Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-1 

Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of 

Preparers, References, and Glossary 

4.1 OVERVIEW OF CHANGES FROM DRAFT TO FINAL EIS 

 Public participation summary was updated to include Draft EIS notification and comment 

period. 

 Climate Change, Wildlife and Fisheries references were updated. 

4.2 CONSULTATION 

4.2.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SUMMARY 

Chapter 2 details the public participation to date. The initial scoping document (Project Record) was 

sent on October 22, 2007 to approximately 287 individuals, government agencies, tribal governments, 

news media, businesses, and organizations that have shown interest in similar projects on the Custer 

National Forest. The public comment period ended on November 26, 2007. A news release was 

placed in the Billings Gazette (Billings, MT) on October 29, 2007, summarizing the information 

provided in the document. News releases were sent to local newspapers. 

Public meetings were held in Camp Crook and Buffalo, South Dakota, and Ekalaka, Montana in 

November, 2007. 

In response to these efforts, 22 letters, personal comments, or phone calls were received. 

Collaborative group session information was documented and reviewed. The analysis of electronic, 

written and verbal comments preliminarily identified several potential issues. Some of these issues 

were identified as significant issues and were used to formulate the alternatives. 

The Draft EIS was published in the Federal Register October 3, 2008 which began a 45 day comment 

period. Also, a news release was provided to local news media at the beginning of the comment 

period. The Draft EIS was made available to interested parties identified in the updated EIS mailing 

list. In response to the comment period, 11 letters, personal comments, or phone calls were received. 

A content analysis of the comments was conducted and response to comments is found in Chapter 5. 

4.2.2 CONSULTATION WITH OTHERS 

The following agencies were consulted during preparation of the EIS: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks 

South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks 

Bureau of Land Management 

Coordination with the affected Tribe has been ongoing in the form of the original project scoping 

letter, public meetings, agency meetings, letter correspondences and proposed/scheduled field trips 

which outlined the proposed project specifics and requested any concerns that they may have 

regarding cultural resources or traditional cultural properties. This coordination effort is intended to 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-2 Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

insure that any tribal concerns or comments are addressed throughout the NEPA process in regards to 

ARPA, AIRFA, NAGPRA and/or Bulletin 38 issues. 

4.3 DISTRIBUTION 

This document has been distributed in hardcopy or electronic format to individuals that have 

expressed an interest in the project and receiving this document, and to the officials, agencies, firms, 

and organizations listed below. 

U.S. Federal Officials 

Honorable Denny Rehberg – Congressman 

Honorable John Tester – Senator 

Honorable Max Baucus – Senator 

U.S. Federal Agencies 

Burueau of Land Management 

Bureau of Indian Affairs 

Natural Resources Conservation Service 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 

USDA APHIS PPD/EAD 

USDA National Agricultural Library 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Northwestern Division 

Environmental Protection Agency 

U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Environmental 

Policy and Compliance 

Northwest Power Planning Council 

Federal Aviation Administration 

Federal Highway Administrator 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Native American Tribes 

Crow Tribe 

Northern Cheyenne Tribe 

Rosebud Sioux Tribe 

Ogalala Sioux Nation 

Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe 

Standing Rock Sioux Tribe 

Yankton Sioux Tribe 

Mandan-Hidatsa/Arikara Tribe 

Lower Brule Sioux Tribe 

Local Officials 

Carter County Commissioner 

Harding County Commissioner 

Fallon County 

Organizations and Firms 

Audubon Society 

American Wildlands 

American Wilderness Alliance 

Alliance for the Wild Rockies 

Defenders of the Black Hills 

Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks 

Montana Department of State Lands 

Montana Wilderness Association 

Treasure State ATV Association 

North Dakota State Forester 

Rapid City Sierra Club 

South Dakota State Game and Fish 

Capital Trail Vehicle Association 

Families for Outdoor Recreation 

Montana Wilderness Association 

4.4 LIST OF PREPARERS 

The following people prepared the EIS in an interdisciplinary manner. 

Babete Anderson, Public Affairs Specialist/Executive Assistant, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Human Environment 

Education: Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Montana State University-Billings 

Experience: 22 years in public information with the USDA, Forest Service. 

Mike W. Bergstrom, Zone Archaeologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Cultural Resources; Archeological Resources 

Education: B.S., Sociology - Anthropology Option 

Experience: 23 years as an archaeologist, 13 years with the USDA Forest Service 

Buck Buchanan, Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 
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Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-3 

Education: M.S., Rangeland Ecology and Watershed Management 

Experience: 8 years of land management experience 

Brenda Christensen, Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Public Safety; Maintenance and Administration of Roads and Trails; Editing 

Education: B.S., Civil Engineering 

Experience: 20 years as a Civil Engineer with USDA Forest Service; Registered Professional 

Engineer since 1994 in the state of Oregon. 

