Slip Op. 99-112

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

_______________________________________

 :

POHANG IRON AND STEEL CO., LTD., :

POHANG COATED STEEL CO., LTD., AND :

POHANG STEEL INDUSTRIES CO., LTD., :

Plaintiffs, :

 :

v. :

 : Consol. Court No.

THE UNITED STATES, : 98-04-00906

Defendant, :

 :

and : Public Version

 :

NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION; U.S. :

STEEL GROUP - A UNIT OF USX :

CORPORATION; INLAND STEEL INDUSTRIES, :

INC.; BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION; :

AND LTV STEEL CO., INC., :

Defendant-Intervenors. :

_____________________________________ :

 :

NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION, et al., :

Plaintiffs, :

 :

v. :

 :

THE UNITED STATES, :

Defendant, : 

 :

and :

 :

POHANG IRON AND STEEL CO., LTD., :

et. al., :

Defendant-Intervenors, :

:

and :

:

UNION STEEL MANUFACTURING CO., LTD., :

Defendant-Intervenor. :

_____________________________________ :

[ITA determination remanded.]

Dated: October 20, 1999
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 2

1 Defendant-intervenor Dongbu Steel Co., Ltd. did not

(continued...)

Akin, Gump, Straus, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. (Sukhan Kim,

Spencer S. Griffith, and Samuel C. Straight) attorneys for the

POSCO Group.

David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney General,

David M. Cohen, Director, Velta A. Melnbrencis, Assistant

Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United

States Department of Justice (Michele D. Lynch), Bernd G.

Janzen, Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration,

Department of Commerce, of counsel, for defendant.

Dewey Ballantine LLP (Michael H. Stein, Bradford L. Ward,

Jennifer Danner Riccardi, Dominic L. Bianchi, and Andrew J.

Conrad) for National Steel Corporation, et al.

Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler, LLP (Donald B.

Cameron, Julie C. Mendoza, and John P. Healy) for defendantintervenor Union Steel Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

OPINION

RESTANI, Judge: This matter is before the court on

Cross-Motions for Judgment Upon the Agency Record, pursuant to

USCIT Rule 56.2, brought by foreign producers Pohang Iron and

Steel Co., Ltd (“POSCO”), Pohang Coated Steel Co., Ltd.

(“POCOS”), and Pohang Steel Industries Co., Ltd. (“PSI”)

(collectively “POSCO Group”), and National Steel Corporation;

U.S. Steel Group, A Unit of USX Corp.; Inland Steel

Industries, Inc.; Bethlehem Steel Corporation; and LTV Steel

Co., Inc. (collectively “Domestic Producers”). Union Steel

Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“Union”) appears as defendantintervenor on Domestic Producer’s motion.1
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 3

1(...continued)

submit a memorandum before the court.

Under review are the results of Commerce’s third

administrative review of the antidumping order in Certain

Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products and Certain CorrosionResistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Korea, 58 Fed. Reg.

44,159 (Dep’t Commerce 1993) (final less than fair value

determination). Certain Cold-Rolled and Corrosion Resistant

Carbon Steel Flat Products From Korea, 63 Fed. Reg. 13,170

(Dep’t Commerce 1998) [hereinafter “Final Results”], and

Amended Final Results, Certain Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat

Products from Korea; Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel

Flat Products From Korea, 63 Fed. Reg. 20,572 (Dep’t Commerce

1998) [hereinafter “Amended Final Results”]. The third

administrative review covers the period from August 1, 1995

through July 31, 1996.

In order to compute a dumping margin for purposes of

imposing an antidumping duty, Commerce compares United States

Price to Normal Value (or “NV”). 19 U.S.C. § 1673 (1994). If

Normal Value on average exceeds United States Price, duties

are imposed. Normal Value is preferably based on home market

prices. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b (1994). Where home market prices

are unavailable for use, either third country price or
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 4

constructed value (“CV”) (based on cost of production) is

used. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(C);(a)(4). CV may also be

used where substantial amounts of sales are below the cost of

production. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(b)(1). This matter involves a

number of cost of production issues as well as issues

involving choice of the basic methodology for calculating U.S.

price and price adjustments.

Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1581(c)(1994). In reviewing final determinations in

antidumping duty investigations, the court will hold unlawful

those agency determinations which are unsupported by

substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in

accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B) (1994).

I. Steel Substrate Transfer

Background

In this review, as in prior reviews of the same

determination, Commerce “collapsed” POSCO, POCOS, and PSI into

the “POSCO Group,” treating them as one entity for purposes of

its antidumping analysis. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

13,185. Consistent with its findings in the second review,

Commerce determined for its cost calculations that hot-rolled

steel substrate transferred from POSCO to POCOS, i.e., within
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 5

2 The “fair value” and “major input” provisions of the

antidumping statute specify conditions under which

transactions between affiliates can be disregarded for cost

calculation purposes. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677b(f)(2)-(3). 

Application of these sections of the statute would have

required Commerce to treat each member of the collapsed POSCO

group as an individual entity for the purpose of calculating

substrate costs.

the POSCO Group, should not be revalued pursuant to 19 U.S.C.

§§ 1677b(f)(2) and (3), the “fair value” and “major input”

provisions of the antidumping statute.2 Commerce instead

valued the substrate at the weighted-average POSCO Group-wide

cost of production. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,185.

In the Final Results, Commerce concluded that:

[B]ecause we are treating these companies as one

entity for our analysis, intra-company transactions

should be disregarded . . . . [T]he decision to

treat affiliated parties as a single entity

necessitates that transactions among the parties

also be valued based on the group as a whole and, as

such, among collapsed entities the fair-value and

major-input provisions are not controlling.

63 Fed. Reg. at 13,185.

Domestic Producers maintain that POSCO and POCOS should

be treated not as part of a collapsed entity but as affiliated

parties under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f), which requires application

of the major input rule and the fair value provision to inputs

transferred between “affiliated persons.” Under the 

statute, any person who owns “five percent or more of the

outstanding voting stock or shares of any organization . . .
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 6

shall be considered to be ‘affiliated.’” 19 U.S.C. §

1677(33)(E) (1994). POSCO owns fifty percent of POCOS. See

POSCO’s Section A Response (Oct. 25, 1996), at 5, C.R. Doc. 3,

Def.’s App., Ex. 1, at 2. Domestic Producers therefore

contend that the statutory requirement for affiliation is

satisfied.

Discussion

The court has determined previously on essentially the

same facts that POSCO and POSCOS may be treated as a single

entity. AK Steel Corp. v. United States, 34 F. Supp.2d 756,

764-65 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998). The court has also held that

single entity treatment is inconsistent with application of

the fair value and major input provisions. Id. at 766. As

these issues are discussed in detail in AK Steel and the

Domestic Producers have raised no arguments which cast the

holdings of AK Steel on these issues in doubt, the court

adopts the reasoning of AK Steel and sustains the

determination of the Department of Commerce not to apply the

fair value or major input provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(f)(2)

and (3).
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 7

3 POSCO’s plant is located in [ ], Republic of

Korea. The new line is one of [ ] at the [ ] plant

involved in the manufacturing of [ ] products. The [ ]

products into an entirely different product, [ ], a

corrosion-resistant product. POSCO Br. at 35 n.22; see also

POSCO Section D Questionnaire Response (Nov. 18, 1996), at D9-10, C.R. Doc. 7, POSCO App., Tab 3, at 2-3.

II. Startup Costs

Background

Commerce asked the POSCO Group to explain whether it “was

engaged in any start up production operations for the

merchandise under review during the cost calculation period.” 

Questionnaire (Sept. 19, 1996), at D-9, P.R. Doc. 7, Def.’s

App., Ex. 4, at 7. The Department asked the POSCO Group to

describe any such operation and provide total costs

attributable to the operation, monthly production data, and

all dates relevant to the construction and initiation of

production of such operation. Id.

