HIV/AIDS 139

HIV/AIDS

No matter how young or old you are, if you have sex or inject 

illegal drugs, you should be concerned about becoming infected 

with human immunodeficiency (IH-myoo-noh-dih-FISHuhn-see) virus, or HIV. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency 

syndrome (AIDS), a disease that weakens your body’s ability to 

fight infections and certain cancers.

The good news is that there are ways to prevent and treat HIV/

AIDS. And if you are infected, there are treatments that can 

help you stay healthy for a long time.

The difference between HIV and 

AIDS

HIV is a type of virus. When you are infected with a virus, it first invades a few 

cells in the body and makes many copies 

of itself. The new viruses then leave these 

cells and seek out more cells to invade. 

Viruses often kill the cells they invade.

HIV invades cells of the immune system, 

which protects the body from disease. 

HIV primarily invades immune cells 

called CD4 positive (CD4+

) T cells. These 

cells tell other immune cells when they are 

needed to fight a specific infection.

Usually, a healthy, uninfected person has 

about 1000 CD4+

 T cells per microliter 

(millionth of a liter) of blood. This is 

known as your CD4 count. If you become HIV-infected, your CD4 count 

may stay normal for several years. This is 

because your body is able to replace the 

CD4+

 T cells that HIV destroys, at least 

for a while.

Without treatment, your CD4 count will 

eventually drop. When it drops below 

200, you have developed AIDS. You can 

also develop AIDS if your CD4 count 

is above 200 and you have certain infections or cancers.
140 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

AIDS rates among women

Women are increasingly affected by 

AIDS. In 1985, less than 5 percent of 

new AIDS cases in the United States were 

among women and girls aged 13 years and 

older. By 2005, it was nearly 27 percent.

African American and Hispanic 

women have higher rates of new AIDS 

cases. Together, these two groups represent 24 percent of all U.S. women. But 

in 2005 they accounted for 82 percent of 

new AIDS cases in women.

Older women also get AIDS. Most 

women with AIDS are diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 39. But in 

2005, 9 percent of new AIDS cases in 

women occurred in those older than 45.

How HIV is spread

Having sex

The main way to get HIV is through 

sexual activity. This is because HIV in 

an infected man is present in his semen. 

HIV in an infected woman is present in 

her vaginal fluid.

l	 Vaginal sex. During vaginal sex, HIV 

is more likely to be spread from a man 

to a woman than from a woman to a 

man. This is because the vaginal lining is exposed to semen for a longer 

period of time than the opening of the 

man’s penis is exposed to vaginal fluid.

l	 Anal sex. Anal sex with an HIVinfected man is even riskier than vaginal sex. This is because the lining in 

Prevention Tips

•	Abstinence,	which	means	not	having	sex	of	any	

kind.	Abstinence	is	the	only	way	to	be	sure	that	

you	won’t	become	HIV-infected	from	having	sex.

•	Use condoms.	If	you	do	have	sex,	you	should	

use	a	male	or	female	condom	every	time.	For	

information	on	condoms,	see	the	Sexually 

Transmitted Infections	chapter	on	page	119.	If	

you	have	a	casual	sexual	encounter,	you	should	

always	use	a	condom.	If	you	are	in	a	long-term	

relationship,	you	and	your	partner	should	get	

tested	regularly	for	HIV	and	other	sexually	transmitted	infections	(STIs).	(See	pages	142–144	

for	information	on	HIV	testing.)	If	you	both	remain	disease-free	and	have	sex	with	

only	each	other,	then	the	risk	of	getting	HIV	from	sex	is	low.	If	your	partner	gets	violent	when	you	ask	him	to	use	a	condom,	see	the	Violence Against Women	chapter	

on	page	235	for	tips	on	dealing	with	domestic	violence.

•	Use dental dams.	These	are	small	square	pieces	of	latex	that	are	sometimes	used	

by	dentists.	They	can	also	be	used	to	help	reduce	your	risk	of	getting	HIV	and	other	

STIs	during	oral-vaginal	or	oral-anal	sex.	The	partner	performing	oral	sex	holds	the	

dam	against	the	vulva	or	anus	of	the	partner.	Women	who	have	sex	with	women	

should	also	use	dental	dams.
HIV/AIDS 141

the rectum is thinner and more likely 

to be torn during sex than is the vaginal lining.

l	 Oral sex. Becoming infected with 

HIV through oral sex is rare but does 

occur.

