2021 IL App (2d) 191104-U 

No. 2-19-1104 

Order filed October 27, 2021

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except 

in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

OF ILLINOIS, ) of Winnebago County. 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 18 CF 3183

) 

MARQUEST A. FRIAR, ) Honorable 

) Robert Randall Wilt

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Zenoff and Brennan concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The evidence at trial was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that defendant 

physically resisted a police officer beyond a reasonable doubt, defendant was not 

deprived of his right to a fair trial by the use of the instant jury instructions, and 

defendant’s as-applied constitutional challenge as to his sentence is premature. 

Affirmed.

¶ 2 Following a jury trial, defendant, Marquest A. Friar, was convicted of aggravated vehicular 

hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-4(a)(4) (West 2018)) and resisting a police officer (720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) 
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(West 2018))1

. The trial court sentenced defendant to 21 years’ incarceration, which—because of 

the application of a mandatory firearm enhancement—was the minimum sentence he could have 

received. Defendant appeals, arguing: 1) that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt 

that defendant physically resisted a police officer; 2) that improper jury instructions deprived 

defendant of his right to a fair trial; and 3) that the imposition of a 15-year mandatory firearm 

enhancement violated the proportionate penalties clause as applied to defendant. For the below 

reasons, we affirm. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 4 We summarize the relevant facts from the record on appeal. On January 3, 2019, defendant 

was indicted with aggravated vehicular hijacking and resisting a peace officer. On August 6, 2019, 

the matter proceeded to jury trial. Jonathan Hedges, an officer with the Rockford Police 

Department, testified that he had been working on the evening of December 6, 2018. After having 

been dispatched to the location of an aggravated vehicular hijacking, Officer Hedges learned that 

“a white Ford Fusion [was] taken during [a] hijacking.” Officer Hedges later spotted the vehicle 

and followed it as it merged onto U.S. Route 20. He continued to follow the vehicle in his “marked 

Rockford police squad car,” waiting to activate his siren until a backup officer arrived. In the 

interim, Officer Hedges was able to get close enough to the vehicle to make out “three subjects” 

inside. 

1 As defendant points out in his opening brief, the indictment erroneously charged him with 

resisting pursuant to 625 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2018), which is actually a provision under the Boat 

Registration and Safety Act. However, all parties proceeded as if defendant was charged under 

720 ILCS 5/31-1(a). 
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¶ 5 Backup eventually arrived, and Officer Hedges activated his overhead emergency lights 

and siren and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. The Ford Fusion did not pull over, but instead 

accelerated “and began to flee eastbound on [U.S. Route 20],” weaving in and out of traffic at 

“speeds in excess of 100 miles an hour,” until the driver lost control and crashed into a utility box 

abutting an exit ramp. Officer Hedges pulled up alongside the crashed vehicle, where he saw an 

individual in the distance who was running away from the scene. After more officers arrived, 

Officer Hedges approached the Ford Fusion and observed defendant exit the vehicle’s passenger 

side. Upon approaching defendant, Officer Hedges “told him to put his hands up.” While issuing 

the command, Officer Hedges was wearing “[a] full Rockford police uniform” and the lights on 

the squad car were still activated. 

¶ 6 After being asked to “show his hands,” defendant did not raise his hands, but “slowly 

turned and walked away from [Officer Hedges].” Officer Hedges repeatedly told defendant to put 

his hands up. Defendant continued to walk away from Officer Hedges and “ended up getting down 

on his hands and knees on the ground” at the front passenger side of the vehicle. Officer Hedges 

testified he was unable to see defendant’s hands. The officers at the scene continued “to tell 

[defendant] to show [them] his hands,” but defendant persisted in his actions and did not raise his 

hands. Another one of the officers, Officer Bergstrom, “deployed his canine.” Afterwards, the 

officers were finally able to secure defendant’s hands and effectuate his arrest. 

¶ 7 The State produced a video from Officer Hedges’s dashcam that recorded these events and 

published the video before the jury. The video depicted the car chase, the crashed Ford Fusion, 

and defendant exiting from the vehicle, before turning away from police and obscuring himself on 

the ground behind the passenger side of the Ford Fusion. Once defendant obscured himself behind 

the vehicle, several officers can be seen moving in for the arrest. 
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¶ 8 While publishing the portion of the video in which defendant exited the passenger side of 

the Ford Fusion, the State asked Officer Hedges to elaborate on the footage. Officer Hedges 

responded, “I have him at gunpoint. We’re telling him to put his hands up, show us his hands; and 

he’s not complying.” 

¶ 9 On cross-examination, the following exchange took place: 

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: When you yelled to [defendant], he turned slowly; 

correct?

[HEDGES]: Yes. 

 *** 

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You yelled for him to show his hands, correct?

[HEDGES]: Yes.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You couldn’t see his hands at that point.

[HEDGES]: No. 

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And he dropped to his knees. 

[HEDGES]: Yes.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: He was moving around a bit?

[HEDGES]: Yes.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And you ran around the car, and you were looking at him; 

correct?

[HEDGES]: Yes. 

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And you couldn’t see his hands? 

[HEDGES]: No.

¶ 10 Officer Hedges further testified that, after he ran around the car, he could tell that 
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defendant’s hands were “near his waistband.” He elaborated, saying that “when [defendant] first 

got down on the ground, he was crawling towards the [Ford Fusion] and away from us; and he 

wouldn’t listen to our commands. After the canine was deployed, he started kicking the canine and 

continued to disobey our commands.” Officer Hedges kicked defendant in the thigh, prompting 

defendant to finally place his hands behind his back. 

¶ 11 On redirect examination, Officer Hedges testified that, before arresting defendant, he had 

received “information that the subjects were armed with weapons.” This information had 

concerned Officer Hedges, particularly because of defendant’s failure to show his hands. Officer 

Hedges was also concerned that defendant’s hands were near his waistband, which is a “common 

area used *** to store a weapon.” 

¶ 12 Next, Kaycee Chiarello testified that, on the evening of December 6, 2018, she was driving 

her son’s white Ford Fusion to the airport. Chiarello stopped at an intersection, where she was 

approached at her window by a male with a gun. The male, who was accompanied by two other 

males, ordered, “Give me everything you got.” The second and third males opened her passenger 

and rear-side passenger doors. One of them attempted to grab Chiarello’s car keys from the 

ignition. Chiarello told the group that she “did not have anything” for them to take. She put her 

hands up and attempted to walk away before one of the males struck her with a gun. Another one 

of the males appeared behind her with a gun and noticed that she was reaching for a cell phone. 

