FI L ED U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S EL EVENTHCI RCUI T NOVEMB ER 9, 2010 J OHN L EY CL ERK [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE U

NITED STATE S COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELE VENTH CIRCUIT

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ No. 1 0- 11 30 3 Non -Arg um en t Ca le nd ar

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ D.C. Dock etNo. 1 :0 8- cr-0 00 69 -ODE-JF K-1 UNITED STAT ES OF AMERIC A, Pl ai nt iff -Ap pe ll ee, ve rs us ENRIQUE PEREZ OCHOA, a.k .a. Luci o P erez Ocho a, ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defen da nt -Ap pe ll an t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co urt forth e North ern Dis tri ctof Ge or gi a

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (No ve m be r 9, 2 01 0) Befo re CARNES, M ARCUS an d F AY, Circ ui t J ud ge s. PER CURI AM:Enri qu e Per ez Och oaap pe al s h is co nv ic ti on s fo ll owi ng a co nd it io na l g ui lt y

pl ea t o p os se ss io n o f co cai ne with i nt en t t o d is tri bu te , in vi ol at io n o f 21 U.S.C. § 8 41 (a)( 1) , (b) (1 )(C) ; p os se ss io n o f fi rearm s dur in g t he co m m is si onof a drug -tr affi ck in g c rime, in v io la ti on of 1 8 U.S.C. § 92 4( c)(1 )(A)(i ); a ndpo ss es si on of fir earm s b y

anil le ga l al ie n, i n v io la ti on of 1 8 U.S.C. § § 9 22 (g )(5 ) an d 92 4( a)(2 ). He arg ue s, fi rs t, tha t h is warran tl es s arres t was no t s up po rte d b y pr ob ab le cau se an d, t hu s, t he co nt em po ran eo us sea rch was n ota va li d s earc h in ci de ntto arre st . Seco nd , he c la im s tha t h is wife di d n otva li dl y co ns en t t o t he fir st , warran tl es s s earc h o f th ei r ho m e. Thi rd , he c on te nd s t ha t t he sea rch warran t supp orti ng th e se co ndsearch of t he ho m e was in va li d b ecau se itom it te d c ert ai n fact s ab ou t t he in ve st ig at io n a ndfir stsea rch . Fou rth , he a rg ue s t ha t t he ag en ts ex ceed edth e sc op e o f th e se arch warran t wh enth ey sei zedun li st edweap on s, amm un it io n, d ru gs , par ap he rn al ia , andm on ey , parti cu la rly the it em s fo un d b eh in d th e fal se wall in hi s ch il dr en ’s bed ro om clo se t. Fi na ll y , he c la im s t ha t h is po st arre stst at em en ts were o bt ai ne d i n v io la ti onof h is rig htto co un se l an d a s t he pr oduc t o f anil le ga l arres t. Fo r th e rea so ns setforth be lo w, we affi rm . I. Afte r pl ead in g n otgu il ty to t he gra ndjury in di ct m en t, Och oam ov edto supp res s (1 ) al l ev id en ce g athe redpu rs ua ntto th e warra nt le ss search of h is pe rs on 2an d re si de nc e, (2 ) an y of h is st at em en ts ob ta in edin vi ol at io n o f th e Co ns ti tu ti on , (3 ) th e se iz ur e o f hi s p ers on , and(4) an y st at em en ts or e vi de nc e o bt ai ne d a s a res ul t o f th e warra ntsea rchof h is res id en ce, wh ic h was th e fru itof the tai nt ed warra nt le ss sea rch an d s ei zu re. He arg ue d tha t (1 ) hi s arres t h adno t b een supp orte d b y

