79–010 

Calendar No. 60 

111TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! SENATE 1st Session 111–19 

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY ACT OF 2009 

MAY 13, 2009.—Ordered to be printed 

Mr. KERRY, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany S. 384] 

The Committee on Foreign Relations, having had under consideration the bill (S. 384), to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 

2010 through 2014 to provide assistance to foreign countries to promote food security, to stimulate rural economies, and to improve 

emergency response to food crises, to amend the Foreign Assistance 

Act of 1961, and for other purposes, reports favorably thereon and 

recommends that the bill do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

I. Purpose ........................................................................................................... 1 

II. Committee Action .......................................................................................... 1 

III. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 2 

IV. Cost Estimate ................................................................................................. 9 

V. Evaluation of Regulatory Impact .................................................................. 11 

VI. Changes in Existing Law .............................................................................. 11 

I. PURPOSE

The purpose of S. 384 is to authorize appropriations for fiscal 

years 2010 through 2014 to promote global food security, stimulate 

rural economics, and improve the U.S. emergency response to food 

crises. 

II. COMMITTEE ACTION

S. 384 was introduced by Senators Lugar, Casey, and Durbin on 

February 5, 2009. On March 31, 2009, the committee ordered S. 

384 reported unanimously by voice vote. 


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III. DISCUSSION

S. 384, the ‘‘Global Food Security Act of 2009’’ authorizes increased resources for long-term rural development through investments in agricultural productivity, infrastructure, education, research, science, technology and extension in order to reorient U.S. 

development programs to focus on hunger and poverty alleviation. 

It creates a new program to enhance human and institutional capacity through higher education for agriculture and extension, and 

a new fund to improve the U.S. emergency response to food crises. 

It creates a Special Coordinator for Global Food Security and directs the President to establish a Global Food Security Strategy. 

Roughly one billion people suffer from food insecurity—they are 

unable to consume sufficient calories for a healthy and active life. 

Chronic hunger has its most pernicious effects on children, mothers, and the sick. Children deprived of adequate nutrients suffer 

from lifelong stunting and cognitive deficiencies. The children of 

lactating women also suffer physiological consequences of a poor 

maternal diet. Childhood malnutrition claims the lives of up to 5 

million children each year. The sick, especially those infected with 

HIV/AIDS, are unable to fight off the effects of disease. Those that 

are well spend an inordinate amount of time and income trying to 

provide food for their families. 

The consequences of hunger are profound. Quality of life for affected families deteriorates as access to food decreases, affecting 

their productivity, and ultimately the economic growth of nations. 

Hungry children are unable to learn, and hungry adults are not 

productive. Hungry people are desperate people, and their hunger 

can breed instability as evidenced by riots in some 19 countries 

during the Spring and Summer of 2008. It is both a moral and a 

security imperative for the United States and other wealthy nations to address the root causes of hunger. 

The steep spikes in food prices that occurred in 2007 and 2008 

put an additional 75 million people worldwide into the category of 

hungry. Faced with a lack of access to food, poor families respond 

by cutting out more expensive, and often more nutritious food, followed by cutting back to one meal a day. With prolonged food insecurity, families often sell off farm animals for income, which 

plunges them further into poverty. Even a short episode of food unavailability can have very lengthy effects on families struggling to 

pull themselves out of poverty. 

Although food prices have declined from 2008, they are still 

above long-term trend levels, according to the Food and Agriculture 

Organization (FAO). World maize prices are still 40 percent higher, 

and world rice prices are 100 percent higher than the 2003–2006 

average, according to the World Bank. There are troubling signs 

that food supply problems may push these prices back up as evidenced by low world stocks for cereals. The most commonly used 

indicator of cereals availability, the global stocks-to-use ratio, in 

2008/2009 is at its second lowest in three decades (FAO). The current stocks-to-use ratio is 16.7 percent, while during the 1980s and 

1990s, it averaged in the range of 30 percent to 35 percent. 

There is little reason for anyone to be hungry in a world in which 

we have the knowledge and resources to ensure that everyone has 

access to a nutritious range of food. Just as technological advances 


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of the Green Revolution spurred large parts of Asia to increase 

farm yield, so too can technology help to increase agricultural productivity in response to growing populations. However, today’s 

challenges are more than increasing the availability of food. Those 

living in poverty need enough income to ensure access to a varied 

diet necessary for a productive life. Food insecurity is a problem of 

both availability and access, and both aspects must be addressed 

if we are to overcome hunger. 

Agriculture formed the basis for the economic development of the 

United States; it can also be the basis for sustained economic 

growth and prosperity elsewhere. Investments in farm yield, in 

technology and its dissemination to farmers, and in education are 

vital. Addressing hunger is the essence of development. Food security both empowers individuals and has a multiplier effect throughout society—raising incomes, improving nutrition and productivity, 

spreading equality, and creating jobs through related industries. 

The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that farmers 

will need to double current output by 2050 to satisfy the demand 

for food due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. This is a daunting task, given that even today, about 1 billion people, or 1/6th of the world’s population, already suffers from 

food insecurity. 

Both donors and developing countries have neglected to make investments in agricultural productivity and rural development. The 

effects of decades of neglect by donor and host governments of investments in agricultural productivity became apparent as food 

prices climbed steeply beginning in 2007 and continuing into 2008. 

U.S. assistance for agriculture has declined precipitously since the 

1980s. In terms of U.S. assistance for agriculture as compared to 

total U.S. assistance, aid for agriculture declined from 20 percent 

in 1980 to 3 percent in 2006. Assistance from all donors for agriculture has fallen from 13 percent in the 1980s to just 4 percent 

in 2006. 

To overcome hunger, donor and host governments should adopt 

a long-term approach that puts agricultural productivity and rural 

development at center stage. The World Bank contends that agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument for sustainable 

development and poverty reduction. Three out of every 4 poor people in developing countries live in rural areas, for a total of 2.1 billion people living on less than $2 a day and 880 million living on 

less than $1 dollar a day. Since most rural people depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, the World Bank suggests that promoting agriculture is imperative for alleviating poverty and hunger. The Bank suggests also that agriculture could be the lead sector for growth in sub-Saharan African countries because they are 

largely agriculture-based economies. 

Research on agriculture in developing countries points to the importance of increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers particularly in countries that are agriculture-based. There is widespread agreement that productivity growth is key to developing agriculture and that the drivers of productivity growth are widespread use of irrigation, modern crop varieties, and fertilizer—the 

main components of the Green Revolution. Grain yields have been 

rising in developing countries as a whole, but not in sub-Saharan 

Africa. Improved varieties occupied 80 percent of the area planted 


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to cereals in South and East Asia in 2000 compared to just 22 percent in sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia, 39 percent of the crop 

area is irrigated but only 4 percent in sub-Saharan Africa. African 

farmers use about 4 percent of the amount of fertilizer used per 

hectare by Asian farmers—6 kilograms per hectare—about the 

level of Asian use in the 1960s. 

