President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

1

KEEPING THE CHARGE

PERSONAL AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM 

FOR PEOPLE 

WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

An Exploration of Asset Development 

2006 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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President’s Committee for People with

Intellectual Disabilities

KEEPING THE CHARGE

PERSONAL AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM 

FOR PEOPLE 

WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES:

An Exploration of Asset Development

for 

People with Intellectual Disabilities
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

3

2006 

DISCLAIMER

This document, Report to the President: KEEPING THE CHARGE...Personal and Economic 

Freedom for People with Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploration of Asset Development, does 

not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of Health and Human 

Services.

Although some of the information and data contained in this report were contributed

by authorities in the field of disability, public policy, asset development and related 

fields, the personal opinions that such contributors may hold or choose to express 

outside of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the President’s Committee 

for People with Intellectual Disabilities or the United States Department of Health and 

Human Services. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Table of Contents 

Note: To be completed after document is finalized

Disclaimer

Letter from Madeleine C. Will 

Chairperson, President’s Committee

 for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Asset Development for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Definition of Asset Development

Committee Findings...Research and Data Findings

Committee Findings...Asset Based Policies and Development Vehicles

o Asset Development in the Supplemental Security Income Program

o Social Security Demonstrations that Haven an Asset Development 

Component 

o Individual Development Accounts

o Medicaid Related Services and Supports that Contribute to Asset 

Building

o Health Savings Accounts and the Deficit Reduction Act

o Qualified Savings Accounts

o Earned Income Tax Credit

o 529 College Savings Plans 

o Aspire Act

Committee Findings...Ideas for Further Exploration

 

 Conclusion

PCPID Citizen Members

PCPID Ex officio Members

PCPID Staff

Acknowledgements
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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The President

The White House

Washington, D.C. 20500

Dear Mr. President: 

The President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities (PCPID), which is made up of twentyone members appointed by the President and the thirteen ex-officio members who represent nine

Departments of government and four independent agencies, surveyed the cultural, social and political 

landscape that exists for persons with intellectual disabilities and their families in the course of preparing 

a report for you in 2004 and 2005. During these deliberations, the members of the PCPID were struck 

repeatedly by the lack of personal and economic resources that people with disabilities confront 

throughout their lives. Indeed, the most disturbing aspect of this poverty is the fact that it is “required” 

as a consequence of utilizing public benefits. Eligibility for public benefit requires adhering to an income 

limitation and an asset limitation of $2,000. For too many persons with disabilities whose life 

circumstances force them into this bad bargain of benefits in exchange for poverty, the bargain leads to a 

lifelong cycle of poverty from which they are not able to extricate themselves. 

In its 2004 report entitled, “A Charge We Have To Keep: A Roadmap to Personal and Economic Freedom 

for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities in the 21st Century,” the President’s Committee identified as one 

of its most important recommendations the creation of a qualified disability savings account for 

individuals with disabilities and their families as one method of allowing persons with disabilities to 

accumulate assets for education, assistive technology, employment training, housing and long-term care.

After the publication of its 2004 report to the President, PCPID continued to pursue more targeted and 

intensive reports on the key recommendations it contained. For example, PCPID sent a report to you, Mr.

President in February, 2005, on improving access to dental care, a critical need for persons with 

intellectual disabilities. Upon completion of the report on dental care, PCPID determined to explore its 

next topic: asset development and savings instruments for families and individuals with disabilities. In 

this endeavor, PCPID was very fortunate to find two allies – the Office of Planning and Evaluation 

(ASPE) and The Office of Community Service (OCS). These two components in the Department of HHS 

co-sponsored with PCPID a roundtable on Asset Development, which took place on March 22, 2006 and

included experts on asset development from within and outside government. 

PCPID is pleased to submit this report which we hope will promote further Federal understanding and 

prompt further Federal action with respect to broadening the reach of existing asset building policies and 

programs for persons with intellectual disabilities and stimulating the development of new ones. PCPID 

believes that asset development will prove to be a cornerstone of policy for persons with intellectual 

disabilities in the 21st century as government and society, in partnership, move these persons toward 

personal and economic freedom. 

Sincerely,

Madeleine Will

Chair
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Asset Development for People 

with Intellectual Disabilities 

Introduction

It is estimated that some six million Americans of all ages, or three percent of the 

general population of the United States have an intellectual disability (mental 

retardation). Nearly 30 million, or one in ten families, are directly affected by a person 

with intellectual disabilities at some point in their lifetime. Intellectual disabilities 

present a major challenge to social, educational, health and economic systems in the 

United States. 

The President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities was first established 

in 1966 by Executive Order to focus on this critical subject of national concern. The 

Committee’s primary function is to provide advice and assistance to the President of the 

United States and the Secretary of Health and Human Services on a broad range of 

matters relating to programs, services, supports, and policies that impact the lives of 

people with intellectual disabilities and their families. 

In February, 2001 President George W. Bush declared his commitment to tearing down 

the barriers to equality that challenge millions of Americans with disabilities when he 

announced his New Freedom Initiative, established to improve the lives of Americans 

with disabilities by increasing access to assistive technologies, expanding educational 

opportunities, increasing the ability of people with disabilities to integrate into the 

workforce, and promoting increased access into daily community life.

In order to continue to provide improved opportunities for people with intellectual 

disabilities, it is imperative that policy makers, advocacy groups and the disability 

community stay at the forefront of new programs and cutting edge technologies with 

the potential to improve the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. Asset 

development represents a tremendous opportunity to create greater independence, 

foster self-determination, and ensure people with intellectual disabilities greater access 

to full citizenship rights. It is the intention of the following report to heighten 

awareness of the challenges and opportunities of asset development for people with 

intellectual disabilities. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Statement of the Problem...The Issue of Asset Development 

Asset development policies have the potential to create greater independence, foster 

self-determination, and ensure people with disabilities greater access to full citizenship 

rights. Many individuals with intellectual disabilities and their families struggle 

financially, and most people with intellectual disabilities receive a large share of their 

personal income through public income transfer programs (Medicaid, Supplemental 

Security Income, etc.). 