a warra ntor p ro babl e cau se ; (2 ) of fic ers sea rch edhi s h om e wit ho uta warra ntan d o ve r hi s o bjec ti on ; (3 ) hi s wi fe d idno t v ol un ta ril y co ns en t t o t he se arch ; (4 ) th e subs eque nt ly obt ai ne d s earc h warran t fo r Och oa ’s ho m e was in va li d b ecau se itwas b as edonev id en ce fr om th e in it ia l u nl awfu l s earc h; (5) th e of fic ers ex ceed edth e sc op e o f th e se arch warran t wh enth ey sei zedit em s n ot id en ti fie d i n t he search warran t; an d (6 ) hi s p os t-a rres t s ta te m en t was ob ta in edin vi ol at io n o f hi s ri gh t t o c ou ns el . Viewe d i n t he li gh t m os t fa vo rab le to th e g ov ern m en t, se e Uni te d Sta te s v. Rami re z , 47 6 F .3d12 31 , 12 35 (11 th Cir . 20 07 ), th e fo ll owi ng ev id en ce was ad du cedat t he supp res si on he ari ng . Office r Su ng Kim , of t he Atl an taPo li ce Dep artm en t’s (“ APD”) Sa fe St reetGang TaskFo rce, re cei ve d i nf orm at io n t ha t Och oam ig hthave be enwant edby Mexi can au th or it ie s i n c on ne ct io n wi th a do ub le ho m ic id e. Ocho a was fro m anareaof Gu erre ro , Mex ic o, kno wn as a drug sm ug gl in g c orrid or . Kim

was t ol d t ha t Och oaha d s ev eral ve hi cl es , in cl ud in g a bl ue Fo rdpi ckup tru ck , andwas a lways arm edwith aha nd gu n. He as ke d S pe ci al 3Age ntSte ve Ledg erwo odof I m m ig rat io n andCu st om s En fo rcem en t (“ ICE”) t o ve rif y th is in fo rm at io n. W it h t he ass is tanc e o f anICE ag en t l oc at edin Mex ic o, Led ge rwo odve rif ie d th atOcho a was want edin co nn ect io n wi tha do ub le ho m ic id e. Ledg erwo odrel ie d on m ul ti pl e cri m in al , im

m ig rat io n, cr ed it -ch eck , andid en ti ty dat ab as es , as wel l as th e o th er ag en t’s v et te d s ou rces an d aMex ic anne wsp ap er arti cl e ab ou t t he ho m ic id e. Duri ng hi s i nv es ti ga ti on , he f ou ndanin di cat io n t ha t s om eo ne na m ed Luc io Pere z Och oawas l iv in g a t t he Atl an taad dr es s, b utth ei r in fo rm at io n h ad es tabl is he d t ha t t he oc cupa ntwas n am edEnri qu e Per ez Och oa . One cr im in al da taba se in cl ud edanen try for an in di vi du al na m edLuci o P erez Ocho a, who ha d be enbo rnin Mex ic o. Ba se d o n h is in de pe nd en t i nv es ti ga ti on , in cl ud in g the di sc ov ery th atOcho a was us in g fa ls e so ci al sec ur it y nu m be rs an d was no t en te red in to an y imm ig rat io n d at ab as e, Led ge rwo odin fo rm edKim th athe be li ev edOcho a to be in th e co un try ill eg al ly. He pr op os edatt em pt in g t o m ak e co nt actwith Och oa , in ord er t o i ni ti at e d ep orta ti on pro ceed in gs an d c on ta ctMex ic anoff ic ia ls ab ou t Och oa ’s su sp ect edin vo lv em en t i n t he do ub le ho m ic id e. Kim , Ledg erwo od , andot he r APD an d IC E off ic ers wentto Ocho a’s ap art m en t t o m ak e co nt actwith h im . After t he y po si ti on edth em se lv es in ve hi cl es aro un d t he ap artm en t, a b lu e Fo rdpi ckup tru ckan d a no th er v eh ic le dro ve pa st 4th em

an d p ark edne xtto th e ap art m en t. WhenOcho a ex it edth e truc k, t he off ic ers dr ov e up s lo wly, ex it edth ei r ve hi cl es , id en ti fie d t he m se lv es as l aw en fo rcem en t of fic ers , andin st ru ct edhi m in Eng li sh an d S pa ni sh to rai se hi s h an ds . Ocho a he si ta te d, t he n turne d t owa rdth em an d p uthi s h an ds onth e fro ntof h is wais tb an d. Kim kn oc ke d h im

to th e g ro un d, an d h e an d o th er o ffi cers st ru gg le d wi th hi m for 15 to 30 sec on ds in ord er t o p ul l h is ha nd s fr om hi s wai stba ndan d c uf