John Clark, Forest Timber Management Officer, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Forest Management 

Experience: 32 years of timber and land management with the USDA Forest Service 

Bobby Cordell, Forestry Technician (Fuels), USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: A.S. Degree in Civil Surveying 

Experience: 9 years land management and 4 years NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Doug Epperly, Recreation Program Manager, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Project Leader; Chapters 1 and 2; Recreation; Editing 

Education: B.S., Forestry 

Experience: 20 years of land management and NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service; 5 

years of land management and NEPA coordination with the US Bureau of Reclamation 

Mary Gonzales, GIS Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Mapping 

Education: B.S., Renewable Natural Resources 

Experience: 5 years as a GIS Specialist and 15 years as a Culturist with USDA Forest Service 

Halcyon LaPoint, Archeologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Cultural Resources; Traditional Cultural Properties 

Education: M.A., Anthropology 

Experience: 21 years as an Archeologist with USDA Forest Service 

John R. Lane, Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Soils 

Education: B.S. Forest Resource Management; M.S. Soils. 

Experience: 21 years as a Soil Scientist with USDA Forest Service, USDA Natural Resource 

Conservation Service (Soil Conservation Service), USDI National Park Service, and Private Industry

Mark Nienow, Forest Hydrologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Water Quality 

Education: B.S., Water Resources 

Experience: 20 years as a Hydrologist with USDA Forest Service 

Tawni Parks, Wildlife Biologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-4 Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

Education: B.S., Fish and Wildlife Management; B.A. Environmental Studies 

Experience: 8 years of land management and 3 years of biology and NEPA experience with the USDA 

Forest Service 

Kim Reid, Range Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Vegetation Ecology; Weeds; Sensitive Plants; Editing 

Education: B.S., Range Management 

Experience: 29 years in Range Management, Field Ecology, and Botany with USDA Forest Service 

Keith Stockmann, Economist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Economics Review 

Education: B.A., Economics; M.S., Environmental Studies; Ph.D., Forestry 

Experience: 7 years as an Economist with USDA Forest Service 

Darin A. Watschke, Fisheries Biologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Fisheries and Aquatics 

Education: B.S., Fish and Wildlife Management; M.S., Fisheries Ecology 

Experience: 10 years in Fisheries with USDA Forest Service; Fisheries Biologist since 2004 

Tom Whitford, Wildlife and Fisheries Program Manager, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Wildlife 

Education: B.S., M.S., Wildlife Biology 

Experience: 22 years of land management and NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service 

4.5 REFERENCES 

4.5.1 CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED, AND PROPOSED ACTION 

USDA Forest Service 1987. USDA, Forest Service, Record of Decision for Land and Resource 

Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Custer National Forest and 

National Grasslands. 1987. 

USDA Forest Service 1992. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Forest Supervisor, Curtis 

W. Bates. Ashland Ranger District Travel Management Plan 

USDA Forest Service 2001. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Regional Forester Dale N. 

Bosworth. Off-Highway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment for Montana, North 

Dakota and Portions of South Dakota. 

USDA Forest Service 2003. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Forest Supervisor, Nancy 

T. Curriden. Forest Scale Roads Analysis, Version 1.0. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, Engineering Staff, EM 7700-30. December 

2005. Guidelines for Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use on National Forest 

System Roads. 

USDA Forest Service 2006. USDA, Forest Service, Region One, Regional Forester Abigail R. 

Kimbell. Travel Management, Schedule for Implementation. 

USDA Forest Service 2007. USDA, Forest Service, http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/ohv

Travel Management Schedule. 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-5 

4.5.2 CHAPTER 2: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES 

4.5.2.1 Air Quality 

MT DEQ. 2008. Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality, Helena, MT. Online data: 

http://www.deq.mt.gov/airquality/aqinfo.asp 

SD DENR, 2008. South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Online data: 

http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/AirQuality/airprogr.htm 

4.5.2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail 

USDA Forest Service 2009. USDA, Forest Service. Climate Change Considerations in Project Level 

NEPA Analysis, January 13, 2009. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, National OHV Implementation Team. Motor 

Vehicle Route and Area Designation Guide v. 111705. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, National OHV Training Cadre. Travel 

Management: Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use. 

