1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 48034

STATE OF IDAHO ,
Plaintiff

- Respondent ,

v.

DAMION TYWON DOSER ,
Defendant

- Appellant

. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Filed: July 22, 2021
Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk

Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada County. Hon. Jonathan Medema , District Judge.
Judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia, affirmed

. Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Kimberly A. Coster , Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen , Deputy Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.

________________________________________________ LORELLO, Judge Damion Tywon Doser appeals from his judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia

. W e affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND The State charged Doser with possession of a controlled substance (I.C. § 37

- 2732(c)), misdemeanor possession of a controlled substance ( I.C. § 37

- 2732(c) ), and possession of drug paraphernalia ( I.C. § 37

- 2734A) after law enforcement discovered drugs and paraphernalia in
Doser ’ s backpack

. Prior to trial, the district court receive d a letter from Doser expressing his
dissatisfaction with his appointed counsel and requesting substitute counsel

. The court clerk forwarded the letter to counsel for both parties the same day the letter was received ; no further2

action was taken

. Despite appear ing with his allegedly dissatisfactory counsel at two subsequent pretrial hearings and a jury trial, Doser neither mentioned the letter nor otherwise indicated to the
district court that he was dissatisfied with his counsel

. Ultimately, a jury found Doser guilty of felony possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia

. 1 Doser appeals

. II.
ANALYSIS Doser argues that the district court erred by failing to hold a hearing in response to his letter to inquir e into his dissatisfaction with counsel or Doser’s desire to represent himself . The State responds that Doser failed to preserve this issue and that , even if he did, the absence of a hearing

was not error. 2 We hold that Doser has failed to show error

. A

. Error Preservation
As a threshold matter, we address the State ’ s preservation argument. Once aware that a defendant seeks substitute counsel, a trial court must give th e defendant a full and fair opportunity to support his or her motion with facts and argument. State v. Herrera , 164 Idaho 261, 270, 429 P.3d 149, 158 (2018)

. According to the State, Doser ’ s argument that the district cour t erred by failing to hold a hearing in response to his letter is unpres erved because the record does not show
that he filed a “ motion ” requesting substitute counsel or otherwise notified the district court of
such a request

. Rather, Doser only sent a letter to the district court that, as set forth below, was
neither a formal motion for substitute counsel nor a request for a hearing.

1 Pursuant to the State’s motion, t he district court dismissed the misdemeanor possession of

a c ontrolled substance charge prior to trial.

2 The State also argues that Doser was not entitled to a hearing to waive his right to counsel because Doser did not unequivocally invoke that right. See State v. Meyers , 164 Idaho 620, 623, 434 P.3d 224, 227 (2019) (observing an invocation of the right to self

- representation must be unequivocal to trigger a trial court’s duty to warn of the dangers of self

- representation and obtain a sufficient waiver of the right to counsel). However, Doser does not contend that he independently invoked his right to self

- representation. Rather, Doser contends that his request for substitute counsel entitles Doser to an opportunity to justify his request or exercise his right to represent himself upon remand. See State v. Bi as , 157 Idaho 895, 8 98

- 99, 341 P.3d 1264, 126 7

- 6 8 (Ct. App. 2014) (remanding a case to provide the defendant an opportunity to justify a request for substitute counsel or exercise his right to self

- representation).3

Although framed as a preservation issue, the thrust of the State ’ s argument is that Doser
has not show n that he trigger ed the district court ’ s obligation to afford him an opportunity to justify his substitution request

-- not that he failed to preserve an error in the district court ’ s fulfillment of that obligation. We need not resolve the issue of whether Doser ’ s letter triggered the district

court ’ s duty to provide him a n opportunity to support a request for substitute counsel if , assuming
Doser did, he subsequently abandoned the request. Because the totality of the circumstances
shows that Doser abandoned any request for substitute counsel, we will not address the State ’ s preservation arguments further.
B. Duty to Inquire Indigent defendants have a right to effective court

- appointed counsel. State v. Clayton
, 100 Idaho 896, 897, 606 P.2d 1000, 1001 (1980)

. This right does not entitle defendant s to appointed counsel of choice, but trial court s may appoint substitute counsel for good cause. Id.
T rial court s must follow certain procedures when defendant s seek substitute appointed counsel.
State v. B ias , 157 Idaho 895, 897, 341 P.3d 1264, 1266 (Ct. App. 2014) . As previously stated,
trial court s must afford defen dants a “ full and fair opportunity ” to support a motion for substitute counsel upon being made aware of the request

. Herrera , 1 64 Idaho at 270, 429 P.3d at 158. The scope of a trial court ’ s duty to inquire into a substitution requ est d epends on the nature of the alleged issues with counsel

