1



### PHED SURROGATE EXPOSURE GUIDE

Estimates of Worker Exposure from

The Pesticide Handler Exposure Database Version 1.1

August 1998TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.



### Table of C ontents

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 2

- 3



### Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 4

- 5



### I.

................................ ................................ Comments/Formulas for the new user 6

- 13



### II.

................................ ................................ ................................ .. Exposure Tables 14

- 51



### Mixer/Loader

Open Mixing/Loading

................................ ................................ .......................... Scenario 1. Dry Flowable: Open Mixing 15

Scenario 2. Granular: Open Mixing

................................ ................................ ................. 16

................................ ................................ ........ Scenario 3. All Liquid Formul ations: Open Mixing 17

................................ ................................ ....................... Scenario 4. Wettable Powders: Open Bag 18

Scenario 5. Wettable Powders: Water Soluble Packets

................................ .................. 19

Closed Mixing/Loading

................................ ................................ ...... Scenario 6. All Liquid Formulations: Closed Mixing 20



### Applicator

Aerial Applications

................................ ...... Scenario 7. Aerial

- Fixed Wing: Liquid Formulations; Enclosed Cockpits 21

Scenario 8. Aerial

- Fixed Wing: Granular Formulations; Enclosed Cab

......................... 22

................................ ................................ ........................ Scenario 9. Helicopter: Enclosed Cockpit 23

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... Scenario 10. Aerosol Can 24

Airblast

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... Scenario 11. Airblast: Op en Cab 25

................................ ................................ ................................ Scenario 12. Airblast: Enclosed Cab 26

Groundboom

................................ ................................ .............................. Scenario 13. Groundboom: Open Cab 27

Scenario 14. Groundboom: Enclosed Cab

................................ ................................ ....... 28Granular Applications

................................ ........................... Scenario 15. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Open Cab, Ag Uses 29

................................ ..................... Scenario 16. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Enclosed Cab, Ag Uses 30

Scenario 17. Granular Bait Dispersed by Hand

................................ ............................... 31

Handheld Spray Equipment

................................ ................................ ............................. Scenario 18. Low Pressure Handwand 32

................................ ................................ ............................. Scenario 19. High Pressure Handwand 33

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... Scenario 20. Backpack 34

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ Scenario 21. Hand G un (Lawn) 35

Paint Equipment

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... Scenario 22. Paintbrush 36

Scenario 23. Airless Sprayer (House Stain)

................................ ................................ ..... 37

................................ ................................ ............................. Scenario 24. Rights

- of

- Way Sprayer 38



### Flagger

Scenario 25. Liquid Formulations

................................ ................................ .................... 39

Scenario 26. Granular Formulations

................................ ................................ ................ 40



### Mixer/Loader/Ap plicator

................................ ... Scenario 27. Airblast : Wettable Powder or Liquid, Open Pour, Open Cab 41

Groundboom

................................ ....................... Scenario 28. Groundboom

- Liquid, Open Pour and Open Cab 42

Scenario 29. Groundboom

- Liquid or Dry flowable, Open Pour, Enclosed Cab

........... 43

Granular App lication

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... Scenario 30. Belly Grinder 44

Scenario 31. “Push

- type” Granular Spreader (Granular, Open Pour)

............................. 45

Handheld Spray Equipment

................................ ............................ Scenario 32. Low Pressure Handwand: Liquid, Open Pour 46

Scenario 33. Low Pressure Handwand: Wettable Powder, Open Pour (also for

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ Crack and Crevice) 47

................................ ................................ .......... Scenario 34. Backpack Sprayer: liquid, open pour 48

Scenario 35. High Pressure Hand Wand: liquid, open pour

................................ ........... 49

Scenario 36. Garden Hose

- End Sprayer: liquid, open pour

................................ ............ 50

................................ ................................ .. Scenario 37. Termi ticide Injection : liquid, open pour 51



### III.

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... APPENDIX 52

- 67

- Studies used in the estimation of dermal, hand and inhalation

exposure estimates5 - GlossaryINTRODUCTION



### Hello!

This document, the Pesticide Handler Exposure Database (PHED) surrogat e worker

exposure guide, contains basic pesticide handler scenarios. The data contained in the

following tables are summaries of the worker exposure outputs generated by PHED.

These estimates were derived from actual field studies and are based on the phy sical

factors of a handler scenario (e.g., the type of protective clothing worn, method of

application, formulation type, etc.).

This manual is divided into 3 sections. Section 1 discusses how this guide is most

effectively used. This section details essentials for the new user, including explanations

of data confidence, replicates, protective clothing, cab types, and formulas. It also

instructs you how to incorporate the PHED Dermal and Inhalation unit exposure

estimates into your Average Daily Dose (ADD), Average Annual Daily Dose (AADD)

and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) equations.

Section 2 contains tables of worker exposure estimates. It is divided into four parts,

based on a specific handler function. These four parts are 1) mixer/loader 2) applicator

3) flagger and 4) mixer/loader/applicator. Each page refers to a specific handler scenario

(e.g. wettable powder, open pour mixing and loading) and contains three different tables.