4.5.3 CHAPTER 3: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 

4.5.3.1 Recreation 

Cordell, H. K., Carter J. Betz, J. M. Bowker, Donald B. K. English, Shela H. Mou, John C. Bergstrom, 

R. Jeff Teasley, Michael A. Tarrant, and John Loomis. 1999. Outdoor Recreation in American 

Life: A National Assessment of Demand and Supply Trends. Champaign, Illinois: Sagamore 

Publications. 

English, Donald B.K, Susan M. Kocis, Stanley J. Zarnach, and J. Ross Arnold. 2002. Forest Service 

National Visitor Use Monitoring Process: Research Method Documentation. USDA Forest 

Service. General Technical Report SRS-57, Asheville, NC. 

MTFWP 2000. Montana State Trail Plan. Found at: http://fwp.mt.gov/parks/admin/trails.html 

MTFWP 2008. Personal communications between Scott Hemmer, Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks 

and Doug Epperly, USDA Forest Service, September 2008. 

Roper. 2003. Outdoor Recreation in America 2003: Recreation’s Benefits to Society Challenged by, 

Trends. Report prepared for the Recreation Roundtable by RoperASW, Inc. 

SDGFP. 2008a. Personal communications between John Kanta, South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks, 

and Doug Epperly, USDA Forest Service. August 2008. 

SDGFP. 2008b. Personal communications between Nathan Wagner, South Dakota Game, Fish, and 

Parks, and Doug Epperly, USDA Forest Service. August 2008. 

USDA Forest Service 2001. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Regional Forester Dale N. 

Bosworth. Off-Highway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment for Montana, North 

Dakota and Portions of South Dakota. 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-6 Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

USDA Forest Service 2003a. National Recreational Opportunity Spectrum Inventory Mapping 

Protocol. Washington, DC. 

USDA Forest Service 2005a. Fish and Wildlife Recreation and Tourism. Report prepared Cindy 

Swanson, USDA Forest Service, for The Montana Challenge a cooperative effort sponsored by 

Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and the USDA Forest Service. Missoula, Montana. 

USFWS 2004. Fishing and Hunting 1991-2001: Avid, Casual, and Intermediate Participation Trends. 

Arlington, Virginia. 

4.5.3.2 Cultural Resources 

ASPPN (Archeological Sites Protection and Preservation Notebook) I-13 1989. A Study of Vandalism 

of Archeological Resources in Southwestern Colorado. Edited by Dr. Paul R. Nickens, 

September 1989, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 

ASPPN (Archeological Sites Protection and Preservation Notebook) I-18 1992. Off-Road Vehicle 

Impacts to Archaeological Sites. Edited by Dr. Paul R. Nickens, May 1992, US Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Manuscript on file at the 

Supervisor’s Office, Custer National Forest, Billings, Montana. 

Beckes, Michael R. and James D. Keyser 1983. The Prehistory of the Custer National Forest: An 

Overview. 

CCGS (Carter County Geological Society) 1940. Indian Mound Investigation, Long Pine Hills, Sioux 

National Forest Division, Southeast Montana 1934-1939-1940. 

Deaver, Sherri 1996. A Cultural Assessment of Chalk Buttes, Carter County, Montana. Compiled and 

edited by Sherri Deaver, Ethnoscience, Billings, Montana. Confidential. 

Deaver, Sherri and Ken Deaver 1988. Prehistoric Cultural Resource Overview of Southeast Montana, 

Volume I. Report prepared by Ethnoscience, Billings, Montana for the Bureau of Land 

Management, Miles City District, Miles City, Montana. 

Deaver, Sherri and Ann Kooistra-Manning 1995. Ethnographic Overview of the McKenzie, Medora, 

Sioux, Ashland and Beartooth Ranger Districts of the Custer National Forest. Prepared by 

Ethnoscience, Billings, Montana. Confidential. 

Keyser, James D. and Linea Sundstrom 1984. Rock Art of Western South Dakota. The North Cave 

Hills and the Southern Black Hills. Special Publication of the South Dakota Archaeological 

Society, Number 9. 

Lyneis, Margaret M., David L. Weide and Elizabeth vonTill Warren 1980. Impacts: Damage to 

Cultural Resources in the California Desert. Bureau of Land Management, California. 

Nielsen, Thomas G. 1941. Field Work on “Ancient Indian Graves” in the Long Pine Hills. 

Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Science, Volume II. 

Parker, Patricia L. and King, Thomas F. 1990. Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting 

Traditional Cultural Properties. National Register Bulletin 38. U.S. Department of Interior, 

National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division. 

