Land Mobile Satellite Transmission 

Measurements at 869 MHz 

A Comparison of Error Probabilities for 

id-3 2 

//733 9 

3,J 77 E- ,IF 

,/JyA. $1 J:. I/' ' 

! ,& 

Various Message Block Durations and Fade Mawins 

as a Function of Vegetation Shadowing. 

Wolf hard J. Vogel 

Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory 

The University of Texas at Austin 

-~ ~~ ~- 

- lI?lLSA-CR-179929) - LAID MOBILE SATELLITE 

N88-14255 

TBANSBISSIOI HEASUEEUEHTS AT 869 HIEie, A 

COME'ARISOH OF ERROR PROBIBILITIES FOR 

VARIOUS BESSAGE BLOCK DURATIONS AND PAUB 

UARGXHS AS A FUNCTION OF VEGETATfOl Unclas 

G3/32 01 17209 

' This report was prepared for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

under Contract 956520 

November 25,1985 
1 - Introduction 

In order to give vehicles travelling in rural areas of the United States 

access to the telephone networlc, a Land Mobile Satellite System (LMSS) is 

being planned. A previous report (Vogel, 1985) described an experiment 

which made use of a balloon borne transmitter In order to simulate LMSS 

transmissions. The received signal power and phase at 869.5 MHz were 

recorded in a mobile van as it followed the balloon across eastern Texas, 

Louisiana, Mississippi and into Alabama. 

The data presented previously have now been analyzed lor the 

probability that the received signal level dropped below a threshold during 

short time blocks of various durations and the conditfonal probability that 

such an event would reoccur after a given delay. If it is assumed that a fade 

threshold crossing of even 1 msec would produce an emf in the 

transmission, then the derived quantities can be considered error 

probabi 1 it ies. 

Extensive tables and graphs are presented with the results from the 

analysis. They can be used to devise communication strategies which will 

provide improved link availability in the presence of vegetation shadowing. 

2. The Data Base 

The data were collected at elevation angles from 30 to 50 degrees at 

normal highway speeds (from 10 mph up) with a crossed drooping dipole 

receiving antenna. They were analyzed for three categories of vegetation 

shadowing: 

1 1 None 

This group. includes data collected over a cumulative driving 

distance of 45.5 mlles (75 km) at an average speed of 51.7 mph 

with a standard deviation of 8.6 mph. No shadowtng by roadslde 

trees occurred, but signal blockage due to highway overpasses 

is included. 

1 
I 

1 

2) Infrequent 

This group includes data collected over a cumulative driving 

distance of 16.6 miles (27 km) at an average speed of 53.7 mph 

with a standard deviation of 5.5 mph Shadowing by roadside 

trees occurred for less than half the time during any one 

minute. 

3) Frequent 

This gmup includes data collected over a cumulative driving 

distance of 32.1 miles (53 km) at an average speed of 47.4 mph 

with a standard deviation of 7.9 mph. Shadowing by roadside 

trees occurred for more than half the time during any one 

minute. 

2, Analysis Procedure 

The data were originally recorded on analog tape and then sampled and 

digitized at a rate of 1,000 samples per second. The digitizing program 

stored the data in files, each of which contained 63 records of 1.024 

seconds duration. Computing overhead resulted in a sampling gap of 22 

mllllseconds between each record and of several seconds between each flle. 

A shadowlng classlficatlon was made for each flle. 

The analysis was made for time block durations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 

125 and 150 milliseconds. Each class of data was converted to a contiguous record of slgnal level mlnlma wlth respect to the line-of-slght level during 

consecutive 25 mllllseconds. For simpllflcatlon only 40 such values were 

obtained for each 1.046 sec sample plus gap record, resulting in a 

contraction of 46 milliseconds for each second. Similarly, files in each 

classification group were concatenated even if they were not contiguous in 

time. This procedure resulted in three representative data files on which 

the analysis was performed. The simplifications made should have a 

negligible effect on the outcome for the type of delay considered. 

Thresholds were 3,6, 9, 12 and 15 d6 below the line-of-sight level. It 

should be noted that this level was estimated a posteriori from the data by 

averaging the mean level of several one second records in each flle for 

2 
which a low variance and a high signal level indicated that no shadowing 

was present. 

