# Patent

## Title
Methods of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer

## Abstract

This invention includes methods of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layers, and methods of forming trench isolation in the fabrication of integrated circuitry. In one implementation, a method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer includes positioning a substrate within a deposition chamber. First and second vapor phase reactants are introduced in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer on the substrate. One of the first and second vapor phase reactants is PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants is Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.

## Background
RELATED PATENT DATA
This patent resulted from a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/031,696, filed Jan. 7, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,556, entitled “Method of Forming Trench Isolation in the Fabrication of Integrated Circuitry”, naming Brian A. Vaartstra as inventor; which patent resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/615,051, filed Jul. 7, 2003, entitled “Method of Forming a Phosphorus Doped Silicon Dioxide Comprising Layer”, naming Brian A. Vaartstra as inventor, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,815, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to methods of forming phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layers, and to methods of forming trench isolation in the fabrication of integrated circuitry.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One commonly used material in the fabrication of integrated circuitry is silicon dioxide. Such might be utilized as essentially 100% pure, or in combination with other materials, including property-modifying dopants. Accordingly, silicon dioxide might be utilized as a mixture with other materials in forming a layer or layers and may or may not constitute a majority of the given layer. Exemplary materials are borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), phosphosilicate glass (PSG), and borosilicate glass (BSG). Typically, such materials have anywhere from 1% to 4% atomic concentration of each of boron and/or phosphorus atoms, although atomic percent concentrations in excess of 5% have also been used.
As semiconductor devices continue to shrink geometrically, such has had a tendency to result in greater shrinkage in the horizontal dimension than in the vertical dimension. In some instances, the vertical dimension increases. Regardless, increased aspect ratios (height to width) of the devices result, making it increasingly important to develop processes that enable dielectric and other materials to fill high aspect or increasing aspect ratio trenches, vias and other steps or structures. A typical dielectric material of choice has been doped and/or undoped silicon dioxide comprising materials, for example those described above. Dopants such as boron and phosphorus can facilitate a reflowing of the deposited layer at a higher temperature to facilitate more completely filling openings on a substrate. Various reactant precursors can be utilized in forming silicon dioxide layers, for example the silanols disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,219.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention includes methods of forming phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layers, and methods of forming trench isolation in the fabrication of integrated circuitry. In one implementation, a method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer includes positioning a substrate within a deposition chamber. First and second vapor phase reactants are introduced in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer on the substrate. One of the first and second vapor phase reactants is PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants is Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.
In one implementation, a method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer includes positioning a substrate within a deposition chamber. A first species is chemisorbed to a surface of the substrate to form a first species monolayer onto the surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl. The chemisorbed first species is contacted with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer comprising Si and O. Chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant are successively repeated under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer on the substrate.
Other aspects and implementations are contemplated.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a semiconductor wafer fragment in process in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a view of the FIG. 1 wafer fragment at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a view of the FIG. 2 wafer fragment at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a semiconductor wafer fragment in process in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a view of the FIG. 4 wafer fragment at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a view of the FIG. 5 wafer fragment at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a view of the FIG. 6 wafer fragment at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG. 6.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).
In one implementation, a method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer includes positioning a substrate to be deposited upon within a deposition chamber. First and second vapor phase reactants are introduced in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer on the substrate. One of the first and second vapor phase reactants is PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl. An other of the first and second vapor phase reactants is Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl. Such might be conducted by atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods (for example including chemisorbing and contacting methods), by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, and by other methods, as well as by combinations of these and other methods. CVD and ALD are used herein as referred to in the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/133,947, filed on Apr. 25, 2002, entitled “Atomic Layer Deposition Methods and Chemical Vapor Deposition Methods”, and listing Brian A. Vaartstra as the inventor, which is now U.S. Publication No. 2003-0200917. This U.S. Publication No. 2003-0200917, filed on Apr. 25, 2002 is hereby fully incorporated by reference as if presented in its entirety herein. Preferred and understood reduction-to-practice examples provided herein are understood to be primarily by atomic layer deposition.
