This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-0378

Marie Delores Green,

Respondent,

vs.

BMW of North America, LLC,

Appellant.

Filed November 10, 2014

Affirmed as modified

Kirk, Judge

Hennepin County District Court

File No. 27-CV-08-29818

Todd E. Gadtke, Daniel Brennan, Gadtke Law Firm, P.A., Maple Grove, Minnesota (for 

respondent)

Katherine A. McBride, Lenae M. Pederson, Meagher & Geer, PLLP, Minneapolis, 

Minnesota; and

Timothy V. Hoffman, Sanchez Daniels & Hoffman LLP, Chicago, Illinois (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Hudson, Judge; and 

Stoneburner, Judge.



 

 

 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to 

Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
2

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

KIRK, Judge

On appeal from the district court’s statutory attorney-fee award following remand 

from the Minnesota Supreme Court, appellant argues that the district court erred by: 

(1) placing the burden of proof on appellant to demonstrate that the requested fees were 

unreasonable; (2) considering appellant’s profitability and its decision to defend 

respondent’s original claim in determining the reasonableness of attorney fees; (3) failing 

to consider appellant’s evidence when calculating the amount of attorney fees; and 

(4) awarding respondent additional attorney fees incurred on remand. We affirm as 

modified.

FACTS

This is the second appeal in this matter arising from an award of attorney fees 

following litigation under Minnesota’s lemon law, Minn. Stat. § 325F.665 (2012). In 

2007, respondent Marie Delores Green leased a new BMW 328xi from appellant BMW 

of North America, LLC. Green later sued BMW under Minnesota’s lemon law and the 

federal Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2301-2312 (2006), after BMW was 

unable to resolve several problems with the vehicle. Following a four-day bench trial, the 

district court issued a verdict in Green’s favor on all claims and awarded Green $25,157 

in damages under Minnesota’s lemon law.

After the trial, Green moved for an award of attorney fees and litigation costs 

under the lemon law and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. Green sought $231,101 in 

attorney fees (consisting of 605.8 attorney hours at a rate of $350 or $375 per hour and 
3

10.4 paralegal hours at a rate of $165 per hour) and $7,565 in litigation costs. BMW 

opposed Green’s motion, arguing that both the hours billed and the hourly rates were 

unreasonable in light of the type of litigation and the amount of damages involved. 

BMW suggested an award of around $75,000.

The district court awarded Green’s counsel $221,499 in attorney fees and $7,565 

in litigation costs for a total award of $229,064. In doing so, the district court reduced the 

paralegal billing rate from $165 to $80 per hour, but made no other reductions in hourly 

rates or the number of hours billed. The district court specifically found that the attorney 

rates of $350 and $375 per hour were reasonable and that the hours spent on litigation 

were also reasonable. The district court also concluded that Green was entitled to recover 

attorney fees under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, but declined to award such fees 

because Green had recovered reasonable fees under Minnesota’s lemon law.

BMW appealed both the judgment against it and the award of attorney fees. This 

court unanimously affirmed BMW’s liability under Minnesota’s lemon law and the 

Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, but was divided in affirming the attorney-fee award. 

Green v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. A11-0581 (Minn. App. Dec. 19, 2011), rev’d, 826 

N.W.2d 530 (Minn. 2013).

The Minnesota Supreme Court granted BMW’s petition for review “on the issue 

of whether courts are to consider the relationship between the amount of attorney fees 

claimed and the amount of the claimant’s damages when determining a statutorily 

reasonable fee award.” Green v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 826 N.W.2d 530, 534 (Minn. 
4

2013).1 The supreme court held that, “when assessing requests for attorney fees under 

Minnesota’s lemon law, district courts should adhere to the lodestar method.” Id. at 536. 

Under the lodestar method, a district court “must first determine the number of hours 

reasonably expended on the litigation and then multiply those hours by a reasonable 

hourly rate.” Id. In making this calculation, a district court “should consider all relevant 

circumstances,” including “the time and labor required; the nature and difficulty of the 

responsibility assumed; the amount involved and the results obtained; the fees 

customarily charged for similar legal services; the experience, reputation, and ability of 

counsel; and the fee arrangement existing between counsel and the client.” Id.