Tallbull, Bill; Youngman, Floyd; Turning Bear, James, Elk Shoulder; George Sr.; Fighting Bear, 

Elmer; Seminole, John; Spotted Elk, Abraham Sr.; Fourstar, Carl; Gray Hawk, Ben; White, 

Nelson P. Sr.; Standing Elk Wick, Elsie; Little Coyote, Joe Sr.; Red Cloud, James; Red 

Cloud, Ernestine; Bergstrom, Mike; Price, Nicole; Deaver, Sherri; LaPoint, Halcyon; and 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-7 

Brien, Ramah. September 1996. A Cultural Assessment of Chalk Buttes, Carter County, 

Montana. 

USDA Forest Service 1976. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Environmental Statement, Sioux Planning Unit, 

Multiple Use Plan. R1-76-15. Sioux Ranger District, Custer National Forest, Northern 

Region. 

USDA Forest Service 1986. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest and National Grasslands, 

Land and Resources Management Plan. 

USDA. 1997. Forest Service National Resourcde Book on American Indian and Alaska Native 

Relations. USDA Forest Service. Washington Office. Washington, DC. 

USDA Forest Service 2001. Final: Off-Highway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment 

for Montana, North Dakota and Portions of South Dakota.. 

USDA Forest Service 2002. Managing Degraded Off-Highway Vehicles Trails in Wet, Unstable and 

Sensitive Environments. 

USDA Forest Service 2004. Environmental Impact Statement, Oil and Gas Leasing, Sioux Ranger 

District, Custer National Forest. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA Forest Service Policy for NHPA Compliance in Travel 

Management: Designated Routes for Motor Vehicles Use. Prepared by the Forest Service in 

Consultation with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. 

Will, George F. 1909. Some Observations Made in Northwestern South Dakota. American 

Anthropologist, 11: 257-265. 

4.5.3.3 Wildlife 

Adams, Rick A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West: Natural History, Ecology, and 

Conservation. U. Press of CO, Boulder, Colorado. 

Askins, R. A. 1994. Open Corridors in a Heavily Forested Landscape: Impact on Shrubland and 

Forest-Interior Birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:339-347. 

Baker, W.L. and R.L. Knight. 2000. Cited in Gucinski, H., M.J. Furness, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. 

Brookes. 2001. Forest Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. General Technical Report 

PNW-GTR-509. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 

103pp. 

Boyle, S.A, and F.B. Samson. 1985. Effects of Nonconsumptive Recreation on Wildlife: a Review. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:110-116. 

Bowles, A. E. 1995. Responses of Wildlife to Noise. In Pages 109-156 In Knight, R.L. and 

K.J.Gutzweiler. eds. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and 

Research. Island Press. Washington DC. 372 pp. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. 

Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. 

Bozeman, MT. 

Brody, A.J. and M.R. Pelton. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North 

Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 17:5-10 

Bruns, E.H. 1977. Winter Behavior of pronghorns in relation to habitat. Journal of Wildlife 

Management 41:560-571. 
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Canfield, J. E., L. J. Lyon, J. M. Hillis, and M. J. Thompson. 1999. Ungulates. Pages 6.1-6.25 in G. 

Joslin and H. Youmans, coordinators. Effects of Recreation on Rocky Mountain Wildlife: A 

Review for Montana. The Wildlife Society, Helena, Montana, USA. 

Christensen, A. G., L. J. Lyon, and J. W. Unsworth. 1993. Elk Management in the Northern Region: 

Considerations in Forest Plan Updates or Revisions. U.S. Forest Service General Technical 

Report INT-303. 

Coleman, J.S. and J.D. Frasier. 1989. Habitat use and home ranges of Black and Turkey Vultures. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 53:782-792. 

Earthlink. 2008. http://home.earthlink.net/∼dnitzer/4dHaasEaton/Decibel.html 

Federal Interagency Committee on Noise. 1992. http://www.rcaanews.org/noiselev.htm

Federal Register, Volume 61, Number 55, March 20, 1996. 50 CFR Part 17, Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Establishment of a Nonessential Experimental Population of 

Black-footed Ferrets in Aubrey Valley, Arizona. 

Federal Register, Volume 65, Number 218, November 9, 2000. 36 CFR Parts 217 and 219, National 

Forest System Land and Resource Management Planning. 

Finegold, L.S., S. Job, R. de Jong, B. Griefahn. 2004. The Effect of Noise on Public Health: 

International Congress Explores Impact on Sleep, Animals, and How Communities Respond. 