Issues of asset development for people with intellectual disabilities reside within 

several larger societal trends that must be considered as part of the larger context of 

asset development for people with disabilities. These include the aging of individuals 

with disabilities and their parents and guardians, rising health care costs, and 

fluctuations in private and public insurance coverage. 

Asset development for the poor, as originally conceived by Dr. Michael Sherraden, is 

inclusive for all individuals.1 However, most asset development programs have not 

specifically targeted people with disabilities, and significant barriers exist for those who 

wish to participate while receiving publicly funded benefits. 

Case Studies in Asset Development for People with Disabilities

The following case studies illustrate some of the barriers to economic self-sufficiency 

that people with disabilities and their families face throughout their lifespan. A barrier 

may result from a restrictive program rule or from the complexity of rules that are 

designed to promote self-sufficiency but are difficult to understand. When benefits 

under more than one program are involved, a barrier may result from the lack of 

coordination among those programs on how earnings affect the totality of benefits. 

And although programs and policies exist that can enable people with disabilities to 

become more economically self-sufficient, they often are not well publicized in the 

disability community. 

Janice & Paul

Janice and Paul live in a Midwestern city with their families. Both have an intellectual 

disability and receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) from the Social Security 

Administration (SSA). Both recently graduated from high school, where they received 

special education services, and are preparing for life as adults. 

Paul is on a waiting list for support under his state Medicaid program should he ever 

 

1 Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the Poor: A New American Welfare Policy. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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leave the family home. He and Janice are on a waiting list for a HUD Section 8 voucher 

but it will be many years before their names get to the top of the list. They have been 

sweethearts since Junior high school and want to get married. 

While in school, Janice was referred to her state vocational rehabilitation agency. They 

determined that she would benefit most from a sheltered workshop, which she now 

attends under the state Medicaid Waiver. She earns less than minimum wage for the 

few hours of work available each day and wants to obtain a real job. While Paul was in 

school, his brother helped him find employment at the local supermarket. He has held 

that job for three years and now works 18 hours a week earning $8.00 an hour. 

At a meeting of the two families, the issues facing these two young adults were 

discussed once again. One concern is that, with their current income, it would be 

difficult for Janice and Paul to live independently (to pay rent and utilities and buy 

food) even if they remained single. But if they marry, their SSI benefits will be based on 

a couple rate, which is 1.5 times the individual rate. In addition, the exclusions that 

now apply separately to their individual earnings will apply only once, to their 

combined earnings, so more of their earnings will be used to reduce their SSI. 

Another concern is the effect of Paul’s earnings on benefits. Paul now earns $576 a 

month. He can earn up to $1,291 a month in 2006 before his earnings zero out his SSI 

benefits and he then can remain eligible for Medicaid under the Medicaid While 

Working provisions of the Social Security Act. However, if he were receiving housing 

assistance and food stamps, his earnings would be offset, dollar for dollar, by the 

simultaneous reduction of his SSI, housing assistance and food stamps. He would be 

no better off, financially, than if he were not working at all. 

Virginia

Virginia is a 44-year-old woman with Down syndrome who receives Social Security 

Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. She is fiercely independent and has lived for 10 

years in her own apartment in a New England state. She works 15 hours a week 

packaging supplies at a medical company and earns slightly more than $800 a month, 

which does not reduce her SSDI benefits. 

The cost of living is high in the area where Virginia lives and she receives no housing 

subsidy (the Section 8 list has long been closed) and very little in food stamps. Her 

monthly expenses sometimes exceed her income and she has built up a large amount of 

credit card debt. She has no money to save. And even if she could save enough for the 

home she longs to buy, her credit history would prevent a lender from granting her a 

mortgage. 

Virginia could earn more but she understands that if she earns $860 or more a month, 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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her SSDI benefits will stop. In 2006, earnings of $860 or more a month constitute 

substantial gainful activity, or SGA. SGA is a basis for terminating SSDI (but not SSI) 

benefits. Virginia cannot afford the loss of that income and cannot earn enough to 

replace it. She wants to be more self-sufficient, but does not see how she can be given 

these limitations.

Richard

Richard is in his early 60’s. He lives in a group home in a western state and receives 

SSI. He has many disabilities, but he has tried to work for the last 15 years. When he 

works, Medicaid rules require that he turn over most of his earnings to the group home 

to help pay for the cost of his care. He has no opportunity to benefit financially from 

work. As Richard ages and the cost of his care continues to increase, Richard will have 

no real personal income and no assets. 

As the case studies illustrate, people with intellectual disabilities and their families face 

significant barriers to becoming economically self-sufficient throughout their life span. 

These barriers cannot be traced to a single source and are not the result of the actions of 

any one agency, law or policy. Instead, they stem from systemic cultural and political 

realities that have resulted in a variety of disability and non-disability specific programs

and policies that are significantly outdated and difficult to navigate due to program 

fragmentation and misinformation. In response to these barriers, government, 

advocacy groups and the disability community are encouraging dialogue to identify 

areas of concern and opportunities for change.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Definition of Asset Development

The following definition of “asset development” is a product of the 

March 22nd, 2006 Roundtable on Personal and Economic Freedom for People with 

Intellectual Disabilities...An Exploration of Asset Development. Roundtable 

participants, following considerable discussion, developed and accepted this working 

definition around which their small group deliberations and reports were centered. The 

President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities offers this definition of 

“asset development” to the Administration as a practical way of defining resources that 

support and facilitate personal and economic freedom for people with intellectual 

disabilities.

Assets are capacities, including public and private resources that enable individuals to 

identify, build and manage financial, personal and social capital, and make and 

implement decisions that sustain and enhance the family and individual quality of life 

experiences.

 

Examples of assets include: 

1) Individual assets: money, savings, stocks, real and personal property; 

2) Income asset such as a job; 

3) Human capital assets: skills, knowledge, and experience gained from education and 

training;

4) Gateway assets: community assets that consist of the value of access to family 

and social contacts, education, transportation, communications, health care and expert 

advice (such as tax and financial advice). 

