# Patent

## Title
Amplification methods and compositions

## Abstract

The present invention provides methods and routines for developing and optimizing nucleic acid detection assays for use in basic research, clinical research, and for the development of clinical detection assays. In particular, the present invention provides methods for designing oligonucleotide primers to be used in multiplex amplification reactions. The present invention also provides methods to optimize multiplex amplification reactions.

## Background
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/321,039, filed Dec. 17, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/998,157, filed Nov. 30, 2001, which claims priority to both U.S. Provisional Application 60/360,489 filed Oct. 19, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application 60/329,113, filed Oct. 12, 2001, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides methods for developing and optimizing nucleic acid detection assays for use in basic research, clinical research, and for the development of clinical detection assays. In particular, the present invention provides methods for designing oligonucleotide primers to be used in multiplex amplification reactions. The present invention also provides methods to optimize multiplex amplification reactions. The present invention also provides methods to perform Highly Multiplexed PCR in Combination with the INVADER Assay.
BACKGROUND
With the completion of the nucleic acid sequencing of the human genome, the demand for fast, reliable, cost-effective and user-friendly tests for genomics research and related drug design efforts has greatly increased. A number of institutions are actively mining the available genetic sequence information to identify correlations between genes, gene expression and phenotypes (e.g., disease states, metabolic responses, and the like). These analyses include an attempt to characterize the effect of gene mutations and genetic and gene expression heterogeneity in individuals and populations. However, despite the wealth of sequence information available, information on the frequency and clinical relevance of many polymorphisms and other variations has yet to be obtained and validated. For example, the human reference sequences used in current genome sequencing efforts do not represent an exact match for any one person's genome. In the Human Genome Project (HGP), researchers collected blood (female) or sperm (male) samples from a large number of donors. However, only a few samples were processed as DNA resources, and the source names are protected so neither donors nor scientists know whose DNA is being sequenced. The human genome sequence generated by the private genomics company Celera was based on DNA samples collected from five donors who identified themselves as Hispanic, Asian, Caucasian, or African-American. The small number of human samples used to generate the reference sequences does not reflect the genetic diversity among population groups and individuals. Attempts to analyze individuals based on the genome sequence information will often fail. For example, many genetic detection assays are based on the hybridization of probe oligonucleotides to a target region on genomic DNA or mRNA. Probes generated based on the reference sequences will often fail (e.g., fail to hybridize properly, fail to properly characterize the sequence at specific position of the target) because the target sequence for many individuals differs from the reference sequence. Differences may be on an individual-by-individual basis, but many follow regional population patterns (e.g., many correlate highly to race, ethnicity, geographic local, age, environmental exposure, etc.). With the limited utility of information currently available, the art is in need of systems and methods for acquiring, analyzing, storing, and applying large volumes of genetic information with the goal of providing an array of detection assay technologies for research and clinical analysis of biological samples.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides methods and routines for developing and optimizing nucleic acid detection assays for use in basic research, clinical research, and for the development of clinical detection assays.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising; a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and b) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises a forward and a reverse primer sequence for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide A or C, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising; a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and b) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises a forward and a reverse primer sequence for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide G or T, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In particular embodiments, a method comprising; a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and b) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the 5′ region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the 3′ region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide A or C, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and b) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the 5′ region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the 3′ region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide G or T, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In particular embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism, b) determining where on each of the target sequences one or more assay probes would hybridize in order to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism such that a footprint region is located on each of the target sequences, and c) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide A or C, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising a) providing target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism, b) determining where on each of the target sequences one or more assay probes would hybridize in order to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism such that a footprint region is located on each of the target sequences, and c) processing the target sequence information such that a primer set is generated, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide T or G, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In certain embodiments, the primer set is configured for performing a multiplex PCR reaction that amplifies at least Y amplicons, wherein each of the amplicons is defined by the position of the forward and reverse primers. In other embodiments, the primer set is generated as digital or printed sequence information. In some embodiments, the primer set is generated as physical primer oligonucleotides.
In certain embodiments, N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set. In other embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the forward primers as the most 3′ A or C in the 5′ region. In certain embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the forward primers as the most 3′ G or T in the 5′ region. In some embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the forward primers as the most 3′ A or C in the 5′ region, and wherein the processing further comprises changing the N[1] to the next most 3′ A or C in the 5′ region for the forward primer sequences that fail the requirement that each of the forward primer's N[2]-N[1]-3′ is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In other embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the reverse primers as the most 3′ A or C in the complement of the 3′ region. In some embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the reverse primers as the most 3′ G or T in the complement of the 3′ region. In further embodiments, the processing comprises initially selecting N[1] for each of the reverse primers as the most 3′ A or C in the 3′ region, and wherein the processing further comprises changing the N[1] to the next most 3′ A or C in the 3′ region for the reverse primer sequences that fail the requirement that each of the reverse primer's N[2]-N[1]-3′ is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In particular embodiments, the footprint region comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism. In some embodiments, the footprint comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the footprint region for each of the target sequences comprises a portion of the target sequence that hybridizes to one or more assay probes configured to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism. In certain embodiments, the footprint is this region where the probes hybridize. In other embodiments, the footprint further includes additional nucleotides on either end.
In some embodiments, the processing further comprises selecting N[5]-N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ for each of the forward and reverse primers such that less than 80 percent homology with a assay component sequence is present. In preferred embodiments, the assay component is a FRET probe sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence is about 300-500 base pairs in length, or about 200-600 base pair in length. In certain embodiments, Y is an integer between 2 and 500, or between 2-10,000.
In certain embodiments, the processing comprises selecting x for each of the forward and reverse primers such that each of the forward and reverse primers has a melting temperature with respect to the target sequence of approximately 50 degrees Celsius (e.g. 50 degrees, Celsius, or at least 50 degrees Celsius, and no more than 55 degrees Celsius). In preferred embodiments, the melting temperature of a primer (when hybridized to the target sequence) is at least 50 degrees Celsius, but at least 10 degrees different than a selected detection assay's optimal reaction temperature.
In some embodiments, the forward and reverse primer pair optimized concentrations are determined for the primer set. In other embodiments, the processing is automated. In further embodiments, the processing is automated with a processor.
In other embodiments, the present invention provides a kit comprising the primer set generated by the methods of the present invention, and at least one other component. (e.g. cleavage agent, polymerase, INVADER oligonucleotide). In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising the primers and primer sets generated by the methods of the present invention.
In particular embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising; a) providing; i) a user interface configured to receive sequence data, ii) a computer system having stored therein a multiplex PCR primer software application, and b) transmitting the sequence data from the user interface to the computer system, wherein the sequence data comprises target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and c) processing the target sequence information with the multiplex PCR primer pair software application to generate a primer set, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide A or C, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising; a) providing; i) a user interface configured to receive sequence data, ii) a computer system having stored therein a multiplex PCR primer software application, and b) transmitting the sequence data from the user interface to the computer system, wherein the sequence data comprises target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, and c) processing the target sequence information with the multiplex PCR primer pair software application to generate a primer set, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide G or T, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides systems comprising; a) a computer system configured to receive data from a user interface, wherein the user interface is configured to receive sequence data, wherein the sequence data comprises target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, b) a multiplex PCR primer pair software application operably linked to the user interface, wherein the multiplex PCR primer software application is configured to process the target sequence information to generate a primer set, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide A or C, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set, and c) a computer system having stored therein the multiplex PCR primer pair software application, wherein the computer system comprises computer memory and a computer processor.
In other embodiments, the present invention provides systems comprising; a) a computer system configured to receive data from a user interface, wherein the user interface is configured to receive sequence data, wherein the sequence data comprises target sequence information for at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the target sequences comprises; i) a footprint region, ii) a 5′ region immediately upstream of the footprint region, and iii) a 3′ region immediately downstream of the footprint region, b) a multiplex PCR primer pair software application operably linked to the user interface, wherein the multiplex PCR primer software application is configured to process the target sequence information to generate a primer set, wherein the primer set comprises; i) a forward primer sequence identical to at least a portion of the target sequence immediately 5′ of the footprint region for each of the Y target sequences, and ii) a reverse primer sequence identical to at least a portion of a complementary sequence of the target sequence immediately 3′ of the footprint region for each of the at least Y target sequences, wherein each of the forward and reverse primer sequences comprises a nucleic acid sequence represented by 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, wherein N represents a nucleotide base, x is at least 6, N[1] is nucleotide G or T, and N[2]-N[1]-3′ of each of the forward and reverse primers is not complementary to N[2]-N[1]-3′ of any of the forward and reverse primers in the primer set, and c) a computer system having stored therein the multiplex PCR primer pair software application, wherein the computer system comprises computer memory and a computer processor. In certain embodiments, the computer system is configured to return the primer set to the user interface.



DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The following figures form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these figures in combination with the description of specific embodiments presented herein.
FIG. 1 shows one embodiments of SNP detection using the INVADER assay in biplex format.
FIG. 2 shows an input target sequence and the result of processing this sequence with systems and routines of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows an example of a basic work flow for highly multiplexed PCR using the INVADER Medically Associated Panel.
FIG. 4 shows a flow chart outlining the steps that may be performed in order to generated a primer set useful in multiplex PCR.
FIGS. 5-9 show sequences used and data generated in connection with Example 1.
FIGS. 10-17 show sequences used and data generated in connection with Example 2. It is note that each sheet in FIG. 10 shows the same sequence twice, with only the first occurrence of the sequence labeled with a sequence identifier. FIG. 14 specifically shows an example of INVADER assay analysis of highly multiplexed PCR. Multiplex PCR was carried out under standard conditions using only 10 ng of hgDNA as template. After 10 min at 95° C., Taq (2.5 units) was added to the 50 ul reaction and additional 3 ul of PCR carried out for 50 cycles. The PCR reaction was diluted and loaded directly onto an INVADER MAP plate (3 ul/well). A 15 mM MgCl2 was added to each reaction on the INVADER MAP plate and covered with 6 ul of mineral oil. The entire plate was heated to 95° C. for 5 min. and incubated at 63° C. for 40 min. FAM and RED fluorescence was measured on a Cytofluor 4000 fluorescent plate reader and “Fold Over Zero” (FOZ) values were calculated for each amplicon. Results from each SNP are color coded in the table above as “pass” (dark gray), “mis-call” (light pink), or “no-call” (white).
FIG. 18 shows one protocol for Multiplex PCR optimization according to the present invention.
FIG. 19 shows certain criteria that can be employed in certain embodiments of the present invention in order to design multiplex primers.
FIG. 20 shows certain PCR primers useful for amplifying various regions of CYP2D6.
FIG. 21 shows certain results from Example 3.
FIG. 22 shows certain results from Example 4.
FIG. 23 shows additional results from Example 4.