The POSCO Group reported to Commerce that in June 1995,

it had begun construction of a new line in its existing

plant.3 See POSCO Supplemental Section D Response (Mar. 3,

1997), at 31, C.R. Doc. 19, Def.’s App., Ex. 6, at 4. POSCO

had finished installing the necessary production equipment one

year later, in April 1996, and had commenced initial

commercial production at that time. Id. The new line

significantly increased POSCO’s capacity to produce certain
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 8

4 POSCO’s capacity to produce [ ] products was

increased by [ ] percent. POSCO Case Brief (Oct. 15, 1997),

at 30, C.R. Doc. 30, POSCO App., Tab 11, at 5.

5 Pohang incurred total costs of [ ] won to operate

this facility. POSCO Supplemental Section D Response, at 30,

POSCO App., Tab 7, at 3.

products.4 See POSCO Case Brief (Oct. 15, 1997), at 30, C.R.

Doc. 57, POSCO App., Tab 11, at 5.

The POSCO Group maintained that “production levels were

limited by technical factors associated with the initial phase

of commercial production,” and that as a result, “POSCO

experienced abnormally high costs5 for output from this line.” 

POSCO Section D Questionnaire Response, at D-35, Def.’s App.,

Ex. 5, at 5. POSCO argued that Commerce should “reduce

POSCO’s reported costs by the amount of the requested startup

adjustment for extraordinary costs associated with the startup

phase of a facility.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,199.

Commerce examined the POSCO Group’s startup adjustment

claim during verification and denied the request determining

that “such an adjustment is unwarranted.” POSCO Preliminary

Analysis Memorandum (Sept. 2, 1997), at 7, P.R. Doc. 116,

Def.’s App., Ex. 3, at 2. Although the POSCO Group objected,

the Department again denied POSCO’s request in the Final

Results, as not meeting the criteria for a startup adjustment

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii). Final Results, 63
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 9

6 Specifically, the POSCO Group argues that because

the line was new and involved “production of a different range

of products,” increased monitoring and various tests were

required to ensure the products met quality and safety

standards. POSCO Br. at 38. As a result, POSCO alleges, the

new line operated below its production capacity during the

period of review (“POR”).

Fed. Reg. at 13,200. Specifically, Commerce concluded that

the new line did not constitute a “new production facility” or

“the substantially complete retooling of an existing plant”

for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii)(I), and that

production levels were not shown to have been limited by

“technical factors,” as required by 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii)(II). Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

13,200-01. 

The POSCO Group asserts that the Department incorrectly

relied on the fact that the new line did not produce “new

products” simply because POSCO also made the product on other

existing lines. POSCO claims it constructed a “new production

facility,” regardless of whether the new facility produces

products that POSCO produces at other facilities. Finally,

POSCO contends that production was in fact limited due to

technical factors associated with startup operations.6
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 10

Discussion

The POSCO Group contends that Commerce’s denial of a

startup adjustment is unsupported by substantial evidence and

not in accordance with law because POSCO allegedly satisfied

the statutory requirements for a startup adjustment. Commerce

is required to make an adjustment for startup operations

where:

(I) a producer is using new production facilities or

producing a new product that requires substantial

additional investment, and

(II) production levels are limited by technical

factors associated with the initial phase of

commercial production.

19 U.S.C. 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii). After reviewing the POSCO

Group’s database and product brochure, Commerce concluded that

POSCO “manufactured products such as those produced from the

new equipment prior to its installation.” Final Results, 63

Fed. Reg. at 13,200. The Department also found that the

product range of the new line was similar to that of POSCO’s

other lines with respect to certain dimensions. Id. The

court affirms Commerce’s decision because the POSCO Group

failed to satisfy the statutory requirements.

The POSCO Group concedes that the new line was not

involved in the production of a different product. See POSCO

Br. at 36 (“the Department incorrectly relied on the fact that
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 11

the new line did not produce ‘new products.’”)(emphasis

added). POSCO contends, however, that in this case Commerce

need not consider whether the product is “new and different,”

but rather should consider whether the production facility is

new. As the statute permits the adjustment for either a new

production facility or a new product, even if the new line

does not produce a new product, POSCO may be entitled to the

adjustment if the new line constitutes a “new production

facility.” Commerce determined that it does not. Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,200.

POSCO challenges Commerce’s interpretation of these

terms. The court therefore considers whether Commerce’s

understanding of the statutory reference to “new product” as

meaning a different product from those otherwise produced by

the respondent and of “new production facility” as excluding a

new production line within an existing plant reflects a

permissible reading of the statute.

The court reviews an agency’s construction of its

statutory mandate according to the two-step test established

by Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council,

467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984). The court asks first “whether

Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at

issue.” Chevron, at 842. If the intent of Congress is clear,
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 12

7 The SAA represents "an authoritative expression by

the Administration concerning its views regarding the

interpretation and application of the Uruguay Round Agreements

... The Administration understands that it is the expectation

of the Congress that future Administrations will observe and

apply the interpretations and commitments set out in this

statement." SAA, at 1, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4040.

the court and agency must defer to Congress. Id. at 843. If

Congress’ intent is ambiguous, the court must determine

whether the “agency’s answer is based on a permissible

construction of the statute.” Id.

The statute is silent as to the definitions of “new

product” and “new production facility.” See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f)(C)(ii)(I). Although Congress did not elaborate on

the terms “new product” or “new production facilities” in 19

U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(C)(ii)(I), the Statement of Administrative

Action of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act does address the

question. Statement of Administrative Action, accompanying

H.R. 103-5110 at 656 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N.

3773, 4040 (“SAA”).7 The SAA states:

Mere improvements to existing products or

ongoing improvements to existing facilities will not

qualify for a startup adjustment. Commerce also

will not consider an expansion of the capacity of an

existing production line to be a startup operation

unless the expansion constitutes such a major

undertaking that it requires the construction of a

new facility and results in a depression of

production levels due to technical factors

associated with the initial phase of commercial

production of the expanded facilities.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 13

8 Whether the line is in the same building or a

different one is not determinative.

“New production facilities” includes the

substantially complete retooling of an existing

plant. Substantially complete retooling involves

the replacement of nearly all production machinery

or the equivalent rebuilding of existing machinery.

SAA, at 166, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4173. Commerce’s

interpretation of the statute is reasonable and consistent

with Congressional intent as reflected in the SAA. Commerce

is not unreasonable in concluding that in providing for a

startup cost adjustment in certain cases, the statute

contemplated instances of the production of a different

product from those previously produced or the more elaborate

establishment of a new facility than even the addition of an

expensive new line within an existing plant.

According to the statute, if POSCO does not show that the

new line produces a new product, POSCO must show that the new

line constitutes a “new production facility,” and POSCO has

not provided evidence in support of that position. Nothing in

the record suggests that the new line is anything but an

expansion of POSCO’s existing type of production.8 The new

line was established as part of POSCO’s existing factory and

increased POSCO’s overall capacity to produce certain products

already in production, as it performed functions that were the
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 14

9 POSCO’s investment in the new line equaled [ ]

percent of total value from its property, plant, and

equipment. POSCO Rebuttal Brief (Oct. 22, 1997), at 11, C.R.

Doc. 47, Def.’s App., Ex. 8, at 2.

same or similar to those of other lines at the plant. See

POSCO Section D Questionnaire Response, at D-10, Def.’s App.,

Ex. 5, at 3. Moreover, POSCO points to no evidence that a

“substantial retooling” of the plant took place; the POSCO

Group does not contend that “nearly all” production machinery

was either replaced or rebuilt. 

The POSCO Group’s argument depends solely on the fact

that it expended substantial effort and investment in creating

the new line.9 See POSCO Br. at 35-37. That POSCO incurred

what it calls “considerable costs” in establishing the new

line is unremarkable without a showing that the sizeable

investment was geared toward the production of a new product

or a new production facility.

