Antelope Valley 

Air Quality Management District 

Final 

Staff Report 

Proposed Amendment to 

Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Adopted on 

01/19/2010 

43301 DIVISION ST., SUITE 206,

LANCASTER, CALIFORNIA 93535-4649 

PHONE (661) 723-8070 

FAX (661) 723-3450 
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Final Staff Report, 03/17/10 

STAFF REPORT 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines 

I. PURPOSE OF STAFF REPORT ...........................................................................................1 

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................1 

III. STAFF RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................2 

IV. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST...........................................................................3 

V. DISCUSSION OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................4 

A. REQUIRED ELEMENTS/FINDINGS...........................................................................4 

1. State Findings Required for Adoption of Rules & Regulations ......................4 

a. Necessity ..............................................................................................4 

b. Authority..............................................................................................4 

c. Clarity...................................................................................................4 

d. Consistency..........................................................................................4 

e. Non-duplication ...................................................................................4 

f. Reference..............................................................................................5 

g. Public Notice & Comment, Public Hearing.........................................5 

2. Federal Elements (SIP Submittals, Other Federal Submittals)........................5 

a. Satisfaction of Underlying Federal Requirements ...............................5 

b. Public Notice and Comment................................................................5 

c. Availability of Document.....................................................................6 

d. Notice to Specified Entities .................................................................6 

e. Public Hearing......................................................................................6 

f. Legal Authority to Adopt and Implement ............................................6 

g. Applicable State Laws and Regulations Were Followed.....................6 

B. WRITTEN ANALYSIS OF EXISTING REQUIREMENTS.........................................7 

C. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................7 

1. General.............................................................................................................7 

2. Incremental Cost Effectiveness.......................................................................7 

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS (CEQA) ..................................................................8 

E. SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS .................................................8 

1. Potential Environmental Impacts.....................................................................8 

2. Mitigation of Impacts.......................................................................................8 

3. Alternative Methods of Compliance................................................................8 
TC-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

F. PUBLIC REVIEW ..........................................................................................................8 

VI. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................9 

A. SOURCE DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................9 

B. EMISSIONS ...................................................................................................................9 

C. CONTROL REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................9 

D. PROPOSED RULE SUMMARY.................................................................................10 

E. SIP HISTORY...............................................................................................................12 

1. SIP History.....................................................................................................12 

2. SIP Analysis...................................................................................................13 

Appendix A – Rule 1134 Iterated Version ..................................................................................A-1 

Appendix B – Public Notice Documents.....................................................................................B-1 

Appendix C – Public Comments and Responses.........................................................................C-1 

Appendix D – California Environmental Quality Act Documentation .......................................D-1 

Appendix E – Bibliography .........................................................................................................E-1 

Appendix F – Technical Report................................................................................................... F-1 

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................1 

II. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................2 

III. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................4 

A. SOURCE DESCRIPTION..............................................................................................4 

1. Applicability and District Turbine Inventory...............................................4 

2. Currently Available Control Technologies..................................................5 

3. Rule History.................................................................................................6 

B. EMISSIONS....................................................................................................................6 

C. BASIS FOR STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ANALYSIS ..........................................6 

1. SMAQMD Rule 413....................................................................................6 

2. SJVAQMD Rule 4703.................................................................................7
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3. SCAQMD Rule 1134.................................................................................10

D. FEASIBILITY OF OPTIONS.......................................................................................11 

IV. STAFF RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................12 

Appendix A - Calculations and Assumptions for Determining Cost-Effectiveness....................A-1 

Appendix B - Bibliography..........................................................................................................B-1 
TC-4 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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STAFF REPORT 

Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines

I. PURPOSE OF STAFF REPORT 

A staff report serves several discrete purposes. Its primary purpose is to provide a summary and 

background material to the members of the Governing Board (Board). This allows the members of the 

Governing Board to be fully informed before making any required decision. It also provides the 

documentation necessary for the Governing Board to make any findings, which are required by law to 

be made prior to the approval or adoption of a document. In addition, a staff report ensures that the

correct procedures and proper documentation for approval or adoption of a document have been 

performed. Finally, the staff report provides evidence for defense against legal challenges regarding

the propriety of the approval or adoption of the document. 

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District (AVAQMD or “District”) has the authority 

pursuant to California Health and Safety Code (H&S Code) §40702 to adopt, amend or repeal rules and 

regulations. The AVAQMD is proposing to adopt Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines for inclusion 

in the current rulebook. 

California Health & Safety Code §39614(d) (H&S Code) requires the AVAQMD to adopt the most 

readily available, feasible and cost-effective local control measures for particulate matter (PM) as 

contained on a list developed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). CARB has identified on 

its list of local control measures a stationary gas turbine related measure as potentially feasible. The 

District has evaluated the availability, feasibility and cost-effectiveness of applying those stationary gas 

turbine related control measures within the AVAQMD (PM Measures Requiring Further Evaluation,

#46a, b and c). This analysis is included in section (V)(C)(2) and Appendix “F” of this staff report. 

Former rule provisions had very limited applicability to stationary gas turbines in the Southeast Desert 

Air Basin (SEDAB) in which the AVAQMD is located (now the Mojave Desert Air Basin (MDAB)), 

and no turbines in the AVAQMD were subject to the rule. The proposed amendments will make the 

rule applicable to the AVAQMD, therefore expanding the applicability to a wider range of sources and 

will include certain oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) limits determined to be 

feasible. An additional compliance limit has been added for turbines which utilize digester gas which

does not change the NOx or CO compliance limit for the size range of turbines identified, merely 

specifies the fuel technology. 

Section 172(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. §7502(c)(1)) requires ozone non-attainment areas to 

implement, as expeditiously as practicable, reductions in ozone precursor emissions (NOx and volatile 

organic compounds (VOC)) from existing sources through the adoption of Reasonable Available 

Control Technology (RACT)). This rule amendment updates NOx RACT for the stationary gas turbine 

category. 

The public hearing to consider the amendment of Rule 1159 was originally noticed for the 11/17/09 

AVAQMD Governing Board meeting. The AVAQMD received substantive comments from the 
2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County on 11/02/09, and continued this public hearing to 

the next regularly scheduled meeting of 12/15/09 since these comments could not be addressed prior to 

the 11/17/09 meeting. The 12/15/09 meeting was cancelled and all items deferred to the next regularly

scheduled meeting of 01/19/10. 

III. STAFF RECOMMENDATION 

Staff recommends that the Governing Board of the AVAQMD adopt the proposed amendments to Rule 

1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines and approve the appropriate CEQA documentation. This action is 

necessary to satisfy the commitment made in the List and Implementation Schedule for District 

Measures to Reduce PM Pursuant to Health & Safety Code §39614(d) adopted August 16, 2005 (pg. 

26), and to update RACT for the stationary gas turbine category. 

The Governing Board of the Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District amended Rule 1134 – 

Stationary Gas Turbines on January 19, 2010. 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 3

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

IV. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST 

The findings and analysis as indicated below are required for the procedurally correct amendment of 

Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines. Each item is discussed, if applicable, in Section V below. 

Copies of documents are included in the appropriate Appendix. 

FINDINGS REQUIRED FOR 

RULES & REGULATIONS 

 X Necessity 

 X Authority 

 X Clarity 

 X Consistency 

 X Non-duplication 

 X Reference 

 X Public Notice & Comment 

 X Public Hearing 

REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE 

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 

SUBMISSION (SIP): 

 X Public Notice & Comment 

 X Availability of Document 

 X Notice to Specified Entities (State, 

Air Districts, USEPA, Other States) 

 X Public Hearing 

 X Legal Authority to adopt and 

implement the document. 

 X Applicable State laws and 

regulations were followed. 

ELEMENTS OF A FEDERAL 

SUBMISSION 

 X Elements as set forth in applicable 

Federal law or regulations. 

CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL 

QUALITY ACT REQUIREMENTS 

(CEQA):

N/A Ministerial Action 

 X Exemption 

N/A Negative Declaration 

N/A Environmental Impact Report 

 X Appropriate findings, if necessary. 

 X Public Notice & Comment 

SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL 

ANALYSIS (RULES & REGULATIONS 

ONLY): 

 X Environmental impacts of 

compliance. 

N/A Mitigation of impacts. 

N/A Alternative methods of compliance. 

OTHER: 

 X Written analysis of existing air 

pollution control requirements 

 X Economic Analysis 

 X Public Review 
4 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

V. DISCUSSION OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 

A. REQUIRED ELEMENTS/FINDINGS 

This section discusses the State of California statutory requirements that apply to the 

amendment of Rule 1134. These are actions, that need to be performed, and/or information, 

that must be provided in order to amend the rule in a procedurally correct manner. 

1. State Findings Required for Adoption of Rules & Regulations: 

Before adopting, amending, or repealing a rule or regulation, the AVAQMD Governing 

Board is required to make findings of necessity, authority, clarity, consistency, nonduplication, and reference based upon relevant information presented at the hearing. The 

information below is provided to assist the Board in making these findings. 

a. Necessity: 

The amendments to Rule 1134 are necessary to satisfy the provisions of H&S 

Code §39614(d) which requires the adoption of readily available, feasible and 

cost-effective control measures for PM from a list of potential local control 

measures promulgated by CARB. The level of control contained in the 

amendments to Rule 1134 have been determined to be readily available, feasible 

and cost-effective based upon an analysis and recommendations made in the 

feasibility analysis for stationary gas turbines included in the Technical 

Discussion in Appendix “F” of the staff report. The amendments also satisfy the 

42 U.S.C. 7502(c)(1) requirement for implementation and periodic update of 

RACT requirements for non-attainment areas.

b. Authority: 

AVAQMD has the authority pursuant to H&S Code §40702 to adopt, amend or 

repeal rules and regulations. 

c. Clarity: 

The amendments are clear in that they are written so that the persons subject to 

the rule can easily understand the meaning. 

d. Consistency: 

The amendments to Rule 1134 are in harmony with, and not in conflict with or 

contradictory to, any state law or regulation, federal law or regulation, or court 

decisions. 

e. Non-duplication: 

The amendments to Rule 1134 do not impose the same requirements as an 

existing state or federal law or regulation because the District amended this rule 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 5

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

to satisfy the provisions of H&S Code §39614(d) which requires the adoption of 

readily available, feasible and cost-effective control measures for PM from a list 

of potential local control measures promulgated by CARB. In addition, the 

amendments do not impose the same requirements as federal law, in that, federal 

law merely requires the adoption and update of RACT for existing facilities in a 

particular source category but does not directly impose such measures upon such 

facilities. 

f. Reference: 

AVAQMD has the authority pursuant to H&S Code §40702 to adopt, amend or 

repeal rules and regulations. 

g. Public Notice & Comment, Public Hearing: 

Notice for the public hearing for the proposed amendment of Rule 1134 was 

published 10/16/09 for the 11/17/09 Governing Board meeting. This hearing was 

continued to the next regularly scheduled meeting of 12/15/09 to address 

substantive comments received from the County Sanitation Districts of Los 

Angeles County. The 12/15/09 meeting was cancelled and all items deferred to 

the next regularly scheduled meeting of 01/19/10. See Appendix “B” for a copy 

of the public notice. See Appendix C for copies of comments and AVAQMD 

responses. 