The quantities calculated were error probabilities and conditional 

error probabilities, i.e. the probabilities that given an error occurred, one 

would again occur after a delay of 1 to 6 blocks or of 1 to 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 

or 160 seconds. 

3. Results 

The error probabilities for the three classes, depending on the signal 

level threshold and the time block duration, are given in Tables 1,2 and 3. 

Without vegetation shadowing, the probabilities for thresholds from -6d6 

are below .5 percent and are only weakly dependent upon the time block 

duration. For the infrequent class, the probabilities for the larger 

thresholds are actually below those for the no shading class. This is due to 

the fact that the "none" class contained more highway overpasses than the 

'infrequent" class. A similar trend has already been observed in the power 

level distribution functions given in the previously mentioned report. The 

error probabilities are quite high for the 'frequent' class, from 55% at a 

threshold of -3dB and 150 msec time blocks to 3.7% at -15dB and 25 msec, 

respectively. 

Tables 4 to 6 give the conditional error probabilities. Even for the 

"none" class a -3dB threshold is clearly insufficient and there is a strong 

correlation for short delays. After 4 seconds the probability of a repeated 

error is very small. Curiously, it increases again, albeit to a low value, in 

the delay range of 20 and 40 seconds. At an average speed of about 24 

meters per second, this implies that some shadowing occurrs with a 

periodicity of about .5 to 1 km. A similar effect can be observed in the 

infrequent shadowing results but does not appear or is masked in the 

frequent shadowing data. For this class after a delay of about 20 seconds 

not much more error decorrelation occurrs. 

For convenience, graphs have been included (Figs. 1 through 33) which 

allow for an easier comparison of the dependence of the error probabilities 

on the veri ous parameters. 

The first three repeat the information presented in Tables 1 through 

3. One can see that for no or infrequent shadowing there is a large decrease 

in error probabilities when increasing the fade margin from 3 to 6 dB. i n a l l 

cases the error probability increases as the time block length varies from 

3 
25 to 150 msec. The same can not be said about the conditional 

probabilities. For the 25 msec blocks, these tend to be larger at the very 

short delays. This is probably related to the scale size of the individual 

shadowing objects. For the frequent shadowing case, most delay gain is 

achieved after about 20 to 40 seconds. After that the error probabilities 

decrease only by a few percent as the delay is increased to 160 seconds. 

4 
Reference 

Vogel, W. J., 'Land Mobile Satellite Transmission Measurements at 869 MHz: 

Selected Results from the Dedicated Stratospheric Balloon Experiment of 

November 12 and 13, 1984,' MSAT-X ReDort 106, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

Pasadena, Ca, 12 April 1985 

5 
TABLE 1 

Probablities in percent that the received signal power at 869.5 MHz 

WBS ever below the iine-of-sight level by 3 to 15 d6 during time blocks of 

25 to 150 msec. The values are derived from balloon measurements with no 

vegetation shadowing over 8 cumulative driving distance of 45.5 miles st 

an average speed of 5 1.7 mph. 

Level Time Block Dur8tiOn - msec 

dB 25 so 75 100 125 1 so 

-3 2.54 3.38 3.99 4.48 4.9 1 5.30 

-6 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 

-9 0.29 0.3 1 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 

-12 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.3 1 0.33 0.34 

-15 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33 

TABLE 2 

Probablities in percent that the received signal power at 869.5 MHz 

was ever below the line-of-sight level by 3 to 15 dB during time blocks of 

25 to 150 msec. The values are derived from balloon measurements with 

infrequent vegetation shadowing over 8 cumulative driving distance of 

16.6 miles at an average speed of 53.7 mph. 

Level Time Block Duration - msec 

d6 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 6.39 9.23 11.37 13.12 14.59 15.87 

-6 0.7 1 0.96 1.16 1.34 1 .so 1.65 

-9 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.53 0.58 

-12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33 

-15 0.10 0.13 0.1s 0.18 0.20 0.22 

.......................................................... 
TABLE 3 

Probablities in percent that the received signal power at 869.5 MHz 

was ever below the line-of-sight level by 3 to 15 dB during time blocks of 

25 to 150 msec. The values are derived from balloon measurements with 

frequent vegetation shadowing over 8 cumulative driving distance of 

32.1 miles at an average speed of 47.4 mph. 