All citizens benefit from public services and programs that help build and sustain our 

society. Asset building is a complimentary policy tool. It does not replace income 

transfers, support services, or other public programs, but adds new capacity for 

reducing poverty and promoting community integration for persons with disabilities. 

Asset ownership empowers persons with disabilities to economically control, manage, 

and grow their assets over the life span ensuring they will have a valued social role in 

society – owner.

Asset development represents a new pillar of support for people with intellectual 

disabilities to ensure full citizenship rights.

Pillar 1: Income supports

Pillar 2: Service supports

Pillar 3: Asset development supports
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Findings of the Committee - Research and Data 

Research on Asset Development for People with Disabilities

Currently there is limited scholarship on asset accumulation and savings patterns of 

people with disabilities. Known barriers to asset building for people with disabilities 

include asset capitations and income limits for participation in certain public programs, 

negative stereotypes about the capabilities of people with disabilities, and lack of 

accessible environments and accommodations to promote participation. Known 

facilitators include asset building mechanisms such as individual development accounts 

(IDAs), financial education, and policies and programs that build individual capacity, 

reduce environmental barriers, and promote community integration and inclusion.

Much more information is needed to understand how to best address the asset 

development needs of people with disabilities. These include developing a better 

understanding of: 1) current asset holdings of people with disabilities and the long-term 

implications of asset accumulation; 2) the relationship between the mix of policies for 

people with disabilities including income, employment, health and tax policies, and the 

ability of people with disabilities to accumulate assets; 3) the capacity of current asset 

building programs to effectively meet needs of people with disabilities; 4) how people 

with disabilities believe asset development facilitates economic empowerment and 

community integration and inclusion; and 5) if asset development can mitigate the

disability experience by developing individual capacity and lowering social and 

environmental barriers.2

Developing a stronger understanding of what is unique to the experience of living with 

disability and how it effects asset development over the life span is important. Existing 

research suggests variances in asset building needs and experiences that can inform 

research and policy for persons with disabilities. Specifically, savings outcomes vary by 

age,3 and it is recommended that long-term independence and care planning be 

included in the financial education curriculum of asset building programs.4 These 

findings suggest that asset building programs may tailor program options to specific 

audiences and that both short and long-term individual savings goals may be important 

for persons with disabilities.

Training and education programs are also important. Future efforts should include the 

development and evaluation of training curricula for consumers and asset building 

 

2 Putnam, M., Sherraden, M., Edwards, K., Porterfield, S., Wittenberg, D., & Welch, P. (2005). Building financial 

bridges to economic development and community integration: Recommendations for a research agenda on asset 

development for people with disabilities. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 4(3), 61-86. 3 Putnam, M., Sherraden, M., Zhang, L., & Morrow-Howell, N. Age differences in IDA savings outcomes: Findings 

from the American Dream Demonstration. Journal of Aging & Social Policy (forthcoming).

4 Putnam, M. & Tang, F. Future planning and financial education needs for asset building among persons with 

multiple sclerosis in rural areas. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, (forthcoming).
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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program professionals about the bundling and braiding of public and private resources, 

including how receipt of various tax credits interact or affect receipt of public benefits. 

Developing consumer, family, and professional knowledge of and commitment to asset 

building programs may also contribute to successful asset development.

As asset development policies for people with disabilities move forward, more research 

is required to generate successful asset development strategies. Additionally, increased 

training and education will help ensure individuals with disabilities are able to 

successfully participate in asset building programs.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Findings of the Committee - Asset Based Policies and Development 

Vehicles

Asset Development in the Supplemental Security Income Program 

The Social Security Administration (SSA) believes that one of the most powerful 

incentives to work that it can offer its disability beneficiaries is the opportunity to 

leverage their earnings to acquire assets. Asset-development strategies play an 

important role in SSA’s efforts to promote greater self-sufficiency among its disability 

beneficiaries, particularly those who receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI). 

Eligibility for SSI is based, in part, on having limited income and resources. The SSI 

resources limit is $2,000 for an individual and $3,000 for an eligible couple. However, 

this limit (which does not apply to the home, a car, and various other property and 

money) appears to have little effect on the actual savings of SSI beneficiaries, which 

average less than $500. 

The greater barrier to asset development for most SSI disability beneficiaries may be 

that they cannot afford to divert what little income they have from living expenses and 

debt maintenance to savings. It appears to be a lesson of SSA’s recently concluded State 

Partnership Initiative demonstration that this remains true even when the resources 

limit is waived and earnings produce a modest increase in net income. 

Social Security Research Demonstrations That Have an Asset-Development 

Component – Currently Available on a Limited Basis

The Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) includes seven projects in six states: one 

each in California, Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, and Mississippi, and two in New York. 

The projects focus on young people between the ages of 14 and 25 who receive 

disability benefits or are at heightened risk of becoming eligible for them. The projects 

are designed to show how agencies and communities can integrate services and 

resources in ways that focus on the needs of individuals and enable them and their 

families to share in defining those needs and deciding how they will be met. Each 

project is different, but all have the same goal: to improve educational and work 

outcomes for young people with disabilities.

To encourage young people to take part in the YTD and to reward their efforts to work, 

SSA modified some of its program rules for demonstration participants. The modified 

rules will treat any IDA program established for YTD participants as if it were a TANF 

or AFIA program – subject to SSA approval of the IDA program’s rules. The IDA 

program may allow funds to be used for assistive technology, transportation, or other 

purposes that support the efforts of participants to maximize their self-sufficiency.
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The Florida Freedom Initiative (FFI) is a demonstration that Florida’s Agency for 

Persons with Disabilities is conducting with a grant from the Centers for Medicare and 

Medicaid Services (CMS). The FFI focuses on Medicaid beneficiaries with 

developmental disabilities who use long-term care supports and services. Instead of 

agency-furnished services, participants receive a cash allowance that they use to selfdirect their long-term care. The demonstration also emphasizes self-sufficiency, 

especially through the development of micro-enterprises.