2. Federal Elements (SIP Submittals, Other Federal Submittals). 

Submittals to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are required 

to include various elements depending upon the type of document submitted and the 

underlying federal law which requires the submittal. The information below indicates 

which elements are required for the proposed amendment of Rule 1134 and how they 

were satisfied. 

a. Satisfaction of Underlying Federal Requirements: 

The amendments to Rule 1134 are subject to all the requirements for a State 

Implementation Plan (SIP) submittal because Rule 1134 is currently included in 

the AVAQMD SIP. In addition, rules imposing RACT requirements enacted to 

satisfy the requirements of 42 U.S.C. 7502(c)(1) are also required to be included 

in the SIP. The criteria for determining completeness of SIP submissions are set 

forth in 40 CFR Part 51, Appendix V, 2.0. 

b. Public Notice and Comment: 

Notice for the public hearing for the proposed amendment of Rule 1134 was 

published 10/16/09 for the 11/17/09 Governing Board meeting. This hearing was 

continued to the next regularly scheduled meeting of 12/15/09 to address 
6 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

substantive comments received from the County Sanitation Districts of Los 

Angeles County. The 12/15/09 meeting was cancelled and all items deferred to 

the next regularly scheduled meeting of 01/19/10. See Appendix “B” for a copy 

of the public notice. See Appendix C for copies of comments and AVAQMD 

responses. 

c. Availability of Document: 

Copies of the proposed amendments to Rule 1134 and the accompanying draft 

staff report were made available to the public on 10/19/09. 

d. Notice to Specified Entities 

Copies of the proposed amendment of Rule 1134 and the accompanying draft 

staff report were mailed to all affected agencies, including but not limited to 

CARB and USEPA. The proposed amendments were sent to CARB and 

USEPA on 10/15/2009. 

e. Public Hearing: 

A public hearing to consider the proposed amendment of Rule 1134 was set for 

11/17/09. This hearing was continued to the next regularly scheduled hearing on 

12/15/09 to address substantive comments were received from the County 

Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. The 12/15/09 meeting was 

cancelled and all items deferred to the next regularly scheduled meeting of 

01/19/10. 

f. Legal Authority to Adopt and Implement: 

The AVAQMD has the authority pursuant to H&S Code §40702 to adopt, 

amend, or repeal rules and regulations and to do such acts as may be necessary 

or proper to execute the duties imposed upon the AVAQMD. 

g. Applicable State Laws and Regulations Were Followed: 

Public notice and hearing procedures pursuant to H&S Code §§40725-40728 

have been followed. See Section (V)(A)(1) above for compliance with state 

findings required pursuant to H&S Code §40727. See Section (V)(B) below for 

compliance with the required analysis of existing requirements pursuant to H&S 

Code §40727.2. See Section (V)(C) for compliance with economic analysis 

requirements pursuant to H&S Code §40920.6. See Section (V)(D) below for 

compliance with provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act 

(CEQA). 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 7

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

B. WRITTEN ANALYSIS OF EXISTING REQUIREMENTS 

H&S Code §40727.2 requires air districts to prepare a written analysis of all existing federal air 

pollution control requirements that apply to the same equipment or source type as the rule 

proposed for modification by the District. 

The Federal Clean Air Act (FCAA) requires areas designated non-attainment for ozone and 

classified moderate and above to adopt and maintain RACT rules to control the emissions of 

VOCs and NOx for categories which the USEPA has adopted a Control Techniques Guideline 

(CTG) or Alternative Control Techniques (ACT) and for all categories where there are major 

stationary sources of air pollution (42 U.S.C. §7511a(b)(2), FCAA 182(b)(2)). For purposes of 

the FCAA, the District has been designated non-attainment for ozone and classified severe-17. 

The USEPA has promulgated “Alternative Control Techniques Document – NOx Emissions 

from Stationary Gas Turbines” (EPA-453/R-93-007) which applies to the source category of 

stationary gas turbines. In addition, the USEPA has also adopted “Standards of Performance 

for Stationary Combustion Turbines” (71 FR 38482, July 6, 2006) which also applies to this 

source category. The proposed amendments have been developed to be consistent with the 

provisions of these two requirements. 

H&S Code §39614(d) requires the AVAQMD to adopt the most readily available, feasible and 

cost-effective local control measures for PM as contained on a list developed by CARB. CARB 

has identified on its list of local control measures several items related to stationary gas turbines 

as potentially feasible. The District has evaluated the availability, feasibility and costeffectiveness of applying those combustion source control measures related to stationary gas 

turbines within the AVAQMD in the Feasibility Analysis for Stationary Gas Turbines included 

in Appendix “F”. 

C. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 

1. General 

The amendments to Rule 1134 will not have an adverse economic impact on any 

facilities because there are currently no facilities subject to the proposed rule. Please 

see the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis in the technical report in Appendix “F” 

for a more detailed analysis of potential economic impact. 

2. Incremental Cost Effectiveness 

Pursuant to H&S Code §40920.6, incremental cost effectiveness calculations are 

required for rules and regulations which are adopted or amended to meet the California 

Clean Air Act requirements for Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) 

or “all feasible measures” to control volatile compounds, NOx or oxides of sulfur (SOx). 

The cost-effectiveness analysis contained in the Technical Discussion document in 

Appendix “F” was based upon cost estimates contained in the staff report for San 
8 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) Rule 4703 as adopted 

4/25/02, and MDAQMD Rule 1159 Staff Report as adopted 09/28/09. 

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS (CEQA) 

Through the process described below, it was determined that a Notice of Exemption would be 

the appropriate CEQA process for the amendment of Rule 1134. 

1. The amendments to Rule 1134 meet the CEQA definition of "project." They are 

not "ministerial" actions. 

2. The amendment of Rule 1134 is exempt from CEQA review because there is no 

potential that the amendments might cause the release of additional air 

contaminants or create any adverse environmental impacts; therefore, a Class 8 

categorical exemption (14 Cal. Code Reg. §15308) applies. The requirements in 

the amendments to Rule 1134 are more stringent than the currently existing 

requirements (see more detailed discussion in rule summary §(D)). In addition, 

there are no expected indirect impacts caused by potential compliance with the 

prohibitory requirements of the rule (see more detailed explanation in 

Supplemental Environmental Analysis §(E)). Copies of the documents relating 

to CEQA can be found in Appendix “D”. 

E. SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 

1. Potential Environmental Impacts 

There are no potential adverse environmental impacts of compliance with the 

amendment of Rule 1134. There are no sources in the AVAQMD that will be subject to 

the prohibitory requirements of the rule. The District is amending this rule to satisfy the 

provisions of H&S Code §39614(d) which requires the adoption of readily available, 

feasible and cost-effective control measures for PM from a list of potential local control 

measures promulgated by CARB. In addition, the amendments update RACT for 

existing facilities in a particular source category but since there are no sources within 

the AVAQMD which are currently subject to the prohibitory requirements there will be 

no impacts from RACT compliance. 

2. Mitigation of Impacts 

N/A 

3. Alternative Methods of Compliance 

N/A 

F. PUBLIC REVIEW 

See Staff Report Section (V)(A)(1)(g) and (2)(b), as well as Appendix B. 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 9

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

VI. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 

A. SOURCE DESCRIPTION 

Gas turbines with power outputs ranging from less than 1 megawatt (MW) to over 200 MW are 

used in a broad scope of applications. A gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that 

operates with rotary rather than reciprocating motion. In stationary applications, the hot 

combustion gases are directed through one or more fan-like turbine wheels to generate shaft 

horsepower. Often the heat from the exhaust gases is recovered through an add-on heat 

exchanger. Gas turbines are used by industry in both mechanical and electrical drive 

applications. The primary applications for gas turbines can be divided into the following 

categories: the oil and gas industry, stand-by/emergency electric power generation, independent 

electric power producers, electric utilities and other industrial applications. 

Former rule provisions did not apply to any stationary gas turbine in the AVAQMD because of 

a provision that exempted most turbines located in the SEDAB from the requirements of the 

rule. There is one microturbine, and two proposed combustion turbine generators, currently 

located or proposed for construction within the district. 

Los Angeles County Sanitation District operates a digester gas microturbine, an Ingersoll-Rand 

EcoWorks 250 Series microturbine fired on digester gas, rated at 250 kW(e). This microturbine 

falls below the 0.3 MW lower applicability limit of Rule 1134, and is therefore not subject to 

the requirements of Rule 1134 (although it is expected to operate at a nominal 9 ppmv for NOx, 

CO and VOC which is in compliance with the proposed requirements in the rule). 

The City of Palmdale is proposing to build two combustion turbine generators at the Palmdale 

Hybrid Power Project. Each Turbine is a natural gas fueled, General Electric, 7FA combustion 

turbine generator block, producing approximately 255 MW(e) with a connected heat recovery 

steam generator and a steam condensing turbine, with maximum turbine heat input of 1736.4 

MMBtu/hr. Each turbine has Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners and Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR) as control measures. These turbines will be permitted in compliance with the proposed 

requirements of the rule. 

B. EMISSIONS 

The amendments to Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines do not cause the release of additional 

air contaminants or create any adverse environmental impacts because all existing turbines in 

the District are either not subject to the provisions of the rule, or are permitted at lower levels 

than in the amendment of the rule. Section (C)(1)(a) Table 1 contains NOx and CO compliance 

limits which would apply to future installations of small stationary gas turbines, while larger 

turbines would be subject to New Source Review. 

C. CONTROL REQUIREMENTS 

Please see section (C) of the rule (Appendix A) for control requirements. 
10 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

The amendments to Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines do not cause the release of additional 

air contaminants or create any environmental impacts because all existing turbines in the 

District are either not subject to the applicability because of size, or are permitted at lower 

limits than contained in the proposed requirements. Section (C)(1)(a) Table 1 contains NOx

and CO compliance limits which would apply to future installations of small stationary gas 

turbines, while larger turbines would be subject to New Source Review. 

D. PROPOSED RULE SUMMARY 

This section gives a brief overview of the proposed amendments to Rule 1134. The iterated 

rule version is contained in Appendix “A” of this staff report. 

Proposed amendments to Rule 1134 were designed to enable the District to comply with the 

provisions of H&S Code §39614(d) that requires the adoption of the most readily available, 

feasible and cost-effective control measures for PM as set forth on a list developed by CARB.1

 

This list was developed based on rules, regulations, and programs existing in California as of 

01/01/04. There are three rules listed as potential local control measures contained in the 

CARB document: 1) Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) 

Rule 413 (5/1/97); 2) San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) Rule 4703 

(4/25/02); and 3) South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1134 

(8/8/97). Specifically, Appendix C of the CARB document Proposed List of Measures to 

Reduce Particulate Matter, Strategy D – Combustion Sources (Measures reduce NOx, SOX, 

VOC, CO or PM10 and PM2.5) 46, refers to these stationary gas turbine rules. The District has 

analyzed these rules to determine if the measures they contained were readily available, feasible 

and cost-effective for implementation within the AVAQMD. The VOC limits contained in the 

SJVAPCD rule were determined to be cost effective and have been incorporated in the 

proposed amendments to Rule 1134. 

Rule 1134 has been reformatted to standard District format. 

Section (A) has been amended to be standard District format. Former rule provisions did not 

apply to stationary gas turbines in SEDAB pursuant to former section (g)(1)(D), therefore, the 

proposed amendments expand rule applicability to a wider variety of sources. 

Section (B) definitions are updated. Definitions have been included to make the rule more 

comprehensive, reflect the current applicability of the rule, and provide additional clarity. 

Definitions which were added: Air Pollution Control Officer; CEMS; Digester Gas; Dry Low 

NOx Combustion Technology; Emission Control Equipment; Emission Control System 

Operating Parameters; Enhanced Emissions Monitoring Device; Landfill Gas; Measured NOx

Emissions Concentrations; Predictive Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS); Public Service 

Unit; Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT); Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR); 

Shutdown Period; and, Startup Period. Definitions which were removed: Cogeneration Cycle 

 

1

 A copy of the CARB “Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5 

(Implementation of Senate Bill 656, Sher 2003) and attendant staff report may be found at: 

http://www.arb.ca.gov/pm/pmmeasures/pmmeasures.htm . 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 11

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

Gas Turbine Unit; Exhaust After Treatment; Peaking Gas Turbine Unit; Pipeline Gas Turbine 

Unit; Sewage Digester Gas; and, Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB). 