He alerted the other two and asked Chiarello, “What are you trying to do?” before hitting her right 

arm. Chiarello was able to get out of the car and ran away from the vehicle. As the three males got 

into her car, one yelled, “Merry Christmas, bitch,” before the group drove off. Chiarello later 

identified defendant’s two codefendants as the men who approached her window and passenger 

side door. She was unable to identify defendant as the male who had been behind her with a gun, 
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as she did not have a clear look at his face at the time of the offense. 

¶ 13 Carl Bergstrom, another officer with the Rockford Police Department, testified that he too 

was on duty on December 6, 2018. After being dispatched to the location of the carjacking, Officer 

Bergstrom saw a white Ford Fusion in the area and recognized it as the vehicle that was reported 

to be stolen. After spotting the vehicle, he notified his dispatch of its location before losing sight 

of the vehicle. Afterwards, Officer Hedges used the police radio to advise Officer Bergstrom that 

he had located the subject vehicle towards U.S. Route 20. Officer Bergstrom headed towards 

Officer Hedges’s location to assist him. After catching up with Officer Hedges, Officer Bergstrom 

activated his emergency lights and siren as the two officers neared the vehicle. They pursued it as 

it sped away and subsequently crashed. Officer Bergstrom and his canine partner arrived at the 

crash scene shortly after Officer Hedges. Officer Bergstrom saw defendant leave the passenger 

side of the vehicle, prompting him and Officer Hedges to “repeatedly” tell defendant to show them 

his hands and to get on the ground. 

¶ 14 Officer Bergstrom testified that defendant did not show the officers his hands. Instead, he 

slowly walked away from them towards a nearby sign that was perpendicular to the Ford Fusion. 

The officers continued to command defendant to show his hands and get on the ground. Defendant 

“went to his knees in front of the front passenger tire, but still *** was not showing his hands.”

Fearing for the officers’ safety, Officer Bergstrom deployed his canine partner to help detain 

defendant. Defendant “went down to his stomach” with “his head and upper body right next to the 

*** front passenger tire.” There, “he brought his hands around and was kind of hitting [the] canine 

partner in his mouth/face area.” After hitting the canine, defendant “went back to bringing his *** 

hands underneath his body[,] where [Officer Bergstrom] couldn’t see them.” Officer Bergstrom 

testified that, at that moment, the assisting officers were able to finally get defendant’s arms behind 
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his back to effectuate his arrest. Officer Bergstrom searched around the vehicle after defendant 

was placed in handcuffs and located a “black Taurus 9-millimeter handgun *** tucked right behind 

the front passenger wheel,” near where defendant had earlier crouched down. On crossexamination, Officer Bergstrom testified that he was unaware whether the firearm he recovered 

was tested for fingerprints. 

¶ 15 Duane Johnson, another officer with the Rockford Police Department, testified that he also 

was on duty the evening of December 6, 2018. Like Officers Hedges and Bergstrom, he became 

aware of a call that evening regarding a vehicular hijacking and learned that the suspects were

traveling eastbound on U.S. Route 20, towards his current location. Officer Johnson “posted up,” 

waiting for the hijacked vehicle to reach him. Once it did, he received a call from other officers 

indicating that “they tried to stop the vehicle, and [that] it was fleeing from them.” Officer Johnson 

joined the other officers in pursuing the vehicle and activated his marked squad car’s emergency 

lights. 

¶ 16 Officer Johnson testified that he reached the crashed vehicle shortly after Officers Hedges 

and Bergstrom. As Officer Johnson approached the front of the crashed car, he observed 

“[defendant] *** exiting the vehicle[,] *** and [defendant] started looking around, and then he 

went down out of sight for a moment while the other officers were approaching him.” Officer 

Johnson testified that, when he lost sight of defendant, he could tell that defendant was by the front 

passenger side of the Ford Fusion. Officer Johnson yelled to defendant, “Show your hands. Show 

your hands. Lay on the ground. Show your hands.” However, defendant never showed the officers 

his hands. Officer Johnson began approaching defendant along with the other responding officers, 

but defendant continued to disobey the officers’ orders. Officer Johnson elaborated, “[H]e was 

right towards the front quarter panel by the tire, *** and we couldn’t see him. We were giving 
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commands. He wasn’t following our direction[s].” Officer Johnson testified that, after Officer 

Bergstrom deployed his canine partner, defendant “struggled with the dog for a brief moment.” 

¶ 17 Prior to deliberations, the jury was provided with the following instructions regarding the 

offense of resisting a peace officer: 

“A person commits the offense of resisting a peace officer when he knowingly 

resists the performance of any authorized act within the official capacity of one known to 

him to be a peace officer.

To sustain a charge of resisting a peace officer, the State must prove the following 

propositions: 

First Proposition: That Officer Hedges was a peace officer; and 

Second Proposition: That the defendant knew Officer Hedges was a peace officer; 

and 

Third Proposition: That the defendant knowingly resisted the performance by 

Officer Hedges of an authorized act within his official capacity.

If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each one of these 

propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant 

guilty. 

If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any one of these 

propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant 

not guilty.” 

The language for these instructions was derived from Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal,

No. 22.13 (approved May 4, 2018) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 22.13). However, the parties 

agreed that IPI Criminal No. 22.13 should be modified to remove any reference to the word 
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“obstructing,” as defendant was only charged with resisting a peace officer, not resisting or 

obstructing a police officer. 

¶ 18 The jury found defendant guilty of aggravated vehicular hijacking and resisting a peace 

officer. The Winnebago Adult Probation Division completed its presentence report concerning 

defendant’s background. The report indicated that as of the date of his underlying offenses,

defendant was less than one month from becoming 19 years old. On November 5, 2019, the trial 

court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial. 