To make advances, special attention should be given to harnessing the power of education and science. Developing appropriate 

technologies is vital to this effort, but using technology to solve 

problems will not happen unless countries have the human capacity to exploit it. Equally, the United States should urge other nations—both wealthy and poor—to avoid resisting proven technologies that promise remarkable farm productivity payoffs, while 

protecting the environment. A rural focus will have positive effects 

throughout economies, creating new businesses and jobs, promoting 

equity, and raising incomes. It will also have effects on urban centers as revitalized rural areas will reduce the motivation for jobseeking emigrants to leave their homes for an uncertain future in 

the city. 

Those who are poor are also hungry; both problems must be addressed in tandem. The Food and Agriculture Organization concluded, ‘‘It is now widely acknowledged by most stakeholders that 

the role of agriculture and the rural economy is fundamental for securing sustainable gains in the fight against poverty. A productivity-induced agricultural expansion can ‘‘pull’’ other sectors with 

it and increase economic activity and employment opportunities in 

rural areas.’’ This recognition must be followed by action on the 

part of donors and host governments working in partnership. 

The Global Food Security Act of 2009 would provide for U.S. 

leadership in addressing global hunger. It establishes as U.S. policy 

the promotion of global food security, the eradication of hunger and 

malnutrition, the alleviation of poverty, the improvement of agricultural productivity and rural development, the development of institutions of higher learning that will enhance human capacity, entrepreneurial skills and job creation, agricultural research and 

technology, and the dissemination of farming techniques to all 

parts of the agriculture sector, and the support of sustainable farming methods. The committee notes that raising agricultural productivity and spurring rural development requires a multisector approach that encompasses education, infrastructure, market development, and health and nutrition activities. 

A Global Strategy on Food Security. The bill establishes a Special 

Coordinator for Food Security to advise the President on international food security issues and to develop a global food security 

strategy. This strategy is to be developed in consultation with government agencies, program implementers, private sector actors, 

education and research institutions, and international donor and 

nongovernmental actors. It should reflect a whole of government 

approach in harnessing the resources of the numerous U.S. Government agencies that manage programs supporting the objectives of 

the Global Food Security Act. The committee notes that greater efficiencies in the use of taxpayer funds can be achieved through the 

better coordination of government activities. This can be achieved 

through coordination in both the design and implementation of programs. 


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The strategy should take into account the large number of 

women working in agriculture, as farmers, and entrepreneurs, particularly in Africa where up to 80 percent of farmers are women. 

The strategy should examine various opportunities and obstacles to 

reaching women in order to raise their income. Integrating gender 

into agriculture programs, from inception through implementation 

and evaluation, can increase food production, reduce malnutrition, 

spur economic growth, and improve program effectiveness. 

The strategy should be multisector in approach with a focus on 

approaches that empower individuals rather than enabling poverty. 

Approaches that have a multiplier effect on development should be 

incorporated into the strategy as an effective means to alleviating 

hunger and poverty. The strategy should seek to integrate emergency responses in the form of food aid, safety net programs and 

social protection with longer-range development strategies that are 

market based and rural in focus. 

A strategy should also include specific and measurable goals, 

benchmarks and time frames, and a plan of action to achieve the 

objectives as established by S. 384. It should be the responsibility 

of the Coordinator to oversee the annual monitoring and evaluation 

of the program measuring progress against objectives. The bill requires annual reports to Congress on the implementation of the 

strategy and an assessment from the Government Accountability 

Office on the strategy. 

S. 384 designates USAID as the lead agency for implementing 

the strategy. Regardless of the number of government agencies participating in development activities, USAID remains the primary 

vehicle and reservoir of expertise and experience. The committee 

notes the value of USAID’s experience in the field and its ability 

to support local ownership of program focus and policies. 

The committee encourages better field-based coordination in the 

development of country strategies among U.S. government agencies, better coordination among international donors at the country 

level, and the leveraging of private resources. Organizations such 

as the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) can be 

leaders in working with developing country governments, donor 

governments, and private sources of funding to develop integrated 

approaches to agricultural development. 

Increasing Resources for Agriculture and Rural Development. The 

Global Food Security Act authorizes increased resources for agriculture and rural development: $750 million in FY 2010; $1,000 

million in FY 2011; $1,500 million in FY 2012; $2,000 million in 

FY 2013; and, $2,500 million in FY 2014. These amounts are to reflect a multisector approach addressing agriculture and rural development. The committee notes that the funding levels authorized in 

S. 384 begin to restore U.S. funding for agricultural assistance and 

rural development to levels similar to those during the 1980s. Current U.S. funding for rural development comprises just 3 percent 

of total foreign assistance, compared to 20 percent in the 1980s. In 

the first year of the bill, this ratio would reach 3.8 percent. If total 

aid were frozen at FY 2009 levels, the bill’s funding would reach 

just 13 percent. It is largely accepted that investments in agriculture and rural development can be twice as effective as investments in other sectors for the alleviation of hunger and poverty. 


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Putting our foreign assistance dollars toward this sector is a wise 

investment of our aid budget. 

S. 384 amends the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 

2151) to clarify the importance of expanding the economic participation of people living in extreme poverty, or less than $1.00 a day, 

and of the rural landless. A provision is added to support conservation farming and other sustainable agricultural techniques to address the effects of climate change, deforestation, soil degradation, 

and water shortages. A provision is added to encourage the improvement of nutrition for vulnerable populations, especially children under the age of two, and pregnant and lactating women. The 

committee notes numerous studies suggesting that the first two 

years of life are critical for physical and cognitive development and 

that children deprived of nutrition under two years of age suffer 

permanent consequences. Large populations of affected children 

could have profound negative outcomes for economic growth and 

stability. 

A provision is also added to Sec. 202 Agricultural Research to encourage research on biotechnological advances appropriate to local 

ecological conditions, including genetically modified (GM) technology. GM crops hold the promise of improving farm yield, particularly drought-resistant varieties, and reducing the use of pesticides. Their use and development should be considered through 

additional research. 

The committee notes the valuable expertise and experience of 

private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and cooperatives in working with the rural poor, community-based organizations, and local 

administrators to develop agriculture, business, and infrastructure, 

and to improve the living conditions, productivity, incomes and nutrition of poor and hungry populations. The committee believes that 

the Special Coordinator and the USAID Administrator should identify ways in which to utilize PVOs and cooperatives to a greater extent than at present. 

The Role of Education, Science, Technology, and Extension. Title 

III—University Partnerships for Agriculture of S. 384 rewrites 

Title XII of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2220a) 

to clarify Congressional intent and remove redundancies in priorities and emphases with regard to the role of institutions of higher 

learning, and national and international research centers in the 

field of agriculture. The purpose of Title III is to engage the expertise of United States institutions of higher education in collaboration with public and private institutions in developing countries 

with the objectives of promoting food security, agricultural productivity, rural development, poverty and malnutrition alleviation, and 

environmental sustainability. U.S. schools have many years of experience and expertise in working with foreign schools on agriculture issues. These partnerships should be maintained and enhanced. 

The committee notes that U.S. land grant universities and other 

institutions of higher learning have played an important role in the 

development of the U.S. agriculture sector and that the agriculture 

sector laid the foundation for the growth of U.S. industry and commerce. One area of expertise of the land grant universities is in developing extension services, which are inadequate in many developing countries. The agricultural programs of education instituVerDate Nov 24 2008 23:37 May 13, 2009 Jkt 079010 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR019.XXX SR019

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tions, including both universities and vocational schools, in countries suffering from chronic hunger and poverty need strengthening 

in both human and institutional capacity. Their strengthening can 

have a powerful multiplier effect on higher education systems in 

general and the development and dissemination of technology. 