Injection drug use

The next most common way that HIV is 

spread is by sharing items used in injection drug use, such as injection needles 

and syringes. Some drug users think that 

they can avoid becoming HIV-infected 

if they don’t inject into a vein. Instead, 

they inject just under the skin’s surface or 

into a muscle. These types of injections 

can also spread HIV.

•	Get treated for any STIs. Having an STI, particularly herpes simplex virus, increases your chances of becoming HIV-infected during sex. If your partner has an STI in

addition to HIV, that also increases your risk for HIV infection. If you have an STI,

you should also get tested for HIV. (See pages 142–144 for information on HIV

testing.)

•	Get treated for vaginal infections. These also increase your chances of becoming

HIV-infected during sex. For information on vaginal infections, see the Reproductive 

Health chapter on page 153.

•	Avoid inserting into your vagina objects or sex toys that have not been cleaned

with soap and water. This also applies to women who have sex with women.

•	Avoid douching. Vaginal douching increases your risk of developing a vaginal

infection.

•	Avoid using:

	 •	vaginal deodorants or vaginal cleansers

	 •	substances to dry or tighten the vagina

	 •	alcohol or drugs when you’re having sex, because you’re more likely to take

risks when you’re drunk or under the influence of drugs

Also, you shouldn’t confuse preventing pregnancy with preventing HIV infection. Taking the pill, using an intrauterine device (IUD) or diaphragm, or having your “tubes

tied”—all of which are used for preventing pregnancy—will not prevent HIV infection.
142 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

Drug Use and HIV Prevention

•	If you inject drugs, think about getting

help from a drug treatment program.

•	If you are unable to stop injecting

drugs, don’t share needles, syringes, and other items used to prepare

drugs.

•	If you are unable to stop injecting

drugs and cannot get new needles

and syringes, clean used ones with

undiluted household bleach after

each use.

Spread of HIV from mother to child

HIV can be spread from an infected 

mother to her fetus during pregnancy 

or delivery. Also, HIV from an infected mother can be spread to her baby 

through breastfeeding. The spread of 

HIV from mother to infant has been 

greatly reduced by:

l	 giving the mother anti-HIV drugs 

during pregnancy, labor, and delivery

l	 giving the newborn baby an anti-HIV 

drug for 6 weeks after birth

l	 giving the mother good prenatal care

l	 avoiding procedures during pregnancy 

or delivery that expose the baby to the 

mother’s blood or vaginal secretions

l	 delivering the baby by cesarean section 

(in cases in which treatment with antiHIV drugs is not able to reduce the 

HIV level in the mother’s blood to a 

“safe” level for vaginal delivery)

l	 feeding the baby formula rather than 

breastfeeding

Blood transfusion

Because U.S. blood banks test donated 

blood for HIV, getting infected with 

HIV through a blood transfusion is very 

unlikely.

Ways that HIV is not spread

HIV is not spread through:

l	 kissing

l	 sharing of food utensils, towels and 

bedding, telephones, or toilet seats

l	 swimming pools

l	 hugging or handshakes

l	 being around someone with HIV

l	 biting insects such as mosquitoes or 

bedbugs

Get tested for HIV

By the end of 2003, more than a million 

people in the United States were living 

with HIV or AIDS. Of these people, 

about 25 percent were unaware that they 

were infected. Many new HIV infections 

are caused by people who are unaware 

that they have the virus. Experts estimate 

that somewhere between 54 and 70 percent of new HIV infections that occur 

through sexual activity happen because 

of having sex with someone who is un-
HIV/AIDS 143

aware that they are HIV-infected. Getting tested is crucial to helping stop the 

spread of HIV.

If you have been infected with HIV, the 

earlier you know, the better. It’s important that your infection be detected early 

so that you can start treatment. Taking 

anti-HIV drugs early in the infection 

may prevent you from developing AIDS. 

Also, once you know your HIV status, 

you can take the proper steps to protect 

your sexual partners.

Types of HIV tests

l	 Antibody tests detect the presence of 

anti-HIV antibodies in body fluids. 