Level Time Block Duration - msec 

dB 25 50 75 too 125 150 

-3 39.91 45.44 48.91 51.45 53.45 55.13 

-6 21.95 26.10 28.68 30.46 31.81 32.90 

-9 12.26 16.17 18.82 20.82 22.42 23.75 

-12 6.73 9.67 11.91 13.72 15.24 16.54 

-15 3.70 5.7 1 7.38 8.81 10.06 11.19 

.......................................................... 
TABLE 4 

Conditional probabilities in percent: Given the received signal power 

at 869.5 MH2 was ever below the line-of-sight level by 3 to 15 dB during 

time blocks of duration 25 to 150 msec, that during a like time block after a 

delay of 1 time block to 160 seconds the same level would again be crossed. 

The values are derived from balloon measurements with no vegetation 

shadowlng over a cumulative driving distance of 45.5 miles at an average 

speed of 5 1.7 mph. 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

66.95 62.92 66.63 65.21 64.06 62.64 

94.85 42.42 46.55 51.81 49.69 57.56 

94.64 43.51 46.97 46.06 50.33 58.51 

92.77 37.36 41.22 45.82 44.55 53.36 

87.13 26.61 40.55 45.19 44.42 52.97 

64.59 64.48 63.85 61.75 63.34 65.07 

90.20 47.79 52.34 60.13 60.12 78.98 

89.28 48-09 46.97 59.26 61.64 60.64 

86.75 42.13 45.21 53.92 56.90 56.84 

80.53 41.23 44.66 52.99 52.1 1 54.16 

63.10 59.75 61.85 63.22 64.73 67.39 

05.70 S3.61 59.47 61.19 72.60 72.09 

84.45 48.09 57.87 57.07 74.20 74.60 

81.63 46.07 54.79 58.99 76.03 67.05 

76.57 45.32 53.97 55.58 76.67 67.70 

62.98 64.44 65.43 65.00 67.46 65.60 

81.37 53.61 62.36 73-56 65.85 55.80 

79.62 51.65 58.60 75.23 58.31 56.81 

76.51 44.10 53.99 76.96 58.1 1 56.15 

72.20 43.27 50.41 72.99 53.85 56.77 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 
-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

62.23 61.99 64.70 68.61 65.01 66.67 

76.96 58.28 7461 62.05 54.40 52.26 

74.80 58.78 60.53 58.33 55.21 41.49 

71.08 55.62 56.38 58.23 51.82 42.69 

67.00 50.29 56.44 53.77 52.36 30.48 

61.40 64.37 64.46 68.71 66.85 68.23 

72.55 58.20 74.61 55.44 51.94 40.06 

69.97 53.94 7579 52.78 41.24 28.51 

65.66 54.78 68.09 52.15 37.53 23.20 

61.72 50.88 68.49 52.73 38.21 23.28 

48.37 52.13 52.96 53.23 53.36 53.33 

10.05 10.02 10.02 10.02 10.02 10.02 

9.92 9.92 9.93 9.95 9.98 10.00 

9.64 9.55 9.57 9.62 9.69 9.74 

9.24 9.06 9.04 9.09 9.18 9.26 

45.18 48.26 48.49 48.39 48.21 47.99 

6.37 6.29 6.24 6.18 6.34 6.48 

6.43 6.36 6.30 6.25 6.21 6.38 

5.72 5.62 5.59 5.57 5.57 5.57 

5.94 5.85 5.75 5.71 5.71 5.70 

42.79 45.47 45.92 46.10 46.15 46.21 

0.74 0.93 1.56 2.13 2.66 3.14 

0.00 0.25 0.73 1.39 2.00 2.55 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 1.45 2.09 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.99 1.66 

39.81 42.60 43.03 43.15 43.22 43.14 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

5 Blocks 

5 Blocks 

5 Blocks 

5 Blocks 

5 Blocks 

6 Blocks 

6 6focks 

6 Blocks 

6 Blocks 

6 Blocks 

1 Second 

1 Second 

1 Second 

1 second 

1 Second 

2 Seconds 

2 Seconds 

2 Seconds 

2 Seconds 

2 Seconds 

3 Seconds 

3 Seconds 

3 Seconds 

3 Seconds 

3 Seconds 

4 Seconds 

4 Seconds 

4 Seconds 

4 Seconds 

4 Seconds 
-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

38.48 41.27 41.59 41.23 40.84 40.45 5 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