f th em be hi ndhi s b ack . W

he n Ki m pa tt edOcho a d own , he f ou nda lo ck edan d l oa de d se m iaut om at ic ha nd gu n i n h is wais tb an d a ndtwo ad di ti on al cli ps , with ro un ds in si de , in hi s fr on t p oc ke t. In Ocho a’s wall et , Kim fou nda va li d Geo rg iadri ve r’s li cen se an d ado cu m en t fr om th e Me xi can co ns ul at e, bo th of wh ic h b or e th e n am e Luc io Pere z Och oaan d a dd res se s l oc at edin a di ffer en t ap art m en t co m pl ex . Kim th ou gh t t he dri ve r’s li cen se was s ig ni fic an t, as anil le ga l al ie n c an no t o bt ai n a dr iv er’s l ic en se in Geor gi a. Afte r Och oawas h an dc uf fed , Ledg erwo odan d t wo o th er o ffi cers imm ed ia te ly w en t t o the ap art m en t d oo r. Whe n S an ta naan swe redLedg erwo od ’s kn oc k, h e as ke d h er i n S pa ni sh whet he r an y on e el se was i n t he ap art m en t, the n as ke d fo r he r pe rm is si onto lo okin si de th e ap art m en t fo r ot he r pe op le . She ag reed , andth e th ree o ffi cers pe rfo rm eda cu rs ory sec ur it y swee p, i nc lu di ng th e two be dr oo m s an d the clo se ts . After t he swee p, t he y returne d t o t he li vi ng roo m 5an d Led ge rwo odask edSan ta na , in Sp an is h a ndus in g ano rm al to ne of v oi ce, fo r

pe rm is si on to sea rch th e ap artm en t fo r il le ga l d oc um en ts , weap on s, an d d ru gs . Sh e g av e p erm is si on for

th e se arch . She ap pe aredsh oc ke d b utcal m an d co m pl iant , sh e se em edto un de rs ta ndwhathe was a sk in g, an d h e u nd ers to odhe r res po ns e. Non e o f th e o ffi cers ha d t he ir we ap on s drawn . The y ou ng ch il d wh o was with S an ta naco nt inue d p la y in g, s m il in g, an d g ig gl in g. No ne of t he off ic ers m ad e an y th reat s o r pr om is es when th ey ask edfor he r co ns en t t o t he sea rch . No of fic er t oo k h er o ut si de at a ny tim e. Led ge rwo odto ldth e o th er two o ffi cers th atth ey co ul d b eg in to sea rch , bu t th ey di d n ot . Whe n h e as ke d S an ta nawhet he r th e fam il y ha d a ny do cu m en ts or id en ti fic at io n, s he sai d t he y di d andto okhi m

to th e cl os etin th e m as te r be dr oo m , whe re s he retrie ve d afol de r of do cu m en ts lab el ed“ Ri ki ’s Fam il y .” “ Ri ki ” is a ni ckna m e fo r “ Enri qu e.” Whil e sh e rem ov edth e d oc um en ts fro m th e cl os et , Led ge rwo odop en eda dr awer i n t he dre ss er n ex t t o t he m an d s aw m on ey

bu nd le d in pl as ti c wrap an d Zi pl oc ba gs . He leftth e m on ey in th e drawer , to ldth e o th er two off ic ers whathe ha d fo un d, an d p ho to gr ap he d i t. WhenLedg erwo od qu es ti on edSan ta naab ou t h er i de nt it y , sh e sa idth atsh e was in th e co un try il le ga ll y . The fo ld er o f do cu m en ts in cl ud edne ar-i de nt ic al bi rth cert ifi cat es for Enri qu e Per ez Och oaan d Lu ci o P erez Ocho a, a Me xi can pa ss po rt i ss ue d i n 6Atl an tain th e n am e o f Luc io Pere z Och oa , anda bi rth cert ifi cat e fo r on e o f

San tana ’s so ns . She sai d t ha t t he m anin th e driv eway was Luci o P erez Ocho a, who ha d b een he r hu sb an d fo r 12 y ears an d wi th who m sh e h ad4 ch il dr en . Led ge rwo odpo in te d o utth atth e b irt h c ert ifi cat e id en ti fie d En riq ue as h er s on ’s fat he r, atwhi ch po in t s he be cam e v ag ue an d e ve ntua ll y sai d tha t En riq ue was Luc io ’s bro th er an d h er “ othe r hu sb an d,” with wh om sh e h adtwo ch il dr en . At th atti m e, ab ou t 1 5 m in ut es aft er the arres t, Ki m ap pr oa ch edan d t ol d t he m th at Och oaha d s ai d t o s to p s earc hi ng th e ap art m en t. Led ge rwo odan d Ki m term in at ed th e se arch an d Ki m