In light of the legislative history, the court finds

Commerce’s construction of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii)(I)

reasonable. The POSCO Group has not satisfied the

requirements of the statute as reasonably interpreted by
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 15

10 To qualify for a startup adjustment, a respondent

must satisfy the requirements in subsections

1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii)(I) and (II) of the antidumping statute. 

See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii). Because the POSCO Group

failed to qualify according to the requirements of subsection

(I), the court need not determine whether Commerce properly

concluded that production levels were not limited by technical

factors, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(1)(C)(ii)(II).

11 The statute defines export price as:

the price at which the subject merchandise is first

sold (or agreed to be sold) before the date of

importation by the producer or exporter of the

subject merchandise outside of the United States to

an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States or to

an unaffiliated purchaser for exportation to the

United States.

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) (1994).

Commerce.10 Accordingly, Commerce’s decision on this issue is

affirmed.

III. Constructed Export Price

Background

In the Preliminary Results, for the purposes of

calculating U.S. price, Commerce classified all POSCO Group

U.S. sales during the POR as export price (“EP”) sales (i.e.

sales for export to the United States made to a party not

affiliated with the producer or exporter).11 See Certain ColdRolled and Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from

Korea, 62 Fed. Reg. 47,422, 47,425 (Dep’t Commerce 1997)

(preliminary results of antidumping duty admin. rev.)
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 16

12 The statute defines constructed export price as:

the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold

(or agreed to be sold) in the United States before or

after the date of importation by or for the account of

the producer or exporter of such merchandise or by a

seller affiliated with the producer or exporter, to a

purchaser not affiliated with the producer or exporter.

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b).

13 “ABC” refers to [ ]. Commerce’s public documents

refer to it as “AKO.” 

14 “DEF” refers to [ ].

[hereinafter “Preliminary Results”]. After examining the

functions of POCOS’ and POSCO’s U.S. sales affiliates,

however, Commerce determined that most of these sales should

be reclassified as constructed export price (“CEP”) sales

(i.e. sales for export to the United States made to an

affiliate of the producer or exporter).12 See Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 13,172, 13,182-83.

In its response to Commerce’s questionnaire, the POSCO

Group provided an overview of its U.S. sales processes for

POCOS and POSCO. See POSCO Questionnaire Response (Oct. 25,

1996), at 23-24, C.R. Doc. 3, Def.’s App., Ex. 1, at 4-5. 

With respect to POCOS, the POSCO Group explained that all of

POCOS’ sales to the United States during the POR were made

through ABC,13 an affiliate of DEF.14 See id. at 23, Def.’s

App., Ex. 1, at 4. Acting as a trading company, ABC sells
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 17

15 “GHI” refers to [ ]. Commerce’s public documents

refer to it as “BUS.”

16 GHI also [ ]. POSCO Supplemental Section C

(continued...)

POCOS products to GHI,15 a trading company affiliated with ABC. 

See id. Although GHI resells the product to the U.S.

customer, it does not take possession of the goods, hold any

inventory, or have independent sales authority. See id. GHI

takes title and acts as importer of record, but merchandise is

shipped directly from the mill in Korea to the customer. See

id. at 24, Def.’s App., Ex. 1, at 5. Typically, the U.S.

customer contacts GHI with its purchase order, which GHI then

forwards to POCOS. See POSCO Section A Questionnaire Response

(Oct. 25, 1996), at 48, C.R. Doc. 4, POSCO App., Tab 1, at 16. 

Although POCOS provides GHI with quarterly base price lists,

customers provide GHI with a price quotation, which GHI then

forwards to POCOS for confirmation. See id. GHI collects

payment from the customers, and pays for U.S. brokerage and

handling costs for POCOS’ U.S. sales. See POSCO Supplemental

Section C Response (Mar. 3, 1997), at 25, C.R. Doc. 25, POSCO

App., Tab 6, at 6. Although POCOS is responsible for

procuring the duty drawback, POSCO Section C Questionnaire

Response (Nov. 18, 1996), at 51, C.R. Doc. 9, POSCO App., Tab

2, at 5, GHI arranges and pays for marine insurance,16 POSCO
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 18

16(...continued)

Questionnaire Response, at 25, POSCO App., Tab 6, at 6.

17 From the third quarter of 1995 through the end of

the POR, POSCO sold directly to POSAM, before which products

had first been sold to POSTRADE and then to POSAM. See POSCO

Section A Questionnaire Response, at 20-21, POSCO App., Tab 1,

at 3-4.

Section A Questionnaire Response, at 39, POSCO App., Tab 1, at

13. 

POSCO made all sales during the POR either through a

wholly-owned trading company, POSTRADE, or directly to POSAM,

another wholly-owned trading company.17 See POSCO Section A

Questionnaire Response, at 20-21, POSCO App., Tab 1, at 3-4. 

POSAM takes title to POSCO’s products and acts as importer of

record. See id. POSAM does not take possession of the goods,

as products are shipped directly from POSCO to the U.S.

customer, and maintains no inventory of POSCO’s products. See

id. at 21, POSCO App., Tab 1, at 4. U.S. customers send

inquiries to POSAM, which then prepares an order confirmation

sheet and submits it to POSCO for approval. See POSCO Home

Market Verification Report (June 27, 1997), at 8, C.R. Doc.

37, POSCO App., Tab 8, at 8. If the customer does not provide

a price in its initial inquiry, POSAM may suggest a price

based on quarterly price lists provided to POSAM by POSCO. 

See id. In the case of a new U.S. customer, terms of sale may
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 19

18 POSAM is also responsible for handling [ ]. POSCO

Section A Questionnaire Response, at 38, POSCO App., Tab 1, at

12.

be negotiated directly with POSCO. See id. at 5-6, POSCO

App., Tab 8, at 5-6. POSAM is not authorized to negotiate

terms of sale with the customers nor change the terms of sale

established by POSCO with the customers. See id.; POSCO

Supplemental Section A Response (Feb. 18, 1997), at 19, C.R.

Doc. 22, POSCO App., Tab 5, at 4. Once the order is confirmed

by POSCO, POSAM is responsible for collecting payments from

customers. See POSCO Section A Questionnaire Response, at 37,

POSCO App., Tab 1, at 11. POSCO is responsible for securing

the duty drawback, POSCO Section C Questionnaire Response, at

51, POSCO App., Tab 2, at 5, although POSAM arranges and pays

for Customs clearance and brokerage and handling,18 POSCO

Section A Questionnaire Response, at 36-37, POSCO App., Tab 1,

at 10-11. 

Discussion

In this administrative review, Commerce utilized its

three-part test, developed in response to this court’s

decision in PQ Corp. v. United States, 11 CIT 53, 58-65, 652

F. Supp. 724, 729-35 (1987), to determine whether sales made

by POSCO through its U.S. affiliates should be classified as

EP sales or CEP sales. Application of the test requires that
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 20

the following criteria be established in order for such sales

to receive EP classification:

(1) whether the merchandise was shipped directly

from the manufacturer . . . to the unaffiliated U.S.

customer;

(2) whether this was the customary commercial

channel between the parties involved; and 

(3) whether the functions of the U.S. sales

affiliates . . . were limited to those of processors

of sales-related documentation and communications

links with unrelated U.S. buyers.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,182. As Commerce noted,

Domestic Producers do not contest that POSCO satisfied the

first two criteria. See id. “Consequently, the third

criterion, pertaining to the level of affiliate involvement in

making sales or providing customer support, is the determining

factor in this instance.” Id.