SSA modified a number of program rules to enable SSI beneficiaries to take part in the 

FFI, to support the efforts of CMS and the state of Florida, and to test whether the 

modified rules promote work and asset building. The modified rules for FFI 

participants include the same IDA provision created for YTD participants. 

The Plan-for-Achieving-Self-Support Program (PASS) can be an extremely effective tool 

for a person with disabilities to enter the workforce. In a PASS, an individual identifies 

the job or business that is his or her occupational goal, the steps he or she will take to 

achieve the goal, and the costs associated with achieving the goal. If SSA approves the 

PASS, it excludes any income and assets earmarked for plan expenses when 

determining eligibility for SSI. 

In some cases, this exclusion creates eligibility for SSI and Medicaid. In others, it 

permits a higher SSI payment. As a result, SSI benefits replace funds used for plan 

expenses (up to $603 a month in 2006). PASS expenses commonly include things like:

postsecondary education, training, transportation (including the purchase of a car or 

van), business start-up costs, assistive technology (including the purchase of a power 

chair or scooter), child care and personal assistance services.

Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) – Currently Unavailable to People with 

Intellectual Disabilities without Earned Income

Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) have become the most well-know vehicle for 

low-income individuals to build and save assets; encouraging and rewarding personal 

investing and becoming financially literate. For persons with disabilities, IDAs provide 

an opportunity to save towards a down payment on a home, post secondary education, 

or invest in a microenterprise. Unfortunately, regulations and restrictions hamper 

individuals with disabilities’ ability to participate. Furthermore, the availability of 

Federal and state IDA programs is limited, and access is hampered by a lack of 

understanding of SSI rules and a capacity shortage to provide accommodations.

Assets for Independence Act

The Assets for Independence Act was passed in 1998 to encourage asset accumulation and selfsufficiency for low-income working families. Administered by the Office of Community 

Services, Assets for Independence is the Federal government’s largest program for individual 
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development accounts. There is an appropriation of about 25 million dollars for issuance of 

grants to promote individual development accounts (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 

also has an individual development account subject to the same rules and regulations as Assets 

for Independence). 

Grants are awarded to not-for-profit and faith-based organizations and State, local and Tribal 

government agencies to assist families out of poverty. This may include Community 

Development Financial Institutions that partner with a community-based anti-poverty group; 

Low Income Credit Unions that partner with a community-based anti-poverty group; and 

consortia of organizations and agencies that target multiple service areas. Every grantee has a

financial institution partner. There are currently more than 350 AFI-funded projects throughout 

the US. 

AFI grantees serve individuals and families with limited income and assets. Eligible individuals 

include: people eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Family benefits; people eligible for 

the Federal Earned Income Tax Credit; or people whose household incomes are less than 200% 

of the Federal poverty line. 

Individual Development Accounts – IDAs are special purpose matched savings accounts. Every 

dollar an AFI Project participant saves in his or her IDA is matched with Federal grant funds and 

nonfederal resources. The matching rate ranges from $1 in matched funds for every $1 in 

savings to a high of $8 in matched funds for every $1 in savings. The IDA mechanism enables 

participants to acquire a lasting asset after saving for a few years. AFI participants use their IDA 

savings, including the matched funds, to acquire any of three primary asset types: a first home; 

capitalization of a small business; or post-secondary education or training. 

In addition to helping participants with their IDA savings, AFI grantee organizations provide 

their project participants with basic training and supportive services related to family finances 

and financial management. These include, for example: financial education on issues such as 

owning and managing a bank account, a credit card, or other financial services; credit 

counseling and credit repair; guidance on accessing refundable tax credits including the Earned 

Income Tax Credit; specialized asset-specific training regarding asset purchase and ownership.

Assets for Independence and People with Intellectual Disabilities – The Assets for Independence 

program is limited in its ability to provide IDA services to people who do not have earned 

income, including many people with intellectual and other disabilities: 

• Earned Income – Participants must have earned income to save in an Assets for 

Independence individual development account. Social Security benefits (SSI or SSDI) 

are not considered earned income, therefore, people who rely solely on SSI or SSDI may 

not open and save in Assets for Independence individual development accounts. 

o For those who qualify for an IDA, the regulations exclude matching 

deposits from being counted as income and the account itself from being 

counted as a resource when calculating public benefits. Moreover, they 

provide for deducting from countable income half of any earnings the 

account holder deposits into the IDA. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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• Eligibility –Eligibility for Assets for Independence individual development accounts are 

based on household income and household net worth. Household income at the time of 

enrollment may not exceed 200% of the poverty line. Household net worth must be less 

than $10,000, not counting a home and one automobile. Therefore, people with 

disabilities who live with their parents or a guardian may be ineligible due to the parent 

or guardian’s household income or their net worth. 

• Asset Goals – Participants may use their Assets for Independence individual development 

account savings to purchase a first home; acquire higher education or training; or support 

a new or existing small business. They may also transfer their Assets for Independence 

individual development account to a family member. 

• Savings Period – Participants must save in their Assets for Independence individual 

development account and purchase an asset within the grant period, which is five or six 

years. They cannot keep the Assets for Independence individual development account 

for a longer period of time. 

• Nonfederal Cash Required – Grantees must provide substantial nonfederal cash to receive 

an Assets for Independence grant. The project budget must include at least as much 

nonfederal cash as the Assets for Independence grant amount. Grantees may not use 

funds from other federal grant programs to meet this requirement. 

• Special Needs – Asset for Independence grant funds are used primarily to match 

participant IDA savings. Only a limited amount of the grant funds are available to 

support financial education, coaching or other services that participants may need. 

Consideration should be given to how to make Assets for Independence more accessible to 

people with disabilities; particularly to people with intellectual disabilities who have limited 

incomes. People with intellectual disabilities who are solely receiving government benefits may 

want to seek employment in order to receive earned income for deposit into Assets for 

Independence individual development accounts, but under current regulations that limit the 

amount of assets that a person with disabilities may have in order to qualify for public assistance, 

participation in an Asset for Independence individual development account risks losing some of 

their government benefits. 