(quotations omitted). The supreme court remanded for the district court to consider the 

amount involved in the litigation and the results obtained, which it had not considered 

when originally awarding attorney fees. Id. at 539. The supreme court directed the 

district court to “not only make a decision on the claim but provide a concise but clear 

explanation of its reasons for the fee award.” Id. at 539 n.8 (quotations omitted).

On remand, the district court conducted a hearing at which the parties presented 

arguments and additional evidence and ordered each party to submit proposed findings of

 

1

The supreme court declined to address BMW’s argument concerning the reasonableness 

of the attorney billing rates and the hours billed because BMW did not raise this issue in 

its petition for review. Green, 826 N.W.2d at 539 n.8. BMW also did not appeal the 

reasonableness of the litigation costs. Id. at 534 n.2.
5

fact, conclusions of law, and orders.

2

 Green requested $227,314.90 in original attorney 

fees and costs (subtracting five hours of attorney fees at a rate of $350 per hour from the 

district court’s original award) and $21,432.50 in attorney fees and $111.00 in litigation 

costs, both incurred on remand, for a total award of $248,858.40. In contrast, BMW 

proposed an award of $97,395 in attorney fees (allowing 428.6 attorney hours at a rate of 

$225 per hour and 9.6 paralegal hours at a rate of $100 per hour) with no fees awarded 

for the remand.3

The district court issued a lengthy order, stating that it had considered “all of the 

relevant factors in this case, including the amount involved and the results obtained” and

had concluded that both the hours billed and the hourly rates by Green’s attorneys were 

reasonable. Therefore, the district court awarded Green’s counsel the same amount it 

awarded in its first order—$229,064.904—plus $21,543.50 in attorney fees and litigation 

costs incurred on remand for a total award of $250,608.40. 

On appeal to this court, BMW requests a modified affirmance, awarding $97,395 

in attorney fees to Green’s counsel (as it proposed to the district court) plus interest with 

no award of attorney fees or costs incurred on remand. BMW does not challenge the 

$7,565.40 that the district court awarded in litigation costs on the original action.

 

2

Later, the district court ordered BMW to submit certain information regarding its 

history and finances. But this court granted BMW’s motion for expedited consideration 

and ordered that BMW was not required to provide this information because it was not 

relevant to the calculation of reasonable attorney fees. Green v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 

No. A13-1519 (Minn. App. Aug. 28, 2013) (order).

3 BMW acknowledges that its proposed findings incorrectly calculated its proposed 

award as $95,730.

4

The district court’s first order did not include cents so the numbers are slightly different.
6

D E C I S I O N

“Generally, we review an award of attorney fees for an abuse of discretion.” 

Milner v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 748 N.W.2d 608, 620 (Minn. 2008). A district court 

abuses its discretion when it “errs as a matter of law in applying improper standards in an 

award of fees.” Green, 826 N.W.2d at 534-35 (quotation omitted). But “[t]he 

reasonableness of the hours expended and the fees imposed raise questions of fact, and 

the district court’s findings will be reversed only if they are clearly erroneous.” City of 

Maple Grove v. Marketline Constr. Capital, LLC, 802 N.W.2d 809, 819-20 (Minn. App. 

2011).

I. The district court did not impermissibly shift the burden of proof to BMW.

Under Minnesota’s lemon law, a prevailing consumer may “recover costs and 

disbursements, including reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the civil action.” Minn. 