DEFINITIONS
To facilitate an understanding of the present invention, a number of terms and phrases are defined below:
As used herein, the terms “SNP,” “SNPs” or “single nucleotide polymorphisms” refer to single base changes at a specific location in an organism's (e.g., a human) genome. “SNPs” can be located in a portion of a genome that does not code for a gene. Alternatively, a “SNP” may be located in the coding region of a gene. In this case, the “SNP” may alter the structure and function of the RNA or the protein with which it is associated.
As used herein, the term “allele” refers to a variant form of a given sequence (e.g., including but not limited to, genes containing one or more SNPs). A large number of genes are present in multiple allelic forms in a population. A diploid organism carrying two different alleles of a gene is said to be heterozygous for that gene, whereas a homozygote carries two copies of the same allele.
As used herein, the term “linkage” refers to the proximity of two or more markers (e.g., genes) on a chromosome.
As used herein, the term “allele frequency” refers to the frequency of occurrence of a given allele (e.g., a sequence containing a SNP) in given population (e.g., a specific gender, race, or ethnic group). Certain populations may contain a given allele within a higher percent of its members than other populations. For example, a particular mutation in the breast cancer gene called BRCA1 was found to be present in one percent of the general Jewish population. In comparison, the percentage of people in the general U.S. population that have any mutation in BRCA1 has been estimated to be between 0.1 to 0.6 percent. Two additional mutations, one in the BRCA1 gene and one in another breast cancer gene called BRCA2, have a greater prevalence in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, bringing the overall risk for carrying one of these three mutations to 2.3 percent.
As used herein, the term “in silico analysis” refers to analysis performed using computer processors and computer memory. For example, “insilico SNP analysis” refers to the analysis of SNP data using computer processors and memory.
As used herein, the term “genotype” refers to the actual genetic make-up of an organism (e.g., in terms of the particular alleles carried at a genetic locus). Expression of the genotype gives rise to an organism's physical appearance and characteristics—the “phenotype.”
As used herein, the term “locus” refers to the position of a gene or any other characterized sequence on a chromosome.
As used herein the term “disease” or “disease state” refers to a deviation from the condition regarded as normal or average for members of a species, and which is detrimental to an affected individual under conditions that are not inimical to the majority of individuals of that species (e.g., diarrhea, nausea, fever, pain, and inflammation etc).
As used herein, the term “treatment” in reference to a medical course of action refer to steps or actions taken with respect to an affected individual as a consequence of a suspected, anticipated, or existing disease state, or wherein there is a risk or suspected risk of a disease state. Treatment may be provided in anticipation of or in response to a disease state or suspicion of a disease state, and may include, but is not limited to preventative, ameliorative, palliative or curative steps. The term “therapy” refers to a particular course of treatment.
The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, RNA (e.g., rRNA, tRNA, etc.), or precursor. The polypeptide, RNA, or precursor can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g., ligand binding, signal transduction, etc.) of the full-length or fragment are retained. The term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and the including sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distance of about 1 kb on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. The sequences that are located 5′ of the coding region and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as 5′ untranslated sequences. The sequences that are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region and that are present on the mRNA are referred to as 3′ untranslated sequences. The term “gene” encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene. A genomic form or clone of a gene contains the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences.” Introns are segments included when a gene is transcribed into heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA); introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or “spliced out” from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are generally absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNA functions during translation to specify the sequence or order of amino acids in a nascent polypeptide. Variations (e.g., mutations, SNPS, insertions, deletions) in transcribed portions of genes are reflected in, and can generally be detected in corresponding portions of the produced RNAs (e.g., hnRNAs, mRNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs).
Where the phrase “amino acid sequence” is recited herein to refer to an amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, amino acid sequence and like terms, such as polypeptide or protein are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.
In addition to containing introns, genomic forms of a gene may also include sequences located on both the 5′ and 3′ end of the sequences that are present on the RNA transcript. These sequences are referred to as “flanking” sequences or regions (these flanking sequences are located 5′ or 3′ to the non-translated sequences present on the mRNA transcript). The 5′ flanking region may contain regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers that control or influence the transcription of the gene. The 3′ flanking region may contain sequences that direct the termination of transcription, post-transcriptional cleavage and polyadenylation.
The term “wild-type” refers to a gene or gene product that has the characteristics of that gene or gene product when isolated from a naturally occurring source. A wild-type gene is that which is most frequently observed in a population and is thus arbitrarily designed the “normal” or “wild-type” form of the gene. In contrast, the terms “modified,” “mutant,” and “variant” refer to a gene or gene product that displays modifications in sequence and or functional properties (i.e., altered characteristics) when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product. It is noted that naturally-occurring mutants can be isolated; these are identified by the fact that they have altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product.
As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid molecule encoding,” “DNA sequence encoding,” and “DNA encoding” refer to the order or sequence of deoxyribonucleotides along a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid. The order of these deoxyribonucleotides determines the order of amino acids along the polypeptide (protein) chain. In this case, the DNA sequence thus codes for the amino acid sequence.
DNA and RNA molecules are said to have “5′ ends” and “3′ ends” because mononucleotides are reacted to make oligonucleotides or polynucleotides in a manner such that the 5′ phosphate of one mononucleotide pentose ring is attached to the 3′ oxygen of its neighbor in one direction via a phosphodiester linkage. Therefore, an end of an oligonucleotides or polynucleotide, referred to as the “5′ end” if its 5′ phosphate is not linked to the 3′ oxygen of a mononucleotide pentose ring and as the “3′ end” if its 3′ oxygen is not linked to a 5′ phosphate of a subsequent mononucleotide pentose ring. As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence, even if internal to a larger oligonucleotide or polynucleotide, also may be said to have 5′ and 3′ ends. In either a linear or circular DNA molecule, discrete elements are referred to as being “upstream” or 5′ of the “downstream” or 3′ elements. This terminology reflects the fact that transcription proceeds in a 5′ to 3′ fashion along the DNA strand. The promoter and enhancer elements that direct transcription of a linked gene are generally located 5′ or upstream of the coding region. However, enhancer elements can exert their effect even when located 3′ of the promoter element and the coding region. Transcription termination and polyadenylation signals are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region.
As used herein, the terms “an oligonucleotide having a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene” and “polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene,” means a nucleic acid sequence comprising the coding region of a gene or, in other words, the nucleic acid sequence that encodes a gene product. The coding region may be present in either a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA form. When present in a DNA form, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be single-stranded (i.e., the sense strand) or double-stranded. Suitable control elements such as enhancers/promoters, splice junctions, polyadenylation signals, etc. may be placed in close proximity to the coding region of the gene if needed to permit proper initiation of transcription and/or correct processing of the primary RNA transcript. Alternatively, the coding region utilized in the expression vectors of the present invention may contain endogenous enhancers/promoters, splice junctions, intervening sequences, polyadenylation signals, etc. or a combination of both endogenous and exogenous control elements.
As used herein, the terms “complementary” or “complementarity” are used in reference to polynucleotides (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. For example, for the sequence “5′-A-G-T-3′,” is complementary to the sequence “3′-T-C-A-5′.” Complementarity may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleic acids' bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. Or, there may be “complete” or “total” complementarity between the nucleic acids. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions, as well as detection methods that depend upon binding between nucleic acids.
The term “homology” refers to a degree of complementarity. There may be partial homology or complete homology (i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence is one that at least partially inhibits a completely complementary sequence from hybridizing to a target nucleic acid and is referred to using the functional term “substantially homologous.” The term “inhibition of binding,” when used in reference to nucleic acid binding, refers to inhibition of binding caused by competition of homologous sequences for binding to a target sequence. The inhibition of hybridization of the completely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examined using a hybridization assay (Southern or Northern blot, solution hybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency. A substantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibit the binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologous to a target under conditions of low stringency. This is not to say that conditions of low stringency are such that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditions require that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific (i.e., selective) interaction. The absence of non-specific binding may be tested by the use of a second target that lacks even a partial degree of complementarity (e.g., less than about 30% identity); in the absence of non-specific binding the probe will not hybridize to the second non-complementary target.
The art knows well that numerous equivalent conditions may be employed to comprise low stringency conditions; factors such as the length and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of the probe and nature of the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, present in solution or immobilized, etc.) and the concentration of the salts and other components (e.g., the presence or absence of formamide, dextran sulfate, polyethylene glycol) are considered and the hybridization solution may be varied to generate conditions of low stringency hybridization different from, but equivalent to, the above listed conditions. In addition, the art knows conditions that promote hybridization under conditions of high stringency (e.g., increasing the temperature of the hybridization and/or wash steps, the use of formamide in the hybridization solution, etc.).
When used in reference to a double-stranded nucleic acid sequence such as a cDNA or genomic clone, the term “substantially homologous” refers to any probe that can hybridize to either or both strands of the double-stranded nucleic acid sequence under conditions of low stringency as described above.
A gene may produce multiple RNA species that are generated by differential splicing of the primary RNA transcript. cDNAs that are splice variants of the same gene will contain regions of sequence identity or complete homology (representing the presence of the same exon or portion of the same exon on both cDNAs) and regions of complete non-identity (for example, representing the presence of exon “A” on cDNA 1 wherein cDNA 2 contains exon “B” instead). Because the two cDNAs contain regions of sequence identity they will both hybridize to a probe derived from the entire gene or portions of the gene containing sequences found on both cDNAs; the two splice variants are therefore substantially homologous to such a probe and to each other.
When used in reference to a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence, the term “substantially homologous” refers to any probe that can hybridize (i.e., it is the complement of) the single-stranded nucleic acid sequence under conditions of low stringency as described above.
As used herein, the term “hybridization” is used in reference to the pairing of complementary nucleic acids. Hybridization and the strength of hybridization (i.e., the strength of the association between the nucleic acids) is impacted by such factors as the degree of complementary between the nucleic acids, stringency of the conditions involved, the Tm of the formed hybrid, and the G:C ratio within the nucleic acids.
As used herein, the term “Tm” is used in reference to the “melting temperature.” The melting temperature is the temperature at which a population of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules becomes half dissociated into single strands. The equation for calculating the Tm of nucleic acids is well known in the art. As indicated by standard references, a simple estimate of the Tm value may be calculated by the equation: Tm=81.5+0.41(% G+C), when a nucleic acid is in aqueous solution at 1 M NaCl (See e.g., Anderson and Young, Quantitative Filter Hybridization, in Nucleic Acid Hybridization [1985]). Other references include more sophisticated computations that take structural as well as sequence characteristics into account for the calculation of Tm.
As used herein the term “stringency” is used in reference to the conditions of temperature, ionic strength, and the presence of other compounds such as organic solvents, under which nucleic acid hybridizations are conducted. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “stringency” conditions may be altered by varying the parameters just described either individually or in concert. With “high stringency” conditions, nucleic acid base pairing will occur only between nucleic acid fragments that have a high frequency of complementary base sequences (e.g., hybridization under “high stringency” conditions may occur between homologs with about 85-100% identity, preferably about 70-100% identity). With medium stringency conditions, nucleic acid base pairing will occur between nucleic acids with an intermediate frequency of complementary base sequences (e.g., hybridization under “medium stringency” conditions may occur between homologs with about 50-70% identity). Thus, conditions of “weak” or “low” stringency are often required with nucleic acids that are derived from organisms that are genetically diverse, as the frequency of complementary sequences is usually less.
“High stringency conditions” when used in reference to nucleic acid hybridization comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42 C in a solution consisting of 5×SSPE (43.8 g/l NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH2PO4H20 and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.5% SDS, 5×Denhardt's reagent and 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 0.1×SSPE, 1.0% SDS at 42 C when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.
“Medium stringency conditions” when used in reference to nucleic acid hybridization comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42 C in a solution consisting of 5×SSPE (43.8 g/l NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH2PO4H20 and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.5% SDS, 5×Denhardt's reagent and 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 1.0×SSPE, 1.0% SDS at 42 C when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.
“Low stringency conditions” comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42 C in a solution consisting of 5×SSPE (43.8 g/l NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH2PO4H20 and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.1% SDS, 5×Denhardt's reagent [50×Denhardt's contains per 500 ml: 5 g Ficoll (Type 400, Pharamcia), 5 g BSA (Fraction V; Sigma)] and 100 g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 5×SSPE, 0.1% SDS at 42 C when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.
The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides: “reference sequence,” “sequence identity,” “percentage of sequence identity,” and “substantial identity.” A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison; a reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA sequence given in a sequence listing or may comprise a complete gene sequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotides in length, frequently at least 25 nucleotides in length, and often at least 50 nucleotides in length. Since two polynucleotides may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides, and (2) may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A “comparison window,” as used herein, refers to a conceptual segment of at least 20 contiguous nucleotide positions wherein a polynucleotide sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman [Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981)] by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch [Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970)], by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman [Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:2444 (1988)], by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by inspection, and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of homology over the comparison window) generated by the various methods is selected. The term “sequence identity” means that two polynucleotide sequences are identical (i.e., on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis) over the window of comparison. The term “percentage of sequence identity” is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
As applied to polynucleotides, the term “substantial identity” denotes a characteristic of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 85 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison window of at least 20 nucleotide positions, frequently over a window of at least 25-50 nucleotides, wherein the percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing the reference sequence to the polynucleotide sequence which may include deletions or additions which total 20 percent or less of the reference sequence over the window of comparison. The reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, as a splice variant of the full-length sequences.
As applied to polypeptides, the term “substantial identity” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 80 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 percent sequence identity, more preferably at least 95 percent sequence identity or more (e.g., 99 percent sequence identity). Preferably, residue positions that are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine.
“Amplification” is a special case of nucleic acid replication involving template specificity. It is to be contrasted with non-specific template replication (i.e., replication that is template-dependent but not dependent on a specific template). Template specificity is here distinguished from fidelity of replication (i.e., synthesis of the proper polynucleotide sequence) and nucleotide (ribo- or deoxyribo-) specificity. Template specificity is frequently described in terms of “target” specificity. Target sequences are “targets” in the sense that they are sought to be sorted out from other nucleic acid. Amplification techniques have been designed primarily for this sorting out.
Template specificity is achieved in most amplification techniques by the choice of enzyme. Amplification enzymes are enzymes that, under conditions they are used, will process only specific sequences of nucleic acid in a heterogeneous mixture of nucleic acid. For example, in the case of Q replicase, MDV-1 RNA is the specific template for the replicase (D. L. Kacian et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:3038 [1972]). Other nucleic acid will not be replicated by this amplification enzyme. Similarly, in the case of T7 RNA polymerase, this amplification enzyme has a stringent specificity for its own promoters (M. Chamberlin et al., Nature 228:227 [1970]). In the case of T4 DNA ligase, the enzyme will not ligate the two oligonucleotides or polynucleotides, where there is a mismatch between the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrate and the template at the ligation junction (D. Y. Wu and R. B. Wallace, Genomics 4:560 [1989]). Finally, Taq and Pfu polymerases, by virtue of their ability to function at high temperature, are found to display high specificity for the sequences bounded and thus defined by the primers; the high temperature results in thermodynamic conditions that favor primer hybridization with the target sequences and not hybridization with non-target sequences (H. A. Erlich (ed.), PCR Technology, Stockton Press [1989]).
As used herein, the term “amplifiable nucleic acid” is used in reference to nucleic acids that may be amplified by any amplification method. It is contemplated that “amplifiable nucleic acid” will usually comprise “sample template.”
As used herein, the term “sample template” refers to nucleic acid originating from a sample that is analyzed for the presence of “target” (defined below). In contrast, “background template” is used in reference to nucleic acid other than sample template that may or may not be present in a sample. Background template is most often inadvertent. It may be the result of carryover, or it may be due to the presence of nucleic acid contaminants sought to be purified away from the sample. For example, nucleic acids from organisms other than those to be detected may be present as background in a test sample.
As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced, (i.e., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH). The primer is preferably single stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification, but may alternatively be double stranded. If double stranded, the primer is first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products. Preferably, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer should be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature, source of primer and the use of the method.
As used herein, the term “probe” or “hybridization probe” refers to an oligonucleotide (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides), whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, recombinantly or by PCR amplification, that is capable of hybridizing, at least in part, to another oligonucleotide of interest. A probe may be single-stranded or double-stranded. Probes are useful in the detection, identification and isolation of particular sequences. In some preferred embodiments, probes used in the present invention will be labeled with a “reporter molecule,” so that is detectable in any detection system, including, but not limited to enzyme (e.g., ELISA, as well as enzyme-based histochemical assays), fluorescent, radioactive, and luminescent systems. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular detection system or label.
As used herein, the term “target” refers to a nucleic acid sequence or structure to be detected or characterized.
As used herein, the term “polymerase chain reaction” (“PCR”) refers to the method of K. B. Mullis (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, and 4,965,188, hereby incorporated by reference), which describe a method for increasing the concentration of a segment of a target sequence in a mixture of genomic DNA without cloning or purification. This process for amplifying the target sequence consists of introducing a large excess of two oligonucleotide primers to the DNA mixture containing the desired target sequence, followed by a precise sequence of thermal cycling in the presence of a DNA polymerase. The two primers are complementary to their respective strands of the double stranded target sequence. To effect amplification, the mixture is denatured and the primers then annealed to their complementary sequences within the target molecule. Following annealing, the primers are extended with a polymerase so as to form a new pair of complementary strands. The steps of denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerase extension can be repeated many times (i.e., denaturation, annealing and extension constitute one “cycle”; there can be numerous “cycles”) to obtain a high concentration of an amplified segment of the desired target sequence. The length of the amplified segment of the desired target sequence is determined by the relative positions of the primers with respect to each other, and therefore, this length is a controllable parameter. By virtue of the repeating aspect of the process, the method is referred to as the “polymerase chain reaction” (hereinafter “PCR”). Because the desired amplified segments of the target sequence become the predominant sequences (in terms of concentration) in the mixture, they are said to be “PCR amplified.”
With PCR, it is possible to amplify a single copy of a specific target sequence in genomic DNA to a level detectable by several different methodologies (e.g., hybridization with a labeled probe; incorporation of biotinylated primers followed by avidin-enzyme conjugate detection; incorporation of 32P-labeled deoxynucleotide triphosphates, such as dCTP or dATP, into the amplified segment). In addition to genomic DNA, any oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence can be amplified with the appropriate set of primer molecules. In particular, the amplified segments created by the PCR process itself are, themselves, efficient templates for subsequent PCR amplifications.
As used herein, the terms “PCR product,” “PCR fragment,” and “amplification product” refer to the resultant mixture of compounds after two or more cycles of the PCR steps of denaturation, annealing and extension are complete. These terms encompass the case where there has been amplification of one or more segments of one or more target sequences.
As used herein, the term “amplification reagents” refers to those reagents (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, buffer, etc.), needed for amplification except for primers, nucleic acid template, and the amplification enzyme. Typically, amplification reagents along with other reaction components are placed and contained in a reaction vessel (test tube, microwell, etc.).
As used herein, the term “recombinant DNA molecule” as used herein refers to a DNA molecule that is comprised of segments of DNA joined together by means of molecular biological techniques.
As used herein, the term “antisense” is used in reference to RNA sequences that are complementary to a specific RNA sequence (e.g., mRNA). The term “antisense strand” is used in reference to a nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the “sense” strand. The designation (−) (i.e., “negative”) is sometimes used in reference to the antisense strand, with the designation (+) sometimes used in reference to the sense (i.e., “positive”) strand.
