COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judge Bray, Senior Judges Baker and Overton*

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia 

JESSIE LAMONT MERCER, A/K/A 

 TONY HORICE DAVIS 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 2663-97-1 JUDGE JOSEPH E. BAKER 

 MARCH 23, 1999 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

Robert B. Cromwell, Jr., Judge 

 Asha S. Pandya, Assistant Public Defender 

(Lynndolyn T. Mitchell, Senior Assistant 

Public Defender; Office of the Public 

Defender, on brief), for appellant. 

 Marla Graff Decker, Assistant Attorney 

General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on 

brief), for appellee. 

 Jessie Lamont Mercer, also known as Tony Horice Davis, 

(appellant) appeals from his conviction by the Circuit Court of 

the City of Virginia Beach (trial court) for violating Code 

§ 18.2-94. The sole issue presented is whether the evidence was 

sufficient to find him guilty of that offense. Finding the 

evidence sufficient, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 

 *Judge Overton participated in the hearing and decision of 

this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on 

January 31, 1999, and thereafter by his designation as a senior 

judge pursuant to Code § 17.1-401, recodifying Code 

§ 17-116.01:1. 
 Under familiar principles of appellate review, we examine the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting 

to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. See

Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 

(1987). The judgment of a trial court will be disturbed only if 

plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. See id. The 

inferences to be drawn from proven facts are matters solely for 

the fact finder’s determination. See Hancock v. Commonwealth, 12 

Va. App. 774, 782, 407 S.E.2d 301, 306 (1991). 

 Viewed accordingly, the record discloses that on May 30, 

1997, Richard Lafarr observed appellant enter the grocery store 

where Lafarr worked. Appellant proceeded down an aisle in the 

store and looked around nervously. Lafarr, who was watching 

appellant via a closed circuit television monitor, saw appellant 

pick up an item and place it in his left pants pocket. Lafarr saw 

the item slide down appellant’s pants leg to his ankle. Appellant 

repeated this action with a second item, and again Lafarr saw it 

fall down to the bottom of appellant’s pants leg, without falling 

to the floor. 

 Store employees subsequently took appellant into custody and 

recovered two six-inch by three-inch boxes of Nicorette gum from 

appellant’s pants leg. The gum was valued at $110. Appellant had 

no identification and no means to pay for the gum. He was wearing 

baggy camouflage pants, and Lafarr noted that appellant’s left 

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pants pocket was slit, allowing items to fall through the pocket 

into the pants leg, all the way to his ankle. The pants had 

drawstrings at the cuffs that prevented the items from falling out 

of the pants and onto the floor. Appellant presented no evidence 

in his own behalf. 

 The Commonwealth charged appellant with violating Code 

§ 18.2-94 by possessing "certain tools, implements, or outfit with 

the intent to utilize them to commit burglary, robbery, or 

larceny." Code § 18.2-94 provides: 

 If any person have in his possession any 

tools, implements or outfit, with intent to 

commit burglary, robbery or larceny, upon 

conviction thereof, he shall be guilty of a 

Class 5 felony. The possession of such 

burglarious tools, implements or outfit by 

any person other than a licensed dealer, 

shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to 

commit burglary, robbery or larceny. 

 The Commonwealth contends that the baggy pants with the slit 

pocket and drawstring at appellant’s ankle area permitted the fact 

finder to reasonably infer that the pants were prepared and worn 

into the store for the intended purpose to commit larceny and, as 

such, constituted an "outfit" under Code § 18.2-94. Appellant 

contends that because pants are not commonly used to break into a 

structure, they were not intended by the legislature to constitute 

an "outfit." We disagree. 

 The term "outfit" is not defined in Code § 18.2-94 or 

elsewhere in the Code. "Generally, the words and phrases used in 

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a statute should be given their ordinary and usually accepted 

meaning unless a different intention is fairly manifest." 