Section (C)(1)(a) Table 1 has been added to include SJVAPCD compliance limits which were 

determined to be cost-effective. These limits are all more stringent than the previous rule 

amendment because former rule provisions did not apply to stationary gas turbines in SEDAB 

pursuant to former section (g)(1)(D). A specific category for digester gas and/or landfill gas 

fired turbines has been added for those units whose exhaust contains components which are not 

compatible with selective catalytic reduction. There is no change in the NOx or CO compliance 

limit for the size range of turbines identified, merely a specification of the fuel technology used. 

Section (C)(2) requires any owner/operator of a stationary gas turbine subject to Table 1 to 

submit an Emissions Control Plan for approval. 

Section (C)(3) requires any owner/operator of a stationary gas turbine subject to (C)(1) to 

minimize emissions insofar as technologically feasible during Thermal Stabilization Periods. 

This section was added in response to MDAQMD Rule 1159 USEPA rule review comments 

received 7/9/09. 

Section (D) – Exemptions were previously Section (g). Section relocated to be consistent with 

current District rule format. 

Section (D)(1)(d) (Previous section (g)(1)(D)) exemption was removed as this provision made 

the rule inapplicable in the AVAQMD, as the AVAQMD is contained in the SEDAB. 

Section (D)(2)(b) was derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159. This type of equipment was 

formerly exempt pursuant to Section (g)(1)(D). This provision retains that exemption. Please 

note that equipment is still required to have a permit (See Rule 219) and new or modified units 

will be subject to Regulation XIII. 

Section (D)(2)(c) was added because this equipment was formerly exempt pursuant to Section 

(g)(1)(D). This provision retains that exemption. Please note that equipment is still required to 

have a permit (See Rule 219) and new or modified units will be subject to Regulation XIII. 

Section (D)(2)(B) (previous Section (g)(2)(B)) is removed as this provision makes the rule 

inapplicable since the District is located in the SEDAB. 

Section (D)(2)(C) (previous Section (g)(2)(C)) is removed because San Clemente Island is not 

located within the boundaries of the AVAQMD. 

Remaining text in exemption section is restated in new section (G)(1)(a). 

Section (E) is derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159. This Section sets forth the requirements for 

an Emission Control Plan as required in section (C)(2). 

Section (F) incorporates recordkeeping from previous rule version Section (f) for consistency 

with current District rule format. 
12 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

Deleted provisions from Section (F) (previous section (d)) did not apply in the SEDAB pursuant 

to previous section (g)(1)(D). Therefore the provisions contained in amended section (F) are 

more stringent than the provisions contained in the previous rule. 

Section (G)(1) restates requirements from previous Section (g). 

Section (G)(2) provides provisions for operation during a state of emergency. 

Section (H) requirements are derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159. 

Section (I) – Compliance Schedule provides increments of progress for complying with the 

provisions of this rule. The requirements were derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159. 

E. SIP HISTORY 

1. SIP History. 

Prior to 1975, the original air district for the Antelope Valley region was the Los 

Angeles County APCD that had jurisdiction covering the entire county of Los Angeles. 

In 1975, the Southern California Air Pollution Control District (So. Cal. APCD) was 

created. The So. Cal. APCD was created by a Joint Powers Agreement (JPA) between 

Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties to replace the previous 

countywide air pollution control districts for those counties. On 02/01/77, pursuant to 

statute (Cal. Stats. 1976, Ch 324 p. 815) the South Coast Air Quality Management 

District (SCAQMD) was created with an initial jurisdiction that only included areas of 

Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties contained within the 

South Coast Air Basin (SCAB). Outlying areas remained under the So. Cal. APCD 

(The legislation was thereafter amended to allow non SCAB areas to “opt in”. Los 

Angeles County exercised this option, and thus the Antelope Valley became a part of 

SCAQMD). Also on 02/01/77 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) issued 

Executive Order G-73 (1977) which adopted a “rule book” for those non-SCAB areas of 

Los Angeles, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. CARB submitted the G-73 

rulebook on behalf of the “county” districts. 

By its terms Executive Order G-73 (1977) was only effective until the non-SCAB areas 

took other action. On 02/22/77 the JPA forming the So. Cal. APCD was formally 

dissolved. By the terms of the JPA upon dissolution each county would regain its 

county air pollution control district with a jurisdiction of the non-SCAB areas of the 

county and the applicable rules being the So. Cal. APCD’s rules in effect upon the date 

of dissolution. On 07/01/97 the Antelope Valley Air Pollution Control District 

(AVAPCD) replaced the SCAQMD as the agency with jurisdiction over the Los 

Angeles County portion of the Mojave Desert Air Basin (MDAB). On 01/01/02 the 

AVAPCD was replaced by the AVAQMD. Pursuant to both statutory changes, the rule 

and regulations of the predecessor district were retained until the Governing Board 

adopted, amended or rescinded them. At the first meeting of the both the AVAPCD and 

the AVAQMD, the respective Governing Boards reaffirmed all the rules and regulations 

in effect at the time the agency changed. 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 13

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

The jurisdiction of the AVAPCD and the AVAQMD were specified in the statutes as 

the portion of the Los Angeles County contained within the MDAB. The MDAB was 

formerly known as the Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB). In 1997 the SEDAB was 

split into the MDAB and the Salton Sea Air Basin. Descriptions of these air basins can 

be found in 17 Cal. Code Regs. §§60109 and 60144. Since USEPA adopts SIP 

revisions in California as effective within jurisdictional boundaries of local air districts, 

when the local air district boundaries change the SIP as approved by USEPA for that 

area up to the date of the change remains as the SIP in that particular area. Thus, upon 

creation of the AVAPCD on 07/01/97 the AVAPCD acquired the SIP applicable to the 

Antelope Valley portion of the SCAQMD that was effective as of 06/30/97. Likewise 

the AVAQMD acquired the SIP that was effective in the jurisdiction of the AVAPCD as 

of 12/31/01. Therefore, the SIP history for this region is based upon the rules adopted, 

effective, and approved for the Antelope Valley by SCAQMD. 

Rule 1134 was originally adopted on 08/04/89 by the SCAQMD. This rule submission 

was given limited approval and limited disapproval. Rule 1134 was subsequently 

amended on 12/07/95 and approved into the SIP at 61 FR 56470, 12/7/95. Rule 1134 

was subsequently amended on 04/11/97 and it is unclear if USEPA took action on this 

submission. The 12/07/95 version of Rule 1134 is in the SIP for the AVAQMD. 

2. SIP Analysis. 

The District is requesting CARB to submit Rule 1134 to replace the SIP version in 

effect for the AVAQMD. 

Since there is a previously existing SIP rule for this category in the AVAQMD, the 

District is requesting that it be superseded. In order to replace existing SIP rules the 

District is required to show that the proposed amendments are not less stringent than the 

provisions currently in the SIP. 

The proposed AVAQMD Rule 1134 is more stringent than the SCAQMD Rule 1134 as 

adopted on 12/07/95. Former Rule 1134 had very limited applicability to the 

AVAQMD due to exemptions, resulting in no AVAQMD turbines within the 

AVAQMD being subject to the rule. The proposed amendments will expand the 

applicability of the rule to all turbines within the AVAQMD. Please note, however, that 

the existing turbine in the District is currently operating within an exemption and thus 

would not be subject to the prohibitory limits in the proposed rule. 

RACT limits have been modified since Rule 1134 was originally adopted, and this rule 

amendment will update RACT. 
14 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 A-1

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

APPENDIX "A"

Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Iterated Version 

The iterated version is provided so that the changes to an existing rule may be easily found. The manner 

of differentiating text is as follows: 

1. Shaded text identifies new or revised language. 

2. Lined out text identifies language which is being deleted. 

3. Normal text identifies the current language of the current rule which will remain unchanged by the 

adoption of the proposed amendments. 

4. Italicized text identifies explanatory material that is not part of the proposed language. 
A-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

This page intentionally left blank. 
(Adopted: 08/04/89; Amended: 12/07/95; Amended: 04/11/97; 

Amended: mm/dd/yy)

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RULE 1134 

Emissions Of Oxides Of Nitrogen From

Stationary Gas Turbines

(aA) ApplicabilityGeneral

(1) Purpose

(a) The purpose of this rule is to limit the emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and 

carbon monoxide (CO) from Stationary Gas Turbines. 

(2) Applicability

(a) This rule applies to any new or existing Stationary Gas Turbine of 0.3 megawatt 

(MW) and larger unless the equipment is exempt from this rule pursuant to 

Section (D) of this rule. The provisions of this rule shall apply to all existing 

stationary gas turbines, 0.3 megawatt (MW) and larger, as of August 4, 1989. 

[Former rule provisions did not apply to stationary gas turbines in SEDAB

pursuant to former section (g)(1)(D), therefore, the proposed amendments 

expand rule applicability to a wider variety of sources.]

(bB) Definitions 

(1) “Air Pollution Control Officer (APCO)” – The person appointed to the position of Air 

Pollution Control Officer of the District pursuant to the provisions of California Health 

& Safety Code §40750, and his or her designee. [Derived from AVAQMD Rule 1133.]

(12) “Chemical Processing Gas Turbine Unit” – is a A gas turbine unit that vents its exhaust 

gases into the operating stream of a chemical process. 

(2) Cogeneration Cycle Gas Turbine Unit is a gas turbine unit that operates both for the 

simultaneous production of shaft work and for the recovery of useful thermal energy 

from the exhaust gases or waste steam as defined by Section 25134 of the California 

Public Resources Code. [Definition removed since it is not used in amended version of 

rule.]

(3) Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Unit is a gas turbine unit that operates both for the 

production of electrical energy from shaft work and the useful energy produced from
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heat recovered from its exhaust gases. [Definition removed since it is not used in 

amended version of rule.]

(3) “Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS)” – All of the equipment that may 

be required to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this rule, to 

sample, condition (if applicable), analyze, and provide a record of emissions on a 

continuous basis. [Derived from 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(xxxi)]

(4) “Digester Gas” – Fuel containing a minimum of 60 percent process gas, derived from a 

digester, by volume on a daily average. [Derived from previous rule version (C)(1)(a) 

and SCAQMD Rule 1134 (c)(1).]

(5) “Dry Low NOX Combustion Technology (DLN)” – Any turbine combustor design 

which uses multiple staging, air/fuel premixing or other modifications to achieve lower 

levels of NOX emissions as compared to conventional combustors. [Derived from 

SJVUAPCD Rule 4703 §3.7]

(46) “Emergency Standby Gas Turbine Unit” – Any Stationary Gas Turbine that operates as 

a mechanical or electrical power source for a facility only when the primary power 

source has been rendered inoperable due to failure beyond the reasonable control of the 

operator. A power interruption pursuant to a voluntary interruptible power supply 

agreement is not to be considered as an emergency loss of primary power. Electricity 

generated by such a unit cannot be soldis a gas turbine unit that operates only as a 

mechanical or electrical power source for a facility when the primary power source has 

been rendered inoperable, except due to power interruption pursuant to an interruptible 

power supply agreement. This does not include utility company electrical power plant 

units. [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(7) “Emission Control Equipment” – Add-on technologies which control the turbine's 

emissions, including, but not limited to, Selective Catalytic Control (SCR), water 

injection, steam injection, but excluding DLN. [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(58) “Emission Control Plan (ECP)” – is a A plan that shall contain at a minimum District 

permit or identification number; name of gas turbine manufacturer; model designation; 

rated brake horsepower; heat rate (BTU/KW-HR), corrected to the HHV for each type 

of fueling (liquid/gas); type of liquid fuel and/or type of gaseous fuel; hours of operation 

in the previous one-year period; fuel consumption (cubic feet of gas or gallons of liquid) 

for the previous one-year period; and a list of all gas turbine units required to be 

controlled identifying the type of emission control to be applied to such gas turbine units 

along with documentation showing existing emissions of NOx and CO.