Partnerships among educational institutions and national and 

international agricultural research centers can be especially productive. 

S. 384 seeks to strengthen education, science, technology, and extension in countries suffering from chronic food security and poverty. Title III authorizes programs to support agriculture research, 

strengthen educational capacity, develop extension services, and 

apply agricultural sciences to solving chronic hunger. It authorizes 

funding for the Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) at 

$45 million for each fiscal year. The CRSP program supports partnerships between U.S. and foreign universities on shared research 

agendas. It authorizes funding for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) at $50 million for each fiscal year. The CGIAR network of international research centers 

around the world conducts much needed research on agricultural 

productivity. While the committee applauds the successes of the 

CGIAR system, it also encourages more collaboration between its 

research centers and national universities in strengthening their 

research, extension, and teaching capacities. 

S. 384 creates a new program, Higher Education Collaboration 

for Technology, Agriculture, Research and Extension (HECTARE) 

for the purpose of strengthening higher educational capacity in developing countries in the field of agriculture and related sciences. 

Such programs should help to promote entrepreneurship and economic growth in rural areas, increase agricultural productivity and 

sustainable agriculture, alleviate poverty and malnutrition, promote nutritional diversity, and promote good governance. These objectives can be achieved either by support to selected foreign universities (HECTARE schools) or U.S. universities, nongovernmental 

organizations, or private entities, working in partnership with foreign schools. 

USAID is tasked with developing and implementing the program 

to meet these objectives. The program shall utilize multiyear assistance plans for countries that have demonstrated a commitment 

to supporting agriculture and rural development, higher education, 

and good governance. Funds can be used to: support academic exchanges of students, faculty, extension educators, and school administrators; strengthen agricultural sciences curricula including 

vocational training; increase research capacity, output, and quality; 

and, improve the dissemination of information and technology to 

farmers. The program may also support educational institutions to 

serve as regional hubs to promote the program’s objectives through 

regional education networks. The program is authorized at: $100 

million for FY 2010; $200 million for FY 2011; $300 million for FY 

2012; $400 million for FY 2013; and $500 million for FY 2014. 

S. 384 creates a new board, the Board for Higher Education Collaboration for Technology, Agriculture, Research, and Extension 

that replaces the existing Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD). The Board is to advise the Administrator of USAID on the implementation of programs authorized 


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in Title III of S. 384, and any other education-related programs established by the Administrator to fulfill the objectives of the Global 

Food Security Act. The Board is specifically tasked with reviewing 

the research foci of the Collaborative Research Support Program 

(CRSP) and their relevance in addressing hunger, malnutrition, agricultural productivity, and poverty alleviation. 

Improving Emergency Response to Food Crises. S. 384 creates an 

Emergency Rapid Response to Food Crises Fund to improve the 

timeliness of the U.S. response to food crises. The fund is in addition, and complementary, to food aid provided through the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The committee notes that U.S. food aid 

shipments can often take months after the start of a crisis to arrive 

in the affected region. The Rapid Response Fund would allow 

USAID to quickly engage at the onset of a crisis with the objective 

of preempting its escalation. Funds can be used for food and nonfood assistance of an emergency nature; it is not for long-term support or development. Funds may be used for the local and regional 

purchase and distribution of food. Non-food assistance, in the form 

of vouchers, cash transfers, safety net programs or other appropriate non-food assistance of an emergency nature, may also be 

provided. 

S. 384 authorizes $500 million for the Emergency Rapid Response to Food Crises Fund that shall remain available until expended. Disbursements from the account must be reported to the 

appropriate congressional committees not later than 5 days prior to 

providing the assistance. 

IV. COST ESTIMATE

In accordance with Rule XXVI, paragraph 11(a) of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, the committee provides this estimate of the 

costs of this legislation prepared by the Congressional Budget Office. 

UNITED STATES CONGRESS, 

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE, 

Washington, DC, April 29, 2009. 

Hon. JOHN F. KERRY, 

Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, 

U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for S. 384, the Global Food Security Act of 2009. 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is John Chin. 

Sincerely, 

DOUGLAS W. ELMENDORF. 


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CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE

April 29, 2009. 

S. 384 

Global Food Security Act of 2009 

AS ORDERED REPORTED BY THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN

RELATIONS ON MARCH 31, 2009

Summary 

S. 384 would amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize appropriations for various programs to support sustainable 

agriculture, rural development, and improved nutrition, including 

the Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). 

The bill also would establish and authorize appropriations for two 

new programs: the United States Emergency Rapid Response to 

Food Crises Fund that would meet unexpected, urgent needs for 

food assistance; and the Higher Education Collaboration for Technology, Agriculture, Research, and Extension (HECTARE) program 

that would fund university partnerships to advance agricultural 

productivity and hunger alleviation in eligible countries. 

CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost about $6.5 

billion over the 2010–2014 period, assuming appropriation of the 

authorized and estimated amounts. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues. 

S. 384 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates 

as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and 

would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimated Cost to the Federal Government 

The estimated budgetary impact of S. 384 is shown in the following table. The costs of this legislation fall within budget function 150 (international affairs). 

Changes in Spending Subject to Appropriation, S. 384 

By Fiscal Year, in Millions of Dollars 

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2008– 

2014 

Bilateral Agriculture Programs.

Authorization Level ............................. 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 7,750 

Estimated Outlays ............................... 131 417 744 1,143 1,587 4,022 

Emergency Rapid Response to Food Crises.

Estimated Authorization Level ........... 500 400 420 416 417 2,153 

Estimated Outlays ............................... 125 400 420 416 417 1,778 

University Partnerships for Agriculture.

Authorization Level ............................. 100 200 300 400 500 1,500 

Estimated Outlays ............................... 6 53 129 220 315 723 

Total Changes.

Estimated Authorization Level .... 1,350 ,600 2,220 2,816 3,417 11,403 

Estimated Outlays ........................ 262 870 1,293 1,779 2,319 6,523 


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Basis of Estimate 

For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted 

near the end of fiscal year 2009, that the estimated amounts will 

be provided in annual appropriation acts each fiscal year, and that 

outlays will follow historical spending patterns for similar activities. 

Bilateral Agriculture Programs 

Title II would authorize appropriations of $750 million in 2010 

and $7.75 billion over the 2010–2014 period for programs that promote sustainable agriculture, rural development, and improved nutrition in developing countries. Of these amounts, the bill would 

annually make available up to $45 million for the CRSP and up to 

$50 million for the CGIAR to support established networks of U.S. 

universities and research centers around the world working on 

international food and agricultural research. CBO estimates that 

implementing these programs would cost $4 billion over the 2010– 

2014 period. 

