*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

---oOo---

In the Matter of the Arbitration

of

NORDIC PCL CONSTRUCTION, INC., fka NORDIC CONSTRUCTION, LTD.,

Respondent/Claimant/Counterclaim Respondent-Appellant,

vs.

LPIHGC, LLC,

Petitioner/Respondent/Counterclaimant-Appellee.

SCWC-11-0000350

CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

(CAAP-11-0000350; S.P. NO. 10-1-0346)

JULY 23, 2015

NAKAYAMA, ACTING C.J., McKENNA, AND POLLACK, JJ., 

CIRCUIT JUDGE ALM, IN PLACE OF RECKTENWALD, C.J., RECUSED, AND

CIRCUIT JUDGE SAKAMOTO, IN PLACE OF WILSON, J., RECUSED

OPINION OF THE COURT BY McKENNA, J.

I. Introduction

Petitioner/Counterclaimant-Appellee LPIHGC, LLC (“LPIHGC”)

seeks review of the April 4, 2014 Judgment on Appeal of the

Intermediate Court of Appeals (“ICA”), entered pursuant to its

February 14, 2014 Memorandum Opinion, which vacated and remanded

the March 24, 2011 Final Judgment (“judgment”) of the Circuit

Electronically Filed

Supreme Court

SCWC-11-0000350

23-JUL-2015

10:23 AM
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Court of the First Circuit (“circuit court”) in favor of LPIHGC

and against Respondent/Claimant-Appellee Nordic PCL Construction,

Inc. fka Nordic Construction Ltd. (“Nordic”). 

The circuit court’s judgment was based on its grant of

LPIHGC’s motion to confirm, and denial of Nordic’s motion to

vacate, the Partial Final Award of Arbitrator dated October 15,

2010 (“the Partial Award”) and the Final Award of Arbitrator

dated December 15, 2010 (“the Final Award”) (the Partial Award

and the Final Award are sometimes collectively referred to as

“the Arbitration Award”). The Arbitration Award was issued by

the arbitrator selected by the parties, retired circuit court

judge Patrick K.S.L. Yim (“the Arbitrator”). On appeal, the ICA

ruled that the Arbitrator’s failure to disclose various

relationships with the law firms of LPIHGC’s attorneys

established a reasonable impression of partiality requiring

vacatur of the Arbitration Award.

The “evident partiality” bases for vacatur alleged by Nordic

present various questions of disputed material facts. The

circuit court denied Nordic’s motion without orally stating its

reasoning on the record or entering any findings of fact and

conclusions of law. As this court ruled in Clawson v. Habilitat,

Inc., 71 Haw. 76, 783 P.2d 1230 (1989), “whenever material facts

are in dispute in determining whether an arbitration award should

2
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

be vacated, the circuit court should conduct an evidentiary

hearing and render findings of fact and conclusions of law in

support of granting or denying [a] motion to vacate [an]

arbitration award.” 71 Haw. at 79, 783 P.2d at 1232.

In this case, although neither party requested an

evidentiary hearing to address disputed issues of material fact,

because the circuit court did not explain the basis of its

rulings on the record or enter findings of fact or conclusions of

law, this court is unable determine whether the circuit court

erred in denying Nordic’s motion to vacate. Specifically, with

respect to the “evident partiality” bases of Nordic’s motion, it

is unclear whether the circuit court found no violation of the

Arbitrator’s duties of reasonable inquiry, disclosure, or

continuing duty to disclose; found that despite a violation, the

objection was not timely or had been waived; or found that

despite a showing of evident partiality and timely objection

without waiver, it exercised its discretion not to vacate the

award. Thus, the factual and/or legal bases upon which the

circuit court denied the motion to vacate are unascertainable. 

Because we are unable to determine the grounds on which the

circuit court based its decision, we are unable to appropriately

3
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

review its ruling.1

Accordingly, we vacate the ICA’s April 4, 2014 Judgment on

Appeal and remand this case to the circuit court for an

evidentiary hearing and entry of findings of fact and conclusions

of law on Nordic’s motion to vacate.2

II. Background

A. Facts

This case arises from a dispute over the adequacy of

concrete work Nordic performed on a Maui condominium construction

project as a subcontractor to LPIHGC. The owner of the project, 3

Maui Beach Resort Limited Partnership (“Owner”), incorporated 4

LPIHGC to be its general contractor and executed a prime contract

between them. Thereafter, LPIHGC and Nordic executed a written

subcontract, which provided for a contract price of $39,2689,396

(as amended) to perform the concrete work for the project. The

1 At oral argument, counsel for both parties encouraged this court

to rule without a remand. Even if it was appropriate for this court to render

findings of fact, which it is not, the record presents too many unaddressed

disputed material issues of fact, as discussed below.

2 Neither the circuit court nor the ICA addressed whether there are

disputed material issues of fact regarding the other bases on which Nordic

moved to vacate the Arbitration Award, which are briefly discussed in this

opinion. If there are, the circuit court must also address those issues.

3 The project is the Honua Kai South Enclave in Lâhainâ, Maui.

4 The Owner “consist[ed] of a consortium of different entities

including JP Morgan, Intrawest Placemaking and Ledcor Properties, Inc., a

Canadian real estate subsidiary of the Ledcor group of companies.” The Owner

also hired Ledcor Construction Inc. (“Ledcor”) to be the project construction

manager.

4
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

parties subsequently disputed whether Nordic’s concrete work was

adequately flat and level, and LPIHGC made only partial payment

to Nordic under the subcontract.

The subcontract contained a binding arbitration clause,

which provided for the arbitration to be governed by Hawai#i

Revised Statutes (“HRS”) chapter 658A (Supp. 2010) and conducted

by Dispute Prevention & Resolution, Inc. (“DPR”). In addition,

it provided for the arbitration to be conducted “by a single

arbitrator, who shall either be a former judge with substantial

experience in residential real estate litigation matters or a

licensed attorney with at least ten (10) years experience in

residential real estate transactions and/or litigation involving

residential real estate.”

In the arbitration hearings, Nordic was represented by

attorneys Anna H. Oshiro (“Oshiro”), Mark M. Murakami, and Noelle

B. Catalan of Damon Key Leong Kupchak Hastert (“Damon Key”). 

Although he did not appear at the hearings, the name of attorney

Kenneth R. Kupchak (“Kupchak”) of Damon Key also began appearing

on Damon Key’s correspondence and pleadings after the issuance of

the Arbitrator’s October 15, 2010 Partial Award. LPIHGC was

represented by Terence J. O’Toole “O’Toole”) and Judith Ann Pavey

(“Pavey”) of Starn O’Toole Marcus & Fisher (“Starn O’Toole”) and

John P. Manaut (“Manaut”) of Carlsmith Ball LLP (“Carlsmith

5
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Ball”). 

B. Arbitration

1. Initial Disclosures and Arbitration Proceeding

After his selection by the parties, on March 17, 2009, the

Arbitrator, through DPR, provided the following disclosures by

email:

[The Arbitrator] is willing and able to serve as Arbitrator

in this matter and thanks the parties for his selection.

[The Arbitrator] provides the following disclosures for your

review:

 1. While serving on the bench, counsel and members of

their law firms appeared before me;

 2. Since retirement, I have served as a neutral for

counsel and members of their law firms;

 3. To the best of my knowledge, I do not know anyone

involved with LPIHGC, LLC;

 4. I served as a neutral in a matter where Nordic was a

party. That matter was concluded at least five years

ago;

 5. I will provide additional disclosures as necessary

throughout this proceeding;

 6. These disclosure will not prevent me from serving as a

neutral and unbiased Arbitrator.

Any comments regarding this disclosure should be filed in

writing with DPR by March 20, 2009.

On October 7, 2009, the Arbitrator, through DPR, provided an

additional disclosure pertaining to the inclusion of an

individual on the expert witness lists submitted by the parties

who had appeared before the Arbitrator on matters completed prior

to the arbitration proceeding. The parties did not respond to 5

5 The October 7, 2009 disclosure provided:

[The Arbitrator] has reviewed the Expert Witness Lists

submitted by the parties and provides the following

supplemental disclosure:

(continued...)

6
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

the Arbitrator regarding either disclosure.

Arbitration hearings were held intermittently on thirty-one

days from January 25, 2010 to April 29, 2010. In general, the

parties contested which of two concrete flatness and levelness

standards applied to Nordic’s work and whether Nordic had proven 6

its satisfaction of the applicable standard by providing

quantitatively sufficient F-meter data to establish its

statistical validity.7

On October 15, 2010, the Arbitrator issued the Partial

Award, ruling in favor of LPIHGC for $9,804,108.27.

2. Post-Award Demand Letters and Supplemental

Disclosures

Two weeks after the Partial Award was issued, Damon Key sent

a letter to DPR dated October 29, 2010 requesting

updated disclosure details . . . including, but not limited

to, any and all arbitration or mediation matters involving

5(...continued)

 1. Richard Kozuma has appeared before me in prior

matters. To the best of my knowledge, I do not have

any matters with him at this time.

 2. This disclosure will not prevent me from serving as a

neutral and unbiased Arbitrator.

Any comments regarding this disclosure should be filed in

writing with DPR by October 12, 2009.

6 Nordic argued that the applicable standard was floor flatness (FF)

18 and floor levelness (FL) 15, while LPIHGC argued that it was FF 30 and FL

20.

7 The F-Meter is a floor profiling instrument that is manually

pulled across the floor to get an F-Number measurement on the finished floor

flatness and levelness. F-Meter: Rolling Floor Profiler, ALLEN FACE,

http://www.allenface.com/F-Meter.html (last visited April 27, 2015).

7
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

attorneys from the law firms of either [Carlsmith Ball] or

[Starn O’Toole] . . . which [the Arbitrator] has presided

over since January 1, 2009 . . . as well as any matter for

which [the Arbitrator] is currently being considered or has

been contacted to serve as a potential arbitrator or

mediator.

Four days later, Oshiro and Kupchak of Damon Key sent another

letter to DPR, demanding the Arbitrator’s immediate

disqualification on the basis of Carlsmith Ball’s alleged

representation of the Arbitrator and his nondisclosure of that

representation. The letter asserted that:

It has just come to our attention that [the Arbitrator] has

had an undisclosed, long standing professional relationship

with opposing counsel . . . . We have reason to understand

that [the Arbitrator] was represented by Carlsmith Ball,

including an attorney working on this case, on at least

seven separate occasions over the last ten years. One of

these cases was a matter that was ongoing . . . during the

term of the parties’ recent arbitration proceedings.

This allegation related to Carlsmith Ball’s representation of the

QLT on unrelated real estate and lease matters on the island of

Hawai#i. The Arbitrator has served as one of three trustees of

the QLT since 2002, and along with the other two trustees, the

Arbitrator’s name appears as trustee on lawsuits involving the

QLT.

On November 4, 2010, Manaut of Carlsmith Ball sent a letter

to DPR that characterized Nordic’s request for updated disclosure

details as “an improper fishing expedition[,]” and asserted that

Nordic “never once raised an issue or questioned anything about

the sufficiency of any disclosures” prior to the issuance of the

Partial Award. Damon Key sent a responsive letter to DPR on the

8
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

same day, stating neither the Arbitrator nor Manaut had disclosed

seven cases in which Carlsmith Ball allegedly represented the

Arbitrator, and demanding the Arbitrator’s immediate

disqualification.