. See Bias , 157 Idaho at 898, 342 P.3d at 1267

. T rial court s generally

cannot prohibit defendant s from discussing the facts and reasons su pporting a substitution request
, and a limited inquiry may be appropriate even if a defendant only hints at dissatisfaction with counsel on a single occasion and does not request substitution. Id. When defendant s set forth the
nature of the issues w ith appointed counsel, trial court s must ensure that there is a sufficient basis
for a decision

. Id. Doser argues that his le tter was a request for substitute counsel , necessitating inquiry by
the district court into the basis for the request

. Doser ’ s letter asserted that it was “ essential ” for
him to be “ reassigned a new public defender or reinstated [his] or iginal public defender. ” 3 To support this claim, Doser ’ s letter assert ed that , after filing a complaint with the chief public

3 Prior to being bound over for trial
, Doser was represented by a different public defender than the one Doser indicated he was dissatisfied with in his letter to the district court.4

defender to no effect, Doser “ discussed his options ” with his counsel and was told Doser could represent himself or hire an attorney. When D oser re p lied that “ he would be representing himself, ”
his counsel advised that the district court would first have to remove counsel from the case

. Additionally , Doser ’ s l etter recounts an apparently separate incident in which his counsel

“ terminated ” a tele phone call after Doser directed counsel to file a mot ion to suppress because “ the lady in the law library ” had told D oser that he could not file motions while represented. Finally,
Doser closed his letter by stating that he had “ tried to work with ” his counsel but “ did not know what to do at this point. ”
A ltho ugh Doser ’ s letter expresse s a desire for substitute counsel, the letter i s not styled as

a form al motion
, and it bears no indication that Doser provided copies to his attorney or the prosecutor. Thus, the letter constitutes an attempt at ex parte communication with the district

court

-- not a motion. See State v. Meyers , 164 Idaho 620, 623, 434 P.3d 224, 227 (2019)

. Generally, part ies seeking an order in a criminal case must do so by motion. I.C.R. 47(a). The requirements of I.C.R. 47 give way, however, to a defendant ’ s right to self

- representation. See Meyers , 164 Idaho at 623, 434 P.3d at 227

. Idaho cases addressing a trial cour t ’ s obligation to inquire into request s for substitute counsel , however, have involved either formal motions or oral statements made in open court. See , e.g. , State v. Nath , 137 Idaho 712, 714, 52 P.3d 857, 859 (2002) ( pro se written motion for substitution) ; State v. L ippert , 145 Idaho 586, 592, 181 P.3d 512, 518 (Ct. App. 2007) (oral statements by the defendant expressing dissatisfaction with appoint ed counsel made in open court)

. Although n either party has cited an Idaho case in which a defendant sought substitution of counsel through an ex parte communication, d efendant s may invoke the ir right to self

- representation through an ex parte communication with the trial court, like a letter.
See Meyers , 164 Idaho at 623, 434 P.3d at 227

. Accordingly , we will assume without deciding
that Doser ’ s letter was a valid request for substitute counsel. According to a clerk ’ s notation on Doser ’ s letter
, the district court forwarded copies of the
letter to Doser ’ s counsel and the prosecutor the day it was received. T he record does not indicate, however, that the district court took any further action on Doser ’ s letter. Doser contends that this
inaction compels remand because the district court did not inquire into the allegations set forth in his letter, he was not afforded an opportunity to justify his substitution request, and he did not abandon his substitution request. Doser ’ s argument s are unavailing

.5

Although Doser has not cited an Idaho case addressing whether a defendant can abandon a request for substitute counsel , the Idaho Supreme Court has held that defendant s can abandon a prior invocation of the right to self

- representation through subsequent conduct. See id. at 624, 434
P.3d at 228

. Invocation of the right to self

- representation is, in essence, a request to substitute
counsel with oneself. If defendant s can abandon such a request , they may also abandon a request
to substitute one counsel for another. A ccordingly, we hold that the ab andonment analysis adopted
in Meyers applies to requests for substitute counsel. To determine whether a defendant abandoned a request for self

- representation , we consider the totality of the circumstances. Id. This test factors in both the opportunities the defendant had to remind the district court of a pending motion along with any other relevant factors. Id. Doser acknowledges the totality of the circumstances test adopted in Meyers , but contends the totality of
the circumstances does n ot show that he abandoned his request for substitu te counsel and that Meyers is distinguishable

. We disagree and h old that the distinctions between this case and Meyers do not compel a different result

. As stated above
, Meyers established the test to determine whether a defendant has abandoned a prior request for self