¶ 19 On November 26, 2019, the matter proceeded to sentencing. The trial court noted that it 

had reviewed the victim’s impact statement, defendant’s presentence report, and “the factors in 

aggravation and mitigation.” The court remarked that the “biggest statutory mitigating factor” was 

defendant’s age, as he was only 19 years old at the time of sentencing. The court also discussed 

other mitigating circumstances, such as defendant’s family life, the fact that defendant was 

expecting a child, and that he had been working before he was arrested. The trial court commented 

on certain aggravating factors, such as defendant’s criminal record, which was “one of the smallest 

[he had] seen,” but was nonetheless “bad.” The court discussed defendant’s previous convictions, 

two of which were felonies. The court further acknowledged that all three of defendant’s prior 

convictions involved firearms. The trial court also noted that one of defendant’s co-defendants had 

received a relatively brief sentence as a result of a plea deal: 

“The long and short of it is[,] I’m mindful [the co-defendant] got less because of an 

agreement where weapons were removed, a codefendant who was more involved than 

[defendant]. So I see no reason whatsoever to give him any more than the statutory 

minimum.

And if I had the ability, I would give him less than the statutory minimum, but I 
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don’t.” 

¶ 20 The trial court sentenced defendant to one year’s incarceration for the resisting-a-peaceofficer conviction, with credit for time already served. For the aggravated-vehicular-hijacking 

conviction, the trial court sentenced defendant to 21 years’ incarceration, representing the 

minimum allowable sentence after the imposition of a mandatory 15-year firearm enhancement.2

Defendant timely appealed.

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 Defendant makes three arguments on appeal. First, defendant argues that because the State 

presented no evidence that defendant physically resisted any peace officers by “[f]ailing to [s]how 

[h]is [h]ands or [g]et on the [g]round,” the State failed to prove defendant guilty of resisting a 

peace officer beyond a reasonable doubt. Second, defendant argues that he was deprived of a fair 

trial because the jury was not provided with a clear definition of the term “resisting.” Third, 

defendant argues that the trial court’s imposition of the mandatory 15-year firearm enhancement 

was unconstitutional as applied to defendant. For the below reasons, we reject these arguments 

and affirm.

¶ 23 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 24 First, despite defendant’s contentions, the evidence adduced at trial could allow a rational 

trier of fact to find that defendant resisted a peace officer beyond a reasonable doubt. “The State 

has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each element of an offense.” People v. Gray, 

2 The record indicates that prior to trial, the State made a plea offer to defendant, whereby 

defendant would have received a 20-year sentence for the underlying offenses, without the 

imposition of the firearm enhancement. However, defendant rejected the offer.
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2017 IL 120958, ¶ 35. When confronted with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a court 

of review should not attempt to retry the defendant. People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985). 

Instead, the relevant question is “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Id. (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 

319 (1979)). 

¶ 25 Pursuant to the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code), there are three essential elements that the 

State must prove in establishing that a defendant resisted a peace officer: 1) that defendant 

knowingly resisted a peace officer; 2) that the officer was performing an authorized act in his or 

her official capacity; and 3) the defendant knew that the officer was a peace officer. 720 ILCS 

5/31-1(a); See People v. Pruitt, 166 Ill. App. 3d 679, 683 (1988) (State proved all elements of 

resisting a peace officer where the defendant knowingly kicked a police officer, while the police 

officers were lawfully effectuating the defendant’s arrest, and where the defendant was aware that 

the arresting officers were police officers). 

¶ 26 Section 31-1(a) of the Code contains “two separate prohibitions, ‘resist’ or ‘obstruct.’ 

‘Resist’ is defined as ‘to withstand the force or the effect of’ or the exertion of ‘oneself to 

counteract or defeat.’ ” People v. Baskerville, 2012 IL 111056, ¶ 25 (citing Webster's Third New 

International Dictionary 1932 (1961)). As such, the term “resist” presupposes “some type of 

physical exertion in relation to the officer’s actions.” Id. Therefore, to sustain a conviction for 

resisting a peace officer, the State must show that a defendant physically acted to resist a peace 

officer. Baskerville, 2012 IL 111056, ¶ 25. 

¶ 27 Relying on Baskerville, defendant points out that the indictment here only “charged 

[defendant] with resisting Officer Jonathan Hedges’s attempts to detain him, in that he ‘did not 
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follow orders to show his hands and get on the ground.’ ” According to defendant, these facts, 

even if proved, cannot support a resisting charge because resistance “is not established by evidence 

of mere failure to cooperate with police commands.” Therefore, defendant argues that the State 

could not have possibly proved “[defendant’s] guilt of the charged crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt, and his conviction should be reversed.” While defendant seemingly acknowledges that 

other evidence adduced at trial suggested that defendant did physically resist his arresting officers

by “fighting with [them] and swatting at the [police] dog,” defendant argues that the State “bound 

itself” to the specific allegations in the indictment. In other words, according to defendant, any

acts not explicitly set forth in the indictment could not subsequently be used to sustain defendant’s 

conviction.3 We disagree. 

¶ 28 Even if defendant is correct that the indictment did fail to specifically charge defendant 

with any physical acts of resistance, the State was not precluded from introducing evidence of 

uncharged acts of physical resistance during defendant’s trial. Consequently, because the State 

introduced evidence of several such acts during trial, a rational trier of fact could find defendant 

guilty of resisting a peace officer beyond a reasonable doubt.

3 Defendant did not raise this argument before the trial court in a posttrial motion. The State 

does not assert that defendant forfeited his argument. Regardless, “despite a defendant's failure to 

file a posttrial motion, we may nevertheless consider constitutional issues, the sufficiency of the 

evidence, and issues of plain error.” People v. Meakens, 2021 IL App (2d) 180991, ¶ 12. Here, 

defendant’s argument clearly concerns the sufficiency of the evidence. “Moreover, the State may 

forfeit or waive an issue of forfeiture as to a defendant's arguments.” Id. As such, we are not 

precluded from analyzing defendant’s argument.
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¶ 29 “The State must prove the essential elements of the charging instrument as alleged and 

without variance.” People v. Miller, 253 Ill. App. 3d 1032, 1035-36 (1993). “A fatal variance 

between the instrument charging a defendant and the proof pursuant to which defendant is 

convicted at trial requires reversal of the defendant's conviction.” People v. Ligon, 365 Ill. App. 