30.02 31.58 31.43 31.36 31.20 31.04 10 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seconds 

18.67 19.97 19.65 19.36 19.19 19.13 20 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.61 0.79 20 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.44 0.64 20 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.48 0.70 20 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.50 0.71 20 Seconds 

4.31 5.45 6.35 7.00 7.55 8.00 40 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.61 0.79 40 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.44 0.64 40 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.46 40 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.48 40 Seconds 

3.53 4.01 4.59 5.09 5.49 5.93 80 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

6.88 9.30 10.54 11.14 11.48 11.69 160 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 

OB0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 
TABLE 5 

Conditional probabilities in percent: Given the received signal power 

at 869.5 MHz was ever below the line-of-sight level by 3 to 15 dB during 

tlme blocks of duratlon 25 to 150 msec, that during a like time block after a 

delay of 1 time block to 160 seconds the same level would again be crossed. 

The values are derived from balloon measurements with Infrequent 

vegetation shadowing over a cumulative driving distance of 16.6 miles at 

an average speed of 53.7 mph. 

Level Time Block Dumtlon - msec Delay 

dB 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-1s 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-13 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-1s 

-3 

-6 

-9 

-12 

-15 

55.44 41.73 51.17 55.64 62.81 63.99 

64.44 17.33 20.46 30.70 35.97 40.16 

66.97 13.10 15.17 23.08 23.83 29.34 

70.77 21.43 18.81 29.31 26.72 31.51 

71.74 25.42 21.74 18.99 37.08 44.44 

49.09 46.44 54.72 57.30 64.00 68.05 

32.06 20.37 33.71 32.89 35.37 47.76 

48.62 16.55 21.91 31.25 38.72 45.95 

52.31 19.05 32.67 3621 39.69 37.67 

63.04 25.42 44.93 50.63 55.06 52.53 

46.63 46.66 52.24 59.11 64.84 64.70 

46.67 27.17 29.92 40.60 41.04 43.05 

42.20 22.07 29.78 40.38 S1.91 47.49 

47.69 38.10 39.60 4224 44.27 30.14 

52.17 25.42 55.07 58.23 33.71 31.31 

4S.44 53.44 55.89 62.18 59.91 65.18 

41.90 31.38 34.94 39.09 44.03 41.25 

39.45 24.83 42.70 45.67 43.83 26.25 

41.54 38.10 45.54 32.76 30.53 28.08 

41.30 50.85 62.32 34.18 25.84 9.09 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

1 Block 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Blocks 

2 Block3 

3 Block3 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

3 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Blocks 

4 Block3 
Table 5 

Level Time Block Ouratlon - msec Delay 

Conditional Probabilities / Infrequent Shadowing 

dB 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 43.40 43.45 59.89 57.64 62.43 65.52 5 Blocks 

-6 37.46 20.84 41.70 42.79 40.75 37.18 5 Blocks 

-9 33.03 33.79 45.51 44.71 27.23 46.33 5 Blocks 

-12 32.31 45.24 38.61 31.03 27.48 41.10 5 Blocks 

-13 34.78 61.02 30.43 26.38 8.99 24.24 3 Blocks 

.............................................................. 

-3 41.26 48.92 57.66 61.47 60.26 63.85 6 Blocks 

-6 33.65 29.98 39.19 36.91 37.61 29.72 6 Blocks 

-9 29.36 33.79 28.09 27.88 46.38 34.75 6 Blocks 

-12 29.23 51.19 27.72 26.72 40.46 13.70 6 Blocks 

-15 32.61 61.02 27.54 8.86 23.60 20.20 6 Blocks 

-3 27.21 36.43 42.24 46.43 49.58 52-01 1 Second 

-6 3.81 5.39 6.95 8.05 8.96 10.04 1 ad 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 Second 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 Seamd 

-1s 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 Second 

-3 21.95 31.65 37.84 42.1 1 45.15 47.51 2 Seconds 

-6 3.81 5.15 6.37 7.38 8.51 9.23 2 Secands 

-9 0.92 2.07 2.81 3.37 3.83 4.23 2 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 Seconds 