Emergency Rapid Response to Food Crises 

Title IV would establish the United States Emergency Rapid Response to Food Crises Fund to meet unexpected, urgent needs for 

food assistance in developing countries. Title IV would authorize 

appropriations to the fund of $500 million in 2010 and such sums 

as may be necessary in subsequent years, so long as the total unobligated amounts in the fund never exceed $500 million. CBO estimates that 20 percent of appropriated amounts for the fund would 

remain unobligated in any given year, and thus CBO expects that 

about $400 million would be appropriated each year after 2010. 

CBO estimates that establishing the fund would cost $1.8 billion 

over the 2010–2014 period. 

University Partnerships for Agriculture 

Title III would authorize appropriations of $100 million in 2010 

and $1.5 billion over the 2010–2014 period to fund the HECTARE 

program, which would provide assistance to support agricultural 

research partnerships between U.S. universities and eligible institutions in developing countries. According to the United States 

Agency for International Development, the HECTARE program 

would expand on the CRSP program by allowing for greater flexibility in research funding for a broader range of food security 

issues. CBO estimates that implementing the HECTARE program 

would cost $723 million over the 2010–2014 period. 

Intergovernmental and Private-Sector Impact 

S. 384 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates 

as defined in UMRA. Public universities could benefit from the new 

program created by the bill that would provide assistance to partnerships between institutions of higher education and organizations in developing countries. The program would award grants 

and provide assistance with cooperative agreements and contracts. 

Any requirements for receiving assistance under that program 

would be conditions of receiving federal aid. 


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Estimate Prepared by: 

FEDERAL COSTS: John Chin 

IMPACT ON STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS: Marin Randall 

IMPACT ON THE PRIVATE SECTOR: Burke Doherty 

Estimate Approved by: 

Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis. 

V. EVALUATION OF REGULATORY IMPACT

Pursuant to Rule XXVI, paragraph 11(b) of the Standing Rules 

of the Senate, the committee has determined that there is no regulatory impact as a result of this legislation. 

VI. CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

In compliance with Rule XXVI, paragraph 12 of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, changes in existing law made by the bill, as 

reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted 

is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in roman). 

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 103. AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, AND NUTRI- TION.—(a)(1) In recognition of the fact that the great majority of 

the people of developing countries live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related pursuits for their 

livelihood, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on 

such terms and conditions as he may determine, for agriculture, 

rural development, and nutrition— 

(A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and malnutrition; 

(B) to expand significantly the provision of basic services 

to rural poor people to enhance their capacity for self-help 

ø; and¿ ; 

(C) to help create productive farm and off-farm employment 

in rural areas to provide a more viable economic base and enhance opportunities for improved incomes, living standards, 

and contributions by rural poor people to the economic and social development of their countriesø.¿ ; and 

(D) to expand the economic participation of people living in 

extreme poverty and those who lack access to agriculturally productive land, including through productive safety net programs 

and health and nutrition programs, and to integrate those living in extreme poverty into the economy; 

(E) to support conservation farming and other sustainable agricultural techniques to respond to changing climatic conditions 

and water shortages; and 

(F) to improve nutrition of vulnerable populations, such as 

children under the age of two years old, and pregnant or lactating women. 

* * * * * * * 

Sec. 103A. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.—Agricultural research carried out under this Act shall (1) take account of the special needs 


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of small farmers in the determination of research priorities, (2) include research on the interrelationships among technology, institutions, and economic, social, environmental, and cultural factors affecting small-farm agricultureø, and (3) make¿, (3) make extensive 

use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditionsø.¿, and (4) include research on biotechnological advances appropriate 

to local ecological conditions, including genetically modified technology. Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research 

results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and especially 

on institutional and other arrangements needed to assure that 

small farmers have effective access to both new and existing improved technology. 

* * * * * * * 

øTITLE XII—FAMINE PREVENTION AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER

øSEC. 296. GENERAL PROVISIONS.—(a) The Congress declares 

that, in order to achieve the mutual goals among nations of ensuring food security, human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sustainable use of natural resources, the 

United States should mobilize the capacities of the United States 

land-grant universities, other eligible universities, and public and 

private partners of universities in the United States and other 

countries, consistent with sections 103 and 103A of this Act, for: (1) 

global research on problems affecting food, agriculture, forestry, 

and fisheries; (2) improved human capacity and institutional resource development for the global application of agricultural and 

related environmental sciences; (3) agricultural development and 

trade research and extension services in the United States and 

other countries to support the entry of rural industries into world 

markets; and (4) providing for the application of agricultural 

sciences to solving food, health, nutrition, rural income, and environmental problems, especially such problems in low-income, food 

deficit countries. 

øThe Congress so declares because it finds— 

ø(A)that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, 

State, and county governments has led to agricultural progress 

with and through the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of economic development; 

ø(B) that land-grant and other universities in the United 

States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with international agencies, educational and research 

institutions in other countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations worldwide, in expanding global agricultural production, processing, business and trade, to the 

benefit of aid recipient countries and of the United States; 

ø(C) that, in a world of growing populations with rising expectations, increased food production and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger and ensure human health 

and child survival, but to build the basis for economic growth 

and trade, and the social security in which democracy and a 

market economy can thrive, and moreover, that the greatest 

potential for increasing world food supplies and incomes to 


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purchase food is in the developing countries where the gap between food need and food supply is the greatest and current incomes are lowest; 

ø(D) that increasing and making more secure the supply of 

food is of greatest benefit to the poorest majority in the developing world; 

ø(E) that, with expanding global markets and increasing imports into many countries, including the United States, food 

safety and quality, as well as secure supply, have emerged as 

mutual concerns of all countries; 

ø(F) that research, teaching, and extension activities, and 

appropriate institutional and policy development therefore are 

prime factors in improving agricultural production, food distribution, processing, storage, and marketing abroad (as well 

as in the United States); 

ø(G) moreover, that agricultural research abroad has in the 

past and will continue in the future to provide benefits for agriculture and the broader economy of the United States and 

that increasing the availability of food of higher nutritional 

quality is of benefit to all; 

ø(H) that there is a need to responsibly manage the world’s 

agricultural and natural resources for sustained productivity, 

health and resilience to climate variability; and 

ø(I) that universities and public and private partners of universities need a dependable source of funding in order to increase the impact of their own investments and those of their 

State governments and constituencies, in order to continue and 

expand their efforts to advance agricultural development in cooperating countries, to translate development into economic 

growth and trade for the United States and cooperating countries, and to prepare future teachers, researchers, extension 

specialists, entrepreneurs, managers, and decisionmakers for 

the world economy. 