lef t t o o bt ai n asea rch warran t. Och oaha d b een pl acedun de r arre stfor be in g p res en t i n t he Uni te d S ta te s il le ga ll y . Befo re at te m

pt in g t o i nt erv ie w hi m , Ledg erwo odadvi se d h im of h is Mir an da rig ht s b y

read in g aSp an is h- la ng ua ge form to hi m , ver

ba ti m , andpl aci ng 1 th e fo rm wher e Och oawou ldbe ab le to readit . After e ach li ne , Ledg erwo od as ke d Och oawhethe r he un de rs to od . Neit he r of fic er m ad e an y

th reat s o r pr om is es , andne it he r was arm ed . Ocho a ap pe aredto un de rs ta ndhi s ri gh ts , di d no t h av e an y

qu es ti on s ab ou t the m , andsee m edto be th in ki ng cle arl y an d lo gi cal ly. Afte r Led ge rwo odha d re adth e fo rm , Ocho a sa idth athe was wi ll in g t o sp eakto th em

an d s ig ne d the waiv er atth e b ot to m of t he form . Ledg erwo od Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.C t. 1602, 16 L .Ed.2d 694 (1966). 1 7st art edto askhi s fi rs t que st io n, b utOcho a sa id , “ I th in k I wa nta la wy er.”

Led ge rwo odtu rn edto th e o th er o ffi cer a ndsai d, “ Oka y , th at ’s it ,” bu t Och oa co nt in ue d t al ki ng . Neit he r of fic er as ke d Och oaan y

qu es ti on s, b uthe co nt in ue d t o m ak e se ve ral unpr om

pt edst at em en ts . Bas edon in fo rm at io n Ki m ha d re cei ve d t hr ou gh ou t the da y , in cl ud in g Led ge rwo od ’s sei zu re o f th e two ne ar-i de nt ic al Mex ic anbi rth cert ifi cat es , he ob ta in eda se arch warran t fo r th e ap art m en t. Du rin g t he warran t s earc h, t he y fo un d asemiaut om at ic ha nd gu n o n ash el f in th e fam il y roo m an d ath ic k fo ld er co nt ai ni ng id en ti fic at io n d oc um en ts , in cl ud in g b irt h c ert ifi cat es , a fak e so ci al se cu rit y cardforSan ta na , a fak e imm ig rat io n c ard , anda Mex ic anco ns ul at e id en ti fic at io n c ardbe ari ng Ocho a’s fu ll na m e an d t he ad dr es s o f th e ap artm en t be in g s earc he d. Th ey

als o fo un d t he lar ge am ou ntof c as h, wrapp edin pl as ti c, in th e dres se r dr awer i n t he m as te r be dr oo m . In t he ba ckof t he ch il dr en ’s clo se t, th ey di sc ov ereda co nc eal edco m pa rtment c on st ru ct edfro m a pi ece o f dry

wall . Bel ie vi ng th atth e co m

pa rtment c ou ldco nt ai n a dd it io na l i ll eg al do cu m en ts , th ey cu t i nt o the drywall . In t he co m pa rtment, t he y

fou nda la rg e b ag of c oc ai ne , an el ect ro ni c sc al e, ap pr ox im at el y 15 7 l oo se rou nd s o f amm un it io n wrapp edin so ck s, nu m ero us semiaut om at ic -h an dg un m ag azi ne s, an d n um ero us rif le m ag azi ne s. The di stric t co urt d en ie d t he m ot io n t o s up pr es s, fi nd in g t ha t t he arre stwas 8va li d, t he sea rch of Oc ho a’s pe rs on was alawf ul sea rch in ci de ntto arre st , Led ge rwo odan d t he ot he r of fic er h adno t i nt erro ga te d Och oain vi ol at io n o f hi s rig htto co un se l, Sa nt an a h adva li dl y co ns en te d t o the off

ic ers ’ en try int o a nd warra nt le ss sea rch of t he ap art m en t, Ki m ’s affi da vi t p ro vi de d p ro babl e cau se for is su an ce o f th e se arch warran t, an d t he sei zu re o f th e u nl is te d i te m s h adbe en ap pr op ria te un de r th e p la in -v ie w do ctrin e. Och oapl edgu il ty to al l co un ts an d i nd ic at edhi s i nt en t t o app eal th e d en ia l of th e m ot io n t o s up pr es s. He was sen te nc edto a to ta l o f 10 6 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t. Onap pe al , we hel d t ha t h e h adno t p ro pe rly ent ereda co nd it io na l pl ea t ha t t he requi rem en ts of F ed eral Ru le of C riminal Pro cedur e 1 1 h adno t b een sa ti sf ie d b ecau se alt ho ug h the go ve rn m en t h adco ns en te d t o aco nd it io na l p le a an d Och oam is take nl y

