2016 IL App (1st) 141667 

SECOND DIVISION 

December 20, 2016 

No. 1-14-1667 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County, Illinois. 

) 

v. ) No. 09 CR 10950 

) 

ARMANDO FERNANDEZ, ) Honorable 

) Angela Munari Petrone, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 Following a 2014 bench trial, defendant Armando Fernandez was convicted of possession 

of heroin with intent to deliver and eight counts of unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon, 

for which he was sentenced to concurrent terms of 17 and 7 years’ imprisonment, respectively. 

Fernandez argues that his convictions should be reversed because the evidence was insufficient 

to prove that he constructively possessed either the heroin or the weapons and ammunition 

recovered. Alternatively, he maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a 

hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), based on his challenge to the truth 

of the allegations in the affidavit supporting the search warrant. We agree with Fernandez’s first 

contention and reverse his convictions. 
 

 

 

 

 

No. 1-14-1667 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 Fernandez’s convictions stemmed from the recovery of heroin, weapons, and ammunition 

from a single family home and detached garage at 4636 South Keating Avenue in Chicago, 

Illinois. The premises were searched in the early morning hours of May 16, 2009, pursuant to a 

search warrant. Officer George Junkovic of the Chicago police department supported the warrant 

with an affidavit averring that a confidential informant (“J. Doe”) told him that on May 15, 2009, 

J. Doe went to the Keating address to meet Fernandez. According to Junkovic’s affidavit 

recounting the information J. Doe provided, J. Doe and Fernandez went into the detached garage 

where Fernandez opened the hood of an inoperable van to reveal a large quantity of heroin in a 

plastic bag. Fernandez broke off a piece of heroin, replaced the bag under the hood, and went 

inside the residence with J. Doe. Once inside, J. Doe observed Fernandez package the piece of 

heroin in multiple knotted plastic bags and place them in a kitchen cabinet. Fernandez bragged to 

J. Doe that his heroin was the “best *** around” and that “everyone I sell it to loves it.” J. Doe 

identified Fernandez and the residence from photos that Officer Junkovic showed him. 

¶ 4 Based on this affidavit, as well as the in-court presentation of J. Doe, the court issued a 

warrant authorizing a search of the residence and garage, where officers recovered heroin and 

weapons. Fernandez was charged with one count of possession with intent to deliver more than 

900 grams of heroin and eight counts of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. 

¶ 5 Prior to trial, Fernandez moved for a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 

154 (1978), contending that the affidavit supporting the search warrant included false statements 

that were necessary to the finding of probable cause. Fernandez supported his motion with his 

own affidavit, as well as affidavits from Elia Fernandez Bahena (Fernandez’s aunt), Rosita 

Fernandez (Fernandez’s sister), Celedonia Garcia (Fernandez’s grandmother), and Elizabeth 

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Reyes (Fernandez’s cousin). According to Fernandez’s and his family’s affidavits, Fernandez 

lived at 1850 North Kedvale Avenue in Chicago and did not live at or have keys to the Keating 

address. Rather, his aunt and cousin lived at that address. Fernandez denied that he was present 

at the Keating address on May 15, and his aunt corroborated his claim, averring that she was 

home all day on May 15 and never saw Fernandez. The affidavits further stated that Fernandez 

was in Kenosha, Wisconsin visiting his sister and grandmother from the evening of May 14 until 

approximately 4:00 p.m. on May 15, when he left his sister’s home to return to Chicago. 

¶ 6 The trial court denied a Franks hearing after considering this evidence, finding that 

because the informant appeared before the judge issuing the warrant, Franks did not apply, and 

that the affidavits did not necessarily contradict the informant’s claims in any event. 

¶ 7 At trial, Officer Ryan Delaney testified to the events of May 15 and 16, 2009. On May 

15, at approximately 6 p.m., Officer Delaney was in an unmarked car on surveillance duty near 

2738 West Evergreen Avenue in Chicago. He had learned that a drug transaction would occur at 

that location involving a male in a gold car with Wisconsin license plates. A gold car eventually 

pulled up in front of him, and Officer Delaney observed a male Hispanic driver, whom he 

identified in court as Fernandez, exit the vehicle. Fernandez crossed the street and approached 

another individual while removing a softball-sized object from his pocket. Officer Delaney, 

having observed dozens of narcotics transactions, recognized this exchange as a drug sale and 

notified enforcement officers who were standing by. But when the officers approached 

Fernandez, he fled into a nearby apartment building. As his fellow officers pursued Fernandez, 

Officer Delaney went to the gold car and saw a woman inside. He ordered the woman out of the 

vehicle, and then noticed two bags of suspected heroin on the gearshift, which he recovered and 

inventoried. 