-15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 Seconds 

-3 19.31 28.71 34.79 38.98 42.23 44.83 3 Seconds 

-6 1.90 2.81 3.67 4.19 4.93 5.70 3 Seconds 

-9 0.92 1.38 1.69 1.92 2.13 2.32 3 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Seconds 

-15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Seconds 

-3 16.08 25.21 31.30 35.37 38.31 40.67 4 Seconds 

-6 1.27 2.58 2.90 3.36 3.88 4.21 4 Seconds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Seamds -1s 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Seamds 
Table 5 

Leve 1 Time Block Duratlon - msec Delay 

Conditional Probabilities / Infrequent Shadowing 

dB 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 16.40 24.48 29.90 33.94 36.76 38.91 5 Seconds 

-6 1.27 2.1 1 2.51 3.02 3.43 3.93 5 Seconds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Seconds 

-1s 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 S Seconds 

.............................................................. 

-3 12.39 19.04 23.59 26.42 28.39 30.09 10 Seconds 

-6 1.27 1.41 1.35 1.51 1.64 1.90 10 Seconds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seamds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 Seconds 

-15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 ads 

-3 9.97 1S.89 19.98 23.17 25-53 27.47 20 Seconds 

-6 0.32 0.47 0.97 1.34 1.64 2.04 20 Seconds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.77 20 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 Seconds 

-15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 Seconds 

-3 12.82 17.29 20.31 2237 24.09 25.49 40 Seconds 

-6 3.81 4.68 5.21 5.37 5.67 5.97 40 Seconds 

-9 1.83 2.07 2.25 2.40 2.98 3.09 40 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 1.53 2.05 40 Seconds 

-15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 Seamds 

-3 5-02 7.51 9.5 11-45 13.13 14.66 80 Seconds 

-6 0.00 0.23 0.58 0.67 0.75 0.81 80 Seconds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

-1s 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80 Seconds 

-3 13.20 17.83 20.73 23.02 24.87 26.41 160 Seconds 

-6 2.22 3.28 4.05 4.36 4.48 4.48 160 Seamds 

-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.85 1.16 160 Seconds 

-12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 

-1s 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160 Seconds 
TABLE 6 

Conditional probabilities in percent: Given the received signal power 

at 869.5 MHz was ever below the line-of-sight level by 3 to 15 dB during 

tlme blocks of duration 25 to 150 msec, that during a like time block after a 

delay of 1 time block to 160 seconds the same level would again be crossed. 

The values are derived from balloon measurements with frequent 

vegetation shadowing over a cumulative drfving distance of 32.1 miles at 

an average speed of 47.4 mph. 

Leve 1 Time Block Ouration - msec Delay 

d0 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 86.13 8133 82.85 84.44 85.22 86.60 1 Block 

-6 81.08 72.39 75.55 78.99 81.60 82.58 1 Block 

-9 68.15 57.57 62.88 45.94 70.49 73.98 1 Block 

-12 56.22 42.21 52.53 56.95 60.19 63.90 1 Block 

-1s 45.75 30.82 40.87 45.80 48.72 50.47 1 Block 

.............................................................. 