be li ev edth atth e supp res si on is su e h adbe enpre se rv editha d no t b een pro pe rly pres erv edin th e rec or d. Uni te d Sta te s v. Och oa , No. 0 9- 10 93 2, m an us cri ptop . at 2 (11 th Cir . Nov . 24 , 20 09 ). Acco rd in gl y , we vac at edan d rem an de d h is co nv ic ti on s s o the di st ric t co urt co ul d a ll ow Och oato en te r a co nd it io na l p le a. Id. at 1 0. Onrem an d, Och oapl edgu il ty pur su an t t o awrit te n, co nd it io na l p le a ag reem en t. He n ow ap pe al s t he de ni al of t he m ot io n t o s up pr es s. II. Inrev ie win g t he de ni al of am ot io n t o s up pr es s, we re vi ew th e d is tri ct 9co urt’s fi nd in gs of f actforcle ar erro r an d i ts ap pl ic at io n o f la w to th os e fac ts de no vo . Rami re

z , 47 6 F .3dat 1 23 5. Law en fo rcem en t o ffi cers m ay bri efl y de ta in in di vi du al s fo r in ve st ig at ory pu rp os es if t he y

ha ve a reas on ab le , art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n, b as edon ob

jecti ve fact s, t ha t t he in di vi du al ha s en ga ge d i n, o r is ab ou t to en ga ge in , cri m in al act iv it y . Se e Uni te d Sta te s v. Li nd se y , 48 2 F .3d12 85 , 12 90 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 7) . Reas on ab le su sp ic io n i s a l es s d em an di ng st an dardth an pr ob ab le cau se , bu t re qu ire s a m in im al lev el of o bjec ti ve jus ti fic at io n. Id. Offi cers m ay

dra w onth ei r ex pe rie nc e an d s pe ci al iz edtra in in g t o m ak e in fere nc es an d d educ ti on s fr om

th e av ai labl e in fo rm at io n, b utth e in fo rm at io n o n wh ic h t he y rel y m us t b e rel iabl e in it s as se rti on of i ll eg al it y an d s ho ul d b e co rro bo rat edby in de pe nd en t p ol ic e work. Id. at 1 29 0- 91 . An in ve st ig at ory st op do es no t ne ces sa ril y

be co m e an arre stm erel y be cau se anoff

ic er d is pl ay s h is weap on , pa rti cu la rly as the off

ic er m ay actreas on ab ly in b ei ng pre pa redforpo ss ib le vi ol en ce. Se e Uni te d Sta te s v. Ro pe r , 70 2 F .2d98 4, 9 87 -8 8 (1 1t h C ir. 1 98 3) (co nc ern in g v eh ic le st op s) . An arres t m

us t b e supp orte d b y

pro babl e cau se , whi ch requi res a reas on ab le be li ef, u nd er the to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces , th atth e su sp ectha d c omm it te d o r was co m m it ti ng a cri m e. Li nd

se y , 48 2 F .3dat 1 29 1. Ev enif t he off ic er’s i ni ti al ap pr oa chwas u nl awfu l, the res ul ti ng arres t ca n b e ren de redlawf ul ba se d o n t he 10su sp ect ’s subs eque ntco nduc t, s uc h a s at te m pt in g t o re si starre stor t o a ss au ltan of fic er. Uni te d Sta te s v. Go nz al ez , 71 F.3d81 9, 8 26 -2 7 (1 1t h C ir. 1 99 6) , ab ro ga te d i n p ar t o n o th er gr ou nd s , Ari zo na v. Gan t , 55 6 U.S. _