The ASHA Leader pp.15-16 (www.asha.org/about/publications/leaderonline/archives/2004/041005/) 

Forman, R.T. and L.E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and Their Major Ecological Effects. Annual Review of 

Ecology and Systematics. Nov. 1998. 29:207-231. 

Forman, et al. 2003. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final 

Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Forrest, S.C., D.E. Biggins, L. Richardson, T.W Clark, T.M. Campbell III, K.A. Fagerstone, and E.T. 

Thorne. 1988. Population attributes for the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) at 

Meeteetse, Wyoming, 1981-1985. J. Mamm. 69(2):261-273. 

Frederick, G. P. 1991. Effects of Forest Roads on Grizzly Bears, Elk, and Gray Wolves: A Literature 

Review. Publication R1-91-73. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest. Libby, 

Montana. 

Gaines, W.L., P.H. Singleton, and R.C. Ross. 2003. Assessing the Cumulative Effects of Linear 

Recreation Routes on Wildlife Habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. 

USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNWGTR-586. 79pp. 

Galen Carol. 2007. http://www.gcaudio.com/resources/howtos/loudness.html 

Grover, K.E. and M.J. Thompson. 1986. Factors influencing spring feeding site selection by elk in the 

Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:466-470. 

Harvey, M., J.S. Altenbach, and T. Best. 1999. Bats of the United States. Arkansas Game and Fish 

Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 64pp. 

Hillis, J. M., M. J. Thompson, J. E. Canfield, L. J. Lyon, C. L. Marcum, P. M. Dolan, and D. W. 

McCleerey. 1991. Defining Elk Security: The Hillis Paradigm. Pages 38-54 in A. G. 

Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of Elk Vulnerability – A 

Symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. 
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Hutto, R. L., S. J. Hejl, J. F. Kelly, and S. M. Pletschet. 1995. A Comparison of Bird Detection Rates 

Derived From On-Road Versus Off-Road Point Counts in Northern Montana. Pages 103-110 

in: U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. 

Joslin, G., and H. Youmans, coordinators. 1999. Effects of Recreation on Rocky Mountain Wildlife: 

A Review for Montana. Wildlife Society, Montana Chapter, USA. (www.montanatws.org). 

Kaseloo, Paul and Katherine O.Tyson. 2004. Synthesis of Noise Effects on Wildlife Populations. US 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Petersburg, Virginia. 

Knight, R.L. and D.N. Cole. 1995. Cited in Joslin, G., and H. Youmans 1999. Effects of Recreation on 

Rocky Mountain Wildlife: A Review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on 

Wildlife, Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307pp. 

Knight, R.L., and Cole, D.N. 1995a. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest 

Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Knight, R.L. and K.J.Gutzweiler. eds. 1995. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National 

Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Lyon, L.J. 1983. Road Density Models Describing Habitat Effectiveness for Elk. Journal of Forestry 

81(9):592-595. 

Lyon, L.J. 1985. Cited in Gucinski, H., M.J. Furness, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. Brookes. 2001. Forest 

Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-509. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 103pp. 

Lyon, L. J., and M. G. Burcham. 1998. Tracking Elk Hunters with the Global Positioning System. 

U.S. Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-RP-3. 

Lyon, L.J., and A. G. Christensen. 1992. A Partial Glossary of Elk Management Terms. U.S. Forest 

Service General Technical Report INT-288. 

Lyon, L.J., and A. G. Christensen. 2002. Elk and Land Management. Pages 557-581 in D. E. Toweill 

and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and Management. Smithsonian 

Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 

McLellan B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly Bears and Resource-Extraction Industries: 

Effects of Roads on Behavior, Habitat Use, and Demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 

25:451-460. 

Miller, B., R.P. Reading, and S. Forrest. 1996. Prairie Night. Smithsonian Institute Press. 

Washington D.C. 320 pp. Cited in Montana Field Guide. 

(http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AMAJF02040.aspx) 

Millspaugh, J.J., G.C. Brundige, R.A. Gitzen, and K.J. Raedeke. 2000. Elk and hunter space use 

sharing in South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4):994-1003. 

MTFWP. 2002. Conservation Plan for Black-tailed and White-tailed Prairie Dogs in Montana. 

Montana Prairie Dog Working Group. 51 pp. 

MTFWP. 2003. Annual rule regulating prairie shooting on public lands. December 12, 2003 

MTFWP. 2005. Montana: Final Elk Management Plan. MT Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Wildlife 

Division. Helena, MT. 397 pp. 