3d 109, 117 (2006). “For a variance between the charging instrument and the proof at trial to be 

fatal, the difference ‘must be material and be of such character as may mislead the defendant in 

making his or her defense, or expose the defendant to double jeopardy.’ ” People v. Lattimore, 

2011 IL App (1st) 093238, ¶ 67 (quoting People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 351 (2001)). “If the 

essential elements of an offense are properly charged but the manner in which the offense is 

committed is incorrectly alleged, the error is one of form.” Id. 

¶ 30 In Lattimore, the defendant was charged by indictment with aggravated battery, in that he 

“struck [the victim, a retail employee,] about the body.” Id. ¶ 68. However, during trial, it became 

apparent that the defendant never did strike the victim. Id. ¶ 14. Instead, the victim testified that 

he had grabbed the defendant, and that after the defendant “yanked” away from him, he was thrown 

off balance and hurtled towards a piece of equipment, injuring his shoulder. Id. On appeal, the 

defendant argued that his conviction should be overturned because the State failed to “introduce 

evidence that [the] defendant ‘struck’ [the victim] ‘about the body,’ ” as charged in the indictment.

Id. ¶ 66. However, the court affirmed, holding: 

“The difference between whether [the] defendant struck [the victim] about the body 

or caused [the victim] to be struck about the body relates to the manner in which [the] 

defendant caused bodily harm to [the victim]. [The] [d]efendant has not shown us how a

variance between the indictment and the proof on trial about the manner in which this 

aggravated battery was committed is either material or inadequate notice of the charge. 
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Therefore, we cannot say that this difference was material.” Id. ¶ 68.

¶ 31 Here, defendant is correct that the indictment did not specifically allege any physical acts 

of resistance. People v. Hilgenberg, 223 Ill. App. 3d 286, 289 (1991) (finding that a mere refusal 

to respond to an officer’s demands, in the absence of a physical act, does not constitute resistance 

of a police officer). Instead, the indictment alleged the following: 

“[Defendant] committed the offense of [resisting a peace officer], in that *** [defendant] 

knowingly resisted the performance of Officer Hedges, of [an] authorized act within his 

official capacity, being the detainment of []defendant, in that []defendant did not follow 

orders to show his hands and get on the ground, in violation of [section 31-1(a) of the Code 

(720 ILCS 5/31-1(a)].” 

However, the proof at trial established several uncharged physical acts of resistance that defendant 

performed over the course of not showing officers his hands: 1) turning away from the officers; 2) 

walking away from the officers; 3) crouching down on his hands and knees; 4) crawling away 

from the officers; 5) ducking down towards the Ford Fusion’s front passenger tire; and 6)

struggling against Officer Bergstrom’s canine partner. Any of these uncharged physical acts of 

resistance—which were described by several officers, recorded, and subsequently shown to the 

jury—would allow a rational trier of fact to find that defendant knowingly resisted a peace officer

beyond a reasonable doubt. However, as these acts were not specifically referenced within the 

indictment, they are properly categorized as variances from the indictment. See People v. Arndt, 

351 Ill. App. 3d 505, 518 (2004) (discussing variances between a charging instrument and the 

proof at trial). Therefore, to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have relied upon 

these variances in finding defendant guilty of the underlying offense, we must first determine 

whether the variances were material, or in other words, fatal. 
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¶ 32 We hold that the instant variances were not material, and therefore, were not fatal. The 

State’s introduction of the uncharged physical acts could not have surprised defendant, as the 

uncharged acts all elaborated upon defendant’s alleged resistance as charged in the indictment. As 

such, the indictment and the variances conform with one another in establishing the same essential 

element of the underlying offense—defendant’s knowing resistance of a peace officer. Otherwise 

put, like the variances in Lattimore, the variances only elaborated upon the manner in which the 

underlying offense was carried out. Lattimore, 2011 IL App (1st) 093238, ¶ 67. Indeed, like the 

defendant in Lattimore, defendant has not argued that the variances were material or resulted in 

inadequate notice of the charge. Id. ¶ 68.4

 Consequently, we find that these variances were

immaterial. Id. Therefore, a rational trier of fact could have relied on the uncharged acts in finding 

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of resisting a peace officer. Id. 

¶ 33 Defendant argues that Miller and People v. Stoudt, 198 Ill. App. 3d 124 (1990) warrant a 

different result. We disagree. In Miller, the defendant was convicted of obstructing justice, 

aggravated assault, and battery. 253 Ill. App. 3d at 1032. On appeal, the defendant argued “that 

the evidence [at trial] was insufficient to sustain beyond a reasonable doubt the conviction of 

obstructing justice as charged in the complaint.” Id. There, “[t]he complaint alleged that, with 

intent to prevent his ‘apprehension,’ ” the defendant knowingly furnished false names to a police 

officer. (Emphasis added.) Id. “However, the evidence [at trial] showed that the defendant was

4 In his reply, defendant only argues—in a conclusory manner—that “the indictment 

specified [defendant’s] acts of resistance and that narrow focus resulted in a similarly narrow

defense.” However, defendant provides no argument as to how the variances between the 

indictment and the proof at trial may have prejudiced defense. 
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already in custody when he gave the false names,” meaning he could not have given the false 

names in order to prevent his apprehension. Id. at 1033. As a result, the defendant argued that his 

conviction should be overturned because “he could not have given false information with the intent 

to prevent his ‘apprehension,’ ” as charged in the complaint. Id. 

¶ 34 This court agreed and reversed. Id. at 1036-37. In doing so, we noted that, as one of the 

essential elements of the underlying offense, the State needed to show that the defendant furnished 

false information “with the intent to prevent the apprehension or obstruct the prosecution or 

defense of any person.” Id. at 1035-36. While the charging instrument indicated that the defendant 

did so by giving false names in order to prevent his apprehension, the evidence at trial varied from 

the complaint by showing that defendant was already apprehended when he gave the false names. 

Id. No other evidence at trial otherwise established that the defendant furnished false information 

to avoid apprehension. See id. As such, “[t]he State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt an 

essential element of the offense as charged.” Id. at 1036. 