The R hydrocarbyl of the PO(OR)3 and the R hydrocarbyl of the Si(OR)3OH may be the same or different, and regardless in one preferred embodiment the R hydrocarbyl of each contains only from one to five carbon atoms. One preferred and reduction-to-practice PO(OR)3 material comprises triethyl phosphate. One preferred exemplary and reduction-to-practice Si(OR)3OH material comprises tristertbutylsilanol. Exemplary preferred conditions comprise a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 500° C., and more preferably at from about 100° C. to about 300° C. Exemplary pressure conditions are subatmospheric, preferably being from about 10−7 Torr to about 10 Torr, and more preferably from about 10−4 Torr to about 1 Torr. The conditions might comprise plasma generation of at least one of the first and second reactants, or be void of plasma generation of the first and second reactants. If plasma generation is utilized, such might occur within the chamber of deposition, and/or externally thereof. Most preferred are believed to be conditions which are void of plasma generation of the first and second reactants.
The conditions might be effective to form the silicon dioxide comprising layer to have very low phosphorus content, for example to have no more than 0.5 atomic percent phosphorus, including lesser amounts. Alternately, the conditions might be effective to form the silicon dioxide comprising layer to have at least 1.0 atomic percent phosphorus including, for example, 5.0 and greater atomic percent phosphorus.
The method might be void of introducing any vapor phase reactant to the chamber other than the first and second vapor phase reactants in the forming of the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer. Alternately, the method might include introducing another vapor phase reactant, different from the first and second vapor phase reactants, intermediate at least some of the separated pulses of the first and second vapor phase reactants. By way of example only, an exemplary another vapor phase reactant is oxygen containing, for example O2, O3 and/or any vapor phase oxygen containing compound. Ozone pulses, for example as a mixture of O2 and O3, in addition to the PO(OR)3 flows have been determined to facilitate greater phosphorus incorporation, for example above 5 atomic percent, if such is desired.
Another exemplary vapor phase reactant would be boron containing, and whereby the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer would also then comprise boron, for example in fabricating a BPSG or BPSG-like material. An exemplary boron containing material reactant is B(OR)3.
The alternate and temporally separated pulses might include one or a combination of chamber pump down and/or purging of the chamber with an inert gas (i.e., N2 and/or any noble gas) intermediate the separated pulses to remove unreacted precursor/reactant.
One prior art technique of forming a silicon dioxide comprising layer is described in Hausmann et al., Rapid Vapor Deposition of Highly Conformal Silica Nanolaminates, SCIENCE MAGAZINE, Vol. 298, pp. 402!406 (2002). Such a process initially utilizes a methylaluminum reactant precursor, for example triethyl aluminum or aluminum dimethylamide, which forms an initial aluminum containing layer on the substrate. An alkoxysilanol, for example tris(tert-butoxy)silanol, is thereafter flowed to the substrate. Apparently, the aluminum presence provides a self-limited catalytic reaction whereby a silicon dioxide comprising layer deposits to some self-limiting thickness anywhere from 100 Angstroms to 700 Angstroms. In other words, continued exposure to the alkoxysilanol does not result in continuing growth of the silicon dioxide comprising layer. Apparently, the silicon dioxide layer self-limited growth occurs in some catalytic manner, as opposed to a simple ALD-like manner due to significantly more than a few monolayers being formed by the silanol exposure/pulsing. Regardless, aluminum is incorporated in the resultant layer, which may not be desired.
While the invention disclosed herein does not preclude its use with the Hausmann et al.-like process, most preferably the inventive process is void of introducing any vapor phase aluminum containing reactant to the chamber in the forming of the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer. Further preferably in accordance with the invention, the substrate is void of aluminum in the forming of the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer.
In one implementation, a method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer includes at least some ALD processing. By way of example only, an exemplary such process is described with reference to FIGS. 1-3. Referring to FIG. 1, a substrate 10 is positioned within any suitable deposition chamber (not shown). In one exemplary embodiment, substrate 10 is a semiconductor substrate, for example comprising some material 12 which preferably includes at least some semiconductive material, and may, of course, include multiple materials and layers. In the context of this document, the term “semiconductor substrate” or “semiconductive substrate” is defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term “substrate” refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above. Substrate 10 has a surface 14 which is provided to be hydroxylated (having pending OH groups) as shown. Other surface termination is also contemplated to be effective in the process herein described. If hydroxylated, such surface might by hydroxylated prior to provision within the deposition chamber, or hydroxylated within the deposition chamber. An exemplary technique for hydroxylating surface 14 includes exposure of the surface to water vapor. Further, the surface might be naturally hydroxylated simply from exposure to ambient atmosphere.