On November 9, 2010, Pavey of Starn O’Toole sent a letter to

DPR challenging Nordic counsel’s demand for disqualification. On

the same day, Pavey also sent a letter to Oshiro requesting

information on the timing and circumstances surrounding discovery

of the facts underlying Nordic’s claim for disqualification.

On November 11, 2010, the Arbitrator provided a post-award

supplemental disclosure that detailed his professional and

volunteer activities:

As previously disclosed, I have served as a mediator and an

arbitrator in matters in which parties therein were

represented by the firms appearing in this arbitration.

Though I cannot recall any matter involving [Owner] or

LPIHGC, LLC, I do recall serving as an arbitrator in a

matter in which I determined that Nordic was the prevailing

party.

Further, at the time when I was informed that I was selected

as an arbitrator in this matter, I was serving as a neutral

in cases in which the Damon Key firm, Carlsmith Ball, and

the Starn O’Toole firm represented certain parties therein.

During the year and a half course of this arbitration, I

served in an additional matter in which Lane Hornfeck of the

Starn O’Toole firm represented a party. Sometime during this

period, Robert Triantos of Carlsmith Ball entered an

appearance on behalf of an additional party in an

arbitration which commenced in 2008. I also, during this

period, served as a mediator in a matter in which Carlsmith

Ball was a party.

As one of the three Trustees for the [QLT], I hereby

disclose that the following are lawyers and law firms

retained by the Trust since 2002, when I commenced to serve

as a Trustee. The list is as follows: Ashford & Wriston,

Cades Schutte Fleming & Wright, Case Bigelow & Lombardi,

Carlsmith Ball, Dean Nagamine, Glenn Kimura, John J. Baker,

9
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Lloyd Van De Car, Patricia Brady, Imanaka Kudo & Fujimoto,

Leighton Wong, Lori M. Ohinata, Suemori & Aipa, Pitluck Kido

Stone & Aipa, Watanabe Ing Kawashima & Komeiji, Wesley K.C.

Lau, Robert F. Miller, Susan Ichinose, Dwyer Schraff Meyer

et al., Jewell & Krueger, Matsubara Lee & Kotake, Rinesmith

& Sekeguchi [sic], Torkildson, Katz Fonseca, Godbey

Griffiths Reiss Chong, Moseley Biehl Tsugawa et al.,

Patricia Brady, Tsukazaki Yeh & Moore, O'Conner Playdon &

Guben, Paul Johnson Park & Niles, and Raymond Zeason. As a

Trustee, I have no personal role in the selection or

appointment of attorneys that perform legal services for the

[QLT].

As one of the three trustees for the [A] Trusts, I represent

that the [A] Trusts have retained legal services from the

firm of [B], and attorneys [D], and [E].

I also disclose that I believe Mr. Michael Walsh, Vice

President of the [QLT’s] Endowment Group, is []Kupchak’s

brother-in-law.

As a member of [F]’s Board of [G], I have been informed and

been permitted to disclose that our institution, at various

times in the past, has retained the legal services of [I],

[J], and [K].

As a member of the Board of [L] and [M], . . ., I have

recently been informed that [N] have been referred to the

following attorneys for services: [O], [P], [Q], [R], and

[S].

I have been informed by management of the [QLT] that in

recent matters, members of Carlsmith Ball and the Bays

Deaver firm have represented parties who have opposed the

interests of the [QLT].

. . . .

On November 15, 2010, Damon Key sent a letter to DPR to

request further clarification on the matters listed in the

supplemental disclosure.

On November 18, 2010, Pavey, O’Toole, and Manaut sent a

letter to DPR opposing Nordic’s disqualification demand and

objecting to a stay of the arbitration, alleging that the “demand

for disqualification is insufficient on its face because [Nordic]

failed to even allege, let alone prove, evident partiality on the

10
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

part of [the Arbitrator]” and the Arbitrator had no conflict

based upon Carlsmith Ball’s representation of the QLT. Appended

to the letter were declarations of Manaut and Edmund W.K.

Haitsuka, the Carlsmith Ball attorney handling the Kona land

matters for the QLT.

Haitsuka declared that he had not had any ex parte

communications with the Arbitrator about any matter prior to,

during, or after the arbitration. He also stated that Carlsmith

Ball had not represented the Arbitrator in his individual

capacity, and that he had never communicated with the Arbitrator

on any trustee issues or anything related to the arbitration, and

that he had only spoken to the QLT’s executive officers and

managers. Manaut declared that he had never had any

communication with the Arbitrator concerning the QLT, ex parte or

otherwise, and that he was not aware that the Arbitrator was a

QLT trustee who Carlsmith Ball represented on land matters in

Kona in his representative capacity.

By email dated November 18, 2010, DPR further disclosed that

the Arbitrator:

served as a Mediator in a case where the Damon Key firm

represented a party. Counsel for Damon Key was Mark

Murakami, Esq. Counsel for the parties mutually selected

[the Arbitrator] in 2008, the mediation was held in

February, 2009. DPR charged its standard hourly rate of

$350/hour. This matter was included in the [initial]

disclosure since the final invoice was issued to counsel on

March 17,2009.

 . . . served as an Arbitrator in a case where John Sopuch,

11
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Esq. of the Starn O’Toole firm represented a party. Counsel

for the parties mutually selected [the Arbitrator] in 2008.

The Award was issued in February, 2009, and the final

invoice was issued on March 13, 2009. DPR charged its

standard hourly rate of $350/hour.

 . . . served as a Mediator in a matter where Lane Hornfeck

of the Starn O’Toole firm represented a party. Counsel for

the parties mutually selected [the Arbitrator] in June 2009,

and the matter closed in August 2009. DPR charged its

standard hourly rate of $350/hour.

 . . . served as a Mediator in a matter where Carlsmith Ball

was a party. Counsel for the parties mutually selected [the

Arbitrator] as Mediator in January 2009. The initial

mediation session was held on March 6, 2009, and the matter

closed in October, 2009. DPR charged its standard hourly

rate of $350/hour.

 . . . is serving as an Arbitrator in a case where Robert

Triantos, Esq. at Carlsmith [Ball] represented a party for a

portion of the arbitration proceeding. The case was opened

with DPR in 2008 and counsel participating at that time

mutually selected [the Arbitrator] as Arbitrator. In July

2009, Mr. Triantos’ client was brought into the case via

Court Order, Mr. Triantos’ client settled out of the case in

July, 2010 ([the Arbitrator] was not involved in the

settlement discussions), DPR is charging its standard hourly

rate of $350/hour.

On December 1, 2010, DPR declined to grant Nordic’s request

to disqualify the Arbitrator on the grounds it no longer had

jurisdiction once the substantive claims were resolved. On the

same day, the QLT sent a letter to DPR providing the following

information regarding Carlsmith Ball’s representation of the QLT

since March 2009:

1. That Carlsmith [Ball] has and continues to

represent the Trust from time to time on land management and

commercial leasehold collection and summary possession

matters, including commercial leaseholds in the Kona

Industrial Subdivision, Kuakini Center, and the Kona Commons

projects of the Trust;

2. That Carlsmith [Ball] does not represent any single

member of the Board;

3. That the selection and retention of law firms,

including Carlsmith[ Ball], is customarily done at the

12
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

operation levels within the Trust and not by the Board; and

4. That day-to-day communications between law firms,

review of legal work, and review and payment of law firm

invoices are handled at the operational levels of the Trust

and not by the Board. 

Thereafter, on December 15, 2010, the Arbitrator issued the

Final Award, which awarded LPIHGC attorneys’ fees of

$1,317,804.33 and costs of $121,997.94 for a total of

$1,439,802.27. 

C. Circuit Court Proceedings

1. The Motions to Confirm and to Vacate the

Arbitration Award

a. LPIHGC’s Motion to Confirm Award

On November 22, 2010, LPIHGC filed a motion to confirm the

Partial Award (“motion to confirm”), which was supplemented on

December 16, 2010 to include the Final Award. In its motion to

confirm and reply to Nordic’s opposition to said motion, LPIHGC

argued that Nordic failed to allege an undisclosed relationship

because there was none, and failed to meet its burden of proving

evident partiality. In addition, LPIHGC alleged that Nordic

waived or is estopped from overturning the Arbitration Award

because it “knew or should have known of the potential partiality

of an arbitrator but failed to raise an objection . . . prior to

the arbitration decision”, to the extent that (1) Carlsmith

Ball’s representation of the QLT as well as the Arbitrator’s

status as trustee were public knowledge; and (2) Nordic’s counsel

13
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

had actual knowledge of the Arbitrator’s trusteeship and chose

not to further inquire after the initial, general disclosure. 

Lastly, LPIHGC contended that the undisputed evidence against

Nordic was overwhelming as the specifications for Nordic’s work

never changed, and various follow-on tradesmen, independent

inspectors, and the project structural engineer and architect

testified at the arbitration that Nordic’s work was substandard.

b. Nordic’s Motion to Vacate Award

On December 21, 2010 Nordic filed a motion to vacate award

of arbitrator (“motion to vacate”) on the grounds that (1) the

Arbitrator acted with evident partiality by failing to disclose

his relationship with Carlsmith Ball and of his receipt of

payment for neutral services provided to Carlsmith Ball and Starn

O’Toole during the pendency of the arbitration; (2) the award was

“procured by corruption, fraud and other undue means” and

violates “public policy against the destruction and suppression

of evidence”; and (3) the award exceeds the arbitrator’s 8

8 As to the claims of fraud and spoliation of evidence, Nordic

argued that the award warranted vacatur under HRS § 658A-23(a)(1) (Supp. 2010)

because it was “procured by lies about crucial evidence [LPIHGC] suppressed or

destroyed.” Nordic alleged that (1) the Arbitrator refused to hear Nordic’s

spoliation motion regarding LPIHGC’s loss of F-meter data and concealment of

an expert report procured early in the project that indicated that Nordic’s

data may be qualitatively deficient; (2) the Arbitrator refused to recognize

Nordic’s F-meter test results, which he said were based on insufficient data,

because he believed LPIHGC witnesses who testified that LPIHGC “lost all of

its F-data in a computer crash, so that the remedy prescribed . . . was no

longer possible[;]” and (3) the award omitted references to a taped recording

that allegedly contained a conversation recorded at an LPIHGC/Ownership

meeting of LPIHGC “representatives strategizing about how to keep sensitive

(continued...)

14
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

authority.9

With regard to alleged nondisclosures that form the basis of

this appeal, Nordic argued the Arbitrator did not fulfill his

initial obligation under HRS § 658A-12 (Supp. 2010) to make a

reasonable inquiry and disclose to all parties any facts that a

reasonable person would consider likely to affect the

Arbitrator’s impartiality, including (1) the long-standing and

substantial attorney-client relationship between him, as a QLT

trustee, and Carlsmith Ball that “included representation in at

least seven, undisclosed lawsuits, two of which were actively

being litigated during the pendency of this case[,]” and (2)

three instances during the pendency of the arbitration in which

he provided neutral services to other attorneys in Carlsmith Ball

and Starn O’Toole, consisting of work (a) as a mediator for

(...continued)

documents out of Nordic’s hands by erasing tapes, shredding meeting minutes,

or copying counsel on every sensitive document” that it wanted withheld, and

found no spoliation of the data because “there could be no spoliation unless

[Nordic] proved the loss was intentional. Therefore, Nordic argued, the

Arbitrator “failed to apply Hawaii’s law against spoliation of documents[]” to

LPIHGC witnesses’ alleged perjury regarding the loss of computer data, which

was “critical to [prove] Nordic’s concrete compliance – the main issue in the

case.”