Stepwise progression should be considered whereby people with disabilities may have the 

opportunities to earn income and contribute to Assets for Independence individual development 

accounts without losing their government benefits. 

Furthermore, people with disabilities need assistance out of poverty in many ways. Opportunities 

should be considered for broader utilization of individual development account funds for people 

with disabilities who may need, for example, economic assets, such as: (1) Assistive technology 

equipment and modifications, (2) special adaptations to their home and work environments, (3) 

special communication equipment, (4) special transportation adaptations and (5) special 

adaptations for financial literacy assistance, and financial education and training for people with 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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intellectual disabilities. However, people with disabilities would still need to have opportunities 

for saving for a first home, college education and capitalizing a business as options. 

Medicaid related services and supports that contribute to asset building – Currently 

Available to People with Intellectual Disabilities

There are several mechanisms that states can use in conjunction with their Medicaid 

programs that allow for individuals to keep their income and build assets. Asset 

building is consistent with the President’s New Freedom Initiative which encourages 

individuals to live and work in their community in the most appropriate setting. These 

mechanisms are:

Medicaid Income and Asset Disregards – The Medicaid program provides medical 

benefits to low income people who have no medical insurance or inadequate medical 

insurance. While the federal government establishes general guidelines for the 

program, the Medicaid program requirements are actually established by each state. 

Whether or not a person is eligible for Medicaid will depend on the state where that 

person lives.

To be eligible for Medicaid, an individual must fall into one of the medically needy or 

categorically needy groups and meet certain income limitations and thresholds. States 

have the option to disregard certain income and assets to enable persons to continue to 

receive Medicaid benefits. These assets can be accrued and used for a person’s specific 

needs, including health, education, housing, transportation, and retirement. This 

option, to allow a person to accrue assets, contributes to their ability to leave an 

institutional setting or to remain in the community to live and work.

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act - The Act was passed in 

December, 1999 and includes a significant health related benefit. The Ticket to Work Act 

gives states flexibility to enable people with disabilities to return to work without fear 

of losing their health care coverage. Individuals can keep their Medicaid health care 

coverage even if they are earning amounts that would have exceeded Medicaid income 

requirements.

This provision – referred to as a Medicaid buy-in – encourages people with disabilities 

to obtain work, or continue to work, without the disincentive of losing their health care. 

Currently there are about 125,000 people nation wide who take advantage of the Ticket 

to Work Medicaid buy-in provisions.

Medical Coverage for Children with Disabilities and their Families – Starting in 

January, 2007, states have the option to cover children with disabilities and their 

families who would not have otherwise been covered because their earnings exceeded 

certain thresholds. This provision enables people up to 300 percent above the poverty 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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level to purchase Medicaid coverage for their children. In the past, families would 

sometimes relinquish their children because of the high medical costs associated with 

treating their conditions.

Health Savings Accounts and the Deficit Reduction Act – Currently Unavailable to 

People with Intellectual Disabilities

Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) were created by Public Law 108-173, the "Medicare 

Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003," and signed into law 

December 8, 2003. Health Savings Accounts change the way millions of people meet 

their health care needs because they are designed to help individuals save for qualified 

medical and retiree health expenses on a tax-advantaged basis. 

Any adult who is covered by a high-deductible health plan (and has no other firstdollar coverage) may establish an HSA. Tax-advantaged contributions can be made in 

three ways: 

1. the individual or family can make tax deductible contributions to the HSA even 

if they do not itemize deductions; 

2. the individual’s employer can make tax free contributions; and, 

3. employers sponsoring cafeteria plans can allow employees to contribute pre-tax 

salary through salary reduction. 

Health Savings Accounts and Medicare – To encourage saving for health expenses after 

retirement, individuals age 55 and older are allowed to make additional catch-up 

contributions to their HSAs. Once an individual enrolls in Medicare they are no longer 

eligible to contribute to their HSA.

Amounts contributed to an HSA belong to the account holder and are completely 

portable. Funds in the account can grow tax-free through investment earnings, just like 

an IRA.

Funds distributed from the HSA are not taxed if they are used to pay qualified medical 

expenses. Unlike amounts in Flexible Spending Arrangements that are forfeited if not 

used by the end of the year, unused funds remain available for use in later years. 

Health Savings Accounts and Asset Development – Health Savings Accounts (HSA) are 

not designed as an instrument to encourage and promote assets development for people 

with intellectual disabilities. It does not assist in building and maintaining control over 

one’s own assets for purchasing a home, starting a business and other non-health 

related endeavors. 

The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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There is a movement in the direction of asset development through the Deficit

Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA). The law, which includes 10 titles, of which only a few 

address disability related issues, puts some control back into the hands of the 

individual or families who experience disability. Some of these new policy options 

include a state’s ability to offer home and community based services, without the 

necessity of an SSA waiver, and the choice of including in its state plan the ability to 

offer individuals the use of self directed care and personal assistance services. Of some 

concern, however, are several policy provisions within DRA, including increased copays for medical services. The State plan option for self directed care would provide a 

large degree of self-direction by giving the individual control over the funds due to 

them. This would allow the individual or family to make their own decisions about the 

services they need and when they need it. This would be in lieu of giving control over 

to local government providers, who would be making decisions on behalf of 

individuals.

Health Savings Accounts in the Deficit Reduction Act – Health Savings Accounts (HSA) 

were addressed in the DRA, but under another format; Health Opportunities Accounts 

(HOA). However, HOAs in the DRA are limited to individuals who do not have a 

disability and are not senior citizens. HOAs are very clear about what populations can 

be included in Health Savings Accounts, and what populations would be excluded. 

There were concerns and criticisms that these accounts are not appropriate for people 

with high medical needs and expenses.