Stat. § 325F.665, subd. 9. When evaluating a request for attorney fees, the district court 

applies the lodestar method. Green, 826 N.W.2d at 536. Under the lodestar method, the

district court must first determine the number of hours reasonably expended on the 

litigation and then multiply those hours by a reasonable hourly rate. Id. In making this 

calculation, the district court “should consider all relevant circumstances,” including “the 

time and labor required; the nature and difficulty of the responsibility assumed; the 

amount involved and the results obtained; the fees customarily charged for similar legal 

services; the experience, reputation, and ability of counsel; and the fee arrangement 

existing between counsel and the client.” Id. (quotations omitted). 
7

BMW argues that Green bears the burden to prove that the requested fees are

reasonable and that the district court impermissibly shifted Green’s burden to BMW. But 

the lodestar analysis does not place the burden of proof on either party. Instead, it 

requires the district court to consider all relevant circumstances. See Milner, 748 N.W.2d 

at 621-24 (explaining the factors to consider in a lodestar analysis without any discussion 

of a burden of proof and remanding after the district court did not consider one important 

factor). “There is a strong presumption that the lodestar amount represents a reasonable 

fee.” Id. at 624. Therefore, when one party requests an upward adjustment from the 

lodestar amount, that party bears the burden to show that an upward adjustment is 

reasonable. Id. (citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 898, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 1548 

(1984)). Here, neither party requests a fee amount that differs from a presumably 

reasonable lodestar calculation. BMW merely requests a decrease in the number of hours 

and the hourly rate used in the lodestar analysis. See Green, 826 N.W.2d at 535. 

Therefore, neither party bears the burden of proof under Minnesota’s lodestar analysis.

In addition, the district court did not clearly place the burden of proof on BMW. 

In its order awarding attorney fees, the district court specifically discussed five of 

BMW’s objections to the hours billed by Green’s attorneys. In discussing two of those 

objections, the district court stated that BMW had not provided sufficient evidence to 

conclude that the hours billed were unreasonable. See Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Knowlton, 305 

Minn. 201, 212, 232 N.W.2d 789, 796 (1975) (“The burden of proving that a fee charged 

by an attorney is unconscionable or unreasonable rests upon the party asserting it.”). But 

the district court also explained that “[Green’s] attorneys have met their burden of proof 
8

for legal fees.” And after the district court quoted Knowlton in its conclusions of law, it 

stated both that BMW had failed to meet its burden and that Green had provided 

sufficient evidence to substantiate her fee request. Therefore, the district court appears to 

have placed the burden of proof on both parties. 

Because the lodestar analysis does not place the burden of proof on either party, 

the district court erred in citing Knowlton, which involves a contract dispute between a 

client and his attorney. See id. at 205, 232 N.W.2d at 793. But any error was harmless 

because a close reading of the district court’s order reveals that the district court placed 

the burden of proof on both parties, expecting each to prove its position. And the district 

court ultimately concluded that the hours billed, the hourly rates, and the amount claimed 

were reasonable without referencing a burden of proof. There is no evidence that BMW 

was prejudiced by the district court’s citation to Knowlton. See Loth v. Loth, 227 Minn. 

387, 392, 35 N.W.2d 542, 546 (1949) (“[W]e do not reverse unless there is error causing 

harm to the appealing party. In other words, error without prejudice is not ground for 

reversal.” (quotation omitted)).

Because the district court conducted a lodestar analysis and used language 

suggesting that both parties bore some burden of proof, we do not agree with BMW that 

the district court impermissibly shifted the burden of proof to it to show that the 

requested fees were unreasonable.
9

II. The district court did not erroneously consider BMW’s profitability and its 

decision to defend Green’s original claim when awarding attorney fees.

BMW argues that the district court erroneously considered both its profitability 

and its decision to defend Green’s original claim, two factors that are not included in the 

list of relevant lodestar factors. See Green, 826 N.W.2d at 536. BMW points to 

statements that the district court made at the motion hearing, referring to BMW as a 

“deep-pocket party” and stating that “we went to trial without an offer ever being 

tendered [by BMW].” After the motion hearing, the district court ordered BMW to 

submit certain information regarding its history and finances. We granted BMW’s 

motion for expedited consideration and ordered that BMW was not required to provide 

this information because it was irrelevant to the calculation of reasonable attorney fees. 