The first table provides the user with an estimate of der mal unit exposure. The dermal

unit exposure estimates are based on three different clothing scenarios. These scenarios

are 1) “no clothes”, which provides an estimation of exposure for a handler with no

protective clothing (i.e., total deposition); 2) lo ng sleeve shirt, long pants, and no gloves;

and 3) long sleeve shirt, long pants, and chemical resistant gloves. The dermal exposure

has been divided into sections of the body. These sections are 1) head and neck; 2)

upper arm, forearm, chest, back, thi gh, and lower leg; and 3) hand. This table is useful

because it allows the reviewer to see which parts of the body are most vulnerable to

exposure from a given handler scenario. Additionally a reviewer can apply arithmetically

estimated protection factor s (NOTE: it should be stressed that applying arithmetically

estimated protection factors should be done only in the absence of good data). Finally,

this table allows the reviewer to better evaluate changes in exposure from the addition of

PPE. The TOTAL dermal exposure is provided in the final column of this table.

The number of replicates and grade quality are listed in the second table. This table also

includes anything noteworthy about the PHED analysis (e.g., high percentage of non

detects, spills, etc.).

The inhalation exposure, replicate number and grade quality are listed in the third table at

the bottom of each page.7



### Section 3 is the appendix of this guide and lists the studies that went into each handler

scenario. The importance of knowing w hich studies were used to estimate exposure can

not be emphasized enough. This table is not a panacea . These estimates of exposure

are very basic and may not be appropriate for every situation. The reviewer should

always be familiar with the studies tha t were used in his or her analysis. In addition to the

listing of studies, there are also definitions of formulations and methods of application in

the appendix.

PHED can often be complicated. Don’t give up! A good understanding of the database

and what it can (and can’t) do is your best weapon.

Enjoy

Tracy Lynn Keigwin

April, 1997

Revised August 1998

## SECTION 1

COMMENTS and FORMULAS for the NEW USER9

GRADING PHED STUDIES

Each study in PHED has been graded from “A” to “E” according to certain QA/QC factors

Data Grade % Lab

Recovery CV* for

Lab recovery % Field

Recovery % Storage

Stability Data

Corrected

For :***

A 90

- 110  15 70

- 120 ** Field Recovery

B 80

- 110  25 50

- 120 ** Field Recovery

C 70

- 120

70

- 120  33

 33 30

- 120

or

missi ng **

50

- 120 Field Recovery

D 60

- 120  33 

## ** ** Field Recovery if

available; if not

then storage

stability, if not

then lab recovery

E Does not meet above criteria

* CV = Coefficient of Variation

** Does not matter if available or missing

*** If a field recovery of 90% or greater is obtained, no correction of the data is necessary

DATA CONFIDENCE

Data confidence refers to both the quality and the amount of data for each PHED run. Each

study in PHED has been graded from “A” to “E” according to certain Q uality Assurance/Quality

Control (QA/QC) factors:

High Confidence Run/: Grades A and B

- AND

- at least 15 replicates per body

AB GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A or B grade data are

listed as “AB grade” data in the tables.

Med ium Confidence Run: Grades A, B, or C

- AND

- at least 15 replicates per body

ABC GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A,B,and C

grade data are listed as “ABC grade” data in the tables.

Low Confidence Run/: Any run that includes D or E grade data

- OR

- has less

“ALL GRADE” than 15 replicates per body part. PHED runs which

include “D” or “E” grade data are referred to as having

“ALL GRADE” data . “ALL GRADE” data are always

low confidence.



### REPLICATES

### The term “replicates” refers to the number of observations for a specific body location.

For example, “20 to 35 replicates”, means that the number of observations, per body

location, ranges between 20 and 35.

DATA CONFIDENCE AND COMMENT BOX

The Comment Box discus ses the grade quality, number of replicates and any items of

note for a particular use scenario. For example: if the comment box lists a use scenario as

“ Dermal = 75 to 121 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High

Confidence run ” this would mean that the head, neck, upper arm, forearm, chest, back,

thigh and lower leg replicates range between 75 to 121 and are of AB grade and that there

are 53 hand replicates of AB grade. This would be considered a high confidence run

because there are at least 15 replicates per body part of AB grade.

TYPES OF CLOTHING



### “No Clothing” : This scenario is the most conservative estimate of

exposure. Data collection is made with

dosimeters/patches worn outside of all clothing.

Examples of uses for this s cenario might be with

aerosol applications or for other residential uses. This

might be a good choice when estimating exposure for a

developing country where PPE are often not used.

Single Layer

- definition When this table refers to “Single Layer” it m eans

either long sleeve shirt and long pants or coveralls

. There are two types of “single layer” clothing

scenarios in this table :

1) Single Layer, No Gloves :

This is the exposure when a handler is wearing a long

sleeve shirt an d pants or coveralls and no gloves. The

dosimeters/patches are worn underneath one layer of

permeable clothing

2) Single Layer, Gloves :

This is the exposure a handler would receive when

wearing a long sleeve shirt and pants or coveralls and

che mical resistant gloves. The dosimeters/patches are

worn underneath one layer of permeable clothing.

RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE11



### Residential uses are not covered by the WPS (Worker Protection Standard) and the

clothing worn by a homeowner will often be less pro tective than the PPE worn by a

commercial applicator. Assessors should consult the Residential Exposure SOPs which

discuss the estimation of residential exposure.

CAB TYPES

Open Cab/Cockpit : “No cabs” (Code 1) and enclosed cabs with windows open

( Code 2).

Closed Cab/Cockpit : Enclosed Cabs with windows closed (Code 3) and enclosed

cabs with filtered air (Code 4).

FEET

PHED contains a small number of data entry errors for foot exposure. Because of this,

foot exposure estimations have not been in cluded in the estimation of Dermal Exposure.