The term “isolated” when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “an isolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural source. Isolated nucleic acid is present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids are nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA found in the state they exist in nature. For example, a given DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is found on the host cell chromosome in proximity to neighboring genes; RNA sequences, such as a specific mRNA sequence encoding a specific protein, are found in the cell as a mixture with numerous other mRNAs that encode a multitude of proteins. However, isolated nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide include, by way of example, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing the polypeptide where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a different nucleic acid sequence than that found in nature. The isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide or polynucleotide is to be utilized to express a protein, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimum the sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be double-stranded).
As used herein the term “portion” when in reference to a nucleotide sequence (as in “a portion of a given nucleotide sequence”) refers to fragments of that sequence. The fragments may range in size from four nucleotides to the entire nucleotide sequence minus one nucleotide (e.g., 10 nucleotides, 11, . . . , 20, . . . ).
As used herein, the term “purified” or “to purify” refers to the removal of contaminants from a sample. As used herein, the term “purified” refers to molecules (e.g., nucleic or amino acid sequences) that are removed from their natural environment, isolated or separated. An “isolated nucleic acid sequence” is therefore a purified nucleic acid sequence. “Substantially purified” molecules are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.
The term “recombinant protein” or “recombinant polypeptide” as used herein refers to a protein molecule that is expressed from a recombinant DNA molecule.
The term “native protein” as used herein to indicate that a protein does not contain amino acid residues encoded by vector sequences; that is the native protein contains only those amino acids found in the protein as it occurs in nature. A native protein may be produced by recombinant means or may be isolated from a naturally occurring source.
As used herein the term “portion” when in reference to a protein (as in “a portion of a given protein”) refers to fragments of that protein. The fragments may range in size from four consecutive amino acid residues to the entire amino acid sequence minus one amino acid.
The term “Southern blot,” refers to the analysis of DNA on agarose or acrylamide gels to fractionate the DNA according to size followed by transfer of the DNA from the gel to a solid support, such as nitrocellulose or a nylon membrane. The immobilized DNA is then probed with a labeled probe to detect DNA species complementary to the probe used. The DNA may be cleaved with restriction enzymes prior to electrophoresis. Following electrophoresis, the DNA may be partially depurinated and denatured prior to or during transfer to the solid support. Southern blots are a standard tool of molecular biologists (J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, pp 9.31-9.58 [1989]).
The term “Western blot” refers to the analysis of protein(s) (or polypeptides) immobilized onto a support such as nitrocellulose or a membrane. The proteins are run on acrylamide gels to separate the proteins, followed by transfer of the protein from the gel to a solid support, such as nitrocellulose or a nylon membrane. The immobilized proteins are then exposed to antibodies with reactivity against an antigen of interest. The binding of the antibodies may be detected by various methods, including the use of labeled antibodies.
The term “test compound” refers to any chemical entity, pharmaceutical, drug, and the like that are tested in an assay (e.g., a drug screening assay) for any desired activity (e.g., including but not limited to, the ability to treat or prevent a disease, illness, sickness, or disorder of bodily function, or otherwise alter the physiological or cellular status of a sample). Test compounds comprise both known and potential therapeutic compounds. A test compound can be determined to be therapeutic by screening using the screening methods of the present invention. A “known therapeutic compound” refers to a therapeutic compound that has been shown (e.g., through animal trials or prior experience with administration to humans) to be effective in such treatment or prevention.
The term “sample” as used herein is used in its broadest sense. A sample suspected of containing a human chromosome or sequences associated with a human chromosome may comprise a cell, chromosomes isolated from a cell (e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solution or bound to a solid support such as for Southern blot analysis), RNA (in solution or bound to a solid support such as for Northern blot analysis), cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support) and the like. A sample suspected of containing a protein may comprise a cell, a portion of a tissue, an extract containing one or more proteins and the like.
The term “label” as used herein refers to any atom or molecule that can be used to provide a detectable (preferably quantifiable) effect, and that can be attached to a nucleic acid or protein. Labels include but are not limited to dyes; radiolabels such as 32P; binding moieties such as biotin; haptens such as digoxygenin; luminogenic, phosphorescent or fluorogenic moieties; and fluorescent dyes alone or in combination with moieties that can suppress or shift emission spectra by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Labels may provide signals detectable by fluorescence, radioactivity, colorimetry, gravimetry, X-ray diffraction or absorption, magnetism, enzymatic activity, and the like. A label may be a charged moiety (positive or negative charge) or alternatively, may be charge neutral. Labels can include or consist of nucleic acid or protein sequence, so long as the sequence comprising the label is detectable.
The term “signal” as used herein refers to any detectable effect, such as would be caused or provided by a label or an assay reaction.
As used herein, the term “detector” refers to a system or component of a system, e.g., an instrument (e.g. a camera, fluorimeter, charge-coupled device, scintillation counter, etc) or a reactive medium (X-ray or camera film, pH indicator, etc.), that can convey to a user or to another component of a system (e.g., a computer or controller) the presence of a signal or effect. A detector can be a photometric or spectrophotometric system, which can detect ultraviolet, visible or infrared light, including fluorescence or chemiluminescence; a radiation detection system; a spectroscopic system such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry or surface enhanced Raman spectrometry; a system such as gel or capillary electrophoresis or gel exclusion chromatography; or other detection system known in the art, or combinations thereof.
As used herein, the term “distribution system” refers to systems capable of transferring and/or delivering materials from one entity to another or one location to another. For example, a distribution system for transferring detection panels from a manufacturer or distributor to a user may comprise, but is not limited to, a packaging department, a mail room, and a mail delivery system. Alternately, the distribution system may comprise, but is not limited to, one or more delivery vehicles and associated delivery personnel, a display stand, and a distribution center. In some embodiments of the present invention interested parties (e.g., detection panel manufactures) utilize a distribution system to transfer detection panels to users at no cost, at a subsidized cost, or at a reduced cost.
As used herein, the term “at a reduced cost” refers to the transfer of goods or services at a reduced direct cost to the recipient (e.g. user). In some embodiments, “at a reduced cost” refers to transfer of goods or services at no cost to the recipient.
As used herein, the term “at a subsidized cost” refers to the transfer of goods or services, wherein at least a portion of the recipient's cost is deferred or paid by another party. In some embodiments, “at a subsidized cost” refers to transfer of goods or services at no cost to the recipient.
As used herein, the term “at no cost” refers to the transfer of goods or services with no direct financial expense to the recipient. For example, when detection panels are provided by a manufacturer or distributor to a user (e.g. research scientist) at no cost, the user does not directly pay for the tests.
The term “detection” as used herein refers to quantitatively or qualitatively identifying an analyte (e.g., DNA, RNA or a protein) within a sample. The term “detection assay” as used herein refers to a kit, test, or procedure performed for the purpose of detecting an analyte nucleic acid within a sample. Detection assays produce a detectable signal or effect when performed in the presence of the target analyte, and include but are not limited to assays incorporating the processes of hybridization, nucleic acid cleavage (e.g., exo- or endonuclease), nucleic acid amplification, nucleotide sequencing, primer extension, or nucleic acid ligation.
As used herein, the term “functional detection oligonucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide that is used as a component of a detection assay, wherein the detection assay is capable of successfully detecting (i.e., producing a detectable signal) an intended target nucleic acid when the functional detection oligonucleotide provides the oligonucleotide component of the detection assay. This is in contrast to a non-functional detection oligonucleotides, which fail to produce a detectable signal in a detection assay for the particular target nucleic acid when the non-functional detection oligonucleotide is provided as the oligonucleotide component of the detection assay. Determining if an oligonucleotide is a functional oligonucleotide can be carried out experimentally by testing the oligonucleotide in the presence of the particular target nucleic acid using the detection assay.
As used herein, the term “derived from a different subject,” such as samples or nucleic acids derived from a different subjects refers to a samples derived from multiple different individuals. For example, a blood sample comprising genomic DNA from a first person and a blood sample comprising genomic DNA from a second person are considered blood samples and genomic DNA samples that are derived from different subjects. A sample comprising five target nucleic acids derived from different subjects is a sample that includes at least five samples from five different individuals. However, the sample may further contain multiple samples from a given individual.
As used herein, the term “treating together”, when used in reference to experiments or assays, refers to conducting experiments concurrently or sequentially, wherein the results of the experiments are produced, collected, or analyzed together (i.e., during the same time period). For example, a plurality of different target sequences located in separate wells of a multiwell plate or in different portions of a microarray are treated together in a detection assay where detection reactions are carried out on the samples simultaneously or sequentially and where the data collected from the assays is analyzed together.
The terms “assay data” and “test result data” as used herein refer to data collected from performance of an assay (e.g., to detect or quantitate a gene, SNP or an RNA). Test result data may be in any form, i.e., it may be raw assay data or analyzed assay data (e.g., previously analyzed by a different process). Collected data that has not been further processed or analyzed is referred to herein as “raw” assay data (e.g., a number corresponding to a measurement of signal, such as a fluorescence signal from a spot on a chip or a reaction vessel, or a number corresponding to measurement of a peak, such as peak height or area, as from, for example, a mass spectrometer, HPLC or capillary separation device), while assay data that has been processed through a further step or analysis (e.g., normalized, compared, or otherwise processed by a calculation) is referred to as “analyzed assay data” or “output assay data”.
As used herein, the term “database” refers to collections of information (e.g., data) arranged for ease of retrieval, for example, stored in a computer memory. A “genomic information database” is a database comprising genomic information, including, but not limited to, polymorphism information (i.e., information pertaining to genetic polymorphisms), genome information (i.e., genomic information), linkage information (i.e., information pertaining to the physical location of a nucleic acid sequence with respect to another nucleic acid sequence, e.g., in a chromosome), and disease association information (i.e., information correlating the presence of or susceptibility to a disease to a physical trait of a subject, e.g., an allele of a subject). “Database information” refers to information to be sent to a databases, stored in a database, processed in a database, or retrieved from a database. “Sequence database information” refers to database information pertaining to nucleic acid sequences. As used herein, the term “distinct sequence databases” refers to two or more databases that contain different information than one another. For example, the dbSNP and GenBank databases are distinct sequence databases because each contains information not found in the other.
As used herein the terms “processor” and “central processing unit” or “CPU” are used interchangeably and refer to a device that is able to read a program from a computer memory (e.g., ROM or other computer memory) and perform a set of steps according to the program.
As used herein, the terms “computer memory” and “computer memory device” refer to any storage media readable by a computer processor. Examples of computer memory include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, computer chips, digital video disc (DVDs), compact discs (CDs), hard disk drives (HDD), and magnetic tape.
As used herein, the term “computer readable medium” refers to any device or system for storing and providing information (e.g., data and instructions) to a computer processor. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, DVDs, CDs, hard disk drives, magnetic tape and servers for streaming media over networks.
As used herein, the term “hyperlink” refers to a navigational link from one document to another, or from one portion (or component) of a document to another. Typically, a hyperlink is displayed as a highlighted word or phrase that can be selected by clicking on it using a mouse to jump to the associated document or documented portion.
As used herein, the term “hypertext system” refers to a computer-based informational system in which documents (and possibly other types of data entities) are linked together via hyperlinks to form a user-navigable “web.”
As used herein, the term “Internet” refers to any collection of networks using standard protocols. For example, the term includes a collection of interconnected (public and/or private) networks that are linked together by a set of standard protocols (such as TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP) to form a global, distributed network. While this term is intended to refer to what is now commonly known as the Internet, it is also intended to encompass variations that may be made in the future, including changes and additions to existing standard protocols or integration with other media (e.g., television, radio, etc). The term is also intended to encompass non-public networks such as private (e.g., corporate) Intranets.
As used herein, the terms “World Wide Web” or “web” refer generally to both (i) a distributed collection of interlinked, user-viewable hypertext documents (commonly referred to as Web documents or Web pages) that are accessible via the Internet, and (ii) the client and server software components which provide user access to such documents using standardized Internet protocols. Currently, the primary standard protocol for allowing applications to locate and acquire Web documents is HTTP, and the Web pages are encoded using HTML. However, the terms “Web” and “World Wide Web” are intended to encompass future markup languages and transport protocols that may be used in place of (or in addition to) HTML and HTTP.
As used herein, the term “web site” refers to a computer system that serves informational content over a network using the standard protocols of the World Wide Web. Typically, a Web site corresponds to a particular Internet domain name and includes the content associated with a particular organization. As used herein, the term is generally intended to encompass both (i) the hardware/software server components that serve the informational content over the network, and (ii) the “back end” hardware/software components, including any non-standard or specialized components, that interact with the server components to perform services for Web site users.
As used herein, the term “HTML” refers to HyperText Markup Language that is a standard coding convention and set of codes for attaching presentation and linking attributes to informational content within documents. HTML is based on SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language. During a document authoring stage, the HTML codes (referred to as “tags”) are embedded within the informational content of the document. When the Web document (or HTML document) is subsequently transferred from a Web server to a browser, the codes are interpreted by the browser and used to parse and display the document. Additionally, in specifying how the Web browser is to display the document, HTML tags can be used to create links to other Web documents (commonly referred to as “hyperlinks”).
As used herein, the term “XML” refers to Extensible Markup Language, an application profile that, like HTML, is based on SGML. XML differs from HTML in that: information providers can define new tag and attribute names at will; document structures can be nested to any level of complexity; any XML document can contain an optional description of its grammar for use by applications that need to perform structural validation. XML documents are made up of storage units called entities, which contain either parsed or unparsed data. Parsed data is made up of characters, some of which form character data, and some of which form markup. Markup encodes a description of the document's storage layout and logical structure. XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on the storage layout and logical structure, to define constraints on the logical structure and to support the use of predefined storage units. A software module called an XML processor is used to read XML documents and provide access to their content and structure.
As used herein, the term “HTTP” refers to HyperText Transport Protocol that is the standard World Wide Web client-server protocol used for the exchange of information (such as HTML documents, and client requests for such documents) between a browser and a Web server. HTTP includes a number of different types of messages that can be sent from the client to the server to request different types of server actions. For example, a “GET” message, which has the format GET, causes the server to return the document or file located at the specified URL.
As used herein, the term “URL” refers to Uniform Resource Locator that is a unique address that fully specifies the location of a file or other resource on the Internet. The general format of a URL is protocol://machine address:port/path/filename. The port specification is optional, and if none is entered by the user, the browser defaults to the standard port for whatever service is specified as the protocol. For example, if HTTP is specified as the protocol, the browser will use the HTTP default port of 80.
As used herein, the term “PUSH technology” refers to an information dissemination technology used to send data to users over a network. In contrast to the World Wide Web (a “pull” technology), in which the client browser should request a Web page before it is sent, PUSH protocols send the informational content to the user computer automatically, typically based on information pre-specified by the user.
As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to any network that allows information to be transmitted from one location to another. For example, a communication network for the transfer of information from one computer to another includes any public or private network that transfers information using electrical, optical, satellite transmission, and the like. Two or more devices that are part of a communication network such that they can directly or indirectly transmit information from one to the other are considered to be “in electronic communication” with one another. A computer network containing multiple computers may have a central computer (“central node”) that processes information to one or more sub-computers that carry out specific tasks (“sub-nodes”). Some networks comprises computers that are in “different geographic locations” from one another, meaning that the computers are located in different physical locations (i.e., aren't physically the same computer, e.g., are located in different countries, states, cities, rooms, etc.).
As used herein, the term “detection assay component” refers to a component of a system capable of performing a detection assay. Detection assay components include, but are not limited to, hybridization probes, buffers, and the like.
As used herein, the term “a detection assays configured for target detection” refers to a collection of assay components that are capable of producing a detectable signal when carried out using the target nucleic acid. For example, a detection assay that has empirically been demonstrated to detect a particular single nucleotide polymorphism is considered a detection assay configured for target detection.
As used herein, the phrase “unique detection assay” refers to a detection assay that has a different collection of detection assay components in relation to other detection assays located on the same detection panel. A unique assay doesn't necessarily detect a different target (e.g. SNP) than other assays on the same detection panel, but it does have a least one difference in the collection of components used to detect a given target (e.g. a unique detection assay may employ a probe sequences that is shorter or longer in length than other assays on the same detection panel).
As used herein, the term “candidate” refers to an assay or analyte, e.g., a nucleic acid, suspected of having a particular feature or property. A “candidate sequence” refers to a nucleic acid suspected of comprising a particular sequence, while a “candidate oligonucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide suspected of having a property such as comprising a particular sequence, or having the capability to hybridize to a target nucleic acid or to perform in a detection assay. A “candidate detection assay” refers to a detection assay that is suspected of being a valid detection assay.
As used herein, the term “detection panel” refers to a substrate or device containing at least two unique candidate detection assays configured for target detection.
As used herein, the term “valid detection assay” refers to a detection assay that has been shown to accurately predict an association between the detection of a target and a phenotype (e.g. medical condition). Examples of valid detection assays include, but are not limited to, detection assays that, when a target is detected, accurately predict the phenotype medical 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 99.9% of the time. Other examples of valid detection assays include, but are not limited to, detection assays that quality as and/or are marketed as Analyte-Specific Reagents (i.e. as defined by FDA regulations) or In-Vitro Diagnostics (i.e. approved by the FDA).
As used herein, the term “kit” refers to any delivery system for delivering materials. In the context of reaction assays, such delivery systems include systems that allow for the storage, transport, or delivery of reaction reagents (e.g., oligonucleotides, enzymes, etc. in the appropriate containers) and/or supporting materials (e.g., buffers, written instructions for performing the assay etc.) from one location to another. For example, kits include one or more enclosures (e.g., boxes) containing the relevant reaction reagents and/or supporting materials. As used herein, the term “fragmented kit” refers to a delivery systems comprising two or more separate containers that each contain a subportion of the total kit components. The containers may be delivered to the intended recipient together or separately. For example, a first container may contain an enzyme for use in an assay, while a second container contains oligonucleotides. The term “fragmented kit” is intended to encompass kits containing Analyte specific reagents (ASR's) regulated under section 520(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, but are not limited thereto. Indeed, any delivery system comprising two or more separate containers that each contains a subportion of the total kit components are included in the term “fragmented kit.” In contrast, a “combined kit” refers to a delivery system containing all of the components of a reaction assay in a single container (e.g., in a single box housing each of the desired components). The term “kit” includes both fragmented and combined kits.
As used herein, the term “information” refers to any collection of facts or data. In reference to information stored or processed using a computer system(s), including but not limited to internets, the term refers to any data stored in any format (e.g., analog, digital, optical, etc.). As used herein, the term “information related to a subject” refers to facts or data pertaining to a subject (e.g., a human, plant, or animal). The term “genomic information” refers to information pertaining to a genome including, but not limited to, nucleic acid sequences, genes, allele frequencies, RNA expression levels, protein expression, phenotypes correlating to genotypes, etc. “Allele frequency information” refers to facts or data pertaining allele frequencies, including, but not limited to, allele identities, statistical correlations between the presence of an allele and a characteristic of a subject (e.g., a human subject), the presence or absence of an allele in a individual or population, the percentage likelihood of an allele being present in an individual having one or more particular characteristics, etc.
As used herein, the term “assay validation information” refers to genomic information and/or allele frequency information resulting from processing of test result data (e.g. processing with the aid of a computer). Assay validation information may be used, for example, to identify a particular candidate detection assay as a valid detection assay.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Since its introduction in 1988 (Chamberlain, et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 16:11141 (1988)), multiplex PCR has become a routine means of amplifying multiple genetic loci in a single reaction. This approach has found utility in a number of research, as well as clinical, applications. Multiplex PCR has been described for use in diagnostic virology (Elnifro, et al. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13: 559 (2000)), paternity testing (Hidding and Schmitt, Forensic Sci. Int., 113: 47 (2000); Bauer et al., Int. J. Legal Med. 116: 39 (2002)), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (Ouhibi, et al., Curr Womens Health Rep. 1: 138 (2001)), microbial analysis in environmental and food samples (Rudi et al., Int J Food Microbiology, 78: 171 (2002)), and veterinary medicine (Zarlenga and Higgins, Vet Parasitol. 101: 215 (2001)), among others. Most recently, expansion of genetic analysis to whole genome levels, particularly for single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, has created a need highly multiplexed PCR capabilities. Comparative genome-wide association and candidate gene studies require the ability to genotype between 100,000-500,000 SNPs per individual (Kwok, Molecular Medicine Today, 5: 538-5435 (1999); Kwok, Pharmacogenomics, 1: 231 (2000); Risch and Merikangas, Science, 273: 1516 (1996)). Moreover, SNPs in coding or regulatory regions alter gene function in important ways (Cargill et al. Nature Genetics, 22: 231 (1999); Halushka et al., Nature Genetics, 22: 239 (1999)), making these SNPs useful diagnostic tools in personalized medicine (Hagmann, Science, 285: 21 (1999); Cargill et al. Nature Genetics, 22: 231 (1999); Halushka et al., Nature Genetics, 22: 239 (1999)). Likewise, validating the medical association of a set of SNPs previously identified for their potential clinical relevance as part of a diagnostic panel will mean testing thousands of individuals for thousands of markers at a time.