Antibodies are substances produced 

by the immune system to try to fight 

germs such as HIV. Antibodies against 

HIV generally can be detected between 2 weeks and 3 months after 

infection. Most tests detect these antibodies in the blood, but some can 

detect them in saliva or urine.

When you get tested for HIV, your 

doctor or nurse will first give you a 

screening test. Some of these tests proPreventing HIV After Exposure

Some research shows that if you have

been exposed to HIV, you may be able

to prevent HIV infection if you:

•	start taking anti-HIV drugs within 3

days of your exposure

•	continue taking the drugs for 28 days

If you think that the blood or genital

fluids of someone you know or suspect 

to have HIV has entered your body, see

a doctor as soon as possible.

vide results within 20 minutes. If you 

test positive with the screening test, 

then you will need to get a second type 

of test to confirm that you are infected. 

With this more sensitive test, you have 

to return after a few days or weeks to 

get the results.

A home HIV antibody test, called 

“The Home Access HIV-1 Test System,” is also available. It can be found 

in most drugstores. With this test, 

you mail a blood sample to a lab. Results are provided over the phone by 

a counselor. If you use the home test, 

you do not have to supply your name. 

Instead, the laboratory assigns a personal identification number to your 

sample. If you test positive with the 

home test, your counselor will give you 

a referral to a doctor or medical clinic 

where you can get a second test to 

confirm whether you are infected.

l	 Tests for HIV genetic material. Instead of detecting antibodies against 

HIV, these tests detect parts of HIV 

itself. As such, they measure your “viral 

load,” which is the number of HIV 

copies per milliliter of blood. Tests of 

HIV genetic material are useful:

• in the period between when you’re 

infected and when your body starts 

producing anti-HIV antibodies

• if the results of standard antibody 

tests are unclear

• in testing for HIV in a newborn 

baby whose mother is infected

• in helping your doctor see if your 

treatments for HIV infection are 

working
144 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

How often should you get tested?

Everyone aged 13 to 64 years should be 

tested routinely for HIV infection. How 

often you should get tested depends on 

your HIV risks.

l	 You and your partner should get 

tested before starting a new sexual 

relationship.

l	 Pregnant women should be tested as 

early as possible during pregnancy. 

People at High Risk

•	injection drug users and their sex

partners

•	people who exchange sex for money

or illicit drugs

•	sex partners of HIV-infected persons

•	people who have had any new sex

partners since their most recent HIV

test

•	people whose sex partners have

had any new sex partners since

their most recent HIV test

Where can you get tested?

To find an HIV testing site near you, visit the National HIV Testing Resources

Web site or call the CDC National Prevention Information Network listed in

the resource section on page 151. You

can also get tested at your doctor’s office or local public health clinic.

Testing should be repeated in the third 

trimester for women known to be at 

high risk for HIV.

l	 If you are at high risk for HIV infection, you should be tested at least once 

a year. 

l	 You should also get tested if you:

• have tuberculosis (too-bur-kyuhLOH-suhss) (TB) (a common disease among AIDS patients)

• are being treated for an STI

• have early symptoms of HIV infection (see “Symptoms of HIV infection and AIDS” below)

If you do not fit any of the categories 

listed above, talk with your doctor about 

how often you should get tested for HIV.

Symptoms of HIV infection and 

AIDS

Early symptoms of HIV infection

About half of people with HIV develop 

flu-like symptoms about 3 to 6 weeks after becoming infected. These symptoms 

include:

l	 fever

l	 feeling tired

l	 rash
HIV/AIDS 145

l	 headache

l	 enlarged lymph nodes

l	 sore throat

l	 upset stomach

l	 night sweats

l	 stiff neck

l	 open sores in the mouth

Because these symptoms are not specific 

for HIV infection, doctors may sometimes make the wrong diagnosis. If you 

have these symptoms and have been 

behaving in ways that put you at risk for 

HIV infection, be sure to tell your doctor 

or get tested for HIV.

After the initial infection, you may 

have no symptoms. This may last a few 

months or it may last more than 10 

years. During this time, HIV is making 

many copies of itself. It is also infecting 

and killing cells of your immune system. 