Health Opportunities Accounts – HOAs are reserved for the “moms and kids” 

population on Medicaid. However, it may be beneficial to show their value at present 

and where that value may be expanded in the future. Currently, the law states that no 

more than ten State demonstration projects will be able to offer HOAs, and they could 

not be extended without review, study and evaluation. However, they represent a step 

towards greater individual and family control over funds, which is a very promising 

idea. 

Living with Independence, Freedom and Equality – After two years in the President’s 

budget, Medicaid came up with an approach called, “Living with Independence, 

Freedom and Equality,” or LIFE Accounts, which would allow unspent funds to build 

up over time. LIFE Accounts would be available to individuals and families and would 

provide the opportunity for self-direction and personal control over funds. The idea 

behind LIFE Accounts was to provide individuals and families with the ability to build 

assets that would not be subject to the eligibility rules under either SSI or 

Medicaid. Unfortunately, SSI and Medicaid did not receive the enthusiastic response 

that it was hoping for regarding the LIFE Accounts. It did not move legislatively, but 

the idea has the potential to give people with disabilities greater control over the 

billions of dollars that are spent on their behalf. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Population Restrictions – DRA took some small steps through HOAs. Currently, they 

are restricted to only certain populations, but over time, it may grow in acceptance and 

include other populations. It is about control and freedom for the individual and 

family. 

Assessment Instruments – The transition from one system to another will be based on 

the success of proven needs assessment instruments being applied by professionals 

who are independent from the service delivery system. The assessments would need to 

be done statewide in various localities, including across high, medium and low income 

counties. The assessments need to be standardized and uniform in procedures and 

open to the public. Final success would be based on standardized assessment 

instruments with uniformity in their administration by professionals. 

Qualified Savings Accounts (QSAs) – Currently Unavailable to People with 

Intellectual Disabilities

Qualified Savings Accounts represent an approach to long term planning and savings 

for parents and family members of people with disabilities. The concept was originally 

proposed by members of the President’s Committee for People with Intellectual 

Disabilities in its report to the President for 2004. 

Qualified Savings Accounts would encourage parents and families with individuals 

with disabilities to establish a savings account to provide for the future needs of their 

child or relative with disabilities. 

Qualified Savings Accounts would not be tax deductible, however, all account earnings 

(capital gains, dividends, interest) would be tax free, making the account an attractive 

savings mechanism. 

The earnings would not count as assets against SSI and Medicaid eligibility. The funds 

would be used to supplement, not supplant government benefits, and distributions 

would be used to pay a third-party service provider for a number of purposes, 

including: (1) To supplement special transportation services, (2) to buy additional 

family support services, (3) to hire a special aide that could offer one-to-one support, (4) 

to obtain additional or special eye or dental care. 

The Committee proposed a limit of $11,000 for a qualified savings account. That 

amount represents the amount that one can give to a beneficiary without filing a gift tax 

return, and is consistent with statutory limits on estate taxes.

As the population ages, states have more fiscal challenges than ever before. It is 

important that families and advocates step up to the plate. People with disabilities are 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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now living longer which leads to higher total medical costs over the life span. Qualified 

Savings Accounts would provide an opportunity for families to confront the reality that 

government is not going to have all of the necessary resources to assist people with 

disabilities. It is up to families to assist in making the life of a loved one with 

disabilities more meaningful. 

Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) – Currently Available to People with Intellectual 

Disabilities

The Earned Income Tax Credit is an anti--poverty program administered through the 

IRS tax code to encourage work. Last year over 21 million working families received 

over 37 billion dollars in EITC. Studies show that up to 20% of working families do not 

claim this refundable credit. In working with the TaxFacts campaign, the National 

Disability Institute (NDI) has found that many low wage working persons with a 

disability are among those eligible for the credit, but not claiming it. More trusted 

community organizations are needed – such as those already involved; Goodwill, ARC 

and Easter Seals – to work directly with the disabled to educate them about EITC. 

Additionally, more volunteers are needed for NDI’s free tax preparation program to 

provide assistance to people with intellectual disabilities to file their returns. A third 

strategy of the TaxFacts campaign is to provide asset building strategies to persons with 

disabilities. 

 

529 College Savings Plans – Currently Available to People with Disabilities, but 

Counted as an Asset for Calculation of Public Benefits

There is a growing interest among individuals with disabilities in pursuing education 

and training beyond high school. Thinkcollege.net indicates that there are over 110 post 

secondary education programs for people with intellectual disabilities in 28 states. One 

interesting pilot project being conducted across the country is designed to alter the 

structure of the traditional 529 College Savings plan, providing a match to the 

individual’s savings, in order to more equitably benefit people of low incomes. 

Unfortunately, many people with disabilities and parents with disabilities, wanting to 

save for their children’s educations, are being categorically excluded from these 

demonstration programs. This is largely because 529’s are considered restricted 

accounts by SSA and some states' Medicaid plans. Because there is limited access (with 

heavy penalties), any funds saved in a 529 over the asset limitation negatively affect SSI 

benefits. 

Aspire Act – Children’s Savings Accounts – Proposed Legislation – Currently 

Unavailable to People with Intellectual Disabilities 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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In the last couple of years, bi-partisan legislation – The America Saving for Personal 

Investment, Retirement, and Education Act – was introduced in Congress in 2004 and 

again in 2005 to create a “KIDS Account” for every newborn child in America. 

Under the ASPIRE Act, every child born in 2007 and beyond would automatically 

receive a $500 deposit into a KIDS Account once a Social Security number is issued. 

Children from households below the national median income would receive a 

supplemental deposit of up to $500 at birth, and they would also be eligible to receive 

dollar-for-dollar matching funds up to $500 per year for voluntary contributions. These 

may come from any source – including, for example, family members, corporations, and 

charities – but are limited to $1,000 per year from all sources. All funds grow tax-free. 

Access to the account prior to age 18 would not be permitted, but kids – in conjunction 

with their parents and financial advisors – would participate in investment decisions 

and watch their money grow. A KIDS Account Fund and Board would be established 

within the U.S. Treasury Department to hold and manage the accounts.