ø(b) Accordingly, the Congress declares that, in order to prevent 

famine and establish freedom from hunger, the following components must be brought together in a coordinated program to increase world food and fiber production, agricultural trade, and responsible management of natural resources, including— 

ø(1) continued efforts by the international agricultural research centers and other international research entities to provide a global network, including United States universities, for 

international scientific collaboration on crops, livestock, forests, 

fisheries, farming resources, and food systems of worldwide importance; 

ø(2) contract research and the implementation of collaborative research support programs and other research collaboration led by United States universities, and involving research 

systems in other countries focused on crops, livestock, forests, 

fisheries, farming resources, and food systems, with benefits to 

the United States and partner countries; 

ø(3) broadly disseminating the benefits of global agricultural 

research and development including increased benefits for 

United States agriculturally related industries through establishment of development and trade information and service 

centers, for rural as well as urban communities, through extenVerDate Nov 24 2008 23:37 May 13, 2009 Jkt 079010 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR019.XXX SR019

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14 

sion, cooperatively with, and supportive of, existing public and 

private trade and development related organizations; 

ø(4) facilitation of participation by universities and public 

and private partners of universities in programs of multilateral 

banks and agencies which receive United States funds; 

ø(5) expanding learning opportunities about global agriculture for students, teachers, community leaders, entrepreneurs, and the general public through international internships and exchanges, graduate assistantships, faculty positions, and other means of education and extension through 

long-term recurring Federal funds matched by State funds; and 

ø(6) competitive grants through universities to United States 

agriculturalists and public and private partners of universities 

from other countries for research, institution and policy development, extension, training, and other programs for global agricultural development, trade, and responsible management of 

natural resources. 

ø(c) The United States should— 

ø(1) effectively involve the United States land-grant and 

other eligible universities more extensively in each of the program components described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of 

subsection (b); 

ø(2) provide mechanisms for the universities and public and 

private partners of universities to participate and advise in the 

planning, development, implementation, and administration of 

each component; 

ø(3) assist such universities and public and private partners 

of universities in cooperative joint efforts with— 

ø(A) agricultural institutions in developing nations; 

ø(B) regional and international agricultural research 

centers; 

ø(C) multilateral banks and agencies receiving United 

States funds; 

ø(D) development agencies of other countries; and 

ø(E) United States Government foreign assistance and 

economic cooperation programs; 

ø(4) generally engage the United States university community more extensively in the agricultural research, trade, and 

development initiatives undertaken outside the United States, 

with the objectives of strengthening its capacity to carry out 

research, teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food production, processing, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally developing nations, and for transforming 

progress in global agricultural research and development into 

economic growth, trade, and trade benefits for aid recipient 

countries and United States communities and industries, and 

for the wise use of natural resources; and 

ø(5) ensure that all federally funded support to universities 

and public and private partners of universities relating to the 

goals of this title is periodically reviewed for its performance. 

ø(d) As used in this title, the term ‘‘universities’’ means those colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the 

United States, or the District of Columbia, now receiving, or which 

may hereafter receive, benefits under the Act of July 2, 1862 

(known as the First Morrill Act), or the Act of August 30, 1890 


wwoods2 on PRODPC68 with REPORTS
15 

(known as the Second Morrill Act), which are commonly known as 

‘‘land-grant’’ universities; institutions now designated or which may 

hereafter be designated as sea-grant colleges under the Act of October 15, 1966 (known as the National Sea Grant College and Program Act), which are commonly known as sea-grant colleges; Native American land-grant colleges as authorized under the Equity 

in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note); 

and other United States colleges and universities which— 

ø(1) have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, and 

extension (including outreach) activities in the agricultural 

sciences; and 

ø(2) can contribute effectively to the attainment of the objective of this title. 

ø(e) As used in this title, the term ‘‘Administrator’’ means the 

Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. 

ø(f) As used in this title, the term ‘‘public and private partners 

of universities’’ includes entities that have cooperative or contractual agreements with universities, which may include formal or informal associations of universities, other education institutions, 

United States Government and State agencies, private voluntary 

organizations, nongovernmental organizations, firms operated for 

profit, nonprofit organizations, multinational banks, and, as designated by the Administrator, any organization, institution, or 

agency incorporated in other countries. 

ø(g) As used in this title, the term ‘‘agriculture’’ includes the 

science and practice of activity related to food, feed, and fiber production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and trade, 

and also includes family and consumer sciences, nutrition, food 

science and engineering, agricultural economics and other social 

sciences, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aquaculture, floraculture, veterinary medicine, and other environmental and natural resources 

sciences. 

ø(h) As used in this title, the term ‘‘agriculturists’’ includes farmers, herders, and livestock producers, individuals who fish and others employed in cultivating and harvesting food resources from salt 

and fresh waters, individuals who cultivate trees and shrubs and 

harvest nontimber forest products, as well as the processors, managers, teachers, extension specialists, researchers, policymakers, 

and others who are engaged in the food, feed, and fiber system and 

its relationships to natural resources. 

øSEC. 297. GENERAL AUTHORITY.—(a) To carry out the purposes 

of this title, the President is authorized to provide assistance on 

such terms and conditions as he shall determine— 

ø(1) to implement program components through United 

States universities as authorized by paragraphs (2) through (5) 

of this subsection; 

ø(2) to build and strengthen the institutional capacity and 

human resources skills of agriculturally developing countries 

so that these countries may participate more fully in the international agricultural problem-solving effort and to introduce 

and adapt new solutions to local circumstances; 

ø(3) to provide long-term program support for United States 

university global agricultural and related environmental collaborative research and learning opportunities for students, 


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16 

teachers, extension specialists, researchers, and the general 

public; 

ø(4) to involve United States universities more fully in the 

international network of agricultural science, including the 

international agricultural research centers, the activities of 

international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization, 

multilateral banks, the institutions of agriculturally developing 

nations, and United States and foreign nongovernmental organizations supporting extension and other productivity-enhancing programs; and 

ø(5) to provide program support for international agricultural research centers, to provide support for research projects 

identified for specific problem-solving needs, and to develop 

and strengthen national research systems in the developing 

countries. 

ø(b) Programs under this title shall be carried out so as to— 

ø(1) utilize and strengthen the capabilities of United States 

universities with public and private partners of universities 

in— 

ø(A) developing capacity in the cooperating nation for 

classroom teaching in agriculture, plant and animal 

sciences, human nutrition, and vocational and domestic 

arts and other relevant fields appropriate to local needs; 

ø(B) agricultural research to be conducted in the cooperating nations, at international agricultural research centers, or in the United States; 

ø(C) the planning, initiation, and development of extension services through which information concerning agriculture, environment, and related subjects will be made 

available directly to agriculturalists in the agriculturally 

developing nations by means of education and demonstration; or 

ø(D) the exchange of educators, scientists, and students 

for the purpose of assisting in successful development in 

the cooperating nations; 

ø(2) take into account the value to the United States agriculture of such programs, integrating to the extent practicable 

the programs and financing authorized under this title with 

those supported by other Federal or State resources, including 

resources of the private sector, so as to maximize the contribution to the development of agriculture in the United States and 

in agriculturally developing nations; and 

ø(3) whenever practicable, build on existing programs and 

institutions including those of the universities, the Department 

of Agriculture, State agricultural agencies, the Department of 

Commerce, the Department of the Interior, the Environmental 

Protection Agency, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Food and Drug Administration, other appropriate Federal agencies, and appropriate nongovernmental and 

business organizations. 

ø(c) To the maximum extent practicable, activities under this section shall— 

ø(1) be directly related to the food and agricultural needs of 

developing countries; 


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17 

ø(2) focus primarily on the needs of agricultural producers, 

rural families, processors, traders, consumers, and natural resources managers; 

ø(3) be adapted to local circumstances; 

ø(4) be carried out within the developing countries and transition countries comprising newly emerging democracies and 

newly liberalized economies; and 

ø(5) emphasize the improvement of local systems for delivering the best available knowledge to the small farmers of such 

countries. 