These errors will be corrected when PHED version 2.0 is released.CALCULATIONS

Arithmetically estimated protection factors are sometimes used when data for handlers wearing

the specified PPE are not available . In the following exposure mitigation table is a list of

estimated protection factors (agreed to by USEPA/OPP/HED Science Peer Review Committee).

These protection factors should be considered interim measures only.13 EXPOSURE MITIGATION TABLE

PPE % r eduction in exposure NOTE

Long sleeve shirt and long

pants or full coveralls 50% reduction in exposure to covered

parts This estimate is being reviewed by EPA,

Health Canada and CADPR. The

percent reduction in exposure afforded

by coveralls may be incre ased in the

future. Please verify this protection

factor before proceeding. As of January,

1998, HED’s policy is 50%.

Chemical resistant gloves 90% reduction in exposure to hands

Dust/Mist respirator 80% reduction in inhalation exposure

Organic vapou r respirator 90% reduction in inhalation exposure

Enclosed Cabs 98% reduction in both dermal and

inhalation exposure14

HOW TO APPLY A PROTECTION FACTOR

Multiply the unit exposure for the body parts of concern (from exposure tables) by the

percenta ge of those body parts that will still be exposed after PPE protection is applied. For

instance: suppose the PHED exposure table lists the “no glove” hand exposure for a particular

use scenario as 0.05 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate hand expos ure if the applicator

wore gloves. From the exposure mitigation table you find that gloves provide a 90% protection

factor (i.e., 10% of the hands remain unprotected). Therefore, if you multiply your “no glove”

hand exposure (0.05 mg/lb ai handled) by the unprotected proportion of the hand (0.1) your

gloved hand exposure would be 0.005 mg/lb ai handled.

Examples of applying protection factors :

If the estimated unit exposure

is : and you want to : The arithmetically

estimated exposure is:

“No glove” hand exposure is

0.130 mg/lb ai handled estimate gloved hand exposure 0.130 x 0.1 = 0.013 mg/lb

ai handled

Inhalation exposure =

0.023 mg/lb ai handled estimate inhalation exposure

when wearing a dust

- mist

respirator 0.023 x 0.2 = 0.0046 mg/lb

ai handled

Ope n cab dermal exposure =

0.170 mg/lb ai handled estimate dermal exposure

when using a enclosed cab 0.170 x 0.2 = 0.0034 mg/lb

ai applied



### Additional layer of clothing

Adding another protective layer of clothing (e.g., a second layer of clothing or cov eralls)

reduces exposure to relevant body parts (i.e., upper and lower body) by 50%. Therefore,

in order to estimate the exposure after adding more clothing:

1) Multiply the value for the upper and lower body by 0.50.

2) Add this revised value for the upper and lower body to the columns for the head

and the column for the hands to obtain the new total dermal exposure estimate.15



### HOW TO “BACK CALCULATE ”

“Back

- calculating” is literally the reverse of applying a protection factor and is used

when a baselin e (i.e., no gloves) estimate of exposure is necessary and the data are

unavailable. For example, if PHED contains monitored data for “gloved” hand exposure

as 0.005 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate “no glove” exposure, you “back

calculate” by d ividing the gloved exposure value by the portion of unprotected hand

(10% or 0.1). Your estimated “no glove” exposure is then 0.05 mg/lb ai handled.

Examples of Back Calculating :

If the estimated unit

exposure is : and you want to : The arithmetically

est imated exposure is:

“glove” hand exposure is

0.0059 mg/lb ai handled estimate “no glove” hand

exposure 0.0059  0.1 = 0.059

mg/lb ai handled16

USING PHED UNIT EXPOSURE ESTIMATES IN YOUR EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS



### The estimates in this guide only provide y ou with the first stepping stone in estimating

worker exposure. In order to estimate average daily dose, average annual daily dose and

lifetime average daily dose, you will need to use your PHED unit exposure estimates in

the equations listed below. Asse ssors should characterize the dose as either "potential" or

"absorbed" depending upon the use of dermal absorption data. For more details on

exposure and risk calculations, readers should refer to Series 875, Group B, Part D.

Average Daily Dose (ADD)

=

Dermal Exposure

( PHED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treated/day) (% dermal absorption*)

60 or 70 kg body weight**

Inhalation Exposure

( PHED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treat ed/day) (1mg/1000  g) (% inhalation absorption)

60 or 70 kg body weight**

* Do Not multiply by the dermal absorption if your NOEL is based on a dermal study.

** A 60 kg body weight is used when calculating d aily exposure if there are developmental

toxicity concerns, otherwise, a 70 kg body weight is used.17 

## SECTION 2

EXPOSURE TABLES1819 SCENARIO 1. DRY FLOWABLE, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Nec k

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0186 1.05 0.00952



## = 1.1

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.0186 0.0382 0.00952 

### 0.066

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.0186 0.0382 0.0097 

### 0.066

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 16

- 19 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 repl icates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the

small number of hand replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16

- 26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the

small number of hand replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16

- 26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 21 replicates, AB grade. NOTE : this run has a lot of

non

- detects for the glove exposure values. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.77  g/lb ai handled . Replicates = 23, AB grade

. High Confidence20

SCENARIO 2. GRANULAR, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb a i handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00130 0.0285 0.00184



## = 0.032

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00130 0.00523 0.00184 

### 0.0084

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00130 0.00523 0.000345 

### 0.0069

Coveralls over

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00130 0.00174 0.000345 

### 0.0034

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 25

- 59, ABC grade. Hand = 10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the

poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 33

- 78, ABC grade. Hand = 10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the

poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate n umber.