9 Nordic argued that the Arbitrator exceeded his powers by awarding

damages to a non-party to the arbitration to the extent that the award grants

damages to LPIHGC/Owner even though there were LPIHGC and Nordic were the only

two parties to the arbitration, and the Owner is not entitled to any damages

in the arbitration proceeding as it contracted only with LPIHGC, not Nordic. 

The Arbitrator found that the subcontract incorporated the prime contract

between the Owner and LPIHGC as part of Nordic’s subcontract documents. 

Nordic also argued that the Arbitrator erred in awarding expert fees and other

damages that a trial court could not award, thereby disregarding established

law on payment for expert testimony, and warranting vacatur under HRS § 658A23(a)(4).

15
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Carlsmith; (b) as a mediator in a case involving Starn O’Toole;

and (c) as an arbitrator in a matter in which Carlsmith Ball

entered an appearance and represented a party. Nordic further

argued that the “existence of this special relationship between

[the Arbitrator] and [LPIHGC’s] counsel creates an irrefutable

presumption of bias and partiality.” 

The only declaration under oath submitted regarding the

alleged nondisclosure was that of Oshiro. Oshiro declared that

an attached “table of cases filed or defended by the Carlsmith

law firm on behalf of the Arbitrator in his capacity as trustee

of the [QLT]” “was discovered by [Nordic] in late October, 2010,

after which additional inquiry and requests for disqualification

were issued.” She also declared that “[t]he supplemental

information regarding the Arbitrator’s ongoing paid services as a

neutral for opposing counsel, was a complete surprise - as

[Nordic]’s firm had refrained from such solicitation with the

expectation that any such solicitation and service would and must

be disclosed in the arbitration proceeding, and as the

Arbitrator’s prior disclosure of neutral services for counsel was

plainly couched in the past tense.”

On January 14, 2011, LPIHGC filed its memorandum in

opposition to the motion to vacate. With regard to the evident

partiality claim, LPIHGC argued that “Nordic is asking this Court

16
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

to make new law by creating a presumption of evident partiality

based solely on an alleged nondisclosure, without any specific

facts of improper motives or conduct.” LPIHGC also argued that 10

Nordic mischaracterizes the relationship between the Arbitrator

and Carlsmith Ball by alleging that “the Arbitrator (as trustee)

and Carlsmith (as outside counsel) each owe duties to the QLT,

therefore the Arbitrator and Carlsmith must owe duties to each

other.” (emphasis omitted). Moreover, LPIHGC argued that the

Arbitrator’s initial disclosure (“Since retirement, I have served

as a neutral . . . .”) is in present-perfect tense and “denotes

that [the Arbitrator’s] work as a neutral began in the past,

continued thereafter, and may still be continuing.” Thus, LPIHGC

argued that Nordic is the only party with whom the Arbitrator had

any prior relationship and highlighted that Nordic failed to

disclose that (1) the Arbitrator provided third-party neutral

services in a matter involving Damon Key at the time the

arbitration commenced, (2) Kupchak and the Arbitrator serve on

DPR’s arbitrators’ panel together, and (3) Kupchak’s brother-in10 LPIHGC and Nordic appear to disagree as to whether this is an

actual bias or evident partiality case and the burden of proof required. 

Citing Kay v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., 119 Hawai#i 219, 194 P.3d

1181 (App. 2008), Nordic argued that the nondisclosure reasonably creates an

impression of bias warranting vacatur, while LPIHGC argues that Nordic “must

establish specific facts that indicate improper motives on the part of the

arbitrator.” (quoting Washburn v. McManus, 895 F. Supp. 392, 396 (D. Conn.

1994) (internal quotation marks omitted), cited in Daiichi Hawaii Real Estate

Corp. v. Lichter, 103 Hawai#i 325, 342, 82 P.3d 411, 428 (2003)). The

applicable standards are discussed below.

17
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

law is a Vice President of the QLT and is one of two executives

in charge of the QLT’s real estate litigation in which Haitsuka

of Carlsmith Ball represented the QLT.

c. Hearing on the Motions to Confirm and Vacate

On January 25, 2011, the circuit court held a hearing on

LPIHGC’s motion to confirm and Nordic’s motion to vacate. In 11

addition to its written arguments, Nordic orally argued that

LPIHGC was attempting to confuse the issue of evident partiality

by arguing the standard applicable to cases where full disclosure

had been made, i.e., actual bias. Nordic further argued that

waiver cannot occur when disclosures are insufficient because (1)

neutral, as opposed to non-neutral, arbitrators have a higher

duty to disclose; and (2) the original disclosure did not provide

(a) notice of present and future relationships, and (b) “actual

information that would impart actual knowledge.”

In response, LPIHGC argued that Daiichi Hawaii Real Estate 12

Corp. v. Lichter, 103 Hawai#i 325, 82 P.3d 411 (2003), supplies

the guiding standard for evident partiality. See 103 Hawai#i at

11 The Honorable Patrick W. Border presided

12 As to the other bases Nordic raised in its motion to vacate,

LPIHGC argued that Nordic misrepresented to the court that none of the F-meter

data was produced during the arbitration because the data was attached as an

exhibit to LPIHGC’s reply brief in the arbitration proceeding. With regard to

the taped recording, LPIHGC admitted that the tape discussed shredding the

meeting minutes, however, “nothing was shredded [and] [a]ll the tapes and the

written minutes were actually turned over to Nordic and to [] [the

Arbitrator].”

18
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

342, 82 P.3d at 428 (quoting Washburn, 895 F. Supp. at 399) (“The

relationship . . . must be so intimate--personally, socially,

professionally, or financially--as to cast serious doubt on the

arbitrator’s impartiality.”). LPIHGC also argued for a

presumption that Nordic knew about Carlsmith Ball’s

representation of the QLT because it and its counsel “have

refused to go on record as to when and how they supposedly

discovered that fact . . . .”

In addition, LPIHGC argued that Nordic and its counsel had

more “socially, personally intimate” relationships with the

Arbitrator than LPIHGC’s counsel to the extent that the

Arbitrator did not have (1) ex parte communications with LPIHGC

counsel, (2) contact with Carlsmith Ball on the QLT matters, or

(3) any previous connection or contact with Manaut on this

matter.

Neither party, in its briefs or at the hearing, requested an

evidentiary hearing so that the circuit court could address

disputed issues of fact. At the close of the hearing, the

circuit court took the matters under advisement. On March 24,

2011, the circuit court granted LPIHGC’s motion to confirm and

denied Nordic’s motion to vacate without providing its reasoning

or entering findings of fact and conclusions of law, then entered

judgment accordingly.

19
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

D. Appeal to the Intermediate Court of Appeals

On appeal, Nordic relied heavily on Kay v. Kaiser Foundation

Health Plan, Inc., 119 Hawai#i 219, 194 P.3d 1181 (App. 2008), to

argue that “if an arbitrator disclosed his relationships, the

party may seek to disqualify him, but cannot complain if they did

not; conversely, if the arbitrator did not make the required

disclosure, and the undisclosed relationship is not trivial, the

award is presumed to be tainted and must be vacated.” Nordic

also argued that “it should have had the opportunity to consider

whether [QLT’s] dual status as the arbitrator’s employer and

fiduciary, and Carlsmith Ball’s client was a conflict” because

the Arbitrator also failed to disclose that Carlsmith provided

representation on three of the QLT’s “major assets” and

represented the QLT in four mechanics lien actions, one of which

was still ongoing post-award. Moreover, citing Hawai#i Probate

Rule 42(a) (1995), Nordic argued that Carlsmith Ball’s 13

representation of the Arbitrator in his trustee capacity does not

“excuse his nondisclosure, because in addition to his personal

financial interest in the [QLT’s] continued success, trustees are

13 Rule 42(a) of the Hawai#i Probate Rules provides:

An attorney employed by a fiduciary for an estate,

guardianship, or trust represents the fiduciary as client as

defined in Rule 503(a) of the Hawai#i Rules of Evidence and

shall have all the rights, privileges, and obligations of

the attorney-client relationship with the fiduciary insofar

as the fiduciary is acting in a fiduciary role for the

benefit of one or more beneficiaries or a ward.

20
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

the legal owners of the trust, and as such they are the named

parties to every legal action, and every claim against the QLT is

by law a personal action against the trustee.” Lastly, Nordic

argued that the Arbitrator’s initial statement that “I have

served” does not “sufficiently disclose that he was presently

serving and may serve in the future” in order to put Nordic on

notice that it must object.

In its answering brief, LPIHGC argued that Nordic failed to

meet its burden to prove specific facts of improper motives, and

instead asked for a presumption of evident partiality in

contravention of the Hawai#i Supreme Court’s requirements in

Daiichi: that the “contacts be ‘intimate’ rather than tenuous or

remote, that they cast ‘serious doubt’ on the arbitrator’s

impartiality, and that the movant prove ‘specific facts’ of

improper motives or conduct.”

In reply, Nordic argued that it did not have a duty to

investigate potential conflicts when neither it nor LPIHGC knew

of the Arbitrator’s ties to Carlsmith Ball, and thus, could not

have waived the claim.

Applying a de novo standard of review, the ICA concluded

that the circuit court erred in granting LPIHGC’s motion to

confirm and denying Nordic’s motion to vacate because “[the

Arbitrator’s] nondisclosures constitute ‘evident partiality’

21
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

requiring vacatur of the Award under HRS § 658A-23(a)(2).”

Nordic, mem. op. at 8 (quoting Kay, 119 Hawai#i at 224, 194 P.3d

at 1186). The ICA relied heavily upon Kay, and Valrose Maui,

Inc. v. Maclyn Morris, Inc., 105 F. Supp. 2d 1118 (D. Haw. 2000)

(“VMI”). Repeating its conclusion in Kay, the ICA stated that

“an arbitrator cannot, as part of a long-standing and on-going

activity, ask for and receive money from a party during the

arbitration, without disclosing that fact to the other party.” 

Id. (quoting 119 Hawai#i at 230, 194 P.3d at 1192) (internal

quotation marks omitted). The ICA also applied the holding in

VMI to conclude that “arbitrators must take special care to

disclose business or similar dealings with parties, or their

counsel, that occur during the pendency of arbitration

proceedings.” Nordic, mem. op. at 13. 

The ICA rejected LPIHGC’s waiver argument and concluded that

“[t]o the extent that there is no showing that Nordic was aware

of [the Arbitrator’s] contemporaneous work as a neutral with

Carlsmith Ball and Starn O’Toole prior to issuance of the Award,

Nordic has not waived its right to claim evident partiality.” 

Nordic, mem. op. at 17. According to the ICA, although the

initial disclosure provided some notice of the Arbitrator’s role

as neutral, it failed to raise the issue of the Arbitrator’s role

as QLT trustee and Carlsmith’s representation of the QLT. Id. 

22
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Therefore, the ICA held that the Arbitrator’s cumulative

failure to “disclose his contemporaneous work as neutral in three

separate matters for [LPIHGC’s] law firms[]” and “that, in the

course of his service as a QLT trustee, the QLT was represented

by Carlsmith Ball in several litigation matters, including some

that were contemporaneous with the arbitration proceeding”

sufficiently established a reasonable impression of partiality,

warranting vacatur of the award. Nordic, mem. op. at 14, 15;

accord id. at 18. Accordingly, the ICA vacated the circuit

court’s confirmation of the award and judgment, and remanded for

further proceedings consistent with its Memorandum Opinion. 