ø(d) The President shall exercise his authority under this section 

through the Administrator. 

ø(e) The Administrator shall establish and carry out special programs under this title as part of ongoing programs for child survival, democratization, development of free enterprise, environmental and natural resource management, and other related programs. 

øSEC. 298. BOARD FOR INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT.—(a) To assist in the administration of the programs 

authorized by this title, the President shall establish a permanent 

Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (hereafter in this title referred to as the ‘‘Board’’) consisting of seven 

members, not less than four to be selected from the universities. 

Terms of members shall be set by the President at the time of appointment. Members of the Board shall be entitled to such reimbursement for expenses incurred in the performance of their duties 

(including per diem in lieu of subsistence while away from their 

homes or regular place of business) as the President deems appropriate on a case-by-case basis. 

ø(b) The Board’s general areas of responsibility shall include participating in the planning, development, and implementation of, 

initiating recommendations for, and monitoring, the activities described in section 297 of this title. 

ø(c) The Board’s duties shall include, but not necessarily be limited to— 

ø(1) participating in the formulation of basic policy, procedures, and criteria for project proposal review, selection, and 

monitoring; 

ø(2) developing and keeping current a roster of universities— 

ø(A) interested in exploring their potential for collaborative relationships with agricultural institutions, and 

with scientists working on significant programs designed 

to improve agricultural production, trade, and natural resource management in developing countries, and with private organizations seeking to increase agricultural production and trade, natural resources management, and household food security in developing and transition countries; 

ø(B) having capacity in the agricultural, environmental, 

and related social sciences, 

ø(C) able to maintain an appropriate balance of teaching, research, and extension functions, 

ø(D) having capacity, experience, and commitment with 

respect to international agricultural efforts, and 

ø(E) able to contribute to solving the problems addressed 

by this title; 


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18 

ø(3) recommending which developing nations could benefit 

from programs carried out under this title, and identifying 

those nations which have an interest in establishing or developing agricultural institutions which engage in teaching, research, or extension activities; 

ø(4) reviewing and evaluating memorandums of understanding or other documents that detail the terms and conditions between the Administrator and universities and their 

partners participating in programs under this title; 

ø(5) reviewing and evaluating agreements and activities authorized by this title and undertaken by universities and public 

and private partners of universities to assure compliance with 

the purposes of this title; 

ø(6) recommending to the Administrator the apportionment 

of funds under section 297 of this title; 

ø(7) assessing the impact of programs carried out under this 

title in solving agricultural problems and natural resource 

issues in the developing nations, assuring efficiency in use of 

Federal resources, including in accordance with the Governmental Performance and Results Act of 1993 (Public Law 103- 

62; 107 Stat. 285), and the amendments made by that Act; 

ø(8) developing information exchanges and consulting regularly with nongovernmental organizations, consumer groups, 

producers, agribusinesses and associations, agricultural cooperatives and commodity groups, State departments of agriculture, State agricultural research and extension agencies, 

and academic institutions; 

ø(9) investigating and resolving issues concerning implementation of this title as requested by universities; and 

ø(10) advising the Administrator on any and all issues as requested. 

ø(d) The President may authorize the Board to create such subordinate units as may be necessary for the performance of its duties, 

including but not limited to the following: 

ø(1) a Joint Policy Committee to participate in the design 

and development of the collaborative activities described in section 297; and 

ø(2) a Joint Operations Committee which shall assist in and 

advise on the mechanisms and processes for implementation of 

activities described in section 297. 

ø(e) In addition to any other functions assigned to and agreed to 

by the Board, the Board shall be consulted in the preparation of 

the annual report required by section 300 of this title and on other 

agricultural development activities related to programs under this 

title. 

øSEC. 299. AUTHORIZATION.—(a) The President is authorized to 

use any of the funds hereafter made available under section 103 of 

this Act to carry out the purposes of this title. Funds made available for such purposes may be used without regard to the provisions of sections 110(b) and 122(d) of this Act. 

ø(b) Foreign currencies owned by the United States and determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be excess to the needs 

of the United States shall be used to the maximum extent possible 

in lieu of dollars in carrying out the provisions of this title. 


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ø(c) Assistance authorized under this title shall be in addition to 

any allotments or grants that may be made under other authorizations. 

ø(d) Universities may accept and expend funds from other 

sources, public and private, in order to carry out the purposes of 

this title. All such funds, both prospective and inhand, shall be periodically disclosed to the Administrator as he shall by regulation 

require, but no less often than in an annual report. 

øSEC. 300. ANNUAL REPORT.—The President shall transmit to the 

Congress, not later than September 1 of each year, a report detailing the activities carried out pursuant to this title during the preceding fiscal year and containing a projection of programs and activities to be conducted during the subsequent five fiscal years. 

Each report shall contain a summary of the activities of the Board 

established pursuant to section 298 of this title and may include 

the separate views of the Board with respect to any aspect of the 

programs conducted or proposed to be conducted under this title.¿ 

TITLE XII—UNIVERSITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR AGRICULTURE

SEC. 296. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. 

(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following findings: 

(1) Agriculture has been a driver of economic growth as the 

foundation of industry and commerce in developed countries. 

(2) Institutions of higher education, including vocational education, can promote a robust agriculture sector through the dissemination of knowledge, the building of human capital, research and technology, and extension. 

(3) According to a World Bank study, higher education contributes to national productivity, raises living standards, and 

improves the ability of a country to compete globally. 

(4) Enrollment rates in higher education are 5 percent in Africa, 10 percent in South Asia, 19 percent in East Asia, and 23 

percent in North Africa and the Middle East. 

(5) Universities in the United States have a history of serving 

as engines of development. 

(6) Many universities in the United States have experience in 

partnering with foreign universities on faculty and student exchanges, curriculum development, joint research projects, and 

extension. 

(7) Land-grant universities and other universities in the 

United States have demonstrated their ability to cooperate with 

international agencies, educational and research institutions in 

other countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations worldwide in expanding global agricultural production, 

processing, business and trade, and promoting better management of agricultural and natural resources, including adaptation to the effects of climate change, to the benefit of aid recipient countries and the United States. 

(8) Population growth will exert pressures on food supplies 

and prices and require investments in increased agricultural 

productivity, processing, marketing, trade, research, extension, 

and technology in order to provide food security, ensure health, 

and build the basis for economic growth. 

(9) United States foreign assistance support for higher education has declined from the 1990s. 


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(10) Global food security is in the interest of the United States 

because it promotes stability and economic growth, increases 

trade opportunities, and alleviates hunger and poverty. 

(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this title is to authorize United 

States assistance that promotes food security, agriculture productivity, rural development, poverty and malnutrition alleviation, and 

environmental sustainability by engaging the expertise of United 

States institutions of higher education in collaboration with public 

and private institutions in developing countries. 

SEC. 297. DEFINITIONS. 

In this title: 

(1) UNITED STATES UNIVERSITIES.—The terms ‘‘United States 

universities’’ and ‘‘United States institutions of higher education’’ mean those colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia— 

(A) now receiving, or which may hereafter receive, benefits under the Act of July 2, 1862 (commonly known as the 

First Morrill Act) (7 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), or the Act of August 30, 1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act) (7 U.S.C. 