Although Commerce had initially determined that the POSCO

Groups satisfied all three criteria and that its sales

therefore warranted EP classification, see Preliminary

Results, 62 Fed. Reg. at 47,425-26, the agency concluded in

its final determination that the sales made by POSCO and POCOS

through their respective affiliates, POSAM and GHI, warranted

CEP classification because the third criterion was not

satisfied, see Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,183. The

POSCO Group argues that this classification is not supported
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 21

by substantial evidence because the facts in this case are the

same as in the second administrative review, in which Commerce

classified its sales as EP transactions. In addition, it

argues, the factors identified by Commerce and Domestic

Producers have previously been upheld by this court to support

an EP classification, and therefore, cannot substantiate a CEP

classification in this case. Commerce and Domestic Producers

argue that the CEP classification must be upheld because of

the significant involvement of the U.S. affiliates in POSCO’s

and POCOS’ U.S. sales during the period of review,

particularly the level of the affiliates’ participation in

contacting customers and setting prices for the U.S. market. 

Domestic Producers also emphasize that despite this court’s

upholding of an EP classification in previous cases that

included many of the same factors, Commerce has the authority

to reweigh those factors in each case so as to arrive at a

different conclusion during a different period of review.

The POSCO Group is certainly correct that this court has

previously upheld EP (formerly known as “purchase price,” or

PP) classification for the U.S. sales of foreign producers who

followed practices similar to those maintained by POSCO,

POCOS, and their U.S. affiliates in this record. 

Specifically, this court has found EP (or PP) classification
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 22

to be supported by substantial evidence when the U.S.

affiliate has performed the following functions, all of which

have also been performed by POSAM and/or GHI in this case:

• taking title from the foreign producer, see AK Steel

Corp., 34 F. Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; Zenith Elecs. Corp.

v. United States, 18 CIT 870, 874-75 (1994); Outokumpu

Copper Rolled Prods. AB v. United States, 17 CIT 848,

857, 829 F. Supp. 1371, 1379 (1993); 

• functioning as the importer of record, see AK Steel, 34

F. Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; Independent Radionic Workers

of Am. v. United States, 19 CIT 375, 375-76 (1995);

Zenith, 18 CIT at 874-75; E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,

Inc. v. United States, 17 CIT 1266, 1281, 841 F. Supp.

1237, 1249 (1993); Outokumpu, 17 CIT at 857, 829 F. Supp.

at 1379; 

• arranging and paying for insurance, see AK Steel, 34 F.

Supp.2d at 759, 762; 

• paying for inland freight to the U.S. customer, see AK

Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; Independent Radionic

Workers, 19 CIT at 375-76; 

• invoicing the U.S. customer directly, see AK Steel, 34 F.

Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; Independent Radionic Workers, 19
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 23

19 Also, [ ]. See Outokumpu, 17 CIT at 857, 829 F.

Supp. at 1379.

CIT at 375-76; Zenith, 18 CIT at 874-75; E.I. DuPont, 17

CIT at 1281, 841 F. Supp. at 1249; 

• serving as a point of contact for the U.S. customer, see

AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; E.I. DuPont, 17

CIT at 1281, 841 F. Supp. at 1249; Outokumpu, 17 CIT at

858, 829 F. Supp. at 1379; and

• collecting payment directly from the U.S. customer, see

AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 759-60, 762; Independent

Radionic Workers, 19 CIT at 375-76; Zenith, 18 CIT at

874-75; E.I. DuPont, 17 CIT at 1281, 841 F. Supp. at

1249.19

Contrary to POSCO’s contentions, however, the

aforementioned cases do not stand for the proposition that

Commerce may only classify a foreign producer’s sales to its

U.S. affiliate as CEP sales when factors other than those

identified above are present.

In arguing that the holdings of these previous cases

mandate a rejection of Commerce’s CEP classification in this

case, the POSCO Group misunderstands the substantial evidence

standard of review employed by this court when reviewing

Commerce’s determinations. As the Supreme Court has stated,
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 24

substantial evidence “is something less than the weight of the

evidence, and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent

conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an

administrative agency’s finding from being supported by

substantial evidence.” Consolo v. Federal Maritime Comm’n,

383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). See also Trent Tube Div., Crucible

Materials Corp. v. Avesta Sandvik Tube AB, 975 F.2d 807, 814

(Fed. Cir. 1992) (CIT’s finding of substantial evidence to

support ITC’s determination did not prevent ITC from

permissibly reaching contrary determination upon remand). Cf.

Timken Co. v. United States, 12 CIT 955, 962, 699 F. Supp.

300, 306 (1988), aff’d 894 F.2d 385 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (“It is

not within the court’s domain either to weigh the adequate

quality or quantity of the evidence for sufficiency or to

reject a finding on grounds of a differing interpretation of

the record.”) (citation omitted). That the court previously

has found the described factors insufficient to warrant a CEP

classification, therefore, does not prevent Commerce from

concluding in another case, supported by substantial evidence,

that a different interaction of the same factors warrants a

CEP classification. 

More telling than the factors upheld by this court in

previous cases as indicative of an EP classification is
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 25

20 Commerce’s attempt to reconsider its final EP

decision in the second review was rebuffed by the court. AK

Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 762.

Commerce’s classification of POSCO’s sales to their U.S.

affiliates in the prior administrative review, upheld by this

court in AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 762. Whereas Commerce

classified those sales as EP transactions during the second

administrative review and, in fact, during the first

administrative review as well, Commerce altered those

conclusions in labeling the sales as CEP transactions during

this third administrative review.20 This court has recognized

that “Commerce has the flexibility to change its position[,]

providing that it explains the basis for its change and

providing that the explanation is in accordance with law and

supported by substantial evidence.” Cultivos Miramonte S.A.

v. United States, 980 F. Supp. 1268, 1274 (Ct. Int’l Trade

1997). Commerce offers three bases to justify its change in

classification during the third administrative review: (1)

“U.S. affiliates . . . played a central role in the sales

activities after the merchandise arrived in the United

States”; (2) “U.S. customers seldom had contact with POSCO or

POCOS”; and (3) U.S. affiliates were significantly involved in

the setting of prices for U.S. customers. Final Results, 63

Fed. Reg. at 13,183. 
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 26

21 Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from

Germany, 62 Fed. Reg. 18,390 (Dep’t Commerce 1997) (final

results of antidumping duty admin. rev.).

22 The court also distinguished the facts of U.S. Steel

from those present in POSCO’s second administrative review. 

See AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 762.

With regard to the first observation, Commerce has failed

to provide a reasoned explanation as to the “central role”

played by the U.S. affiliates in this case. See Allentown

Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v. NLRB, 522 U.S. 359, 374-77 (1998)

(“process by which [agency] reaches [its] result must be

logical and rational”). In the Final Results Commerce noted

the existence of factors similar to those found in German

Plate.

21 In German Plate a CEP classification was upheld by

this court in U.S. Steel Group - A Unit of USX Corp. v. United

States, 15 F. Supp.2d 892, 902-03 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998).22

Based on the mere existence of similar factors, Commerce

summarily concludes that POSAM and GHI play such a significant

role that their sales do not qualify for EP classification. 

Commerce does not explain exactly how these “similar” factors

in the context of this factual scenario establish a “central

role” played by the U.S. affiliates. Furthermore, Commerce

points to no changed circumstances since the prior

administrative review or any other reason that would warrant

the new CEP classification. Cf. Cultivos Miramonte, 980 F.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 27

Supp. at 1275 (concluding that Commerce’s different

determination upon the same set of facts may be justified if

prior determination had been based on error). 

Commerce may change the standards it applies to a given

set of facts, but it must explain any departure from

established standards. See Graphic Communications Int’l

Union, Local 554 v. Salem-Gravure Div. of World Color Press,

Inc., 843 F.2d 1490, 1493 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (“Agency decisions

that depart from established precedent without a reasoned

explanation will be vacated as arbitrary and capricious.”). 

If Commerce’s conclusion rests on factors, either legal or

factual, that were not applicable to the prior reviews, those

factors must be identified in a reasoned explanation rather

than with the mere “conclusory statements” provided in the

Final Results. See Graphic Communications, 843 F.2d at 1494.