¶ 35 Plainly, Miller is distinguishable from the instant matter. There, while the proof at trial did

vary from the language of the charging instrument, the resulting variance established that 

defendant could not have committed the underlying offense, as one who has already been 

apprehended cannot possibly furnish information to avoid apprehension. Id. Here, on the other 

hand, the instant variances did not negate any essential elements of the offense as charged. Instead, 

the uncharged physical acts that were described at trial only elaborated upon defendant’s refusal 

to show his hands as originally alleged in the indictment. Therefore, unlike Miller, the variances 

here were not material, as they only pertained to the manner in which defendant carried out the

charged offense. Lattimore, 2011 IL App (1st) 093238, ¶ 67. Furthermore, our holding in Miller 

was based on the State’s failure to prove the essential elements of the underlying offense as 
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charged. Miller, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 1036. We did not engage in any analysis regarding variances. 

Id. As such, Miller provides no guidance as to the question of whether the instant variances were 

fatal. For these reasons, we find Miller to be inapt. 

¶ 36 Likewise, defendant’s reliance on Stoudt is misplaced. There, defendant was charged with 

“resisting or obstructing a police officer,” with the amended complaint specifying:

 “Complainant *** charges that on or about April 13, 1988, [the defendant]

committed the offense of RESISTING A PEACE OFFICER in violation of Chapter 38, 

Section 31-1, Illinois Revised Statutes, as amended, in that in De Kalb County, Illinois, 

said defendant did knowingly refused [sic] to remove himself from the 400 block of 

Lincoln Highway, De Kalb, De Kalb County, Illinois, after being instructed to do so by 

Sgt. Berke of De Kalb City Police, knowing Sgt. Berke to be a peace officer engaged in 

the execution of his official duties.” 198 Ill. App. 3d at 126-27. 

Defendant moved to dismiss the charge, and the circuit court granted his motion. Id. at 126. In 

doing so, the court found: 

 “ ‘The allegation that the [d]efendant stayed on the street after being ordered by the 

police officer to remove himself/herself does not state the offense of Resisting or 

Obstructing a Peace Officer pursuant to [section 31-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. 

Rev. Stat. 1988, ch. 38, §31-1)]. 

Resistance requires some actual physical act which would impose an obstacle 

which may impede, hinder, interrupt, prevent or delay the performance of the officers' 

duties.’ ” Id. 

There, the State did not seek to otherwise introduce any evidence of the offense that varied from 

the allegations of the complaint. Id. at 124-28. 
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¶ 37 On appeal, we affirmed, finding that the complaint was deficient under section 111-3 of 

the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 for insufficiently alleging the elements of the offense, as 

it did not include any reference to any “performance by a peace officer of an authorized act within 

his [or her] official authority.” Id. at 127-28. We further agreed with the trial court in finding that

the complaint there did not specify any acts of physical resistance to support the charge of resisting 

a peace officer. Id. at 128. 

¶ 38 Stoudt bears little relevance to the matters at hand. In Stoudt, the defendant argued that the 

complaint was insufficient under section 111-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure because it did 

not set forth the essential elements of the charged offense. Id. at 127-28. Our entire analysis in

Stoudt focused on the sufficiency of the charging instrument; here, by contrast, defendant does not 

argue that the indictment was insufficient. Id. Instead, defendant has expressly stated that “[he] is 

not challenging the indictment,” meaning the sufficiency of the indictment under section 111-3 is 

not at issue. Instead, the issue here is whether defendant’s uncharged acts of physical resistance

could nonetheless serve as the basis of defendant’s conviction. Consequently, Stoudt is of no 

relevance to us. See People v. Moman, 2014 IL App (1st) 130088, ¶ 18 (finding that a complaint’s 

sufficiency under section 111-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure has no bearing on whether a 

charging instrument has provided a defendant with sufficient notice of a charged offense). For all 

of these reasons, we find that the evidence adduced at trial could allow a rational trier of fact to 

find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly resisted a peace officer.

¶ 39 B. Jury Instructions

¶ 40 Second, defendant was not deprived of his right to a fair trial by any improper jury 

instructions. “The purpose of jury instructions is to provide the jury with the correct legal principles 

applicable to the evidence, so that the jury may reach a correct conclusion according to the law 
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and the evidence.” People v. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 81 (2008). “Jury instructions should not be 

misleading or confusing. Their correctness depends not on whether defense counsel can imagine 

a problematic meaning, but whether ordinary persons acting as jurors would fail to understand 

them.” Id. “Whenever Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, contains an instruction 

applicable in a criminal case *** the IPI Criminal instruction shall be used, unless the court 

determines that it does not accurately state the law.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 451(a) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013). 

“Although the giving of jury instructions is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion, when 

the question is whether the jury instructions accurately conveyed to the jury the law applicable to 

the case, our review is de novo.” People v. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d 470, 475 (2007). 

¶ 41 Here, defendant makes two arguments suggesting that the instant jury instructions—

specifically those pertaining to the charge of resisting a peace officer—deprived defendant of his 

right to a fair trial. First, defendant contends that the instructions were improper because they did 

not limit the jury’s consideration to the specific acts charged in the indictment. Second, defendant 

argues that the instructions improperly failed to inform the jury that “ ‘resisting’ requires a physical 

act[,] as opposed to a mere failure to obey commands.” Defendant acknowledges that these 

arguments were not properly raised before the trial court, but contends that, nonetheless, we may 

review them due to trial counsel’s ineffective assistance or as plain error. 

¶ 42 Even if we were to assume in arguendo that these arguments were not forfeited,5 we 

5 We disagree that trial counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness or the plain error doctrine preserve 

defendant’s forfeited arguments. Pursuant to Strickland v. Washington, a defendant making a claim 

of ineffective assistance of counsel must show both deficient performance and prejudice resulting 

from that deficient performance. 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Plain error may be invoked in two 
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disagree with defendant’s contentions. Here, the trial court was not obligated to instruct the jury 

that it could only consider the specific acts charged in the indictment when determining whether 

defendant resisted a peace officer. Furthermore, even if the trial court should have informed the 

jury of the physical nature of “resisting,” defendant was not prejudiced by this theoretical 

omission. For this reason, any prospective error resulting from the instructions was harmless. 