MTFWP. 2007. Montana's Species of Concern. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks website. 

(http://fwp.mt.gov/wildthings/concern/birds.html) 
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Page 4-10 Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

MTNHP. 2008. Species of Concern Report. Montana Natural Heritage Program website. 

(http://nhp.nris.state.mt.us/SpeciesOfConcern/Default.aspx) 

Rich, A. C., D. S. Dobkin, and L. J. Niles. 1994. Defining Forest Fragmentation by Corridor Width: 

The Influence of Narrow Forest-Dividing Corridors on Forest-Nesting Birds in Southern New 

Jersey. Conservation Biology 8(4):1109-1120. 

Ruediger, B. 1996. The relationship between rare carnivores and highways. Pages 24-38 In G. Evink, 

D. Ziegler, P. Garret, and J. Berry (eds). Transportation ans wildlife: reducing wildlife 

mortality/improving wildlife passageways across transportation corridors. Proc. 

Transportation-Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar, 30 April-2 May 1996, Orlando, FL. 

Florida Dept. Trans. / Fed. Highway Admin. 

Rumble, M.A., L. Benkobi, and R.S. Gamo. 2005. Elk responses to humans in a densely roaded area. 

Intermountain Journal of Sciences. Volume 11, No. 1-2:10-24. 

Schmidt, Dr. Cheryl A. 2003. Conservation Assessment for the Long-eared Myotis in the Black Hills 

National Forest South Dakota and Wyoming. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, 

Black Hills National Forest, Custer, SD. 

Skovlin, J. M., P. Zager, and B. K. Johnson. 2002. Elk Habitat Selection and Evaluation. Pages 531-

555 in D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and 

Management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA. 

Stubblefield, C.H., K.T. Vierling, and M.A. Rumble. 2006. Landscape-scale Attributes of Elk Centers 

of Activity in the Central Black Hills of South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 

70(4):1060-1069. 

Toweill, D. E., and J. W. Thomas. 2002. The Future of Elk and Elk Management. Pages 793-841 in 

D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and Management. 

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA. 

Trombulak, S.C., and C.A. Frissell. 1999. Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and 

Aquatic Communities. Conservation Biology Vol. 14, No. 1:18-30. 

Truax,. Barry. 1999. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology. Cambridge Street Publishing. Cambridge, 

MA. 

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Helena National Forest North Belts Travel Plan Wildlife Report. May 

2005. Helena, MT. 

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact 

Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

USFWS. 1988. Black-footed Ferret Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 154 

pp. 

USFWS. 2008. Threatened, Endangered, and Candidate Species for the Custer National Forest 

3/5/08. Helena, Montana. 

Van Dyke, F.G., R.H. Brocke, and H.G. Shaw. 1986. Use of Road track counts as indices of mountain 

lion presence. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:102-109. 

Vore, J., and R. Desimone. 1991. Effects of an Innovative Hunting Regulation on Elk Populations 

and Hunter Attitudes. Pages 23-29 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, 

compilers. Proceedings of Elk Vulnerability – a Symposium. Montana State University, 

Bozeman, Montana, USA. 
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Wisdom, M., A. Ager, H. Preisler, N. Cimon, and B. Johnson. 2004. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 

2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 

2006. Bozeman, MT. 

4.5.3.4 Water Quality 

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4.5.3.6 Soils 

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density, surface runoff, sediment transport, soil moisture and seedling growth. Forest Ecology 

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Forests. The Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 15, No. 2. (Aug., 1978), pp. 451-457. 

Wilson, John P. and Joseph P. Seney. 1994. Erosional Impact of Hikers, Horses, Motorcycles, and OffRoad Bicycles on Mountain Trails in Montana. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 14, 

No. 1. (Feb., 1994), pp. 77-88. 

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Watershed and Air Management, R1 Supplement 2500-99-1, Effective 11/12/1999. 

USDA – NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service) 2003. Soil Survey of Carter County Area, 

Montana. USDA Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service in 

Cooperation with USDA-Forest Service and Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. 

USDA – SCS (Soil Conservation Service) 1988. Soil Survey of Harding County Area, South Dakota. 

USDA Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service in Cooperation with 

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4.5.3.7 Vegetation 

Affleck, Rosa T. 1995. Measurements From Off-Road Vehicles on Seasonal Terrain. Engineering 

Research and Development Center, Hanover NH Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. 