(9) “Emission Control System Operating Parameters” – Any operating parameter(s) that the 

District deems necessary to analyze for the determination of compliance. Such 

parameters include, but are not limited to, the ammonia and gas flow rates, the exhaust 

temperature for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), humidity, water injection rate, 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 1134-3

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exhaust gas flow rate and the temperature for water injection. [Derived from 

MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(10) “Enhanced Emissions Monitoring Device” – Any automated data recording device or 

system having both data gathering and retrieval capabilities. Such equipment includes, 

but is not limited to, Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and Predictive 

Emissions Monitoring Systems (PEMS). [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(6) Exhaust After-Treatment means a control method for the post-combustion reduction of 

NOx emissions, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). [Definition removed since 

it is not used in amended version of rule.]

(711) “Existing Gas Turbine Unit” – is aA stationary gas turbine unit that met the following

criteria prior to August 4, 1989(date of amendment): 

(Aa) Had been issued a valid permit to construct or operate by the District, or 

(Bb) Was in operation pursuant to the provisions of District Rule 219(b)(1).(D)(2)(a)

(812) “Higher Heating Value (HHV)” -– The higher Higher heating Heating value Value of

the fuel.

(13) “Landfill Gas” – Gas derived from a landfill gas extraction system.

(914) “Lower Heating Value (LHV)” -– The Lower Heating Value Of of the Fuel.

(15) “Measured NOX Emissions Concentration” – The concentration of oxides of nitrogen 

corrected to International Standards Organization (ISO) standard conditions: [Derived 

from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

NOX = (NOX obs)(Pref/Pobs)0.5 (288 K/Tamb)1.53 (e19(Hobs-0.00633)) 

Where: NOX = emissions of NOX at 15 percent oxygen and ISO standard 

conditions on a dry basis, ppm.

NOX obs = measured NOX emissions corrected to 15 percent oxygen on a 

dry basis, ppm.

Pref = standard reference pressure, (14.696 psia).

Pobs = measured site ambient absolute pressure, psia.

Hobs = measured humidity of ambient air, pounds water per pound dry 

air.

e = transcendental constant (2.718)

Tamb = measured temperature of ambient air, degrees Kelvin.

or an alternate calculation that corrects to ISO standard conditions and is 

approved by the APCO.
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(10) Peaking Gas Turbine Unit is a gas turbine unit that is used intermittently to produce 

energy on a demand basis. [Definition removed since it is not used in amended version 

of rule.]

(11) Pipeline Gas Turbine Unit is a stationary gas turbine unit used to transport gases or 

liquids in a pipeline. [Definition removed since it is not used in amended version of 

rule.]

(1216) “Power Augmentation” – is theAn increase in the gas turbine shaft output and/or the 

decrease in gas turbine fuel consumption by the addition of energy recovered from 

exhaust heat.

(17) “Predictive Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS)” – All of the equipment necessary to 

monitor process and control device operational parameters (for example, control device 

secondary voltages and electric currents) and other information (for example, gas flow 

rate, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations), and calculate and record the mass 

emissions rate (for example, lb/hr) on a continuous basis. [Derived from 40 CFR 

51.165(a)(1)(xxxii)]

(18) “Public Service Unit” – A Stationary Gas Turbine used to generate electricity for sale or 

for use in serving the public. [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(1319) “Rating Of A Gas Turbine Unit” – is theThe continuous MW (megawatt) rating or 

mechanical equivalent by a manufacturer for gas turbine unit(s) without power Power 

augmentationAugmentation.

(20) “Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)” – The lowest emission limitation 

that a particular source is capable of meeting by the application of control technology 

that is reasonably available considering technological and economic feasibility. 

[USEPA definition 44 FR 53761 (Sept. 17, 1979)]

(21) “Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)” – A noncombustion control technology that 

destroys NOX by injecting a reducing agent (e.g., ammonia) into the flue gas that, in the 

presence of a catalyst (e.g., vanadium, titanium, or zeolite), converts NOX into 

molecular nitrogen and water. [Derived from 40 CFR 76.2]

(22) “Shutdown Period” – The period of time during which a unit is taken from an operational 

to a non-operational status by allowing it to cool down from its operating temperature to 

ambient temperature as the fuel supply to the unit is completely turned off. [Derived from 

SJVUAPCD Rule 4703 3.26]

(23) “Startup Period” – The period of time during which a unit is brought from a Shutdown 

status to its operating temperature and pressure, including the time required by the unit’s 

emission control system to reach full operation. [Derived from SJVUAPCD Rule 4703 

3.29]
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(14) Sewage Digester Gas is any gas derived from anaerobic decomposition of organic 

sewage. [Definition removed since it is not used in amended version of rule.]

(15) Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB) means the portion of the air basin containing 

specific desert portions of Los Angeles, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, as 

defined in Title 17, California Code of Regulations, Section 60109, within the 

jurisdiction of the District. [Definition removed since it is not used in amended version 

of rule.]

(1624) “Stationary Gas Turbine” or “ Unit” – is aAny gas turbine unit that is gas and/or liquid 

fueled with or without power augmentation. This gas turbine unit is either attached to a 

foundation at a facility or is portable equipment operated at a specific facility for more 

than 90 days in any 12twelve-month period. Two or more gas turbines units powering 

one shaft shall be treated as one gas turbine unit. 

(1725) “Thermal Stabilization Period” – The Startup or Shutdown Period necessary to bring the 

heat recovery steam generator to the proper operating temperature, not to exceed two 

hours.is the two-hour start up time necessary for NOx control purposes in cogeneration 

cycle, combined cycle, or any other applicable stationary gas turbine units.

(cC) Emissions LimitationsStandards 

(1) (1) The owner or operator of any affected stationary Stationary gas Gas turbine 

Turbine unit Unit shall not operate such unit Unit under load conditions, excluding the 

thermal Thermal stabilization Stabilization period Period and Startup and Shutdown 

Periodsor other time period specified in the Permit to Construct or the Permit to Operate 

issued prior to August 4, 1989, which result in the discharge of oxides ofMeasured 

nitrogen (NOx) emissionsEmissions Concentration exceeding the emissions limits set 

forth below., directly or indirectly, into the atmosphere at concentrations in excess of the 

following as measured pursuant to subdivision (e):

(a) For Stationary Gas Turbines the federal NOX and CO RACT limits in Table 1 

apply: [Former Table I provisions did not apply to SEDAB pursuant to former 

section (g)(1)(D).]

Compliance e Limit Limit Referenc EFF

25%

= ×

Where:

Compliance Limit = allowable NOx emissions (ppm by volume).

Reference Limit = the NOx emission limit (ppm by volume) is corrected
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to 15 percent oxygen on a dry basis, and averaged over 

15 consecutive minutes. These limits for various 

megawatt ratings (continuous rating by the 

manufacturer without power augmentation) are as 

follows:

REFERENCE NOx LIMITS, PPM

Unit Size Megawatt (MW) Rating Effective 12/31/95

0.3 to Less Than 2.9 MW 25

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW 9

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW No SCR 15

10.0 MW and Over 9

10.0 MW and Over No SCR 12

60 MW and Over Combined Cycle no SCR 15

60 MW and Over Combined Cycle 9

Effective 4/11/97

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW Utilizing Fuel containing a 

Minimum of 60% Sewage Digester Gas by volume on a 

Daily Average

25

And,

EFF = 3413 x 100%

Actual Heat Rate at HHV of Fuel (BTU/KW-HR)

or,

EFF LHV

HHV

= (Manufacturer' s Rated Efficiency at LHV) ×

or

EFF = the demonstrated percent efficiency of the gas turbine unit only as 

calculated without consideration of any downstream energy recovery from 

the actual heat rate, (BTU/KW HR) or 1.34 BTU/HP; corrected to the 

HHV (higher heating value) of the fuel, as measured at peak load for that 

facility; or the manufacturer's continuous rated percent efficiency 

(manufacturer's rated efficiency) of the gas turbine unit after correction 

from LHV (lower heating value) to the HHV of the fuel, whichever 

efficiency is higher. The value of EFF shall not be less than 25 percent. 

Gas turbine units with lower efficiencies will be assigned a 25 percent 

efficiency for this calculation.

Table 1

NOX and CO Compliance Limits

Control

Operating 

hours per 

year

Rating NOX Compliance Limit, 

ppmv at 15% oxygen

CO

Compliance 

Limit, ppmv at 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 1134-7

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Gas Fuel Liquid 

Fuel

15% oxygen

SCR + DLN > 877 > 10 MW 5 25 200

DLN > 877 2 – 10 MW 25 65 200

SCR (no 

DLN 

available) 

> 877 2 – 10 MW 35 65 200

DLN > 877 < 2 MW 42 50 250

SCR or DLN < 877 > 10 MW 25 42 200

Any (fired on 

Digester Gas 

and/or 

Landfill Gas)

any 0.3 – 10 MW 25 N/A 200

[Former Table I provisions did not apply to SEDAB pursuant to former section 

(g)(1)(D). Therefore, the limits contained in this table are more stringent than the limits 

contained in the previous Table. A specific category for gas turbines which use digester 

gas was added to recognize the separate category, although the applicable limits do not 

change.]

(b) For the purposes of these emissions limits the following conventions are 

applicable: [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(i) Gas includes natural gas, Digester Gas and Landfill Gas.

(ii) Oil includes kerosene, jet fuel, and distillate. The sulfur content of the 

oil shall be less than 0.05 percent.

(iii) NOX = emissions of NOX, in ppmv, corrected to 15 percent oxygen and 

ISO standard conditions on a dry basis, averaged over any consecutive 15 

minute period.

(2) The owner or operator of any Stationary Gas Turbine subject to (C)(1)(a) shall submit to 

the APCO for approval, an Emission Control Plan (ECP) for the purpose of establishing 

compliance with provisions of this rule. [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(3) The owner or operator of any Stationary Gas Turbine subject to (C)(1) shall minimize 

emissions insofar as technologically feasible during Thermal Stabilization Periods. 

[Section added in response to MDAQMD Rule 1159 USEPA rule review comments 

received 7/9/09]

(2) The operator of any existing gas turbine unit subject to this rule shall also be subject to 

Regulation XIII if carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increase as a result of the 

application of NOx controls.
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(D) Exemptions [Exemption section relocated from previous section (g) for 

consistency with AVAQMD rule format.]

(1) The provisions of Section (C) of this rule shall not apply to the operation of:

(a) Laboratory gas turbine units used in research and testing for the advancement of 

gas turbine technology.

(b) Units operated exclusively for fire fighting and/or flood control.

(c) Chemical Processing Gas Turbine Units.

(d) All existing pipeline gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin 

(SEDAB). [AVAQMD is in the SEDAB and this exemption made rule 

inapplicable.]

(2) The provisions of subdivisions (c) and (d), and paragraphs (f)(3), (f)(4) and (f)(5) shall 

not apply to the following: The provisions of this rule, with the exception of Section 

(F)(2), shall not apply to the operation of Stationary Gas Turbines used under the 

following conditions:

(a) Emergency Standby Units, and Stationary Gas Turbine Units demonstrated to 

operate less than 200 hours per calendar year, which have installed and 

maintained in proper operation a non-resettable engine hour meter.

(b) Portable, turntable, or track mounted turbines whose operation generates 

intermittent, high velocity air flow for live fire sustainability, lethality, 

aerodynamic, cookoff, or remote control operation testing only. [Derived from 

MDAQMD Rule 1159. Equipment was formerly exempt pursuant to section 

(g)(1)(D). This provision retains that exemption. Please note that equipment is 

still required to have a permit (See Rule 219) and new or modified units will be 

subject to Reg. XIII.]

