Goodmond, 190 A.3d

1197, 1202 n.4 (Pa. Super. 2018).
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of mind” is generally admissible under our Rules of Evidence but where a 

statement “contains both a state of mind component and a ‘fact-bound’ 

component,” the statement is inadmissible unless the “fact-bound” assertion

falls within a separate hearsay exception. Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick, 

255 A.3d 452, 479-80 (Pa. 2021) (citation omitted). The NAPA statements 

here are exactly this type of “compound statements” mixing NAPA’s state of 

mind concerning the performance of its suppliers and a “fact-bound” 

component involving the actual quality of the products that the suppliers were 

providing to NAPA. Id. at 473, 480 (citation omitted). Therefore, these 

statements would be inadmissible at trial unless a separate hearsay exception 

is put forth for the fact-based component that would offer “a plausible avenue 

for the admission at trial of the hearsay.” Id. at 479-80; Kardos, 222 A.3d 

at 402. No such alternate exception to the hearsay rule has been asserted. 

In opposing Cardone’s summary judgment motion, BBB also relies on 

the views of its own employees and Cardone employees concerning 

negotiations with NAPA as well as the “timeline of events” before and after 

Cardone submitted its competing bid in December 2012. BBB Brief at 33. 

Thus, BBB employees believed that NAPA was negotiating aggressively and 

that the deal was essentially wrapped up by late 2012, while Cardone 

executives recognized during the same time period that there was a strong 

possibility that it would lose additional NAPA divisions. BBB Opposition to 

Motion for Summary Judgment, 5/31/19, Exhibit 17 at 229, 234, Exhibits 33, 

55. From BBB’s perspective, the deal that seemed all but done stalled after 
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Cardone submitted its competing bid in December 2012, resulting in BBB 

having to submit its own revised proposal on less favorable terms in early 

2013. Id., Exhibit 17 at 229-30, 234, Exhibits 63-65.

While this evidence sheds some light on the negotiations, BBB’s and 

Cardone’s internal, subjective views on their business dealings with NAPA fail 

to show within a reasonable degree of certainty how Cardone caused NAPA to 

take specific action that damaged BBB. For example, while BBB asserts that 

it sustained damages based upon a delay of several months before its 

takeover of additional NAPA divisions was completed in July 2013, BBB points 

to no evidence that the transition was set to occur earlier and instead relies 

only on its employees’ belief that a deal was almost complete before 

Cardone’s counter-bid and BBB’s expectation that the transition would have 

occurred earlier. Id., Exhibit 17 at 234, 422. Similarly, the claim of damages 

arising out of BBB only obtaining three new NAPA divisions instead of all the 

remaining seven is based upon the fact that BBB was having discussions with 

NAPA about taking over all the remaining divisions, rather than any concrete 

plan for NAPA to transfer the full slate of its divisions to BBB. Id., Exhibit 17 

at 299, Exhibit 59. Without evidence from NAPA itself, we are left only with 

BBB and Cardone looking from the outside in on NAPA’s decision-making 

process. Based upon the summary judgment record, the jury would therefore 

be left to speculate not just on the amount of damages but whether Cardone 

caused the claimed damages at all. Logan, 600 A.2d at 227.
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Finally, we observe that the testimony of BBB’s expert witnesses would

not have filled in the holes in BBB’s case with respect to damages causation. 

The testimony of BBB’s financial valuation expert, Lesovitz, would have served 

to assist in calculating damages based upon the various harms BBB allegedly

suffered arising out of Cardone’s trade secret misappropriations. See Cardone 

Motion in Limine to Preclude Portions of Expert Report and Opinions of 

Lesovitz, 3/19/18, Exhibit A (Lesovitz Expert Report) at 1-3. However, as BBB 

acknowledges in its brief, Lesovitz would have “merely quantified and added 

up the damages” in his testimony and he would not independently “show

evidence of damages causation.” BBB Brief at 34; see also id. at 50; BBB 

Reply Brief at 18 n.2. Similarly, BBB’s industry expert, Samuelson, would 

have drawn on his work experience at NAPA and other automotive aftermarket 

companies to identify the types of information that would be classified as trade 

secrets within the industry and Cardone’s business performance during the 

relevant time period. See Cardone Motion in Limine to Preclude Portions of 

Expert Report and Opinions of Samuelson, 3/16/18, Exhibit A (Samuelson 

Expert Report) at 1. Nevertheless, as BBB recognizes on appeal, the 

testimony of Samuelson, who lacked any firsthand knowledge of NAPA’s 

deliberations in 2012 and 2013, does not create a genuine issue of material 

fact with respect to the issue of whether BBB actually sustained any damages 

from Cardone’s actions. See BBB Brief at 50.

Accordingly, based upon the absence in the record sufficient facts that 

would have allowed a jury to arrive at an intelligent estimate of damages 
J-A10036-21

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without conjecture, we find no error in the trial court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of Cardone on the issue of damages causation. 

Witherspoon, 241 A.3d at 1188; Logan, 600 A.2d at 227. As we have 

concluded that the trial court did not err in awarding summary judgment in 

favor of Cardone, we need not address BBB’s remaining three appellate issues 

concerning the trial court’s exclusion of its two experts, Lesovitz and 

Samuelson, and the court’s decision that BBB could only present evidence of 

misappropriation under an “improper means” theory. We therefore affirm the 

trial court’s September 11, 2019 order.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/12/2022