[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-13267

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

GERNALDO ALFONSO FELIZ, 

Defendant- Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cr-20171-JEM-2

____________________

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 1 of 11
2 Opinion of the Court 21-13267

Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Gernaldo Alfonso Feliz appeals his 108-month sentence imposed after he pled guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to 

distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while on board a vessel 

subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. On appeal, he argues that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable. First, he argues that the District Court improperly applied a 

two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2 for the reckless endangerment of another person during flight and failed to reduce his 

offense level under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 for the minor role he played in 

the broader cocaine smuggling conspiracy. Second, he argues that 

the District Court failed to consider his personal history and characteristics or make findings sufficient to justify his sentence. 

I.

In February 2021, Feliz and his codefendant piloted a go-fast 

vessel from the Dominican Republic to Columbia for the purpose 

of smuggling cocaine. After retrieving 72 kilograms of cocaine from 

Columbia, Feliz and his codefendant began their return to the Dominican Republic. On their trip back, Feliz spotted a plane overhead and alerted his codefendant, who started tossing the contraband overboard.

The United States Coast Guard (“USCG”) quickly launched 

a helicopter to intercept the vessel. After USCG members saw 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 2 of 11
21-13267 Opinion of the Court 3

individuals throwing packages overboard, the order was given to 

fire warning shots. Feliz ignored these warning shots and continued to flee. USCG members then resorted to firing disabling shots 

at the boat’s engine, which caused the boat to stop. USCG boarded 

the vessel, determined the vessel was subject to the jurisdiction of 

the United States, and detained Feliz and his codefendant.

On July 8, 2021, Feliz pled guilty pursuant to a written plea 

agreement to one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while on board a vessel 

subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The probation office assigned Feliz a base offense level of 34. The probation office

then applied an additional two-levels, pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(3)(C), 

because Feliz acted as a captain aboard a vessel carrying a controlled substance and added another two-levels, pursuant to § 

3C1.2, because Feliz recklessly created a substantial risk of death or 

serious bodily injury while fleeing law enforcement. After the application of a three-level reduction for his acceptance of responsibility, Feliz’s total offense level was 35.

Feliz had zero criminal history points, which placed him in 

a criminal history category of I. Based on his offense level of 35 and 

a criminal history category of I, Feliz was assigned a guidelines sentence range of 168 to 210 months’ imprisonment with a ten-year 

minimum mandatory.

Feliz made several objections to the probation office’s 

presentence report. First, Feliz objected to the two-level enhancement for reckless endangerment. Feliz argued that the 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 3 of 11
4 Opinion of the Court 21-13267

enhancement should not apply because his codefendant was a willing participant and there were no other boats in the water. Next, 

Feliz objected to the two-level increase for acting as a captain and 

the failure to reduce his offense level by two levels for meeting the 

safety valve criteria in U.S.S.G § 5C1.2(a)(5). Lastly, Feliz objected 

to the probation office’s failure to apply a two-level reduction for 

his minor role in the offense. Feliz argued that he was being held 

responsible for the entire quantity of the drugs, and the court 

should look at the unindicted co-conspirator’s conduct to determine whether his role was minor. 

Prior to sentencing, the government did not object to Feliz’s 

objection to the two-level increase for acting as a captain, pursuant 

to § 2D1.1(b)(3)(C). Moreover, the government agreed that Feliz 

qualified for the safety valve provision. The government, however, did argue that Feliz did not qualify for the minor role reduction. The government stressed that Feliz’s attempt to point to his 

minor role in a larger conspiracy was irrelevant because Feliz was 

not being held accountable for the broader conspiracy. Additionally, the government argued that the reckless endangerment enhancement was warranted because USCG operations inevitably 

create risk.

At sentencing, the District Court noted that it had reviewed 

the plea agreement, the presentence report, and objections to the 

presentence report. At this time, Feliz brought forth his unresolved 

objections to his calculated offense level. The District Court overruled Feliz’s objection with respect to the minor role reduction, 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 4 of 11
21-13267 Opinion of the Court 5

stressing that neither Feliz nor his codefendant were minor participants. Next, Felix brought forth his objection to the reckless endangerment enhancement. Felix argued that the enhancement 

was inapplicable because his codefendant did not qualify as “another person” as he was a willing participant in the flight. In response, the government stressed that Feliz’s decision to flee endangered USCG members on board the helicopter because they had to 

reposition the helicopter in order to fire warning and disabling 

shots. Siding with the government, the District Court overruled 

Feliz’s objection. After resolving all objections—including the removal of the two-level captaincy enhancement—Feliz had an offense level of 31 with a guidelines sentence range of 108 to 135 

months. 