321 et seq.), which are commonly known as ‘‘land-grant’’ 

universities; 

(B) institutions now designated or which may hereafter 

be designated as sea-grant colleges under the National Sea 

Grant College and Program Act (33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq.), 

which are commonly known as sea-grant colleges; 

(C) Native American land-grant colleges as authorized 

under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 

1994 (Public Law 103-382; 7 U.S.C. 301 note); and 

(D) other United States colleges and universities that— 

(i) have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, 

and extension (including outreach) activities in the agricultural sciences; and 

(ii) can contribute effectively to the attainment of the 

objective of this title. 

(2) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Administrator’’ means the 

Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. 

(3) PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTNERS OF UNIVERSITIES.—The 

term ‘‘public and private partners of universities’’ includes entities that have cooperative or contractual agreements with universities, which may include formal or informal associations of 

universities, other education institutions, United States Government and State agencies, private voluntary organizations, nongovernmental organizations, firms operated for profit, nonprofit 

organizations, multinational banks, and, as designated by the 

Administrator, any organizations, institutions, or agencies incorporated in foreign countries. 

(4) AGRICULTURE.—The term ‘‘agriculture’’ means the science 

and practice of activities related to food, feed, livestock, or fiber 

production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and 

trade, and encompasses the study and practice of family and 

consumer sciences, nutrition, food sciences, forestry, wildlife, 

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erinary medicine, and other environmental and natural resource sciences. 

SEC. 298. AUTHORITY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—In order to eradicate hunger and malnutrition, 

establish global food security, promote growth in agricultural productivity, trade expansion, and the sustainable use of natural resources, and alleviate poverty, the President is authorized to provide 

assistance on such terms and conditions as he may determine to implement program components through United States land-grant 

universities, other eligible universities, and public and private partners of universities in the United States and other countries, consistent with sections 103 and 103A of this Act, for the following purposes: 

(1) Research on problems affecting food, agriculture, forestry, 

livestock, and fisheries. 

(2) Improved human capacity and institutional capacity for 

the global application of agricultural and related environmental sciences. 

(3) Agricultural development and trade research and extension services to support the access of rural populations to national and global markets. 

(4) The application of agricultural sciences to solving food, 

health, nutrition, rural income, and environmental problems, 

especially among chronically food insecure populations. 

(b) TYPES OF SUPPORT.—Assistance provided pursuant to this section may include support for— 

(1) continued efforts by international agricultural research 

centers and other international research entities to provide a 

global network, including United States universities and foreign universities, for international scientific collaboration on 

crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming resources, sustainable 

agricultural and land management technology, and food systems of global importance; 

(2) long-term collaborative research support programs between United States and foreign institutions of higher education including the training of students, teachers, extension 

specialists, and researchers; 

(3) broad dissemination of agricultural research through extension, cooperatively with existing public or private extension 

systems; 

(4) the participation of universities and public and private 

partners of universities in programs of multilateral banks and 

agencies that receive United States assistance; 

(5) an expansion of learning opportunities about agriculture 

for students, teachers, school administrators, community leaders, entrepreneurs, and the general public through international 

internships and exchanges, graduate assistantships, faculty positions, and other means of education and extension; 

(6) competitive grants to United States universities, public 

and private partners of universities, and universities in other 

countries for research, institution and policy development, extension, training, and other programs for global agricultural 

development, trade and the responsible management of natural 

resources; and 


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(7) support for developing and strengthening national agricultural research systems in developing countries. 

(c) OBJECTIVES.—Programs under this title shall be carried out so 

as to utilize the capabilities of United States universities to assist— 

(1) in developing institutional capacity in recipient countries 

for classroom teaching in agriculture, plant and animal 

sciences, human nutrition, vocational training, extension services, and business training; 

(2) in agricultural research conducted in recipient countries, 

at international agricultural research centers, or in the United 

States; 

(3) in the planning, initiation, and development of extension 

services through which information concerning agriculture, 

farming techniques, environment, nutrition, and related subjects will be made available to farmers and farming communities in recipient countries; and 

(4) in the exchange of educators, students, and scientists for 

the purpose of assisting in successful development in recipient 

countries. 

(d) ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR.—The President shall exercise his 

authority under this title through the Administrator. 

(e) COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM.—Of the 

amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 201(b) of the 

Global Food Security Act of 2009, up to $45,000,000 may be made 

available annually for the Collaborative Research Support Program 

for fiscal years 2010 through 2014. 

(f) CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.—Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 201(b) of the Global Food Security Act of 2009, up to 

$50,000,000 may be made available annually for core long-term research for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research for fiscal years 2010 through 2014. 

(g) BOARD FOR HIGHER EDUCATION COLLABORATION FOR TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, RESEARCH, AND EXTENSION.— 

(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Administrator shall establish a 

permanent Board for Higher Education Collaboration for Technology, Agriculture, Research, and Extension (referred to as 

‘‘Board’’) for purposes of assisting the Administrator in the administration of the HECTARE Program, the Collaborative Research Support Program, and all other manner of university engagement authorized under this title. 

(2) MEMBERSHIP.—The Board shall consist of at least 7 members, of whom— 

(A) not less than 4 shall be selected from United States 

universities; and 

(B) not less than 3 shall be selected from representatives 

of nongovernmental organizations or international education consortia devoted to agriculture research and education. 

(3) DUTIES.—The duties of the Board shall include the following: 

(A) Responsibility for advising the Administrator on 

issues related to the planning, implementation, and monitoring of activities described in this title. 


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(B) Advising the Administrator on the formulation of 

basic policy, program design, procedures, and criteria for 

the HECTARE Program. 

(C) Advising the Administrator on the qualifications of 

interested institutions of higher education based on— 

(i) their ability to work collaboratively to improve agricultural production, scientific research, and the dissemination of sustainable agricultural technologies; 

(ii) their commitment to expanding and applying 

their academic, teaching, research, and outreach capacities; and 

(iii) their commitment to partner with private organizations, civil society, other universities, and government entities. 

(D) Advising the Administrator on which countries could 

benefit from programs carried out under section 299 and 

have an interest in establishing or developing agricultural 

institutions that engage in teaching, research, or extension 

services. 

(E) Making recommendations to the Administrator on the 

means to improve the effectiveness of activities authorized 

by this title and undertaken by universities and public and 

private partners of universities. 

(F) Assessing the impact of programs carried out under 

this title in solving agricultural problems, improving global 

food security, addressing natural resource issues, and 

strengthening institutional capacity at foreign university 

partners in developing countries. 

(G) Reviewing issues concerning implementation of this 

title as requested by universities and making recommendations to the Administrator on their resolution. 

(H) Advising the Administrator on any and all issues as 

requested. 

(4) REVIEW OF COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM.—Not later than 1 year after the appointment of the members of the Board, the Board shall conduct a review of the Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) with regard to 

the research focus of existing CRSP activities and their relevance to addressing hunger, malnutrition, agricultural productivity, and poverty alleviation, and shall make recommendations to the Administrator to strengthen the CRSP program. 