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Cole, David N. 1993. Trampling Effects on Mountain Vegetation in Washington, Colorado, New 

Hamsphire, and North Carolina. Research Paper INT-464. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, 

Intermountain Research Station. 56p. 
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Cole, David N. 1993b. Minimizing Conflict Between Recreation and Nature Conservation. Ecology 

of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. 1993. University of 

Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, MN. pp. 105-122. 

Cole, David N. 1995a. Disturbance of natural vegetation by camping: Experimental applications of 

low-level stress. Environmental Management. 19(3): 405-416. 

Cole, David N. 1995b. Experimental trampling of vegetation. I. Relationship between trampling 

intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology. 32: 203-214. 

Cole, David N. 1995c. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and 

resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology. 32: 215-224. 

Hammit, W. E. and D. N. Cole. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. John Wiley. 

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4.5.3.8 Weeds 

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Sheley, R. and J. Petroff. 1999. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Oregon State 

University Press. Corvallis, Oregon. Pages 6, 11, 69. 

Tyser, R. W. and C. A. Worley. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in 

Glacier National Park, Montana (U.S.A.). Conservation Biology 6: 253-262. 

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Custer National Forest Weed Management FEIS. 

4.5.3.9 Sensitive Plants 

Barton, D. and S. Crispin. 2003. Globally significant plants in southeastern Big Horn and 

southwestern Rosebud Counties, Montana. Prepared for the Bureau of Land Management. 

Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 26 pp. plus appendices. 

Hansen, Paul L. and George R. Hoffman. 1987. The Vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, 

Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: A Habitat Type Classification. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-157. Fort Collins, CO; USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. 

Heidel, Bonnie L. and Keith H. Deholm, 1995. Sensitive Plant Survey in the Sioux District, Custer 

National Forest, 1994; Carter County, Montana and Harding County, South Dakota. 

Unpublished report to the Custer National Forest. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 

95 p. plus appendices. 

Heidel, Bonnie L. and Keith H. Deholm, 1996. Sensitive Plant Survey, Ashland Ranger District, 

Custer National Forest, 1996; Powder River and Rosebud Counties, Montana. Unpublished 

report to the Custer National Forest. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 94 p. plus 

appendices. 

Heidel, B, 2001. USFS Region 2 Assessment for Asclepias ovalifolia. 3 pp. 
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Heidel, B., C. Jean and S. Crispin. 2002. Plant species of concern and plant associations of Powder 

River County, Montana. Unpublished report prepared for the BLM Montana State Office. 

Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 

Heidel, B. 2004. Inventory of Barr’s milkvetch (Astragalus barrii) in the Spring Creek Unit of 

Thunder Basin National Grassland. Prepared for Medicine Bow National Forest. Wyoming 

Natural Diversity Database, Laramie. 

Mincemoyer, S. 2006. Surveys of Significant Plant Resources in Southeast and South-central 

Montana on the Billings and Miles City Field Offices of the Bureau of Land Management. 

Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 

MNHP, 2008. Montana Natural Heritage Program. A web based information database – 

http://nhp.nris.state.mt.us/animalguide, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 

NatureServe. 2007. NatureServe Conservation Status Factors. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 

Ode, D. 1987. The status of Dakota Wild Buckwheat, (Eriogonum visheri A. Nels.) in South Dakota: 

report to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species Office, Denver, Colorado. 

Pierre, S.D.: South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department. p.48. 

Schmoller, David. 1993. Status Survey for Astragalus barrii. USDA Forest Service – Region 2, 

Nebraska National Forest, Wall, SD. http://www.schcongo.com/status_survey_for_ERVI.htm

Schmoller, David. 1995. Unpublished report by David Schmoller, August 1995. Biological 

Evaluation of Astragalus barrii populations for 1995 Grazing Permit Reissuance; Analysis 

Areas 1-3, Ashland Ranger District, Custer National Forest. 8 pp. 

Schmoller, David. 2000. An Element Stewardship Abstract. (ESA) 

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SDNHP (South Dakota Natural Heritage Program), 2008. 

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USDA Forest Service 2001 Custer NF TES Plant Protocol. 13 p. 

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Montana/Dakotas Special Status Plant Species Policy. 

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Endangered, Threatened, and Candidate Species – 1995 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/others/nddanger/species/eriovish.htm Last updated 

June 3, 2002. 

Vanderhorst et. al., 1998. Vanderhorst, J., S. V. Cooper, and B. L. Heidel. 1998. Botanical and 

vegetation survey of Carter County, Montana. Unpublished report to Bureau of Land 

Management. Montana Natural Heritage 

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Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-17 

4.6 GLOSSARY 

Area – A discrete, specifically delineated space that is smaller, and in most cases much smaller, than a 

Ranger District. 