Single Layer,Gloves Dermal replicates = 33

- 78, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Coveralls over Single

Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 12

- 59, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the

low replicate number for many body parts.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.7  g/lb ai handled. 58 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence21

SCENARIO 3. ALL LIQUIDS, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00527 0.301 2.84



## = 3.1

Single Layer,

No Glove s 0.00527 0.0110 2.840 

### 2.9

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00527 0.0110 0.00671 

### 0.023

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 75 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 r eplicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 59 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.2  g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 85, AB grade. High Confidence22

SCENARIO 4. WETTABLE POWDER, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled )



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0776 3.06 3.56



## = 6.7

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.0776 0.0760 3.56 0 

### 3.7

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.0776 0.0760 0.0138 

### 0.17

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14

- 24, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confi dence due to the

low number of hand replicates (There were additional “D” and “E” grade hand replicates but hand

exposure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite

low). Additionally, all the body parts did not have at least 15 replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 22

- 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the

low number of hand replicates (There were additional “D” and “E” grade hand replicates but hand

expo sure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite

low).

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 22

- 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 24, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidenc e

43.4239  g/lb ai handled. 44 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence23

SCENARIO 5. WETTABLE POWDER, WATER SOLUBLE BAGS (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00147 0.0260 0.0112



## = 0.039

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00147 0.00827 0.0112 

### 0.021

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00147 0 .00827 0.0000625 

### 0.0098

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6

- 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low

replicate numb er per body part.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 6

- 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low

replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non

- detects.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 6

- 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low

replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non

- detects (e.g., all gloved

data are nondetect).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.24  g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 15, All grade. Low Confidence (all grade data)24

SCENARIO 6. ALL LIQUIDS, CLOSED MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and L ower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000924 0.0330 No Data



## = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00126 0.00564 No Da ta 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00126 0.00564 0.00168 

### 0.0086

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 14 to 40 replicates, All grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no

glove” hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this

estimate to the “no clothes” scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no

glove” hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this

estimate to the “single layer, no gloves” scenario to estimate Total De rmal Exposure.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 31 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.083  g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 27, AB grade. High Confidence25

SCENARIO 7. AER IAL

- FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Liquid Application (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTA L

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000156 0.00174 0.00311



## = 0.0050

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.00311 

### 0.0050

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.000287 

### 0.0022

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 28, AB grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, All grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate hand number and poor grade quality.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.068  g/lb ai hand led. 23 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence26 SCENARIO 8. AERIAL

- FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Granular Application (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

a nd Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000355 0.00398 0.0000735



## = 0.0044

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000355 0.00125 0.0000735 

### 0.0017

Single Layer,

Gloves 0. 000355 0.00125 0.0000756 

### 0.0017

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 9 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate re plicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were n ot

monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103

dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect).

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low C onfidence due to

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were not

monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103

dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.3  g/lb ai handled. 13 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.27 SCENARIO 9. ROTARY (Helicopter) APPLICATION, ENCLOSED COCKPIT (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0001 56 No Data 0.0000512



## = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.0000512 

### 0.0019

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.0000446 

### 0.0019

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confide nce/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0 to 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 2, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and D ata Confidence

0.0018  g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 3, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

Note: All dermal (excluding hands) samples are nondetect (LOQ

- 0.01  g/cm 2 ). All hand and airborne samples are above the LOQ.

The po licy of the Exposure Science Advisory Committee (EXPO SAC) is not to quantify this scenario in risk assessment using these

unit exposures because there are insufficient data points.28 SCENARIO 10. AEROSOL APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Sce nario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 45.5 327 106



## = 480

Single Laye r,

No Gloves 45.5 35.4 106 

### 190

Single Layer,

Gloves 45.5 35.4 0.532 

### 81

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Inhalation Exp osure and Data Confidence

1,300  g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Although the unit exposure appears higher, the values are normalized by lb ai applied. The amount of ai applied per r eplicate

was only 0.01 lb ai (one ae rosol can). This scenario represents an insecticide crack/crevice treatment.29 SCENARIO 11. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, OPEN CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.197 1.86 0.123



## = 2.2

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.197 0.0421 0.123 

### 0.36

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.197 0.0421 0.002 43 

### 0.24

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 33 to 44, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 32 to 49, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 31 to 48, AB grade. Hand replicates = 18 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Conf idence

4.5  g/lb ai handled. 47 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: The three turf airblast replicates (golf course) are not included in this scenario. Only tree crops and grapes are in cluded.30 SCENARIO 12. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00418 0.0450 No Data



## = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00418 0.00186 No Data 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00418 0.00186 0.0129 

### 0.019

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing

Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no glove”

replicates. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back

- calculate from the gloved hand value.

Singl e Layer,

No Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no glove”

replicates. NOTE : Although not surprising for an enclosed cab scenario, there are a high number of non

- detects

for this scenario . The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back

- calculate from the gloved hand

value.