Nordic, mem. op. at 18. 

Because the award was vacated solely on the issue of

nondisclosure, the ICA did not address Nordic’s claims that the

Arbitration Award was procured by fraud or undue means, or that

the Arbitrator exceeded his powers. Id.

E. Certiorari Proceedings

1. LPIHGC’s Application

LPIHGC presents the following questions in its application

for writ of certiorari:

A. Did the ICA err by creating and retroactively applying

a new standard for finding evident partiality under HRS §

658A-23 where:

 1. The only statutory presumption for finding

evident partiality involves undisclosed relationships

between an arbitrator and a party, see HRS § 658A12(e); no statutory presumption exists for a

23
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

relationship between an arbitrator and counsel for a

party;

 2. Evident partiality could only have been presumed

from the relationship with counsel, which is contrary

to the governing statute and highly prejudicial to

[LPIHGC];

 3. [The Arbitrator] disclosed that he had

relationships with counsel for all parties and invited

counsel to seek more information if they were

concerned, but Nordic’s counsel chose not to request

further details until only after the Award was entered

a year and a half later;

 4. Neither [The Arbitrator] nor the GC’s counsel

even knew about one of the relationships with counsel

and absent such knowledge this could not have impacted

[The Arbitrator]’s impartiality;

 5. There was no factual evidence in the record to

support partiality, and no Hawai#i state case law

supports the retroactive application of the ICA’s new

presumptive standard;

 6. The ICA’s creation of a new presumptive standard

for evident partiality not only unfairly vacated the

well-considered and well-supported Award in the

present case, but will also undermine and cast doubt

upon countless other pending or completed arbitration

awards?

B. Did the ICA err in finding that Nordic had not waived

its ability to vacate the Award for alleged evident

partiality involving counsel where, before the issuance of

the Award:

 1. Nordic chose not to request any additional

information after receiving [The Arbitrator]’s general

disclosures about his relationships with all counsel,

despite Nordic being invited to do so; and

 2. Nordic’s counsel failed to demonstrate or state

under oath that it did not know or could not have

known about the relationship with one of the counsel

at the outset of the arbitration, since this

information was a matter of public record on Ho#ohiki,

and otherwise was available through Nordic’s lead

counsel’s own familial connection with the subject

trust entity?

We do not address all of the issues in detail, but provide

guidance on remand in the Discussion section below.

LPIHGC first argues that the ICA gravely erred in finding

24
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

evident partiality based on the mere existence and nondisclosure

of specific details about unrelated, allegedly contemporaneous

cases and “because it felt that ‘it was incumbent upon [the

Arbitrator]’ to disclose a ‘relationship’ with Carlsmith due to

his role as a QLT trustee.” Specifically, LPIHGC argues that the

ICA mischaracterized the Arbitrator’s relationships with LPIHGC

counsel, and ignored (1) the broad, general disclosure that

invited further inquiry, (2) Nordic’s similar, undisclosed

relationships with the Arbitrator, and (3) the Arbitrator’s lack

of actual knowledge of the QLT’s relationship with Carlsmith

Ball. 

Second, LPIHGC argues that the ICA created a per se rule or

presumption of evident partiality that is contrary to legislative

intent, which presumes evident partiality only when based on an

arbitrator’s known, undisclosed relationship with parties. 

(citing HRS § 658A-12(a)(2)).

Finally, LPIHGC argues that the ICA gravely erred in holding

that Nordic did not waive its claim because LPIHGC failed to make

a showing that Nordic knew or should have known about the

undisclosed circumstances before the Arbitration Award was

issued. LPIHGC argues that “[g]iven the policies favoring

finality in arbitrations, the party seeking to vacate an Award

should be required to prove why it did not know or could not have

25
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

known before the Award was entered, or else be deemed to have

waived the ability to seek vacatur.”

2. Nordic’s Response

In response, Nordic argues that the ICA correctly vacated

the award because the Arbitrator failed to disclose multiple,

ongoing relationships with LPIHGC’s law firms. Nordic argues 14

that the ICA did not apply a per se rule, but rather, applied the

standard in HRS § 658A-12(a) and the test for evident partiality

to conclude that the “undisclosed relationships were (1) not

trivial; (2) ongoing throughout the parties’ arbitration; (3)

numerous; and (4) the nature of which was the cause for vacatur

in another decision” this court cited in Daiichi. In addition,

Nordic contends that the initial disclosure did not sufficiently

disclose the relationships to put Nordic on notice of the facts

and trigger waiver of the claim. Nordic therefore argues that it

is hardly reasonable to charge it with knowledge of the

14 Although Nordic did not apply for certiorari, it presents

questions in its response, as follows:

 1. Arbitrator’s Failure To Disclose Relationships. Are an

arbitrator [sic] ongoing fiduciary and financial relationships

with the lawyers for one party to an arbitration—including the

fact that one of the party’s law firms was also the arbitrator’s

lawyers—“facts that a reasonable person would consider likely to

affect the impartiality of the arbitrator” under Haw. Rev. Stat. §

658A-12?

 2. Inquiry Notice. Does a neutral arbitrator satisfy the

statutory duty to disclose by making general statements that omit

specific facts regarding ongoing ties, and must the parties assume

incomplete disclosure and investigate further, or be deemed to

have waived the right to an unbiased decisionmaker?

26
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

relationships when LPIHGC lawyers and the Arbitrator claim that

they were not aware, and the information was not available until

October 2010. 

3. LPIHGC’s Reply

In reply, LPIHGC argued that (1) the Arbitrator provided the

statutorily required disclosures and “no evidence exists that

[the Arbitrator] did not disclose what he knew about the

relationships with the parties or counsel[;]” (2) a reasonable

person would not consider the Arbitrator’s role as neutral in

other proceedings and as trustee of the QLT to be likely to

affect “a well-respected, career Judge and arbitrator[’s]”

obligation of neutrality; (3) Nordic must “prove evident

partiality as a result of the relationship with counsel”; and (4)

Nordic’s argument that it did not waive its claim is not

supported by the facts or law.

III. Discussion

This court has yet to address a motion to vacate based on

evident partiality governed by the Uniform Arbitration Act

enacted by the Hawai#i legislature in 2001, see 2001 Haw. Sess.

Laws Act 265, §1 at 810-19, and codified under HRS chapter 658A. 

In this section, we therefore provide a general framework of

legal principles under HRS chapter 658A relevant to Nordic’s

motion to vacate. We also address some common law principles

that remain relevant to this case. After general discussion of

27
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

various legal principles, we analyze them in the context of this

case.

A. Standard of Review

1. In General

Daiichi’s “Standards of Review” section provides as follows:

A. Review Of An Arbitration Award

Where a party challenges an arbitration award, the

following precepts are applicable. First, because of the

legislative policy to encourage arbitration and thereby

discourage litigation, arbitrators have broad discretion in

resolving the dispute. Upon submission of an issue, the

arbitrator has authority to determine the entire question,

including the legal construction of terms of a contract or

lease, as well as the disputed facts. In fact, where the

parties agree to arbitrate, they thereby assume all the

hazards of the arbitration process, including the risk that

the arbitrators may make mistakes in the application of law

and in their findings of fact.

Second, correlatively, judicial review of an

arbitration award is confined to the strictest possible

limits. An arbitration award may be vacated only on the

four grounds specified in HRS § 658–9 and modified and

corrected only on the three grounds specified in HRS §

658–10. Moreover, the courts have no business weighing the

merits of the award.

Third, HRS §§ 658–9 and –10 also restrict the

authority of appellate courts to review judgments entered by

circuit courts confirming or vacating the arbitration

awards.

B. Findings Of Fact And Conclusions Of Law

We review a trial court’s findings of fact under the

clearly erroneous standard.

A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when, despite

evidence to support the finding, the appellate court is left

with the definite and firm conviction in reviewing the

entire evidence that a mistake has been committed. A

finding of fact is also clearly erroneous when the record

lacks substantial evidence to support the finding. We have

defined ‘substantial evidence’ as credible evidence which is

of sufficient quality and probative value to enable a person

of reasonable caution to support a conclusion.

Hawai#i appellate courts review conclusions of law de

novo, under the right/wrong standard. Under the right/wrong

28
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

standard, this court examines the facts and answers the

question without being required to give any weight to the

trial court’s answer to it.

103 Hawai#i at 336-37, 22 at 422-23 (internal citations,

ellipses, brackets, and quotation marks omitted).

The promulgation of HRS chapter 658A has not materially

changed this standard of review. Judicial review of arbitration

awards remains limited to the statutory grounds for confirmation,

vacatur, modification, and correction. See HRS § 658A-28(a)(3)-

(5) (Supp. 2010) (permitting appeal from an order confirming or

denying confirmation of an award, an order modifying or

correcting an award, or an order vacating an award).

As indicated supra, in reviewing an arbitration award,

circuit courts are powerless to correct an arbitrator’s findings

of fact even if clearly erroneous, or an arbitrator’s rulings on

the law, even if wrong. See, e.g., Tatibouet v. Ellsworth, 99

Hawai#i 226, 236, 54 P.3d 397, 407 (2002) (“It is well settled

that arbitration awards may not be vacated . . . if the

arbitrators commit a legal or factual error in reaching its final

decision.”); Gadd v. Kelley, 66 Haw. 431, 443, 667 P.2d 251, 259

(1983) (“[E]ven if the arbitrators had erred . . . , the court is

powerless to vacate the award as long as the arbitrators’ actions

did not rise to the level of the grounds specified in HRS § 658-

9(4)[.]”); Mars Constructors, Inc. v. Tropical Enters., Ltd., 51

Haw. 332, 336, 460 P.2d 317, 319 (1969) (“[A]ssuming that the

29
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

arbitrators [] erred in construing the construction contract, a

mistake in the application of law and in their findings of fact,

this mistake is not one of the three grounds specified in HRS [§]

658-10, and the circuit court correctly ruled that it was

powerless to modify or correct the award.”); see also Thomas v.

Trustees of Lunalilo Estate, 5 Haw. 39, 40 (Terr. 1883) (“[I]t is

well settled that the award, if made in good faith, is conclusive

upon the parties, and that [they] can[not] be permitted to prove

that the arbitrators decided wrong either as to the law or the

facts of the case.”) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted); Richards v. Ontai, 20 Haw. 198, 201 (Terr. 1910)

(“[N]either the circuit court . . . nor this court on appeal can

review the findings of fact or the rulings of law made by the

arbitrator any further than may be necessary to determine the

questions specifically mentioned in the statute[.]”).

Appellate review of a motion to vacate, however, does not

involve review of an arbitrator’s findings of fact or conclusions

of law. Rather, it involves review of a circuit court’s factual

findings and conclusions of law as to whether the statutorily

outlined grounds for vacatur exist.

In addressing a motion to vacate based on an arbitrator’s

alleged violation of duties of inquiry and disclosure, the issue

of whether a duty exists is a question of law. See Doe Parents

30
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

No. 1 v. Dep’t of Educ., 100 Hawai#i 34, 57, 58 P.3d 545, 568

(2002) (“The existence of a duty . . . is entirely a question of

law.” (quoting Ruf v. Honolulu Police Dep’t, 89 Hawai#i 315, 320,

972 P.2d 1081, 1086 (1999)). The issue of whether a duty has

been violated or breached is, however, a question of fact. See

100 Hawai#i at 57-58, 58 P.3d at 568-69 (“Whether there was a

breach of duty or not . . . is a question for the trier of

fact.”); see also Bidar v. Amfac, Inc., 66 Haw. 547, 552, 669

P.2d 154, 159 (1983). In addition, where material facts are in

dispute as to whether a valid waiver exists, the issue of waiver

is generally an issue of fact. Daiichi, 103 Hawai#i at 346 n.