- representation. Id. After one abortive attempt to obtain
substitute counsel and voicing M e yers’ frustration in open court regarding delays due to competency proceedings, he sent a lette r to the trial court advising it of his decision to fire his appointed counsel and represent himself. However, the letter neither sought a hearing nor bore an
indication that copies were sent to either M e yers’ counsel or the prosecutor. No further action was taken regarding Meyers ’ letter , and he did not mention it again . After a bench trial in which a different public defender represent ed Meyers, the court found him g uilty of grand theft. On appeal, Meyers argued that the district court ignored his request for self

- representation
in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 623 , 434 P.3d at 227

. The Idaho Supreme Court held
that no Sixth Amendment violation occurred because the totality of the circumstances showed Mey ers abandoned the request. Id. at 625, 434 P.3d at 229

. In reaching this conclusion, the Court
observed that , despite being a vocal participant in prior proceedings, Meyers had not mentioned or renewed his request to represent himself when the trial cour t asked , prior to trial, whether there were any matters to address. The Court further supported its conclusion by observing that the
record did not indicate that the court or counsel was aware of Meyers ’ letter; he appeared with new6

counsel at trial; M e yers waited until after being found guilty to renew his request for
self

- repre sentation; and his criminal history indicated “ some familiarity with the criminal justice system. ” Id. at 624

- 25, 434 P.3d at 228

- 29

. Doser argues that Meyers is distinguishable because the record shows his letter was
forwarded to counsel , but does not suggest that Doser’s complaints about counsel were resolved through an appearance with new counsel or that Doser’s silence regarding his letter was
inconsistent with his prior in

- court conduct. As further evidence he had not abandoned his substitution request, D oser also points to assertions in his letter that a prior complaint to the chief public defender had gone unanswered and that a law librarian had informed Dos er that he could

not file his own motions while represented

. According to Doser, these ci rcumstances do not show abandonment, but instead show that he believed the district court had “ summarily and implicitly ” denied his request for substitute counsel

. Doser ’ s arguments are unpersuasive for several reasons. First, the court clerk forwarded
the letter to Doser ’ s counsel

. Doser ’ s counsel did not mention the issue of substitution during two subsequent pretrial hearings and Doser ’ s trial

. The most rea sonable inference arising from this
silence is that Doser ’ s counsel discussed the letter with Doser and resolved his complaints , making further consideration of the letter unnecessary

. Second, even if Doser ’ s counsel was somehow unaware of the letter, Doser did not mention
his letter or the issue of substitution during the two pretrial hearings or trial , despite the district court inquiring whether any other matters needed to be address ed at the conclusion of the second pretrial hearing

. Although Doser did not have a history of vocal participation in the proceedings,
his letter recounts his independent exploration of avenues to obtain substitute counsel

-- beginning with a letter to the chief public defen der and concluding with Doser’s letter to the district court

. That Doser did not raise the issue of substitution , or prompt his counsel to do so, when the district

court inquired about pending issues prior to trial indicates that Doser no longer desired to substitute
counsel

. Third
, prior to testifying during trial, Doser informed the district court that he had spoken
with his counsel about waiving Doser’s right to remain silent , indicating that he was still
communicat ing with his counsel. Also , Doser ’ s letter to the district court recounts how his counsel
advised Doser that if he did not take a plea agreement that the State intended to file additional7

charges in another case . This suggests that, even around the time Doser ’ s dissatisfaction with

counse l was near its height, Doser ’ s counsel was still communicating with Doser and giv ing him
candid advice. Fourth, Doser has a lengthy criminal history encompassing both felony and misdemeanor
convictions . Although this does not demonstrate Doser ’ s exp erienc e with seeking substitute
counsel , it does show that Doser has some experience with the judicial system and the manner in which trial courts adjudicate motions and other requests for relief. This weighs against Doser ’ s argument that he believed the distri ct court “ summarily and implicitly ” denied his request for
substitute counsel. Finally, despite prior opportunities to remind the district court of his letter, Doser waited
until th is appeal to complain about the lack of response to his letter

. This indicates that he is
dissatisfied with the result of the proceeding s

-- not his appointed counsel.
C onsidering the totality of the circumstances, we hold that, even assuming Doser ’ s letter obligated the district court to provide him an opportunity to justify a request for substitute counsel, Doser abandoned that request through his subsequent conduct. Because Doser abandoned his substitution request, he has failed to show that the district court erred by not holding a hearing to inquire into the basis of his request. T his conclusion renders consideration of the State ’ s other

a rgument s in support of affirmance unnecessary.
III

. CONCLUSION The totality of the circumstances indicate that Doser abandoned his request for substitute counsel. Consequently, Doser has failed to show that the district court erred by fail ing to hold a hearing in response to that request. Accordingly, Doser ’ s judgme nt of conviction for possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia is affirmed. Judge GRATTON and Judge BRAILSFORD, CONCUR

.