Referring to FIG. 2, a first species is chemisorbed to form a first species monolayer 16 onto the hydroxylated surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl, for example as described above. Such is depicted as being comprised of a variable “A” as constituting at least a part of layer 16 in FIG. 2. Preferred conditions and other attributes are as described above with respect to the first described implementation.
Referring to FIG. 3, the chemisorbed first species has been contacted with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer 18 which will comprise Si and O. Again, conditions are preferably as described above with respect to the first implementation. FIG. 3 depicts layer 18 as comprising a variable “B”, with the chemisorbed first species monolayer being depicted as A′ exemplary of some modification of the A species in the chemisorbing of B with A, with the exact preferred and typical species A and B not having been determined. Regardless, chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant is successively repeated under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer on the substrate. Typically and preferably, such chemisorbings and contactings are conducted in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate, for example as described above in the first described implementation.
The immediately above-described implementation was relative to the chemisorbing of a surface with PO(OR)3 followed by a second vapor phase reactant exposure comprising Si(OR)3OH, and by which an aspect of the invention was reduced-to-practice, although aspects of the invention are not necessarily so limited.
Regardless, aspects of the invention might preferably be utilized in methods of forming trench isolation in the fabrication of integrated circuitry, for example as shown and described with reference to FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 4 shows a semiconductor substrate 26 comprising a bulk monocrystalline silicon or other semiconductive material substrate 28. A masking layer 30 is formed over semiconductor substrate 28. Such is depicted as comprising a pad oxide layer 32 and an overlying nitride comprising layer 34, for example silicon nitride.
Referring to FIG. 5, isolation trenches 36 and 38 have been etched through masking layer 30 into the semiconductive material of substrate 28/26. A thermal oxide layer or other layer, for example silicon nitride (not shown), might be provided now or subsequently, for example with respect to silicon dioxide by exposing substrate 26 to thermal oxidizing conditions.
Referring to FIG. 6, a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer 40 has been formed within semiconductive material isolation trenches 36 and 38. Exemplary techniques for doing so include introducing first and second vapor phase reactants in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles, as described above, and also for example, by the chemisorbings and contacting methods as described above. As depicted, the depositing is effective to deposit phosphorus doped silicon dioxide comprising layer 40 onto masking layer 30, and also is depicted as not being effective to selectively deposit phosphorus doped silicon dioxide layer 40 within isolation trenches 36 and 38. In the context of this document, a “selective/selectively deposit” is one which deposits a material over one region of a substrate as compared to another at a deposition thickness ratio of at least 2:1.
The depositing might be effective to completely fill isolation trenches 36 and 38, or to not fill such isolation trenches for example as shown in FIG. 6. Deposition processing, for example as described in any of the above, could continue to completely fill such trenches, for example as shown in FIG. 7. Alternately by way of example only, the FIG. 6 construction could be filled with another material before or after removing the material from over masking layer 30.
An exemplary reduction-to-practice example utilized triethyl phosphate and tris(tert-butoxy)silanol as first and second respective vapor phase reactants. A 650 Angstrom conformal layer of PSG (8 atomic percent phosphorus) was deposited over a silicon nitride lined trench using respective two second reactive pulses of each reactant, with a one second argon purge followed by a three second pump down without flowing argon between the reactant pulses. This was conducted for 600 complete cycles at 300° C. No ozone was utilized. Respective bubbler/ampoule temperatures for feeding the triethyl phosphate and tris(tert-butoxy)silanol were 50° C. and 40° C.
Such processing was also conducted with the triethyl phosphate having a temperature of 60° C. and with tris(tert-butoxy)silanol at 70° C. One (1) second and 0.5 second respective pulses of such triethyl phosphate and of the tris(tert-butoxy)silanol yielded a 650 Angstrom film after 300 complete cycles, providing an approximate 2.2 Angstrom per cycle rate of deposition. This was somewhat higher than the first reduction-to-practice example deposition, which was at 1.1 Angstroms per cycle. The deposited film was substantially carbon-free, and the phosphorus content was below 0.5 atomic percent. Longer triethyl phosphate exposure at such reactant temperature is expected to yield higher growth rates and increase phosphorus content in the deposited film.
In another reduction-to-practice example, triethyl phosphate from a 60° C. bubbler/ampoule was fed to a substrate within a deposition chamber for one second. This was followed by the flow of 30 sccm Ar for one second, followed by three seconds of pumping down the chamber without flowing any gas thereto. Thereafter, 25 sccm of a combined stream Of O2/O3 (5% to 12% O3 by volume) was flowed to the chamber for two seconds. This was followed by a 30 sccm flow of Ar for one second, followed by three seconds of pump down while feeding no gas to the chamber. Then, tris(tert-butoxy)silanol was flowed to the chamber from a 60° C. bubbler/ampoule for two seconds. This was followed by one second of Ar flow at 30 sccm, again followed by three seconds of pump down while no gas flowed to the chamber. This was conducted for 400 complete cycles, with pressure during all of the processing varying from 0.24 Torr to 10−6 Torr. Such resulted in a 1000 Angstrom thick layer having 5.7 atomic percent phosphorus incorporated therein.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.