¶ 43 1. Specific Acts

¶ 44 First, defendant is incorrect that the trial court was required to inform the jury that it was 

only to consider the specific acts charged in the indictment while determining whether defendant 

resisted a peace officer. As we have specified above, “[f]or a variance between the charging 

instrument and the proof at trial to be fatal, the difference ‘must be material and be of such 

character as may mislead the defendant in making his or her defense, or expose the defendant to 

double jeopardy.’ ” Lattimore, 2011 IL App (1st) 093238, ¶ 67 (citing Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d at

351). Again, the instant variances—consisting of uncharged physical acts of resistance—only 

detailed the manner in which defendant resisted a peace officer, as originally charged in the 

indictment. As such, the variances were neither material nor fatal. Id. Because the variances were 

not fatal, the jury could properly consider the uncharged physical acts in determining defendant’s 

circumstances: “when either (1) the evidence is close, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or 

(2) the error is serious, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 

167, 187 (2005). Under the first instance of the plain error doctrine, a defendant must also show

prejudice. Id. Under the second instance, a defendant must show serious error. Id. However, as we 

discuss below, any actual error regarding the jury instructions was harmless. Therefore, defendant 

can neither show prejudice or serious error as necessary to preserve review of these issues. 
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guilt. Consequently, there was no basis for the trial court to limit the jury’s consideration to the 

specific acts outlined in the indictment, and defendant’s arguments concerning the proper scope of 

the jury instructions necessarily fails. 

¶ 45 2. Physical Acts

¶ 46 Next, even if defendant is correct that the jury should have been instructed of the physical 

nature of “resisting,” any resulting error from the trial court’s omission was harmless. “Any error, 

defect, irregularity, or variance which does not affect [a defendant’s] substantial rights shall be 

disregarded.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff. Jul. 1, 2021). An appellate court should not reverse a 

judgment due to harmless error. People v. Smith, 90 Ill. App. 2d 310, 322 (1967). Pursuant to the 

harmless-error doctrine, an erroneous jury instruction does not require reversal of a trial court’s 

judgment where “the result at trial would not have been different had the proper instruction been 

given.” People v. Martinez, 389 Ill. App. 3d 413, 416 (2009). 

¶ 47 According to defendant, “[h]ad the jury been properly instructed that resisting requires a 

physical act—and had it been informed of what the alleged acts of resistance were—the jury would 

have been required to find that no resisting occurred.” (Emphasis added.) However, this argument 

rests on a faulty premise—that the trial court should have limited the jury’s considerations to the 

actions expressly set forth in the indictment. Again, the jury was free to consider the State’s 

evidence of defendant’s physical resistance, even if that evidence varied from the allegations 

contained within the indictment. 

¶ 48 As we have analyzed above, the State presented the jury with at least six such physical acts 

of resistance that defendant engaged in while refusing to show officers his hands. Three officers 

testified as to these acts, and most of the physical acts were depicted in the video that was

subsequently published to the jury. Therefore, even if the jury had been instructed that a “resisting” 
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charge necessarily requires a physical act, the jury would still have ample evidence of such

physical resistance to support a guilty verdict. Consequently, the result of defendant’s trial would 

be no different even if the trial court had instructed the jury of the physical nature of “resisting.” 

¶ 49 Nonetheless, defendant contends that the State implicitly conceded this point by neglecting 

to address this specific argument in its response. Defendant argues that, as a result, we should 

“reverse and remand for a new trial on the basis of that point alone.” However, defendant overlooks 

that we may affirm on any ground supported by the record. People v. Sanchez, 2013 IL App (2d) 

120445, ¶ 27. Here, the record establishes that any error resulting from the jury instructions was 

harmless and does not warrant reversal, regardless of the State’s silence on the issue.

¶ 50 C. As-Applied Constitutional Challenge

¶ 51 Finally, because the trial court did not hold an evidentiary hearing regarding defendant’s 

as-applied constitutional challenge, we find that the record is insufficient to address defendant’s 

claims.

¶ 52 “All statutes are presumed [to be] constitutional and, where possible, we must construe a 

statute to uphold its constitutionality.” People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (2d) 170646, ¶ 10. An asapplied constitutional challenge requires a showing that a statute is unconstitutional as it applies 

to “the specific facts and circumstances of the challenging party.” People v. Harris, 2018 IL 

121932, ¶ 38. “All as-applied constitutional challenges are, by definition, dependent on the specific 

facts and circumstances of the person raising the challenge.” Id. ¶ 39. As such, “a defendant must 

present an as-applied constitutional challenge to the trial court in order to create a sufficiently 

developed record.” People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 32. 

“A court is not capable of making an ‘as applied’ determination of unconstitutionality when 

there has been no evidentiary hearing and no findings of fact. [Citation.] Without an 
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evidentiary record, any finding that a statute is unconstitutional ‘as applied’ is premature. 

[Citations.] Nor would it be appropriate for this court, sua sponte, to consider whether [a] 

statute has been constitutionally applied since we, as a reviewing court, are not arbiters of 

the facts.” People v. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 47 (citing In re Parentage of John M., 212 

Ill.2d 253, 268 (2004)). 

“A court may not simply assume that alleged factual matters are true when considering an asapplied constitutional challenge. We reiterate that when a court holds a statute unconstitutional 

as applied, that holding must be based on an established factual record.” People v. Brown, 2020 

IL 124100, ¶ 34. However, pursuant to our supreme court’s holding in Holman, a court of review 

may entertain an “as-applied Miller claim for which the record is [already] sufficiently developed 

for appellate review.” 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 32. Still, this is a “very narrow exception.” Id. 

¶ 53 For example, in People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 39, the defendant (Thompson) 

first made an as-applied constitutional challenge to his sentence on direct appeal. Specifically, 

Thompson argued that “the ‘evolving science’ on juvenile maturity and brain development” 

forming the basis of the Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), 

should apply to defendants “who are between the ages of 18 and 21.” Id., ¶ 38. For this reason, 

“[under] Miller, [Thompson] argue[d] that the sentencing statute that mandated a natural life 

sentence for his murder convictions [wa]s unconstitutional as applied to him under the eighth 

amendment because the sentencing statute did not allow the sentencing judge to consider his 

youth.” Id. 21.

¶ 54 There, noting that Thompson first made this argument on appeal, our supreme court found 

that the record contained “nothing about how that science applie[d] to the circumstances of 

[Thompson’s] case,” nor “any factual development on the issue of whether the rationale of Miller
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should be extended beyond [defendants] over the age of 18.” Id. After remarking that “it is 

paramount that the record be sufficiently developed in terms of those facts and circumstances for 

purposes of appellate review,” the court found that Thompson “forfeited his as-applied challenge 

to his sentence under Miller by raising it for the first time on appeal.” Id. ¶ 39. 