17, 82 p.3d at 432 n.17 (“[T]he question [of] whether a valid

waiver exists is generally a question of fact[.]”). 

Thus, in reviewing a circuit court’s rulings on a motion to

vacate for evident partiality, an appellate court is not

reviewing an arbitrator’s factual findings and application of

law, which it is powerless to address, but the findings of fact

and conclusions of law of the circuit court as to whether a duty

of disclosure exists, which is a question of law; whether it has

been breached, which is a question of fact; and whether any

breach has been waived, which is also a question of fact. As

indicated in Daiichi, issues of law are reviewed de novo but

factual issues, if any, are addressed under a “clearly erroneous”

31
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

standard. 

2. Application to This Case15

In its Memorandum Opinion, the ICA cited the following as

the applicable standard of review:

We review the circuit court’s ruling on an arbitration

award de novo,” but are also are mindful that the circuit

court’s review of arbitral awards must be extremely narrow

and exceedingly deferential.

Judicial review of an arbitration award is

limited by the following precepts: 

First, because of the legislative policy

to encourage arbitration and thereby

discourage litigation, arbitrators have

broad discretion in resolving the dispute. 

Upon submission of an issue, the

arbitrator has authority to determine the

entire question, including the legal

construction of terms of a contract or

lease, as well as the disputed facts. In

fact, where the parties agree to

arbitrate, they thereby assume all the

hazards of the arbitration process,

including the risk that the arbitrators

may make mistakes in the application of

law and in their findings of fact. 

Second, correlatively, judicial review of

an arbitration award is confined to the

strictest possible limits. An arbitration

award may be vacated only on the four

grounds specified in [HRS] § 658-9 and

modified and corrected only on the three

grounds specified in HRS § 658-10. 

Moreover, the courts have no business

weighing the merits of the award. 

 Third, HRS §§ 658-9 and -10 also restrict the

authority of appellate courts to review 

judgments entered by circuit courts confirming 

or vacating arbitration awards. 

Kay v.Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 119 Hawai#i 219, 224,

15 LPIHGC did not specifically allege an incorrect standard of review

in its application for certiorari. It did, however, raise the issue of

whether “the ICA err[ed] by creating and retroactively applying a new standard

for finding evident partiality . . . where . . . [t]here was no factual

evidence in the record to support partiality . . . .” See supra, Part II.E.1.

32
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

194 P.3d 1181, 1186 (App.2008) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted) (quoting Schmidt v. Pac. Benefit Servs.,

Inc., 113 Hawai#i 161, 165-66, 150 P.3d 810, 814-15 (2006)).

Nordic, mem. op. at 8.

The ICA cites to Kay for the standard of review. With

respect to the first sentence of the ICA’s standard of review

section, Kay quotes this court’s decision in Tatibouet, 99

Hawai#i 226, 54 P.3d 397. The referenced citation in Tatibouet

repeats the established precept that “[t]he interpretation of a

statute is a question of law reviewable de novo.” 99 Hawai#i at

233, 54 P.3d at 404. 

In the instant case, the circuit court denied the motion to

vacate without explaining its reasoning or entering findings of

fact and conclusions of law. On appeal, the ICA ruled that the

Arbitrator’s cumulative failure to “disclose his contemporaneous

work as neutral in three separate matters for [LPIHGC’s] law

firms[]” and “that, in the course of his service as a QLT

trustee, the QLT was represented by Carlsmith in several

litigation matters, including some that were contemporaneous with

the arbitration proceeding” sufficiently established a reasonable

impression of partiality warranting vacatur of the award. 

Nordic, mem. op. at 14, 15; accord id. at 18. In so ruling, it

is unclear whether the ICA applied the de novo standard

referenced in its Memorandum Opinion or whether it concluded

that, assuming the circuit court made findings in denying the

33
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

motion, such findings were clearly erroneous. If the ICA’s

ruling was based on the applicable clearly erroneous standard,

the circuit court did not state the basis of its ruling on the

record or enter findings of fact, and therefore there were no

factual findings upon which an appellate court could conduct a

clearly erroneous review. Material facts were in dispute as to

whether the duties of inquiry and disclosure were breached, as

well as whether any breach, assuming breach had been established,

had been waived.

B. Requirement of Evidentiary Hearing on Motion to Vacate

When Material Facts are in Dispute

1. In General

HRS § 658A-5 (Supp. 2010) provides in pertinent part that

“an application for judicial relief under this chapter shall be

made by motion to the court and heard in the manner provided by

law . . . .” With respect to the law, our appellate courts have

held that “whenever material facts are in dispute in determining

whether an arbitration award should be vacated, the circuit court

should conduct an evidentiary hearing and render findings of fact

and conclusions of law in support of granting or denying [a]

motion to vacate [an] arbitration award.” See Clawson, 71 Haw.

at 79, 783 P.2d at 1232. In Daiichi, this court reviewed the

circuit court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law on a

motion to vacate. See 103 Hawai#i at 349 n.20, 82 P.3d at 435

34
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

n.20 (noting that the circuit court’s findings of fact were not

clearly erroneous, but that its conclusion regarding waiver “was

wrong as a matter of law[.]”). In addition to Daiichi, Kay, 119

Hawai#i at 222, 194 P.3d at 1184 (holding that “an arbitrator’s

failure to disclose her direct, personal involvement in ongoing

fund-raising solicitations to one of the parties, while the

arbitration is pending, creates an impression of partiality or

possible bias”), Gadd v. Kelley, 66 Haw. 431, 442, 667 P.2d 251,

259 (1983) (holding that evidence sustained the circuit court’s

written findings and conclusions in support of confirmation of an

arbitration award that “at all times during the proceedings, the

members of the arbitration panel acted in a fair and impartial

manner[]”), and Brennan v. Stewarts’ Pharmacies, Ltd., 59 Haw.

207, 579 P.2d 673 (1978) (affirming the circuit court’s

conclusions in support of vacating an arbitration award on the

bases of evident partiality and exceeding authority), all

involved appellate court review of a circuit court’s findings of

fact and conclusions of law regarding motions to vacate

arbitration awards.

More recently, in Low v. Minichino, 126 Hawai#i 99, 267 P.3d

683 (App. 2011), the ICA held that a prospective home purchaser

made a prima facie showing that an arbitration award was procured

by fraud, warranting an evidentiary hearing on her motion to

35
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

vacate, and appropriately and remanded the case for an

evidentiary hearing. 126 Hawai#i at 108, 267 P.3d at 692.

2. Application to This Case

In this case, neither party requested an evidentiary

hearing. The circuit court then denied the motion to vacate

without explaining the reasons for its ruling on the record and

without entering findings of fact or conclusions of law. 

Material facts are in dispute, as discussed below; therefore,

although not requested by the parties, the circuit court should

have conducted an evidentiary hearing and rendered findings of

fact and conclusions of law. In addition to issues of fact

regarding evident partiality that have been the focus of this

appeal, the circuit court did not address whether there are

disputes of material fact regarding fraud and exceeding

authority, additional bases on which Nordic moved to vacate the

Arbitration Award. If there are, the circuit court must also

determine those issues on remand.

We now turn to issues that may arise during the evidentiary

hearing on remand.

C. Disclosure Requirements Under HRS § 658A-12(a) and (b)

1. In General

As noted in Daiichi at footnote 5, 103 Hawai#i at 330 n.5,

22 P.3d at 416 n.5, “[t]he former HRS chapter 658 contained no

express provision relating to an arbitrator’s duty to

36
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

disclose.” HRS § 658A-12 now specifically provides, in 16

pertinent part:

 §658A-12 Disclosure by arbitrator. (a) Before accepting

appointment, an individual who is requested to serve as an

arbitrator, after making a reasonable inquiry, shall

disclose to all parties to the agreement to arbitrate and

arbitration proceeding and to any other arbitrators any

known facts that a reasonable person would consider likely

to affect the impartiality of the arbitrator in the

arbitration proceeding, including:

(1) A financial or personal interest in the outcome

of the arbitration proceeding; and

(2) An existing or past relationship with any of the

parties to the agreement to arbitrate or the

arbitration proceeding, their counsel or

representatives, a witness, or another arbitrator.

(b) An arbitrator has a continuing obligation to disclose

to all parties to the agreement to arbitrate and arbitration

proceeding and to any other arbitrators any facts that the

arbitrator learns after accepting appointment which a

reasonable person would consider likely to affect the

impartiality of the arbitrator.

 . . . . 

HRS § 658A-12(a)-(b) (emphasis added).

Therefore, under HRS § 658A-12(a), an arbitrator must make a

reasonable inquiry before accepting appointment. The Commentary

to the Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA) (2001) (hereinafter

“Commentary”), drafted by National Conference of Commissioners on

Uniform State Laws, states as follows:

Section 12(a) requires an arbitrator to make a “reasonable

inquiry” prior to accepting an appointment as to any

potential conflict of interests. The extent of this inquiry

may depend upon the circumstances of the situation and the

custom in a particular industry. For instance, an attorney

in a law firm may be required to check with other attorneys

16 In Daiichi, a non-neutral arbitrator acted in a manner that did

not portray his close personal, professional, and financial relationships with

a party and its counsel. See generally 103 Hawai#i at 329-31, 82 P.3d at 

415-17.

37
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

in the firm to determine if acceptance of an appointment as

an arbitrator would result in a conflict of interest on the

part of that attorney because of representation by an

attorney in the same law firm of one of the parties in

another matter.

Nat’l Conference of Comm’rs on Unif. State Laws, Uniform

Arbitration Act (Last Revisions Completed Year 2000), 48 (Dec.

13, 2000), 

http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/arbitration/arbitration_fi

nal_00.pdf (emphasis added).

According to the Commentary, what constitutes a reasonable

inquiry varies depending on the circumstances, and whether the

duty of reasonable inquiry has been violated is a question of

fact. After making a reasonable inquiry, the arbitrator must

then disclose information that a reasonable person would consider

likely to affect impartiality. The Commentary further provides:

Once an arbitrator has made a “reasonable inquiry” as

required by Section 12(a), the arbitrator will be required

to disclose only “known facts” that might affect

impartiality. The term “knowledge” (which is intended to

include “known”) is defined in Section 1(4) to mean “actual

knowledge.”

[17]

Commentary, supra, at 48. The arbitrator also has a continuing

obligation to disclose such facts a reasonable person would

consider likely to affect impartiality after appointment under

HRS § 658A-12(b).18

17 It is possible that an arbitrator would not discover facts a

reasonable person would find likely to affect impartiality despite making a

“reasonable inquiry.”

18 We note that the diminished standard of disclosure allowed by this

(continued...)