Designated Road, Trail, or Area - A National Forest System road, a National Forest System trail, or 

an area on National Forest System lands that is designated for motor vehicle use pursuant to 36 CFR 

212.51 on a motor vehicle use map. (36 CFR 212.1)

Designation – Motor vehicle use on NFS roads and trails, and in areas on NFS lands shall be 

designated by vehicle class and, if appropriate, by time of year. 

Forest Road or Trail - A forest road or trail is a road or trail wholly or partly within, or adjacent to, 

and serving the National Forest System and which is necessary for the protection, administration, and 

utilization of the National Forest System and the use and development of its resources. (23 USC 101) 

Maintenance Level 1 - These are roads that have been placed in storage between intermittent uses. 

The period of storage must exceed 1 year. Basic custodial maintenance is performed to prevent 

damage to adjacent resources and to perpetuate the road for future resource management needs. 

Emphasis is normally given to maintaining drainage facilities and runoff patterns. Planned road 

deterioration may occur at this level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are "prohibit" and 

"eliminate" all traffic. These roads are not shown on motor vehicle use maps. 

Roads receiving level 1 maintenance may be of any type, class, or construction standard, and may be 

managed at any other maintenance level during the time they are open for traffic. However, while 

being maintained at level 1, they are closed to vehicular traffic but may be available and suitable for 

nonmotorized uses. 

Maintenance Level 2 - Assigned to roads open for use by high clearance vehicles. Passenger car 

traffic, user comfort, and user convenience are not considerations. Warning signs and traffic control 

devices are not provided with the exception that some signing, such as W-18-1 “No Traffic Signs,” 

may be posted at intersections. Motorists should have no expectations of being alerted to potential 

hazards while driving these roads. Traffic is normally minor, usually consisting of one or a 

combination of administrative, permitted, dispersed recreation, or other specialized uses. Log haul 

may occur at this level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are either to: 

a. Discourage or prohibit passenger cars, or 

b. Accept or discourage high clearance vehicles. 

Maintenance Level 3 - Assigned to roads open and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a 

standard passenger car. User comfort and convenience are not considered priorities. The Manual on 

Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is applicable. Warning signs and traffic control devices 

are provided to alert motorists of situations that may violate expectations. 

Roads in this maintenance level are typically low speed with single lanes and turnouts. Appropriate 

traffic management strategies are either "encourage" or "accept." "Discourage" or "prohibit" 

strategies may be employed for certain classes of vehicles or users. 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-18 Sioux Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

Maintenance Level 4 - Assigned to roads that provide a moderate degree of user comfort and 

convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most roads are double lane and aggregate surfaced. However, 

some roads may be single lane. Some roads may be paved and/or dust abated. Manual on Uniform 

Traffic Control Devices is applicable. The most appropriate traffic management strategy is 

"encourage." However, the "prohibit" strategy may apply to specific classes of vehicles or users at 

certain times. 

Maintenance Level 5 - Assigned to roads that provide a high degree of user comfort and 

convenience. These roads are normally double lane, paved facilities. Some may be aggregate 

surfaced and dust abated. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is applicable. The appropriate 

traffic management strategy is "encourage." 

Motor Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) – - Map required by the 2005 Motorized Travel Rule that 

indicates designated roads, trails and areas. 

National Forest System Road (System Road) - A forest road other than a road which has been 

authorized by a legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county or other local public road 

authority. (36 CFR 212.1, 36 CFR 251.51, 36 CFR 261.2) 

National Forest System Trail (System Trail) - A forest trail other than a trail which has been 

authorized by a legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county or other local public road 

authority. (36 CFR 212.1) 

Off-highway Vehicle – Any motor vehicle designed for or capable of cross-country travel on or 

immediately over land, water, snow, ice, marsh, swampland or other natural terrain. 

Road – A motor vehicle route over 50 inches wide, unless identified and managed as a trail. 

Route Decommissioning – Activities that result in the stabilization and restoration of unneeded roads 

to a more natural state. 

Season of Use - The time of year that a system road is designated for use. 

Temporary road or trail – A road or trail necessary for emergency operations or authorized by 

contract, permit, lease, or other written authorization that is not a forest road or trail and that is not 

included in a forest transportation atlas. 

Trail – A route 50 inches or less in width or a route over 50 inches wide that is identified and 

managed as a trail. 

Unauthorized road (non-system road) – A road or trail that is not a forest road or trail. 

 

 - End of Chapter 4 -