## Claims

1. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon dioxide-comprising surface; and
introducing first and second vapor phase reactants in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon dioxide-comprising surface, one of the first and second vapor phase reactants being PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants being Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions comprise atomic layer deposition.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions are effective to form the silicon dioxide-comprising layer to have no more than 0.5 atomic percent phosphorus.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions are effective to form the silicon dioxide-comprising layer to have at least 1.0 atomic percent phosphorus.

5. The method of claim 1 being void of introducing any vapor phase reactant to the chamber other than said first and second vapor phase reactants in said forming of the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer.

6. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing another vapor phase reactant different from the first and second vapor phase reactants intermediate at least some of said separated pulses of the first and second vapor phase reactants.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the another vapor phase reactant is oxygen-containing.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the another vapor phase reactant comprises O3.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein the another vapor phase reactant is boron-containing, the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer comprising boron.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the R hydrocarbyl of the PO(OR)3 contains only from one to five carbon atoms.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the R hydrocarbyl of the Si(OR)3OH contains only from one to five carbon atoms.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions comprise plasma generation of at least one of the first and second reactants.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions are void of plasma generation of the first and second reactants.

14. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon nitride-comprising surface; and
introducing first and second vapor phase reactants in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon nitride-comprising surface, one of the first and second vapor phase reactants being PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants being Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.

15. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed semiconductor material-comprising surface; and
introducing first and second vapor phase reactants in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the semiconductor material-comprising surface, one of the first and second vapor phase reactants being PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants being Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.

16. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon surface; and
introducing first and second vapor phase reactants in alternate and temporally separated pulses to the substrate within the chamber in a plurality of deposition cycles under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon surface, one of the first and second vapor phase reactants being PO(OR)3 where R is hydrocarbyl, and an other of the first and second vapor phase reactants being Si(OR)3OH where R is hydrocarbyl.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the silicon surface comprises monocrystalline silicon.

18. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon dioxide-comprising surface;
chemisorbing a first species to a surface of the substrate to form a first species monolayer onto the surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl;
contacting the chemisorbed first species with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer comprising Si and O; and
successively repeating chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon dioxide-comprising surface.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the substrate surface to which the first species is at least first chemisorbed is provided to be an hydroxylated surface.

20. The method of claim 18 wherein the conditions are effective to form the silicon dioxide-comprising layer to have no more than 0.5 atomic percent phosphorus.

21. The method of claim 18 wherein the conditions are effective to form the silicon dioxide-comprising layer to have at least 1.0 atomic percent phosphorus.

22. The method of claim 19 being void of introducing any vapor phase reactant to the chamber other than said first and second vapor phase reactants at least after providing the hydroxylated surface in said forming of the phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer.

23. The method of claim 18 comprising introducing another vapor phase reactant different from the first and second vapor phase reactants intermediate at least some of said repeated chemisorbings and contactings.

24. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon nitride-comprising surface;
chemisorbing a first species to a surface of the substrate to form a first species monolayer onto the surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl;
contacting the chemisorbed first species with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer comprising Si and O; and
successively repeating chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon nitride-comprising surface.

25. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed semiconductor material-comprising surface;
chemisorbing a first species to a surface of the substrate to form a first species monolayer onto the surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl;
contacting the chemisorbed first species with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer comprising Si and O; and
successively repeating chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the semiconductor material-comprising surface.

26. A method of forming a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer, comprising:
providing a substrate within a deposition chamber, the substrate comprising an exposed silicon surface;
chemisorbing a first species to a surface of the substrate to form a first species monolayer onto the surface within the chamber from a first vapor phase reactant comprising PO(OR)3, where R is hydrocarbyl;
contacting the chemisorbed first species with a second vapor phase reactant comprising Si(OR)3OH, where R is hydrocarbyl, to form a monolayer comprising Si and O; and
successively repeating chemisorbing with the first species and contacting the chemisorbed first species with the second reactant under conditions effective to deposit a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide-comprising layer on the silicon.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the silicon surface comprises monocrystalline silicon.