Commerce next relies on the lack of direct contact

between U.S. customers and the foreign manufacturers to

establish that POSAM and GHI, rather than POSCO and POCOS, are

the actual sellers in the U.S. market, thereby justifying the

CEP classification. Commerce notes, in particular, the

relevance of POSAM’s and GHI’s signing of the sales contracts

as a relevant factor in its determination. See Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 13,183. Again, however, Commerce fails to
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 28

provide an explanation for the change in classification from

the second administrative review to the third review,

including whether the signing of sales contracts by POSAM and

GHI was a factor not present or overlooked during the second

review. That the U.S. affiliates in this case served as the

outlets through which U.S. sales were made for POSCO and

POCOS, and were the initial and predominant source of contact

for U.S. customers, was well-established in the second

administrative review. See AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 759-60;

Certain Cold-Rolled and Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat

Products from Korea, 62 Fed. Reg. 18,404, 18,432-33 (Dep’t

Commerce 1997) (final results of antidumping duty admin. rev.)

[hereinafter “Second Review”]. If Commerce relied on

additional facts in the present record, not existent or

considered during the second review, which warrant a

reweighing of the evidence so that the foreign manufacturers’

sales may be reclassified as CEP transactions, it must state

such additional facts and provide a rational connection

between those facts and its conclusions. Cf. Motor Vehicle

Mfrs. Ass’n of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (Under the more deferential

arbitrary and capricious standard, “the agency must examine

the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 29

23 Domestic Producers also point to an additional

factor, not previously considered by the court’s case law on

this issue, in support of their argument that POSAM and GHI

are more than “processors of sales-related documentation and

communications links with unrelated U.S. buyers”: they claim

that POSAM and GHI finance the sales of POSCO’s and POCOS’

products to their U.S. customers. See Domestic Producers Br.

at 9-10, 13. An examination of the record, including the

(continued...)

for its action including a ‘rational connection between the

facts found and the choice made.’”) (quoting Burlington Truck

Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)). In

the absence of any explanation, however, Commerce’s CEP

classification cannot be justified by a mere restatement of a

factor not erroneously considered, such as lack of customer

contact, that had existed in the prior review, during which

the U.S. sales were classified as EP transactions.

Finally, Commerce relies most heavily on the involvement

of the U.S. affiliates in setting prices for the U.S.

customers of POSCO and POCOS. Contrary to the two other

justifications proffered by Commerce for its CEP

classification in this review, Commerce did explain in the

Final Results that the more active role played by POSAM and

GHI in setting U.S. prices, when compared to that in the

second review, warranted CEP classification. In particular,

Commerce and Domestic Producers rely on three pieces of

evidence to support Commerce’s explanation:23 (1) POSCO’s and
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 30

23(...continued)

specific portions cited by Domestic Producers, however,

reveals that their claim is not substantiated; Domestic

Producers’ own unclear citations refer to documents unrelated

to the possible financing of purchases by U.S. customers. 

Even if such evidence existed, however, this court could not

rule on whether that factor alone would render Commerce’s

determination supported by substantial evidence because

Commerce itself did not identify that factor as relevant to

its determination in the Final Results. See SEC v. Chenery

Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 95 (1943) (“administrative order cannot be

upheld unless the grounds upon which the agency acted in

exercising its powers were those upon which its action can be

sustained.”).

POCOS’ inability to provide “tangible evidence of price

rejection by POSCO or POCOS”; (2) handwritten entries in

POSAM’s cost spreadsheets; and (3) the substantial SG&A

expenses incurred by the U.S. affiliates in their U.S. sales

of POSCO’s and POCOS’ products. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg.

at 13,183. Despite superficially satisfying the requirement

of a reasoned explanation, however, Commerce’s factual base

for its decision, that POSAM and GHI were intimately involved

in the negotiation of U.S. prices, is unsupported by

substantial evidence. 

“When [an agency] purports to be engaged in simple factfinding, unconstrained by substantive presumptions or

evidentiary rules of exclusion, it is not free to prescribe

what inferences from the evidence it will accept and reject,

but must draw all those inferences that the evidence fairly
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 31

demands.” Allentown Mack, 522 U.S. at 378 (rejecting NLRB’s

systematic under- valuation of certain type of evidence)

(emphasis added). The inference drawn from the evidence cited

by Commerce and Domestic Producers in this case must therefore

be reasonable and consistent with the evidence available in

the entire record. First, with regard to the lack of evidence

establishing price rejection by POSCO and POCOS, Commerce

justifies its inference by claiming that “[n]either POCOS nor

POSCO has offered an explanation for the uncanny ability of

U.S. customers, given the absence of published price lists, to

suggest prices that appear always to be accepted by [POSCO and

POCOS].” Gov’t Br. at 33. In doing so, however, Commerce

inadequately considered that POSCO did indeed offer such an

explanation during the California verification: “the company

did not indicate that it possessed . . . information [about

price rejection], and indicated that rejections would be

unusual, given the small number of U.S. customers, the minimal

numbers of sales to those customers, and the customers’

knowledge about POCOS’ pricing.” POSCO U.S. Sales

Verification Report (Sept. 6, 1997), at 3, C.R. Doc. 51, POSCO

App., Tab 10, at 3.

Second, Commerce notes that the “markup value” cell in

POSAM’s cost spreadsheets was entered by hand rather than
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 32

24 POSCO contests Commerce’s reliance on SG&A expenses

because they claim that Commerce never properly requested the

U.S. affiliates’ SG&A information. POSCO Br. at 17. Commerce

indicated in the Final Results that POSCO had been requested

to provide such information on more than one occasion. 63

Fed. Reg. at 13,183. The court does not decide whether

Commerce properly used facts available in light of the alleged

failure to respond to Commerce’s requests because, as

discussed above, even assuming the correctness of Commerce’s

position, the agency’s determination is not supported by

substantial evidence.

based on a formula, from which it concludes, “a possible

interpretation would be that the affiliate does in fact have

some input into the magnitude of the markup it earns on the

sales.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,183 (emphasis

added). While this may well be a “possible interpretation” of

the handwritten entries, substantial evidence requires that

Commerce’s inference of input by U.S. affiliates into the U.S.

price be based on some likelihood, not a mere “possible

interpretation” that is not otherwise corroborated by record

evidence.

Finally, Commerce and Domestic Producers emphasize the

significant portion of SG&A expenses of the U.S. affiliates

spent with respect to U.S. sales.24 This factor was raised by

Domestic Producers during the second administrative review as

well, and Commerce concluded then that despite such

significant SG&A expenses by the U.S. affiliates, the sales

warranted EP classification. See Second Review, 62 Fed. Reg.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 33

at 18,432-33. Having concluded that EP classification was

warranted despite the SG&A expenses, Commerce may not now

simply identify those expenses as the basis for an inference

that the U.S. affiliates play a significant role in setting

U.S. prices without further explanation. As noted above,

Commerce’s decision to change classification from EP to CEP

must be based on some new configuration of facts or, if based

on the same facts, Commerce must provide an explanation for

its change in approach. See Cultivos Miramonte, 980 F. Supp.

at 1274-76.

There is nothing in this record, including Commerce’s

final determination which indicates the functions undertaken

by POSAM and GHI are of “sufficient substance” to warrant CEP

classification under existing standards. AK Steel, 34 F.

Supp.2d at 762. Commerce has indicated that its prior

approach to CEP and EP decisionmaking was a poor policy

choice. It implies that a new set of standards is applicable,

yet it cites the old standards. The application of any new

standard must be transparent. Exactly what factors are now

discounted, and why, must be explained. As the court has

stated previously, some clear standards are needed. Otherwise

agency decisionmaking may descend into arbitrariness. See

Cultivos Miramonte, 980 F. Supp. at 1274 n.7 (agency change of
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 34

25 The statute provides, in relevant part, that total

expenses are those:

incurred by or on behalf of the foreign producer and

foreign exporter of the subject merchandise and by

or on behalf of the United States seller affiliated

with the producer or exporter with respect to the

production and sale of such merchandise. 

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C).

practice arbitrary if “factual findings and underlying reason

for change are not supported by substantial evidence”).