See id. But, even after receiving our order that BMW’s financial information was 

irrelevant, the district court commented in its order that BMW was “one of the most 

profitable and pervasive auto manufacturers in the world” and that BMW “knew the 

value of this case from the very beginning and deliberately chose to defend its bestselling BMW 3-series car no matter what the cost.”

We are troubled that the district court referenced BMW’s profitability in light of 

our ruling that BMW’s profitability is not relevant to the lodestar analysis. But a close 

reading of the district court’s order reveals that the district court did not base its decision 

solely on BMW’s profitability or choice to defend Green’s lawsuit. The district court 

based its fee award on the factors relevant to a lodestar analysis, and offered speculation 

as to why BMW made the strategic decisions that it did. It even explained that “BMW is 
10

entitled to defend claims against it with vigor.” In addition, the district court’s comments 

relate to its finding that “BMW’s unwillingness to accept or acknowledge any liability 

was the primary factor driving up the legal fees from the beginning to date for this 

litigation.” This finding pertains to considerations under the lodestar analysis, including 

“the time and labor required” and “the amount involved and the results obtained.” See id. 

We conclude that the district court did not place an impermissible emphasis on BMW’s 

profitability or decision to defend Green’s lawsuit.

III. The district court abused its discretion in failing to consider all of BMW’s 

evidence and in awarding $221,499.50 in attorney fees.

BMW argues that the district court abused its discretion in awarding $221,499.50 

in attorney fees for Green’s original lawsuit. BMW challenges the reasonableness of 

both the number of hours billed and the hourly rates charged.

Regarding the hourly rates, both parties submitted evidence concerning the hourly 

rates of Green’s attorneys and of other attorneys engaged in lemon-law litigation. The 

district court considered this evidence and concluded that the hourly rates of Green’s 

attorneys were “reasonably tethered to current market conditions and to rates billed by 

other similarly situated attorneys.” The district court stressed the importance of allowing 

consumers to hire competent legal representation, and explained that Green’s attorneys 

“are highly competent, respected, and accomplished consumer protection lawyers.” 

Finally, the district court concluded that “the hourly rates at issue in this instance [are] 

fair and reasonable after considering the amount involved, the time expended, the results 

obtained, and all other relevant factors in this case.” See id. The district court therefore
11

conducted a proper analysis of the lodestar factors relating to the reasonableness of the 

hourly rates. Because the record supports the district court’s determination that the 

hourly rates are reasonable, we decline to impose BMW’s judgment that Green’s 

attorneys are entitled to only $225 per hour.

But regarding the reasonableness of the hours billed, we conclude that the district 

court failed to follow the supreme court’s directives on remand. “[D]istrict courts are 

given broad discretion to determine how to proceed on remand, as they may act in any 

way not inconsistent with the remand instructions provided.” State ex rel. Swan Lake 

Area Wildlife Ass’n v. Nicollet Cnty. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm’rs, 799 N.W.2d 619, 631 (Minn. 

App. 2011) (quotation omitted). The supreme court instructed the district court to 

consider the amount of money involved in the litigation and the results obtained when 

awarding attorney fees and to “provide a concise but clear explanation of its reasons for 

the fee award.” Green, 826 N.W.2d at 539 & n.8 (quotation omitted). The district court 

stated several times in its findings that it had considered the amount at issue and the 

results obtained. But this was only part of the supreme court’s mandate. 

As part of the evidence introduced on remand, BMW created a spreadsheet 

outlining 22 objections to the hours billed by Green’s attorneys. Green responded to each 

of BMW’s objections in her memorandum of law in support of her motion for attorney

fees. But the district court discussed only five of BMW’s 22 objections in detail. In 

doing so, the district court failed to provide “a concise but clear explanation of its reasons 

for the fee award,” as instructed by the supreme court. See id. We conclude that the 

district court abused its discretion in failing to specifically address in its findings each of 
12

BMW’s objections because it did not properly provide a clear explanation for the 

reasonableness of the hours billed. See Milner, 748 N.W.2d at 620-21.