_, 1 29 S.Ct . 17 10 , 17 3 L.Ed .2d48 5 (2 00 9) , as rec ogni ze d b y Uni te d Sta te s v. Da vis , 59 8 F .3d12 59 , 12 62 (11 th Cir . 20 10 ). The o ffi cer m ay co nduc t a l awfu l s earc h i nc id en t t o a rres t by searc hi ng th e are a wit hi n the imm ed ia te co nt ro l o f th e arr es te e, in to whi ch he m ig htbe ab le to reac h fo r a weap on or e vi de nt ia ry it em s. Ch imel

v. Ca li fo rn ia , 39 5 U.S. 7 52 , 76 2- 63 , 89 S.Ct . 20 34 , 20 40 , 23 L.Ed.2d68 5 (1 96 9) . Here, Ki m

an d Led ge rwo odde ve lo pe d i nf orm at io n fr om

m ul ti pl e, ob

jecti ve so ur ces th atin di cat edth e fo ll owi ng : (1 ) a m anna m edEnri qu e Per ez Och oawas wan te d b y

Mex ic anau th or it ie s i n c on ne ct io n wi th a do ub le ho m ic id e; (2) a m an by tha t n am e was kn own to li ve in anap artm en t i n At la nt a; (3) th e n am e Luc io Pere z Och oawas a ls o a ss oc ia te d wi th th e ap art m en t an d app eare d i n acri m in al da taba se ; (4 ) Och oawas kno wn t o c arry a firea rm at a ll ti m es ; an d (5 ) he was n ot en te redin to any

imm ig rat io n d at ab as e an d was us in g fa ls e so ci al sec ur it y nu m be rs . The d is tri ctco urt d idno t cl earl y err i n fi nd in g t ha t t he se fact s g av e ri se to a rat io na l i nf

eren ce t ha t Och oaha d e nt eredth e Uni te d S ta te s i ll eg al ly andwas th e in di vi du al want edin Mex ic o fo r ho m ic id e. Ther efo re, the co urt d idno t err in fin di ng th atth e o ffi cers ha d re as on ab le su sp ic io n t o s up po rt t he in it ia l ap pr oa ch in 11th e p ark in g l ot . Se e Li nd se y , 48 2 F .3dat 1 29 0- 91 . Inli gh t o f th ei r in fo rm at io n t ha t Och oawas a rm edat a ll ti m es , th e o ffi cers act edreas on ab ly in d rawi ng th ei r gu ns du rin g t he in it ia l ap pr oa ch , andth ei r de ci si on to do so di d n otco nv ertth e ap pr oa ch in to anarre st . Se e Rop er , 70 2 F .2d at98 7- 88 . Whe n Och oafai le d t o c om pl y with t he ir i ns tru ct io n t o s ho w hi s h an ds , reac he d fo r hi s wai stba nd , andpro ceed edto st ru gg le with t he off ic ers un ti l t he y co ul d h an dc uf

f hi m , hi s ef

fo rts to res is t t he off

ic ers ga ve ris e to pro babl e cau se supp orti ng anarre st . Se e Gon za le z , 71 F.3dat 8 26 -2 7. Th e se arch of Oc ho a’s pe rs on forweap on s an d i de nt ifi cat io n, the n, wer e p artof alawf ul sea rch in ci de nt to arre st . Se e Ch imel , 39 5 U.S. at76 2- 63 , 89 S.Ct . at 2 04 0. Acco rd in gl y , Ocho a’s arre stwas l awfu l an d t he ev id en ce o bt ai ne d fr om hi s p ers onwas n otsubjec t t o supp res si on . III. A warran tl es s s earc h i s p ro pe r whe n p rece de d b y va li d c on se nt . Uni te d St at es v. Dun kl ey , 91 1 F .2d52 2, 5 25 (11 th Cir . 19 90 ). The co ns en t m us t b e vo lu nt ari ly giv enby a pers on ha vi ng , or re as on ab ly app eari ng to ha ve , aut ho rit y to do so . Id . A sear chof aho m e b as edonco ns en t g iv enby one res id en t i s un reas on ab le as t o aco -res id en t wh o i s p hysic al ly pres en t fo r th e ex ch an ge an d ex pr es sl y refu se s co ns en t. Geo rg ia v. Ran do lp h , 54 7 U.S. 1 03 , 12 1, 1 26 S.Ct . 1215 15 , 15 27 , 16 4 L.Ed .2d20 8 (2 00 6) . Howev er, the sea rchis reas on ab le as t o t he

co -res id en t i f he is m erel y ne arb y bu t n otin vi te d t o t ak e p artin th e co ll oq uy, thu s