38
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

HRS § 658A-12 is a culmination of case law developed from

the seminal United States Supreme Court case of Commonwealth

Coatings Corp. v. Continental Casualty Co., 393 U.S. 145 (1968),

which we cited in Daiichi. See 103 Hawai#i at 340-41, 82 P.3d at

426-27. In Commonwealth, the United States Supreme Court

addressed the circumstances under which the United States

Arbitration Act § 10, 9 U.S.C. § 10(b), authorizes vacatur of 19

an arbitration award for failure to disclose the existence of a

close financial relationship between a neutral arbitrator and a

party to the arbitration. 393 U.S. at 146–48. The neutral

member of a three-arbitrator panel failed to disclose his

engagement in periodic and significant business relations with

one of the parties to the arbitration for approximately six years

before the arbitration. 393 U.S. at 146. The United States

(...continued)

court in Daiichi for non-neutral arbitrators no longer applies due to the

affirmative duty of disclosure in HRS § 658A-12. See 103 Hawai#i at 349-50,

82 P.3d at 435-36 (Acoba, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with the majority that

non-neutral arbitrators are subject to a different standard of disclosure that

permits them to provide a broad, general disclosure, and opining that an award

should be set aside when the disclosure is misleading and inadequate).

19 At the relevant time, 9 U.S.C. § 10(b) provided, in pertinent

part:

In either of the following cases the United States court in

and for the district wherein the award was made may make an

order vacating the award upon the application of any party

to the arbitration--

 . . . 

(b) Where there was evident partiality or corruption in the

arbitrators, or either of them. . . .

See Commonwealth, 393 U.S. at 147 n.1 (internal quotation marks omitted).

39
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Supreme Court reversed the decision of the United States Court of

Appeals for the First Circuit, which had affirmed the district

court’s refusal to set aside the arbitration award. 393 U.S. at

150.

The Commentary discusses Commonwealth as follows:

Members of the Court differed, however, on the standards for

disclosure. Justice Black, writing for a four-judge

plurality, concluded that disclosure of “any dealings that

might create an impression of possible bias” or creating

“even an appearance of bias” would amount to evident

partiality. Id. at 149. Justice White, in a concurrence

joined by Justice Marshall, supported a more limited test

which would require disclosure of “a substantial interest in

a firm which has done more than trivial business with a

party.” Id. at 150. Three dissenting justices favored an

approach under which an arbitrator’s failure to disclose

certain relationships established a rebuttable presumption

of partiality.

The split of opinion in Commonwealth Coatings is reflected

in many subsequent decisions addressing motions to vacate

awards on grounds of “evident partiality” under federal and

state law. A number of decisions have applied tests akin to

Justice Black’s “appearance of bias” test. See, e.g., S.S.

Co. v. Cook Indus., Inc., 495 F.2d 1260, 1263 (2d Cir. 1973)

(applying FAA; failure to disclose relationships that “might

create an impression of possible bias”). Some courts have

introduced an objective element into the standard – that is,

viewing the facts from the standpoint of a reasonable person

apprised of all the circumstances. See, e.g., Ceriale v.

AMCO Ins. Co., 48 Cal. App.4th 500, 55 Cal. Rptr. 2d 685

(1996)(finding that question is whether record reveals facts

which might create an impression of possible bias in eyes of

hypothetical, reasonable person).

A greater number of other courts, mindful of the tradeoff

between impartiality and expertise inherent in arbitration,

have placed a higher burden on those seeking to vacate

awards on grounds of arbitrator interests or relationships. 

See, e.g., Merit Ins. Co. v. Leatherby Ins. Co., 714 F.2d

673, 681 (7th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1009, 104

S. Ct. 529, 78 L. Ed.2d 711, modified, 728 F.2d 943 (7th

Cir. 1984) (applying FAA; circumstances must be “powerfully

suggestive of bias”); Artists & Craftsmen Builders, Ltd. v.

Schapiro, 232 A.D.2d 265, 648 N.Y.S.2d 550 (1996) (stating

that though award may be overturned on proof of appearance

of bias or partiality, party seeking to vacate has heavy

burden and must show prejudice).

Commentary, supra, at 46-47.

40
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

As noted by the Commentary, there was no majority in

Commonwealth regarding standards for disclosure, and subsequent

case law has varied on disclosure requirements. The former HRS

chapter 658 also contained no disclosure requirement, and the

common law tension noted in the Commentary is similarly reflected

in Hawai#i cases on disclosure standards, as evidenced by the

conflicting disclosure standards argued by Nordic and LPIHGC

throughout this litigation.

Regardless of any confusion that may have existed, the

Hawai#i legislature adopted Section 12 of the UAA in its

entirety. Compare HRS § 658A-12 with Commentary, supra, at 44-45

(UAA section 12 is identical to HRS § 658A-12). Thus,

arbitrators in arbitrations governed by HRS chapter 658A are now

required to follow the disclosure requirements of HRS § 658A12(a). In this regard, according to the Commentary to UAA

Section 12(a):

2. In view of the critical importance of arbitrator

disclosure to party choice and perceptions of fairness and

the need for more consistent standards to ensure

expectations in this vital area, Section 12 sets forth

affirmative requirements to assure that parties should

[have] access to all information that might reasonably

affect the potential arbitrator’s neutrality. Section 12 is

the AAA/ABA Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial

Disputes (1977), which embodies the principle that

“arbitrators should disclose the existence of any interests

or relationships which are likely to affect their

impartiality or which might reasonably create the appearance

of partiality or bias.” . . .

The Drafting Committee decided to delete the

requirement of disclosing “any” financial or personal

interest in the outcome or “any” existing or past

relationship and substituted the terms “a” financial or

41
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

personal interest in the outcome or “an” existing or past

relationship. The intent was not to include de minimis

interests or relationships. For example, if an arbitrator

owned a mutual fund which as part of a large portfolio of

investments held some shares of stock in a corporation

involved as a party in an arbitration, it might not be

reasonable to expect the arbitrator to know of such

investment and in any event the investment might be of such

an insubstantial nature so as not to reasonably affect the

impartiality of the arbitrator.

3. The fundamental standard of Section 12(a) is an

objective one: disclosure is required of facts that a

reasonable person would consider likely to affect the

arbitrator’s impartiality in the arbitration proceeding.

Commentary, supra, at 47-48.

Thus, pursuant to HRS § 658A-12(a), although disclosure of

de mininis interests or relationships is not required,

arbitrators must at the outset disclose, then continually

disclose throughout the course of an arbitration proceeding, any

known facts that a reasonable person would consider likely to

affect the arbitrator’s impartiality. 

With respect to the duty of disclosure, we also address

several subissues of law.

a. “Counsel” Under HRS § 658A-12(a)(2) Does Not

Include All Attorneys in a Law Firm

The ICA’s ruling vacating the Arbitration Award cited to HRS

§ 658A-12(a)(2), which requires disclosure of relationships with

a party’s “counsel.” Nordic, mem. op. at 9. The ICA construed

“counsel” under HRS § 658A-12(a)(2) to include all attorneys

within the law firms of attorneys representing parties to the

arbitration.

In doing so, the ICA relied heavily on VMI, 105 F. Supp. 2d

42
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

1118. Nordic, mem. op. at 11-13. VMI held that an arbitrator

demonstrated a “reasonable impression of partiality” where he

engaged in undisclosed ex parte discussions with VMI’s attorney

that led to his role as a mediator in an unrelated matter

involving that attorney during the pendency of the arbitration. 

105 F. Supp. 2d at 1120. Although the federal district court

stated that it was “convinced that . . . both VMI’s counsel and

the Arbitrator were acting in good faith[,] . . . the

nondisclosure of the discussion and appointment . . . was clearly

a serious failing that warrants vacating the Arbitration Award.” 

105 F. Supp. 2d at 1123-24. Although VMI was decided under HRS

chapter 658, which contained no specific disclosure requirements,

if decided now, the arbitrator’s nondisclosure of ex parte

communications with a party’s attorney regarding his retention as

a mediator in another case would clearly trigger HRS § 658A12(a)(2), which requires disclosure of “relationship[s] with any

of the parties to the agreement . . . [and] their counsel . . .

[,]” as well as the continuing obligation of disclosure under HRS

§ 658A-12(b).

The issue of law in this case, however, is whether “counsel”

under HRS § 658A-12(a)(2) includes all attorneys in a law firm

representing a party to the arbitration. For the reasons below,

we hold it does not.

43
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

No definition of “counsel” is provided in HRS chapter 658A. 

Black’s Law Dictionary, however, defines “counsel,” inter alia,

as “[o]ne or more lawyers who represent a client[.]” See Black’s

Law Dictionary 401 (9th ed. 2009). Thus, “counsel” under HRS §

658A-12(a)(2) means the attorney representing the party. In

addition, the Commentary to UAA Section 12 distinguishes its use

of the terms, “attorney,” “law firm,” and “counsel, and includes

the phrase “[i]f the parties are represented by counsel or other

authorized persons, the arbitrators can make such representations

to those individuals.” Commentary, supra, at 49 (emphasis

added). Thus, “counsel” in this context does not mean all

attorneys in a law firm.

Moreover, construing “counsel” to include all attorneys

within a law firm would contravene “the effectiveness of

arbitration as a vehicle for the resolution of disputes[,]” which

“depends in part upon the predictability of its efficiency.” 

Daiichi, 103 Hawai#i at 339, 82 P.3d at 425. Many law firms now

have multiple offices throughout the United States and also

worldwide, with over 1000 attorneys. Defining “counsel” to

include all attorneys in a law firm would require arbitrators to

ascertain and review the names of all attorneys of a law firm,

and would most likely result in excessive preemptive disclosures

of relationships with attorneys in the firm. The continuing duty

44
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

of disclosure would also require an arbitrator to keep up with

attorneys entering or leaving such law firms in order to satisfy

the continuing duty of disclosure. 

Thus, as a matter of law, “counsel” under HRS § 658A-12 does

not include all attorneys in the law firm of an attorney

representing a party to an arbitration.

b. Pursuant to HRS § 658A-12(a), an Arbitrator

Must Still Disclose Any Relationships that a

Reasonable Person Would Consider Likely to

Affect the Arbitrator’s Impartiality

Although “counsel” refers only to the attorneys representing

parties to an arbitration and not all attorneys in their firms,

HRS § 658A-12(a) requires that an arbitrator disclose facts that

a reasonable person would consider likely to affect the

arbitrator’s impartiality. Depending on the circumstances, such

facts could include an arbitrator’s relationships with other

attorneys within a law firm of counsel representing a party to

the arbitration. As the ICA stated in Kay, an “arbitrator’s

failure to disclose to the parties any dealings that might create

‘an impression of possible bias’ is sufficient to support

vacatur.” 119 Hawai#i at 226, 194 P.3d at 1188 (emphasis added)

(citations omitted).

In this regard, the Texas Supreme Court held “that a neutral

arbitrator selected by the parties or their representatives

exhibits evident partiality . . . if the arbitrator does not

45
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

disclose facts which might, to an objective observer, create a

reasonable impression of the arbitrator’s partiality.” 

Burlington Northern R. Co. v. TUCO Inc., 960 S.W.2d 629, 630

(Tex. 1997). In that case, a neutral arbitrator sitting on a

panel of three failed to disclose his acceptance, during the

course of the arbitration, of a substantial referral from the law

firm of a non-neutral co-arbitrator appointed by one of the

parties to the arbitration. 960 S.W.2d at 630. The neutral

arbitrator had disclosed that the co-arbitrator’s law firm had

twice retained him as an expert witness in relatively small

matters that had concluded, but continued serving on the panel

without disclosing the subsequent substantial referral. 960

S.W.2d at 630-31.20

Even though the co-arbitrator whose firm referred the matter

to the arbitrator did not know about the referral and had no

involvement in procuring it, and despite the argument that the

relationship was “too indirect” because the law firm was neither

a party to the arbitration nor counsel for a party, the Texas

Supreme Court held “that a party who could have vetoed the

arbitrator at the time of selection may disqualify the arbitrator

20 The trial court had denied the motion to vacate. 960 S.W.2d at

632. The court of appeals concluded that a factual issue regarding evident

partiality existed, and remanded for a trial on that issue. Id. The Texas

Supreme Court found evident partiality, effectively acting as factfinder, a

procedure we decline to adopt. 960 S.W.2d at 639. In addition, although

Burlington is factually distinguishable, we refer to it to outline possible

facts to consider.