IV. Movement Expenses in CEP Profit Calculation

Background

For purposes of CEP based U.S. price, consistent with 19

U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(B), Commerce calculated the total U.S.

expenses component of the applicable percentage to be applied

to profit for each respondent as the sum of U.S. commissions,

U.S. direct expenses, and U.S. indirect expenses. Dongbu

Analysis Memorandum (Mar. 16, 1998), at 9-10, C.R. Doc. 82,

Domestic Producers’ App., Tab 12, at 2-3. Commerce included

respondents’ total movement expenses25 in calculating the total

expense amount for the denominator of the applicable

percentage even though movement expenses are not included in

the numerator containing U.S. expenses. Id. at 9, Domestic

Producers App., Tab 12, at 2.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 35

26 In more than three court cases, Commerce has not

provided a reasoned explanation for its approach. 

Respondent’s post hoc rationale cannot substitute for

explanations by the agency. In any case, the court concludes

no reasoned approach can trump the statute.

Domestic Producers argue that Commerce’s inclusion of

movement expenses in the denominator reflects an impermissible

construction of the statute, as held in U.S. Steel Group, 15

F. Supp.2d at 897-898. Total expenses, Domestic Producers

contend, are limited to those expenses pertaining to the

production and sale of the subject merchandise and do not

encompass movement expenses.26

Discussion

A. As a preliminary matter, Commerce argues that Domestic

Producers are precluded from raising this issue for failure to

exhaust their administrative remedies. Essentially the court

looks at administrative efficiency and fairness in deciding

whether an issue may be raised for the first time on appeal

from an antidumping duty determination. See Alhambra Foundry

Co. v. United States, 12 CIT 343, 347, 685 F. Supp. 1252, 1256

(1988) (stating exception to exhaustion doctrine “when

requiring exhaustion would be futile or an insistence on a

useless formality.”); Budd Co., Wheel & Brake Div. v. United

States, 15 CIT 446, 452 n.2, 773 F. Supp. 1549, 1555 n.2
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 36

(1991) (listing cases where court has not required exhaustion

of administrative remedies).

Domestic Producers raise two points on the fairness side

of the scale. The first is that a court decision intervened

indicating Commerce’s computation method was incorrect. See

U.S. Steel Group, 15 F. Supp.2d at 897-98. The second is that

this was an unimportant issue at the administrative stage, as

the preliminary results indicated that Dongbu’s and the POSCO

Group’s U.S. Sales, as well as a portion of Union’s U.S.

sales, would be treated as EP sales. Preliminary Results, 62

Fed. Reg. at 47,425. After the final results were issued

Domestic Producers had no opportunity to raise the issue.

The court generally takes a strict view of the need to

exhaust remedies by raising all arguments. Intervening case

law may bolster a claim that exhaustion should be waived, see

Rhone Poulenc, S.A. v. United States, 7 CIT 133, 135, 583 F.

Supp. 607, 610 (1984), but generally more is needed. The

court expects attorneys to raise the viable arguments

available to them in advance of court rulings. 

In Rhone Poulenc, on which Domestic Producers rely, the

additional factor was that argument there would have been

futile because the legal issue was settled at the agency after

a full airing. See Rhone Poulenc, 7 CIT at 135-36, 583 F.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 37

Supp. at 610-11. In this case, it is not clear that further

argument to the agency would not have provided, at least, a

more clearly explained determination for review. Thus, the

court is not completely swayed by the intervention of U.S.

Steel.

The court is persuaded, however, by the additional factor

of the lack of fair opportunity to raise the issue before the

agency. It would be foolish to encourage parties to make

arguments because they might somehow become important under a

possible future scenario. In the interest of administrative

efficiency, parties should be encouraged to address only the

issues that are currently relevant and to drop arguments that

likely will have no significant effect on the administrative

proceedings. Accordingly, Domestic Producers were not

required to raise this argument when EP, not CEP, sales were

at issue.

B. The court has fully explained in U.S. Steel and again in

Thai Pineapple Canning Indus. Corp. v. United States, 1999 WL

288772, *7-8 (Ct. Int’l Trade May 5, 1999) why Commerce’s CEP

profit methodology is at odds with the statute. The reader is

referred to those cases for a full discussion. Suffice it to

say that whether the language of the statute is clear when

parts are read in isolation is irrelevant because when all
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 38

parts are read together the statute is clear. In constructing

the percentage for allocation of total profit to U.S. price

sales, Commerce must use the same categories of expenses in

the numerator and the denominator because this is what 19

U.S.C. § 1677a(f), as interpreted by the SAA, requires. In

contrast, Commerce requires proportionality in a ratio that it

has created for administrative convenience and is not

constructing the ratio required by the statute enacted by

Congress. Movement expenses appear to be excluded from the

denominator by the statutory language describing the

denominator, and from the numerator by the statutory language

describing it. More importantly, because movement expenses

are excluded from the numerator of the ratio they are to be

excluded from the denominator so that a genuine ratio for

purposes of allocation of total profit may be established. 

What factors Commerce considers in determining actual profit,

which is allocated by the ratio, is not determinative of the

construction of the ratio.

V. Interest and Other Indirect Selling Expenses

Background

Commerce asked the POSCO Group, with respect to U.S.

sales, to provide transaction-specific data on indirect

selling expenses incurred both in the home market and the
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 39

United States, and to report inventory carrying costs incurred

both in the home market and the Unites States. See

Questionnaire, at C-37-39, Def.’s App., Ex. 4, at 2-4. With

respect to each of these variables, the POSCO Group responded

that the reporting requirements were “not applicable because

all of POSCO’s and POCOS’ sales are export price sales.” See

POSCO Questionnaire Response (Nov. 19, 1996), at C-59-61, P.R.

Doc. 53, Def.’s App., Ex. 2, at 2-4.

In a supplemental questionnaire, Commerce again

instructed the POSCO Group to provide information regarding

U.S. indirect selling expenses and inventory carrying costs,

specifically indicating that these data might be required for

Commerce’s calculations in the Final Results. Supplemental

Questionnaire (Jan. 17, 1997), at 37, P.R. Doc. 65, Def.’s

App., Ex. 15, at 2. Again, the POSCO Group declined to

provide the requested information.

Thus, when Commerce determined in the Final Results that

the POSCO Group’s U.S. sales should be reclassified as CEP

transactions, the record did not include the data required to

adjust CEP, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1). See Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,183. Commerce did not make an

interest adjustment in the Final Results.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 40

27 Domestic Producers name [ ] and POSAM as

affiliates. Ministerial Error Allegation (Mar. 31, 1998), at

3, C.R. Doc. 90, POSCO App., Tab 16, at 3. 

Domestic Producers filed a ministerial error allegation,

pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 353.28 (1997), arguing that Commerce

inadvertently omitted from its final calculations certain

interest selling expenses incurred by the POSCO Group’s U.S.

affiliates27 in the United States. Ministerial Error

Allegation (Mar. 31, 1998), at 2, C.R. Doc. 90, POSCO App.,

Tab 16, at 2. 

The POSCO Group defended Commerce’s original decision,

arguing that the Department correctly excluded interest

expenses from its calculation of U.S. indirect selling

expenses and that any interest expense incurred by its U.S.

affiliates was captured by the imputed credit expense as

reported. POSCO Response to Ministerial Error Letter (Apr. 3,

1998), at 2, P.R. Doc. 212, Def.’s App., Ex. 17, at 2. The

POSCO Group also argued that Commerce’s “standard practice is

not to include interest expenses in the calculation of U.S.

indirect selling expenses in order to avoid the doublecounting of expenses.” Id.

Commerce analyzed the parties’ ministerial error

allegations and concluded that the agency had indeed committed

the error alleged by Domestic Producers. Ministerial Error
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 41

28 Commerce’s Amended Final Results mirror the analysis

set forth in its April 15, 1998 memorandum. Compare Amended

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 20,573, and Ministerial Error

Analysis Memorandum, at 4-5, Def.’s App., Ex. 18, at 3-4.