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No. 1-14-1667 

¶ 8 Several minutes later, other officers arrived with Fernandez in custody. A search of 

Fernandez at the scene revealed that the softball-sized object in his possession was a large plastic 

bag containing smaller baggies of heroin. Fernandez was not charged with possession of this 

suspect heroin or the heroin recovered from his car after he was apprehended. 

¶ 9 After Fernandez was taken into custody, he was transported to the police station, where a 

second search revealed a set of keys. The arresting officers read Fernandez his Miranda rights, 

and Fernandez then admitted to selling heroin but denied his girlfriend’s involvement. 

Fernandez’s admission was not reflected in any police reports. 

¶ 10 At approximately 1:00 a.m. on May 16, a team of officers, including Officer Delaney, 

executed the search warrant for the home and garage at 4636 South Keating Avenue. The 

officers forced entry into the home, where they encountered a man who said he lived in the 

downstairs bedroom with his dog and identified himself as Fernandez’s “butler.” The court did 

not consider this hearsay testimony for the truth of the matter asserted but rather to explain the 

officers’ decision not to arrest or question this unidentified man. 

¶ 11 The officers’ search of the home revealed a .38-caliber handgun beneath a mattress in a 

bedroom. Also in that bedroom, officers found a passport and insurance cards belonging to 

Fernandez, as well as framed pictures of Fernandez with the woman in the car. Neither the 

passport nor the insurance card listed an address for Fernandez. The closet held both men’s and 

women’s clothes. There were additional framed pictures of Fernandez with the same woman 

hanging on the wall in the living room area. 

¶ 12 Officer Delaney then forced entry into the garage from the service door, though he later 

learned that the keys he recovered from Fernandez unlocked both that door and the door to the 

house. In the garage, officers observed a broken van with flat tires. Officer Delaney recovered 

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two .357-caliber handguns under the hood of the van along with a brick of suspect heroin and 

large bags containing smaller knotted bags of heroin. He also recovered ammunition for the 

.357-caliber handguns and a box of ammunition for a .38-caliber handgun. Other officers 

recovered an additional .32-caliber gun under the hood of the van. 

¶ 13 Officer Delaney admitted that he did not submit the recovered items for fingerprints, nor 

did he make an attempt to determine to whom the van was registered. He also acknowledged that 

the arrest report he prepared reflected that Fernandez’s address was 1850 North Kedvale Avenue, 

though he could not recall whether Fernandez was the source of that information. 

¶ 14 After the State rested, the parties stipulated to the testimony of Fernandez’s father, who 

would testify that he tendered Fernandez’s counsel several items of mail addressed to Fernandez 

at 1850 North Kedvale Avenue. 

¶ 15 The court found Fernandez guilty of all counts and sentenced him to 17 years of 

imprisonment on the count of possession with intent to deliver and 7 years of imprisonment on 

the weapons counts, to be served concurrently. 

¶ 16 ANALYSIS 

¶ 17 The dispositive issue on appeal is the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Fernandez’s 

convictions. Specifically, Fernandez contends that the evidence was insufficient to establish that 

he constructively possessed the heroin and weapons recovered from the home and the garage. A 

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence requires us to consider whether “after viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v. Baskerville, 2012 IL 

111056, ¶ 31. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact, and we will not 

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reverse a conviction unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory as to create a 

reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt. People v. Beauchamp, 241 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (2011). 

¶ 18 Fernandez challenges his convictions on the basis that the State did not prove he 

possessed the contraband recovered. Possession may be either actual or constructive. People v. 

Love, 404 Ill. App. 3d 784, 788 (2010). Because it is undisputed that Fernandez did not have 

actual possession of the weapons, ammunition, or heroin, we consider only whether he 

constructively possessed these items. Constructive possession exists where there is no personal 

dominion over the contraband, but the defendant has control over the area where the contraband 

was found. People v. Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 19. Stated differently, the State must prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had knowledge of the presence of the contraband 

and exercised “immediate and exclusive” control over the area where the contraband was 

discovered. People v. Tates, 2016 IL App (1st) 140619, ¶ 19. Significantly, evidence establishing 

constructive possession is “ ‘often entirely circumstantial.’ ” People v. McCarter, 339 Ill. App. 

3d 876, 879 (2003) (quoting People v. McLaurin, 331 Ill. App. 3d 498, 502 (2002)). 

¶ 19 Turning first to the .38-caliber handgun recovered under a mattress in the bedroom at 

4636 South Keating, Fernandez concedes that habitation of the premises where contraband is 

found is generally sufficient evidence of control constituting constructive possession (see People 

v. Maldonado, 2015 IL App (1st) 131874, ¶ 29)), but he maintains that there was insufficient 

evidence to establish habitation here. We agree. Evidence of residency or habitation often takes 

the form of rent receipts, utility bills, or mail (see, e.g., id.; People v. Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d 

144, 147 (1993)), none of which link Fernandez to the Keating address. To the contrary, the 

evidence at trial revealed that Fernandez received mail at 1850 North Kedvale. 

