UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 22-cv-23028-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

MARK A. TURNER, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

ROCKET MORTGAGE, LLC, 

and AMROCK, LLC,

Defendants. 

_________________________/ 

OMNIBUS ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS, PETITION FOR INJUNCTIVE 

RELIEF, MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND, AND MOTION TO STAY

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendants Rocket Mortgage, LLC and Amrock, 

LLC’s (together, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss Complaint, ECF No. [8] (“Motion to 

Dismiss”), Plaintiff Mark A. Turner’s (“Plaintiff” or “Turner”) Petition for Injunctive Relief, ECF 

No. [15] (“Petition”), Plaintiff’s Petition[] for [] Leave to File Amended [] Complaint, ECF No. 

[19] (“Motion to Amend”), and Defendants’ Motion to Stay Case Pending Adjudication of the 

Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. [22] (“Motion to Stay”) (collectively, the “Motions”). The Court has 

carefully considered the Motions, including any opposing and supporting filings, the record in this 

case, the applicable law, and is otherwise fully advised. For the reasons that follow, the Motion to 

Dismiss is granted in part, the Petition is denied, the Motion to Amend is granted, and the Motion 

to Stay is denied as moot. 

I. BACKGROUND

This case involves a mortgage agreement between Plaintiff and Defendants. In the 

Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants committed breaches of contract and fiduciary duties, 

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fraud, negligence, and violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”). See generally, 

ECF No. [1-1] at 2-11. Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Defendants in state court and 

Defendants removed the case on the basis of federal question jurisdiction on September 21, 2022. 

ECF No. [1]. On September 28, 2022, Defendants filed their Motion to Dismiss, to which Plaintiff 

filed a Response, ECF No. [11], and Defendants filed their Reply. ECF No. [13]. Plaintiff filed his 

Petition on October 24, 2022, to which Defendants filed a Response, ECF No. [21]. On November 

3, 2022, Plaintiff filed the Motion to Amend, ECF No. [19], and Defendants have requested that 

the Court stay proceedings in this case pending a ruling on the Motion to Dismiss, see ECF No. 

[22]. Because a resolution of the Motion to Dismiss is dispositive of the other Motions, the Court 

considers it first.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A pleading in a civil action must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing 

that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Although a complaint “does not need 

detailed factual allegations,” it must provide “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic 

recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 

544, 555 (2007); see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (explaining that Rule 8(a)(2)’s 

pleading standard “demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me 

accusation”). Nor can a complaint rest on “‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual 

enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 (alteration in original)). 

“To survive a motion to dismiss a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 

true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 

570). When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court construes the pleadings broadly and views 

the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Bishop v. Ross Earle & 

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Bonan, P.A., 817 F.3d 1268, 1270 (11th Cir. 2016); Levine v. World Fin. Network Nat’l Bank, 437 

F.3d 1118, 1120 (11th Cir. 2006).

Turner is a pro se litigant. Importantly, “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less stringent 

standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and [are] liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United 

States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). “But the leniency accorded pro se litigants does not 

give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party or to rewrite an otherwise deficient 

pleading to sustain an action.” Matthews, Wilson & Matthews, Inc. v. Capital City Bank, 614 F. 

App’x 969, 969 n.1 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing GJR Invs., Inc. v. Cnty. of Escambia, Fla., 132 F.3d 

1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998), overruled in part on other grounds by Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 

709 (11th Cir. 2010)).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Motion to Dismiss

Defendants argue that the Complaint should be dismissed because it is a shotgun pleading 

that violates federal pleading standards, and therefore fails to state a claim for relief. Specifically, 

Defendants argue that the Complaint is an incoherent narrative, each count is based on the same 

facts, and the counts do not specify which facts apply to each. In response, Plaintiff asserts that the 

causes of action are adequately alleged and reasserts the elements of each claim. Upon review, and 

despite Plaintiff’s contentions to the contrary, the Complaint is a shotgun pleading that does not 

conform to federal pleading standards.

“A complaint that fails to articulate claims with sufficient clarity to allow the defendant to 

frame a responsive pleading constitutes a ‘shotgun pleading.’” Lampkin-Asam v. Volusia Cnty. 

Sch. Bd., 261 F. App'x. 274, 277 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Byrne v. Nezhat, 261 F.3d 1075, 1128-

29 (11th Cir. 2001)). “Shotgun pleadings, whether filed by plaintiffs or defendants, exact an 

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intolerable toll on the trial court’s docket, lead to unnecessary and unchanneled discovery, and 

impose unwarranted expense on the litigants, the court and the court’s parajudicial personnel and 

resources. Moreover, justice is delayed for the litigants who are ‘standing in line,’ waiting for their 

cases to be heard.” Jackson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1356-57 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting 

Cramer v. Fla., 117 F.3d 1258, 1263 (11th Cir. 1997)). Overall, shotgun pleadings do not establish 

a connection between “the substantive count and the factual predicates . . . [and] courts cannot 

perform their gatekeeping function with regard to the averments of [the plaintiff’s claim].” Wagner 

v. First Horizon Pharm. Corp., 464 F.3d 1273, 1279-80 (11th Cir. 2006). The Eleventh Circuit has 

identified four types of shotgun pleadings:

The most common type—by a long shot—is a complaint containing multiple counts 

where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding counts, causing each 

successive count to carry all that came before and the last count to be a combination 

of the entire complaint. The next most common type, at least as far as our published 

opinions on the subject reflect, is a complaint that does not commit the mortal sin 

of re-alleging all preceding counts but is guilty of the venial sin of being replete 

with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any 

particular cause of action. The third type of shotgun pleading is one that commits 

the sin of not separating into a different count each cause of action or claim for 

relief. Fourth, and finally, there is the relatively rare sin of asserting multiple claims 

against multiple defendants without specifying which of the defendants are 

responsible for which acts or omissions, or which of the defendants the claim is 

brought against. The unifying characteristic of all types of shotgun pleadings is that 

they fail to one degree or another, and in one way or another, to give the defendants 

adequate notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim 

rests.

