1

PHED SURROGATE EXPOSURE GUIDE

Estimates of Worker Exposure from 

The Pesticide Handler Exposure Database Version 1.1

August 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Table of Contents................................................................................................................. 2-3

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4-5

I. ................................................................Comments/Formulas for the new user 6-13

II...................................................................................................Exposure Tables 14-51

Mixer/Loader

Open Mixing/Loading

..........................................................................................Scenario 1. Dry Flowable: Open Mixing 15

Scenario 2. Granular: Open Mixing................................................................................. 16

........................................................................Scenario 3. All Liquid Formulations: Open Mixing 17

....................................................................................... Scenario 4. Wettable Powders: Open Bag 18

Scenario 5. Wettable Powders: Water Soluble Packets.................................................. 19

Closed Mixing/Loading

...................................................................... Scenario 6. All Liquid Formulations: Closed Mixing 20

Applicator

Aerial Applications

......................................Scenario 7. Aerial-Fixed Wing: Liquid Formulations; Enclosed Cockpits 21

Scenario 8. Aerial-Fixed Wing: Granular Formulations; Enclosed Cab ......................... 22

........................................................................................ Scenario 9. Helicopter: Enclosed Cockpit 23

............................................................................................................... Scenario 10. Aerosol Can 24

Airblast

...................................................................................................... Scenario 11. Airblast: Open Cab 25

................................................................................................ Scenario 12. Airblast: Enclosed Cab 26

Groundboom

..............................................................................................Scenario 13. Groundboom: Open Cab 27

Scenario 14. Groundboom: Enclosed Cab....................................................................... 28
Granular Applications

........................................................... Scenario 15. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Open Cab, Ag Uses 29

..................................................... Scenario 16. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Enclosed Cab, Ag Uses 30

Scenario 17. Granular Bait Dispersed by Hand ............................................................... 31

Handheld Spray Equipment

............................................................................................. Scenario 18. Low Pressure Handwand 32

.............................................................................................Scenario 19. High Pressure Handwand 33

......................................................................................................................Scenario 20. Backpack 34

........................................................................................................ Scenario 21. Hand Gun (Lawn) 35

Paint Equipment

.................................................................................................................... Scenario 22. Paintbrush 36

Scenario 23. Airless Sprayer (House Stain)..................................................................... 37

.............................................................................................Scenario 24. Rights-of-Way Sprayer 38

Flagger

Scenario 25. Liquid Formulations.................................................................................... 39

Scenario 26. Granular Formulations................................................................................ 40

Mixer/Loader/Applicator

...................................Scenario 27. Airblast: Wettable Powder or Liquid, Open Pour, Open Cab 41

Groundboom

.......................................................Scenario 28. Groundboom - Liquid, Open Pour and Open Cab 42

Scenario 29. Groundboom - Liquid or Dry flowable, Open Pour, Enclosed Cab ........... 43

Granular Application

............................................................................................................... Scenario 30. Belly Grinder 44

Scenario 31. “Push-type” Granular Spreader (Granular, Open Pour) ............................. 45

Handheld Spray Equipment

............................................................ Scenario 32. Low Pressure Handwand: Liquid, Open Pour 46

Scenario 33. Low Pressure Handwand: Wettable Powder, Open Pour (also for 

............................................................................................................................................................ Cr

..........................................................................Scenario 34. Backpack Sprayer: liquid, open pour 48

Scenario 35. High Pressure Hand Wand: liquid, open pour ........................................... 49

Scenario 36. Garden Hose-End Sprayer: liquid, open pour............................................ 50

..................................................................Scenario 37. Termiticide Injection : liquid, open pour 51

III. .......................................................................................................... APPENDIX 52-67

-Studies used in the estimation of dermal, hand and inhalation 

exposure estimates
5

-Glossary
INTRODUCTION 

Hello!

This document, the Pesticide Handler Exposure Database (PHED) surrogate worker 

exposure guide, contains basic pesticide handler scenarios. The data contained in the 

following tables are summaries of the worker exposure outputs generated by PHED. 

These estimates were derived from actual field studies and are based on the physical 

factors of a handler scenario (e.g., the type of protective clothing worn, method of 

application, formulation type, etc.). 

This manual is divided into 3 sections. Section 1 discusses how this guide is most 

effectively used. This section details essentials for the new user, including explanations 

of data confidence, replicates, protective clothing, cab types, and formulas. It also 

instructs you how to incorporate the PHED Dermal and Inhalation unit exposure 

estimates into your Average Daily Dose (ADD), Average Annual Daily Dose (AADD) 

and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) equations. 

Section 2 contains tables of worker exposure estimates. It is divided into four parts, 

based on a specific handler function. These four parts are 1) mixer/loader 2) applicator 

3) flagger and 4) mixer/loader/applicator. Each page refers to a specific handler scenario 

(e.g. wettable powder, open pour mixing and loading) and contains three different tables. 