-3 83.06 81.32 82.66 84.53 86.65 87.46 2 Blocks 

-6 75.15 71.43 76.14 80.03 82.70 84.31 2 Blocks 

-9 57.83 57.40 63.35 70.36 72.70 76.25 2 Blocks 

-12 43.04 45.86 53.37 54.90 61.02 67.77 2 Blocks 

-15 31.27 34.01 39.99 40.99 48.69 57.09 2 Blocks 

-3 82.24 80.91 83.49 85.41 86.59 87.95 3 Blocks 

-6 73.22 71.76 78-22 81.83 82.02 85-12 3 Bloclcs 

-9 54.73 56.48 65.78 68.30 73.57 77.36 3 Blocks 

-12 38.86 44.97 30.68 59.02 63.90 68.32 3 Blocks 

-1s 27.94 32.79 35.79 48.12 51.53 58.33 3 Blocks 

-3 81.78 81.23 84.60 85.47 87.49 89.10 4 Blocks 

-6 71.73 72.54 78.57 80.83 84.24 83.26 4 Blocks 

-9 52.93 59.21 63.86 71.49 75.04 77.57 4 Blocks 

-12 36.59 41.30 52.85 59.1 1 63.84 68.41 4 Blocks 

-13 26.09 31.63 42.39 46.18 51.17 57-84 4 Blocks 
Table 6 

Level Time Block Ouration - msec Delay 

Conditional Probabilities / Frequent Shadowing 

dB 25 50 75 100 125 150 

-3 81.16 82.06 84.55 86.20 87.79 86.47 5 Blocks 

-6 70.33 73.92 7'7.50 82.75 82.44 82.08 5 Block3 

-9 51.00 59-85 67.06 72.62 74.54 74.87 5 Block3 

-12 35.45 42.75 54.12 59.25 65.12 66.1 1 5 Blocks 

-15 24.54 28.20 42.16 47.34 52.70 55.77 5 Blocks 

.............................................................. 

-3 80.50 82.78 83.80 86.30 85.80 87.59 6 Blocks 

-6 68.85 75.45 79.99 80.65 80.54 83.89 6 Blocks 

-9 49.20 59.28 67.25 70.01 72.83 76.85 6 Blocks 

-12 33.25 42.44 53.90 60.51 62.65 64.64 6 Blocks 

-15 23.39 31.77 41.61 49.50 50.97 53.71 6 Block3 

-3 70.63 75.36 77.63 79.13 80.33 81.33 1 Second 

-6 54.92 62.24 66.37 68.98 70.79 72.1.5 1 Second 

-9 38.01 47.19 52.79 56.67 59.67 62.07 1 Second 

-12 24.90 33.85 39.89 44.24 47.75 50.70 1 Second 

-15 15.61 22.44 27.88 32.27 35.88 39.21 1 ad 

-3 66.20 71.02 73.54 75.18 76.46 77.56 2 Seconds 

-6 50.37 57.43 61.25 63.66 65.34 66.61 2 Seconds 

-9 33.64 42.35 47.77 51.58 54.46 56.77 2 Seconds 

-12 21.12 29.27 34.91 39.1 1 42.64 45.55 2 Seconds 

-15 13.04 19.13 23.92 28.00 31.40 34.41 2 Seamds 

-3 63-15 68.07 70.62 72.40 73.78 74.96 3 Seconds 

-6 47.66 54.54 58.20 60.41 62.00 63.23 3 Seconds 

-9 32.05 40.51 45.63 49.26 52.13 54.33 3 Seconds 

-12 20.15 27.90 . 33.06 36.89 40.13 42.86 3 Seconds 

-13 12.91 19.01 23.70 27.44 30.67 33.34 3 Seconds 

-3 60.83 66.05 68.72 70.49 71.89 73.02 4 Seconds 

-6 44.43 51.03 54.64 57.02 58.73 60.06 4 Seconds 

-9 30.15 37.55 42.43 45.94 48.64 50.79 4 ads 

-12 19.13 26.35 31.12 34.72 37.69 40.17 4Semnds 

-1s 12.66 18.1 1 22.21 25.62 28.70 31.37 4 Seconds 
Table 6 

Leve 1 Time Block Duration - msec De 1 ay 

Conditional Probabilities / Frequent Shadowing 

dB 25 50 75 100 125 150 .............................................................. 