Woolfolk v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 840, 847, 447 S.E.2d 530, 

534 (1994). The commonly accepted definitions for the word 

"outfit" include (1) the act or process of fitting out or 

equipping, (2) materials, tools, or implements comprising the 

equipment necessary for carrying out a particular project, and (3) 

wearing apparel designed to be worn on a special occasion or in a 

particular situation. See Webster’s Third New International 

Dictionary 1601 (1993). 

 The judgment of a trial court will be disturbed only if 

plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. See Martin, 4 

Va. App. at 443, 358 S.E.2d at 418. The inferences to be drawn 

from proven facts are matters solely for the fact finder’s 

determination. See Long v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 199, 379 

S.E.2d 473, 476 (1989). 

 In Moss v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 1, 509 S.E.2d 510 

(1999), we rejected the defendant’s assertion that Code § 18.2-94 

only proscribed the possession of tools or implements used to 

commit burglary, noting that the statute "criminalizes possession 

of 'tools, implements, or outfit' with the intent to commit any 

one of three offenses, burglary, robbery or larceny." See id. at 

3 n.1, 509 S.E.2d at 511 n.1 (quoting Code § 18.2-94). "Code 

§ 18.2-94 requires proof that the offending tools, implements or 

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outfit were intrinsically 'burglarious' only when the Commonwealth 

relies upon the statutory presumption to establish the requisite 

criminal intent." Id. at 4-5, 509 S.E.2d at 512. A defendant is 

still subject to conviction under the statute if the Commonwealth 

can prove, independent of the statutory presumption, that the 

defendant possessed a non-burglarious tool, implement, or outfit 

with the intent to commit larceny. See id. at 4, 509 S.E.2d at 

511. 

 An item of clothing that is altered to facilitate shoplifting 

can reasonably be considered wearing apparel designed to be worn 

in a particular situation. See Webster’s Third New International 

Dictionary at 1601. We hold, therefore, that a pair of pants can 

constitute an "outfit" as that term is used in Code § 18.2-94. A 

pair of pants is not necessarily "burglarious," that is, it is not 

an item commonly used to break into a structure. For that reason, 

to convict appellant under Code § 18.2-94, the Commonwealth was 

required to prove that appellant possessed these pants with the 

intent to use them to commit larceny. See Moss, 29 Va. App. at 4, 

509 S.E.2d at 511. 

 "Because direct proof of intent is often impossible, it must 

be shown by circumstantial evidence." Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 

Va. App. 507, 524, 371 S.E.2d 156, 165 (1988). "Circumstantial 

evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as 

direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude 

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every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt." Coleman v. 

Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983). But 

"[t]he Commonwealth need only exclude reasonable hypotheses of 

innocence that flow from the evidence, not those that spring from 

the imagination of the defendant." Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 

Va. App. 751, 755, 433 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993). "Whether a 

hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact." 

Herrel v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 579, 587, 507 S.E.2d 633, 637 

(1998). 

 All the tools, implements or outfits included in Code 

§ 18.2-94 may be, and usually are, designed and manufactured for a 

lawful purpose. Mere possession thereof is not a crime. Burnette 

v. Commonwealth, 194 Va. 785, 790, 75 S.E.2d 482, 485-86 (1953). 

It has been held, and Code § 18.2-94 provides, that possession 

"shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to commit burglary, 

robbery or larceny." Nance v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 428, 429, 124 

S.E.2d 900, 901 (1962) (citation omitted). 

 When viewed in its entirety, the record here discloses 

sufficient evidence to support the finding that appellant wore the 

baggy pants with the slit pocket and tied-off cuffs to facilitate 

his attempted shoplifting. The record shows that appellant 

entered the grocery store with no money or other means on his 

person to pay for the gum and that he looked about in a suspicious 

manner. He then placed two packs of Nicorette gum, valued at 

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$110, into the specially prepared pocket, which allowed the gum 

packages to drop through the pocket down to the tied-off cuff of 

his pants, but not onto the floor. From the foregoing facts, the 

record supports the trial court’s judgment that the baggy pants 

with the slit pocket and tied-off cuffs constituted an "outfit" 

that was possessed by appellant with the intent to be used to 

commit larceny. 

 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the trial 

court. 

 Affirmed.

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