(c) Intra facility portable flight-line equipment used to support aircraft systems or 

start up aircraft power plants. [Equipment was formerly exempt pursuant to 

section (g)(1)(D). This provision retains that exemption. Please note that 

equipment is still required to have a permit (See Rule 219) and new or modified 

units will be subject to Reg. XIII.]

(B) All existing gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin 

(SEDAB) which are rated below 4 MW and operate less than 877 hours per year.

[AVAQMD is in the SEDAB and this exemption made rule inapplicable.]

(C) All existing gas turbine units located on San Clemente Island which are rated 

below 4 MW and operate less than 877 hours per year. [San Clemente Island is 

not in the AVAQMD. Therefore, this provision is not applicable.]
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However, if the hour-per-year limit is exceeded, the exemption shall be automatically 

and permanently withdrawn. The operator of any stationary gas turbine exempt under 

this subparagraph must notify the Executive Officer within seven days if the hour-peryear limit is exceeded. Within 30 days after the date the hour-per-year limit is 

exceeded, the operator must submit a permit application for modification to equipment 

to meet the applicable compliance limit within 24 months of the date the hour-per-year 

limit is exceeded. Included with this permit application, the operator must submit an 

emission control plan including a schedule of increments of progress for the installation 

of the required control equipment. This plan and schedule shall be subject to the review 

and approval of the Executive Officer. [Restated from previous section (g)(2)] section 

(G) – Notification Requirements for Exempt and Emergency Standby Units.]

(E) Administrative Requirements [Derived from MDAQMD Rule 1159.]

(1) The ECP required pursuant to section (C)(2) shall, at a minimum, include the following 

information if such information is applicable:

(a) A list of all Stationary Gas Turbines required to be controlled pursuant to this 

rule.

(b) For each Stationary Gas Turbine listed:

(i) District identification number, and District permit to operate number;

(ii) Name of the gas turbine manufacturer;

(iii) Equipment model number;

(iv) Manufacturer's rated shaft power output (MW); 

(v) Type of liquid fuel and/or type of gaseous fuel;

(vi) HHV for each fuel;

(vii) Heat rate ((Btu/kW-hr), corrected to the HHV) for each type of fuel (gas 

or liquid) for each turbine;

(viii) Monthly fuel consumption for the previous twelve-month period (cubic 

feet for gas; gallons for liquid);

(ix) Monthly hours of operation in the previous twelve-month period;

(x) The type of NOX Emission Control Equipment, including any auxiliary 

equipment related to the control of emissions, to be applied; 

(xi) Documentation showing the current (existing) concentration and mass 

rate of emissions of NOx from the unit;

(xii) A schedule with specified increments of progress dates for construction 

of Emission Control Equipment, operational milestones for 

implementation of emissions control and/or installation of monitoring 

equipment; and

(xiii) A final compliance date.
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(dF) Monitoring and Recordkeeping RequirementsSource Testing

(1) The owner or operator of any Stationary Gas Turbine required to install Emission 

Control Equipment for compliance with this rule shall:

(a) Install, operate, and maintain in calibration, the following monitoring 

equipment, as approved by the APCO:

(i) Continuous measurement and recording of Emissions Control System 

Operating Parameters;

(ii) Continuous measurement and recording of elapsed time of operation; and

(iii) An Enhanced Emissions Monitoring Device.

(b) Notify the APCO, in writing, before issuance of the permit to operate, such 

information which correlates the Emission Control System Operating 

Parameters, and PEMS if present, to the associated measured NOX emissions 

output. This information will be used to determine compliance with applicable 

provisions of this rule for non-CEMS-equipped turbines and CEMS-equipped 

units when the CEMS is not operating properly. 

(c) Provide, on an annual basis, compliance testing data and information regarding 

NOX emissions. The data shall be corrected to ISO conditions and at 15 percent 

oxygen on a dry basis; and the percent efficiency (EFF) of each turbine unit.

(2) The owner/operator of any Stationary Gas Turbine shall:

(a) On a daily basis, maintain a turbine operating log that includes, as a minimum, 

the following information: 

(i) The total hours of operation per day; 

(ii) The accumulated hours of operation per calendar month; 

(iii) The type and quantity of fuel used; and

(iv) The nature of operation of the unit (exempt or non-exempt).

(b) The operating log required to be kept pursuant to this rule shall be kept current 

and on site for a minimum of two years; and provided to District or state 

personnel on request. 

The operator of any stationary gas turbine unit subject to the provisions of this rule shall 

perform the following actions: [These provisions did not apply to SEDAB pursuant to former 

section (g)(1)(D). Therefore, the requirements contained in the amended section (F) are more 

stringent than the provisions contained in the previous rule.]

(1) Install, operate, and maintain in calibration a continuous in-stack NOx and oxygen 

monitoring system which meets the requirements of 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix B, Spec. 

2, for NOx , Spec 3 for oxygen (except the alternative RA procedures for Spec. 2 shall 
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not apply), the 2 and 24 -hour calibration spec. of Rule 218, and 40 CFR Part 60, 

Appendix F to demonstrate compliance with the emission limits of this rule. The 

continuous emissions monitoring system shall have data gathering and retrieval 

capability which meets the reporting requirements of 40 CFR part 60.7(c), 60.7(d), and 

60.13. This system shall include equipment that measures and records the following:

(A) Flow rate of liquids or gases and the ratio of water or steam to fuel added to the 

combustion chamber or to the exhaust for the reduction of NOx emissions, as 

applicable.

(B) Elapsed time of operation.

(2) Source Testing

(A) Provide source test information regarding the gas turbine unit’s exhaust gas NOx 

concentration, and the demonstrated percent efficiency (EFF), or the 

manufacturer’s rated EFF, if the Executive Officer determines that it is 

representative of the unit’s EFF, and the carbon monoxide concentration as 

specified pursuant to paragraph (e)(1). NOx and carbon monoxide 

concentrations shall be in ppm by volume, corrected to 15 percent oxygen on a 

dry basis.

(B) Source Test Frequency

(i) Units emitting 25 tons or more of NOx per calendar year shall be source 

tested, at least once every 12 months.

(ii) All other existing units shall be source tested within 90 days after every 

8,400 hours of operation.

(G) Notification Requirements for Exempt and Emergency Standby Units [Derived 

from MDAQMD Rule 1159]

(1) Any Stationary Gas Turbine unit which is exempt or claimed to be exempt pursuant to 

subsection (D)(2) shall:

(a) Notify the APCO within seven (7) days if the hour-per-year threshold is 

exceeded. 

(i) If the hour-per-year threshold is exceeded, the exemption pursuant to 

subsection (D)(2) shall be permanently withdrawn. 

(ii) If the hour-per-year threshold is exceeded the owner/operator shall, 

within 30 days of the notification, submit an application for a permit to 

operate to the District. Such application shall including a plan detailing 

actions and a schedule of progress to meet the applicable RACT limits 
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and provisions of this rule within 18 months after the date of the 

notification; an ECP conforming to the requirements of Section (E) for 

the Emission Control Equipment. 

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections (F)(2) and (G)(1) above, A Public Service 

Unit shall not be subject to the hour-per-year threshold when:

(a) Such unit is operating during a state of emergency declared by a proclamation of 

the Governor of the State of California; and 

(b) Such unit is located within the specific geographic location identified in the state 

of emergency proclamation.

(eH) Test Methods 

(1) Compliance testing shall be subject to the protocols prescribed in the District's 

Compliance Procedural Manual.

(2) The following test methods shall be used to determine compliance with the provisions 

of this rule. 

(a) NOX emissions shall be determined by EPA Test Method 20.

(b) The Higher Heating Value (HHV) and the Lower Heating Value (LHV) shall be 

determined by the appropriate method for the fuel type listed below: 

(i) For liquid fuels: 

a. ASTM Test Method D 240-87 (Standard Test Method for Heat of 

Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter). 

(ii) For distillate fuel: 

a. ASTM Test Method D 2382-88 (Standard Test Method for Heat 

of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter -

High Precision Method); or,

(iii) For gaseous fuels: 

a. ASTM Test Method D 3588-91 (Standard Practice for 

Calculation Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative 

Density (Specific Gravity) of Gaseous Fuels); or 

b. ASTM Test Method D 1826-88 (Standard test Method for Caloric 

(Heating) Value of Gases in Natural Gas Range by Continuous 

Recording Calorimeter); or 

c. ASTM Test Method D 1945-81 (Standard Method for Analysis of 

Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography).
AVAQMD Rule 1134 1134-13

Stationary Gas Turbines 

D3, 12/14/09

The following may be used by the Executive Officer to verify the concentrations of NOx, CO 

and oxygen subject to the provisions of this rule. Emissions determined to exceed any limits 

established by this rule through either of the following shall constitute a violation of this rule.

(1) District Test Methods 3.1, 7.1, 10.1 and 100.1 and EPA Test Method 10 or any method 

deemed to be equivalent by the Executive Officer and approved by CARB and EPA.

(2) Data obtained from a continuous emissions monitoring system, which is installed and 

properly operated according to paragraph (d)(1) of this rule and as approved by the 

Executive Officer.

(fI) Recordkeeping Compliance Schedule [Recordkeeping requirements in section 

(F)]

(1) The owner/operator of any Existing Stationary Gas Turbine subject to the provisions of 

Section (C)(1)(a) above shall comply with the following increments of progress:

(a) An ECP shall be submitted to the District within 90 days of rule adoption. The 

District shall approve the ECP within 30 days of submission. 

(b) Any affected turbine shall be in full compliance with all applicable provisions of 

the rule within twelve months of rule adoption. 

(c) Demonstrate final compliance with all applicable standards and requirements of 

the rule within six months of the installation of the NOX reduction technology.

(2) The owner/operator of any new Stationary Gas Turbine subject to the provisions of 

Section (C) shall comply as of the date of adoption of this rule. Recordkeeping

The facility operator shall comply with the following provisions:

(1) All records shall be maintained at the facility for a period of two years and made 

available to District staff upon request.

(2) Maintain a gas turbine operating log that includes, on a daily basis, the actual Pacific 

Standard Time start-up and stop time, total hours of operation; type and quantity of fuel 

used (liquid/gas), cumulative hours of operation to date for the calendar year; and if 

applicable the cumulative hours of operation since the last source test required by 

subparagraph (d)(2)(A).

(3) A monthly summary of emissions pursuant to paragraph (d)(1) shall be submitted to the 

District on or before the last day of the following calendar month.
1134-14 AVAQMD Rule 1134

Stationary Gas Turbines 

D3, 12/14/09

(4) The results of source tests shall be submitted to the District in a form and manner as 

specified by the Executive Officer within 30 days after testing is completed.

(5) Any person using an emission control system as a means of complying with this rule 

shall maintain daily records of system operation and maintenance which will 

demonstrate proper operation and compliance of the emission control device during 

periods of emission producing activities.

(g) Exemptions [Relocated to section (D) for consistency]

Any person seeking to qualify for any one of the following exemptions has the burden of 

proving its existing gas turbine unit meets the applicable specified criteria.

(1) All provisions of this rule shall not apply to the following:

(A) Laboratory gas turbine units used in research and testing.

(B) Gas turbine units operated exclusively for fire fighting and/or flood control.

(C) Chemical processing gas turbine units.

(D) All existing pipeline gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin 

(SEDAB).

(2) The provisions of subdivisions (c) and (d), and paragraphs (f)(3), (f)(4) and (f)(5) shall 

not apply to the following:

(A) Emergency standby and peaking gas turbine units demonstrated to operate less 

than 200 hours per calendar year, which have installed and maintained in proper 

operation a non-resettable engine hour meter.

(B) All existing gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin 

(SEDAB) which are rated below 4 MW and operate less than 877 hours per year.