Single Layer,

Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 20, AB grade. NOTE : Although not surprising for an

enclosed cab scenario , there are a large number of non

- detects for this scenario. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.45  g/lb ai handled. 9 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence (less than 15 replicates)31 SCENARIO 13. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, OP EN CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Cl othing 0.00161 0.0381 0.00650



## = 0.046

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00161 0.00612 0.00650 

### 0.014

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00161 0.00612 0.00629 

### 0.014

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Ite ms of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 17 to 33, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. The neck location is limited

to 23 observatio ns; the next lowest number of observations is 32. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 21, ABC grade. The neck location is limited

to 23 observations; the next lowest number of observations is 32

. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.74  g/lb ai handled. 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence32 SCENARIO 14. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000171 0.00933 0.000836



## = 0.010

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0 .000171 0.00401 0.000836 

### 0.0050

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.000171 0.00401 0.0009 

### 0.0051

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13 to 26, ABC grade. Han d replicates = 16, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to

the low number of replicates per body part.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 12, All grade. Low Confidence due to

the grades and small number of hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.043  g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence33 SCENARIO 15. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ OPEN CAB, AG USES (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000863 0.0354 0.00304



## = 0.039

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000863 0.00603 0.00304 

### 0.0099

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.000863 0.00603 No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Co nfidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number. NOTE : Gloved hand rep licates are unavailable for this exposure scenario. The only

way to estimate gloved hand exposure is to reduce the “no glove” hand value by 90% and add this value

to columns A and B.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.2  g/lb ai handled 5 repli cates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number.34

SCENARIO 16. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ENCLOSED CAB, AG USES (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Che st, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000156 0.00174 0.000212



## = 0.0021

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.000212 

### 0.0021

Single L ayer,

Gloves 0.000156 0.00174 0.0000606 

### 0.0020

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 2 to 27 AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. Low Confidence du e to

inadequate replicate number. The majority of the body parts are represented by only 2 replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. High Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number. T he neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates

range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non

- hand).

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 17, AB grade. High Confidence due to

inadequate replicate numb er. The neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates

range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non

- hand).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.2201  g/lb ai handled. 37 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Application equip ment includes drop

- type spreaders and row planters.35 SCENARIO 17. GRANULAR BAIT DISPERSED BY HAND (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 5.67 71.8 No Data



## = See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 5.67 62.0 No Data 

### See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 5.67 62.0 3.61 

### 71

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove”

replicates for this use scenario. The onl y way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back

calculate the gloved estimate.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove”

replicates for this use scenario. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back

calculate the gloved estimate.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 15, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

470  g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Note: The 15 hand replicates are all nondetect (LOQ = 41  g).36 SCENARIO 18. LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 1.09 18.5 4.92



## = 25

Single Layer,

No Gloves 1.09 5.97 4.92 

### 12

Single Layer,

Glov es 1.09 5.97 0.0160 

### 7.1

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate num ber.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

940  g/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

NOTE : In most instances, the same individual would be responsible for mixing/ loading and applying using a low pressure handwand sprayer.

Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 32 (i.e., low pressure handwand mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate.37 SCENARIO 19. HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

C lothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0836 12.2 1.16



## = 13

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.0836 0.550 1.16 

### 1.8

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.0836 0.550 0.00625 

### 0.64

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due

inadequate replicate num ber and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Additionally, the gloved hand values are based

primarily on non

- detects.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

79  g/lb ai handled. 11 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Note: Monitoring included applications to poultry manure indoors (n = 9) and to weeds and brush (n = 2) outdoors. All replicates

applied a pesticide at 200 psi.38 SCENARIO 20. BACKPACK APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lo wer Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 9.78 394 276



## = 680

Single Layer,

No Gloves 9.78 No Data 276 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 9.78 No Data No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade. Hand replicates = 60, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replic ates = 69, AB grade ( head and neck only ) . Hand replicates = 60, AB grade. Low Confidence

due to absence of dermal replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection afforded by

one layer of clothing.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade ( head and neck only ) . Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the

absence of both dermal and hand replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection

afforded by one layer of clothing and gloves

.

Inha lation Exposure and Data Confidence

330  g/lb ai handled. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

NOTE : Many of the studies used in this PHED scenario have used different application practices than in the United States (i.e., b roadcast

application in tea, rubber). This has lead to a potential over estimate of exposure for a typical spot treatment. The reviewer should pull the PHED

studies (see appendix) and review them to see if the application procedures are acceptable. In most instances, the same i ndividual would be

responsible for mixing/loading and applying using a backpack sprayer. Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 34 (i.e., backp ack

mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate.39 SCENARIO 21. HAND GUN (LAWN) SPRAYER (APPL)

Dermal Expos ure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing No Data No Data No Data



## = No Data

Single Layer,

No Gloves No Data No Data No Data No Data

Single Layer,

Gloves No Data 0.290 0.0480 0.34

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes No Data

Single Layer, No Gloves No Data

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 14, C grade. Hand replicates = 14, C grade. Low Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.4  g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 14, B grade. Low Confidence40 SC ENARIO 22. PAINTBRUSH APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposur e

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 2.46 78.7 175



## = 260

Single Layer,

No Gloves 2.46 3.81 175 

### 180

Single Layer,

Gloves 2.46 3.81 No Data 

### See Note (Below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing

Scenario Data Confide nce/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Low to Medium Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Single Layer,

No Gloves Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Single Layer,

Gloves Dermal re plicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate

number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

280  g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence

NOTE : PHED V1.1 incorrectly lists the amount of active ingredient handled. The correct lb ai handled for replicates 0467 CC, DD,