The first table provides the user with an estimate of dermal unit exposure. The dermal 

unit exposure estimates are based on three different clothing scenarios. These scenarios 

are 1) “no clothes”, which provides an estimation of exposure for a handler with no 

protective clothing (i.e., total deposition); 2) long sleeve shirt, long pants, and no gloves; 

and 3) long sleeve shirt, long pants, and chemical resistant gloves. The dermal exposure 

has been divided into sections of the body. These sections are 1) head and neck; 2) 

upper arm, forearm, chest, back, thigh, and lower leg; and 3) hand. This table is useful 

because it allows the reviewer to see which parts of the body are most vulnerable to 

exposure from a given handler scenario. Additionally a reviewer can apply arithmetically 

estimated protection factors (NOTE: it should be stressed that applying arithmetically 

estimated protection factors should be done only in the absence of good data). Finally, 

this table allows the reviewer to better evaluate changes in exposure from the addition of 

PPE. The TOTAL dermal exposure is provided in the final column of this table. 

The number of replicates and grade quality are listed in the second table. This table also 

includes anything noteworthy about the PHED analysis (e.g., high percentage of nondetects, spills, etc.).

The inhalation exposure, replicate number and grade quality are listed in the third table at 

the bottom of each page.
7

Section 3 is the appendix of this guide and lists the studies that went into each handler 

scenario. The importance of knowing which studies were used to estimate exposure can 

not be emphasized enough. This table is not a panacea. These estimates of exposure 

are very basic and may not be appropriate for every situation. The reviewer should 

always be familiar with the studies that were used in his or her analysis. In addition to the 

listing of studies, there are also definitions of formulations and methods of application in 

the appendix. 

PHED can often be complicated. Don’t give up! A good understanding of the database 

and what it can (and can’t) do is your best weapon. 

Enjoy

Tracy Lynn Keigwin

April, 1997

Revised August 1998
SECTION 1

COMMENTS and FORMULAS for the NEW USER
9

GRADING PHED STUDIES

Each study in PHED has been graded from “A” to “E” according to certain QA/QC factors

Data Grade % Lab

Recovery

CV* for 

Lab recovery

% Field

Recovery

% Storage

Stability

Data 

Corrected 

For:***

A 90-110 15 70-120 ** Field Recovery

B 80-110 25 50-120 ** Field Recovery

C 70-120

70-120

33

33

30-120

or

missing

**

50-120

Field Recovery

D 60-120 33 ** ** Field Recovery if 

available; if not 

then storage 

stability, if not 

then lab recovery

E Does not meet above criteria

* CV = Coefficient of Variation

** Does not matter if available or missing

*** If a field recovery of 90% or greater is obtained, no correction of the data is necessary

DATA CONFIDENCE

Data confidence refers to both the quality and the amount of data for each PHED run. Each 

study in PHED has been graded from “A” to “E” according to certain Quality Assurance/Quality 

Control (QA/QC) factors: 

High Confidence Run/: Grades A and B -AND- at least 15 replicates per body

AB GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A or B grade data are 

listed as “AB grade” data in the tables.

Medium Confidence Run: Grades A, B, or C -AND- at least 15 replicates per body 

ABC GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A,B,and C 

grade data are listed as “ABC grade” data in the tables.

Low Confidence Run/: Any run that includes D or E grade data - OR - has less 

“ALL GRADE” than 15 replicates per body part. PHED runs which 

include “D” or “E” grade data are referred to as having

“ALL GRADE” data. “ALL GRADE” data are always 

low confidence.

REPLICATES
The term “replicates” refers to the number of observations for a specific body location. 

For example, “20 to 35 replicates”, means that the number of observations, per body 

location, ranges between 20 and 35.

DATA CONFIDENCE AND COMMENT BOX

The Comment Box discusses the grade quality, number of replicates and any items of 

note for a particular use scenario. For example: if the comment box lists a use scenario as 

“Dermal = 75 to 121 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High 

Confidence run” this would mean that the head, neck, upper arm, forearm, chest, back, 

thigh and lower leg replicates range between 75 to 121 and are of AB grade and that there 

are 53 hand replicates of AB grade. This would be considered a high confidence run 

because there are at least 15 replicates per body part of AB grade.

TYPES OF CLOTHING

“No Clothing” : This scenario is the most conservative estimate of 

exposure. Data collection is made with 

dosimeters/patches worn outside of all clothing. 

Examples of uses for this scenario might be with 

aerosol applications or for other residential uses. This 

might be a good choice when estimating exposure for a 

developing country where PPE are often not used.

Single Layer - definition When this table refers to “Single Layer” it means 

either long sleeve shirt and long pants or coveralls. 

There are two types of “single layer” clothing 

scenarios in this table:

1) Single Layer, No Gloves:

This is the exposure when a handler is wearing a long 

sleeve shirt and pants or coveralls and no gloves. The 

dosimeters/patches are worn underneath one layer of 

permeable clothing

2) Single Layer, Gloves:

This is the exposure a handler would receive when 

wearing a long sleeve shirt and pants or coveralls and 

chemical resistant gloves. The dosimeters/patches are 

worn underneath one layer of permeable clothing.

RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE
11

Residential uses are not covered by the WPS (Worker Protection Standard) and the 

clothing worn by a homeowner will often be less protective than the PPE worn by a 

commercial applicator. Assessors should consult the Residential Exposure SOPs which 

discuss the estimation of residential exposure.

CAB TYPES

Open Cab/Cockpit:“No cabs” (Code 1) and enclosed cabs with windows open 

(Code 2).

Closed Cab/Cockpit: Enclosed Cabs with windows closed (Code 3) and enclosed 

cabs with filtered air (Code 4).