Despite its broad appeal and utility, several factors complicate multiplex PCR amplification. Chief among these is the phenomenon of PCR or amplification bias, in which certain loci are amplified to a greater extent than others. Two classes of amplification bias have been described. One, referred to as PCR drift, is ascribed to stochastic variation in such steps as primer annealing during the early stages of the reaction (Polz and Cavanaugh, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64: 3724 (1998)), is not reproducible, and may be more prevalent when very small amounts of target molecules are being amplified (Walsh et al., PCR Methods and Applications, 1: 241 (1992)). The other, referred to as PCR selection, pertains to the preferential amplification of some loci based on primer characteristics, amplicon length, G-C content, and other properties of the genome (Polz, supra).
Another factor affecting the extent to which PCR reactions can be multiplexed is the inherent tendency of PCR reactions to reach a plateau phase. The plateau phase is seen in later PCR cycles and reflects the observation that amplicon generation moves from exponential to pseudo-linear accumulation and then eventually stops increasing. This effect appears to be due to non-specific interactions between the DNA polymerase and the double stranded products themselves. The molar ratio of product to enzyme in the plateau phase is typically consistent for several DNA polymerases, even when different amounts of enzyme are included in the reaction, and is approximately 30:1 product:enzyme. This effect thus limits the total amount of double-stranded product that can be generated in a PCR reaction such that the number of different loci amplified must be balanced against the total amount of each amplicon desired for subsequent analysis, e.g. by gel electrophoresis, primer extension, etc.
Because of these and other considerations, although multiplexed PCR including 50 loci has been reported (Lindblad-Toh et al, Nature Genet. 4: 381 (2000)), multiplexing is typically limited to fewer than ten distinct products. However, given the need to analyze as many as 100,000 to 450,000 SNPs from a single genomic DNA sample there is a clear need for a means of expanding the multiplexing capabilities of PCR reactions.
The present invention provides methods for substantial multiplexing of PCR reactions by, for example, combining the INVADER assay with multiplex PCR amplification. The INVADER assay provides a detection step and signal amplification that allows very large numbers of targets to be detected in a multiplex reaction. As desired, hundreds to thousands to hundreds of thousands of targets may be detected in a multiplex reaction.
Direct genotyping by the INVADER assay typically uses from 5 to 100 ng of human genomic DNA per SNP, depending on detection platform. For a small number of assays, the reactions can be performed directly with genomic DNA without target pre-amplification, however, with more than 100,000 INVADER assays being developed and even larger number expected for genome-wide association studies, the amount of sample DNA may become a limiting factor.
Because the INVADER assay provides from 106 to 107 fold amplification of signal, multiplexed PCR in combination with the INVADER assay would use only limited target amplification as compared to a typical PCR. Consequently, low target amplification level alleviates interference between individual reactions in the mixture and reduces the inhibition of PCR by it's the accumulation of its products, thus providing for more extensive multiplexing. Additionally, it is contemplated that low amplification levels decrease a probability of target cross-contamination and decrease the number of PCR-induced mutations.
Uneven amplification of different loci presents one of biggest challenges in the development of multiplexed PCR. Difference in amplification factors between two loci may result in a situation where the signal generated by an INVADER reaction with a slow-amplifying locus is below the limit of detection of the assay, while the signal from a fast-amplifying locus is beyond the saturation level of the assay. This problem can be addressed in several ways. In some embodiments, the INVADER reactions can be read at different time points, e.g., in real-time, thus significantly extending the dynamic range of the detection. In other embodiments, multiplex PCR can be performed under conditions that allow different loci to reach more similar levels of amplification. For example, primer concentrations can be limited, thereby allowing each locus to reach a more uniform level of amplification. In yet other embodiments, concentrations of PCR primers can be adjusted to balance amplification factors of different loci.
The present invention provides for the design and characteristics of highly multiplex PCR including hundreds to thousands of products in a single reaction. For example, the target pre-amplification provided by hundred-plex PCR reduces the amount of human genomic DNA required for INVADER-based SNP genotyping to less than 0.1 ng per assay. The specifics of highly multiplex PCR optimization and a computer program for the primer design are described below.
The following discussion provides a description of certain preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
I. Multiplex PCR Primer Design
The INVADER assay can be used for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with as little as 100-10 ng of genomic DNA without the need for target pre-amplification. However, with more than 50,000 INVADER assays being developed and the potential for whole genome association studies involving hundreds of thousands of SNPs, the amount of sample DNA becomes a limiting factor for large scale analysis. Due to the sensitivity of the INVADER assay on human genomic DNA (hgDNA) without target amplification, multiplex PCR coupled with the INVADER assay requires only limited target amplification (103-104) as compared to typical multiplex PCR reactions which require extensive amplification (109-1012) for conventional gel detection methods. The low level of target amplification used for INVADERTM detection provides for more extensive multiplexing by avoiding amplification inhibition commonly resulting from target accumulation.
The present invention provides methods and selection criteria that allow primer sets for multiplex PCR to be generated (e.g. that can be coupled with a detection assay, such as the INVADER assay). In some embodiments, software applications of the present invention automated multiplex PCR primer selection, thus allowing highly multiplexed PCR with the primers designed thereby. Using the INVADER Medically Associated Panel (MAP) as a corresponding platform for SNP detection, as shown in example 2, the methods, software, and selection criteria of the present invention allowed accurate genotyping of 94 of the 101 possible amplicons ( ̃93%) from a single PCR reaction. The original PCR reaction used only 10 ng of hgDNA as template, corresponding to less than 150 pg hgDNA per INVADER assay.
FIG. 1 described the general principles of the INVADER assay. The INVADER assay allows for the simultaneous detection of two distinct alleles in the same reaction using an isothermal, single addition format. (A) Allele discrimination takes place by “structure specific” cleavage of the Probe, releasing a 5′ flap which corresponds to a given polymorphism. (B) In the second reaction, the released 5′ flap mediates signal generation by cleavage of the appropriate FRET cassette.
FIG. 2 illustrates creation of one of the primer pairs (both a forward and reverse primer) for a 101 primer sets from sequences available for analysis on the INVADER Medically Associated Panel using one embodiment of the software application of the present invention. FIG. 2A shows a sample input file of a single entry (e.g. shows target sequence information for a single target sequence containing a SNP that is processed the method and software of the present invention). The target sequence information in FIG. 2 includes Third Wave Technologies's SNP#, short name identifier, and sequence with the SNP location indicated in brackets. FIG. 2B shows the sample output file of a the same entry (e.g. shows the target sequence after being processed by the systems and methods and software of the present invention. The output information includes the sequence of the footprint region (capital letters flanking SNP site, showing region where INVADER assay probes hybridize to this target sequence in order to detect the SNP in the target sequence), forward and reverse primer sequences (bold), and their corresponding Tm's.
In some embodiments, the selection of primers to make a primer set capable of multiplex PCR is performed in automated fashion (e.g. by a software application). Automated primer selection for multiplex PCR may be accomplished employing a software program designed as shown by the flow chart in FIG. 4A.
Multiplex PCR commonly requires extensive optimization to avoid biased amplification of select amplicons and the amplification of spurious products resulting from the formation of primer-dimers. In order to avoid these problems, the present invention provides methods and software application that provide selection criteria to generate a primer set configured for multiplex PCR, and subsequent use in a detection assay (e.g. INVADER detection assays).
In some embodiments, the methods and software applications of the present invention start with user defined sequences and corresponding SNP locations. In certain embodiments, the methods and/or software application determines a footprint region within the target sequence (the minimal amplicon required for INVADER detection) for each sequence (shown in capital letters in FIG. 2B). The footprint region includes the region where assay probes hybridize, as well as any user defined additional bases extending outward therefore (e.g. 5 additional bases included on each side of where the assay probes hybridize). Next, primers are designed outward from the footprint region and evaluated against several criteria, including the potential for primer-dimer formation with previously designed primers in the current multiplexing set (See, primers in bold in FIG. 2A, and selection steps in FIG. 4A). This process may be continued, as shown in FIG. 4A, through multiple iterations of the same set of sequences until primers against all sequences in the current multiplexing set can be designed.
Once a primer set is designed for multiplex PCR, this set may be employed as shown in the basic workflow scheme shown in FIG. 3. Multiplex PCR may be carried out, for example, under standard conditions using only 10 ng of hgDNA as template. After 10 min at 95° C., Taq (2.5 units) may be added to a 50 ul reaction and PCR carried out for 50 cycles. The PCR reaction may be diluted and loaded directly onto an INVADER MAP plate (3 ul/well) (See FIG. 3). An additional 3 ul of 15 mM MgCl2 may be added to each reaction on the INVADER MAP plate and covered with 6 ul of mineral oil. The entire plate may then be heated to 95° C. for 5 min. and incubated at 63° C. for 40 min. FAM and RED fluorescence may then be measured on a Cytofluor 4000 fluorescent plate reader and “Fold Over Zero” (FOZ) values calculated for each amplicon. Results from each SNP may be color coded in a table as “pass” (green), “mis-call” (pink), or “no-call” (white) (See, Example 2 below).
In some embodiments the number of PCR reactions is from about 1 to about 10 reactions. In some embodiments, the number of PCR reactions is from about 10 to about 50 reactions. In further embodiments, the number of PCR reactions is from about 50 to about 100. In additional embodiments, the number of PCR reactions is from about than 100 to 1,000. In still other embodiments, the number of PCR reactions is greater than 1,000.
The present invention also provides methods to optimize multiplex PCR reactions (e.g. once a primer set is generated, the concentration of each primer or primer pair may be optimized). For example, once a primer set has been generated and used in a multiplex PCR at equal molar concentrations, the primers may be evaluated separately such that the optimum primer concentration is determined such that the multiplex primer set performs better.
Multiplex PCR reactions are being recognized in the scientific, research, clinical and biotechnology industries as potentially time effective and less expensive means of obtaining nucleic acid information compared to standard, monoplex PCR reactions. Instead of performing only a single amplification reaction per reaction vessel (tube or well of a multi-well plate for example), numerous amplification reactions are performed in a single reaction vessel.
The cost per target is theoretically lowered by eliminating technician time in assay set-up and data analysis, and by the substantial reagent savings (especially enzyme cost). Another benefit of the multiplex approach is that far less target sample is required. In whole genome association studies involving hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the amount of target or test sample is limiting for large scale analysis, so the concept of performing a single reaction, using one sample aliquot to obtain, for example, 100 results, versus using 100 sample aliquots to obtain the same data set is an attractive option.
To design primers for a successful multiplex PCR reaction, the issue of aberrant interaction among primers should be addressed. The formation of primer dimers, even if only a few bases in length, may inhibit both primers from correctly hybridizing to the target sequence. Further, if the dimers form at or near the 3′ ends of the primers, no amplification or very low levels of amplification will occur, since the 3′ end is required for the priming event. Clearly, the more primers utilized per multiplex reaction, the more aberrant primer interactions are possible. The methods, systems and applications of the present help prevent primer dimers in large sets of primers, making the set suitable for highly multiplexed PCR.
When designing primer pairs for numerous site (for example 100 sites in a multiplex PCR reaction), the order in which primer pairs are designed can influence the total number of compatible primer pairs for a reaction. For example, if a first set of primers is designed for a first target region that happens to be an A/T rich target region, these primer will be A/T rich. If the second target region chosen also happens to be an A/T rich target region, it is far more likely that the primers designed for these two sets will be incompatible due to aberrant interactions, such as primer dimers. If, however, the second target region chosen is not A/T rich, it is much more likely that a primer set can be designed that will not interact with the first A/T rich set. For any given set of input target sequences, the present invention randomizes the order in which primer sets are designed (See, FIG. 4A). Furthermore, in some embodiments, the present invention re-orders the set of input target sequences in a plurality of different, random orders to maximize the number of compatible primer sets for any given multiplex reaction (See, FIG. 4A).
The present invention provides criteria for primer design that minimize 3′ interactions while maximizing the number of compatible primer pairs for a given set of reaction targets in a multiplex design. For primers described as 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, N[l] is an A or C (in alternative embodiments, N[1] is a G or T). N[2]-N[1] of each of the forward and reverse primers designed should not be complementary to N[2]-N[1] of any other oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, N[3]-N[2]-N[1] should not be complementary to N[3]-N[2]-N[1] of any other oligonucleotide. In preferred embodiments, if these criteria are not met at a given N[1], the next base in the 5′ direction for the forward primer or the next base in the 3′ direction for the reverse primer may be evaluated as an N[1] site. This process is repeated, in conjunction with the target randomization, until all criteria are met for all, or a large majority of, the targets sequences (e.g. 95% of target sequences can have primer pairs made for the primer set that fulfill these criteria).
Another challenge to be overcome in a multiplex primer design is the balance between actual, required nucleotide sequence, sequence length, and the oligonucleotide melting temperature (Tm) constraints. Importantly, since the primers in a multiplex primer set in a reaction should function under the same reaction conditions of buffer, salts and temperature, they need therefore to have substantially similar Tm's, regardless of GC or AT richness of the region of interest. The present invention allows for primer design which meet minimum Tm and maximum Tm requirements and minimum and maximum length requirements. For example, in the formula for each primer 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, x is selected such the primer has a predetermined melting temperature (e.g. bases are included in the primer until the primer has a calculated melting temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius).
Often the products of a PCR reaction are used as the target material for another nucleic acid detection means, such as a hybridization-type detection assays, or the INVADER reaction assays for example. Consideration should be given to the location of primer placement to allow for the secondary reaction to successfully occur, and again, aberrant interactions between amplification primers and secondary reaction oligonucleotides should be minimized for accurate results and data. Selection criteria may be employed such that the primers designed for a multiplex primer set do not react (e.g. hybridize with, or trigger reactions) with oligonucleotide components of a detection assay. For example, in order to prevent primers from reacting with the FRET oligonucleotide of a bi-plex INVADER assay, certain homology criteria is employed. In particular, if each of the primers in the set are defined as 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, then N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ is selected such that it is less than 90% homologous with the FRET or INVADER oligonucleotides. In other embodiments, N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ is selected for each primer such that it is less than 80% homologous with the FRET or INVADER oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′ is selected for each primer such that it is less than 70% homologous with the FRET or INVADER oligonucleotides.
While employing the criteria of the present invention to develop a primer set, some primer pairs may not meet all of the stated criteria (these may be rejected as errors). For example, in a set of 100 targets, 30 are designed and meet all listed criteria, however, set 31 fails. In the method of the present invention, set 31 may be flagged as failing, and the method could continue through the list of 100 targets, again flagging those sets which do not meet the criteria (See FIG. 4A). Once all 100 targets have had a chance at primer design, the method would note the number of failed sets, re-order the 100 targets in a new random order and repeat the design process (See, FIG. 4A). After a configurable number of runs, the set with the most passed primer pairs (the least number of failed sets) are chosen for the multiplex PCR reaction (See FIG. 4A).
FIG. 4A shows a flow chart with the basic flow of certain embodiments of the methods and software application of the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the processes detailed in FIG. 4A are incorporated into a software application for ease of use (although, the methods may also be performed manually using, for example, FIG. 4A as a guide).
Target sequences and/or primer pairs are entered into the system shown in FIG. 4A. The first set of boxes show how target sequences are added to the list of sequences that have a footprint determined (See “B” in FIG. 4A), while other sequences are passed immediately into the primer set pool (e.g. PDPass, those sequences that have been previously processed and shown to work together without forming Primer dimers or having reactivity to FRET sequences), as well as DimerTest entries (e.g. pair or primers a user wants to use, but that has not been tested yet for primer dimer or fret reactivity). In other words, the initial set of boxes leading up to “end of input” sort the sequences so they can be later processed properly.
Starting at “A” in FIG. 4A, the primer pool is basically cleared or “emptied” to start a fresh run. The target sequences are then sent to “B” to be processed, and DimerTest pairs are sent to “C” to be processed. Target sequences are sent to “B”, where a user or software application determines the footprint region for the target sequence (e.g. where the assay probes will hybridize in order to detect the mutation (e.g. SNP) in the target sequence). This region is generally shown in capital letters in figures, such as FIG. 2B. It is important to design this region (which the user may further expand by defining that additional bases past the hybridization region be added) such that the primers that are designed fully encompass this region. In FIG. 4A, the software application INVADER CREATOR is used to design the INVADER oligonucleotide and downstream probes that will hybridize with the target region (although any type of program of system could be used to create any type of probes a user was interested in designing probes for, and thus determining the footprint region for on the target sequence). Thus the core footprint region is then defined by the location of these two assay probes on the target.
Next, the system starts from the 5′ edge of the footprint and travels in the 5′ direction until the first base is reached, or until the first A or C (or G or T) is reached. This is set as the initial starting point for defining the sequence of the forward primer (i.e. this serves as the initial N[1] site). From this initial N[1] site, the sequence of the primer for the forward primer is the same as those bases encountered on the target region. For example, if the default size of the primer is set as 12 bases, the system starts with the bases selected as N[1] and then adds the next 11 bases found in the target sequences. This 12-mer primer is then tested for a melting temperature (e.g. using INVADER CREATOR), and additional bases are added from the target sequence until the sequence has a melting temperature that is designated by the user as the default minimum and maximum melting temperatures (e.g. about 50 degrees Celsius, and not more than 55 degrees Celsius). For example, the system employs the formula 5′-N[x]-N[x−1] . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, and x is initially 12. Then the system adjusts x to a higher number (e.g. longer sequences) until the pre-set melting temperature is found. In certain embodiments, a maximum primer size is employed as a default parameter to serve as an upper limit on the length of the primers designed. In some embodiments, the maximum primer size is about 30 bases (e.g. 29 bases, 30, bases, or 31 bases). On other embodiments, the default settings (e.g. minimum and maximum primer size, and minimum and maximum Tm) are able to be modified using standard database manipulation tools.
The next box in FIG. 4a, is used to determine if the primer that has been designed so far will cause primer-dimer and/or fret reactivity (e.g. with the other sequences already in the pool). The criteria used for this determination are explained above. If the primer passes this step, the forward primer is added to the primer pool. However, if the forward primer fails this criteria, as shown in FIG. 4A, the starting point (N[1] is moved) one nucleotide in the 5′ direction (or to the next A or C, or next G or T). The system first checks to make sure shifting over leaves enough room on the target sequence to successfully make a primer. If yes, the system loops back and check this new primer for melting temperature. However, if no sequence can be designed, then the target sequence is flagged as an error (e.g. indicating that no forward primer can be made for this target).
This same process is then repeated for designing the reverse primer, as shown in FIG. 4A. If a reverse primer is successfully made, then the pair or primers is put into the primer pool, and the system goes back to “B” (if there are more target sequences to process), or goes onto “C” to test DimerTest pairs.
Starting a “C” in FIG. 4A shows how primer pairs that are entered as primers (DimerTest) are processed by the system. If there are no DimerTest pairs, as shown in FIG. 4a, the system goes on to “D”. However, if there are DimerTest pairs, these are tested for primer-dimer and/or FRET reactivity as described above. If the DimerTest pair fails these criteria they are flagged as errors. If the DimerTest pair passes the criteria, they are added to the primer set pool, and then the system goes back to “C” if there are more DimerTest pairs to be evaluated, or or goes on to “D” if there are no more DimerTest pairs to be evaluated.
Starting at “D” in FIG. 4a, the pool of primers that has been created is evaluated. The first step in this section is to examine the number of error (failures) generated by this particular randomized run of sequences. If there were no errors, this set is the best set as maybe outputted to a user. If there are more than zero errors, the system compares this run to any other previous runs to see what run resulted in the fewest errors. If the current run has fewer errors, it is designated as the current best set. At this point, the system may go back to “A” to start the run over with another randomized set of the same sequences, or the pre-set maximum number of runs (e.g. 5 runs) may have been reached on this run (e.g. this was the 5th run, and the maximum number of runs was set as 5). If the maximum has been reached, then the best set is outputted as the best set. This best set of primers may then be used to generate as physical set of oligonucleotides such that a multiplex PCR reaction may be carried out.
Another challenge to be overcome with multiplex PCR reactions is the unequal amplicon concentrations that result in a standard multiplex reaction. The different loci targeted for amplification may each behave differently in the amplification reaction, yielding vastly different concentrations of each of the different amplicon products. The present invention provides methods, systems, software applications, computer systems, and a computer data storage medium that may be used to adjust primer concentrations relative to a first detection assay read (e.g. INVADER assay read), and then with balanced primer concentrations come close to substantially equal concentrations of different amplicons.
The concentrations for various primer pairs may be determined experimentally. In some embodiments, there is a first run conducted with all of the primers in equimolar concentrations. Time reads are then conducted. Based upon the time reads, the relative amplification factors for each amplicon are determined. Then based upon a unifying correction equation, an estimate of what the primer concentration should be obtained to get the signals closer within the same time point. These detection assays can be on an array of different sizes (384 well plates).
It is appreciated that combining the invention with detection assays and arrays of detection assays provides substantial processing efficiencies. Employing a balanced mix of primers or primer pairs created using the invention, a single point read can be carried out so that an average user can obtain great efficiencies in conducting tests that require high sensitivity and specificity across an array of different targets.
Having optimized primer pair concentrations in a single reaction vessel allows the user to conduct amplification for a plurality or multiplicity of amplification targets in a single reaction vessel and in a single step. The yield of the single step process is then used to successfully obtain test result data for, for example, several hundred assays. For example, each well on a 384 well plate can have a different detection assay thereon. The results of the single step mutliplex PCR reaction has amplified 384 different targets of genomic DNA, and provides you with 384 test results for each plate. Where each well has a plurality of assays even greater efficiencies can be obtained.
Therefore, the present invention provides the use of the concentration of each primer set in highly multiplexed PCR as a parameter to achieve an unbiased amplification of each PCR product. Any PCR includes primer annealing and primer extension steps. Under standard PCR conditions, high concentration of primers in the order of 1 uM ensures fast kinetics of primers annealing while the optimal time of the primer extension step depends on the size of the amplified product and can be much longer than the annealing step. By reducing primer concentration, the primer annealing kinetics can become a rate limiting step and PCR amplification factor should strongly depend on primer concentration, association rate constant of the primers, and the annealing time.
The binding of primer P with target T can be described by the following model:




where ka is the association rate constant of primer annealing. We assume that the annealing occurs at the temperatures below primer melting and the reverse reaction can be ignored.

The solution for this kinetics under the conditions of a primer excess is well known:

[PT]=T0(1−e−kact)  (2)

where [PT] is the concentration of target molecules associated with primer, T0 is initial target concentration, c is the initial primer concentration, and t is primer annealing time. Assuming that each target molecule associated with primer is replicated to produce full size PCR product, the target amplification factor in a single PCR cycle is





  
    
      
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The total PCR amplification factor after n cycles is given by

F=Zn=(2−e−kact)n  (4)

As it follows from equation 4, under the conditions where the primer annealing kinetics is the rate limiting step of PCR, the amplification factor should strongly depend on primer concentration. Thus, biased loci amplification, whether it is caused by individual association rate constants, primer extension steps or any other factors, can be corrected by adjusting primer concentration for each primer set in the multiplex PCR. The adjusted primer concentrations can be also used to correct biased performance of INVADER assay used for analysis of PCR pre-amplified loci. Employing this basic principle, the present invention has demonstrated a linear relationship between amplification efficiency and primer concentration and used this equation to balance primer concentrations of different amplicons, resulting in the equal amplification of ten different amplicons in Example 1. This technique may be employed on any size set of multiplex primer pairs.
II. Detection Assay Design
The following section describes detection assays that may be employed with the present invention. For example, many different assays may be used to determine the footprint on the target nucleic sequence, and then used as the detection assay run on the output of the multiplex PCR (or the detection assays may be run simultaneously with the multiplex PCR reaction).
There are a wide variety of detection technologies available for determining the sequence of a target nucleic acid at one or more locations. For example, there are numerous technologies available for detecting the presence or absence of SNPs. Many of these techniques require the use of an oligonucleotide to hybridize to the target. Depending on the assay used, the oligonucleotide is then cleaved, elongated, ligated, disassociated, or otherwise altered, wherein its behavior in the assay is monitored as a means for characterizing the sequence of the target nucleic acid. A number of these technologies are described in detail, in Section IV, below.
The present invention provides systems and methods for the design of oligonucleotides for use in detection assays. In particular, the present invention provides systems and methods for the design of oligonucleotides that successfully hybridize to appropriate regions of target nucleic acids (e.g., regions of target nucleic acids that do not contain secondary structure) under the desired reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, buffer conditions, etc.) for the detection assay. The systems and methods also allow for the design of multiple different oligonucleotides (e.g., oligonucleotides that hybridize to different portions of a target nucleic acid or that hybridize to two or more different target nucleic acids) that all function in the detection assay under the same or substantially the same reaction conditions. These systems and methods may also be used to design control samples that work under the experimental reaction conditions.
While the systems and methods of the present invention are not limited to any particular detection assay, the following description illustrates the invention when used in conjunction with the INVADER assay (Third Wave Technologies, Madison Wis.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,717, 5,985,557, 5,994,069, and 6,001,567, PCT Publications WO 97/27214 and WO 98/42873, and de Arruda et al., Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2(5), 487-496 (2002), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) to detect a SNP. The INVADER assay provides ease-of-use and sensitivity levels that, when used in conjunction with the systems and methods of the present invention, find use in detection panels, ASRs, and clinical diagnostics. One skilled in the art will appreciate that specific and general features of this illustrative example are generally applicable to other detection assays.
A. INVADER Assay
The INVADER assay provides means for forming a nucleic acid cleavage structure that is dependent upon the presence of a target nucleic acid and cleaving the nucleic acid cleavage structure so as to release distinctive cleavage products. 5′ nuclease activity, for example, is used to cleave the target-dependent cleavage structure and the resulting cleavage products are indicative of the presence of specific target nucleic acid sequences in the sample. When two strands of nucleic acid, or oligonucleotides, both hybridize to a target nucleic acid strand such that they form an overlapping invasive cleavage structure, as described below, invasive cleavage can occur. Through the interaction of a cleavage agent (e.g., a 5′ nuclease) and the upstream oligonucleotide, the cleavage agent can be made to cleave the downstream oligonucleotide at an internal site in such a way that a distinctive fragment is produced.
The INVADER assay provides detections assays in which the target nucleic acid is reused or recycled during multiple rounds of hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and cleavage of the probes without the need to use temperature cycling (i.e., for periodic denaturation of target nucleic acid strands) or nucleic acid synthesis (i.e., for the polymerization-based displacement of target or probe nucleic acid strands). When a cleavage reaction is run under conditions in which the probes are continuously replaced on the target strand (e.g. through probe-probe displacement or through an equilibrium between probe/target association and disassociation, or through a combination comprising these mechanisms, (Reynaldo, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 97: 511-520 [2000]), multiple probes can hybridize to the same target, allowing multiple cleavages, and the generation of multiple cleavage products.
B. Oligonucleotide Design for the INVADER assay
In some embodiments where an oligonucleotide is designed for use in the INVADER assay to detect a SNP, the sequence(s) of interest are entered into the INVADERCREATOR program (Third Wave Technologies, Madison, Wis.). As described above, sequences may be input for analysis from any number of sources, either directly into the computer hosting the INVADERCREATOR program, or via a remote computer linked through a communication network (e.g., a LAN, Intranet or Internet network). The program designs probes for both the sense and antisense strand. Strand selection is generally based upon the ease of synthesis, minimization of secondary structure formation, and manufacturability. In some embodiments, the user chooses the strand for sequences to be designed for. In other embodiments, the software automatically selects the strand. By incorporating thermodynamic parameters for optimum probe cycling and signal generation (Allawi and SantaLucia, Biochemistry, 36:10581 [1997]), oligonucleotide probes may be designed to operate at a pre-selected assay temperature (e.g., 63° C.). Based on these criteria, a final probe set (e.g., primary probes for 2 alleles and an INVADER oligonucleotide) is selected.
In some embodiments, the INVADERCREATOR system is a web-based program with secure site access that contains a link to BLAST (available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health website) and that can be linked to RNAstructure (Mathews et al., RNA 5:1458 [1999]), a software program that incorporates mfold (Zuker, Science, 244:48 [1989]). RNAstructure tests the proposed oligonucleotide designs generated by INVADERCREATOR for potential uni- and bimolecular complex formation. INVADERCREATOR is open database connectivity (ODBC)-compliant and uses the Oracle database for export/integration. The INVADERCREATOR system was configured with Oracle to work well with UNIX systems, as most genome centers are UNIX-based.
In some embodiments, the INVADERCREATOR analysis is provided on a separate server (e.g., a Sun server) so it can handle analysis of large batch jobs. For example, a customer can submit up to 2,000 SNP sequences in one email. The server passes the batch of sequences on to the INVADERCREATOR software, and, when initiated, the program designs detection assay oligonucleotide sets. In some embodiments, probe set designs are returned to the user within 24 hours of receipt of the sequences.
Each INVADER reaction includes at least two target sequence-specific, unlabeled oligonucleotides for the primary reaction: an upstream INVADER oligonucleotide and a downstream Probe oligonucleotide. The INVADER oligonucleotide is generally designed to bind stably at the reaction temperature, while the probe is designed to freely associate and disassociate with the target strand, with cleavage occurring only when an uncut probe hybridizes adjacent to an overlapping INVADER oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the probe includes a 5′ flap or “arm” that is not complementary to the target, and this flap is released from the probe when cleavage occurs. In some embodiments, the released flap participates as an INVADER oligonucleotide in a secondary reaction.
The following discussion provides one example of how a user interface for an INVADERCREATOR program may be configured.
The user opens a work screen (FIG. 8), e.g., by clicking on an icon on a desktop display of a computer (e.g., a Windows desktop). The user enters information related to the target sequence for which an assay is to be designed. In some embodiments, the user enters a target sequence. In other embodiments, the user enters a code or number that causes retrieval of a sequence from a database. In still other embodiments, additional information may be provided, such as the user's name, an identifying number associated with a target sequence, and/or an order number. In preferred embodiments, the user indicates (e.g. via a check box or drop down menu) that the target nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. In other preferred embodiments, the user indicates the species from which the nucleic acid is derived. In particularly preferred embodiments, the user indicates whether the design is for monoplex (i.e., one target sequence or allele per reaction) or multiplex (i.e., multiple target sequences or alleles per reaction) detection. When the requisite choices and entries are complete, the user starts the analysis process. In one embodiment, the user clicks a “Go Design It” button to continue.
In some embodiments, the software validates the field entries before proceeding. In some embodiments, the software verifies that any required fields are completed with the appropriate type of information. In other embodiments, the software verifies that the input sequence meets selected requirements (e.g., minimum or maximum length, DNA or RNA content). If entries in any field are not found to be valid, an error message or dialog box may appear. In preferred embodiments, the error message indicates which field is incomplete and/or incorrect. Once a sequence entry is verified, the software proceeds with the assay design.
In some embodiments, the information supplied in the order entry fields specifies what type of design will be created. In preferred embodiments, the target sequence and multiplex check box specify which type of design to create. Design options include but are not limited to SNP assay, Multiplexed SNP assay (e.g., wherein probe sets for different alleles are to be combined in a single reaction), Multiple SNP assay (e.g., wherein an input sequence has multiple sites of variation for which probe sets are to be designed), and Multiple Probe Arm assays.
In some embodiments, the INVADERCREATOR software is started via a Web Order Entry (WebOE) process (i.e., through an Intra/Internet browser interface) and these parameters are transferred from the WebOE via applet <param> tags, rather than entered through menus or check boxes.
In the case of Multiple SNP Designs, the user chooses two or more designs to work with. In some embodiments, this selection opens a new screen view (e.g., a Multiple SNP Design Selection view FIG. 9). In some embodiments, the software creates designs for each locus in the target sequence, scoring each, and presents them to the user in this screen view. The user can then choose any two designs to work with. In some embodiments, the user chooses a first and second design (e.g., via a menu or buttons) and clicks a “Go Design It” button to continue.
To select a probe sequence that will perform optimally at a pre-selected reaction temperature, the melting temperature (Tm) of the SNP to be detected is calculated using the nearest-neighbor model and published parameters for DNA duplex formation (Allawi and SantaLucia, Biochemistry, 36:10581 [1997]). In embodiments wherein the target strand is RNA, parameters appropriate for RNA/DNA heteroduplex formation may be used. Because the assay's salt concentrations are often different than the solution conditions in which the nearest-neighbor parameters were obtained (1M NaCl and no divalent metals), and because the presence and concentration of the enzyme influence optimal reaction temperature, an adjustment should be made to the calculated Tm to determine the optimal temperature at which to perform a reaction. One way of compensating for these factors is to vary the value provided for the salt concentration within the melting temperature calculations. This adjustment is termed a ‘salt correction’. As used herein, the term “salt correction” refers to a variation made in the value provided for a salt concentration for the purpose of reflecting the effect on a Tm calculation for a nucleic acid duplex of a non-salt parameter or condition affecting said duplex. Variation of the values provided for the strand concentrations will also affect the outcome of these calculations. By using a value of 0.5 M NaCl (SantaLucia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:1460 [1998]) and strand concentrations of about 1 mM of the probe and 1 fM target, the algorithm for used for calculating probe-target melting temperature has been adapted for use in predicting optimal INVADER assay reaction temperature. For a set of 30 probes, the average deviation between optimal assay temperatures calculated by this method and those experimentally determined is about 1.5° C.
The length of the downstream probe to a given SNP is defined by the temperature selected for running the reaction (e.g., 63° C.). Starting from the position of the variant nucleotide on the target DNA (the target base that is paired to the probe nucleotide 5′ of the intended cleavage site), and adding on the 3′ end, an iterative procedure is used by which the length of the target-binding region of the probe is increased by one base pair at a time until a calculated optimal reaction temperature (Tm plus salt correction to compensate for enzyme effect) matching the desired reaction temperature is reached. The non-complementary arm of the probe is preferably selected to allow the secondary reaction to cycle at the same reaction temperature. The entire probe oligonucleotide is screened using programs such as mfold (Zuker, Science, 244: 48 [1989]) or Oligo 5.0 (Rychlik and Rhoads, Nucleic Acids Res, 17: 8543 [1989]) for the possible formation of dimer complexes or secondary structures that could interfere with the reaction. The same principles are also followed for INVADER oligonucleotide design. Briefly, starting from the position N on the target DNA, the 3′ end of the INVADER oligonucleotide is designed to have a nucleotide not complementary to either allele suspected of being contained in the sample to be tested. The mismatch does not adversely affect cleavage (Lyamichev et al., Nature Biotechnology, 17: 292 [1999]), and it can enhance probe cycling, presumably by minimizing coaxial stabilization effects between the two probes. Additional residues complementary to the target DNA starting from residue N-1 are then added in the 5′ direction until the stability of the INVADER oligonucleotide-target hybrid exceeds that of the probe (and therefore the planned assay reaction temperature), generally by 15-20° C.
It is one aspect of the assay design that the all of the probe sequences may be selected to allow the primary and secondary reactions to occur at the same optimal temperature, so that the reaction steps can run simultaneously. In an alternative embodiment, the probes may be designed to operate at different optimal temperatures, so that the reaction steps are not simultaneously at their temperature optima.
In some embodiments, the software provides the user an opportunity to change various aspects of the design including but not limited to: probe, target and INVADER oligonucleotide temperature optima and concentrations; blocking groups; probe arms; dyes, capping groups and other adducts; individual bases of the probes and targets (e.g., adding or deleting bases from the end of targets and/or probes, or changing internal bases in the INVADER and/or probe and/or target oligonucleotides). In some embodiments, changes are made by selection from a menu. In other embodiments, changes are entered into text or dialog boxes. In preferred embodiments, this option opens a new screen (e.g., a Designer Worksheet view, FIG. 10).
In some embodiments, the software provides a scoring system to indicate the quality (e.g., the likelihood of performance) of the assay designs. In one embodiment, the scoring system includes a starting score of points (e.g., 100 points) wherein the starting score is indicative of an ideal design, and wherein design features known or suspected to have an adverse affect on assay performance are assigned penalty values. Penalty values may vary depending on assay parameters other than the sequences, including but not limited to the type of assay for which the design is intended (e.g., monoplex, multiplex) and the temperature at which the assay reaction will be performed. The following example provides an illustrative scoring criteria for use with some embodiments of the INVADER assay based on an intelligence defined by experimentation. Examples of design features that may incur score penalties include but are not limited to the following (penalty values are indicated in brackets, first number is for lower temperature assays (e.g., 62-64° C.), second is for higher temperature assays (e.g., 65-66° C.)]:
1. [100:100] 3′ end of INVADER oligonucleotide resembles the probe arm:













PENALTY AWARDED IF



ARM SEQUENCE:
IF INVADER ENDS IN:


















Arm 1: CGCGCCGAGG
(SEQ ID NO: 753)
5′ GAGGX or 5′ GAGGXX



 


Arm 2: ATGACGTGGCAGAC
(SEQ ID NO: 754)
5′ CAGACX or 5′ CAGACXX


 


Arm 3: ACGGACGCGGAG
(SEQ ID NO: 755)
5′ GGAGX or 5′ GGAGXX


 


Arm 4: TCCGCGCGTCC
(SEQ ID NO: 756)
5′ GTCCX or 5′ GTCCXX









2. [70:70] a probe has 5-base stretch (i.e., 5 of the same base in a row) containing the polymorphism;

3. [60:60] a probe has 5-base stretch adjacent to the polymorphism;

4. [50:50] a probe has 5-base stretch one base from the polymorphism;

5. [40:40] a probe has 5-base stretch two bases from the polymorphism;

6. [50:50] probe 5-base stretch is of Gs—additional penalty;

7. [100:100] a probe has 6-base stretch anywhere;

8. [90:90] a two or three base sequence repeats at least four times;

9. [100:100] a degenerate base occurs in a probe;

10. [60:90] probe hybridizing region is short (13 bases or less for designs 65-67° C.; 12 bases or less for designs 62-64° C.)