EE, FF, GG, HH, JJ, KK, LL, MM, and NN is 0.0510 lb ai, not 0.0253 lb ai. The expos ure estimates in this table represent the

recalculated (correct) values.41 SCENARIO 23. AIRLESS SPRAYER (EXTERIOR HOUSE STAIN) APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest , Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 10.2 77.7 26.7



## = 110

Single Layer,

No Gloves 10.2 1.47 26.7 

### 38

Single Layer,

Gloves 10.2 1.47 No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal repli cates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of hand replicates. The

reviewer will need to add a 90% protection factor to the “no gloved” hand value and add this estimate to the

“single layer, gloves” scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

830  g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence

NOTE : There is only one study in PHED Version 1.1 that estimates airless sprayer exposure (study 0467). The reviewer is urged to pull study

0467 and see if it matches his or her parameters.42 SCENARIO 24. RIGHT

- OF

- WAY SPRAYER APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scena rio Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.175 0.850 0.878



## = 1.9

Single La yer,

No Gloves 0.175 0.210 0.878 

### 1.3

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.175 0.210 0.00954 

### 0.39

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 4

- 5, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack

of dermal replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 4

- 20, ABCgrade. Hand replicates = 16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack

of dermal replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal repl icates = 4

- 20, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 4, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack

of dermal and hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

3.9  g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, A grade. High Confidence43 SCENARIO 25. FLAGGER/LIQ UID (FLAG)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Cloth ing 0.00568 0.0444 0.00272



## = 0.053

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00663 0.00174 0.00272 

### 0.011

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.00663 0.00174 0.00313 

### 0.012

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 17 to 57 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 6 replicates, AB grade . Low Confidence due to the

small number of hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35  g/lb ai applied. 28 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Data are pooled from both the flagger in the treatment area and on the perimeter of the treatment area.44 SCENARIO 26. FLAGGER/GRANULE (FLAG)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000440 0.00458 0.0000219



## = 0.0050

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.000440 No Data 0.0000219 

### See Note (b elow)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.000440 No Data No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 16 to 20 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 4 replicates, a ll grade . Low Confidence due to

the inadequate hand replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate “single layer” or “gloved” exposure. The only way to

obtain a rough estimate of “singl e layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the

"no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate “single layer” or “gloved” exposure. The only way to

obtain a rough estimate of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the

"no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.15  g/lb ai handled. 4 replicates, E grade

. Low Confidence due to the i nadequate inhalation

replicate number and poor grade quality.45 SCENARIO 27. WETTABLE POWDER or LIQUID/OPEN POUR/AIRBLAST/OPEN CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Bac k, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 1.04 17.9 7.25



## = 26

Single Layer,

No Gloves 1.04 No Data 7.25 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 1.04 No Data No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing

Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 8, AB grade. Hand = 2 replicates, AB grade. This is a Low Confidence due to the

extremely inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer,

No Gloves Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with “0" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate

of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Single Layer,

Gloves Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with “0" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate

of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 21  g/lb ai handled. 8 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate inhalation

replicate number

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This use scenario includes both wettable powder replicates and liquid

replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was only done because of the extremely limited number of rep licates

for this use scenario. This is not a recommended sub setting practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the

mixing/loading portion should have been wettable powder or liquid, but never the two combined). This is an extremely Low

Confidence use scenario . The reviewer is advised to take the sepa rate M/L value for liquid or wettable powder and the separate

applicator exposure value for airblast and add them together.46 SCENARIO 28. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/OPEN CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0314 0.524 0.321



## = 0.88

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.0276 0.0225 0.32 1 

### 0.37

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.0276 0.0225 0.00654 

### 0.057

Protective

overalls over

single layer gloves 0.0276 0.00207 0.00654 

### 0.036

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clo thes Dermal = 16 to 36, AB grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 3 2 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Protective overalls over

single layer gloves Dermal = 7 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 32 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATI ON EXPOSURE: 1.3  g/lb ai handled. 26 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence47 SCENARIO 29. LIQUID or DRY FLOWABLE/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/ENCLOSED CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lowe r Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00780 0.141 0.0731



## = 0.22

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.00780 0.00807 0.0731 

### 0.089

Single L ayer,

Gloves 0.00780 0.00807 0.0135 

### 0.029

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 29 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 2 4 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35  g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

This use scenario includes both dry flowable replicates and liquid replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was

only done because of the limited number of replicates for some body parts for this use scenario. This is not a recommended s ubsetting

practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the m ixing/loading portion should have been dry flowable or liquid, but

never the two combined). The reviewer may wish to take the separate M/L value for liquid or dry flowable and the separate ap plicator

exposure value for groundboom enclosed cab and combine them together.48 SCENARIO 30. GRANULE/OPEN POUR/BELLY GRINDER (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai hand led) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.711 208 2.49



## = 210

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.711 7.21 2.49 

### 10

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.711 7.21 1.39 

### 9.3

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scena rio Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 29, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confiden ce

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 20, All grades. Low Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 62  g/lb ai applied. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: PLEASE NOTE: If only grades ABC are used for the gloved data (n=15),

the "gloved" hand exposure would be significantly more than the “no gloved” hand exposure. This artifact results because the distribution type for

the glove data is "normal" (arithmetic mean reported). Therefore, the estimate reported above is based on all grades in orde r to increase the sample

size.49 SCENARIO 31. “PUSH TYPE” GRANULAR SPREADER

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing No Data No Data 1.83 See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves No Data 1.09 1.83 2.9

Single Layer,

Gloves No Data 1.09 No Data See Note (Below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate

number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number. There are no head or neck replicates for this clothing scenario. All other

body parts contain 15 replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate

replicate number. There are no head, neck or hand replicates for this clothing scenario. All other body

parts contain 15 replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

6.3  g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, B grade. High Confidence50 SCENARIO 32. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

C lothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.300 4.32 102



## = 110

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.300 0.126 102 

### 100

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.300 0.126 0.00208 

### 0.43

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 79 to 80, ABC g rade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade . Low Confidence due to

low hand grades used (lots of “E” grade.)