As your viral load goes up, your CD4 

count goes down. Starting treatment 

early can:

l	 slow the spread of HIV in your body

l	 slow the destruction of your immune 

system

l	 delay the onset of AIDS-related infections and cancers

Opportunistic infections and cancers

If you don’t get treatment for HIV infection, you will probably get one or more 

opportunistic infections. They are called 

opportunistic because the germs that 

cause these infections take advantage of 

the opportunity provided by your weakened immune system. You may also get 

certain types of cancer.

AIDS-Related Diseases

Disease What it is What you need to know

Pneumocystis 

pneumonia	(noomuh-SISS-tuhss	

noo-MOH-nyuh),	or	

PCP

A	lung	disease Symptoms	include:

•	 Shortness	of	breath	when	you	are	physically	active

•	 A	cough	that	does	not	produce	phlegm	(a	“dry”	cough)

Candidiasis	(kandih-DEYE-uh-suhss)

A	type	of	fungal		

infection

Candidiasis	causes	different	symptoms,	depending	on	

the	site	of	infection.

Thrush	is	candidiasis	inside	the	mouth.	Thrush	causes	

white	curdlike	patches	on	the	tongue,	roof	of	the	mouth,	

and	lips.

Vaginal	candidiasis,	or	vaginal	yeast	infection,	may	

cause:

•	 Vaginal	itch	or	soreness

•	 A	thick	vaginal	discharge	that	looks	like	cottage	

cheese

•	 Pain	or	discomfort	while	having	sex
146 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

AIDS-Related Diseases

Disease What it is What you need to know

Toxoplasmosis

(tok-soh-plaz-MOHsuhss)

A	parasitic	infection	that	

can	damage	your	brain

You	can	avoid	toxoplasmosis	by:

•	 Cooking	meat	until	it	is	no	longer	pink	in	the	center

•	 Avoiding	contact	with	cat	feces.	Ask	someone	who	is	

not	HIV-infected	and	is	not	pregnant	to	change	the	

litter	box	daily.	If	you	must	clean	the	box	yourself,	wear	

gloves	and	wash	your	hands	well	with	soap	and	water	

right	after	changing	the	litter.

Cytomegalovirus 

retinitis	(SEYE-tohMEG-uh-loh-VEYEruhss	ret-uhn-EYEtuhss)

An inflammation in the 

back	of	your	eye	that	

can	cause	vision	loss

To	avoid	becoming	infected	with	cytomegalovirus:

•	 Wash	your	hands	frequently	and	thoroughly

•	 Use	condoms

Tuberculosis A	disease	that	most	often	affects	the	lungsSymptoms	include:

•	 Pain	in	the	chest

•	 Coughing	up	blood	or	phlegm	from	deep	inside	the	

lungs

Cervical cancer Caused	by	infection	with	

certain	types	of	human	

papillomavirus	(See	the	

Sexually Transmitted 

Infections	chapter	on	

page	119.)

HIV-infected	women	should	get	regular	Pap	tests	to	check	

for	precancerous	cells.	How	often	they	should	get	tested	

depends	on	test	results.

Lymphomas	(limFOH-muhz)Cancers	of	the	immune	

system

See	your	doctor	if	you	have	any	of	the	following	problems:

•	 Weight	loss	or	fever	for	no	known	reason

•	 Night	sweats	

•	 Painless,	swollen	lymph	nodes	in	the	neck,	chest,	underarm,	or	groin

•	 A	feeling	of	fullness	below	the	ribs

Treatment for HIV/AIDS

Drugs that are used to treat HIV/AIDS 

are known as antiretroviral (an-teye-REtroh-veye-ruhl) drugs. Different antiretroviral drugs block HIV at different 

stages of the infection.

If you are HIV-infected, your doctor may 

give you a combination of antiretroviral 

drugs. Some combinations of antiretroviral drugs are known as “highly active antiretroviral therapy,” or HAART. If you 

take the drugs as directed, HAART can 

reduce your viral load. This allows your 

immune system to recover and protect 

your body from infections.

It is common practice to say that 

HAART may be able to suppress HIV 

to “undetectable” levels. This means that 

most HIV tests cannot detect the virus. 

Some people make the mistake of thinking that “undetectable” means that they 

no longer have HIV. But the virus is still 

in their body and they can still infect 

other people. So far, no drug combination has been able to totally get rid of 

the virus.
HIV/AIDS 147

AIDS Drug Assistance 

Programs

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs

(ADAPs) provide antiretroviral drugs to

low-income people with HIV/AIDS who:

•	don’t have health insurance, or

•	have private health insurance that

doesn’t pay for antiretroviral drugs

For information on the ADAP program

in your state, contact your state health

department.