“ lo s[ in g] ou t” on hi s o pp ortu ni ty to p rev en t t he sea rch . Id. Thi s re m ai ns tru e ev en if t he tar ge t o f th e se arch is ab se ntbe cau se he is be in g d et ai ne d i n asqua d c ar n ot far a way . Se e id. (d is cu ss in g Uni te d Sta te s v. Ma tl oc k, 41 5 U.S. 1 64 , 94 S.Ct . 98 8, 39 L.Ed.2d24 2 (1 97 4) ). Add it io na ll y , off ic ers m ay sei ze ev id en ce i f, du rin g qu es ti on in g o f th e su sp ect ’s wife, t he wife vo lu nt ari ly retri ev es an d s urren de rs th e ev id en ce t o t he m . Co ol id ge v. New Ha mps hi re , 40 3 U.S. 4 43 , 48 8- 90 , 91 S.Ct . 20 22 , 20 49 -5 0, 2 9 L.Ed .2d56 4 (1 97 1) . Inli gh t o f th e fac ts setforth ab ov e, th e d is tri ctco urt d idno t cl earl y err i n fin di ng th atSan ta naha d aut ho rit y to co ns en t t o t he sea rch an d g av e h er co ns en t free ly andvo lu nt ari ly. Se e Dun kl ey , 91 1 F .2dat 5 25 . Accor di ng ly, th e fru it s o f th e se arch , in cl ud in g t he do cu m en ts th atSan ta nape rs on al ly gav e to Ledg erwo od , were ad m is si bl e ag ai ns t Och oa . See Ran do lp h , 54 7 U.S. at12 1, 1 26 S.Ct . at 1 52 7; Co ol id ge , 40 3 U.S. at48 8- 90 , 91 S.Ct . at 2 04 9- 50 . IV. A warran t af

fid av itm us t s ho w a fai r pr ob ab il it y th atco nt rab an d o r ev id en ce of a cri m e wil l b e fo un d a t t he pa rti cu la r pl ace t o b e se arch ed . Uni te d Sta te s v. Ji min ez , 22 4 F .3d12 43 , 12 47 (11 thCir . 20 00 ). In d eci di ng whethe r pr ob ab le 13cau se to is su e th e warra ntex is ts , th e jud ge m us t “ m ak e a p ract ic al , comm on sen se de ci si on whet he r, gi ve n a ll th e ci rcu m st an ces setforth in th e aff id av itbe fo re h im , . . . th ere i s a f

ai r pr ob ab il it y

th atco nt rab an d o r ev id en ce o f a cri m e wil l b e fo un d i n a p art ic ul ar p la ce.” Id. at 1 24 8. In si gn ifi can t an d i m m at eri al m is rep res en ta ti on s orom is si on s wi ll no t i nv al id at e a warr an t. Uni te d Sta tes v. Rei d , 69 F.3d11 09 , 11 14 (11 th Cir . 19 95 ). Here, Ki m

swo re an affi da vi t t ha t s etforth a ge ne ral de sc rip ti on of t he of fic ers ’ en co un te r wit h Och oa , San ta na ’s rep res en ta ti onth atth ey were i n t he co un try ill eg al ly, Led ge rwo od ’s des cri pt io n o f th e id en ti ty doc um en ts he ha d s een , an d t he factth atOcho a was carry in g ava li d d riv er’s l ic en se , whi ch he co ul d n ot ha ve va li dl y

ob ta in edin Geor gi a as anil le ga l al ie n. Th e d is tri ctco urt d idno t cl earl y err i n c on cl ud in g t ha t t he is su in g ju dg e co ul d h av e fo un d afai r pr ob ab il it y th atth e ap artm en t wo ul d c on ta in do cu m en ts sh owi ng th at(1) Ocho a h aden te red th e co un try ill eg al ly and(2) he was t he Enri qu e Per ez Och oawho was wan te d i n Mex ic o. Se e Ji min ez , 22 4 F .3dat 1 24 8. Ki m ’s om is si on of t he factth at Led ge rwo odha d a lre ady

sei zedth e two ne ar-i de nt ic al Mex ic anbi rth cert ifi cat es was im m at eri al , as t ho se do cu m en ts were i ns uf fic ie nton th ei r own to sat is fy th e pu rp os es of t he warran t an d wo ul d h av e o nl y stren gt he ne d, n otweak en ed , th e sh owi ng of p ot en ti al ly ill eg al act iv it y . Sim il arl y , th e m ere f actth atLedg erwo od 14ha d s eenbu nd le d m on ey in a dr awer d idno t co nv ertth e in ve st ig at io n i nt o adru g in ve st ig at io n, s o Och oaha s n otsh own th atth e o ffi cers affi rm at iv el y m is le d t he is su in g ju dg e as to th e true pu rp os e o f th e warra nt . Accor di ng ly, th e co urt d idno t err i n fi nd in g t ha t t he sea rch warran t was va li d. V. The pl ai n- vi ew do ctrin e p erm it s a wa rran tl es s s ei zu re wh ere the off ic er i s la wfu ll y lo cat edin th e p la ce fr om whi ch th e se iz edob