¶ 55 Here, defendant argues that the imposition of the mandatory 15-year firearm enhancement 

was unconstitutional as-applied to him. Defendant also argues that, despite his failure to preserve 

the issue before the trial court, Holman nonetheless allows us to review his arguments, as the 

record here is “sufficiently developed to address [defendant’s] claim.” However, pursuant to 

Thompson, we find that defendant’s as-applied challenge is premature. 

¶ 56 Like Thompson, defendant first raised his as-applied challenge for the first time on appeal. 

Both Thompson and defendant have argued that the “developmental characteristics of juvenile 

brains that informed the Supreme Court’s opinion in Miller” also apply to young adults. Based on 

this emerging science, both Thompson and defendant postulate that the lack of discretion in their 

respective sentencing statutes render their sentences unconstitutional. However, like the record in 

Thompson, the record here contains no factual development tying the science referenced in Miller 

to the facts underlying defendant’s case, nor any rationale as to how that science applies to young 

adults such as defendant. For this reason, like the record in Thompson, we find that the instant 

record is therefore insufficient for us to consider defendant’s as-applied constitutional challenge.6

6 We also note that the Holman exception to the rule requiring a defendant to first bring an 

as-applied constitutional challenge before the trial court only pertains to Miller challenges—a fact 

that defendant conveniently omits from his briefs. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 32. Here, defendant 

acknowledges that given defendant’s age, he is precluded from raising a Miller challenge under 
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As such, we reject defendant’s as-applied constitutional challenge as premature.

¶ 57 Citing People v. Jones, 2021 IL App (1st) 180996, defendant argues that, even if “further 

facts are needed to address the emerging research as applied to [defendant], these facts can be 

explored at resentencing” in the interests of judicial economy. We disagree. In Jones, the 

defendant, who was 19 years old at the time of the offense, was convicted of first-degree murder 

under an accountability theory. Id. ¶ 1. On appeal, the defendant first raised an as-applied 

constitutional claim against his sentence under both the eight amendment and the proportionate 

penalties clause of the Illinois constitution. Id. ¶¶ 16, 19. There, despite the defendant’s failure to 

first raise the issue before the trial court, the court found that a new sentencing hearing was 

appropriate “in the interests of judicial economy.” Id. ¶ 33. 

¶ 58 In holding so, the Jones court briefly discussed People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-

B, in which the court had previously found that it was able to hear a defendant’s as-applied 

constitutional challenge, even though it was not previously raised before the trial court until the 

defendant filed his motion to reconsider the defendant’s sentence. Jones, 2021 IL App (1st) 

180996, ¶ 21. The court noted certain similarities between Jones and House:

“In our case, as in House, defendant was 19 years old. [Citation.] In our case, as in House, 

the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution. U.S. Const., amend. VIII. Additionally, 

because defendant’s sentence was not a de facto life sentence, his as-applied constitutional 

challenge cannot properly be characterized as a Miller claim. See People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 

122327, ¶ 42 (holding that sentences that are greater than 40 years qualify as de facto life 

sentences). Therefore, defendant has no basis to argue that the Holman exception allows for review 

of the issue. 
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defendant was convicted solely under an accountability theory. [Citation.] Although the 

opinion in House stressed that defendant acted solely as a lookout, the House defendant 

was still armed, as was defendant in our case.” Id. ¶ 32. 

The Jones court also noted that both there and in House, the respective defendants’ presentence 

investigation reports adequately described the defendants’ criminal and familial histories. Id. ¶¶ 

23-24. Therefore, the court found that, “[w]hen one considers the facts and evidence in this case, 

the finding is inescapable that this case is similar to House and requires the same outcome.” Id. ¶ 

18. Given those similarities and “the interests of judicial economy,” the court remanded the case 

for resentencing. Id. 

¶ 59 Jones contradicts our supreme court’s longstanding and well-settled precedent; we 

therefore decline to follow it. As described above, our supreme court has consistently held that an 

as-applied constitutional challenge must first be brought before the trial court in order to be subject 

to appellate review. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 38; see also Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 39

(defendant’s presentence investigation report did not create a sufficient record to analyze 

defendant’s as-applied constitutional claim in lieu of an evidentiary hearing); People v. Bingham, 

2018 IL 122008, ¶ 22 (the defendant’s “improper track” in raising an as-applied due process 

challenge for the first time on the appeal made it “difficult if not impossible to adjudicate the 

claim”); People v. Rizzo, 2016 IL 118599, ¶ 26 (courts are precluded from making as-applied 

determinations without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing); Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 47 (it 

was “improper” for the court to render a decision on the defendant’s as-applied constitutional 

challenge without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing). It is true that in House, the court did 

consider the defendant’s as-applied constitutional challenge, despite the State’s argument that the 

“defendant ha[d] not sufficiently established his as-applied challenge to the proportionate penalties 
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clause.” 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, ¶¶ 32, 75. However, since Jones was filed and after the 

State appealed the First District’s holding in House, our supreme court has considered the case and 

reversed the portions of the decision considering the defendant’s as-applied challenge, finding 

“that the record in [the] case require[d] further development.” People v. House, 2021 IL 125124, 

¶ 32. As such, the First District’s disposition of House, which Jones expressly relied on, no longer 

remains to be good law. Id. 

¶ 60 Aside from its reliance on House, a myriad of other details from Jones also suggest that 

the case was wrongly decided. For instance, because the defendant there was 19 years old at the 

time of the offense, he was precluded from raising a Miller claim regarding his sentence. Id. ¶ 13; 

See People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171362, ¶ 14 (finding that only juveniles are qualified 

for protections under Miller). Although the Jones court found that “ ‘the record does not need 

further development before advancing’ to a new sentencing hearing,”7 the court implicitly 

conceded that the record—as it currently stood—was insufficient for such a task, suggesting that 

“[a]t a new sentencing hearing, ‘both [the] defendant and the State will have the opportunity to 

fully explore defendant’s argument and the evolving science on juvenile brain development.’ ” Id. 