Merch. One, Inc. v. TLO, Inc., No. 19-CV-23719, 2020 WL 248608, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 16, 2020) 

(quoting Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1321-23 (11th Cir. 2015) 

(footnotes omitted)). Shotgun pleadings are condemned by the Eleventh Circuit, which has 

specifically instructed district courts to dismiss shotgun pleadings as “fatally defective.” B.L.E. v. 

Georgia, 335 F. App’x 962, 963 (11th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).

Here, the Complaint contains repetitively numbered paragraphs in a confusing narrative 

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format replete with immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of action. 

Plaintiff’s claims appear to be related to Defendants’ failure to properly apply payments toward 

real estate taxes, but the facts applicable to each of the five counts asserted are not sufficiently 

clear to allow Defendants to formulate a response. Rule 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedures states that “[a] party must state its claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs, each 

limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. [. . .] If doing so would promote 

clarity, each claim founded on a separate transaction or occurrence . . . must be stated in a separate 

count . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). Indeed, the failure to identify claims with sufficient clarity to 

enable a defendant to frame a responsive pleading constitutes a “shotgun pleading” that violates 

Rule 8(a)(2). Byrne, 261 F.3d at 1129-30. The Complaint fails to clearly identify which underlying 

facts relate to each cause of action, and as a result, the Complaint is due to be dismissed as a 

shotgun pleading.

B. Leave to Amend

In the Motion to Dismiss, Defendants request further that the Complaint be dismissed with 

prejudice because Plaintiff does not, and cannot, assert a viable cause of action. Plaintiff, however, 

has requested leave to amend, and the request is well within the deadline for amendment to the

pleadings set out in the Court’s Scheduling Order, ECF No. [13]. Mindful that Plaintiff is a pro se 

litigant, the Court will afford Plaintiff the opportunity to file an amended complaint that complies 

with Rules 8 and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 

878 F.3d 1291, 1296 (11th Cir. 2018) (indicating that dismissal as a shotgun pleading is dismissal 

on “non-merits Rule 8 grounds”).

C. Petition for Injunctive Relief

In the Petition, Plaintiff requests an injunction to prevent what Plaintiff characterizes as 

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“undue and inflated mortgage payment and a[n] increased principle balance,” which he asserts is 

causing irreparable harm to his credit. ECF No. [15] at 2. Defendants contend that the request is 

duplicative of the relief sought in the Complaint, and that Plaintiff cannot make the showing 

necessary for injunctive relief, namely because he fails to state a cause of action. Upon review, the 

Court agrees that the Petition must be denied.

The Eleventh Circuit has made it clear that “any motion or suit for a traditional injunction

must be predicated upon a cause of action, such as nuisance, trespass, the First Amendment, etc., 

regarding which a plaintiff must show a likelihood or actuality of success on the merits.” Klay v. 

United Healthgroup, Inc., 376 F.3d 1092, 1097 (11th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added).

There is no such thing as a suit for a traditional injunction in the abstract. For a 

traditional injunction to be even theoretically available, a plaintiff must be able to 

articulate a basis for relief that would withstand scrutiny under Fed. R. Civ. P. 

12(b)(6) (failure to state a claim). See, e.g., Paisey v. Vitale, 807 F.2d 889, 892 

(11th Cir. 1986) (“[T]he district court did not err in denying [the plaintiff’s] motion 

for a preliminary injunction and dismissing the injunctive count of [the plaintiff’s] 

complaint because [the plaintiff] has failed to state a claim for relief . . . .”).

Considering the issue from another perspective, a traditional injunction is a remedy 

potentially available only after a plaintiff can make a showing that some 

independent legal right is being infringed — if the plaintiff’s rights have not been 

violated, he is not entitled to any relief, injunctive or otherwise. Of course, even if 

his common law, statutory, or constitutional rights have been violated, the plaintiff 

must also meet the other requirements for obtaining an injunction to show that an 

injunction is the proper remedy for such violation.

Id. Thus, “a party may not obtain a ‘traditional’ injunction if he lacks a cognizable, meritorious 

claim.” Id. at 1097 n.5.

Here, the Complaint is a shotgun pleading, and therefore fails to adequately state any 

claims. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Petition is denied.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED as follows:

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1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. [8], is GRANTED IN PART. The 

Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as a shotgun pleading.

2. Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend, ECF No. [19], is GRANTED. Plaintiff may file an 

Amended Complaint that complies with federal pleading standards, no later than 

November 21, 2022.

3. Plaintiff’s Petition for Injunctive Relief, ECF No. [15], is DENIED.

4. Defendants’ Motion to Stay, ECF No. [22], is DENIED AS MOOT.

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on November 7, 2022.

_________________________________

BETH BLOOM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to:

Counsel of Record

Mark A. Turner, pro se

1411 SE 26the Ave.

Homestead, Florida 33035

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