(C) All existing gas turbine units located on San Clemente Island which are rated 

below 4 MW and operate less than 877 hours per year.

However, if the hour-per-year limit is exceeded, the exemption shall be automatically 

and permanently withdrawn. The operator of any stationary gas turbine exempt under 

this subparagraph must notify the Executive Officer within seven days if the hour-peryear limit is exceeded. Within 30 days after the date the hour-per-year limit is 

exceeded, the operator must submit a permit application for modification to equipment 

to meet the applicable compliance limit within 24 months of the date the hour-per-year 

limit is exceeded. Included with this permit application, the operator must submit an 

emission control plan including a schedule of increments of progress for the installation 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 1134-15

Stationary Gas Turbines 

D3, 12/14/09

of the required control equipment. This plan and schedule shall be subject to the review 

and approval of the Executive Officer. [Restated in section (G) – Notification 

Requirements for Exempt and Emergency Standby Units.]

[SIP: Submitted as amended 01/19/10 on mm/dd/yy; Submitted as amended 4/11/97 on 8/1/97; 

Approved _______, _______, 40 CFR 52.220(c)(230)(i)(B)(1)] 
1134-16 AVAQMD Rule 1134

Stationary Gas Turbines 

D3, 12/14/09

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 B-1

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

APPENDIX "B" 

PUBLIC NOTICE DOCUMENTS

1. Proof of Publication for Notice of Public Hearing – Antelope Valley Press, Published 10/16/09 
B-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 

B-3

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B-4 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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APPENDIX "C" 

PUBLIC COMMENTS AND RESPONSES

1. County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (with attachment), 11/02/2009 

2. CARB “No Comment” letter, 11/09/09 

3. County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County email, 11/10/2009 
C-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-3

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

Public Comment Letter 1 
C-4 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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1 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-5

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

2 

3 

4 

5 
C-6 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10
AVAQMD Rule 1134 

C-7

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C-8 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 

C-9

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10
C-10 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10
AVAQMD Rule 1134 

C-11

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10
C-12 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-13

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District response to Public Comment Letter 1 

1. Per later email correspondence (See public comment #3) regarding potential NOx limits for biogas 

turbines greater than 10MWs, County Sanitation District of Los Angeles obtained feedback from Solar 

Turbines (currently the only biogas turbine manufacturer). Solar Turbines indicated that the largest 

operational biogas turbine is their 10MW Mars100 gas turbine. Accordingly, the County Sanitation 

Districts of Los Angeles was unable to identify any applicable emission data from larger biogas 

turbines. As a result, the Sanitation Districts recommended utilizing existing rule language for biogas 

turbines (i.e., a reference NOx limit of 25ppm for 0.3 to 10 MW). An additional compliance limit has 

been added for turbines which utilize digester gas and/or landfill gas which does not change the NOx or 

CO compliance limit for the size range of turbines identified, merely specifies the fuel technology. 

2. If an owner or operator of a stationary gas turbine is required to install emission control 

equipment for compliance with the rule (see §(F)(1)), an enhanced emission monitoring device shall be 

installed (see §(F)(1)(a)(iii), not limited to CEMS or PEMS, see §(B)(10)). 

3. The AVAQMD is not mandating the use of specific control technologies. 

4. Table 5 in the Technical Report of the Staff Report (Appendix “F”) has been corrected to reflect 

the appropriate proposed limit of 42 ppmv. 

5. The Staff Report has been amended to discuss the significant difficulties and problems associated 

with several turbine control technologies (See Appendix “F” Technical Report, (III)(A)(2)(b)). 

The District appreciates the inclusion of the background information on “Siloxanes in biogases from 

landfills and wastewater digesters.” 
C-14 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-15

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Comment Letter 2 
C-16 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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District response to Comment Letter 2 

No comment required. 
C-18 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-19

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Public Comment Letter 3 
C-20 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 C-21

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District response to Public Comment Letter 3 

Please see public comment letter #1, response 1. 
C-22 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 D-1

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APPENDIX "D" 

CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 

DOCUMENTATION

1. Notice of Exemption – Los Angeles County 
D-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 

D-3

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D-4 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

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AVAQMD Rule 1134 E-1

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10 

APPENDIX "E" 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following documents were consulted in the preparation of this staff report and the proposed 

amendment of Rule 1134: 

The following documents were consulted in the preparation of this staff report. 

1. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Rule 413 – Stationary Gas 

Turbines, amended 05-01-97. 

2. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Rule 413 – Stationary Gas 

Turbines Staff Report, April 6, 1995. 

3. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Agenda Item for Rule 413 – 

Stationary Gas Turbines, May 1, 1997. 

4. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines, 

amended April 25, 2002. 

5. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Final Staff Report, April 25, 2002. 

6. South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen 

from Stationary Gas Turbines, amended August 8, 1997. 

7. South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen 

from Stationary Gas Turbines Final Staff Report, April, 1997. 

8. MDAQMD Rule 1159 – Stationary Gas Turbines, amended 09/28/2009 02/22/95. 

9. USEPA Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines (71 FR 38482, July 6, 2006). 

10. USEPA Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines (71 FR 9458, February 24, 

2006). 

11. USEPA Alternative Control Techniques Document - - NOx Emissions from Stationary Gas 

Turbines (EPA-453/R-93-007), January 1993. 

12. CARB Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5 

(Implementation of Senate Bill 656, Sher 2003). 

13. AVAQMD List and Implementation Schedule for District Measures to Reduce PM Pursuant 

to Health and Safety Code §39614(d), adopted August 16, 2005. 
E-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

14. CARB Report to the Legislature, Gas Fired Power Plant NOx Emission Controls and 

Related Environmental Impacts, May 2004. 

15. CARB Guidance for Power Plant Siting and Best Available Control Technology, approved 

July 22, 1999. 
AVAQMD Rule 1134 F-1

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

APPENDIX "F"

TECHNICAL REPORT 

1. Health & Safety Code §39614 Feasibility Analysis for Stationary Gas Turbines, d4 03/17/10 
F-2 AVAQMD Rule 1134 

Final Staff Report, 03/17/10

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Antelope Valley 

Air Quality Management District 

Technical Report 

Health & Safety Code §39614 

Feasibility Analysis for 

Stationary Gas Turbines 

December 14, 2009 

43301 DIVISION ST., SUITE 206,

LANCASTER, CALIFORNIA 93535-4649 

PHONE (661) 723-8070 

FAX (661) 723-3450 
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AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines i

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

TECHNICAL REPORT 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................1 

II. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................2 

III. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................4 

A. SOURCE DESCRIPTION ..............................................................................................4 

1. Applicability and District Turbine Inventory...............................................4 

2. Currently Available Control Technologies ..................................................5 

3. Rule History.................................................................................................6 

B. EMISSIONS....................................................................................................................6 

C. BASIS FOR STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ANALYSIS ..........................................6 

1. SMAQMD Rule 413....................................................................................6 

2. SJVAQMD Rule 4703 .................................................................................7

3. SCAQMD Rule 1134.................................................................................10

D. FEASIBILITY OF OPTIONS .......................................................................................11 

IV. STAFF RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................12 

Appendix A - Calculations and Assumptions for Determining Cost-Effectiveness................... A-1 

Appendix B - Bibliography..........................................................................................................B-1 
ii AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010

Abbreviations 

AVAQMD Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District 

BACT Best Available Control Technology 

CARB California Air Resources Board 

CO Carbon Monoxide 

DLN Dry Low NOx

MDAQMD Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District 

NH3 Ammonia 

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen 

NSR New Source Review 

PM Particulate Matter 

PM2.5 Fine Particulate Matter 

PM10 Coarse Particulate Matter (Respirable) 

ppmv Parts Per Million by Volume 

RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology 

SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District 

SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction 

SJVAPCD San Joaquin Air Pollution Control District 

SMAQMD Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District 

SoLoNOx Dry Low NOx burner technology for Solar Turbines 

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 1

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

California Health & Safety (H&S) Code §39614 requires the Antelope Valley Air Quality 

Management District (AVAQMD) to ensure that all feasible particulate control measures are in 

place. To address the full scope of possible particulate matter (PM) problems, measures to 

address both directly emitted PM as well as precursor gases were included in the summaries of 

California Air Resources Board (CARB) measures and in the list of measures for air districts. 

Ambient PM is comprised of both directly emitted PM such as dust or soot, known as primary 

PM, as well as PM formed in the atmosphere from the reactions of precursor gases, known as 

secondary PM. These precursor gases include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), 

volatile organic compounds (VOC), and ammonia. NOx, SOx, and ammonia combine to form 

secondary ammonium nitrate and sulfate. VOC can form secondary organic aerosols, as well as 

participate in the production of secondary ammonium nitrate. NOx and VOC are also precursors 

of ambient ozone. Sources of ambient PM include combustion sources such as trucks and 

passenger cars, off-road equipment, industrial processes, residential wood burning, and forest and 

agricultural burning; fugitive dust from paved and unpaved roads, construction, mining and 

agricultural activities; and ammonia from sources such as livestock operations, fertilizer 

application, and motor vehicles. In general, combustion processes form fine particles, whereas 

emissions from dust sources tend to be predominantly coarse particles 

The AVAQMD currently has Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines in place but the existing 

version of the rule is not applicable in the AVAQMD. Former rule provisions did not apply to 

stationary gas turbines in the Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB) in which the AVAQMD is 

located. The proposed amendments will make the rule applicable to the AVAQMD, therefore 

expanding the applicability to a wider range of sources and will include certain NOx and Carbon 

Monoxide (CO) limits determined to be feasible. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) 

has identified several stationary gas turbine control measures as potentially feasible. This 

document evaluates the feasibility of applying those control measures within the AVAQMD, 

using a cost-effectiveness basis to define feasibility. 

AVAQMD staff recommends amending Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines to include NOx

and CO limits determined to be feasible in the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control 

District (SJVUAPCD) and the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District (MDAQMD) 

rule analysis. 

Reviewed turbine control measures for a variety of turbine sizes and control levels found to be 

cost-effective and hence feasible ranged from $5,139 per ton (NOx, 2008 dollars) up to $11,516. 

Not cost-effective and hence not feasible control measures were $18,821 up to $28,225. The cost 

effectiveness for turbines utilizing digester gas and/or landfill gas was not analyzed. The 

AVAQMD is therefore establishing $11,516 as the cost-effective (and feasibility) threshold for 

NOx control measures (in 2008 dollars). 
2 AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010

II. INTRODUCTION

This Technical Report is an analysis of the costs and cost-effectiveness for various control 

technologies and levels for reducing NOx emissions from stationary gas turbines. This analysis is 

being made in response to the mandate of H&S Code §39614(d) and the subsequent CARB 

document Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5. The 

recommendations in this report are based upon a cost effectiveness threshold of not more than 

$11,567 per ton of NOx. These cost effectiveness values now define a feasibility threshold for all 

subsequent particulate control feasibility analyses for NOx; all future analysis with cost 

effectiveness at or below this level will be feasible. 

Former rule provisions had very limited applicability in the AVAQMD, and no turbines in the 

AVAQMD were subject to the rule. There is one microturbine, and two proposed combustion 

turbine generators, currently located or proposed for construction within the AVAQMD. 

Los Angeles County Sanitation District operates a digester gas microturbine, an Ingersoll-Rand 

EcoWorks 250 Series microturbine fired on digester gas, rated at 250 kW(e). This microturbine 

falls below the 0.3 MW lower applicability limit of Rule 1134, and is therefore not subject to the 

requirements of Rule 1134 (although it is expected to operate at a nominal 9 ppmv for NOx, CO 

and VOC which is in compliance with the proposed requirements in the rule). 