The government recommended a sentence around 108 

months, noting that Feliz engaged in a high-speed chase that resulted in warning and disabling fire, which proved Feliz knew what 

he was doing was wrong. In response, Feliz requested the court to 

vary downward from the guidelines range due to his poor living 

conditions and third grade level education. Moreover, Feliz argued 

his sentence should be comparable to his codefendant’s sentence 

because both parties had operated the boat, but he happened to be 

driving when the USCG arrived. 

After considering the statements of all parties, the presentence report, and the 18 U.S.C § 3553(a) factors, the District Court 

found that Feliz met the criteria for the safety valve provision. As 

a result, the Court explained it would impose a sentence in 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 5 of 11
6 Opinion of the Court 21-13267

accordance with the advisory guidelines and without regard to any 

statutory minimum sentence. The Court then imposed a 108-

month sentence, explaining that “[a] sentence at the low end of the 

guidelines range would provide just punishment and adequate deterrence to criminal conduct.”

II. 

When reviewing a sentence for reasonableness, we utilize a 

two-step process, in which we first ensure that the district court 

committed no significant procedural error, such as improperly calculating the guidelines range. United States v. Trailer, 827 F.3d 

933, 935–936 (11th Cir. 2016). This Court “review[s] a district 

court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines and application 

of the Guidelines to the facts de novo, and [it] review[s] the district 

court’s findings of fact for clear error.” United States v. Dimitrovski, 782 F.3d 622, 628 (11th Cir. 2015). We have held that a district 

court’s determination of a defendant’s role is a finding of fact and 

subject to clear error review. United States v. De Varon, 175 F.3d 

930, 937 & n.3 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). A finding of fact is clearly 

erroneous if, after reviewing all of the evidence, we are left with a 

“definite and firm conviction” that a mistake has been made. 

United States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185, 1191 (11th Cir. 2015).

After determining that a district court’s sentencing decision 

is procedurally sound, we then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 

S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007). When reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we consider the totality of the circumstances under a 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 6 of 11
21-13267 Opinion of the Court 7

deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. The party challenging 

the sentence bears the burden of establishing that it is unreasonable 

based on the facts of the case and the § 3553(a) factors. United 

States v. Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010). 

Under an abuse-of-discretion standard, we may vacate the 

sentence only if we are left with the definite and firm conviction 

that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in 

weighing the U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors to arrive at an unreasonable 

sentence based on the facts of the case. United States v. Irey, 612 

F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). The district court must 

issue a sentence “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to comply with the purposes of U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), which include the 

need for a sentence to provide just punishment and deter criminal 

conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

A.

First, Feliz argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the District Court applied a two-level enhancement 

for reckless endangerment and failed to remove two-levels from 

his guideline offense level for his minor role in the drug smuggling 

conspiracy.

A defendant’s offense level should be increased by two levels 

if the defendant “recklessly created a substantial risk of death or 

serious bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing 

from a law enforcement officer.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2. According to 

the commentary, “reckless” means “a situation in which the 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 7 of 11
8 Opinion of the Court 21-13267

defendant was aware of the risk created by his conduct and the risk 

was of such a nature and degree that to disregard that risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable 

person would exercise in such a situation.” See id. § 3C1.2, comment. (n.2) (cross-referencing U.S.S.G. § 2A1.4, comment. (n.1)). 

Further, “‘[a]nother person’ includes any person, except a participant in the offense who willingly participated in the flight.” Id.

§ 3C1.2, comment. (n.4). To determine whether a “substantial risk 

of death or serious bodily injury” exists, § 3C1.2 “requires only that 

there was a substantial risk that something could have gone wrong 

and someone could have died or been seriously injured,” and conduct that could potentially harm a law enforcement officer is sufficiently reckless. Matchett, 802 F.3d at 1198. However, “flight 

alone is insufficient to warrant an enhancement under this section.” United States v. Wilson, 392 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2004).