11. [40:90] probe hybridizing region is long (29 bases or more for designs 65-67° C., 28 bases or more for designs 62-64° C.)

12. [5:5] probe hybridizing region length—per base additional penalty

13. [80:80] Ins/Del design with poor discrimination in first 3 bases after probe arm

14. [100:100] calculated INVADER oligonucleotide Tm within 7.5° C. of probe target Tm (designs 65-67° C. with INVADER oligonucleotide less than ≦70.5° C., designs 62-64° C. with INVADER oligonucleotide ≦69.5° C.

15. [20:20] calculated probes Tms differ by more than 2.0° C.

16. [100:100] a probe has calculated Tm 2° C. less than its target Tm

17. [10:10] target of one strand 8 bases longer than that of other strand

18. [30:30] INVADER oligonucleotide has 6-base stretch anywhere—initial penalty

19. [70:70] INVADER oligonucleotide 6-base stretch is of Gs—additional penalty

20. [15:15] probe hybridizing region is 14, 15 or 24-28 bases long (65-67° C.) or 13,14 or 26,27 bases long (62-64° C.)

21. [15:15] a probe has a 4-base stretch of Gs containing the polymorphism

In particularly preferred embodiments, temperatures for each of the oligonucleotides in the designs are recomputed and scores are recomputed as changes are made. In some embodiments, score descriptions can be seen by clicking a “descriptions” button. In some embodiments, a BLAST search option is provided. In preferred embodiments, a BLAST search is done by clicking a “BLAST Design” button. In some embodiments, this action brings up a dialog box describing the BLAST process. In preferred embodiments, the BLAST search results are displayed as a highlighted design on a Designer Worksheet.
In some embodiments, a user accepts a design by clicking an “Accept” button. In other embodiments, the program approves a design without user intervention. In preferred embodiments, the program sends the approved design to a next process step (e.g., into production; into a file or database). In some embodiments, the program provides a screen view (e.g., an Output Page, FIG. 11), allowing review of the final designs created and allowing notes to be attached to the design. In preferred embodiments, the user can return to the Designer Worksheet (e.g., by clicking a “Go Back” button) or can save the design (e.g., by clicking a “Save It” button) and continue (e.g., to submit the designed oligonucleotides for production).
In some embodiments, the program provides an option to create a screen view of a design optimized for printing (e.g., a text-only view) or other export (e.g., an Output view, FIG. 12). In preferred embodiments, the Output view provides a description of the design particularly suitable for printing, or for exporting into another application (e.g., by copying and pasting into another application). In particularly preferred embodiments, the Output view opens in a separate window.
The present invention is not limited to the use of the INVADERCREATOR software. Indeed, a variety of software programs are contemplated and are commercially available, including, but not limited to GCG Wisconsin Package (Genetics computer Group, Madison, Wis.) and Vector NTI (Informax, Rockville, Md.). Other detection assays may be used in the present invention.
1. Direct Sequencing Assays
In some embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected using a direct sequencing technique. In these assays, DNA samples are first isolated from a subject using any suitable method. In some embodiments, the region of interest is cloned into a suitable vector and amplified by growth in a host cell (e.g., a bacteria). In other embodiments, DNA in the region of interest is amplified using PCR.
Following amplification, DNA in the region of interest (e.g., the region containing the SNP or mutation of interest) is sequenced using any suitable method, including but not limited to manual sequencing using radioactive marker nucleotides, or automated sequencing. The results of the sequencing are displayed using any suitable method. The sequence is examined and the presence or absence of a given SNP or mutation is determined.
2. PCR Assay
In some embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected using a PCR-based assay. In some embodiments, the PCR assay comprises the use of oligonucleotide primers that hybridize only to the variant or wild type allele (e.g., to the region of polymorphism or mutation). Both sets of primers are used to amplify a sample of DNA. If only the mutant primers result in a PCR product, then the patient has the mutant allele. If only the wild-type primers result in a PCR product, then the patient has the wild type allele.
3. Fragment Length Polymorphism Assays
In some embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected using a fragment length polymorphism assay. In a fragment length polymorphism assay, a unique DNA banding pattern based on cleaving the DNA at a series of positions is generated using an enzyme (e.g., a restriction enzyme or a CLEAVASE I [Third Wave Technologies, Madison, Wis.] enzyme). DNA fragments from a sample containing a SNP or a mutation will have a different banding pattern than wild type.
a. RFLP Assay
In some embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected using a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (RFLP). The region of interest is first isolated using PCR. The PCR products are then cleaved with restriction enzymes known to give a unique length fragment for a given polymorphism. The restriction-enzyme digested PCR products are generally separated by gel electrophoresis and may be visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The length of the fragments is compared to molecular weight markers and fragments generated from wild-type and mutant controls.
b. CFLP Assay
In other embodiments, variant sequences are detected using a CLEAVASE fragment length polymorphism assay (CFLP; Third Wave Technologies, Madison, Wis.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,843,654; 5,843,669; 5,719,208; and 5,888,780; each of which is herein incorporated by reference). This assay is based on the observation that when single strands of DNA fold on themselves, they assume higher order structures that are highly individual to the precise sequence of the DNA molecule. These secondary structures involve partially duplexed regions of DNA such that single stranded regions are juxtaposed with double stranded DNA hairpins. The CLEAVASE I enzyme, is a structure-specific, thermostable nuclease that recognizes and cleaves the junctions between these single-stranded and double-stranded regions.
The region of interest is first isolated, for example, using PCR. In preferred embodiments, one or both strands are labeled. Then, DNA strands are separated by heating. Next, the reactions are cooled to allow intrastrand secondary structure to form. The PCR products are then treated with the CLEAVASE I enzyme to generate a series of fragments that are unique to a given SNP or mutation. The CLEAVASE enzyme treated PCR products are separated and detected (e.g., by denaturing gel electrophoresis) and visualized (e.g., by autoradiography, fluorescence imaging or staining). The length of the fragments is compared to molecular weight markers and fragments generated from wild-type and mutant controls.
4. Hybridization Assays
In preferred embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected a hybridization assay. In a hybridization assay, the presence of absence of a given SNP or mutation is determined based on the ability of the DNA from the sample to hybridize to a complementary DNA molecule (e.g., a oligonucleotide probe). A variety of hybridization assays using a variety of technologies for hybridization and detection are available. A description of a selection of assays is provided below.
a. Direct Detection of Hybridization
In some embodiments, hybridization of a probe to the sequence of interest (e.g., a SNP or mutation) is detected directly by visualizing a bound probe (e.g., a Northern or Southern assay; See e.g., Ausabel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY [1991]). In a these assays, genomic DNA (Southern) or RNA (Northern) is isolated from a subject. The DNA or RNA is then cleaved with a series of restriction enzymes that cleave infrequently in the genome and not near any of the markers being assayed. The DNA or RNA is then separated (e.g., on an agarose gel) and transferred to a membrane. A labeled (e.g., by incorporating a radionucleotide) probe or probes specific for the SNP or mutation being detected is allowed to contact the membrane under a condition or low, medium, or high stringency conditions. Unbound probe is removed and the presence of binding is detected by visualizing the labeled probe.
b. Detection of Hybridization Using “DNA Chip” Assays
In some embodiments of the present invention, variant sequences are detected using a DNA chip hybridization assay. In this assay, a series of oligonucleotide probes are affixed to a solid support. The oligonucleotide probes are designed to be unique to a given SNP or mutation. The DNA sample of interest is contacted with the DNA “chip” and hybridization is detected.
In some embodiments, the DNA chip assay is a GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, Calif.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,045,996; 5,925,525; and 5,858,659; each of which is herein incorporated by reference) assay. The GeneChip technology uses miniaturized, high-density arrays of oligonucleotide probes affixed to a “chip.” Probe arrays are manufactured by Affymetrix's light-directed chemical synthesis process, which combines solid-phase chemical synthesis with photolithographic fabrication techniques employed in the semiconductor industry. Using a series of photolithographic masks to define chip exposure sites, followed by specific chemical synthesis steps, the process constructs high-density arrays of oligonucleotides, with each probe in a predefined position in the array. Multiple probe arrays are synthesized simultaneously on a large glass wafer. The wafers are then diced, and individual probe arrays are packaged in injection-molded plastic cartridges, which protect them from the environment and serve as chambers for hybridization.
The nucleic acid to be analyzed is isolated, amplified by PCR, and labeled with a fluorescent reporter group. The labeled DNA is then incubated with the array using a fluidics station. The array is then inserted into the scanner, where patterns of hybridization are detected. The hybridization data are collected as light emitted from the fluorescent reporter groups already incorporated into the target, which is bound to the probe array. Probes that perfectly match the target generally produce stronger signals than those that have mismatches. Since the sequence and position of each probe on the array are known, by complementarity, the identity of the target nucleic acid applied to the probe array can be determined.
In other embodiments, a DNA microchip containing electronically captured probes (Nanogen, San Diego, Calif.) is utilized (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,017,696; 6,068,818; and 6,051,380; each of which are herein incorporated by reference). Through the use of microelectronics, Nanogen's technology enables the active movement and concentration of charged molecules to and from designated test sites on its semiconductor microchip. DNA capture probes unique to a given SNP or mutation are electronically placed at, or “addressed” to, specific sites on the microchip. Since DNA has a strong negative charge, it can be electronically moved to an area of positive charge.
First, a test site or a row of test sites on the microchip is electronically activated with a positive charge. Next, a solution containing the DNA probes is introduced onto the microchip. The negatively charged probes rapidly move to the positively charged sites, where they concentrate and are chemically bound to a site on the microchip. The microchip is then washed and another solution of distinct DNA probes is added until the array of specifically bound DNA probes is complete.
A test sample is then analyzed for the presence of target DNA molecules by determining which of the DNA capture probes hybridize, with complementary DNA in the test sample (e.g., a PCR amplified gene of interest). An electronic charge is also used to move and concentrate target molecules to one or more test sites on the microchip. The electronic concentration of sample DNA at each test site promotes rapid hybridization of sample DNA with complementary capture probes (hybridization may occur in minutes). To remove any unbound or nonspecifically bound DNA from each site, the polarity or charge of the site is reversed to negative, thereby forcing any unbound or nonspecifically bound DNA back into solution away from the capture probes. A laser-based fluorescence scanner is used to detect binding,
In still further embodiments, an array technology based upon the segregation of fluids on a flat surface (chip) by differences in surface tension (ProtoGene, Palo Alto, Calif.) is utilized (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,311; 5,985,551; and 5,474,796; each of which is herein incorporated by reference). Protogene's technology is based on the fact that fluids can be segregated on a flat surface by differences in surface tension that have been imparted by chemical coatings. Once so segregated, oligonucleotide probes are synthesized directly on the chip by ink-jet printing of reagents. The array with its reaction sites defined by surface tension is mounted on a X/Y translation stage under a set of four piezoelectric nozzles, one for each of the four standard DNA bases. The translation stage moves along each of the rows of the array and the appropriate reagent is delivered to each of the reaction site. For example, the A amidite is delivered only to the sites where amidite A is to be coupled during that synthesis step and so on. Common reagents and washes are delivered by flooding the entire surface and then removing them by spinning.
DNA probes unique for the SNP or mutation of interest are affixed to the chip using Protogene's technology. The chip is then contacted with the PCR-amplified genes of interest. Following hybridization, unbound DNA is removed and hybridization is detected using any suitable method (e.g., by fluorescence de-quenching of an incorporated fluorescent group).
In yet other embodiments, a “bead array” is used for the detection of polymorphisms (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.; See e.g., PCT Publications WO 99/67641 and WO 00/39587, each of which is herein incorporated by reference). Illumina uses a BEAD ARRAY technology that combines fiber optic bundles and beads that self-assemble into an array. Each fiber optic bundle contains thousands to millions of individual fibers depending on the diameter of the bundle. The beads are coated with an oligonucleotide specific for the detection of a given SNP or mutation. Batches of beads are combined to form a pool specific to the array. To perform an assay, the BEAD ARRAY is contacted with a prepared subject sample (e.g., DNA). Hybridization is detected using any suitable method.
c. Enzymatic Detection of Hybridization
In some embodiments of the present invention, hybridization is detected by enzymatic cleavage of specific structures (INVADER assay, Third Wave Technologies; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,717, 6,090,543; 6,001,567; 5,985,557; and 5,994,069; each of which is herein incorporated by reference). The INVADER assay detects specific DNA and RNA sequences by using structure-specific enzymes to cleave a complex formed by the hybridization of overlapping oligonucleotide probes. Elevated temperature and an excess of one of the probes enable multiple probes to be cleaved for each target sequence present without temperature cycling. These cleaved probes then direct cleavage of a second labeled probe. The secondary probe oligonucleotide can be 5′-end labeled with a fluorescent dye that is quenched by a second dye or other quenching moiety. Upon cleavage, the de-quenched dye-labeled product may be detected using a standard fluorescence plate reader, or an instrument configured to collect fluorescence data during the course of the reaction (i.e., a “real-time” fluorescence detector, such as an ABI 7700 Sequence Detection System, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).
The INVADER assay detects specific mutations and SNPs in unamplified genomic DNA. In an embodiment of the INVADER assay used for detecting SNPs in genomic DNA, two oligonucleotides (a primary probe specific either for a SNP/mutation or wild type sequence, and an INVADER oligonucleotide) hybridize in tandem to the genomic DNA to form an overlapping structure. A structure-specific nuclease enzyme recognizes this overlapping structure and cleaves the primary probe. In a secondary reaction, cleaved primary probe combines with a fluorescence-labeled secondary probe to create another overlapping structure that is cleaved by the enzyme. The initial and secondary reactions can run concurrently in the same vessel. Cleavage of the secondary probe is detected by using a fluorescence detector, as described above. The signal of the test sample may be compared to known positive and negative controls.
In some embodiments, hybridization of a bound probe is detected using a TaqMan assay (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,962,233 and 5,538,848, each of which is herein incorporated by reference). The assay is performed during a PCR reaction. The TaqMan assay exploits the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerases such as AMPLITAQ DNA polymerase. A probe, specific for a given allele or mutation, is included in the PCR reaction. The probe consists of an oligonucleotide with a 5′-reporter dye (e.g., a fluorescent dye) and a 3′-quencher dye. During PCR, if the probe is bound to its target, the 5′-3′ nucleolytic activity of the AMPLITAQ polymerase cleaves the probe between the reporter and the quencher dye. The separation of the reporter dye from the quencher dye results in an increase of fluorescence. The signal accumulates with each cycle of PCR and can be monitored with a fluorimeter.
In still further embodiments, polymorphisms are detected using the SNP-IT primer extension assay (Orchid Biosciences, Princeton, N.J.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,952,174 and 5,919,626, each of which is herein incorporated by reference). In this assay, SNPs are identified by using a specially synthesized DNA primer and a DNA polymerase to selectively extend the DNA chain by one base at the suspected SNP location. DNA in the region of interest is amplified and denatured. Polymerase reactions are then performed using miniaturized systems called microfluidics. Detection is accomplished by adding a label to the nucleotide suspected of being at the SNP or mutation location. Incorporation of the label into the DNA can be detected by any suitable method (e.g., if the nucleotide contains a biotin label, detection is via a fluorescently labelled antibody specific for biotin).
III. Detection Assay Production
The present invention provides a high-throughput detection assay production system, allowing for high-speed, efficient production of thousands of detection assays. The high-throughput production systems and methods allow sufficient production capacity to facilitate full implementation of the funnel process described above-allowing comprehensive of all known (and newly identified) markers.
In some embodiments of the present invention, oligonucleotides and/or other detection assay components (e.g., those designed by the INVADERCREATOR software and directed to target sequences analyzed by the in silico systems and methods) are synthesized. In preferred embodiments, oligonucleotide synthesis is performed in an automated and coordinated manner. As discussed in more detail below, in some embodiments, produced detection assay are tested against a plurality of samples representing two or more different individuals or alleles (e.g., samples containing sequences from individuals with different ethnic backgrounds, disease states, etc.) to demonstrate the viability of the assay with different individuals.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides an automated DNA production process. In some embodiments, the automated DNA production process includes an oligonucleotide synthesizer component and an oligonucleotide processing component. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide production component includes multiple components, including but not limited to, an oligonucleotide cleavage and deprotection component, an oligonucleotide purification component, an oligonucleotide dry down component; an oligonucleotide de-salting component, an oligonucleotide dilute and fill component, and a quality control component. In some embodiments, the automated DNA production process of the present invention further includes automated design software and supporting computer terminals and connections, a product tracking system (e.g., a bar code system), and a centralized packaging component. In some embodiments, the components are combined in an integrated, centrally controlled, automated production system. The present invention thus provides methods of synthesizing several related oligonucleotides (e.g., components of a kit) in a coordinated manner. The automated production systems of the present invention allow large scale automated production of detection assays for numerous different target sequences.
A. Oligonucleotide Synthesis Component
Once a particular oligonucleotide sequence or set of sequences has been chosen, sequences are sent (e.g., electronically) to a high-throughput oligonucleotide synthesizer component. In some preferred embodiments, the high-throughput synthesizer component contains multiple DNA synthesizers.
In some embodiments, the synthesizers are arranged in banks. For example, a given bank of synthesizers may be used to produce one set of oligonucleotides (e.g., for an INVADER or PCR reaction). The present invention is not limited to any one synthesizer. Indeed, a variety of synthesizers are contemplated, including, but not limited to MOSS EXPEDITE 16-channel DNA synthesizers (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), OligoPilot (Amersham Pharmacia,), the 3900 and 3948 48-Channel DNA synthesizers (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), and the high-throughput synthesizer described in PCT Publication WO 01/41918. In some embodiments, synthesizers are modified or are wholly fabricated to meet physical or performance specifications particularly preferred for use in the synthesis component of the present invention. In some embodiments, two or more different DNA synthesizers are combined in one bank in order to optimize the quantities of different oligonucleotides needed. This allows for the rapid synthesis (e.g., in less than 4 hours) of an entire set of oligonucleotides (all the oligonucleotide components needed for a particular assay, e.g., for detection of one SNP using an INVADER assay).
In some embodiments the DNA synthesizer component includes at least 100 synthesizers. In other embodiments, the DNA synthesizer component includes at least 200 synthesizers. In still other embodiments, the DNA synthesizer component includes at least 250 synthesizers. In some embodiments, the DNA synthesizers are run 24 hours a day.
1. Automated Reagent Supply
In some embodiments, the DNA synthesizers in the oligonucleotide synthesis component further comprise an automated reagent supply system. The automated reagent supply system delivers reagents necessary for synthesis to the synthesizers from a central supply area. For example, in some embodiments, acetonitrile is supplied via tubing (e.g., stainless steel tubing) through the automated supply system. De-blocking solution may also be supplied directly to DNA synthesizers through tubing. In some preferred embodiments, the reagent supply system tubing is designed to connect directly to the DNA synthesizers without modifying the synthesizers. Additionally, in some embodiments, the central reagent supply is designed to deliver reagents at a constant and controlled pressure. The amount of reagent circulating in the central supply loop is maintained at 8 to 12 times the level needed for synthesis in order to allow standardized pressure at each instrument. The excess reagent also allows new reagent to be added to the system without shutting down. In addition, the excess of reagent allows different types of pressurized reagent containers to be attached to one system. The excess of reagents in one centralized system further allows for one central system for chemical spills and fire suppression.
In some embodiments, the DNA synthesis component includes a centralized argon delivery system. The system includes high-pressure argon tanks adjacent to each bank of synthesizers. These tanks are connected to large, main argon tanks for backup. In some embodiments, the main tanks are run in series. In other embodiments, the main tanks are set up in banks. In some embodiments, the system further includes an automated tank switching system. In some preferred embodiments, the argon delivery system further comprises a tertiary backup system to provide argon in the case of failure of the primary and backup systems.
In some embodiments, one or more branched delivery components are used between the reagent tanks and the individual synthesizers or banks of synthesizers. For example, in some embodiments, acetonitrile is delivered through a branched metal structure. Where more than one branched delivery component is used, in preferred embodiments, each branched delivery component is individually pressurized.
The present invention is not limited by the number of branches in the branched delivery component. In preferred embodiments, each branched delivery component contains ten or more branches. Reagent tanks may be connected to the branched delivery components using any number of configurations. For example, in some embodiments, a single reagent tank is matched with a single branched component. In other embodiments, a plurality of reagent tanks is used to supply reagents to one or more branched components. In some such embodiments, the plurality of tanks may be attached to the branched components through a single feed line, wherein one or a subset of the tanks feeds the branched components until empty (or substantially empty), whereby a second tank or subset of tanks is accessed to maintain a continuous supply of reagent to the one or more branched components. To automate the monitoring and switching of tanks, an ultrasonic level sensor may be applied.
In some embodiments, each branch of the branched delivery component provides reagent to one synthesizer or to a bank of synthesizers through connecting tubing. In preferred embodiments, tubing is continuous (i.e., provides a direct connection between the delivery branch and the synthesizer). In some preferred embodiments, the tubing comprises an interior diameter of 0.25 inches or less (e.g., 0.125 inches). In some embodiments, each branch contains one or more valves (preferably one). While the valve may be located at any position along the delivery line, in preferred embodiments, the valve is located in close proximity to the synthesizer. In other embodiments, reagent is provided directly to synthesizers without any joints or valves between the branched delivery component and the synthesizers.
In some embodiments, the solvent is contained in a cabinet designed for the safe storage of flammable chemicals (a “flammables cabinet”) and the branched structure is located outside of the cabinet and is fed by the solvent container through a tube passed through the wall of the cabinet. In other embodiments, the reagent and branched system is stored in an explosion proof room or chamber and the solvent is pumped via tubing through the wall of the explosion proof room. In preferred embodiments, all of the tubing from each of the branches is fed through the wall in at a single location (e.g., through a single hole in the wall).
The reagent delivery system of the present invention provides several advantages. For example, such a system allows each synthesizer to be turned off (e.g., for servicing) independent of the other synthesizers. Use of continuous tubing reduces the number of joints and couplings, the areas most vulnerable to failure, between the reagent sources and the synthesizers, thereby reducing the potential for leakage or blockage in the system. Use of continuous tubing through inaccessible or difficult-to-access areas reduces the likelihood that repairs or service will be needed in such areas. In addition, fewer valves results in cost savings.
In some embodiments, the branched tubing structure further provides a sight glass. In preferred embodiments, the sight glass is located at the top of the branched delivery structure. The sight glass provides the opportunity for visual and physical sampling of the reagent. For example, in some embodiments, the sight glass includes a sampling valve (e.g., to collect samples for quality control). In some embodiments, the site glass serves as a trap for gas bubbles, to prevent bubbles from entering the connecting tubing. In other embodiments, the sight glass contains a vent (e.g., a solonoid valve) for de-gassing of the system. In some embodiments, scanning of the sight glass (e.g., spectrophotometrically) and sampling are automated. The automated system provides quality control and feedback (e.g., the presence of contamination).
In other embodiments, the present invention provides a portable reagent delivery system. In some embodiments, the portable reagent delivery system comprises a branched structure connected to solvent tanks that are contained in a flammables cabinet. In preferred embodiments, one reagent delivery system is able to provide sufficient reagent for 40 or more synthesizers. These portable reagent delivery systems of the present invention facilitate the operation of mobile (portable) synthesis facilities. In another embodiment, these portable reagent delivery systems facilitate the operation of flexible synthesis facilities that can be easily re-configured to meet particular needs of individual synthesis projects or contracts. In some embodiments, a synthesis facility comprises multiple portable reagent delivery systems.
2. Waste Collection
In some embodiments, the DNA synthesis component further comprises a centralized waste collection system. The centralized waste collection system comprises cache pots for central waste collection. In some embodiments, the cache pots include level detectors such that when waste level reaches a preset value, a pump is activated to drain the cache into a central collection reservoir. In preferred embodiments, ductwork is provided to gather fumes from cache pots. The fumes are then vented safely through the roof, avoiding exposure of personnel to harmful fumes. In preferred embodiments, the air handling system provides an adequate amount of air exchange per person to ensure that personnel are not exposed to harmful fumes. The coordinated reagent delivery and waste removal systems increase the safety and health of workers, as well as improving cost savings.
In some embodiments, the solvent waste disposal system comprises a waste transfer system. In some preferred embodiments, the system contains no electronic components. In some preferred embodiments, the system comprises no moving parts. For example, in some embodiments, waste is first collected in a liquid transfer drum designed for the safe storage of flammable waste. In some embodiments, waste is manually poured into the drum through a waste channel. In preferred embodiments, solvent waste is automatically transported (e.g., through tubing) directly from synthesizers to the drum. To drain the liquid transfer drum, argon is pumped from a pressurized gas line into the drum through a first opening, forcing solvent waste out an output channel at a second opening (e.g., through tubing) into a centralized waste collection area. In preferred embodiments, the argon is pumped at low pressure (e.g., 3-10 pounds per square inch (psi), preferably 5 psi or less). In some embodiments, the drum contains a sight glass to visualize the solvent level. In some embodiments, the level is visualized manually and the disposal system is activated when the drum has reached a selected threshold level. In other embodiments, the level is automatically detected and the disposal system is automatically activated when the drum has reached the threshold level.
The solvent waste transfer system of the present invention provides several advantages over manual collection and complex systems. The solvent waste system of the present invention is intrinsically safe, as it can be designed with no moving or electrical parts. For example, the system described above is suitable for use in Division I/Class I space under EPA regulations.
3. Centralized Control System
In some embodiments, all of the DNA synthesizers in the synthesis component are attached to a centralized control system. The centralized control system controls all areas of operation, including, but not limited to, power, pressure, reagent delivery, waste, and synthesis. In some preferred embodiments, the centralized control system includes a clean electrical grid with uninterrupted power supply. Such a system minimizes power level fluctuations. In additional preferred embodiments, the centralized control system includes alarms for air flow, status of reagents, and status of waste containers. The alarm system can be monitored from the central control panel. The centralized control system allows additions, deletions, or shutdowns of one synthesizer or one block of synthesizers without disrupting operations of other instruments. The centralized power control allows user to turn instruments off instrument by instrument, bank by bank, or the entire module.
B. Oligonucleotide Processing Components
In some embodiments, the automated DNA production process further comprises one or more oligonucleotide production components, including, but not limited to, an oligonucleotide cleavage and deprotection component, an oligonucleotide purification component, a dry-down component, a desalting component, a dilution and fill component, and a quality control component.
1. Oligonucleotide Cleavage and Deprotection
After synthesis is complete, the oligonucleotides are moved to the cleavage and deprotection station. In some embodiments, the transfer of oligonucleotides to this station is automated and controlled by robotic automation. In some embodiments, the entire cleavage and deprotection process is performed by robotic automation. In some embodiments, NH4OH for deprotection is supplied through the automated reagent supply system.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, oligonucleotide deprotection is performed in multi-sample containers (e.g., 96 well covered dishes) in an oven. This method is designed for the high-throughput system of the present invention and is capable of the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples. This method provides several advantages over the standard method of deprotection in vials. For example, sample handling is reduced (e.g., labeling of vials dispensing of concentrated NH4OH to individual vials, as well as the associated capping and uncapping of the vials, is eliminated). This reduces the risks of contamination or mislabeling and decreases processing time. Where such methods are used to replace human pipetting of samples and capping of vials, the methods save many labor hours per day. The method also reduces consumable requirements by eliminating the need for vials and pipette tips, reduces equipment needs by eliminating the need for pipettes, and improves worker safety conditions by reducing worker exposure to ammonium hydroxide. The potential for repetitive motion disorders is also reduced. Deprotection in a multi-well plate further has the advantage that the plate can be directly placed on an automated desalting apparatus (e.g., TECAN Robot).
During the development of the present invention, the plate was optimized to be functional and compatible with the deprotection methods. In some embodiments, the plate is designed to be able to hold as much as two milliliters of oligonucleotide and ammonium hydroxide. If deep well plates are used, automated downstream processing steps may need to be altered to ensure that the full volume of sample is extracted from the wells. In some embodiments, the multi-well plates used in the methods of the present invention comprise a tight sealing lid/cover to protect from evaporation, provide for even heating, and are able to withstand temperatures necessary for deprotection. Attempts with initial plates were not successful, having problems with lids that were not suitably sealed and plates that did not withstand deprotection temperatures.
In some embodiments (e.g., processing of target and INVADER oligonucleotides), oligonucleotides are cleaved from the synthesis support in the multi-well plates. In other embodiments (e.g., processing of probe oligonucleotides), oligonucleotides are first cleaved from the synthesis column and then transferred to the plate for deprotection.
2. Oligonucleotide Purification
In some embodiments, following deprotection and cleavage from the solid support, oligonucleotides are further purified. Any suitable purification method may be employed, including, but not limited to, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., using reverse phase C18 and ion exchange), reverse phase cartridge purification, and gel electrophoresis. However, in preferred embodiments, purification is carried out using ion exchange HPLC chromatography.
In some embodiments, multiple HPLC instruments are utilized, and integrated into banks (e.g., banks of 8 HPLC instruments). Each bank is referred to as an HPLC module. Each HPLC module consists of an automated injector (e.g., including, but not limited to, Leap Technologies 8-port injector) connected to each bank of automated HPLC instruments (e.g., including, but not limited to, Beckman-Coulter HPLC instruments). The automatic Leap injector can handle four 96-well plates of cleaved and deprotected oligonucleotides at a time. The Leap injector automatically loads a sample onto each of the HPLCs in a given bank. The use of one injector with each bank of HPLC provides the advantage of reducing labor and allowing integrated processing of information.
In some embodiments, oligonucleotides are purified on an ion exchange column using a salt gradient. Any suitable ion exchange functionality or support may be utilized, including but not limited to, Source 15 Q ion exchange resin (Pharmacia). Any suitable salt may be utilized for elution of oligonucleotides from the ion exchange column, including but not limited to, sodium chloride, acetonitrile, and sodium perchlorate. However, in preferred embodiments, a gradient of sodium perchlorate in acetonitrile and sodium acetate is utilized.
In some embodiments, the gradient is run for a sufficient time course to capture a broad range of sizes of oligonucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, the gradient is a 54 minute gradient carried out using the method described in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 describes the HPLC protocol for the gradient. The time column represents the time of the operation. The module column represents the equipment that controls the operation. The function column represents the function that the HPLC is performing. The value column represents the value of the HPLC function at the time specified in the time column. Table 2 describes the gradient used in HPLC purification. The column temperature is 65° C. Buffer A is 20 mM Sodium Perchlorate, 20 mM Sodium Acetate, 10 Acetonitrile, pH 7.35. Buffer B is 600 mM Sodium Perchlorate, 20 mM Sodium Acetate, 10 Acetonitrile, pH 7.35.
In some embodiments, the gradient is shortened. In preferred embodiments, the gradient is shortened so that a particular gradient range suitable for the elution of a particular oligonucleotide being purified is accomplished in a reduced amount of time. In other preferred embodiments, the gradient is shortened so that a particular gradient range suitable for the elution of any oligonucleotide having a size within a selected size range is accomplished in a reduced amount of time. This latter embodiment provides the advantages that the worker performing HPLC need not have foreknowledge of the size of an oligonucleotide within the selected size range, and the protocol need not be altered for purification of any oligonucleotide having a size within the range.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the gradient is a 34 minute gradient described in the Tables 3 and 4. The parameters and buffer compositions are as described for Tables 1 and 2 above. Reducing the gradient to 34 minutes increases the capacity of synthesis per HPLC instrument and reduces buffer usage by 50% compared to the 54 minute protocol described above. The 34 minute HPLC method of the present invention has the further advantage of being optimized to be able to separate oligonucleotides of a length range of 23-39 nucleotides without any changes in the protocol for the different lengths within the range. Previous methods required changes for every 2-3 nucleotide change in length. In yet other embodiments, the gradient time is reduced even further (e.g., to less than 30 minutes, preferably to less than 20 minutes, and even more preferably, to less than 15 minutes). Any suitable method may be utilized that meets the requirements of the present invention (e.g., able to purify a wide range of oligonucleotide lengths using the same protocol).
In some embodiments, separate sets of HPLC conditions, each selected to purify oligonucleotides within a different size range, may be provided (e.g., may be run on separate HPLCs or banks of HPLCs). Thus, in some embodiments of the present invention, a first bank of HPLCs are configured to purify oligonucleotides using a first set of purification conditions (e.g., for 23-39 mers), while second and third banks are used for the shorter and longer oligonucleotides. Use of this system allows for automated purification without the need to change any parameters from purification to purification and decreases the time required for oligonucleotide production.
In some embodiments, the HPLC station is equipped with a central reagent supply system. In some embodiments, the central reagent system includes an automated buffer preparation system. The automated buffer preparation system includes large vat carboys that receive pre-measured reagents and water for centralized buffer preparation. The buffers (e.g., a high salt buffer and a low salt buffer) are piped through a circulation loop directly from the central preparation area to the HPLCs. In some embodiments, the conductivity of the solution in the circulation loop is monitored to verify correct content and adequate mixing. In addition, in some embodiments, circulation lines are fitted with venturis for static mixing of the solutions as they are circulated through the piping loop. In still further embodiments, the circulation lines are fitted with 0.05 μm filters for sterilization.
In some preferred embodiments, the HPLC purification step is carried out in a clean room environment. The clean room includes a HEPA filtration system. All personnel in the clean room are outfitted with protective gloves, hair coverings, and foot coverings.
In preferred embodiments, the automated buffer prep system is located in a non-clean room environment and the prepared buffer is piped through the wall into the clean room.
Each purified oligonucleotide is collected into a tube (e.g., a 50-ml conical tube) in a carrying case in the fraction collector. Collection is based on a set method, which is triggered by an absorbance rate change within a predetermined time window. In some embodiments, the method uses a flow rate of 5 ml/min (the maximum rate of the pumps is 10 ml/min.) and each column is automatically washed before the injector loads the next sample.