ject c ou ldbe pl ai nl y

vi ewed an d h as a la wfu l ri gh t o f acc es s t o t he ob ject i ts el f. Uni te d Sta te s v. S mith , 45 9 F.3 d 1 27 6, 1 29 0 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 6) . The o ffi cer m ay sei ze an y it em th athe ha s pr ob ab le cau se to be li ev e is co ntrab an d, an d a ny ite m who se in cri m in at in g n atur e is im m ed ia te ly app aren t. Id. Sei zu re o f it em s n otco ve redby a warran t d oe s n ot in va li da te anot he rwis e v al idsea rch if t he sea rch an d s ei zu re were reas on ab le un de r al l t he cir cu m st an ces . Uni te d Sta te s v. S ch an dl , 94 7 F .2d46 2, 4 65 (11 th Ci r. 19 91 ). Offic ers ex ecu ti ng a warra ntm ay sea rch as e xt en si ve ly as reas on ab ly ne ces sa ry to lo cat edth e it em s d es cri be d i n the warran t, an d the y m ay bre akin to lo ck edco nt ai ne rs th atm ig htco nt ai n t he it em s. Uni te d Sta tes v. J ac ks on , 12 0 F .3d 12 26 , 12 28 -2 9 (1 1th C ir. 1 99 7) . Here, t he va li d s earc h warran t g av e th e o ffi cers lawf ul acce ss to th e en ti re ap art m en t. Se e S

mith , 45 9 F .3dat 1 27 6. Th e g un s, dru gs , andot he r it em s wer e in 15pl ai n v ie w as t he off ic ers sea rch edsh el ve s, drawer s, an d o th er p la ces wher e do cu m en ts m ig htha ve be enlo cat ed . Se e id. The i nc riminat in g n atur e o f th es e it em s wo ul d h av e b eenimm ed ia te ly app aren t. Se e id. W it h re sp ectto th e drywall co m pa rtment i n p art ic ul ar, the di st ric t co urt d idno t cl earl y err i n c red it in g Ki m ’s te st im on y th atitap pe aredto be a co ns tru ct edhi di ng pl ace a nd , th us , th ey th ou gh t ad di ti on al frau du le ntdo cu m en ts m ig htbe co nc eal edin si de . Havi ng reac he d t ha t co nc lu si on , th e o ffi cers were p erm it te d t o b reakin to th e co m pa rtment. Se e Ja cks on , 12 0 F .3dat 1 22 8- 29 . Accor di ng ly, th e g un s, dru gs , andot he r ev id en ce were p ro pe rly sei zedpu rs uantto th e p la in -v ie w do ctrin e. VI. An ac cu se d p ers on in cu st od y who ha s ex pr es se d h is de si re t o d eal with t he po li ce o nl y

th ro ug h c ou ns el is no t s ub ject t o fu rth er i nt erro ga ti on by the au th or it ie s u nt il co un se l h as be enm ad e av ai labl e to hi m , un le ss th e acc us ed hi m se lf i ni ti at es furth er co m m un ic at io n, ex ch an ge s, o r co nv ers at io ns with t he po li ce. Edw ar ds v. Ari

zo na , 45 1 U.S. 4 77 , 48 4- 85 , 10 1 S .Ct. 1 88 0, 1 88 5, 6 8 L.Ed.2 d 3 78 (19 81 ). Here, the un co nt ro ve rte d e vi de nc e sh owe d t ha t Led ge rwo od an d h is fel lo w off

ic er s to pp edqu es ti on in g Och oaimm ed ia te ly whe n h e in vo ke d hi s ri gh t t o c ou ns el , bu t Och oam ad e se ve ral unpr om pt edst at em en ts de sp it e th ei r si le nc e. Thu s, the off

ic ers di d n otvi ol at e Och oa ’s rig htto co un se l, an d t he

16st at em en ts were ad m is si bl e u nd er Edw ards .

Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we af firm Ocho a’s co nv ic ti on s. AFFIRMED.

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