¶ 32 (citing House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, ¶ 72). Consequently, the Holman exception—

7 The court seemingly believed that the record was sufficiently developed as a result of the 

defendant’s presentence investigation report, which detailed defendant’s criminal and familial 

histories. Id. ¶¶ 24-25. However, in Harris, our supreme court explicitly found that such a 

presentence investigation report does not create a sufficient record to address an as-applied 

constitutional challenge regarding the question of whether “evolving science on juvenile maturity 

and brain development” applies to young adult defendants. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 46. 
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which only applies to Miller challenges where the record is adequately developed—could not

possibly apply to Jones’s challenge. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 32. For these reasons, the Jones 

court had no basis whatsoever to entertain the defendant’s argument, despite any trivial similarities 

the case shared with House, which has since been reversed. Because Jones is poorly reasoned and 

either fails to follow our supreme court’s well-settled precedent or persuasively distinguish that 

precedent, we cannot in good conscience follow it. Thus, we cannot consider defendant’s 

arguments, because they are forfeited due to the inadequately developed factual record. 

¶ 61 During oral arguments, defendant sought to evade the conclusion that the instant record—

which included no information as to the evolving science on young adults’ brain development—

was insufficient by claiming that his as-applied constitutional challenge was not dependent on such 

science. Specifically, at oral arguments, defendant provided that his as-applied challenge did not 

rely on “Miller and its progeny,” and instead agreed that his argument was based on “youth in 

general” and “not a juvenile brain.” As such, defendant proposed that this court “did not need to 

dig into the science” to analyze defendant’s challenge, suggesting that the record was therefore 

sufficient. 

¶ 62 Defendant’s comments expressly contradict the arguments that he had earlier made in his 

briefs. For instance, in his opening brief, defendant provides: 

“Following the proportionate penalties clause’s mandate to evaluate sentencing in 

light of ‘evolving standard[s] of decency,’ Illinois courts have found it appropriate to 

evaluate research indicating that the brains of young adults continue to develop into their 

mid-20’s. Chief among the scientific findings considered by the courts is a growing 

consensus that the same developmental characteristics of juvenile brains that informed the 

Supreme Court’s opinion in Miller persist well into emerging adulthood.” (Emphasis 
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added.) (Internal citations omitted). 

Defendant’s brief also provides: 

“Along these lines, Illinois courts have recently begun to apply the logic of Miller 

and its progeny to emerging adults facing mandatory adult penalties, concluding that these 

penalties may violate the proportionate penalties clause as applied to the particular 

offender.” 

In the brief, defendant went on to explain that “[t]he same logic and research that has caused 

Illinois courts to treat emerging adults as similar to juveniles has also required close scrutiny of 

mandatory sentencing statutes.” (Emphasis added.) After discussing several cases purportedly 

employing such logic, defendant concludes that “evolving standards of decency—as shown 

through case law, legislation, and research,” confirm the “unfairness *** in cases, like 

[defendant’s], in which the mandatory minimum sentence is drastically increased or even doubled 

by a firearm enhancement.” (Emphasis added.) Most telling, defendant also previously argued that, 

“[b]ecause of the mandatory sentencing scheme, the trial court was unable to take into account 

[defendant’s] age or the now established research showing that a young person’s neurological 

development continues well into his 20’s.” 

¶ 63 Clearly, defendant’s as-applied constitutional challenge—as iterated in his briefs—was 

dependent on the emerging science on young adults’ brain development. Although defendant did 

admittedly make several claims that his age warranted a remand for resentencing, his briefs clearly 

indicate that such arguments were inextricably tied to the emerging science of young adults’ brain 

development, to which he devoted several pages of argument. As such, defendant cannot now 

contradict his earlier arguments for the first time during oral arguments. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) 

(eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in 
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oral argument, or on petition for rehearing”). Furthermore, even if we were to accept defendant’s 

new arguments, by acknowledging that his claims do not rely on “Miller and its progeny,” 

defendant cedes that the Holman exception does not apply to his as-applied challenge, further 

establishing the untimeliness of his as-applied challenge. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 32. 

¶ 64 Defendant additionally argues that “if this [c]ourt concludes that the record is insufficiently 

developed [to consider defendant’s constitutional challenge], then this omission is the result of 

trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to develop the record of this claim.” As such, without 

explanation, defendant claims that we may nonetheless review his argument even without a 

sufficient record to do so. 

¶ 65 Defendant’s argument is unconvincing. Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 

687 (1984), a party arguing ineffective assistance of counsel must make two separate showings: 

1) that counsel’s assistance was deficient; and 2) that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced 

the defense. However, although defendant suggests that his trial counsel should have raised the asapplied challenge before the trial court, defendant paradoxically acknowledges that “counsel was 

constrained by the mandatory minimum in this case.” Of course, counsel’s performance cannot be 

deemed deficient for failing to make an argument that was unsupported by current Illinois law. 

Indeed, defendant cites no authority providing that trial counsel may be ineffective for specifically 

failing to challenge the imposition of the mandatory sentencing enhancement against a young 

adult, such as defendant. Nor does defendant cite any cases providing that counsel may be deemed 

insufficient for failing to advocate a change in the law. For these reasons, defendant’s argument is 

forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(1) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020); People v. Olsson, 2014 IL App (2d) 131217, 

¶ 16. Defendant does suggest that trial counsel should have been aware of cases such as House, 

People v. Aikens, 2016 IL App (1st) 133578, and People v. Barnes, 2018 IL App (5th) 140378, in 
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challenging the enhancement, but again, none of these cases involved the imposition of a 

mandatory sentencing enhancement as applied to a young adult. Because these cases do not support 

defendant’s as-applied challenge, they also do not support defendant’s contention that trial counsel 

should have relied on them.

¶ 66 Perhaps more importantly, defendant provides no explanation as to how trial counsel’s 

alleged ineffectiveness would enable our review in light of the insufficient record. Again, any

analysis as to an as-applied constitutional challenge must be based on a fully developed record. 

Brown, 2020 IL 124100, ¶ 34. Even if defendant were hypothetically correct that trial counsel’s 

ineffective performance resulted in the forfeiture of the issue, that fact would do nothing to remedy 

the insufficient record. For all these reasons, we decline to consider defendant’s as-applied 

constitutional challenge regarding the imposition of the mandatory firearm enhancement.

¶ 67 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 68 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County. 

¶ 69 Affirmed.