FEET

PHED contains a small number of data entry errors for foot exposure. Because of this, 

foot exposure estimations have not been included in the estimation of Dermal Exposure. 

These errors will be corrected when PHED version 2.0 is released.
CALCULATIONS

Arithmetically estimated protection factors are sometimes used when data for handlers wearing 

the specified PPE are not available. In the following exposure mitigation table is a list of 

estimated protection factors (agreed to by USEPA/OPP/HED Science Peer Review Committee). 

These protection factors should be considered interim measures only.
13

EXPOSURE MITIGATION TABLE 

PPE % reduction in exposure NOTE

Long sleeve shirt and long 

pants or full coveralls

50% reduction in exposure to covered 

parts

This estimate is being reviewed by EPA, 

Health Canada and CADPR. The 

percent reduction in exposure afforded 

by coveralls may be increased in the 

future. Please verify this protection 

factor before proceeding. As of January, 

1998, HED’s policy is 50%.

Chemical resistant gloves 90% reduction in exposure to hands

Dust/Mist respirator 80% reduction in inhalation exposure

Organic vapour respirator 90% reduction in inhalation exposure

Enclosed Cabs 98% reduction in both dermal and 

inhalation exposure
14

HOW TO APPLY A PROTECTION FACTOR 

Multiply the unit exposure for the body parts of concern (from exposure tables) by the 

percentage of those body parts that will still be exposed after PPE protection is applied. For 

instance: suppose the PHED exposure table lists the “no glove” hand exposure for a particular 

use scenario as 0.05 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate hand exposure if the applicator 

wore gloves. From the exposure mitigation table you find that gloves provide a 90% protection 

factor (i.e., 10% of the hands remain unprotected). Therefore, if you multiply your “no glove” 

hand exposure (0.05 mg/lb ai handled) by the unprotected proportion of the hand (0.1) your 

gloved hand exposure would be 0.005 mg/lb ai handled.

Examples of applying protection factors:

If the estimated unit exposure 

is:

and you want to: The arithmetically 

estimated exposure is:

“No glove” hand exposure is 

0.130 mg/lb ai handled

estimate gloved hand exposure 0.130 x 0.1 = 0.013 mg/lb 

ai handled

Inhalation exposure = 

0.023 mg/lb ai handled

estimate inhalation exposure 

when wearing a dust-mist 

respirator

0.023 x 0.2 = 0.0046 mg/lb 

ai handled

Open cab dermal exposure = 

0.170 mg/lb ai handled

estimate dermal exposure 

when using a enclosed cab

0.170 x 0.2 = 0.0034 mg/lb 

ai applied

Additional layer of clothing

Adding another protective layer of clothing (e.g., a second layer of clothing or coveralls) 

reduces exposure to relevant body parts (i.e., upper and lower body) by 50%. Therefore, 

in order to estimate the exposure after adding more clothing:

1) Multiply the value for the upper and lower body by 0.50. 

2) Add this revised value for the upper and lower body to the columns for the head 

and the column for the hands to obtain the new total dermal exposure estimate.
15

HOW TO “BACK CALCULATE”

“Back-calculating” is literally the reverse of applying a protection factor and is used 

when a baseline (i.e., no gloves) estimate of exposure is necessary and the data are 

unavailable. For example, if PHED contains monitored data for “gloved” hand exposure 

as 0.005 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate “no glove” exposure, you “back 

calculate” by dividing the gloved exposure value by the portion of unprotected hand 

(10% or 0.1). Your estimated “no glove” exposure is then 0.05 mg/lb ai handled.

Examples of Back Calculating:

If the estimated unit 

exposure is:

and you want to: The arithmetically 

estimated exposure is:

“glove” hand exposure is 

0.0059 mg/lb ai handled

estimate “no glove” hand 

exposure

0.0059  0.1 = 0.059 

mg/lb ai handled
16

USING PHED UNIT EXPOSURE ESTIMATES IN YOUR EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS

The estimates in this guide only provide you with the first stepping stone in estimating 

worker exposure. In order to estimate average daily dose, average annual daily dose and 

lifetime average daily dose, you will need to use your PHED unit exposure estimates in 

the equations listed below. Assessors should characterize the dose as either "potential" or 

"absorbed" depending upon the use of dermal absorption data. For more details on 

exposure and risk calculations, readers should refer to Series 875, Group B, Part D.

Average Daily Dose (ADD) =

Dermal Exposure

(PHED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treated/day) (% dermal absorption*)

 60 or 70 kg body weight**

Inhalation Exposure

(PHED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treated/day) (1mg/1000 g) (% inhalation absorption)

 60 or 70 kg body weight**

* Do Not multiply by the dermal absorption if your NOEL is based on a dermal study. 

** A 60 kg body weight is used when calculating daily exposure if there are developmental 

toxicity concerns, otherwise, a 70 kg body weight is used.
17

SECTION 2

EXPOSURE TABLES
18
19

SCENARIO 1. DRY FLOWABLE, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0186 1.05 0.00952 = 1.1

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.0186 0.0382 0.00952 0.066

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.0186 0.0382 0.0097 0.066

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 16 - 19 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the 

small number of hand replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16 - 26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the 

small number of hand replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16 - 26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 21 replicates, AB grade. NOTE: this run has a lot of 

non-detects for the glove exposure values. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.77 g/lb ai handled . Replicates = 23, AB grade. High Confidence
20

SCENARIO 2. GRANULAR, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00130 0.0285 0.00184 = 0.032

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00130 0.00523 0.00184 0.0084

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00130 0.00523 0.000345 0.0069

Coveralls over

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00130 0.00174 0.000345 0.0034

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 25 - 59, ABC grade. Hand = 10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the

poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 33 - 78, ABC grade. Hand = 10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the 

poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate number.