The Guidelines provide for a two-level reduction to a defendant’s guidelines offense level if he was a minor participant in 

the offense. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b). “A minor participant is someone 

who is less culpable than most other participants, but whose role 

could not be described as minimal.” United States v. Martin, 803 

F.3d 581, 591 (11th Cir. 2015) (quotation marks omitted). Determining if a defendant played a minor role in the offense is a factintensive inquiry, and the sentencing court should assess the totality of the circumstances, “where no one factor is more important 

than another.” United States v. Cruickshank, 837 F.3d 1182, 

1195 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted) (determining that 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 8 of 11
21-13267 Opinion of the Court 9

the district court erred in only considering the drug quantity involved in the defendant’s offense). The defendant has the burden 

of proving his mitigating role in the offense by a preponderance of 

the evidence. De Varon, 175 F.3d at 939. 

In determining whether the defendant played a minor role, 

the district court should consider: “(1) the defendant’s role in the 

relevant conduct for which he has been held accountable for at sentencing; and (2) his role compared to that of the other participants 

in his relevant conduct.” Cruickshank, 837 F.3d at 1192. With respect to the defendant’s relevant conduct, “the district court must 

assess whether the defendant is a minor or minimal participant in 

relation to the relevant conduct attributed to the defendant in calculating [his] base offense level.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 941. A 

defendant is not entitled to a mitigating role adjustment when he 

can point to a broader criminal scheme that he was a minor participant in but was not held accountable for. Id. The district court 

may only consider other discernable participants who were involved in the relevant conduct attributed to the defendant. Martin, 

803 F.3d at 591. 

Additionally, the district court should consider these factors 

when determining whether a defendant qualifies for a minor role 

reduction: (1) the defendant’s degree of understanding of the structure and scope of the criminal activity; (2) the defendant’s degree 

of participation in the organization and planning of the criminal activity; (3) the defendant’s degree of decision-making authority or 

influence over the decision-making authority; (4) the defendant’s 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 9 of 11
10 Opinion of the Court 21-13267

nature and extent of participation in the criminal activity, including 

his actions and his responsibility and discretion in performing those 

actions; and (5) how much the defendant “stood to benefit” from 

the activity. United States v. Presendieu, 880 F.3d 1228, 1249-50 

(11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted); U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, comment. (n.3(C)). 

Here, Feliz’s sentence is not procedurally unreasonable. 

First, the District Court did not clearly err in finding that Feliz’s

codefendant was not an active participant in flight or in finding that 

Feliz recklessly endangered pursuing USCG personnel during 

flight. The boat——piloted by Feliz—did not stop until USCG 

members fired disabling shots from a helicopter. Accordingly, the

District Court did not clearly err in finding that Feliz recklessly endangered another individual.

Second, the District Court did not clearly err in finding that 

Feliz was not entitled to a minor role reduction. Feliz was held 

responsible for possessing cocaine aboard a boat, not for the 

broader cocaine smuggling conspiracy. And the record supports 

that Feliz and his codefendant played similar roles in transporting 

the cocaine aboard. As such, the District Court did not err in refusing to provide Feliz with a minor role reduction.

B.

Next, Feliz argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the District Court failed to give weight to his personal history and characteristics.

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 10 of 11
21-13267 Opinion of the Court 11

“[T]he weight given to any § 3553(a) factor is a matter committed to the discretion of the district court.” United States v. Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008). The court need not 

specifically discuss each § 3553(a) factor so long as the record reflects that the court considered those factors. United States v. 

Ghertler, 605 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2010). Moreover, if a sentence imposed is below the statutory maximum, that is a factor indicating that the sentence is reasonable. United States v. Hunt, 941 

F.3d 1259, 1264 (11th Cir. 2019). However, “[a] district court abuses 

its discretion when it fails to afford consideration to relevant factors 

that were due significant weight, gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or commits a clear error of judgment in 

considering the proper factors.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1189 (numbering 

omitted). 

Here, Feliz’s sentence is substantively reasonable. The District Court did not fail to consider his personal history and characteristics, and it was not required to analyze and make specific findings as to each sentencing factor. Instead, the District Court reasonably chose to place great weight on the need for his sentence to 

provide just punishment and adequate deterrence. Finally, the District Court specifically found that Feliz was eligible for the safety 

valve provision in the Sentencing Guidelines and went on to impose a sentence below the mandatory ten-year minimum sentence. 

Therefore, we affirm.

AFFIRMED. 

USCA11 Case: 21-13267 Date Filed: 09/01/2022 Page: 11 of 11