The City of Palmdale is proposing to build two combustion turbine generators at the Palmdale 

Hybrid Power Project. Each proposed Turbine is a natural gas fueled, General Electric, 7FA 

combustion turbine generator block producing approximately 255 MW(e) with a connected heat 

recovery steam generator and a steam condensing turbine, with maximum turbine heat input of 

1736.4 MMBtu/hr. Each proposed turbine has Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners and Selective 

Catalytic Reduction (SCR) as control measures. These turbines will be permitted in compliance 

with the proposed requirements of the rule. 

A. California Law 

In 2003, the Legislature enacted H&S Code §39614 (SB 656, Sher), to reduce public exposure to 

PM10 and PM2.5. H&S Code §39614 requires the CARB in consultation with local air pollution 

control and air quality management districts (“air districts”), to develop and adopt, by January 1, 

2005, a list of the most readily available, feasible, and cost-effective control measures that could 

be employed by CARB and the air districts to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 (collectively PM). The list 

of proposed control measures was to be based on rules, regulations, and programs existing in 

California as of January 1, 2004. H&S Code §39614 also requires that by July 31, 2005, air 

districts adopt implementation schedules for appropriate measures. Finally, by no later than 

January 1, 2009, CARB must prepare a report describing actions taken to fulfill the requirements 

of the legislation as well as recommendations for further actions to assist in achieving the State 

PM standards. H&S Code §39614 sunsets on January 1, 2011, unless extended. 

On November 18, 2004, CARB adopted Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter 

– PM10 and PM2.5 to satisfy the initial requirements of H&S Code §39614. CARB adopted 

document contains a table entitled “SB 656 List of Air District Measures that Reduce Particulate 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 3

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

Matter” (Local PM Measures List). H&S Code §39614(d) requires the AVAQMD to adopt an 

analysis schedule to determine the feasibility of local measures from this list. 

The List and Implementation Schedule for District Measures to Reduce PM Pursuant to Health 

& Safety Code §39614(d) was prepared by the AVAQMD to meet the requirements of H&S 

Code §39614(d) by analyzing each control measure on the Local PM Measures List and placing 

each into one of four categories. The first category includes measures that are already being 

implemented by the AVAQMD in its rules and programs. The second category lists measures 

that do not need to be implemented within the AVAQMD because there are no sources of that 

type currently located within the District and any new sources would be required to install Best 

Available Control Technology (BACT) pursuant to the AVAQMD New Source Review (NSR) 

regulations. A third category includes those measures that are included or could be included in 

rules scheduled for adoption or modification in the near future. The final category lists those 

measures that require additional cost-effectiveness analysis to determine if such rules are feasible 

to implement within the AVAQMD. The stationary gas turbine analysis falls into this final 

category. 

District staff has prepared this technical report entitled Health & Safety Code §39614 Feasibility 

Analysis for Stationary Gas Turbines to satisfy the analysis commitment for the turbines category 

contained in the PM Implementation List. 

In support of this analysis, staff reviewed the following District rules and documents referenced 

in the Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5: 

1. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) Rule 413 – 

Stationary Gas Turbines, amended 05/01/97. 

2. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) Rule 4703 – Stationary 

Gas Turbines, amended 04/25/02. 

3. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1134 – Emissions of 

Oxides of Nitrogen from Stationary Gas Turbines, amended 08/08/97. 

4. ARB’s report to the Legislature on Gas-Fired Power Plant NOx Emission Controls and 

Related Environmental Impacts, May 2004. 

5. ARB’s Guidance for Power Plant Siting and Best Available Control Technology, July 22, 

1999. 

Additional resources utilized in the preparation of the technical discussion include: 

1. EPA’s Alternative Control Techniques Document - - NOx Emissions from Stationary Gas 

Turbines, January 1993. 

2. 40 CFR 60, Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines; Final Rule, 

July 6, 2006. 

3. 71 FR 9453, Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines, February 24, 2006. 
4 AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010

III. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION

A. SOURCE DESCRIPTION 

Gas turbines are available with power outputs ranging from less than 1 MW to over 200 MW and 

are used in a broad scope of applications. A gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that 

operates with rotary rather than reciprocating motion. In stationary applications, the hot 

combustion gases are directed through one or more fan-like turbine wheels to generate shaft 

horsepower. Often the heat from the exhaust gases is recovered through an add-on heat 

exchanger. Gas turbines are used by industry in both mechanical and electrical drive 

applications. The primary applications for gas turbines can be divided into the following 

categories: the oil and gas industry, stand-by/emergency electric power generation, independent 

electric power producers, electric utilities and other industrial applications.2

 

1. Applicability and District Turbine Inventory 

AVAQMD Rule 1134 currently applies to all existing stationary gas turbines, 0.3 MW and 

larger, as of August 4, 1989. Pursuant to Section (g), the current rule does not apply to: all 

existing pipeline gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB); and, all 

existing gas turbine units located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB) which are rated 

below 4 MW and operate less than 877 hours per year. Since the AVAQMD is located within 

the SEDAB, former rule provisions had very limited applicability in the AVAQMD, and no 

turbines in the AVAQMD were subject to the rule. This rule is proposed for amendment to make 

rule provisions applicable within the AVAQMD. 

There is one microturbine and two proposed combustion turbine generators currently located or 

proposed for construction within the district. 

Los Angeles County Sanitation District operates a digester gas microturbine, an Ingersoll-Rand, 

EcoWorks 250 Series, microturbine fired on digester gas, rated at 250 kW(e). This microturbine 

falls below the 0.3 MW lower applicability limit of Rule 1134, and is therefore not subject to the 

requirements of Rule 1134 (although it is expected to operate at a nominal 9 ppmv for NOx, CO 

and VOC which is in compliance with the proposed requirements in the rule). 

The City of Palmdale is proposing to build two combustion turbine generators at the Palmdale 

Hybrid Power Project. Each proposed Turbine is a natural gas fueled, General Electric, 7FA 

combustion turbine generator block producing approximately 255 MW(e) with a connected heat 

recovery steam generator and a steam condensing turbine, with maximum turbine heat input of 

1736.4 MMBtu/hr. Each proposed Turbine has Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners and Selective 

Catalytic Reduction (SCR) as control measures. These turbines will permitted in compliance 

with the proposed requirements of the rule. 

 

2

 EPA, Alternate Control Techniques Document - - NOx Emissions from Stationary Gas 

Turbines, Chapter 3, January 1993. 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 5

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

2. Currently Available Control Technologies 

Add-on technologies for reducing NOx available for stationary gas turbines include combustion 

controls (Dry low-NOx (DLN)), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), or a combination of 

controls, and alternative fuels. 

a. Combustion Controls (Dry Low-NOx (DLN)) 

The DLN system reduces thermal NOx formation without injecting water or steam. DLN uses 

specially designed burner elements to change the turbine’s combustion mechanics, reducing 

flame temperature. Two designs have been developed: lean premixed combustion and 

rich/quench/lean staged combustion. Controlled NOx emission levels using dry lean premixed 

combustion range from 9 to 42 ppmv for operation on natural gas fuel. The low end of this range 

(9 to 25 ppmv) has been limited to turbines above 20 MW.3

 Controlled NOx emissions from 

smaller turbines typically range from 25 to 42 ppmv. 

DLN is commonly found on new turbines. Specifically tailored retrofit technology may not be 

commercially available for all turbines. Turbine manufacturers estimate retrofit costs to be 

approximately 40 to 60 percent higher than new equipment costs. As stated by Southern 

California Gas in 1991, Dry Low-NOx combustors are very promising technology for many gas 

turbines. However, turbine manufacturers have not and will not develop low NOx combustors 

for obsolete, older models. 

b. SCR 

An SCR system treats flue gas using an ammonia (NH3) injection system and a catalytic reactor 

to reduce NOx. An injection grid disperses NH3 in the flue gas upstream of the catalyst and the 

NH3 and NOx are reduced to nitrogen (N2) and water in the catalyst reactor. This control 

technique reduces both thermal NOx and fuel NOx. Most SCR installations use a base-metal 

catalyst with an operating temperature window of 400oF to 800oF. This operating temperature 

has limited SCR to cogeneration or combined cycle applications with reduced flue gas 

temperatures. High-temperature zeolyte catalysts which have an operating window of up to 

1100oF are now available that offer potential for SCR applications with simple cycle gas 

turbines. 

Fouling of add-on air pollution control equipment, such as SCR catalysts, has resulted from the 

use of biogases.4 Volatile methylsiloxanes and linear polydimethylsiloxanes (siloxanes), 

generated as components of biogases from digesters at wastewater treatment plants and solid 

waste landfills, have been identified as potentially causing significant operational problems. 

South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) noted this issue in their final staff 

 

3

 EPA, Alternate Control Techniques Document - - NOx Emissions from Stationary Gas 

Turbines, Pg. 2-10, January 1993. 

4

 McBean, Edward, Siloxanes in biogases and wastewater digesters, Canadian Journal of Civil 

Engineering, 35:431-436 (2008). 
6 AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

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report for Proposed Amended Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen from Stationary Gas 

Turbines, April 1997.5

 

c. Alternative Fuels 

Using fuels with flame temperatures lower than those of natural gas or distillate oils results in 

lower thermal NOx emissions. Coal-derived gas and methanol have demonstrated lower NOx

emissions than more conventional natural gas or oil fuels. A demonstration facility used coal gas 

in the early 1980’s but there were no confirmed methanol-fueled turbines operating in 1993. 

3. Rule History 

The AVAQMD adopted Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines on 08/04/89, and amended on 

12/07/95 and 04/11/97. The 04/11/97 amendment is the version currently in the AVAQMD Rule 

Book, and the 12/07/95 amendment is the version in the SIP. 

B. EMISSIONS 

The following emission limits contained in AVAQMD Rule 1134 are applicable to stationary gas 

turbines located in AVAQMD, other than pipeline gas turbine units: 

Unit Size Megawatt (MW) Rating and operating at least 877 

hours per year 

NOx, ppm 

4 MW and Over 9 

The AVAQMD has no existing units subject to the emission limits in current Rule 1134. 

C. BASIS FOR STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ANALYSIS 

This analysis examines the cost-effectiveness of implementing certain district rules as required 

by H&S Code §39614 to reduce public exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. These rules were 

determined to be a list of the most readily available, feasible, and cost-effective control measures 

that could be employed by CARB and the air districts to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 (collectively 

PM). Appendix B of the Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter, Strategy D – 

Combustion Sources Measures reduce NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, or PM10 and PM2.5, item 46(a, b, 

and c), refer to three rules: SMAQMD Rule 413 – Stationary Gas Turbines (5/1/97), SJVAPCD 

Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines (4/25/02), and SCAQMD Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides 

of Nitrogen from Stationary Gas Turbines (8/8/97) on which to base this analysis. 

The following rule requirements were analyzed to determine their feasibility for stationary gas 

turbines in the AVAQMD: 

1. SMAQMD Rule 413 – Stationary Gas Turbines, Amended 05/01/97 

 

5

 SCAQMD Final Staff Report for Proposed Amended Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides From 

Stationary Gas Turbines, April 1997, Page I-2. 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 7

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

This amendment of the rule applies to all stationary gas turbines with ratings equal to or greater 

than 0.3 MW output, or 3 MMBTU/hr input and operated on gaseous and/or liquid fuel for the 

purpose of limiting emissions of NOx to the atmosphere. (This rule was subsequently amended 

03/24/05). 

Exemption is made for emergency standby units used to provide emergency electrical power, 

emergency water pumping for flood control or firefighting, emergency potable water pumping, or 

emergency sewage pumping providing the following requirements are met: 

a. Operation for maintenance purposes shall be limited to 100 hours and scheduled to limit 

air quality impact; 

b. Operation shall be limited to 200 hours per year; 

c. Operation shall not be for supplying power to a serving utility or distribution on the grid; 

and 

d. Operation for other than maintenance shall be limited to actual interruptions of electrical 

power by the serving utility, emergency water pumping for flood control or firefighting, 

emergency potable water pumping, or emergency sewage pumping. 