Single Layer,Gloves Dermal replicates = 33 - 78, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Coveralls over Single 

Layer, Gloves

Dermal replicates = 12 - 59, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the

low replicate number for many body parts.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.7 g/lb ai handled. 58 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence
21

SCENARIO 3. ALL LIQUIDS, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00527 0.301 2.84 = 3.1

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00527 0.0110 2.840 2.9

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00527 0.0110 0.00671 0.023

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 75 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 59 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.2 g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 85, AB grade. High Confidence
22

SCENARIO 4. WETTABLE POWDER, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0776 3.06 3.56 = 6.7

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.0776 0.0760 3.560 3.7

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.0776 0.0760 0.0138 0.17

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14-24, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the 

low number of hand replicates (There were additional “D” and “E” grade hand replicates but hand 

exposure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite 

low). Additionally, all the body parts did not have at least 15 replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 22-45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the 

low number of hand replicates (There were additional “D” and “E” grade hand replicates but hand 

exposure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite 

low). 

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 22-45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 24, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

43.4239 g/lb ai handled. 44 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence
23

SCENARIO 5. WETTABLE POWDER, WATER SOLUBLE BAGS (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00147 0.0260 0.0112 = 0.039

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00147 0.00827 0.0112 0.021

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00147 0.00827 0.0000625 0.0098

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low 

replicate number per body part. 

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low 

replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non-detects.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low 

replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non-detects (e.g., all gloved 

data are nondetect).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.24 g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 15, All grade. Low Confidence (all grade data)
24

SCENARIO 6. ALL LIQUIDS, CLOSED MIXING and LOADING (MLOD)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000924 0.0330 No Data = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00126 0.00564 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00126 0.00564 0.00168 0.0086

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 14 to 40 replicates, All grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no 

glove” hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this 

estimate to the “no clothes” scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no 

glove” hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this 

estimate to the “single layer, no gloves” scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 31 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.083 g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 27, AB grade. High Confidence
25

SCENARIO 7. AERIAL-FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Liquid Application (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000156 0.00174 0.00311 = 0.0050

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.00311 0.0050

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.000287 0.0022

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 28, AB grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate hand number and poor grade quality.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.068 g/lb ai handled. 23 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence
26

SCENARIO 8. AERIAL-FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Granular Application (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000355 0.00398 0.0000735 = 0.0044

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000355 0.00125 0.0000735 0.0017

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000355 0.00125 0.0000756 0.0017

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 9 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were not 

monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103 

dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect).

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were not 

monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103 

dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.3 g/lb ai handled. 13 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.
27

SCENARIO 9. ROTARY (Helicopter) APPLICATION, ENCLOSED COCKPIT (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000156 No Data 0.0000512 = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.0000512 0.0019

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.0000446 0.0019

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0 to 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to 

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 2, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to 

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to 

inadequate dermal and hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.0018 g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 3, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

Note: All dermal (excluding hands) samples are nondetect (LOQ - 0.01 g/cm2). All hand and airborne samples are above the LOQ. 

The policy of the Exposure Science Advisory Committee (EXPO SAC) is not to quantify this scenario in risk assessment using these 

unit exposures because there are insufficient data points.
28

SCENARIO 10. AEROSOL APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 45.5 327 106 = 480

Single Layer,

No Gloves

45.5 35.4 106 190

Single Layer,

Gloves

45.5 35.4 0.532 81

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1,300 g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Although the unit exposure appears higher, the values are normalized by lb ai applied. The amount of ai applied per replicate 

was only 0.01 lb ai (one aerosol can). This scenario represents an insecticide crack/crevice treatment.
29

SCENARIO 11. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, OPEN CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.197 1.86 0.123 = 2.2

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.197 0.0421 0.123 0.36

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.197 0.0421 0.00243 0.24

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 33 to 44, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 32 to 49, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 31 to 48, AB grade. Hand replicates = 18 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

4.5 g/lb ai handled. 47 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: The three turf airblast replicates (golf course) are not included in this scenario. Only tree crops and grapes are included.
30

SCENARIO 12. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00418 0.0450 No Data = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00418 0.00186 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00418 0.00186 0.0129 0.019

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing 

Scenario

Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no glove” 

replicates. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back-calculate from the gloved hand value.

Single Layer, 

No Gloves

Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of “no glove” 

replicates. NOTE: Although not surprising for an enclosed cab scenario, there are a high number of non-detects 

for this scenario. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to back-calculate from the gloved hand 

value.