Analysis Memorandum (Apr. 15, 1998), at 5, P.R. Doc. 216,

Def.’s App., Ex. 18, at 4. Commerce issued an Amended Final

Determination using facts available information for the

interest adjustment. See Amended Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg.

at 20,573.

Commerce stated, in response to POSCO’s separate

ministerial error allegation as to the indirect selling

expense calculation, that it had not intended to exclude

“commissions” or “bank charges” from its calculations of

indirect selling expenses for U.S. sales of POCOS merchandise,

and that it had meant to include the relevant rental operating

expenses in question in its calculation of indirect selling

expenses for U.S. sales.28 Ministerial Error Analysis

Memorandum, at 3-4, Def.’s App., Ex. 18, at 2-3. Thus, it

denied POSCO’s ministerial error claim.

Discussion

POSCO does not seriously challenge the use of facts

available under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e (1994), if an interest

adjustment is warranted. POSCO is correct in not emphasizing

this issue, as it had sufficient opportunity to provide this
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 42

data. It was, at least, twice requested by Commerce. Even

though it relates to CEP, which POSCO objects to, POSCO took

the risk in not providing the data knowing that in this case

Commerce might elect to use an approach to U.S. sales

requiring it.

POSCO does challenge both the timing and the substance of

the adjustment. Commerce has provided the court very little

to go on. It is difficult to tell whether this is a mere

ministerial error, which can be made after the final results,

because Commerce does not explain the substance of its

approach. Nor does Commerce explain why the amount it chose

is a proper facts available amount. Is this an adverse

selection pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)? If the Department

did make an adverse inference, what is the basis for its

selection?

If CEP is used on remand, Commerce should explain its

interest methodology and whether it was a standard methodology

which was merely overlooked. Further, Commerce must explain

in more detail its rejection of POSCO’s ministerial error

claim. A contrast of the different treatment of the two

claims might be enlightening.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 43

29 Union provided Commerce with documentation

supporting its alleged agreement with [ ]. Specifically,

the agreement allowed [ ]. Union Verification

Memorandum (June 30, 1997), at Ex. 29, P.R. Doc. 38, Def.’s

App., Ex. 23, at 10. 

VI. Warehousing Expenses

Background

In order to make proper price adjustments, Commerce asked

respondent Union to report transaction-specific data

concerning U.S. post-sale warehousing expenses and to provide

narrative descriptions of its U.S. warehousing practices

during the POR. Union Questionnaire (Sept. 19, 1996), at C34, P.R. Doc. 11, Def.’s App., Ex. 19, at 2. Following

Union’s response, Commerce sought more specific information

pertaining to U.S. sales for which the terms indicated that

Union would pay demurrage and handling, but for which none had

been reported. Union Supplemental Questionnaire (Jan. 10,

1997), at 19, C.R. Doc. 17, Def.’s App., Ex. 21, at 3. 

Commerce accepted Union’s response, which explained that no

warehousing expenses had been incurred for the sales in

question. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,187. Union

stated that it had received free warehousing according to the

terms of a storage agreement.29 Union Verification Memorandum

(June 30, 1997), at 16, P.R. Doc. 38, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at

6. The sales marked “warehoused and delivered” (“W&D”) but
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 44

without expenses recorded, were instances in which the

customer picked up the merchandise immediately upon arrival. 

Union Response (Feb. 21, 1997), at 55, P.R. Doc. 23, Def.’s

App., Ex. 22, at 2.

During verification, upon examination of five of Union’s

transactions (observations 83, 203, 484, 735, and 736),

Commerce determined that Union had incurred no warehousing

expenses. See Union Verification Memorandum, at 11-12, 16,

Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at 4-6. Commerce concluded that there

were no deficiencies or contradictions in Union’s explanations

concerning its reporting of U.S. warehousing expenses. Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,187. Domestic Producers allege

that Union did not report warehousing expenses for numerous

U.S. sales and that these are expenses “incident to bringing

the subject merchandise from the original place of shipment in

the exporting country to the place of delivery in the United

States,” pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(A). Domestic

Producers therefore contend that Commerce failed to properly

verify the information upon which it relied and that the

agency’s conclusions are not supported by substantial

evidence.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 45

30 The record shows gaps in [ ] of the [ ]

observations, [ ] of which involve gaps ranging from [ ]. 

See Domestic Producers’ Br. at 29-30 (citing Union’s U.S.

Sales Database).

Discussion

As noted, at verification, Commerce elected to examine a

sample of the sales for which no warehousing expenses were

reported. Domestic Producers’ independent examination of the

sales verified by Commerce reportedly revealed “gaps” (time

windows between shipping to the warehouse and shipping to the

customer) in a majority of the observations, although a

minority contained gaps of more than five days.30 Domestic

Producers report what they deem to be suspicious correlations

between the terms of sale associated with certain sales and

the gaps for those sales. Domestic Producers claim these

discrepancies indicate periods for which Union must have

incurred unreported warehousing expenses. Moreover, Domestic

Producers claim that, of the five sales Commerce examined

closely, three show evidence of warehousing expenses. 

Domestic Producers argue that Commerce failed to satisfy the

requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i)(3) (1994), pursuant to

which the agency shall “verify all information relied upon in

making . . . a final determination in a review,” and that the

agency’s decision regarding warehousing expenses is
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 46

31 This document sets forth the storage and handling

policies of [ ], dated May 31, 1994. Union Verification

Memorandum, at Ex. 29, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at 10.

unsupported by substantial evidence in the record. The court

remands to the agency on this issue.

Commerce enjoys “wide latitude” in its verification

procedures. See American Alloys, Inc. v. United States, 30

F.3d 1469, 1475 (Fed. Cir. 1994); Carlisle Tire & Rubber Co.

v. United States, 9 CIT 520, 532, 622 F. Supp. 1071, 1082

(1985) (“It is within the discretion of Commerce to determine

how to verify” and “due deference will be given to the

expertise of the agency.”) (citation omitted). Verification

“is not intended to be an exhaustive examination of the

respondent’s business.” Monsanto Co. v. United States, 12 CIT

937, 944, 698 F. Supp. 275, 281 (1988). Thus, Commerce has

the discretion to choose a spot-check sampling procedure

rather than a comprehensive examination of each sale.

Domestic Producers also complain that the agency did not

look past the supporting documents it deemed credible. For

instance, the agency presumed that the document,31 which Union

presented to account for periods during which merchandise was

warehoused without a warehousing expense, was in fact a

binding contract covering the period of review. Domestic

Producers note that in Al Tech Specialty Steel Corp. v. United
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 47

32 To conclude otherwise would leave every verification

effort vulnerable to successive subsequent attacks, no matter

how credible the evidence and no matter how burdensome on the

agency further inquiry would be.

States, this court determined that “an absence of

contradictory evidence, in and of itself, does not meet the

verification requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i).” 1998 WL

661461, *4 (Ct. Int’l Trade Sept. 24, 1998). To meet the

requirement, Al Tech held that Commerce must establish record

evidence supporting or authenticating the “factual statement

upon which Commerce relies in making a final determination in

an administrative review.” Id. 

The contract accepted by the agency to support the verbal

statement is the sort of support or authentication referred to

in Al Tech. The court defers to the agency’s sensibility as

to the depth of the inquiry needed. In the absence of

evidence in the record suggesting the need to examine further

the supporting evidence itself, the agency may accept the

credibility of the document at face value.32 See PPG Indus.,

Inc. v. United States, 15 CIT 615, 620, 781 F. Supp. 781, 787

(1991) (“[W]hen Commerce finds the information submitted by a

respondent ‘to be complete and its explanations sound, it may

need no further information.’”) (quotation omitted). 
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 48

33 The record shows a gap of [ ] for observation 203. 

Union Verification Memorandum, at 16, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at

6; see also Union’s U.S. Sales Listing for Observations 83,

203, 484, 651 (Aug. 8, 1997), at 1, Union’s App., Tab 8, at 1. 