46
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

during the course of the proceedings based on a new conflict

which might reasonably affect the arbitrator’s impartiality.” 

960 S.W.2d at 637. In reaching this holding, the court explained

that “[a]n objective observer could still reasonably believe that

a person in [the arbitrator’s] position, grateful for the

referral, may have been inclined to favor [the law firm] as an

entity (and thus [the party it represented] indirectly) in the

arbitration proceedings by siding with [the co-arbitrator whose

firm referred him].” Id. (noting that the arbitrator was moved

to thank the co-arbitrator for the referral in the midst of the

arbitration proceeding). The majority in Burlington further

opined that “the fact that a reasonable person could conclude

that the referral might affect [the arbitrator’s] impartiality

triggers the duty of disclosure[]” such that his failure to

disclose the referral constitutes evident partiality. 960 S.W.2d

at 639 (The court also “fully recognize[d] that reasonable people

could debate whether the referral was likely to affect [the

arbitrator’s] impartiality.”). 

2. Application to This Case

a. The Arbitrator’s Retention as a Neutral By

Attorneys of Law Firms Representing LPIHGC

The Arbitrator knew of his retention as a neutral by

attorneys of law firms representing LPIHGC. Applying the law

outlined above, on remand, the circuit court must address whether

47
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

a reasonable person would view the three referrals for

contemporaneous work as neutral by members of LPIHGC’s law firms

likely to affect the Arbitrator’s impartiality. If so, the

Arbitrator had a duty to disclose this information.

b. Carlsmith Ball’s Representation of the

Arbitrator as Trustee of QLT

LPIHGC asserts that the Arbitrator did not know of Carlsmith

Ball’s representation of him in his capacity as trustee of the

QLT. In order to satisfy the duty of disclosure, however, HRS §

658A-12(a) requires that an arbitrator “mak[e] a reasonable

inquiry.” Thus, if the circuit court finds that this

relationship is of the nature that a reasonable person would

consider likely to affect the Arbitrator’s impartiality, the

Arbitrator had a duty of reasonable inquiry to ascertain and

disclose the information. In this case, there is no question

that such information would have become “known” had an inquiry

been made, as evidenced by the Arbitrator’s subsequent

disclosure.

With respect to whether there was a duty of disclosure, the

ICA stated that “it was incumbent upon [the Arbitrator] to

disclose this relationship with Carlsmith” because “[o]nly then

could Nordic have evaluated whether Carlsmith’s representation of

the QLT would affect Nordic’s decision on whether to select [the

Arbitrator] . . . or sought further information . . . .” Nordic,

48
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

mem. op. at 15 (citing Schmitz v. Zilveti, 20 F.3d 1043, 1047

(9th Cir. 1994) (“The parties can choose their arbitrators

intelligently only when facts showing potential partiality are

disclosed.”)). Haitsuka, the Carlsmith Ball attorney who

directly handled the QLT matters, declared that he never

communicated with the Arbitrator on any trustee issues or

anything related to the arbitration, and had only spoken to the

QLT’s executive officers and managers. He also stated that

Carlsmith Ball has not represented the Arbitrator in his

individual capacity. In addition, since 2002, the QLT

apparently retained at least thirty-one law firms or attorneys,

including Carlsmith Ball, and Carlsmith Ball apparently also

represented parties with interests adverse to the QLT.

Nordic raises questions, however, regarding the extent of

the Arbitrator’s role and involvement in the QLT-Carlsmith

litigation matters. In general, a trustee does not have any 21

personal financial gain from trust litigation and has no personal

21 For example, Nordic cites to Hawai#i Probate Rule 42(a) as the

type of information it might have considered in its evaluation, which

provides:

An attorney employed by a fiduciary for an estate,

guardianship, or trust represents the fiduciary as client as

defined in Rule 503(a) of the Hawai#i Rules of Evidence and

shall have all the rights, privileges, and obligations of

the attorney-client relationship with the fiduciary insofar

as the fiduciary is acting in a fiduciary role for the

benefit of one or more beneficiaries or a ward.

49
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

liability when sued as a trustee. Nordic asserts, however, 22

that in determining whether an impression of partiality exists, a

reasonable person might also consider the impact of a law firm’s

representation of the trust in assuring continuation of the

Arbitrator’s compensation as trustee. See Beebe Med. Ctr., Inc.

v. InSight Health Servs. Corp., 751 A.2d 426, 432-33 (Del. Ch.

1999) (holding that an arbitrator’s failure to disclose that the

same attorneys who were representing the arbitrator in unrelated

litigation, which “he had over $100,000 riding on,” were also

representing a party to the arbitration “is, in itself,

sufficient to constitute evident partiality”).23

The Arbitrator had a duty to disclose Carlsmith Ball’s

representation of him as a QLT trustee if a reasonable person

22 Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 106 (2012) provides:

A trustee is personally liable:

(1) on a contract entered into in the course of trust

administration only if:

(a) in so doing, the trustee committed a breach

of trust; or

(b) the trustee’s representative capacity was

undisclosed and unknown to the third party; or

(c) the contract so provides;

(2) for a tort committed in the course of trust

administration, or for an obligation arising from the

trustee’s ownership or control of trust property, only

if the trustee is personally at fault. 

23 There is no admissible evidence to substantiate Nordic’s

allegation that the Arbitrator receives a six figure annual compensation as

trustee of the QLT trust.

50
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

would consider the actual relationship between the Arbitrator and

Carlsmith Ball likely to affect his impartiality. In other

words, it is possible that facts discovered after an inquiry

would not trigger the duty of disclosure, if a reasonable person

would not consider such facts likely to affect an arbitrator’s

impartiality. Thus, upon remand, the circuit court must

determine whether the Arbitrator’s duty of reasonable inquiry

included a duty to ascertain the identities of attorneys and/or

law firms representing the QLT. If so, the circuit court must

also determine whether a reasonable person would consider the

actual relationship between the Arbitrator and Carlsmith Ball

likely to affect his impartiality such that the Arbitrator

violated his duty of disclosure by not disclosing Carlsmith

Ball’s representation of him as trustee.

D. Effect of an Arbitrator’s Failure to Disclose

1. In General

If an arbitrator fails to disclose facts that a reasonable

person would consider likely to affect his impartiality, pursuant

to HRS § 658A-12(d), “upon timely objection by a party, the court

under section 658A-23(a)(2) may vacate an award.”24

HRS § 658A-23 provides in relevant part as follows:

(a) Upon motion to the court by a party to an arbitration

24 The issue of whether “may” actually gives the circuit court

discretion to deny vacatur after finding evident partiality is addressed in

Part III.F, below.

51
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

proceeding, the court shall vacate an award made in the

arbitration proceeding if:

(1) The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or

other undue means;

(2) There was:

(A) Evident partiality by an arbitrator

appointed as a neutral arbitrator; 

(B) Corruption by an arbitrator; or

(C) Misconduct by an arbitrator prejudicing the

rights of a party to the arbitration proceeding

. . .

(4) An arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator's powers;

. . . .

As noted in Daiichi, HRS § 658A-23(a)(2)(A) now limits the

ground for vacating an award on the basis of “evident partiality”

to the “arbitrator appointed as a neutral arbitrator.” 103

Hawai#i at 339, 82 P.3d at 425.

At first glance, it may seem that after a determination that

an arbitrator failed to disclose a fact a reasonable person would

consider likely to affect his impartiality, there must also be a

separate finding that the arbitrator acted with “evident

partiality” or bias before an award can be vacated. As explained

below, however, a failure to meet disclosure requirements under

HRS § 658A-12(a) or (b) is equivalent to, or constitutes,

“evident partiality” as a matter of law.

The Commentary to UAA Section 23 merely states that “Section

23(a)(2) is based on UAA Section 12(a)(2). The reason ‘evident

partiality’ is a grounds for vacatur only for a neutral

arbitrator is because non-neutral arbitrators, unless otherwise

agreed, serve as representatives of the parties appointing them.” 

Commentary, supra, at 79. The Commentary’s discussion of what

52
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

constitutes “evident partiality” occurs entirely in the comments

regarding disclosure requirements under Section 12(a). As

reflected in the Commentary, quoted above in Part III.C.1, the

differing views on the standards of disclosure parallel the

differing views on what constitutes “evident partiality.

This correlation between the standards of disclosure and

“evident partiality” is also reflected in our case law. As this

court stated in Daiichi:

Insofar as section 10(b) of the Federal Arbitration Act (9

U.S.C. § 1 et seq.) is the federal counterpart of HRS §

658–9(2), this jurisdiction’s appellate courts have

consistently relied on federal case law in ascertaining what

constitutes “evident partiality” under HRS § 658–9(2).

What constitutes “evident partiality” sufficient to

vacate an arbitration award is a difficult question. 

Under Hawai#i law, “evident partiality” sufficient to

vacate an arbitration award may be demonstrated when a

conflict of interest exists with the arbitrator. That

is, when an arbitrator has a personal, professional,

or business relationship with a party, its counsel,

principal, or agent, a conflict of interest may arise

sufficient to justify vacating that arbitration award. 

Hawai#i courts have explained that evident partiality

not only exists when there is actual bias on the part

of the arbitrator, but also when undisclosed facts

demonstrate a “reasonable impression of partiality.”

103 Hawai#i at 339-40, 82 P.3d at 425-26 (quoting VMI, 105 F.

Supp. 2d at 1124) (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).

HRS § 658A-12 has explicitly adopted a requirement to

disclose facts a reasonable person would find likely to affect an

arbitrator’s impartiality. Pursuant to Daiichi, “evident

partiality” exists not only when there is actual bias on the part

of an arbitrator, “but also when undisclosed facts demonstrate a

53
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

reasonable impression of partiality.” 103 Hawai#i at 340, 82

P.3d at 426 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 

Therefore, a failure to disclose facts a reasonable person would

consider likely to affect the arbitrator’s impartiality

constitutes “evident partiality” under HRS § 658A-23(a)(2).

We also point out a few additional sections within HRS

chapter 658A that may become relevant in the circuit court’s

evidentiary hearing on remand. First, “[t]he burden of proving

facts which would establish a reasonable impression of partiality

rests squarely on the party challenging the award.” 103 Hawai#i

at 339, 82 P.3d at 425 (quoting Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n

Local Union 420 v. Kinney Air Conditioning Co., 756 F.2d 742, 745

(9th Cir. 1985)). Also, HRS § 658A-12(e) provides, in relevant

part:

An arbitrator appointed as a neutral arbitrator who does not

disclose a known, direct, and material interest in the

outcome of the arbitration proceeding or a known, existing,

and substantial relationship with a party is presumed to act

with evident partiality under section 658A-23(a)(2).

Finally, HRS § 658A-14(d)(2) (Supp. 2010) provides, in pertinent

part:

In a judicial, administrative, or similar proceeding, an

arbitrator or representative of an arbitration organization

is not competent to testify, and shall not be required to

produce records as to any statement, conduct, decision, or

ruling occurring during the arbitration proceeding, to the

same extent as a judge of a court of this State acting in a

judicial capacity. This subsection does not apply:

. . .