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¶ 20 Nevertheless, the State contends that the lack of evidence of residency is not dispositive 

in light of the numerous personal effects Officer Delaney discovered in the home. Specifically, 

Officer Delaney testified that Fernandez’s passport was in a dresser drawer in the bedroom 

where the .38-caliber handgun was found, and his insurance cards were on a dresser. The closet 

contained both men’s and women’s clothes (although the clothing was never tied to Fernandez), 

and framed pictures of Fernandez and a woman (who was a passenger in Fernandez’s car when 

he was arrested) were displayed throughout the bedroom and hung on the walls of the living 

room. Finally, keys unlocking the home’s front door were found in Fernandez’s possession.1 

¶ 21 But even viewed in the light most favorable to the State, this evidence does not 

demonstrate Fernandez’s control over the premises. In the first place, this court has never upheld 

a conviction for possession based solely on a defendant’s possession of keys to the location 

where the contraband was found. See People v. Orta, 361 Ill. App. 3d 342, 349 (2005) 

(collecting case law suggesting that keys alone are insufficient proof of constructive possession); 

see also People v. Sams, 2013 IL App (1st) 121431, ¶ 13 (“Mere *** access to the area in which 

contraband is found is insufficient to constitute constructive possession.”). Moreover, the 

presence of an unidentified man on the premises at the time the police executed the search 

warrant weighs against a finding that Fernandez maintained control over the premises. 

¶ 22 Finally, even assuming (due to the presence of his passport, insurance card, and the 

framed pictures) that Fernandez had some connection with the residence, no evidence placed him 

in the residence on May 15, 2009, or on any other date, for that matter. Further, the fact that the 

1

Fernandez disputes the veracity of Officer Delaney’s testimony that he recovered keys from him, 

given that the officer testified he “forced entry” into the home. If Officer Delaney had keys, Fernandez 

posits, there would have been no need to effect a forcible entry. But given that Officer Delaney listed 

Fernandez’s address as 1850 North Kedvale Avenue, he would have had no reason to suspect the keys 

recovered would give him access to the Keating residence. In any event, the truthfulness of the officer’s 

testimony is a credibility determination we will not disturb on review. See People v. Williams, 246 Ill. 

App. 3d 1025, 1037 (1993). 

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weapon was concealed under a mattress undercuts the inference that he had knowledge of the 

gun. On this point, People v. Maldonando, 2015 IL App (1st) 131874, is instructive. There, this 

court reversed the defendant’s conviction for possession of drugs, in part, because despite the 

fact that mail addressed to him was found on the premises, the drugs recovered were hidden in a 

statue. Id. ¶ 41. We reasoned that even if the mail established the defendant’s control over the 

premises (which we determined it did not), the fact that the contraband was hidden, coupled with 

the State’s failure to prove that the defendant was ever inside the residence, precluded a finding 

that the defendant had knowledge of the drugs. Id. Similarly, here, the hidden location of the gun 

and the State’s failure to prove that Fernandez ever entered the home creates a reasonable doubt 

as to Fernandez’s knowledge of the presence of the gun. 

¶ 23 The foregoing analysis is equally applicable to the issue of whether the evidence was 

sufficient to prove Fernandez’s possession of the contraband recovered in the detached garage. 

Indeed, the evidence connecting Fernandez to the garage is more tenuous than that connecting 

him to the bedroom. Unlike the bedroom, which contained Fernandez’s identification and 

photos, there was no evidence linking Fernandez to the detached garage other than the keys 

recovered from him. 

¶ 24 The State maintains that the recovery of bullets matching the .38-caliber handgun under 

the mattress is additional evidence connecting Fernandez to the garage, but this is unpersuasive. 

There is no indication that the weapon recovered under the bed was unique so as to render the 

presence of ammunition matching that weapon in the garage significant. And just as the gun in 

the house was hidden under the bed, the weapons and heroin in the garage were concealed under 

the hood of an inoperable van. Thus, even assuming Fernandez had access to the garage, there is 

nothing to suggest that he had knowledge of the presence of the hidden contraband. For these 

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reasons, we find the evidence insufficient to sustain Fernandez’s convictions and reverse. And 

because we reverse Fernandez’s convictions outright, we need not address his contention that he 

was entitled to a Franks hearing on his claim that the affidavit supporting the issuance of the 

search warrant contained false information. 

¶ 25 CONCLUSION 

¶ 26 Fernandez’s conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver and 

his eight convictions for unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon are reversed. 

¶ 27 Reversed. 

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