Two provisions may be of particular interest to persons with disabilities: there is no 

“earned income” requirement for contributions – contributions to KIDS Accounts can 

come from any source; and all amounts in KIDS Accounts are disregarded in 

determining eligibility for any public assistance program based on need. Funds in the 

account may be used tax and penalty-free for post-secondary education, buying a first 

home, or, of course, retained in the account for retirement.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Findings of the Committee...Observations and Ideas for Further 

Exploration

• EXPLORE making savings instruments available to all Americans, including 

people with intellectual disabilities. 

• EXPLORE spending public dollars to help people with disabilities become 

economically self-sufficient to reduce their long term dependency on public 

benefits. 

• EXPLORE ways to encourage policy makers to include people with intellectual 

disabilities and their families in the development of asset building programs and 

policies. 

• EXPLORE ways to facilitate and measure information sharing between state 

agencies and organizations that serve individuals with disabilities to ensure 

awareness of current asset building programs and policies.

• EXPLORE ways to measure collaboration among agencies to create strong 

programs and policies that result in improved quality of life for people with 

intellectual disabilities.

• EXPLORE ways to inform state legislatures and governors of the many model 

programs that could benefit people with intellectual disabilities, and encourage 

them to work proactively to bring those programs to their respective states. 

• EXPLORE avenues to educate individuals with disabilities and their families 

about long term financial planning, asset building and the programs and policies 

that affect their financial goals.

• EXPLORE the potential to expand savings instruments across the life span of 

people with intellectual disabilities including; post secondary education, assistive 

technology, employment, microenterprises, housing and long term care. 

• EXPLORE opportunities for People with Intellectual Disabilities to build assets 

that don’t necessarily require earned income (as with IDAs). 

• EXPLORE long-term care policies that will not limit long-term savings options 

for individuals with intellectual disabilities and ensure their continued reliance 

on government support until death. 

• EXPLORE ways to provide incentives to financial institutions to participate in 

fund matching programs (as with 529 College Savings Plans). 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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• EXPLORE the impact of current asset building policies on the family – to what 

extent do families invest their own money in the care of their child over the life. 

• EXPLORE the use of benefits in programs such as SSI and Medicaid in asset 

development as permitted by the Florida Freedom Initiative.

• EXPLORE avenues for promoting the Earned Income Tax Credit and the Plan for 

Achieving Self Support (PASS Plan) and educating people with disabilities and 

their families about these underutilized resources. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Conclusion

Members of the President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities sincerely believe 

that most Americans with intellectual disabilities want jobs in order to earn an income, seek to 

open savings accounts, and desire to build assets for the purposes of continued education, a first 

home and/or investment in a microenterprise. Yet, for many people with intellectual disabilities, 

such opportunities rarely exist. 

This report is about American citizens searching for more freedom and opportunities in their 

lives, while existing concurrently with a government and society that often displays limited 

understanding. Although citizens with intellectual disabilities desire the same kind of 

opportunities as all other Americans, most have been trapped into a life of continuing poverty 

and dependency with no mechanism to make their way on their own. Leadership and assistance 

from others is required. It begins with understanding. Next comes action. 

The report addresses the situation faced by many people with intellectual disabilities of the need 

for personal and economic survival on one hand, weighed against a desire for achievement of 

personal and economic freedom, including self-sufficiency, on the other. 

This report highlights numerous areas of economic and financial challenges facing adults with 

intellectual disabilities, but clarification of such complex issues is not always simple. Once 

presented, barriers may seem almost insurmountable. However, the Federal government has an 

important role to play to help resolve these issues through legislation and policy development. 

In the creation of this report, the Committee consulted with experts in economics, finance, 

savings instruments and asset development for people with intellectual disabilities. Many of 

their thoughts and ideas for solutions are included in this report. 

The chair, and the members of the Committee trust that this report will be useful to the President 

and his staff at the White House in assisting our American citizens with intellectual disabilities 

improve their quality of life through the opportunities provided by asset development. 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

26

PCPID Citizen Members

Madeleine C. Will 

Chairperson

Washington, DC

Vijaya L. Appareddy, M.D. 

Vice Chairperson

Chattanooga, Tennessee

 

Nancy C. Blanchard 

Lakeville, Minnesota

James T. Brett 

Dorchester, Massachusetts

Mary C. Bruene 

Des Moines, Iowa

Claudia L. Coleman 

Los Altos, California

Olivia R. Colvin

San Antonio, Texas

Zoraida F. Fonalledas 

San Patricio, Guaynabo 

Puerto Rico

Kathy Hargett 

Potomac, Maryland

Brenda A. Leath 

Washington, DC

Kenneth E. Lohff 

Milton, Wisconsin

Edward R. Mambruno

Hartford, Connecticut

Alvaro A. Marin 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

27

Huntington Beach, California

Michael J. Rogers 

Kenmore, Washington

Windy J. Smith

Knoxville, Tennessee

Lon N. Solomon

Fairfax, Virginia

Karen L. Staley 

Beaverton, Oregon

Gene C. Stallings

Powderly, Texas

Annette M. Talis 

Madison, Wisconsin.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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PCPID Ex Officio Members

The Secretary of Health and Human Services

The Honorable Michael O. Leavitt

Secretary of Health and Human Services

US Department of Health and Human Services

Represented by:

The Honorable Margaret Giannini, M.D., F.A.A.P

Director, Office on Disability

US Department of Health and Human Services

The Attorney General

The Honorable Alberto R. Gonzales

Attorney General

US Department of Justice

Represented by:

Mark Gross

Deputy Chief, Appellate Section, Civil Rights Division

US Department of Justice

The Secretary of Commerce

The Honorable Carlos M. Gutierrez

Secretary of the US Department of Commerce

Represented by:

Kathryn Knapp

Office of the Secretary

US Department of Commerce

The Secretary of Education

The Honorable Margaret Spellings

US Department of Education

7th and D Street, SW

Washington, DC 20202
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Represented by:

John Hager

Assistant Secretary for Special Education 

and Rehabilitative Services

US Department of Education

Alternate Contact Person:

Donna Wiesner

Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

US Department of Education

Secretary of Homeland Security

The Honorable Michael Chertoff

Secretary of the US Department of Homeland Security

Represented by:

Daniel W. Sutherland

Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

Department of Homeland Security

Alternate Contact Person:

Claudia Gordon

Attorney for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

The Honorable Alphonso R. Jackson

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

US Department of Housing and Urban Development

Represented by:

Designated Representative Pending

The Secretary of the Interior

Acting Secretary Lynn Scarlett

US Department of the Interior
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Represented by:

Designated Representative Pending

The Secretary of Labor

The Honorable Elaine L. Chao

Secretary of Labor

US Department of Labor

Represented by:

The Honorable W. Roy Grizzard, Jr. Ed.D

Assistant Secretary

Office of Disability Employment Policy

US Department of Labor

Alternate Contact Person:

Nancy Skaggs

Executive Assistant

US Department of Labor

The Commissioner of the Social Security Administration 

The Honorable Jo Ann B. Barnhart

Commissioner

Social Security Administration

International Trade Commission Building

Represented by:

The Honorable Martin H. Gerry

Deputy Commissioner

Disability and Income Security Programs

Social Security Administration

Alternate Contact Person:

Susan Goodman

Consultant, Deputy Commissioner

Social Security Administration

The Secretary of Transportation

The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta

Secretary of the US Department of Transportation
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

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Represented by:

John P. Benison

US Department of Transportation

Departmental Office of Civil Rights

The Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The Honorable Cari Dominguez

Chairperson

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Represented by:

Mary Kay Mauren

Senior Attorney/Advisor

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation for National and Community Services

The Honorable David Eisner

Chief Executive Officer

Corporation for National and Community Services

Represented by:

Designated Contact Pending

The Chair of the National Council on Disability

The Honorable Lex Frieden

Chairperson

National Council on Disability

Represented by:

The Honorable Milton Aponte

Council Member

National Council on Disability
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

32

PCPID Staff 

Sally Atwater

Executive Director

Laverdia Taylor Roach

Program Analyst

George N. Bouthilet, Ph.D.

Program Specialist

Kodie Ruzicka

Program Analyst

Sheila Whittaker

Program Assistant

Ericka Alston

Executive Administrative Assistant
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

33

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS 

The Committee wishes to acknowledge and express appreciation for the support and 

contribution of the following persons who helped shape this document

Jeremias M. Alvarez

Social Science Analyst

Division of Economic Support for Families

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Washington, DC

Jennifer L. Baker

Intern/Case Manager

The Arc of Northern Virginia

Falls Church, Virginia

Ray Boshara

Director 

Asset Building Program

New America Foundation

Washington, DC 

James T. Brett

Member 

The President’s Committee

 for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Dorchester, Massachusetts 

Stephen Fear

Office of Disability and Income Security Programs

Social Security Administration

Baltimore, Maryland 

James Gatz

Manager 

Assets Development Program

Office of Community Services

Administration for Children and Families

Washington, DC 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

34

Johnette T. Hartnett, Ed.

Vice President 

Financing, Developing and Empowering America’s Communities

National Disability Institute

NCB Development Corporation

Washington, DC 

Ron Henry

The Pennstone Group

Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

John F. Hetterick

Executive Director 

No Place Like Home Communities, Inc.

Plymouth, Minnesota 

Edward R. Mambruno

Member 

President’s Committee for People

 With Intellectual Disabilities

Hartford, Connecticut

Pamela Mazerski

Associate Commissioner for Program 

 Development and Research

Office of Disability and Income Security Programs

Social Security Administration

Baltimore, Maryland 

Thomas Nerney

Center for Self Determination

Wayne, Michigan 

Megan O’Neil

Project Coordinator, Access to Assets Program

World Institute on Disability

Oakland, California 

Michelle Putnam

Assistant Professor

Washington University 

Center for Social Development

St. Louis, Missouri 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

35

Joseph Razes

Senior Technical Advisor

Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services

Baltimore, Maryland 

Dennis Smith

Director 

Center for Medicaid and State Operations

Centers for Medicaid and Medicare

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Washington, DC 

Ronald Smith

Chief

Volunteer and Community Partnerships, IRS

Atlanta, Georgia 

Madeleine Will

Chair 

President’s Committee 

 for People with Intellectual Disabilities (PCPID)

Executive Director 

National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

Washington, DC

Nina Isabel Zuna

University of Kansas

Beach Center on Disability

Lawrence, Kansas 
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

36

Current Efforts to Produce Original Research on

Asset Development for People with Disabilities

The Asset Accumulation and Tax Policy Project (AATPP), funded by the National 

Institute on Disability & Rehabilitation Research and located in the Law, Health Policy 

and Disability Center, University of Iowa College of Law, is the first center dedicated to 

asset development for people with disabilities. Working in collaboration with the 

National Disability Institute, World Institute on Disability, National Federation of 

Community Development Credit Unions, Southern New Hampshire School of 

Community Economic Development, and Disability Tax Research, AATPP focuses on 

examining asset development strategies to advance the economic and personal freedom 

and full community participation of individuals with disabilities.

National initiatives and outreach of AATPP include a disability course on national 

Credit Union Institute financial training curriculum, a 20,000 subscriber e-newsletter on 

asset development for people with disabilities, development of a national disability 

committee for Community Development Credit Unions, the Reach Up Awards for 

individuals with disabilities reaching their financial goals in the Wichita, Kansas pilot 

credit union site, development of the TaxFacts+ Campaign, and on-going research on 

the relation of tax policy and asset accumulation for individuals with disabilities.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities

37

President’s Committee for People with

Intellectual Disabilities

The Aerospace Center, Suite 701

370 L ‘Enfant Promenade, SW

Washington, DC 20447

Telephone: 202-619-0634

Fax: 202-205-9519

Website: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/pcpid/index.html

E-mail: pcpid@acf.hhs.gov