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number a nd low hand grades used (lots of “E” grade.)

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates =10, ABC grade

. Low Confidence due to

inadequate replicate number. The gloved hand estimates are based almost entirely on non

- det ects.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30  g/lb ai handled. 80 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence51 SCENARIO 33. WETTABLE POWDER/OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

(This may also be used for “crack and crevic e” mixer/loader/applicator)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai han dled)

No Clothing 1.55 127 No Data



## = See Notes (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 1.55 4.78 No Data 

### See Notes (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 1.55 4.78 2.28 

### 8.6

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove”

hand data available for this use scenario.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of "no glove”

hand data available for this use scenario.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION E XPOSURE: 1,100  g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence run52 SCENARIO 34. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/BACKPACK (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thig h

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.742 22.1 No Data



## = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.742 1.72 No Data 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

G loves 0.742 1.72 0.00462 

### 2.5

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate nu mber.

“No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are nondetect. It is

not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand repli cates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate

number. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are

nondetect. It is not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 11, C grade

. Low Confidence due to the inadequate

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30  g/lb ai applied. 11 replicates, A grade. Low Con fidence due to inadequate replicate number.53 SCENARIO 35. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai

handled)

+ Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai h andled)

+ Hand

(mg/lb ai

handled) TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.525 41.3 No Data

= See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.525 1.89 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.525 1.89 0.113 2 .5

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for

this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove

exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for

this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove

exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 13, C grade. Low Confidence due to

inadequate re plicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 120  g/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: There is only ONE study in P HED that estimates exposure for this

use scenario (#1024). The data were monitored in greenhouses; applications to floor, bench, and overhead plants (nozzle pres sure not

reported).54 SCENARIO 36. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/GARDEN HOSE END SPRAYER (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai handled) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.467 5.62 2 7.5



## = 34

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.467 No Data 27.5 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.467 No Data No Data 

### See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothe s Dermal replicates= 8, C grade. Hand replicates = 8, E grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number

and low grade confidence.

Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates the “lo ng sleeve shirt and long

pants ” clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor to the total exposure

data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, Gloves Re plicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates a “long sleeve shirt, long pants

and glove” clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor due to the total

exposure data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 9.5  g/lb ai applied. 8 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

SPECIAL ITEMS OF N OTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This is an extremely low confidence use scenario and should be viewed as

a datagap. The hand grade is grade E and the replicate number is only 8. This use scenario is based on only one study (#0201 ). It

should be viewed as a d atagap.55 SCENARIO 37. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/TERMITICIDE INJECTION (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing

Scenario Head and Neck

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)



## + Hand

(mg/lb ai hand led) 

### TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0310 13.4 No Data



## = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves 0.0310 0.226 No Data 

### See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves 0.0310 0.226 0.103 

### 0.36

Dermal Exposure Data Con fidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use

scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (1

of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this

use scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal E xposure is to back calculate the glove exposure

(1 of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal and Hand replicates = 17, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 2.2  g/lb ai applied. 17 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Termiticide applied at various types of structures (e.g., slab foundation, poured basements, crawl space).5657 

### APPENDIX58



## Definitions of formulations and methods of application

LIQUID FORMULA TIONS

SOLUTION

Formulation wherein the active ingredient dissolves readily in a liquid solvent to form a

homogenous mixture.

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE

Solution of active ingredient with emulsifiers such as glycols and sulfonates to form a

homogenous sus pension. Usually diluted for use. Typical uses include crop sprays,

insect repellent lotions.

AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS

Also known as "flowables". A particulate which is premixed with a liquid to form a

suspension. Usually diluted for use.

UNDILUTED LIQUID

Liquid pesticide concentrates which can often have a high percentile of active ingredient

(50% or above). They are designed to be used as is, or diluted with a small quantity of a

specified solvent.

MICROENCAPSULATED

A suspension designed for the slow r elease of pesticide due to the microencapsulation of

the active ingredient in tiny beads or capsules. In consistency it is similar to a liquid.

SOLID FORMULATIONS

DUST

Active ingredient formulated with powdered dry inert substance such as talc or cl ay.

Insoluble in water and containing no wetting or dispersing agents. Usually less than 30

 m in diameter. Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of

active ingredient. Typical uses include crop and livestock dusts, seed tre atments, tracking

powders and pet products.

GRANULE

Vermiculite, attaclay, ground walnut shells, or other similar coarse particles impregnated

with an active ingredient. Insoluble . Can range between 80  m and 2360  m in particle

size. Usually larger tha n 500 microns. Most granular formulations are ready to use and59



### contain a low percentage of active ingredient. Typical uses include soil treatments, insect

baits, and vaporizers.

WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES/DRY FLOWABLE

Similar to granule (above) except that it is soluble in water and is between granular and

powder in particulate size. Usually includes a wetting or dispersing agent.