TABLE 1







54 Minute HPLC Method











Time (min)
Module
Function
Value
Duration (min)














0
Pump
% B
22.00
4.0


0
Det 166-3
Autozero ON


0
Det 166-3
Relay ON
3.0
0.10


4
Pump
% B
37.00
43.00


47
Pump
% B
100.00
0.50


47.5
Pump
Flow Rate
7.5
0.00


50.0
Pump
% B
5.0
0.50


53.45
Det 166-3
Stop Data





(Det = detector; % B = percent of buffer B; flow rate values in ml/min)













TABLE 2







54 Minute HPLC Method











Time
Gradient
Flow Rate
















0

5% B/95%
A
5
ml/min


0-4
min
5-22%
B
5
ml/min


4-47
min
22-37%
B
5
ml/min


47-47.5
min
37-100%
B
7.5
ml/min


47.5-50
min
100%
B
7.5
ml/min


50-50.5
min
100-5%
B
7.5
ml/min


50.5-53.5
min
5%
B
7.5
ml/min
















TABLE 3







34 Minute HPLC Method











Time (min)
Module
Function
Value
Duration














0
Pump
% B
26.00
2.0


0
Det 166-3
Autozero ON


0
Det 166-3
Relay ON
3.0
0.10


2
Pump
% B
36.00
27.00


29
Pump
% B
100.00
0.50


29.5
Pump
Flow Rate
7.5
0.00


32
Pump
% B
5.0
0.50


33.45
Det 166-3
Stop Data
















TABLE 4







34 Minute HPLC Method











Time
Gradient
Flow Rate
















0

5% B/95%
A
5
ml/min


0-2
min
5-26%
B
5
ml/min


2-29
min
26-36%
B
5
ml/min


29-29.5
min
36-100%
B
6.5
ml/min


29.5-32
min
100%
B
7.5
ml/min


32-32.5
min
100-5%
B
7.5
ml/min


32.5-33.5
min
5%
B
7.5
ml/min









3. Dry-Down Component
When the fraction collector is full of eluted oligonucleotides, they are transferred (e.g., by automated robotics or by hand) to a drying station. For example, in some embodiments, the samples are transferred to customized racks for Genevac centrifugal evaporator to be dried down. In preferred embodiments, the Genevac evaporator is equipped with racks designed to be used in both the Genevac and the subsequent desalting step. The Genevac evaporator decreases drying time, relative to other commercially available evaporators, by 60%.
4. Desalting Component
In some embodiments, following HPLC, oligonucleotides are desalted. In other embodiments, oligonucleotides are not HPLC purified, but instead proceed directly from deprotection to desalting. In some embodiments, the desalting stations have TECAN robot systems for automated desalting. The system employs a rack that has been designed to fit the TECAN robot and the Genevac centrifugal evaporator without transfer to a different rack or holder. The racks are designed to hold the different sizes of desalting columns, such as the NAP-5 and NAP-10 columns. The TECAN robot loads each oligonucleotide onto an individual NAP-5 or NAP-10 column, supplies the buffer, and collects the eluate. If desired, desalted oligonucleotides may be frozen or dried down at this point.
In some embodiments, following desalting, INVADER and target oligonucleotides are analyzed by mass spectroscopy. For example, in some embodiments, a small sample from the desalted oligonucleotide sample is removed (e.g., by a TECAN robot) and spotted on an analysis plate, which is then placed into a mass spectrometer. The results are analyzed and processed by a software routine. Following the analysis, failed oligonucleotides are automatically reordered, while oligonucleotides that pass the analysis are transported to the next processing step. This preliminary quality control analysis removes failed oligonucleotides earlier in the processing, thus resulting in cost savings and improving cycle times.
5. Oligonucleotide Dilution and Fill Component
In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide production process further includes a dilute and fill module. In some embodiments, each module consists of three automated oligonucleotide dilution and normalization stations. Each station consists of a network-linked computer and an automated robotic system (e.g., including but not limited to Biomek 2000). In one embodiment, the pipetting station is physically integrated with a spectrophotometer to allow machine handling of every step in the process. All manipulations are carried out in a HEPA-filtered environment. Dissolved oligonucleotides are loaded onto the Biomek 2000 deck the sequence files are transferred into the Biomek 2000. The Biomek 2000 automatically transfers a sample of each oligonucleotide to an optical plate, which the spectrophotometer reads to measure the A260 absorbance. Once the A260 has been determined, an Excel program integrated with the Biomek software uses absorbance and the sequence information to prepare a dilution table for each oligonucleotide. The Biomek employs that dilution table to dilute each oligonucleotide appropriately. The instrument then dispenses oligonucleotides into an appropriate vessel (e.g., 1.5 ml microtubes).
In some preferred embodiments, the automated dilution and fill system is able to dilute different components of a kit (e.g., INVADER and probe oligonucleotides) to different concentrations. In other preferred embodiments, the automated dilution and fill module is able to dilute different components to different concentrations specified by the end user.
6. Quality Control Component
In some embodiments, oligonucleotides undergo a quality control assay before distribution to the user. The specific quality control assay chosen depends on the final use of the oligonucleotides. For example, if the oligonucleotides are to be used in an INVADER SNP detection assay, they are tested in the assay before distribution.
In some embodiments, each SNP set is tested in a quality control assay utilizing the Beckman Coulter SAGIAN CORE System. In some embodiments, the results are read on a real-time instrument (e.g., a ABI 7700 fluorescence reader). The QC assay uses two no target blanks as negative controls and five untyped genomic samples as targets. For consistency, every SNP set is tested with the same genomic samples. In preferred embodiment, the ADS system is responsible for tracking tubes through the QC module. Thus, in some embodiments, if a tube is missing, the ADS program discards, reorders, or searches for the missing tube.
In some preferred embodiments, the user chooses which QC method to run. The operator then chooses how many sets are needed. Then, in some embodiments, the application auto-selects the correct number of SNPs based on priority and prints output (picklist). If a picklist needs to be regenerated, the operator inputs which picklist they are replacing as well as which sets are not valid. The system auto-selects the valid SNPs plus replacement SNPs and print output. Additionally, in some embodiments, picklists are manually generated by SNP number.
The auto-selected SNPs are then removed from being listed as available for auto-selection. In some embodiments, the software prints the following items: SNP/Oligo list (picklist), SNP/Oligo layout (rack setup). The operator then takes the picklist into inventory and removes the completed oligonucleotide sets. In some embodiments, a completed set is unavailable. In this case, the operator regenerates a picklist. Then, in preferred embodiments, the missing SNP set or tube is flagged in the system. Once a picklist is full, the oligonucleotides are moved to the next step.
In some embodiments, the operator then takes the rack setup generated by the picklist and loads the rack. Alternatively, a robotic handling system loads the rack. In preferred embodiments, tubes are scanned as they are placed onto the rack. The scan checks to make sure it is the correct tube and displays the location in the rack where the tube is to be placed.
Completed racks are then placed in a holding area to await the robot prep and robot run. Then, in some embodiments, the operator views what racks are in the queue and determines what genomics and reagent stock will be loaded onto the robot. The robot is then programmed to perform a specific method. Additionally, in some embodiments, the robot or operator records genomics and reagents lot numbers.
In preferred embodiments, a carousel location map is printed that outlines where racks are to be placed. The operator then loads the robot carousel according to the method layout. The rack is scanned (e.g., by the operator or by the ADS program). If the rack is not valid for the current robot method, the operator will be informed. The carousel location for the rack is then displayed. The output plates are then scanned (e.g., by the operator or by the ADS program). If the plate is not valid for the current method the operator is informed. The carousel location for the plate is then displayed.
Then, in some embodiments, the robot is run. The robot then places the plates onto heatblocks for a period of time specified in the method. In some embodiments, the robot then scans the plates on the Cytofluor. Output from the cytofluor is read into the database and attached to the output plate record.
In other embodiments, the output is read on the ABI 7700 real time instrument. In some embodiments, the operator loads the plate on to the 7700. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the robot loads the plate onto the ABI 7700. A scan is then started using the 7700 software. When the scan is completed the output file is saved onto a computer hard drive. The operator then starts the application and scans in the plate bar code. The software instructs the user to browse to the saved output file. The software then reads the file into the database and deletes the file (or tells the operator to delete the file).
The plate reader results (e.g., from a Cytofluor or a ABI 7700) are then analyzed (e.g., by a software program or by the operator). Additionally, in some embodiments, the operator reviews the results of the software analysis of each SNP and takes one of several actions. In some embodiments, the operator approves all automated actions. In other embodiments, the operator reviews and approves individual actions. In some embodiments, the operator marks actions as needing additional review. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the operator passes on reviewing anything. Additionally, in some embodiments, the operator overrides all automated actions.
Depending on the results of the QC analysis, one of several actions is next taken. If the software marks ready for Full Fill, the operator forwards discards diluted Probe/INVADER oligonucleotide mixes and forwards the samples to the packaging module.
If an oligonucleotide set fails quality control, the data is interpreted to determine the cause of the failure. The course of action is determined by such data interpretation. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Reassess Failed Oligonucleotide, no action by user is required, the reassess is handled by automation. In the software marks an oligonucleotide Redilute Failed Oligonucleotide, the operator discards diluted tubes. No other action is required. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Order Target Oligonucleotide, no action by user is required. In this case, a synthetic target oligonucleotide is ordered for further testing. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Fail Oligo(s) Discard Oligo(s), the operator discards the diluted tubes and un-diluted tubes. No other action is required. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Fail SNP, the operator discards the diluted and un-diluted tubes. No other action is required. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Full SNP Redesign, the operator discards the diluted and un-diluted tubes. No other action is required. If the software marks an oligonucleotide Partial SNP Redesign the operator discards diluted tubes and discards some un-diluted tubes. No other action is required.
In some embodiments, the software marks an oligonucleotide Manual Intervention. This step occurs if the operator or software has determined the SNP requires manual attention. This step puts the SNP “on hold” in the tracking system while the operator investigates the source of the failure.
When a set of oligonucleotides (e.g., a INVADER assay set) is completed, the set is transferred to the packaging station.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the produced detection assays are tested against a plurality of samples representing two or more different alleles (samples containing sequences from individuals with different ethnic backgrounds, disease states, etc.) to demonstrate the viability of the assay with different individuals. In preferred embodiments, the produced assays are tested against a sufficient number of alleles (e.g., 100 or more) to identify which members of the population can be tested by the assay and to identify the allele frequency in the population of the genotype for which the assay is designed. In some embodiments, where certain individuals or classes of individuals are not detected by the detection assay, the target sequence of the individuals is characterized to determine whether the intended SNP is not present and/or whether additional mutations are present the prevent the proper detection of the sample. Any such information may be collected and stored in databases. In some embodiments, target selection, in silico analysis, and oligonucleotide design are repeated to generate assays capable of detecting the corresponding sequence of these individuals, as desired. In some embodiments, allele frequency information is stored in a database and made available to users of the detection assays upon request (e.g., made available over a communication network).
C. Packaging Component
In some embodiments, one or more components generated using the system of the present invention are packaged using any suitable means. In some embodiments, the packaging system is automated. In some embodiments, the packaging component is controlled by the centralized control network of the present invention.
D. Centralized Control Network
In some embodiments, the automated DNA production process further comprises a centralized control system. In some embodiments, the centralized control system comprises a computer system.
In some embodiments, the computer system comprises computer memory or a computer memory device and a computer processor. In some embodiments, the computer memory (or computer memory device) and computer processor are part of the same computer. In other embodiments, the computer memory device or computer memory are located on one computer and the computer processor is located on a different computer. In some embodiments, the computer memory is connected to the computer processor through the Internet or World Wide Web. In some embodiments, the computer memory is on a computer readable medium (e.g., floppy disk, hard disk, compact disk, DVD, etc). In other embodiments, the computer memory (or computer memory device) and computer processor are connected via a local network or intranet. In certain embodiments, the computer system comprises a computer memory device, a computer processor, an interactive device (e.g., keyboard, mouse, voice recognition system), and a display system (e.g., monitor, speaker system, etc.).
In preferred embodiments, the systems and methods of the present invention comprise a centralized control system, wherein the centralized control system comprises a computer tracking system. As discussed above, the items to be manufactured (e.g. oligonucleotide probes, targets, etc) are subjected to a number of processing steps (e.g. synthesis, purification, quality control, etc). Also as discussed above, various components of a single order (e.g. one type of SNP detection kit) are manufactured in separate tubes, and may be subjected to a different number of processing steps. Consequently, the present invention provides systems and methods for tracking the location and status of the items to be manufactured such that multiple components of a single order can be separately manufactured and brought back together at the appropriate time. The tracking system and methods of the present invention also allow for increased quality control and production efficiency.
In some embodiments, the computer tracking system comprises a central processing unit (CPU) and a central database. The central database is the central repository of information about manufacturing orders that are received (e.g. SNP sequence to be detected, final dilution requirements, etc), as well as manufacturing orders that have been processed (e.g. processed by software applications that determine optimal nucleic acid sequences, and applications that assign unique identifiers to orders). Manufacturing orders that have been processed may generate, for example, the number and types of oligonucleotides that need to be manufactured (e.g. probe, INVADER oligonucleotide, synthetic target), and the unique identifier associated with the entire order as well as unique identifiers for each component of an order (e.g. probe, INVADER oligonucleotide, etc). In certain embodiments, the components of an order proceed through the manufacturing process in containers that have been labeled with unique identifiers (e.g. bar coded test tubes, color coded test tubes, etc.).
In certain embodiments, the computer tracking system further comprises one or more scanning units capable of reading the unique identifier associated with each labeled container. In some embodiments, the scanning units are portable (e.g. hand held scanner employed by an operator to scan a labeled container). In other embodiments, the scanning units are stationary (e.g. built into each module). In some embodiments, at least one scanning unit is portable and at least one scanning unit is stationary (e.g. hand held human implemented device).
Stationary scanning units may, for example, collect information from the unique identifier on a labeled container (i.e. the labeled container is ‘red’) as it passes through part of one of the production modules. For example, a rack of 100 labeled containers may pass from the purification module to the dilute and fill module on a conveyor belt or other transport means, and the 100 labeled containers may be read by the stationary scanning unit. Likewise, a portable scanning unit may be employed to collect the information from the labeled containers as they pass from one production module to the next, or at different points within a production module. The scanning units may also be employed, for example, to determine the identity of a labeled container that has been tested (e.g. concentration of sample inside container is tested and the identity of the container is determined).
The scanning units are capable of transmitting the information they collect from the labeled containers to a central database. The scanning units may be linked to a central database via wires, or the information may be transmitted to the central database. The central database collects and processes this information such that the location and status of individual orders and components of orders can be tracked (e.g. information about when the order is likely to complete the manufacturing process may be obtained from the system). The central database also collects information from any type of sample analysis performed within each module (e.g. concentration measurements made during dilute and fill module). This sample analysis is correlated with the unique identifiers on each labeled container such that the status of each labeled container is determined. This allows labeled containers that are unsatisfactory to be removed from the production process (e.g. information from the central database is communicated to robotic or human container handlers to remove the unsatisfactory sample). Likewise, containers that are automatically removed from the production process as unsatisfactory may be identified, and this information communicated to a central database (e.g. to update the status of an order, allow a re-order to be generated, etc). Allowing unsatisfactory samples to be removed prevents unnecessary manufacturing steps, and allows the production of a replacement to begin as early as possible.
As mentioned above, the tracking system of the present invention allows the production of single orders that have multiple components that may proceed through different production modules, and/or that may be processed (at least in part) in separate containers. For example, an order may be for the production of an INVADER detection kit. An INVADER detection kit is composed of at least 2 components (the INVADER oligonucleotide, and the downstream probe), and generally includes a second downstream probe (e.g. for a different allele), and one or two synthetic targets so controls may be run (i.e. an INVADER kit may have 5 separate oligonucleotide sequences that need to be generated). The generation of separate sequences, in separate containers, generally necessitates that the tracking system track the location and status of each container, and direct the proper association of completed oligonucleotides into a single container or kit. Providing each container with a unique identifier corresponding to a single type of oligonucleotide (e.g. an INVADER oligonucleotide), and also corresponding to a single order (a SNP detection kit for diagnosing a certain SNP) allows separate, high through-put manufacture of the various components of a kit without confusion as to what components belong with each kit.
Tracking the location and status of the components of a kit (e.g. a kit composed of 5 different oligonucleotides) has many advantages. For example, near the end of the purification module HPLC is employed, and a simple sample analysis may be employed on each sample in each container to determine if a sample is collected in each tube. If no sample is collected after HPLC is performed, the unique identifier on the container, in connection with the central database, identifies the type of sample that should have been produced (e.g. INVADER oligonucleotide) and a re-order is generated. Identification of this particular oligonucleotide allows the manufacturing process for this oligonucleotide to start over from the beginning (e.g. this order gets priority status over other orders to begin the manufacturing process again). Importantly, the other components of the order may continue the manufacturing process without being discarded as part of a defective order (e.g. the manufacturing process may continue for these oligonucleotides up to the point where the defective oligonucleotide is required). Likewise, additional manufacturing resources are not wasted on the defective component (i.e. additional reagents and time are not spent on this portion of the order in further manufacturing steps).
The unique identifier on each of the containers allows the various components of a given order to be grouped together at a step when this is required (likewise, there is no need to group the components of an order in the manufacturing process until it is required). For example, prior to the dilute and fill module, the various components of a single order may be grouped together such that the contents of the proper containers are combined in the proper fashion in the dilute and fill module. This identification and grouping also allows re-orders to ‘find’ the other components of a particular order. This type of grouping, for example, allows the automated mixing, in the dilute and fill stage, of the first and second downstream probes with the INVADER oligonucleotide, all from the same order. This helps prevent human errors in reading containers and accidentally providing probes intended for one SNP being labeled as specific for a different SNP (i.e. this helps prevent components of different kits from being accidentally mixed together). The identification of individual containers not only allows for the proper grouping of the various components of a single order, but also allows for an order to be customized for a particular customer (e.g. a certain concentration or buffer employed in the second dilute and fill procedure). Finally, containers with finished products in them (e.g. containers with probes, and containers with synthetic targets) need to be associated with each other so they are properly assayed in the quality control module, and packaged together as a single kit (otherwise, quality control and/or a final end-user may find false negative and false positives when attempting to test/use the kit). The ability to track the individual containers allows the components of a kit to be associated together by directing a robot or human operator what tubes belong together. Consequently, final kits are produced with the proper components. Therefore, the tracking systems and methods of the present invention allow high through-put production of kits with many components, while assuring quality production.
E. Example
This Example describes the production of an INVADER assay kit for SNP detection using the automated DNA production system of the present invention.
1. Oligonucleotide Design
The sequence of the SNP to be detected is first submitted through the automated web-based user interface or through e-mail. The sequences are then transferred to the INVADER CREATOR software. The software designs the upstream INVADER oligonucleotide and downstream probe oligonucleotide. The sequences are returned to the user for inspection. At this point, the sequences are assigned a bar code and entered into the automated tracking system. The bar codes of the probe and INVADER oligonucleotide are linked so that their synthesis, analysis, and packaging can be coordinated.
2. Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Once the probe and INVADER oligonucleotide sequences have been designed, the sequences are transferred to the synthesis component. The bar codes are read and the sequences are logged into the synthesis module. Each module consists of 14 MOSS EXPEDITE 16-channel DNA synthesizers (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), that prepare the primary probes, and two ABI 3948 48-Channel DNA synthesizers (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), that prepare the INVADER oligonucleotides. Synthesizing a set of two primary and INVADER probes is complete 3-4 hours. The instruments run 24 h/day. Following synthesis, the automating tracking system reads the bar codes and logs the oligonucleotides as having completed the synthesis module.
The synthesis room is equipped with centralized reagent delivery. Acetonitrile is supplied to the synthesizers through stainless steel tubing. De-blocking solution (3% TCA in methylene chloride) is supplied through Teflon tubing. Tubing is designed to attach to the synthesizers without any modification of the synthesizers. The synthesis room is also equipped with an automated waste removal system. Waste containers are equipped with ventilation and contain sensors that trigger removal of waste through centralized tubing when the cache pots are full. Waste is piped to a centralized storage facility equipped with a blow out wall. The pressure in the synthesis instruments is controlled with argon supplied through a centralized system. The argon delivery system includes local tanks supplied from a centralized storage tank.
During synthesis, the efficiency of each step of the reaction is monitored. If an oligonucleotide fails the synthesis process, it is re-synthesized. The bar coding system scans the container of the oligonucleotide and marks it as being sent back for re-synthesis.
Following synthesis, the oligonucleotides are transported to the cleavage and deprotection station. At this stage, completed oligonucleotides are subjected to a final deprotection step and are cleaved from the solid support used for synthesis. The cleavage and deprotection may be performed manually or through automated robotics. The oligonucleotides are cleaved from the solid support used for synthesis by incubation with concentrated NaOH and collected. The cleavage step takes 12 hours. Following cleavage, the bar code scanner scans the oligonucleotide tubes and logs them as having completed the cleavage and deprotection step.
3. Purification
Following synthesis and cleavage, probe oligonucleotides are further purified using HPLC. INVADER oligonucleotides are not purified, but instead proceed directly to desalting (see below).
HPLC is performed on instruments integrated into banks (modules) of 8. Each HPLC module consists of a Leap Technologies 8-port injector connected to 8 automated Beckman-Coulter HPLC instruments. The automatic Leap injector can handle four 96-well plates of cleaved and deprotected primary probes at a time. The Leap injector automatically loads a sample onto each of the 8 HPLCs.
Buffers for HPLC purification are produced by the automated buffer preparation system. The buffer prep system is in a general access area. Prepared buffer is then piped through the wall in to clean room (HEPA environment). The system includes large vat carboys that receive premeasured reagents and water for centralized buffer preparation. The buffers are piped from central prep to HPLCs. The conductivity of the solution in the circulation loop is monitored as a means of verifying both correct content and adequate mixing. The circulation lines are fitted with venturis for static mixing of the solutions; additional mixing occurs as solutions are circulated through the piping loop. The circulation lines are fitted with 0.05 μm filters for sterilization and removal of any residual particulates.
Each purified probe is collected into a 50-ml conical tube in a carrying case in the fraction collector. Collection is based on a set method, which is triggered by an absorbance rate change within a predetermined time window. The HPLC is run at a flow rate of 5-7.5 ml/min (the maximum rate of the pumps is 10 ml/min.) and each column is automatically washed before the injector loads the next sample. The gradient used is described in Tables 3 and 4 and takes 34 minutes to complete (including wash steps to prepare the column for the next sample). When the fraction collector is full of eluted probes, the tubes are transferred manually to customized racks for concentration in a Genevac centrifugal evaporator. The Genevac racks, containing dry oligonucleotide, are then transferred to the TECAN Nap10 column handler for desalting.
4. Desalting
Following HPLC purification (probe oligonucleotides) or cleavage (INVADER oligonucleotides), oligonucleotides move to the desalting station. The dried oligonucleotides are resuspended in a small volume of water. Desalting steps are performed by a TECAN robot system. The racks used in Genevac centrifugation are also used in the desalting step, eliminating the need for transfer of tubes at this step. The racks are also designed to hold the different sizes of desalting columns, such as the NAP-5 and NAP-10 columns. The TECAN robot loads each oligonucleotide onto an individual NAP-5 or NAP-10 column, supplies the buffer, and collects the eluate.
5. Dilution
Following desalting, the oligonucleotides are transferred to the dilute and fill module for concentration normalization and dispenation. Each module consists of three automated probe dilution and normalization stations. Each station consists of a network-linked computer and a Biomek 2000 interfaced with a SPECTRAMAX spectrophotometer Model 190 or PLUS 384 (Molecular Devices Corp., Sunnyvale Calif.) in a HEPA-filtered environment.
The probe and INVADER oligonucleotides are transferred onto the Biomek 2000 deck and the sequence files are downloaded into the Biomek 2000. The Biomek 2000 automatically transfers a sample of each oligonucleotide to an optical plate, which the spectrophotometer reads to measure the A260 absorbance. Once the A260 has been determined, an Excel program integrated with the Biomek software uses the measured absorbance and the sequence information to calculate the concentration of each oligonucleotide. The software then prepares a dilution table for each oligonucleotide. The probe and INVADER oligonucleotide are each diluted by the Biomek to a concentration appropriate for their intended use. The instrument then combines and dispenses the probe and INVADER oligonucleotides into 1.5 ml microtubes for each SNP set. The completed set of oligonucleotides contains enough material for 5,000 SNP assays.
If an oligonucleotide fails the dilution step, it is first re-diluted. If it again fails dilution, the oligonucleotide is re-purified or returned for re-synthesis. The progress of the oligonucleotide through the dilution module is tracked by the bar coding system. Oligonucleotides that pass the dilution module are scanned as having completed dilution and are moved to the next module.
6. Quality Control
Before shipping, the SNP set is subjected to a quality control assay in a SAGIAN CORE System (Beckman Coulter), which is read on a ABI 7700 real time fluorescence reader (PE Biosystems). The QC assay uses two no target blanks as negative controls and five untyped genomic samples as targets.
The quality control assay is performed in segments. In each segment, the operator or automated system performs the following steps: log on; select location; step specific activity; and log off. The ADS system is responsible for tracking tubes. If a tube is missing, existing ADS program routines will be used to discard/reorder/search for the tube.
In the first step, a picklist is generated. The list includes the identity of the SNPs that are being tested and the QC method chosen. The tubes containing the oligonucleotide are selected by the automated software and a copy of the picklist is printed. The tubes are removed from inventory by the operator and scanned with the bar code reader and being removed from inventory.
The operator or the automated system then takes the rack setup generated by the picklist and loads the rack. Tubes are scanned as they are placed onto the rack. The scan checks to make sure it is the correct tube and displays the location in the rack where the tube is to be placed. Completed racks are placed in a holding area to await the robot prep and robot run.
The operator or the automated system then chooses the genomics and reagent stock to be loaded onto the robot. The robot is programmed with the specific method for the SNP set generated. Lot numbers of the genomics and reagents are recorded. Racks are placed in the proper carousel location. After all the carousel locations have been loaded the robot is run.
Places are then incubated on the robot. The plates are placed onto heatblocks for a period of time specified in the method. The operator then takes the plate and loads it into the ABI 7700. A scan is started using the 7700 software. When the scan is completed the operator transfers the output file onto a Macintosh computer hard drive. The then starts the analysis application and scans in the plate bar code. The software instructs the operator to browse to the saved output file. The software then reads the file into the database and deletes the file.
The results of the QC assay are then analyzed. The operator scans plate in at workstation PC and reviews automated analysis. The automated actions are performed using a spreadsheet system. The automated spreadsheet program returns one of the following results:

    1) Mark SNP Oligonucleotide ready for full fill (Operator discards diluted Probe/INVADER mixes. Requires no other action).
    2) ReAssess Failed Oligonucleotide (Requires no action by operator, handled by automation).
    3) Redilute Failed Oligonucleotide (Operator discards diluted tubes. Requires no other action).
    4) Order Target Oligonucleotide (Requires no action by operator, handled by automation).
    5) Fail Oligo(s) Discard Oligo(s) (Operator discards diluted tubes. Operator discards un-diluted tubes. Requires no other action).
    6) Fail SNP (Operator discards diluted tubes. Operator discards un-diluted tubes. Requires no other action).
    7) Full SNP Redesign (Operator discards diluted tubes. Operator discards un-diluted tubes. Requires no other action).
    8) Partial SNP Redesign (Operator discards diluted tubes. Operator discards some un-diluted tubes. Requires no other action).
    9) Manual Intervention (This step occurs if the operator or software has determined the SNP requires manual attention. This step puts the SNP “on hold” in the tracking system).