Single Layer, 

Gloves

Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 20, AB grade. NOTE: Although not surprising for an 

enclosed cab scenario, there are a large number of non-detects for this scenario. High Confidence 

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.45 g/lb ai handled. 9 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence (less than 15 replicates)
31

SCENARIO 13. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, OPEN CAB (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00161 0.0381 0.00650 = 0.046

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00161 0.00612 0.00650 0.014

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00161 0.00612 0.00629 0.014

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 17 to 33, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. The neck location is limited 

to 23 observations; the next lowest number of observations is 32. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 21, ABC grade. The neck location is limited 

to 23 observations; the next lowest number of observations is 32. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.74 g/lb ai handled. 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence
32

SCENARIO 14. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL) 

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000171 0.00933 0.000836 = 0.010

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000171 0.00401 0.000836 0.0050

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000171 0.00401 0.0009 0.0051

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13 to 26, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to 

the low number of replicates per body part.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 12, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

the grades and small number of hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.043 g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence
33

SCENARIO 15. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ OPEN CAB, AG USES (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000863 0.0354 0.00304 = 0.039

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000863 0.00603 0.00304 0.0099

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000863 0.00603 No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number. NOTE: Gloved hand replicates are unavailable for this exposure scenario. The only 

way to estimate gloved hand exposure is to reduce the “no glove” hand value by 90% and add this value 

to columns A and B. 

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.2 g/lb ai handled 5 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number.
34

SCENARIO 16. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ENCLOSED CAB, AG USES (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000156 0.00174 0.000212 = 0.0021

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.000212 0.0021

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000156 0.00174 0.0000606 0.0020

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 2 to 27 AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. The majority of the body parts are represented by only 2 replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. High Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. The neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates 

range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non-hand).

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 17, AB grade. High Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. The neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates 

range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non-hand).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

0.2201 g/lb ai handled. 37 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Application equipment includes drop-type spreaders and row planters.
35

SCENARIO 17. GRANULAR BAIT DISPERSED BY HAND (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 5.67 71.8 No Data = See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

5.67 62.0 No Data See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

5.67 62.0 3.61 71

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove” 

replicates for this use scenario. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to backcalculate the gloved estimate.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove” 

replicates for this use scenario. The only way to estimate “no glove” hand exposure is to backcalculate the gloved estimate.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 15, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

470 g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Note: The 15 hand replicates are all nondetect (LOQ = 41 g).
36

SCENARIO 18. LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 1.09 18.5 4.92 = 25

Single Layer,

No Gloves

1.09 5.97 4.92 12

Single Layer,

Gloves

1.09 5.97 0.0160 7.1

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

940 g/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

NOTE: In most instances, the same individual would be responsible for mixing/loading and applying using a low pressure handwand sprayer. 

Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 32 (i.e., low pressure handwand mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate.
37

SCENARIO 19. HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0836 12.2 1.16 = 13

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.0836 0.550 1.16 1.8

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.0836 0.550 0.00625 0.64

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. 

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. 

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due 

inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Additionally, the gloved hand values are based 

primarily on non-detects.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

79 g/lb ai handled. 11 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Note: Monitoring included applications to poultry manure indoors (n = 9) and to weeds and brush (n = 2) outdoors. All replicates 

applied a pesticide at 200 psi.
38

SCENARIO 20. BACKPACK APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 9.78 394 276 = 680

Single Layer,

No Gloves

9.78 No Data 276 See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

9.78 No Data No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade. Hand replicates = 60, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade (head and neck only) . Hand replicates = 60, AB grade. Low Confidence 

due to absence of dermal replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection afforded by 

one layer of clothing.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade (head and neck only). Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the 

absence of both dermal and hand replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection 

afforded by one layer of clothing and gloves.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

330 g/lb ai handled. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

NOTE: Many of the studies used in this PHED scenario have used different application practices than in the United States (i.e., broadcast 

application in tea, rubber). This has lead to a potential over estimate of exposure for a typical spot treatment. The reviewer should pull the PHED 

studies (see appendix) and review them to see if the application procedures are acceptable. In most instances, the same individual would be 

responsible for mixing/loading and applying using a backpack sprayer. Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 34 (i.e., backpack 

mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate.
39

SCENARIO 21. HAND GUN (LAWN) SPRAYER (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing No Data No Data No Data =

No Data

Single Layer,

No Gloves

No Data No Data No Data No Data

Single Layer,

Gloves

No Data 0.290 0.0480 0.34

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes No Data

Single Layer, No Gloves No Data

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 14, C grade. Hand replicates = 14, C grade. Low Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

1.4 g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 14, B grade. Low Confidence
40

SCENARIO 22. PAINTBRUSH APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 2.46 78.7 175 = 260

Single Layer,

No Gloves

2.46 3.81 175 180

Single Layer,

Gloves

2.46 3.81 No Data See Note (Below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing 

Scenario

Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Low to Medium Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Single Layer, 

No Gloves

Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Single Layer, 

Gloves

Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate 

number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14).