(2) To a hearing on a motion to vacate an award under

section 658A-23(a)(1) or (2) if the movant establishes

54
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

prima facie that a ground for vacating the award

exists.

Thus, an arbitrator can be called to testify at an evidentiary

hearing only if a party establishes prima facie that a ground for

vacatur exists.

2. Application to This Case

LPIHGC repeatedly cites to the following excerpt from

Daiichi: 

[t]he mere fact of a prior relationship is not in and of

itself sufficient to disqualify arbitrators. The

relationship between the arbitrator and the party’s

principal must be so intimate–personally, socially,

professionally, or financially—as to cast serious doubt on

the arbitrator’s impartiality. If all arbitrators’

relationships came into question, finding qualified

arbitrators would be a difficult, sometimes impossible,

task.

(quoting 103 Hawai#i at 342, 82 P.3d at 428 (alteration in

original) (quoting Washburn, 895 F. Supp. at 399)).

This principle is, however, inapplicable to this case as

Daiichi addressed non-neutral arbitrators under a statutory

scheme that contained no explicit disclosure requirements. 

Although non-neutral arbitrators are now held to the same

standard of disclosure as neutral arbitrators, vacatur for

evident partiality under HRS § 658A-23(a)(2)(C) applies only when

a neutral arbitrator fails to make the required disclosures. 

25

25 According to the Commentary to UAA Section 12, “[a] partyappointed, non-neutral arbitrator’s failure to disclose would be covered under

the corruption and misconduct provisions of Section 23(a)(2) because in most

cases it is presumed that a party arbitrator is intended to be partial to the

side which appointed that person.” Commentary, supra, at 49. 

55
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Thus, upon remand, Nordic bears the burden of proving

evident partiality, i.e., the failure to disclose facts that a

reasonable person would consider likely to have affected the

Arbitrator’s impartiality.

We note that LPIHGC’s assertion that the ICA improperly

applied the presumption under HRS § 658A-12(e) in vacating the

award lacks merit. Contrary to LIPHGC’s assertion, the ICA’s

Memorandum Opinion expressly states that “[t]his presumption . .

. does not apply where the failure to make required disclosures

concerns the arbitrator’s relationship to a party’s counsel.”

Nordic, mem. op. at 10 n.4 (citing HRS §§ 658A-12(d),

658A23(a)(2)(A)).

E. Timeliness and Waiver of Objections

1. In General

As noted earlier, HRS § 658A-12(d) provides “[i]f the

arbitrator did not disclose a fact as required by subsection (a)

or (b), upon timely objection by a party, the court under section

658A-23(a)(2) may vacate an award.” In addition, a party who has

actual or constructive knowledge of a relationship of the

arbitrator requiring disclosure but “fails to raise a claim of

partiality . . . prior to or during the arbitration proceeding is

deemed to have waived the right to challenge the decision based

on ‘evident partiality.’” Daiichi, 103 Hawai#i at 345-46, 82

56
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

P.3d at 431-32 (“In the arbitration context, waiver has been

defined as consisting of knowledge, actual or constructive, in

the complaining party of the tainted relationship or interest of

the arbitrator and the failure to act on that knowledge.”)

(internal quotations and citations omitted). 

As noted in Daiichi at footnote 17, “the question [of]

whether a valid waiver exists is generally a question of fact,

[however] ‘when the facts are undisputed it may become a question

of law.’” 103 Hawai#i at 346 n.17, 82 P.3d at 432 n.17 (quoting

Hawaiian Homes Comm’n v. Bush, 43 Haw. 281, 286 (Terr. 1959)).

2. Application to This Case

To determine whether the initial disclosure put the parties

on notice of the relationships, the ICA analyzed the Arbitrator’s

use of the present perfect tense in his disclosure, in which he

stated, “[s]ince retirement, I have served as a neutral for

counsel and members of their law firms[,]” and found that it

referred only to “engagements completed in the past.” Nordic,

mem. op. at 17. The ICA also found the following:

[W]hile [the Arbitrator’s] initial disclosure provided some

notice of his role as a neutral arbitrator in cases

involving the parties’ counsel, it failed to make any

reference, or provide any notice, of his role as a trustee

of the QLT and Carlsmith Ball’s representation of the QLT.

Thus, unlike the issue of [the Arbitrator’s] work as an

arbitrator in unrelated arbitrations involving the Carlsmith

Ball and Starn O’Toole firms, the issue of [the

Arbitrator’s] role as a trustee of the QLT and Carlsmith

Ball’s representation of the QLT was not raised at all in

[the Arbitrator’s] initial disclosure.

LPIHGC argued, however, that the Arbitrator’s initial

57
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

disclosure (“Since retirement, I have served as a neutral . . .

.”) “is in present-perfect tense[]” and “denotes that the

Arbitrator’s work as a neutral began in the past, continued

thereafter, and may still be continuing.” (emphasis omitted). 

The ICA concluded that “[t]o the extent that there is no showing

that Nordic was aware of [the Arbitrator’s] contemporaneous work

as a neutral with Carlsmith Ball and Starn O’Toole prior to

issuance of the Award, Nordic has not waived its right to claim

evident partiality.” Nordic, mem. op. at 17. The meaning of the

initial disclosure is a disputed question of fact that can be

addressed by the circuit court on remand if appropriate.

In addition, this court has recognized that “[a] respectable

number of federal jurisdictions have invoked the waiver principle

under circumstances in which the complaining party knew or should

have known of the potential partiality of an arbitrator but

failed to raise an objection to the arbitrator’s appointment

prior to the arbitration decision.” 103 Hawai#i at 346, 82 P.3d

at 432 (citing cases from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 8th circuits). 

In addition, courts do not endorse the “wait and see approach.” 

103 Hawai#i at 348, 82 P.3d at 434 (citing Hobet Mining, Inc. v.

Int’l Union, United Mine Workers of Am., 877 F. Supp. 1011, 1019

(S.D.W.Va. 1994) (“[W]here information about an arbitrator is not

known in advance, but could have been ascertained by more

58
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

thorough inquiry or investigation, a post-award challenge

suggests that nondisclosure is being raised merely as a ‘tactical

response to having lost the arbitration’ or an inappropriate

attempt to seek a ‘second bite at the apple’ because of

dissatisfaction with the outcome.”) (citations omitted)).

Nordic never responded to LPIHGC’s questions regarding when

its representatives or its attorneys discovered Carlsmith Ball’s

representation of the Arbitrator as trustee of the QLT. Notably,

only Oshiro’s declaration asserting lack of knowledge was

submitted with Nordic’s motion to vacate; declarations were not

submitted by Nordic’s other counsel in the arbitration hearings.

Due to the lack of an evidentiary hearing, there are no

findings regarding the actual or constructive knowledge of

Nordic’s representatives or counsel, including when Nordic’s

representatives or other counsel actually discovered the

Arbitrator’s position as a trustee of the QLT, and Carlsmith

Ball’s representation of him in that capacity, assuming the

Arbitrator’s duty of reasonable inquiry required disclosure of

such facts, as discussed previously. There are also no findings

as to when Nordic or its other attorneys learned of the

Arbitrator’s additional retention as a neutral by other attorneys

in LPIHGC’s counsel’s law firms. Therefore, on remand, if

necessary, the circuit court can determine the sufficiency of the

59
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

initial disclosure, Nordic’s actual or constructive knowledge,

and the timeliness of Nordic’s objection to determine whether

Nordic waived its right to claim evident partiality. 

F. Circuit Court Discretion Under HRS § 658A-12(d)

1. In General

Finally, HRS § 658A-12(d) provides that “(i)f the arbitrator

did not disclose a fact as required by subsection (a) or (b),

upon timely objection by a party, the court under section

658A-23(a)(2) may vacate an award.” As noted by the Commentary

to UAA Section 12(d), “[c]ourts also are given wider latitude in

deciding whether to vacate an award under Section 12(c) and [26]

(d) that is permissive in nature (an award “may” be vacated)

rather than Section 23(a) which is mandatory (a court “shall”

vacate an award).” Commentary, supra, at 50. 

2. Application to This Case

Nordic brought its motion to vacate under HRS § 658A-23(a),

citing its mandatory “shall vacate an award” language. If the

circuit court reaches this point of the analysis on remand, it

has discretion under HRS § 658A-12(d) to decide whether or not to

grant the motion to vacate. Any such ruling of the circuit court

26 HRS § 658A-12(c) provides:

If an arbitrator discloses a fact required by subsection (a)

or (b) to be disclosed and a party timely objects to the

appointment or continued service of the arbitrator based

upon the fact disclosed, the objection may be a ground under

section 658A-23(a)(2) for vacating an award made by the

arbitrator.

60
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

under HRS 658A-12(d) will be reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard.

IV. Conclusion

This court stated in Daiichi:

It is generally considered that parties resort to

arbitration to settle disputes more expeditiously and

inexpensively than by a court action; and also that the

objective is to have disputes considered by arbitrators, who

are familiar with the problem, in a less formal and

combative environment. Thus, it must be deemed that the

primary purpose of arbitration is to avoid litigation.

103 Hawai#i at 339, 82 P.3d at 425 (quoting Mars Constructors,

Inc., 51 Haw. at 334, 460 P.2d at 318-19).

As further noted in Daiichi,

The arbitration process functions best when an amicable and

trusting atmosphere is preserved and there is voluntary

compliance with the decree, without need for judicial

enforcement. This end is best served by establishing an

atmosphere of frankness at the outset, through disclosure by

the arbitrator of any financial transactions which he has

had or is negotiating with either of the parties. In many

cases the arbitrator might believe the business relationship

to be so insubstantial that to make a point of revealing it

would suggest he is indeed easily swayed, and perhaps a

partisan of that party. But if the law requires the

disclosure, no such imputation can arise. And it is far

better that the relationship be disclosed at the outset,

when the parties are free to reject the arbitrator or accept

him with knowledge of the relationship and continuing faith

in his objectivity, than to have the relationship come to

light after the arbitration, when a suspicious or

disgruntled party can seize on it as a pretext for

invalidating the award.

103 Hawai#i at 341, 82 P.3d at 427 (quoting Commonwealth

Coatings, 393 U.S. at 150-52 (White, J., concurring)).

HRS chapter 658A now imposes clear standards for disclosure.

Prompt and continuous disclosures, whether or not required, will

better serve the efficiency goals of arbitration by helping to

61
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

avoid motions to vacate and lengthy judicial review, as in this

case.

In the instant case, however, it is for the circuit court as

factfinder, not an appellate court, to determine whether

reasonable inquiry and disclosure standards were met, and if not,

whether the Arbitration Award should be vacated for this or any

other reason alleged. Although entry of findings of fact and

conclusions of law are not required on all motions to vacate as

long as the circuit court’s reasoning is clearly stated on the

record, due to the numerous issues in this case, to allow

appropriate appellate review, the circuit court is to conduct an

evidentiary hearing and render findings of fact and conclusions

of law.

Accordingly, we vacate the ICA’s Judgment on Appeal and

remand to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

Terence J. O’Toole, /s/ Paula A. Nakayama

Judith Ann Pavey, and

John P. Manaut /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna

for petitioner

/s/ Richard W. Pollack

Kenneth R. Kupchak, 

Anna H. Oshiro, /s/ Steven S. Alm

Robert H. Thomas, 

and Mark M. Murakami /s/ Karl K. Sakamoto

for respondent

62