IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0676

Filed July 26, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF O.H.,

Minor Child,

A.S., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jones County, Joan M. Black, District 

Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Robin L. Himes, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Robert Davison, Cedar Rapids, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Ahlers and Buller, JJ.
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BULLER, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of parental rights to her child O.H. (born 

2018), arguing termination is not the child’s best interests and a permissive 

exception should preclude termination. We affirm, finding the best interests of the 

child favor termination and the juvenile court did not err in declining to apply a 

permissive exception. 

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

The child first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and 

Human Services (HHS) in October 2021, after the agency received reports that the 

mother was using methamphetamine while caring for the child. After the mother 

and child both tested positive for methamphetamine, the child was removed from 

his parents’ home and placed with his maternal grandmother. 

Throughout the life of this case, the father did not visit the child or otherwise 

participate in services, and he expressed to HHS that he did not want any 

relationship with the child. The mother engaged with some services, but she failed 

to make meaningful progress in any of them. She participated in both in-patient 

and out-patient substance-abuse treatment, but she either left or was discharged 

before completion of any program. She also continually missed drug tests and,

when the mother did test, she repeatedly returned positive tests for 

methamphetamine, amphetamines, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The mother 

was also provided with mental-health treatment for several mental disorders, but 

she never made meaningful progress.

The mother attended visits with the child, where she showed a connection 

with him, but she was unable to provide for the child’s medical needs and care. 
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The child was born with a rare genetic disorder, which resulted in him being 

nonverbal and requiring extensive medical care and oversight. Instead of 

providing care herself, the mother left the child’s medical care to the maternal 

grandmother. The mother also relied on the child’s condition for supplemental 

income and housing, and once the child was removed from her care, the mother 

was unable to secure any stable source of income or housing. 

Because of the lack of meaningful progress from either parent, the State 

filed a petition to terminate both the mother’s and father’s parental rights. At the 

termination hearing, neither parent contested that the statutory elements of 

termination were satisfied. In April 2023, the district court terminated the rights of 

both parents. Only the mother appeals. 

II. Standard of Review

“We review termination proceedings de novo.” In re C.B., 611 

N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “The primary interest in termination proceedings is 

the best interests of the child.” Id.

III. Discussion

As below, the mother does not contest whether the State met the statutory 

elements for termination. Instead, she argues termination is not in the child’s best 

interests and the juvenile court erred in not applying a permissive exception. We 

disagree with both arguments and affirm.

First, we agree with the juvenile court that termination is in the child’s best 

interests. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2) (2023). Throughout this case, even right 

before the termination trial, the mother returned positive drug tests for 

methamphetamine, amphetamines, and THC. She also failed to attend several
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drug tests, which we presume would have been positive. In re R.A., 

No. 21-0746, 2021 WL 4891011, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 20, 2021) (“[The parent] 

missed several drug tests over the life of this case. We presume these missed 

tests would have been positive for illegal substances.”). The mother never 

meaningfully sought treatment for her addictions, and she failed to complete both 

out-patient and in-patient treatment. The mother’s unrelenting drug addictions, 

which persisted through the time of termination, are enough to convince us 

termination is in the child’s best interests. See State v. Petithory, 702 N.W.2d 854, 

859 (Iowa 2005) (“What parent among us would entrust a three-year old to a meth 

addict? No right thinking parent would do so, because of the dangers and 

hazards.”).

In addition to these drug issues, the mother refused to meaningfully address 

her mental-health issues, and she has not obtained a stable source of income or 

housing. She is also unable or unwilling to fully address the child’s extensive

medical needs, leaving those issues to the grandmother. The care provided by 

the mother contrasts sharply with the child’s current placement with his 

grandmother, who is able to provide a sense of permanency, keep the child safe,

and attend to his medical needs. See In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011)

(reiterating that the cornerstones of the best-interests analysis are the “child’s 

safety and his or her need for a permanent home” (internal citations omitted)). To 

the extent the mother urges a guardianship in lieu of termination, the benefits of 

permanency, stability, and safety persuade us termination is in the child’s best 

interests. See In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017) (“[A] 

guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.”).
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We also decline to apply any permissive exceptions to termination. See 

Iowa Code § 232.116(3). The mother bears the burden to prove application of any 

exception. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). On appeal, the mother

argues for the application of an exception based on the closeness of the parentchild bond, but we find that the child will not be disadvantaged through termination. 

In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa 2010) (“[O]ur consideration [for this 

exception] must center on whether the child will be disadvantaged by termination, 

and whether the disadvantage overcomes [the parent’s] inability to provide for [the 

child’s] developing needs.”). While the child does have a bond with the mother, 

the child’s needs for permanency, stability, and safety outweigh any arguable 

detriment caused by termination. See id. As the mother herself notes, she can

also continue to be a part of her child’s life even if her rights are terminated. We 

affirm the district court on this issue and affirm the termination of mother’s parental 

rights.

AFFIRMED.