In addition, we conclude that the district court’s finding regarding the 

reasonableness of one of the objections it actually considered is clearly erroneous. See 

Marketline Constr. Capital, LLC, 802 N.W.2d at 819-20 (“The reasonableness of the 

hours expended and the fees imposed raise questions of fact, and the district court’s 

findings will be reversed only if they are clearly erroneous.”). BMW challenged the 

110.3 hours billed by Green’s attorneys to prepare the proposed findings of fact and 

conclusions of law after the four-day trial. The district court found that “these hours were 

not unreasonable” because the resulting document was “very useful to the [c]ourt.” But 

the lodestar analysis determines whether the number of hours expended is reasonable and 

necessary to the task based on “the nature and difficulty of the responsibility assumed” 

and “the amount involved and the results obtained.” See Green, 826 N.W.2d at 536. It 

does not analyze whether a document is “useful to the court.” Green’s attorneys drafted 

the proposed findings after preparing for and conducting the trial, which necessarily

involved analyzing the facts and law needed to prove Green’s claims. Hence, this 

document repeats the findings and legal analysis presented at trial. Several paragraphs 

even match statements found in Green’s complaint. In addition, the document contains 

numerous paragraphs which merely restate testimony given at the trial. The district 

court’s finding that it was reasonable for Green’s attorneys to spend 110.3 hours 

preparing this document is not supported by the record and is clearly erroneous. See id.
13

At the hearing on remand, the district court expressed reluctance to review

BMW’s evidence and list of objections. Besides the 110.3 hours billed to create Green’s 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the district court analyzed only a miniscule 

number of the hours BMW challenged in its order.

5

 The district court provided only a 

conclusory statement that all of the other hours objected to by BMW were reasonable. 

As a result, the district court failed to provide a clear explanation for the reasonableness 

of the hours billed and failed to follow the supreme court’s directions on remand. See id.

at 539 n.8.

Green is correct that the supreme court did not expressly direct the district court to 

lower the amount of fees on remand. But our reading of the supreme court’s decision 

leads us to conclude that it was concerned about the amount of the attorney-fee award. 

The supreme court cited cases in which it had altered fee awards in part based on the 

amount involved in the litigation. See id. at 537-38. And the supreme court explained 

that “statutory attorney fees should be adequate to attract competent counsel, but should 

not produce windfalls to attorneys.” Id. at 538 (quotations omitted). The district court’s 

award of attorney fees more than nine times greater than the underlying damages award 

results in a windfall for Green’s attorneys. An award of this magnitude may also deter a 

future lemon-law defendant with a legitimate defense from proceeding to trial.

The supreme court also discussed the importance of “billing judgment,” stating 

that “[h]ours that are not properly billed to one’s client are also not properly billed to 

one’s adversary pursuant to statutory authority.” Id. at 538-39 (quotation omitted). 

 

5 By our calculation, the district court analyzed only 11.4 additional hours.
14

When awarding statutory attorney fees, a district court must exclude “excessive, 

redundant, or otherwise unnecessary” hours, “just as a lawyer in private practice ethically 

is obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission.” Id. at 539 (quotation

omitted). We conclude that the district court abused its discretion in awarding 

$221,499.50 in attorney fees for this litigation, which was tried in four days and which, 

from the beginning, could only result in an award of around $28,000, because the award

“relieve[d] [Green’s] attorneys from the need to exercise [billing] judgment.” See id.

We also note that Green reduced her claim for attorney fees on remand, but the 

district court rejected this reduction. The district court failed to explain how it resolved 

BMW’s objections to find that all of the hours billed by Green’s attorneys were 

reasonable and then awarded Green more attorney fees than she requested on remand.

Given the district court’s abuse of discretion, the length of this litigation, and the 

fees already incurred, we decline to remand for further district court proceedings. See 

Arundel v. Arundel, 281 N.W.2d 663, 667 (Minn. 1979) (“[W]e are not free to substitute 

our judgment for that of the [district] court absent a clear abuse of its discretion.”); Scott 

v. Forest Lake Chrysler-Plymouth-Dodge, 668 N.W.2d 45, 51 (Minn. App. 2003) 

(modifying the fee award rather than remanding “[d]ue to the protracted nature of this 

proceeding and in the interest of judicial economy”).