WETTABLE POWDER

Also known as dispersible or sprayable powders. Fine particulate solid containing

wetting/dispersing ag ents which form a suspension that can "settle out" without frequent

agitation. The highest proportion of particles are less than

5  m, with none greater than 44  m. Most wettable powder formulations contain 50% or

more active ingredient.

APPLICATI ON METHODS

AIRBLAST

An air sprayer in which the volume median diameter (VMD) of the spray is greater than

100 microns. They are typically trailer

- mounted and large, with spray tanks ranging in

size between 50 and 500 gallons and rotating "screens" that p roduce varying droplet

sizes. The spray material is transported by pump from the tank where it is released into a

high volume, high

- speed air current produced by a fan or blower mounted behind the

spray tank. Airblast equipment is used to apply dilute fun gicides and insecticides to a

variety of agricultural crops such as orchard crops, grapes, berries, and nursery crops.

They are designed to deliver a high volume of spray to penetrate dense foliage crops.

BOOM SPRAYERS

Boom Sprayers are comprised of a t ank for holding a reservoir of spray liquid, spray

delivery lines to carry liquid to the nozzles, a bypass to return pumped liquid in excess of

spray nozzle demand to the tank, a horizontal framework or boom on which the nozzles

are mounted, and a pumping system. Tractor mounted booms are generally used for

preplant and pre

- emergent broadcast application of liquid pesticides, and for pos

emergent, band, or directed application to row crops.

AEROSOL CAN

A can holding pressurized liquid that is expelled by pushing a nozzle. The volume

median diameter is typically less than 15 microns. Typically used for spot treatment or

foggers.

AERIAL FIXED WING

Airplane application60



### AERIAL ROTARY WING

Helicopter application

HAND WAND

Light weight, hand operated spray ers. Their name is derived from the long metal

extension which ends in an adjustable nozzle. A hose attaches the "wand" to a small

portable tank or larger, stationary one. This type of sprayer can vary widely in type and

pressure. The most commonly see n hand wands are compressed

- air sprayers. The

portable tanks may require occasional "shaking" by the applicator to assure a proper

mixing of chemicals. They are often utilized for spot herbicide application in fields, crack

and crevice treatments, along r oadsides and in greenhouses.

BACKPACK

A spray tank that fits comfortably on the back like a knapsack. It contains a hand

operated pump, a pressure chamber and a lance with an on/off tap or trigger valve and

one or more nozzles. There is usually a UV

- light inhibitor incorporated into the plastic.

The usual tank capacity is about 15 litres so that the tank weight is not excessive to the

handler. The volume of the tank is indicated by graduated marks, moulded in plastic

tanks.

AIRLESS SPRAYER

Elect rically powered handheld spraygun used in paint application.

RIGHTS

- OF

- WAY SPRAYER

Also known as a municipal sprayer. This "boom

- less" sprayer utilizes off

- center fan

nozzles either as single or double units. The nozzle bodies are mounted on swivels and

adjusted to different angles. Spray system is mounted on truck or rail car.

GARDEN HOSE

- END SPRAYER

Attached to the end of a garden hose. When the hose is turned on, the water current runs

across the opening of the siphon tube which leads to the bott om of the pesticide reservoir.

The pesticide is drawn through the siphon tube and into the liquid stream and out the

nozzle in a liquid spray. Hose

- end sprayers are the most widely used home

- and

- garden

sprayer and are commonly used for application of fun gicides, herbicides, insecticides and

fertilizers.

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (tractor/truck/AG uses)

Broadcast method of insecticide or herbicide application, usually in one of the following

manners: 1) "Boom type" application, similar to groundboom appli cation of a liquid

formulation pesticide. The selected pesticide is placed in a hopper which contains a

treadmill

- type apparatus that moves the granules to evenly spaced nozzles and is61



### subsequently broadcast out in a fan

- shaped pattern. 2) "Whirly

- bird" or "spinning disk"

method of application. The pesticide is placed in a funnel shaped hopper with a singular

nozzle and subsequently broadcast out by the movement of a spinning disk or whirley

bird which propels the pesticide outward. 3) Large wheeled hop per with evenly spaced

holes in the bottom and a small treadmill which pushes the granules out (a large version

of the residential broadcast spreader). The above methods of broadcast application are

primarily used for preplant treatments.

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (belly grinder)

Small hopper strapped in front of the applicator which contains a "spinning disk" that

projects the granules in a fan

- shaped pattern in front of the applicator. Belly grinders are

typically used for herbicide application by nurse ries, greenhouses, homeowners and

small

- scale landscapers.

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (Scotts Type Residential)

Hand push

- type solid broadcast spreader. This method of solid broadcast application is

almost exclusively used by homeowners

TERMITICIDE INJE CTION

Injection treatment wherein the termiticide is passed from a large stationary tank through

a hose into a handheld compression chamber and "injected" via a metal rod into pre

drilled holes.

NON

- DETECTS

A “non detect” means that no chemical residue was able to be measured on a particular

dosimeter. When this is the case, half the limit of detection is assumed in PHED.

PPE

PPE is an acronym for Personal Protective Equipment. Common examples of PPE

include respirators, chemical resistant aprons, gl oves or even the addition of coveralls

Definition References

-

EPA LUIS Users Guide

HED

- Personal Communications, November 1995

PHED Taskforce

- Personal Communications, November 1995

Matthew, G.A. 1992. Pesticide Application Methods6264