Some people have trouble taking antiretroviral drugs as directed because of side 

effects such as:

l	 nausea and vomiting

l	 skin rashes

l	 feeling tired or weak

If you get serious side effects, your doctor may switch you to other drugs. But 

it’s important not to stop taking the 

drugs on your own. If you go on and off 

the drugs, the HIV in your body may 

develop a resistance to the drugs. When 

that happens, the drugs may no longer 

be able to suppress the virus.

If you have an opportunistic infection, 

your doctor can give you various antimicrobial (an-teye-meye-KROH-bee-uhl) 

drugs. These will help your body fight 

the infection. Your doctor may also give 

you vaccines to prevent you from getting other diseases, such as hepatitis or 

measles.

Tips for Staying Healthy 

Longer

There are many things you can do to

stay healthy. Here are a few:

•	Follow your doctor’s instructions. If

your doctor prescribes medicine for

you, take it just the way he or she

tells you to. Taking only some of your

medicine gives your HIV infection

more chance to fight back.

•	If you get sick from your medicine,

call your doctor for advice. Do not

make changes to your medicine on

your own or because of advice from

friends.

•	If you smoke or use drugs not prescribed by your doctor, quit.

•	Eat healthy foods. This will help

keep you strong, keep your energy

and weight up, and help your body

protect itself.

•	Be physically active on a regular

basis.

•	Get enough sleep and rest.
148 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

Psychosocial issues

For many women, being told that they 

are HIV-infected or have AIDS adds to 

the many other serious problems they 

have to deal with, such as:

l	 unemployment

l	 low income

l	 depression

l	 sexual assault

Dealing with HIV infection on top of 

all of your other problems can seem 

overwhelming. A good place to start 

is to work with a case manager. A case 

manager is a health professional who can 

help you manage your care and connect 

you with programs that can help with:

l	 medical care

l	 mental health treatment

l	 treatment for drug and alcohol abuse

l	 job options or learning new job skills

l	 housing

l	 food

l	 domestic violence shelters

l	 child care

To find a case manager:

l	 Ask your doctor or nurse. 

l	 Call your city, county, or state health 

department.

l	 Call your local AIDS organization.

Another problem faced by people with 

HIV/AIDS is the stigma associated with 

the disease. People with HIV/AIDS are 

often rejected by their families, loved 

ones, and communities because they feel 

that AIDS is a shameful disease. Women 

with HIV/AIDS can deal with HIV 

stigma by:

l	 joining HIV/AIDS support groups

l	 becoming HIV/AIDS patient 

advocates

l	 becoming HIV educators or public 

speakers

Research on HIV/AIDS

Many researchers around the world are 

working to find new ways to prevent and 

treat HIV/AIDS. Researchers are working to develop:
HIV/AIDS 149

l	 vaccines that could prevent or treat 

HIV/AIDS

l	 new drugs that:

• target HIV at different stages at 

which it is reproducing itself

• could be given to high-risk people 

to prevent them from becoming 

HIV-infected

• treat opportunistic infections

l	 topical microbicides (meye-KROHbuh-sydz). These are creams or gels 

that:

• women could apply in their vagina 

or rectum before having sex 

• would help protect people from 

HIV and other STIs

• would be non-irritating, inexpensive, 

and not easily detectable by their sex 

partner

If you would like to help with HIV/

AIDS research, consider volunteering 

for a clinical trial. A clinical trial is a 

research study in which a new drug, vaccine, or other product is tested in people 

after having been shown to be safe and 

effective in animals. AIDS clinical trials need women to volunteer, whether 

they test positive or negative for HIV. 

For information on volunteering for an 

AIDS clinical trial, see the AIDS.gov 

and AIDSinfo contact information listed 

in the resource section on page 151.