This case is no different from other cases tried by Green’s attorneys, who 

specialize in lemon-law litigation. No novel issues were raised in this litigation and no 

complex expert testimony was required. Green called six witnesses during the four-day 

trial, and BMW called five. Nevertheless, Green’s attorneys billed more than 600 hours 
15

to prepare and present her case. The skill and experience of the attorneys are adequately

reflected in their generous hourly rates, and should have resulted in fewer hours of 

preparation. After analyzing the result obtained and the issues and amount involved, we 

conclude that Green’s attorneys billed many hours to BMW that they would not properly 

bill to their client and that they did not exercise billing judgment. See Green, 826 

N.W.2d at 538-39.

Given the nature of the case, the expertise of Green’s attorneys, the amount 

involved, and the results obtained, we conclude that it would have been reasonable for 

Green’s attorneys to spend no more than 300 hours on this litigation. Green’s attorneys 

are therefore entitled to $110,332 in attorney fees for the original litigation.6 This award 

is reasonable in light of the amount involved, the result obtained, and the relatively 

uncomplicated issues involved.

IV. The district court did not err in awarding Green additional attorney fees and 

costs incurred on remand.

Finally, BMW argues that the district court erred in awarding Green the additional 

attorney fees and costs she incurred on remand. BMW specifically argues that 

Minnesota’s lemon law permits only successful consumers to recover attorney fees and 

costs, and here Green “lost at the Minnesota Supreme Court on the attorney-fee issue.” 

BMW relies on Pfeiffer v. Ford Motor Co., in which we held that consumers who 

unsuccessfully asserted a lemon-law claim were not entitled to recover their attorney fees 

 

6 We calculate that one attorney did roughly 60% of the work at $375 per hour and the 

other did roughly 40% of the work at $350 per hour. A proportional division of 300 

attorney hours results in an award of $109,500. We add to that the district court’s award 

of $832 in paralegal fees.
16

and costs. See 517 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Minn. App. 1994), review denied (Minn. Aug. 11, 

1994). But in Pfeiffer, the consumers did not prevail on their lemon-law claim. Id. 

Pfeiffer does not suggest that a consumer who prevails on a lemon-law claim is barred 

from recovering attorney fees and costs when an appellate court remands for 

reconsideration of the fee award only. Here, Green prevailed on her lemon-law claim and 

remains eligible for attorney fees and costs, including those fees and costs she incurred 

on remand. Moreover, Green did not “los[e] at the Minnesota Supreme Court” because 

the supreme court remanded for the district court to consider a factor under the lodestar 

method that it failed to consider when calculating the original fee award. 

When a statute provides for an award of attorney fees, “[i]t would be inconsistent 

with the intent of the legislature, in providing for attorneys’ fees, to dilute a fee award by 

refusing to compensate an attorney for the time reasonably spent on appellate work 

defending a judgment.” Hughes v. Sinclair Mktg, Inc., 375 N.W.2d 875, 879 (Minn. 

App. 1985), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 389 N.W.2d 194, 200 (Minn. 

1986). The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion in awarding Green 

attorney fees and costs on remand.7 See Milner, 748 N.W.2d at 620.

We affirm the district court’s award of attorney fees and costs incurred on remand 

and its award of costs incurred on the original litigation (which BMW does not challenge

in this appeal). But we modify the district court’s calculation of the original attorney fees 

 

7 On appeal, BMW does not argue that the amount that the district court granted in 

attorney fees and costs on remand was unreasonable. Therefore, we affirm the award of 

$21,432.50 in attorney fees and $111.00 in litigation costs incurred on remand.
17

to $110,332. Green’s attorneys are entitled to a total award, including litigation costs, of 

$139,440.90.

Affirmed as modified.