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

280 g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence

NOTE: PHED V1.1 incorrectly lists the amount of active ingredient handled. The correct lb ai handled for replicates 0467 CC, DD,

EE, FF, GG, HH, JJ, KK, LL, MM, and NN is 0.0510 lb ai, not 0.0253 lb ai. The exposure estimates in this table represent the 

recalculated (correct) values.
41

SCENARIO 23. AIRLESS SPRAYER (EXTERIOR HOUSE STAIN) APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 10.2 77.7 26.7 = 110

Single Layer,

No Gloves

10.2 1.47 26.7 38

Single Layer,

Gloves

10.2 1.47 No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of hand replicates. The 

reviewer will need to add a 90% protection factor to the “no gloved” hand value and add this estimate to the 

“single layer, gloves” scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

830 g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence

NOTE: There is only one study in PHED Version 1.1 that estimates airless sprayer exposure (study 0467). The reviewer is urged to pull study 

0467 and see if it matches his or her parameters.
42

SCENARIO 24. RIGHT-OF-WAY SPRAYER APPLICATION (APPL)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.175 0.850 0.878 = 1.9

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.175 0.210 0.878 1.3

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.175 0.210 0.00954 0.39

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 4 - 5, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack 

of dermal replicates.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 4 - 20, ABCgrade. Hand replicates = 16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack 

of dermal replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 4 - 20, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 4, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack 

of dermal and hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

3.9 g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, A grade. High Confidence
43

SCENARIO 25. FLAGGER/LIQUID (FLAG)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00568 0.0444 0.00272 = 0.053

Single Layer, 

No Gloves

0.00663 0.00174 0.00272 0.011

Single Layer, 

Gloves

0.00663 0.00174 0.00313 0.012

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 17 to 57 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 6 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the 

small number of hand replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35 g/lb ai applied. 28 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Data are pooled from both the flagger in the treatment area and on the perimeter of the treatment area.
44

SCENARIO 26. FLAGGER/GRANULE (FLAG)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm,

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.000440 0.00458 0.0000219 = 0.0050

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.000440 No Data 0.0000219 See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.000440 No Data No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 16 to 20 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 4 replicates, all grade. Low Confidence due to 

the inadequate hand replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate “single layer” or “gloved” exposure. The only way to 

obtain a rough estimate of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the 

"no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate “single layer” or “gloved” exposure. The only way to 

obtain a rough estimate of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the 

"no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.15 g/lb ai handled. 4 replicates, E grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate inhalation 

replicate number and poor grade quality.
45

SCENARIO 27. WETTABLE POWDER or LIQUID/OPEN POUR/AIRBLAST/OPEN CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 1.04 17.9 7.25 = 26

Single Layer,

No Gloves

1.04 No Data 7.25 See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

1.04 No Data No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing 

Scenario

Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 8, AB grade. Hand = 2 replicates, AB grade. This is a Low Confidence due to the 

extremely inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, 

No Gloves

Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with “0" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate 

of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Single Layer, 

Gloves

Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with “0" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate 

of “single layer” and/or “glove” exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 21 g/lb ai handled. 8 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate inhalation 

replicate number 

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This use scenario includes both wettable powder replicates and liquid 

replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was only done because of the extremely limited number of replicates 

for this use scenario. This is not a recommended subsetting practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the 

mixing/loading portion should have been wettable powder or liquid, but never the two combined). This is an extremely Low 

Confidence use scenario. The reviewer is advised to take the separate M/L value for liquid or wettable powder and the separate 

applicator exposure value for airblast and add them together.
46

SCENARIO 28. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/OPEN CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0314 0.524 0.321 = 0.88

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.0276 0.0225 0.321 0.37

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.0276 0.0225 0.00654 0.057

Protective 

overalls over 

single layer gloves

0.0276 0.00207 0.00654 0.036

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 16 to 36, AB grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 32 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Protective overalls over 

single layer gloves

Dermal = 7 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 32 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 1.3 g/lb ai handled. 26 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence
47

SCENARIO 29. LIQUID or DRY FLOWABLE/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/ENCLOSED CAB (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.00780 0.141 0.0731 = 0.22

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.00780 0.00807 0.0731 0.089

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.00780 0.00807 0.0135 0.029

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal = 29 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 24 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35 g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

This use scenario includes both dry flowable replicates and liquid replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was 

only done because of the limited number of replicates for some body parts for this use scenario. This is not a recommended subsetting 

practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the mixing/loading portion should have been dry flowable or liquid, but 

never the two combined). The reviewer may wish to take the separate M/L value for liquid or dry flowable and the separate applicator 

exposure value for groundboom enclosed cab and combine them together.
48

SCENARIO 30. GRANULE/OPEN POUR/BELLY GRINDER (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.711 208 2.49 = 210

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.711 7.21 2.49 10

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.711 7.21 1.39 9.3

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 29, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 20, All grades. Low Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 62 g/lb ai applied. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: PLEASE NOTE: If only grades ABC are used for the gloved data (n=15), 

the "gloved" hand exposure would be significantly more than the “no gloved” hand exposure. This artifact results because the distribution type for 

the glove data is "normal" (arithmetic mean reported). Therefore, the estimate reported above is based on all grades in order to increase the sample 

size.
49

SCENARIO 31. “PUSH TYPE” GRANULAR SPREADER

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing No Data No Data 1.83 See Note (Below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

No Data 1.09 1.83 2.9

Single Layer,

Gloves

No Data 1.09 No Data See Note (Below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate 

number.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. There are no head or neck replicates for this clothing scenario. All other 

body parts contain 15 replicates.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate 

replicate number. There are no head, neck or hand replicates for this clothing scenario. All other body 

parts contain 15 replicates.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

6.3 g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, B grade. High Confidence
50

SCENARIO 32. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.300 4.32 102 = 110

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.300 0.126 102 100

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.300 0.126 0.00208 0.43

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 79 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

low hand grades used (lots of “E” grade.)