(5) SUBORDINATE UNITS.—The Administrator may authorize 

the Board to create such subordinate units as may be necessary 

for the performance of its duties. 

(6) ANNUAL REPORT CONSULTATION.—The Board shall be consulted in the preparation of the annual report required by section 299A and on other agricultural development activities related to programs under this title. 

(7) TERM.—The terms of members shall be set by the Administrator at the time they are appointed. 

(8) REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES.—Members of the Board 

shall be entitled to such reimbursement of expenses incurred in 

the performance of their duties (including per diem in lieu of 

subsistence while away from their homes or regular place of 


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business) as the Administrator deems appropriate on a case-bycase basis. 

SEC. 299. HIGHER EDUCATION COLLABORATION FOR TECHNOLOGY, 

AGRICULTURE, RESEARCH AND EXTENSION. 

(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to provide United 

States assistance for the development of higher educational capacity 

in the field of agriculture in a manner that builds and strengthens 

institutional and human capacity of developing countries in the 

field of agriculture and related sciences, promotes entrepreneurship 

and economic growth in rural areas, increases agricultural productivity and sustainable agriculture, alleviates poverty and malnutrition, promotes nutritional diversity, and promotes good government 

through the participation of United States institutions of higher 

education. 

(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.—Not later than 90 days after 

the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall establish a program to be known as the Higher Education Collaboration 

for Technology, Agriculture, Research, and Extension (in this section 

referred to as the ‘‘Program’’ or ‘‘HECTARE’’) for the purpose of providing assistance in support of policies and programs in eligible 

countries that advance hunger alleviation by increasing agricultural 

productivity and rural development through partnerships with institutions of higher education. 

(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) ASSISTANCE PLAN.—The term ‘‘assistance plan’’ means a 

multi-year plan developed by the United States Agency for 

International Development in coordination with a foreign government or university to provide assistance for agricultural education programs at a country or regional level. 

(2) BOARD.—The term ‘‘Board’’ means the Board for Higher 

Education Collaboration for Technology, Agriculture, Research, 

and Extension. 

(3) HECTARE SCHOOL.—The term ‘‘HECTARE school’’ means 

an institution of higher education in an eligible country that is 

designated as the lead educational institution for purposes of a 

country or regional assistance plan. 

(4) ELIGIBLE COUNTRY.—The term ‘‘eligible country’’ means a 

country that meets the requirements of subsection (g). 

(d) FORM OF ASSISTANCE.—Assistance may be provided under this 

section in the form of grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts 

to or with eligible entities described in subsection (h) and shall be 

provided pursuant to assistance plans as described in subsection (f). 

Assistance may not be provided under this section in the form of 

loans. 

(e) USE OF FUNDS.—Assistance provided under this section may 

be used to provide support to HECTARE schools or, where appropriate, other institutions of higher education in eligible countries for 

the following purposes: 

(1) Academic exchange programs for students, faculty members, extension educators, and school administrators with HECTARE schools, other institutions of higher education, and 

United States universities. 

(2) Strengthening agricultural sciences curricula, including 

vocational training. 

(3) Increasing research capacity, output, and quality. 


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(4) Improving the dissemination of information and technology to farmers and others engaged in agriculture. 

(5) Identifying leading educational institutions uniquely able 

to serve as regional hubs to promote the purposes specified in 

paragraphs (1) through (4) and promoting cooperation between 

such institutions and other educational institutions through regional networks. 

(f) ASSISTANCE PLANS— 

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall provide assistance 

under this section pursuant to an assistance plan developed in 

coordination with an eligible country that establishes a multiyear plan for significantly improving agricultural productivity 

and investing in rural economies through the strengthening of 

agricultural programs at institutions of higher education. 

(2) ELEMENTS.—An assistance plan should— 

(A) take into account the national development strategy of 

the eligible country or the participation of the eligible country in a regional development strategy; 

(B) identify an institution of higher education for designation as a HECTARE school that has programs in agricultural sciences; 

(C) identify the partnership between the HECTARE 

school and other institutions of higher education that may 

include schools or research institutions in the United States 

and foreign countries, government agencies, including local 

and regional governments, private business, and civil society; 

(D) identify appropriate channels for dissemination of 

farming techniques to the field; and 

(E) identify the plans of the HECTARE school for— 

(i) conducting agricultural research and technology 

transfer and extension; 

(ii) strengthening the teaching of agriculture science, 

including programs aimed at curriculum, faculty, and 

students; 

(iii) improving university administration; and 

(iv) establishing methods by which to engage with 

other institutions of higher education to fulfill the purposes of the Program. 

(g) ELIGIBLE COUNTRIES.— 

(1) CRITERIA.—The Administrator shall, in consultation with 

the Board, identify eligible countries for purposes of this section. Such determination shall be based, to the maximum extent 

possible, upon objective and quantifiable indicators of a country’s demonstrated commitment to the following: 

(A) Investments in, and support for, rural economies, including the protection of private property rights, the promotion of private sector growth and sustainable management of natural resources, the rights of women, and the 

well-being of women and children. 

(B) Raising agricultural productivity of small.—and medium-sized farms. 

(C) Alleviating poverty and hunger among the entire population. 


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(D) Strengthening the system of higher education with regard to agricultural sciences, teaching, research, and technology. 

(E) The wide dissemination of farming techniques, especially to small- and medium-sized farmers. 

(F) Good governance, transparency, and anti-corruption 

policies. 

(2) ADDITIONAL FACTORS.—The Administrator, in selecting eligible countries, shall consider— 

(A) the extent to which the country clearly meets or exceeds the eligibility criteria; 

(B) the opportunity to increase agricultural productivity, 

enhance human and institutional capacity, and reduce 

hunger in the country; 

(C) the availability of funds to carry out this section; 

(D) the percentage of the country’s population that faces 

chronic food insecurity; and 

(E) the existence of an institution of higher education in 

a food secure country that can serve as a regional hub for 

assistance to other schools in need of assistance in countries 

experiencing chronic food insecurity. 

(h) ELIGIBLE ENTITIES.—Entities eligible for assistance under this 

section are the following: 

(1) United States universities working in partnership with 

HECTARE schools in eligible countries. 

(2) HECTARE schools and other institutions of higher education in eligible countries. 

(3) Nongovernmental organizations or private entities. 

(i) Authorization of Appropriations.—Of the amounts authorized 

pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under section 201(b) 

of the Global Food Security Act of 2009, there is authorized to be 

appropriated to the President for the purpose of carrying out activities under this section— 

(1) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; 

(2) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; 

(3) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; 

(4) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2013; and 

(5) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2014. 

(j) DISCLOSURE OF FUNDING RECEIVED BY UNITED STATES UNIVERSITIES.—The Administrator shall prescribe regulations providing for the utilization by United States universities of alternative 

sources of public and private funding to carry out the purposes of 

this title and requiring the disclosure, not less than annually, of all 

such alternative funding, both prospective and received. 

SEC. 299A. ANNUAL REPORT. 

Not later than October 1, 2010, and annually thereafter, the 

President shall submit to Congress a report detailing the activities 

carried out under this title during the preceding fiscal year and containing a projection of programs and activities to be conducted in 

the following year. 

Æ 


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