Exemptions are also made for units removed from service before May 31, 1997, laboratory gas 

turbine units used in research and testing for the advancement of gas turbine technology, and for 

the startup/shutdown period not exceed one hour for startup and one hour for shutdown. 

Table 1 

Summary of RACT and BARCT requirements contained in SMAQMD Rule 413

NOx Emission Limit (ppmv) 

Requirements 

Time of 

Operation 

(hr/yr) 

Unit Size Rating 

(MW) Gaseous Fuel Liquid Fuel 

RACT any ≥0.3 42.0 65.0 

any ≥0.3 to <2.9 42.0 65.0 

<877 ≥2.9 42.0 65.0 

≥877 ≥2.9 to <10 25.0 65.0 

≥877 ≥10 to (no SCR) 15.0 42.0 

BARCT 

≥877 ≥10 (w SCR) 9.0 25.0 

2. SJVAPCD Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines, Amended 04/25/02 

The provisions of this rule apply to all stationary gas turbines, which are subject to District 

permitting requirements, and with rating equal to or greater than 0.3 MW and/or a maximum heat 

input rating of more than 3,000,000 BTU per hour, for the purpose of limiting NOx emissions 
8 AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

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from stationary gas turbine systems, as of April 25, 2002. (This rule was subsequently amended 

08/17/06 and 09/20/07) 

Those units exempted from Emission Control Plan requirements are those used as laboratory 

units used in the research and testing for the advancement of gas turbine technology, and units 

limited by permit condition to be operated exclusively for firefighting and/or flood control. The 

provisions of this rule with the exception of the Emission Control Plan and record keeping 

provisions do not apply to emergency standby units limited by permit condition to operate less 

than 200 hours per calendar year for maintenance and testing purposes, and units less than 4 MW 

in rating and limited by permit condition to operate less than 877 hours per calendar year. 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 9

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

Table 2 

Summary of Tier 2 NOx Compliance Limits contained in SJVAPCD Rule 4703

NOx Compliance Limit, ppmvd at 

15% O2

Turbine Classification Rating 

Gas Fuel Liquid Fuel 

a) Less than 2.0 MW Solar Saturn, driving a centrifugal 

compressor 

50 50 

b) No greater than 10 MW, if a DLN System is 

commercially available for the specific unit, as of April 

30, 2003. 

25 65 

c) No greater than 10 MW, if a DLN System is not 

commercially available for the specific unit, as of April 

30, 2003. 

35 65 

5 (Standard6) 25 (Standard) 

d) Greater than 10 MW, Combined cycle. 

3 (Enhanced7) 25 (Enhanced) 

5 (Standard) 25 (Standard) e) Greater than 10 MW, Simple cycle, and permit 

condition for greater than 877 hrs/yr operation 3 (Enhanced) 25 (Enhanced) 

25 (Standard) 42 (Standard) f) Greater than 10 MW, Simple cycle, and permit 

condition for no greater than 877 hrs/yr operation. 5 (Enhanced) 25 (Enhanced) 

 

6

 Standard Compliance option required compliance with rule limits by dates ranging from 

04/25/2002 to 04/25/2005. 

7

 Operators complying with the Enhanced Compliance option had until 04/30/2008 to 

demonstrate and maintain compliance with enhanced limit, or to demonstrate and maintain 

compliance within 90 days following next major overhaul if occurring after 04/30/2004. 
10 AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 

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Table 3 

Summary of CO Compliance Limits contained in SJVAPCD Rule 4703 

Stationary Gas Turbine CO Compliance Limit, 

ppmv at 15% O2

Units not identified below 200 

General Electric Frame 7 25 

General Electric Frame 7 with Quiet Combustors 52 

Less than 2.0 MW Solar Saturn gas turbine powering centrifugal 

compressor 

250 

3. SCAQMD Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen from Stationary Gas Turbines, 

Amended 08/08/97

The provisions of SCAQMD Rule 1134 apply to all stationary gas turbines, 0.3 MW and larger, 

as of August 4, 1989. 

Laboratory gas turbine units used in research and testing, gas turbine units used exclusively for 

firefighting and/or flood control, chemical processing gas turbine units, and all existing pipeline 

gas turbines located in the Southeast Desert Air Basin (SEDAB) are exempt from this rule. 

Emissions limitations, and monitoring and source testing and certain recordkeeping requirements 

do not apply to emergency standby and peaking gas turbine units operating less than 200 hours 

per calendar year, or existing gas turbines units located in the SEDAB as well as on San 

Clemente Island rated below 4 MW and operating less than 877 hours per year. 

Compliance Limit = Reference Limit

25%

EFF

×

Where: 

Compliance limit = allowable NOx emissions (ppm by volume) 

Reference Limit = the NOx emission limit (ppm by volume) corrected to 15 percent oxygen on a 

dry basis, and averaged over 15 consecutive minutes. These limits for various 

MW ratings (continuous rating by the manufacturer without power 

augmentation) are as follows: 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 11

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

Table 4 

Reference NOX Limits, ppm contained in SCAQMD Rule 1134 

Unit Size Megawatt (MW) Rating Effective 12/31/1995

0.3 to Less Than 2.9 MW 25 

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW 9 

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW No SCR 15 

10.0 MW and Over 9 

10.0 MW and Over No SCR 12 

60 MW and Over Combined Cycle No SCR 15 

60 MW and Over Combined Cycle 9 

2.9 to Less Than 10.0 MW Utilizing Fuel Containing a Minimum of 

60% Sewage Digester Gas by Volume on a Daily Average 

25 

EFF = 3413 ×100% (Actual heat rate at HHV of fuel (BTU/KW-HR)) 

or, 

EFF = Manufacturer’s stated efficiency at LHV

HHV

LHV

×

or, 

EFF = the demonstrated percent efficiency of the gas turbine unit only as calculated without 

consideration of any downstream energy recovery from the actual heat rate, (BTU/KW HR) or 

1.34 BTU/HP; corrected to the HHV of the fuel, as measured at the peak load for that facility; or 

the manufacturer’s continuous rated percent efficiency of the gas turbine unit after correction 

from LHV to the HHV of the fuel, whichever is higher. The value of EFF shall not be less than 

25 percent. Gas turbine units with lower efficiencies will be assigned a 25 percent efficiency for 

this calculation. 

Operators of stationary gas turbines shall be subject to SCAQMD Regulation XIII if CO 

emissions increase as a result of the application of NOx controls. 

D. FEASIBILITY OF OPTIONS 

1. Portable Flight-Line Equipment – Exempt by classification (portable) and limited 

usage. These units were also exempt by definition from the previous version of 
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the rule. Based on portability the AVAQMD finds that applying an add-on control 

technology requirement to these units is not feasible. 

2. Microturbines – Exempt by size (less than 300 kW) by definition from the 

previous version of the rule. Based on size the AVAQMD finds that applying an 

add-on control technology requirement to these units is not feasible. 

3. Palmdale Hybrid Power Project Combustion Turbines – Subject to the rule but 

also subject to New Source Review and Best Available Control Technology 

(BACT). Compliance with BACT will also require compliance with the proposed 

rule, and compliance with BACT is not subject to feasibility analysis. 

IV. STAFF RECOMMENDATION 

AVAQMD staff recommends amending Rule 1134 – Stationary Gas Turbines to apply District 

wide, and to include NOx and CO limits determined to be feasible in the SJVUAPCD rule 

analysis. The amended rule will contain several exceptions resulting from special classification. 

Table 5 

Proposed Limits in Rule 1134 

NOx Compliance Limit, 

ppmv at 15% Oxygen Control 

 

Operating 

hours per 

year 

 

Turbine 

Rating 

 

Gas Fuel Liquid Fuel

CO 

Compliance 

Limit, ppmv at 

15% Oxygen 

SCR + DLN > 877 > 10 MW 5 25 200 

DLN > 877 2 – 10 MW 25 65 200 

SCR > 877 

2 – 10 MW 

(no DLN 

available) 

35 65 200 

DLN > 877 < 2 MW 42 50 250 

SCR or 

DLN < 877 > 10 MW 25 42 200 

Any (fired 

on Digester 

Gas and/or 

Landfill 

Gas) 

any 0.3 – 10 MW 25 N/A 200 

A specific category for digester gas or landfill gas fired turbines has been added to allow for 

compliance by units whose exhaust contains components which are not compatible with efficient 

selective catalytic reduction. 
AVAQMD Feasibility Analysis – Stationary Gas Turbines 13

Technical Report d4, 03/17/2010 

New or clarified exemptions to limits in amended Rule 1134 include portable flight-line 

equipment and microturbines. 

These recommendations for amending Rule 1134 fulfill the District commitment to analyze and 

implement measures to reduce PM in response to CARB document Proposed List of Measures to 

Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5 measure 46(a, b, and c). 
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Appendix “A” 

Calculations and Assumptions for Determining Cost-Effectiveness

Table 6 

San Joaquin Valley Unified APCD Cost Effectiveness Calculation Summary 

Turbine 

Size 

(MW) 

Current 

Limit 

(ppmv) 

New 

Limit 

(ppmv) 

Reductions 

(tons/year) 

Annualized 

Costs 

($/year) 

Growth 

Factor 

(2002 to 

2008 

Dollars) 

Cost 

Effectiveness 

($/ton/year) 

Control 

Method 

3.5 42 35 3.7 33,700 40,240 10,876 

Increase 

WI/SI 

3.5 42 25 9 86,800 103,644 11,516 DLN Retrofit 

3.5 42 9 17.4 307,840 367,577 21,125 Add SCR 

25 42 5 100.1 969,672 1,157,839 11,567 Add SCR 

25 12 5 18.9 81,350 97,136 5,139 Increase SCR 

50 42 5 184.2 1,204,111 1,437,771 7,805 Add SCR 

75 22 5 187.6 1,539,489 1,838,230 9,799 Add SCR 

Limited Operation (≤ 877 hr/year) 

50 42 5 47.2 851,097 1,016,254 21,531 Add SCR 

 

Note: Highlighted values not deemed cost effective by SJVUAPCD and limits not included in their 

rule. 
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Appendix “B” 

Bibliography

1. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Rule 413 – Stationary Gas 

Turbines, amended 05-01-97. 

2. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Rule 413 – Stationary Gas 

Turbines Staff Report, April 6, 1995. 

3. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Agenda Item for Rule 413 – 

Stationary Gas Turbines, May 1, 1997. 

4. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines, 

amended April 25, 2002. 

5. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Rule 4703 – Stationary Gas Turbines 

Final Staff Report, April 25, 2002. 

6. South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen 

from Stationary Gas Turbines, amended August 8, 1997. 

7. South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1134 – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen 

from Stationary Gas Turbines Final Staff Report, April, 1997. 

8. MDAQMD Rule 1159 – Stationary Gas Turbines, amended 09/28/2009. 

9. USEPA Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines (71 FR 38482, July 6, 2006). 

10. USEPA Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines (71 FR 9458, February 24, 

2006). 

11. USEPA Alternative Control Techniques Document - - NOx Emissions from Stationary Gas 

Turbines (EPA-453/R-93-007), January 1993. 

12. CARB Proposed List of Measures to Reduce Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5 

(Implementation of Senate Bill 656, Sher 2003). 

13. AVAQMD List and Implementation Schedule for District Measures to Reduce PM Pursuant 

to Health and Safety Code §39614(d), adopted August 16, 2005. 

14. CARB Report to the Legislature, Gas Fired Power Plant NOxEmission Controls and 

Related Environmental Impacts, May 2004. 
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15. CARB Guidance for Power Plant Siting and Best Available Control Technology, approved 

July 22, 1999.