-3 59.23 64.23 66.88 68.63 70.05 71.16 5 Seconds 

-6 4238 48.97 52.74 55.1 1 56.83 58.14 5 Seconds 

-9 27.95 35.65’ 40.46 43.95 46.60 48.72 5 Seamds 

-12 17.44 24.31 29.11 32.84 35.79 38.29 5 Seamds 

-15 10.98 16.07 20.23 23.67 26.63 29.1 1 5 Seconds 

-3 54.10 59.03 61.62 63.42 64.80 65.94 LO Seconds 

-6 37.80 44.38 47.95 50.19 51.77 52.99 10 Seconds 

-9 22.87 30.37 35.04 38.41 41.16 43.36 10 Seumds 

-12 14.21 20.65 25.08 28.43 31.17 33.58 10 Seconds 

-1s 8.88 13.59 16.96 19.80 22.47 24.89 10 Seamds 

-3 48.03 53.43 56.50 58.65 60.37 61.81 20 Seconds 

-6 31.43 37.57 41.00 43.20 44.75 45.94 20 Seconds 

-9 18.28 24.96 29.40 32.59 35.06 37.06 20 Seconds 

-12 10.55 15.66 19.54 22.81 25.44 27.69 20 Seconds 

-15 6.01 9.58 12.51 14.83 17.03 19.06 20 Seconds 

-3 46.53 51.90 54.97 57.16 58.93 60.38 40 Seamds 

-6 30.24 36.14 39.32 41.37 42.87 44.01 40 Seamds 

-9 17.56 23.90 27.94 30.97 33.37 35.34 40 Seamds 

-12 9.81 14.98 18.83 21.88 24.34 26.49 40 Seconds 

-15 5.82 8.94 11.83 14.41 16.53 18.45 40 Seconds 

-3 45.47 30.94 54.14 56.40 38.18 59.71 80 Seconds 

-6 29.33 34.91 37.84 39.61 40.87 41.77 80 Seconds 

-9 17.76 23.67 27.50 30.35 32.57 34.33 80 Seconds 

-12 10.07 14.67 18.07 21.00 23.35 25.39 80 Wnds 

-1s 5.87 9.42 12.14 14.56 16.59 18.40 80 Seconds 

-3 47.99 53.08 55.92 57.92 59.42 60.67 160 Seconds 

-6 29.97 35.79 38.99 41.03 42.54 43.72 160 Secoads 

-9 16.93 22.65 26.47 29.24 31.53 33.36 160 Seconds 

-12 8.87 13.26 16.83 19.73 22.1 1 24.18 160 Seconds 

-1s 4.80 7.83 10.37 12.62 14.58 16.38 160 Seconds 
0.4 

0.35 

0.3 

0.25 

0.2 

0.15 

0.1 

0.0s 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

15 dB Fade Margln 

wb 

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 

Delay - Seconds 25 + 50 Q 15 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 1 
L 

2 

L 

w 

0 

r 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

15 dB Fade Margin 

".CT , I 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -1 Exks 

[/'71 25 50 75 125 %gg 150 

Figure 2 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

12 d8 Fade Margin 

0.55 I 

0.5 

0.45 

0.4 

0.35 

0.3 

0.25 

0.2 

0.15 

0.1 

0.05 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

25 + 50 Delay - Seconds 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 3 
L 

L 

W 

f 

.c 

0 

x 

f 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

12 dB Fade Margin 

0.7 . 1 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

0 De& -, ;bocks 25 50 75 125 150 

Figure 4 
L 

L 

w 

0 

? 

r 

r - - 

n 

n 

a 

0 

0 

L 

0 

0.65 

0.6 

0.55 

0.5 

0.45 

0.4 

0.35 

0.3 

0.25 

0.2 

0.15 

25 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

9 dB Fade Margin 

I 1 

LI 

60 80 100 120 140 160 

0 20 40 I I 7 I I I I I I I 

Delay - Seconds 

+ so 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 5 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

9 dB Fade Margin - - -_ I 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

I I I I I I 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, :tc ks 

25 50 75 125 150 

Figure 6 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

6 dB Fade Margln 0.75 , 1 

0.7 

0.3 4 €1 Y 

0.25 ! I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 fOO 120 140 160 

Qelay - Seconds 

25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 0 150 

Figure 7 
L 

0 

L 

L 

w 

0 

r 

n - 

0 

0 

n 

L 

a. 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

6 dB Fade Margin 

0.9 1 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, &ocks [771 25 119 50 75 [x;sI 125 150 

Figure 8 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

3 dB Fade Margin 

1 

0.8 

0.75 

L 

0 

L 

W 

L 0.7 

0 $ 0.6 L 

a 

0.55 

0.s 

L 

0.45 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

a25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 9 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Frequent) 

3 dB Fade Margin 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

n " I I I I I I 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

DO& -, E~c ks 

25 0 50 75 (Bx1 12s 150 

Figure 10 
0.1 - 

L 

L 

w 

0 

f 

.c 

- &- - 

n 

n 

0 

0 

a. 