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number and low hand grades used (lots of “E” grade.)

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates =10, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number. The gloved hand estimates are based almost entirely on non-detects.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30 g/lb ai handled. 80 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence
51

SCENARIO 33. WETTABLE POWDER/OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

(This may also be used for “crack and crevice” mixer/loader/applicator)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 1.55 127 No Data = See Notes (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

1.55 4.78 No Data See Notes (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

1.55 4.78 2.28 8.6

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of “no glove” 

hand data available for this use scenario.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of "no glove” 

hand data available for this use scenario.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Medium Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 1,100 g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence run
52

SCENARIO 34. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/BACKPACK (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.742 22.1 No Data = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.742 1.72 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.742 1.72 0.00462 2.5

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate number. 

“No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are nondetect. It is 

not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario.

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate 

number. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are 

nondetect. It is not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario.

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 11, C grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate 

replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30 g/lb ai applied. 11 replicates, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.
53

SCENARIO 35. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai 

handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai 

handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.525 41.3 No Data = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.525 1.89 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.525 1.89 0.113 2.5

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for 

this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove 

exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence 

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for 

this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove 

exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence 

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 13, C grade. Low Confidence due to 

inadequate replicate number.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 120 g/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: There is only ONE study in PHED that estimates exposure for this 

use scenario (#1024). The data were monitored in greenhouses; applications to floor, bench, and overhead plants (nozzle pressure not 

reported).
54

SCENARIO 36. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/GARDEN HOSE END SPRAYER (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.467 5.62 27.5 = 34

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.467 No Data 27.5 See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.467 No Data No Data See Note (below)

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates= 8, C grade. Hand replicates = 8, E grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number 

and low grade confidence.

Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates the “long sleeve shirt and long 

pants ” clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor to the total exposure 

data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates a “long sleeve shirt, long pants 

and glove” clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor due to the total 

exposure data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality.

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 9.5 g/lb ai applied. 8 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number.

SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This is an extremely low confidence use scenario and should be viewed as 

a datagap. The hand grade is grade E and the replicate number is only 8. This use scenario is based on only one study (#0201). It 

should be viewed as a datagap.
55

SCENARIO 37. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/TERMITICIDE INJECTION (MLAP)

Dermal Exposure

Clothing 

Scenario

Head and Neck 

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Upper and Lower Arm, 

Chest, Back, Thigh 

and Lower Leg

(mg/lb ai handled)

+

Hand 

(mg/lb ai handled)

TOTAL

Dermal Exposure

(mg/lb ai handled)

No Clothing 0.0310 13.4 No Data = See Note (below)

Single Layer,

No Gloves

0.0310 0.226 No Data See Note (below)

Single Layer,

Gloves

0.0310 0.226 0.103 0.36

Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note

Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note

No Clothes Dermal replicates = 17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this use 

scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (1 

of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence 

Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. “No glove” hand data are unavailable for this 

use scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure 

(1 of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence

Single Layer, Gloves Dermal and Hand replicates = 17, AB grade. High Confidence

Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence

INHALATION EXPOSURE: 2.2 g/lb ai applied. 17 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence

Note: Termiticide applied at various types of structures (e.g., slab foundation, poured basements, crawl space).
56
57

APPENDIX
58

Definitions of formulations and methods of application

LIQUID FORMULATIONS

SOLUTION

Formulation wherein the active ingredient dissolves readily in a liquid solvent to form a 

homogenous mixture. 

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE

Solution of active ingredient with emulsifiers such as glycols and sulfonates to form a 

homogenous suspension. Usually diluted for use. Typical uses include crop sprays, 

insect repellent lotions.

AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS

Also known as "flowables". A particulate which is premixed with a liquid to form a 

suspension. Usually diluted for use.

UNDILUTED LIQUID

Liquid pesticide concentrates which can often have a high percentile of active ingredient 

(50% or above). They are designed to be used as is, or diluted with a small quantity of a 

specified solvent.

MICROENCAPSULATED

A suspension designed for the slow release of pesticide due to the microencapsulation of 

the active ingredient in tiny beads or capsules. In consistency it is similar to a liquid. 

SOLID FORMULATIONS

DUST

Active ingredient formulated with powdered dry inert substance such as talc or clay. 

Insoluble in water and containing no wetting or dispersing agents. Usually less than 30 

m in diameter. Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of 

active ingredient. Typical uses include crop and livestock dusts, seed treatments, tracking 

powders and pet products.

GRANULE

Vermiculite, attaclay, ground walnut shells, or other similar coarse particles impregnated 

with an active ingredient. Insoluble. Can range between 80 m and 2360 m in particle 

size. Usually larger than 500 microns. Most granular formulations are ready to use and 
59

contain a low percentage of active ingredient. Typical uses include soil treatments, insect 

baits, and vaporizers. 

WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES/DRY FLOWABLE

Similar to granule (above) except that it is soluble in water and is between granular and 

powder in particulate size. Usually includes a wetting or dispersing agent. 