If the court deems Commerce’s verification procedures to

be manifestly inadequate, the proper result would be remand to

the agency, not substitution of a verification plan devised by

an interested party. As this court has already made clear, 

Domestic Producers are not independent investigators

with power to re-verify Commerce’s verification . .

. . They may not usurp Commerce's role as

fact-finder and substitute their analysis of [the]

data for the result reached by Commerce in the

Verification Report. Moreover, the court will not

supersede Commerce's conclusions so long as it

“applies a reasonable standard to verify materials

submitted and the verification is supported by such

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might

accept.” 

AK Steel, 34 F. Supp.2d at 772-73 (citation omitted). 

Accordingly, having found the verification methodology

acceptable, the court turns to a review of Commerce’s

warehousing expense decision based on an examination of the

three selected observations contested by Domestic Producers.

Observation 203

This transaction involved a substantial delay between the

entry date and shipment date33 caused by the customer’s initial

refusal to purchase the product. Union explained to Commerce 
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 49

34 Union produced the contract it had with the

customer, [ ]. Union Verification Memorandum, at Ex. 29,

Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at 11-12.

that the customer agreed to store the merchandise pending

negotiations, and that Union ultimately paid the customer

compensation in settlement of their dispute.34 Union

Verification Memorandum, at 16, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at 6.

Domestic Producers contend that Union failed to provide

evidence of the compensation payment, and that the “free

storage” agreement between Union and its customer does not

account for the three weeks between the sale’s entry and

delivery to the customer. Commerce examined the contract and

found no evidence that Union failed to report warehousing

expenses. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 13,187. Defendant

explains that Commerce found that Union was fully responsive

to the Department’s concerns, and that Union offered a

reasonable explanation for the delay between entry date and

shipment date. Gov’t Br. at 57.

Domestic Producers claim that Union incurred warehousing

expenses during the period that its customer stored the

merchandise. This ignores the fact that the consumer was

storing the merchandise for itself, however, and not for

Union. Thus, there is no reason Union would have incurred

storage charges during the period of the dispute. The court
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 50

35 The gap for observation 484 was a period of [ ]. 

Union’s U.S. Sales Listing for Observations 83, 203, 484, 651,

at 1, Union’s App., Tab 8, at 1.

36 The document refers to delivery from [ ] to [ ]

on [ ]. Union Verification Exhibit 25 (undated), at 34-35,

C.R. Doc. 38, Domestic Producers’ App., Tab 6, at 34-35.

finds that Commerce’s determination was reasonable and

supported by substantial evidence.

Observation 484

Domestic Producers assert that the undisclosed location

of the subject merchandise in observation 484 during a short

gap35 between the reported entry date and shipment date proves

that warehousing expenses were incurred. At verification,

Union explained to Commerce that the coils at issue were

picked up by the customer the same day they were shipped to

the warehouse. Union Verification Memorandum, at 11, Def.’s

App., Ex. 23, at 4. Domestic Producers complain that Union

failed to demonstrate that the customer actually picked up the

product on the same day it was delivered. They also point to

the labeling of the transaction as “Warehoused & Delivered,”

and refer to a document which they claim identifies the

warehouser.36 See Union Verification Exhibit 25 (undated), at

34-35, C.R. Doc. 38, Domestic Producers’ App., Tab 6, at 34-

35. The document shows that merchandise was delivered from an

entity otherwise absent from the record to a warehouse. It is
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 51

37 Union reported that the merchandise in question was

delivered to [ ] on [ ]. Union Verification Memorandum,

at Ex. 25, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at 9.

not discernable, however, whether the merchandise delivered

was part of observation 484, or even that it could be tied to

Union at all. Union defended, with reference to different

documentation, that the coils in question 

were delivered to the warehouse prior to the date indicated on

the document mentioning the mystery company.37 Union

Verification Memorandum, at 11 and Ex. 25, Def.’s App., Ex.

23, at 4 and 9.

Judicial review of an agency determination is limited. 

Timken Co., 12 CIT at 962, 699 F. Supp. at 306. The court may

not reject an agency’s factual finding on the basis of simply

a differing interpretation of the record. Id.; see also

Consolo, 383 U.S. at 619-20. When conflicting inferences are

drawn from the record evidence, “the decision as to the

credibility of the evidence . . . is well within the province

of Commerce and this court will not disturb it.” Usinor

Sacilor v. United States, 19 CIT 711, 725, 893 F. Supp. 1112,

1127 (1995), (citing Timken, 12 CIT at 962, 699 F. Supp. at

306).

After reviewing the record evidence, Commerce determined

that Union’s explanation was valid. The document cited by
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 52

38 The delay was for a period of [ ]. Union’s U.S.

Sales Listing for Observations 83, 203, 484, 651, at 1,

Union’s App., Tab 8, at 1. 

39 [ ]

Domestic Producers does not undermine the substantial evidence

that warehousing expenses were not incurred. The court

therefore upholds Commerce’s decision regarding observation

484.

Observation 83

The record shows that this transaction involved a

significant gap between date of entry and date of shipment to

the customer.38 Union’s U.S. Sales Listing for Observations

83, 203, 484, 651, at 1, Union’s App., Tab 8, at 1. Union

explained that no warehousing costs were incurred for a time,39

as per the agreement with its warehouser, and that expenses

for the remaining period were paid by the U.S. customer. 

Union Verification Memorandum, at 16, Def.’s App., Ex. 23, at

6. Domestic Producers complain that no evidence links the

document submitted by Union to observation 83, or proves that

the U.S. customer in fact paid for the remaining warehousing

costs.

As indicated, Commerce may make credibility

determinations when examining record evidence. Usinor

Sacilor, 19 CIT at 725, 893 F. Supp. at 1127. Commerce
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 53

40 The record does not show that the transaction

involved [ ] as stated in the [ ] storage and handling

policy. Union Verification Memorandum, at Ex. 29, Def.’s

App., Ex. 23, at 10. 

appropriately deemed that Union’s document supported the truth

and the accuracy of Union’s explanation.

Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion,” and “more than a mere scintilla.” Consolidated

Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938). Union’s

document meets this threshold. The court therefore finds the

document, if applicable, to be substantial evidence.

It is not clear, however, whether the observation 83 sale

met the conditions for free warehousing as stated in Union’s

document.40 Even if Commerce relied on Union’s representation

that the warehousing was indeed free of charge, it is also

unclear whether Commerce had substantial evidence accounting

for free warehousing beyond the period described in Union’s

document. 

As discussed above, Commerce was within its discretion in

electing to examine only a sample of the set of observations,

rather than all of them. Commerce’s conclusions as to four of

the five examined sales are accepted by the court. Domestic

Producers did not challenge two of Commerce’s conclusions. 
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 54

Two more, observations 203 and 484, have withstood scrutiny by

this court. The court therefore remands to Commerce to

clarify whether the record contains substantial evidence for

its decision as to observation 83. If Commerce is unable to

support its decision on this record, the agency must conclude

that observation 83 is not verifiable, and is instructed to

re-assess its overall decision on warehousing expenses

accordingly.

VII. Conclusion

This matter is remanded for reconsideration of the

selection of CEP rather than EP for POSCO’s U.S. sales. If

relevant to its remand determination, Commerce shall also

reconsider its treatment of indirect selling expenses and

shall recalculate profit. Commerce’s determinations relative

to POSCO’s normal value are upheld. Commerce’s determination

as to Union’s warehousing expenses is remanded.
CONSOL. CT. NO. 98-04-00906 PAGE 55

Remand results are due within 45 days of the date of this 

opinion. Objections are due 15 days thereafter, responses 11

days thereafter.

_________________________

Jane A. Restani

Judge

DATED: New York, New York

This 20th day of October, 1999.