L 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

15 dB Fade Margin 

- T I T I I 1 7 I I I I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

25 t 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 11 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

0.7 = 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 5 4 5 6 

DO& -1 Etck8 

25 50 75 pg7.J 125 150 

Figure 12 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

12 dB Fade Margln 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

25 t 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 

Figure 13 

v 150 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

12 dB Fade Margln 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 6 

150 izl Oe& -1 :kc k+ 

25 50 a 75 125 

Figure 14 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

9 dB Fade Margin 0.045 , 1 IT 

0.04 , , 

s 

L 

L 

w 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

n 25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v a19 

Figure 15 
0.1 1 

0.1 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.0 1 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

6 dB Fade Margin 

- 

c * 

I I I I I I I q, I I I 1 I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Second8 

25 t 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 17 

PHECEDINO PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED 
L 

0 

L 

L 

w 

0 

* 

r - - 

n 

n 

a 

0 

2 

c 

/ 

/. 

/ 

1 

/ 

m 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -1 gxks k’/l 25 I\y 50 m 75 125 150 

Figure 18 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

3 dB Fade Margln 

0.55 1 

0.5 

0.45 

0.4 

0.35 

V.3 

0.25 

0.2 

0.15 

0.1 

0.05 1 1 1 Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

0 20 40 60 80 100 1 20 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

25 4- 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 19 
L 

0 

L 

L 

W 

0 

>. 

f 

0 

0 

L 

.c 

- 

z 

n 

a 

D 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (Infrequent) 

3 dB Fade Margln 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

De& -, ks 

25 50 75 a 125 150 

Figure 20 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

15 dB Fade Margin 

0.1 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.0 1 

0 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 21 
L 

z 

L 

w 

0 

- 

0 

0 

n 

L 

(L 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

15 dB Fade Margin 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, &ocks 

25 50 75 125 150 

Figure 22 
0.1 

0.09 

0.08 

L 0.07 

0 

L 

W 0.06 

it. 0.05 

n 

). 

0 

- - 

0.04 

0 

L 

0.03 a 

0.02 

0.01 

0 

LMSS Ccmd Error Probs (None) 

12 dB fade Margin 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

a 25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 23 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

0.9 7, 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -1 :bocks 1771 25 1111 50 75 125 150 

Figure 24 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

9 dB fade Margin ni = 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

--.-- I + 

0- I I I I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

25 + 50 0 75 A 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 25 
L 

? 

L 

W 

0 

r 

n 

e 

Q 

1 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

9 dB fade Margin 

b 

w n 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, :kc ks 1771 25 I\\I 50 @ 75 125 150 

Figure 26 
0.1 1 

0.1 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.0 1 

0 

25 

LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

6 dB Fade Margln 

0 20 40 60 a0 100 120 140 160 

Delay - Seconds 

+ 50 0 75 d 100 x 125 v 150 

Figure 27 
LMSS Cond Error Pr-obs (None) 

6 dB Fade Margin 1 1 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

/ 

/ 

J m 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, gkc ks 

25 50 a 75 125 150 

Figure 28 
LMSS Cond Error Probs (None) 

3 dB Fade Margin 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 L 

2 

L 

W 

0 

.c 

5 0.3 

n 

- - 

0 

R 

(L f 0.2 

0.1 

- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 

n 25 + 50 Delay - Seconds 

0 75 A 100 x 125 0 150 

Figure 29 

__. . .. .. 
3 dB Fade Margin 

0.7 . 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

De& -, :kc ks 

25 50 75 [X-XI 125 150 

Figure 30 
L 

? 

L 

w 

0 

L 

r - 

- 

n 

n 

a 

0 

0 

L 

LMSS Error Probabilities (Frequent) 

Various Block Lengths and Fade Margins 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

25 75 100 125 150 

Block Length - msec 

3dB 6dB 9dB 12dB 15dB 

Figure 31 
LMSS Error Probabilities (Infrequent) 

Various Block Length. and Fade Margins 

0.16 

0.15 

0.14 

0.13 

0.12 

0.1 1 

0.1 

0.09 

0.08 

0.C7 

3.36 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.0 1 

0 

25 50 75 100 125 150 

Block Length - m.8~ 

3dB 6dB 9dB 1266 [Bx1 15dB 

Figure 32 
c 

LMSS Error Probabilities (None.) 

Varloua Block Lenglhr and Fade Margins 0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.0 1 

0 

25 50 75 100 125 150 

Block Length - msec 

[771 3dB 6dB 9dB 12dB 15dB 

Figure 33