Much progress has been made in treating HIV/AIDS since the disease first 

surfaced in the early 1980s. In fact, many 

people are living full lives with the help 

of treatment advances and support from 

family and friends. And with continued 

support from researchers and advocates 

around the world, a cure just may be 

possible. n
150 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages

One	Woman’s	Story

When my mother was diagnosed in the late ’80s, AIDS was still considered a “gay”disease. She was a single woman with two young children who didn’t use drugs

and wasn’t a gay man, so how did she end up with this disease? My mother had no time

to worry about the past. She had to figure out how to live for the future. Rather than burden others or shame herself, she kept her HIV status a secret from her family for over 10

years. She only shared this information with her doctors and partners.

My mother decided to tell her family that she was HIV positive in 1998. I couldn’t believe

what was happening. She is the smartest woman I know, my best friend, the wind beneath my wings. How could she have this disease that has killed millions? Was she going

to die, too?

My mother said that she was afraid of

what her family and friends would think

of her. She didn’t want to lose them. But

what would they say except, “You are my

sister/daughter/aunt/best friend, and

I love you.” Back then, the stereotypes

attached to HIV were still considered

truths. Even though the black community was strongly affected by this epidemic, it was still uneducated and misinformed about the disease. Who was to

say that our family was any different?

In 2003, my mother started to feel more secure and was ready to talk about it. She began speaking to small groups and even did a radio interview. So when she was asked

to participate in a special episode of the UPN show “Girlfriends,” she proudly said yes.

On May 12, 2003, the rest of our family and the world found out that my mother, Julaun

Lewis, was living with HIV. During her appearance, she was beautiful, strong, and, most

important, forever free of the burden of this secret. I had never been more proud of both

her and my family. Like we’d hoped, everyone had the same response: “We love you and

always will.”

The key to stopping this disease is education and acceptance. Once we as a community

educate ourselves about the disease, and our own personal status, we will open our

hearts and minds and finally accept how HIV/AIDS has affected our community. I know 

firsthand that HIV/AIDS is not a death sentence. People with it can live long, full, and 

healthy lives. We need to move past stereotypes so that no one will have to keep being

HIV-positive a secret.

Jeneane 

Los Angeles, California

I know firsthand 

that HIV/AIDS is not 

a death sentence.

Taken from Not in My Family: AIDS in the African-American Community (Agate).
HIV/AIDS 151

For More Information...

Office on Women’s Health, HHS

200 Independence Ave SW, Room 712E

Washington, DC 20201

Web site: www.womenshealth.gov/hiv

Phone number: (800) 994-9662,

(888) 220-5446 TDD

AIDS.gov, HHS

200 Independence Ave SW

Washington, DC 20201

Web site: www.aids.gov

AIDSinfo, NIH

PO Box 6303

Rockville, MD 20849-6303

Web site: www.aidsinfo.nih.gov

Phone number: (800) 448-0440,

(888) 480-3739 TTY

Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC

1600 Clifton Rd NE

Atlanta, GA 30333

Web site: www.cdc.gov/hiv

Phone number: (800) 232-4636,

(888) 232-6348 TTY

HIV/AIDS Bureau, HRSA

5600 Fishers Ln

Rockville, MD 20857

Web site: www.hab.hrsa.gov

Phone number: (888) 275-4772

National HIV Testing Resources, CDC

PO Box 6003

Rockville, MD 20849-6003

Web site: www.hivtest.org

Phone number: (800) 458-5231

National Institute of Allergy and 

Infectious Diseases, NIH

6610 Rockledge Drive, MSC 6612

Bethesda, MD 20892-6612

Web site: www.niaid.nih.gov/

healthscience/healthtopics/HIVAIDS

Phone number: (866) 284-4107,

(800) 877-8339

Office of Special Health Issues, FDA

5600 Fishers Ln

Rockville, MD 20857

Web site: www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/

hiv.html

Phone number: (888) 463-6332

HIV and AIDS Medicines to Help You

www.fda.gov/womens/medicinecharts/

hiv.html

AIDS InfoNet

PO Box 810

Arroyo Seco, NM 87514

Web site: www.aidsinfonet.org

The Body

250 W 57th St

New York, NY 10107

Web site: www.thebody.com

CDC National Prevention Information 

Network

PO Box 6003

Rockville, MD 20849-6003

Web site: www.cdcnpin.org

Phone number: (800) 458-5231

Project Inform

1375 Mission St

San Francisco, CA 94103-2621

Web site: www.projectinform.org

Phone number: (800) 822-7422
152 The Healthy Woman: A Complete Guide for All Ages