WETTABLE POWDER

Also known as dispersible or sprayable powders. Fine particulate solid containing 

wetting/dispersing agents which form a suspension that can "settle out" without frequent 

agitation. The highest proportion of particles are less than 

5 m, with none greater than 44m. Most wettable powder formulations contain 50% or 

more active ingredient. 

APPLICATION METHODS

AIRBLAST

An air sprayer in which the volume median diameter (VMD) of the spray is greater than 

100 microns. They are typically trailer-mounted and large, with spray tanks ranging in 

size between 50 and 500 gallons and rotating "screens" that produce varying droplet 

sizes. The spray material is transported by pump from the tank where it is released into a 

high volume, high-speed air current produced by a fan or blower mounted behind the 

spray tank. Airblast equipment is used to apply dilute fungicides and insecticides to a 

variety of agricultural crops such as orchard crops, grapes, berries, and nursery crops. 

They are designed to deliver a high volume of spray to penetrate dense foliage crops.

BOOM SPRAYERS

Boom Sprayers are comprised of a tank for holding a reservoir of spray liquid, spray 

delivery lines to carry liquid to the nozzles, a bypass to return pumped liquid in excess of 

spray nozzle demand to the tank, a horizontal framework or boom on which the nozzles 

are mounted, and a pumping system. Tractor mounted booms are generally used for 

preplant and pre-emergent broadcast application of liquid pesticides, and for posemergent, band, or directed application to row crops. 

AEROSOL CAN

A can holding pressurized liquid that is expelled by pushing a nozzle. The volume 

median diameter is typically less than 15 microns. Typically used for spot treatment or 

foggers.

AERIAL FIXED WING

Airplane application
60

AERIAL ROTARY WING

Helicopter application

HAND WAND

Light weight, hand operated sprayers. Their name is derived from the long metal 

extension which ends in an adjustable nozzle. A hose attaches the "wand" to a small 

portable tank or larger, stationary one. This type of sprayer can vary widely in type and 

pressure. The most commonly seen hand wands are compressed-air sprayers. The 

portable tanks may require occasional "shaking" by the applicator to assure a proper 

mixing of chemicals. They are often utilized for spot herbicide application in fields, crack 

and crevice treatments, along roadsides and in greenhouses. 

BACKPACK

A spray tank that fits comfortably on the back like a knapsack. It contains a hand 

operated pump, a pressure chamber and a lance with an on/off tap or trigger valve and 

one or more nozzles. There is usually a UV-light inhibitor incorporated into the plastic. 

The usual tank capacity is about 15 litres so that the tank weight is not excessive to the 

handler. The volume of the tank is indicated by graduated marks, moulded in plastic 

tanks. 

AIRLESS SPRAYER

Electrically powered handheld spraygun used in paint application.

RIGHTS-OF-WAY SPRAYER

Also known as a municipal sprayer. This "boom-less" sprayer utilizes off-center fan 

nozzles either as single or double units. The nozzle bodies are mounted on swivels and

adjusted to different angles. Spray system is mounted on truck or rail car. 

GARDEN HOSE-END SPRAYER

Attached to the end of a garden hose. When the hose is turned on, the water current runs 

across the opening of the siphon tube which leads to the bottom of the pesticide reservoir. 

The pesticide is drawn through the siphon tube and into the liquid stream and out the 

nozzle in a liquid spray. Hose-end sprayers are the most widely used home-and-garden 

sprayer and are commonly used for application of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and 

fertilizers.

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (tractor/truck/AG uses)

Broadcast method of insecticide or herbicide application, usually in one of the following 

manners: 1) "Boom type" application, similar to groundboom application of a liquid 

formulation pesticide. The selected pesticide is placed in a hopper which contains a 

treadmill-type apparatus that moves the granules to evenly spaced nozzles and is 
61

subsequently broadcast out in a fan-shaped pattern. 2) "Whirly-bird" or "spinning disk" 

method of application. The pesticide is placed in a funnel shaped hopper with a singular 

nozzle and subsequently broadcast out by the movement of a spinning disk or whirley 

bird which propels the pesticide outward. 3) Large wheeled hopper with evenly spaced 

holes in the bottom and a small treadmill which pushes the granules out (a large version 

of the residential broadcast spreader). The above methods of broadcast application are 

primarily used for preplant treatments.

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (belly grinder)

Small hopper strapped in front of the applicator which contains a "spinning disk" that 

projects the granules in a fan-shaped pattern in front of the applicator. Belly grinders are 

typically used for herbicide application by nurseries, greenhouses, homeowners and 

small-scale landscapers. 

SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (Scotts Type Residential)

Hand push-type solid broadcast spreader. This method of solid broadcast application is 

almost exclusively used by homeowners 

TERMITICIDE INJECTION

Injection treatment wherein the termiticide is passed from a large stationary tank through 

a hose into a handheld compression chamber and "injected" via a metal rod into predrilled holes. 

NON-DETECTS

A “non detect” means that no chemical residue was able to be measured on a particular 

dosimeter. When this is the case, half the limit of detection is assumed in PHED.

PPE

PPE is an acronym for Personal Protective Equipment. Common examples of PPE 

include respirators, chemical resistant aprons, gloves or even the addition of coveralls 

Definition References -

EPA LUIS Users Guide

HED - Personal Communications, November 1995

PHED Taskforce - Personal Communications, November 1995

Matthew, G.A. 1992. Pesticide Application Methods
62

64