The operator then views each SNP analysis and either approves all automated actions, approves individual actions, marks actions as needing additional review, passes on reviewing anything, or over rides automated actions.
Once the SNP set has passed the QC analysis, the oligonucleotides are transferred to the packaging station.
In some embodiments, the produced detection assay is screened against a plurality of known sequences designed to represent one or more population groups, e.g., to determine the ability of the detection assay to detect the intended target among the diverse alleles found in the general population. In preferred embodiments, the frequency of occurrence of the SNP allele in each of the one or more population groups is determined using the produced detection assay. Data collected may be used to satisfy regulatory requirements, if the detection assay is to be used as a clinical product.
IV. Sequence Inputs and User Interfaces
Sequences may be input for analysis from any number of sources. In many embodiments, sequence information is entered into a computer. The computer need not be the same computer system that carries out in silico analysis. In some preferred embodiments, candidate target sequences may be entered into a computer linked to a communication network (e.g., a local area network, Internet or Intranet). In such embodiments, users anywhere in the world with access to a communication network may enter candidate sequences at their own locale. In some embodiments, a user interface is provided to the user over a communication network (e.g., a World Wide Web-based user interface), containing entry fields for the information required by the in silico analysis (e.g., the sequence of the candidate target sequence). The use of a Web based user interface has several advantages. For example, by providing an entry wizard, the user interface can ensure that the user inputs the requisite amount of information in the correct format. In some embodiments, the user interface requires that the sequence information for a target sequence be of a minimum length (e.g., 20 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more nucleotides) and be in a single format (e.g., FASTA). In other embodiments, the information can be input in any format and the systems and methods of the present invention edit or alter the input information into a suitable form for analysis. For example, if an input target sequence is too short, the systems and methods of the present invention search public databases for the short sequence, and if a unique sequence is identified, convert the short sequence into a suitably long sequence by adding nucleotides on one or both of the ends of the input target sequence. Likewise, if sequence information is entered in an undesirable format or contains extraneous, non-sequence characters, the sequence can be modified to a standard format (e.g., FASTA) prior to further in silico analysis. The user interface may also collect information about the user, including, but not limited to, the name and address of the user. In some embodiments, target sequence entries are associated with a user identification code.
In some embodiments, sequences are input directly from assay design software (e.g., the INVADERCREATOR software.
In preferred embodiments, each sequence is given an ID number. The ID number is linked to the target sequence being analyzed to avoid duplicate analyses. For example, if the in silico analysis determines that a target sequence corresponding to the input sequence has already been analyzed, the user is informed and given the option of by-passing in silico analysis and simply receiving previously obtained results.
Web-Ordering Systems and Methods
Users who wish to order detection assays, have detection assay designed, or gain access to databases or other information of the present invention may employ a electronic communication system (e.g., the Internet). In some embodiments, an ordering and information system of the present invention is connected to a public network to allow any user access to the information. In some embodiments, private electronic communication networks are provided. For example, where a customer or user is a repeat customer (e.g., a distributor or large diagnostic laboratory), the full-time dedicated private connection may be provided between a computer system of the customer and a computer system of the systems of the present invention. The system may be arranged to minimize human interaction. For example, in some embodiments, inventory control software is used to monitor the number and type of detection assays in possession of the customer. A query is sent at defined intervals to determine if the customer has the appropriate number and type of detection assay, and if shortages are detected, instructions are sent to design, produce, and/or deliver additional assays to the customer. In some embodiments, the system also monitors inventory levels of the seller and in preferred embodiments, is integrated with production systems to manage production capacity and timing.
In some embodiments, a user-friendly interface is provided to facilitate selection and ordering of detection assays. Because of the hundreds of thousands of detection assays available and/or polymorphisms that the user may wish to interrogate, the user-friendly interface allows navigation through the complex set of option. For example, in some embodiments, a series of stacked databases are used to guide users to the desired products. In some embodiments, the first layer provides a display of all of the chromosomes of an organism. The user selects the chromosome or chromosomes of interest. Selection of the chromosome provides a more detailed map of the chromosome, indicating banding regions on the chromosome. Selection of the desired band leads to a map showing gene locations. One or more additional layers of detail provide base positions of polymorphisms, gene names, genome database identification tags, annotations, regions of the chromosome with pre-existing developed detection assays that are available for purchase, regions where no pre-existing developed assays exist but that are available for design and production, etc. Selecting a region, polymorphism, or detection assay takes the user to an ordering interface, where information is collected to initiate detection assay design and/or ordering. In some embodiments, a search engine is provided, where a gene name, sequence range, polymorphism or other query is entered to more immediately direct the user to the appropriate layer of information.
In some embodiments, the ordering, design, and production systems are integrated with a finance system, where the pricing of the detection assay is determined by one or more factors: whether or not design is required, cost of goods based on the components in the detection assay, special discounts for certain customers, discounts for bulk orders, discounts for re-orders, price increases where the product is covered by intellectual property or contractual payment obligations to third parties, and price selection based on usage. For example, where detection assays are to be used for or are certified for clinical diagnostics rather than research applications, pricing is increased. In some embodiments, the pricing increase for clinical products occurs automatically. For example, in some embodiments, the systems of the present invention are linked to FDA, public publication, or other databases to determine if a product has been certified for clinical diagnostic or ASR use.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided in order to demonstrate and further illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.
In the experimental disclosure which follows, the following abbreviations apply: N (normal); M (molar); mM (millimolar); μM (micromolar); mol (moles); mmol (millimoles); μmol (micromoles); nmol (nanomoles); pmol (picomoles); g (grams); mg (milligrams); μg (micrograms); ng (nanograms); l or L (liters); ml (milliliters); μl (microliters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); μm (micrometers); nm (nanometers); DS (dextran sulfate); C (degrees Centigrade); and Sigma (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.).
Example 1
Designing a 10-PLEX (Manual)
Test for Invader Assays
The following experimental example describes the manual design of amplification primers for a multiplex amplification reaction, and the subsequent detection of the amplicons by the INVADER assay.
Ten target sequences were selected from a set of pre-validated SNP-containing sequences, available in a TWT in-house oligonucleotide order entry database (see FIG. 5). Each target contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to which an INVADER assay had been previously designed. The INVADER assay oligonucleotides were designed by the INVADER CREATOR software (Third Wave Technologies, Inc. Madison, Wis.), thus the footprint region in this example is defined as the INVADER “footprint”, or the bases covered by the INVADER and the probe oligonucleotides, optimally positioned for the detection of the base of interest, in this case, a single nucleotide polymorphism (See FIG. 5). About 200 nucleotides of each of the 10 target sequences were analyzed for the amplification primer design analysis, with the SNP base residing about in the center of the sequence. The sequences are shown in FIG. 5.
Criteria of maximum and minimum probe length (defaults of 30 nucleotides and 12 nucleotides, respectively) were defined, as was a range for the probe melting temperature Tm of 50-60° C. In this example, to select a probe sequence that will perform optimally at a pre-selected reaction temperature, the melting temperature (Tm) of the oligonucleotide is calculated using the nearest-neighbor model and published parameters for DNA duplex formation (Allawi and SantaLucia, Biochemistry, 36:10581 [1997], herein incorporated by reference). Because the assay's salt concentrations are often different than the solution conditions in which the nearest-neighbor parameters were obtained (1 M NaCl and no divalent metals), and because the presence and concentration of the enzyme influence optimal reaction temperature, an adjustment should be made to the calculated Tm to determine the optimal temperature at which to perform a reaction. One way of compensating for these factors is to vary the value provided for the salt concentration within the melting temperature calculations. This adjustment is termed a ‘salt correction’. The term “salt correction” refers to a variation made in the value provided for a salt concentration for the purpose of reflecting the effect on a Tm calculation for a nucleic acid duplex of a non-salt parameter or condition affecting said duplex. Variation of the values provided for the strand concentrations will also affect the outcome of these calculations. By using a value of 280 nM NaCl (SantaLucia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:1460 [1998], herein incorporated by reference) and strand concentrations of about 10 pM of the probe and 1 fM target, the algorithm for used for calculating probe-target melting temperature has been adapted for use in predicting optimal primer design sequences.
Next, the sequence adjacent to the footprint region, both upstream and downstream were scanned and the first A or C was chosen for design start such that for primers described as 5′-N[x]-N[x−1]- . . . -N[4]-N[3]-N[2]-N[1]-3′, where N[1] should be an A or C. Primer complementarity was avoided by using the rule that: N[2]-N[1] of a given oligonucleotide primer should not be complementary to N[2]-N[1] of any other oligonucleotide, and N[3]-N[2]-N[1] should not be complementary to N[3]-N[2]-N[1] of any other oligonucleotide. If these criteria were not met at a given N[1], the next base in the 5′ direction for the forward primer or the next base in the 3′ direction for the reverse primer will be evaluated as an N[1] site. In the case of manual analysis, A/C rich regions were targeted in order to minimize the complementarity of 3′ ends.
In this example, an INVADER assay was performed following the multiplex amplification reaction. Therefore, a section of the secondary INVADER reaction oligonucleotide (the FRET oligonucleotide sequence, see FIG. 2) was also incorporated as criteria for primer design; the amplification primer sequence should be less than 80% homologous to the specified region of the FRET oligonucleotide.
The output primers for the 10-plex multiplex design are shown in FIG. 5). All primers were synthesized according to standard oligonucleotide chemistry, desalted (by standard methods) and quantified by absorbance at A260 and diluted to 50 μM concentrated stock. Multiplex PCR was then carried out using 10-plex PCR using equimolar amounts of primer (0.01 uM/primer) under the following conditions; 100 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Tris pH8.0, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, and 10 ng of human genomic DNA (hgDNA) template in a 50 ul reaction. The reaction was incubated for (94 C/30 sec, 50 C/44 sec.) for 30 cycles. After incubation, the multiplex PCR reaction was diluted 1:10 with water and subjected to INVADER analysis using INVADER Assay FRET Detection Plates, 96 well genomic biplex, 100 ng CLEAVASE VIII enzyme, INVADER assays were assembled as 15 ul reactions as follows; 1 ul of the 1:10 dilution of the PCR reaction, 3 ul of PPI mix, 5 ul of 22.5 mM MgCl2, 6 ul of dH20, covered with 15 ul of CHILLOUT liquid wax. Samples were denatured in the INVADER biplex by incubation at 95 C for 5 min., followed by incubation at 63 C and fluorescence measured on a Cytofluor 4000 at various timepoints.
Using the following criteria to accurately make genotyping calls (FOZ_FAM+FOZ_RED-2>0.6), only 2 of the 10 INVADER assay calls can be made after 10 minutes of incubation at 63 C, and only 5 of the 10 calls could be made following an additional 50 min of incubation at 63 C (60 min.) (See, FIG. 6A). At the 60 min time point, the variation between the detectable FOZ values is over 100 fold between the strongest signal (FIG. 6A, 41646, FAM_FOZ+RED_FOZ−2=54.2, which is also is far outside of the dynamic range of the reader) and the weakest signal (FIG. 6A, 67356, FAM_FOZ+RED_FOZ−2=0.2). Using the same INVADER assays directly against 100 ng of human genomic DNA (where equimolar amounts of each target would be available), all reads could be made with in the dynamic range of the reader and variation in the FOZ values was approximately seven fold between the strongest (FIG. 6, 53530, FAM_FOZ+RED_FOZ−2=3.1) and weakest (FIG. 6, 53530, FAM_FOZ+RED_FOZ−2=0.43) of the assays. This suggests that the dramatic discrepancies in FOZ values seen between different amplicons in the same multiplex PCR reaction is a function of biased amplification, and not variability attributable to INVADER assay. Under these conditions, FOZ values generated by different INVADER assays are directly comparable to one another and can reliably be used as indicators of the efficiency of amplification.
Estimation of amplification factor of a given amplicon using FOZ values. In order to estimate the amplification factor (F) of a given amplicon, the FOZ values of the INVADER assay can be used to estimate amplicon abundance. The FOZ of a given amplicon with unknown concentration at a given time (FOZm) can be directly compared to the FOZ of a known amount of target (e.g. 100 ng of genomic DNA=30,000 copies of a single gene) at a defined point in time (FOZ240, 240 min) and used to calculate the number of copies of the unknown amplicon. In equation 1, FOZm represents the sum of RED_FOZ and FAM_FOZ of an unknown concentration of target incubated in an INVADER assay for a given amount of time (m). FOZ240 represents an empirically determined value of RED_FOZ (using INVADER assay 41646), using for a known number of copies of target (e.g. 100 ng of hgDNA≅30,000 copies) at 240 minutes.

F=((FOZm−1)*500/(FOZ240−1))*(240/m)^2  (equation 1a)

Although equation 1a is used to determine the linear relationship between primer concentration and amplification factor F, equation 1a′ is used in the calculation of the amplification factor F for the 10-plex PCR (both with equimolar amounts of primer and optimized concentrations of primer), with the value of D representing the dilution factor of the PCR reaction. In the case of a 1:3 dilution of the 50 ul multiplex PCR reaction. D=0.3333.

F=((FOZm−2)*500/(FOZ240−1)*D)*(240/m)^2  (equation 1a′)

Although equations 1a and 1a′ will be used in the description of the 10-plex multiplex PCR, a more correct adaptation of this equation was used in the optimization of primer concentrations in the 107-plex PCR. In this case, FOZ240=the average of FAM_FOZ240+RED_FOZ240 over the entire INVADER MAP plate using hgDNA as target (FOZ240=3.42) and the dilution factor D is set to 0.125.

F=((FOZm−2)*500/(FOZ240−2)*D)*(240/m)^2  (equation 1b)

It should be noted that in order for the estimation of amplification factor F to be more accurate, FOZ values should be within the dynamic range of the instrument on which the reading are taken. In the case of the Cytofluor 4000 used in this study, the dynamic range was between about 1.5 and about 12 FOZ.
Section 3. Linear Relationship between Amplification Factor and Primer Concentration.
In order to determine the relationship between primer concentration and amplification factor (F), four distinct uniplex PCR reactions were run at using primers 1117-70-17 and 1117-70-18 at concentrations of 0.01 uM, 0.012 uM, 0.014 uM, 0.020 uM respectively. The four independent PCR reactions were carried out under the following conditions; 100 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 200 uM dNTPs using 10 ng of hgDNA as template. Incubation was carried out at (94 C/30 sec., 50 C/20 sec.) for 30 cycles. Following PCR, reactions were diluted 1:10 with water and run under standard conditions using INVADER Assay FRET Detection Plates, 96 well genomic biplex, 100 ng CLEAVASE VIII enzyme. Each 15 ul reaction was set up as follows; 1 ul of 1:10 diluted PCR reaction, 3 ul of the PPI mix SNP#47932, 5 ul 22.5 mM MgCl2, 6 ul of water, 15 ul of CHILLOUT liquid wax. The entire plate was incubated at 95 C for 5 min, and then at 63 C for 60 min at which point a single read was taken on a Cytofluor 4000 fluorescent plate reader. For each of the four different primer concentrations (0.01 uM, 0.012 uM, 0.014 uM, 0.020 uM) the amplification factor F was calculated using equation 1a, with FOZm=the sum of FOZ_FAM and FOZ_RED at 60 minutes, m=60, and FOZ240=1.7. In plotting the primer concentration of each reaction against the log of the amplification factor Log(F), a strong linear relationship was noted (FIG. 7). Using the data points in FIG. 7, the formula describing the linear relationship between amplification factor and primer concentration is described in equation 2:

Y=1.684X+2.6837  (equation 2a)

Using equation 2, the amplification factor of a given amplicon Log(F)=Y could be manipulated in a predictable fashion using a known concentration of primer (X). In a converse manner, amplification bias observed under conditions of equimolar primer concentrations in multiplex PCR, could be measured as the “apparent” primer concentration (X) based on the amplification factor F. In multiplex PCR, values of “apparent” primer concentration among different amplicons can be used to estimate the amount of primer of each amplicon required to equalize amplification of different loci:

X=(Y−2.6837)/1.68  (equation 2b)

Section 4. Calculation of Apparent Primer Concentrations from a Balanced Multiplex Mix.

As described in a previous section, primer concentration can directly influence the amplification factor of given amplicon. Under conditions of equimolar amounts of primers, FOZm readings can be used to calculate the “apparent” primer concentration of each amplicon using equation 2. Replacing Y in equation 2 with log(F) of a given amplification factor and solving for X, gives an “apparent” primer concentration based on the relative abundance of a given amplicon in a multiplex reaction. Using equation 2 to calculate the “apparent” primer concentration of all primers (provided in equimolar concentration) in a multiplex reaction (FIG. 3A), provides a means of normalizing primer sets against each other. In order to derive the relative amounts of each primer that should be added to an “Optimized” multiplex primer mix R, each of the “apparent” primer concentrations should be divided into the maximum apparent primer concentration (Xmax), such that the strongest amplicon is set to a value of 1 and the remaining amplicons to values equal or greater than 1

R[n]=Xmax/X[n]  (equation 3)

Using the values of R[n] as an arbitrary value of relative primer concentration, the values of R[n] are multiplied by a constant primer concentration to provide working concentrations for each primer in a given multiplex reaction. In the example shown, the amplicon corresponding to SNP assay 41646 has an R[n] value equal to 1. All of the R[n] values were multiplied by 0.01 uM (the original starting primer concentration in the equimolar multiplex PCR reaction) such that lowest primer concentration is R[n] of 41646 which is set to 1, or 0.01 uM. The remaining primer sets were also proportionally increased as shown in FIG. 8. The results of multiplex PCR with the “optimized” primer mix are described below.
Section 5 Using Optimized Primer Concentrations in Multiplex PCR, Variation in FOZ's Among 10 INVADER Assays are Greatly Reduced.
Multiplex PCR was carried out using 10-plex PCR using varying amounts of primer based on the volumes indicated in FIG. 8 (X[max] was SNP41646, setting 1×=0.01 uM/primer). Multiplex PCR was carried out under conditions identical to those used in with equimolar primer mix; 100 mMKCl, 3 mMMgCl, 10 mM Tris pH8.0, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 U taq, and 10 ng of hgDNA template in a 50 ul reaction. The reaction was incubated for (94 C/30 sec, 50 C/44 sec.) for 30 cycles. After incubation, the multiplex PCR reaction was diluted 1:10 with water and subjected to INVADER analysis. Using INVADER Assay FRET Detection Plates, (96 well genomic biplex, 100 ng CLEAVSE VIII enzyme), reactions were assembled as 15 ul reactions as follows; 1 ul of the 1:10 dilution of the PCR reaction, 3 ul of the appropriate PPI mix, 5 ul of 22.5 mM MgCl2, 6 ul of dH20. An additional 15 ul of CHILL OUT was added to each well, followed by incubation at 95 C for 5 min. Plates were incubated at 63 C and fluorescence measured on a Cytofluor 4000 at 10 min.
Using the following criteria to accurately make genotyping calls (FOZ_FAM+FOZ_RED−2>0.6), all 10 of 10 (100%) INVADER calls can be made after 10 minutes of incubation at 63 C. In addition, the values of FAM+RED−2 (an indicator of overall signal generation, directly related to amplification factor (see equation 2)) varied by less than seven fold between the lowest signal (FIG. 9, 67325, FAM+RED−2=0.7) and the highest (FIG. 9, 47892, FAM+RED−2=4.3).
Example 2
Design of 101-plex PCR using the Software Application
Using the TWT Oligo Order Entry Database, 144 sequences of less than 200 nucleotides in length were obtained, with SNPs annotated using brackets to indicate the SNP position for each sequence (e.g. NNNNNNN[N(wt)/N(mt)]NNNNNNNN). In order to expand sequence data flanking the SNP of interest, sequences were expanded to approximately 1 kB in length (500 nts flanking each side of the SNP) using BLAST analysis. Of the 144 starting sequences, 16 could not expanded by BLAST, resulting in a final set of 128 sequences expanded to approximately 1 kB length (See, FIG. 10). These expanded sequences were provided to the user in Excel format with the following information for each sequence; (1) TWT Number, (2) Short Name Identifier, and (3) sequence (see FIG. 10). The Excel file was converted to a comma delimited format and used as the input file for Primer Designer INVADER CREATOR v1.3.3. software (this version of the program does not screen for FRET reactivity of the primers, nor does it allow the user to specify the maximum length of the primer). INVADER CREATOR Primer Designer v1.3.3., was run using default conditions (e.g. minimum primer size of 12, maximum of 30), with the exception of Tmlow which was set to 60 C. The output file (see FIG. 10, bottom of each sheet shows footprint region in upper case letters and SNP in brackets) contained 128 primer sets (256 primers, See FIG. 12), four of which were thrown out due to excessively long primer sequences (SNP # 47854, 47889, 54874, 67396), leaving 124 primers sets (248 primers) available for synthesis. The remaining primers were synthesized using standard procedures at the 200 nmol scale and purified by desalting. After synthesis failures, 107 primer sets were available for assembly of an equimolar 107-plex primer mix (214 primers, See FIG. 12). Of the 107 primer sets available for amplification, only 101 were present on the INVADER MAP plate to evaluate amplification factor.
Multiplex PCR was carried out using 101-plex PCR using equimolar amounts of primer (0.025 uM/primer) under the following conditions; 100 mMKCl, 3 mM MgCl, 10 mM Tris pH8.0, 200 uM dNTPs, and 10 ng of human genomic DNA (hgDNA) template in a 50 ul reaction. After denaturation at 95 C for 10 min, 2.5 units of Taq was added and the reaction incubated for (94 C/30 sec, 50 C/44 sec.) for 50 cycles. After incubation, the multiplex PCR reaction was diluted 1:24 with water and subjected to INVADER assay analysis using INVADER MAP detection platform. Each INVADER MAP assay was run as a 6 ul reaction as follows; 3 ul of the 1:24 dilution of the PCR reaction (total dilution 1:8 equaling D=0.125), 3 ul of 15 mM MgCl2 covered with covered with 6 ul of CHILLOUT. Samples were denatured in the INVADER MAP plate by incubation at 95 C for 5 min., followed by incubation at 63 C and fluorescence measured on a Cytofluor 4000 (384 well reader) at various timepoints over 160 minutes. Analysis of the FOZ values calculated at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 min. shows that correct calls (compared to genomic calls of the same DNA sample) could be made for 94 of the 101 amplicons detectable by the INVADER MAP platform (FIG. 13 and FIG. 14). This provides proof that the INVADER CREATOR Primer Designer software can create primer sets which function in highly multiplex PCR.
In using the FOZ values obtained throughout the 160 min. time course, amplification factor F and R[n] were calculated for each of the 101 amplicons (FIG. 15). R[nmax] was set at 1.6, which although Low end corrections were made for amplicons which failed to provide sufficient FOZm signal at 160 min., assigning an arbitrary value of 12 for R[n]. High end corrections for amplicons whose FOZm values at the 10 min. read, an R[n] value of 1 was arbitrarily assigned. Optimized primer concentrations of the 101-plex were calculated using the basic principles outlined in the 10-plex example and equation 1b, with an R[n] of 1 corresponding to 0.025 uM primer (see FIG. 15 for various primer concentrations). Multiplex PCR was under the following conditions; 100 mMKCl, 3 mM MgCl, 10 mM Tris pH8.0, 200 uM dNTPs, and 10 ng of human genomic DNA (hgDNA) template in a 50 ul reaction. After denaturation at 95 C for 10 min, 2.5 units of Taq was added and the reaction incubated for (94 C/30 sec, 50 C/44 sec.) for 50 cycles. After incubation, the multiplex PCR reaction was diluted 1:24 with water and subjected to INVADER analysis using INVADER MAP detection platform. Each INVADER MAP assay was run as a 6 ul reaction as follows; 3 ul of the 1:24 dilution of the PCR reaction (total dilution 1:8 equaling D=0.125), 3 ul of 15 mM MgCl2 covered with covered with 6 ul of CHILLOUT. Samples were denatured in the INVADER MAP plate by incubation at 95 C for 5 min., followed by incubation at 63 C and fluorescence measured on a Cytofluor 4000 (384 well reader) at various timepoints over 160 minutes. Analysis of the FOZ values was carried out at 10, 20, and 40 min. and compared to calls made directly against the genomic DNA. Shown in FIG. 13, is a comparison between calls made at 10 min. with a 101-plex PCR with the equimolar primer concentrations versus calls that were made at 10 min. with a 101-plex PCR run under optimized primer concentrations. Additional data for this example is shown in FIGS. 16a, 16b, and 17). Under equimolar primer concentration, multiplex PCR results in only 50 correct calls at the 10 min time point, where under optimized primer concentrations multiplex PCR results in 71 correct calls, resulting in a gain of 21 (42%) new calls. Although all 101 calls could not be made at the 10 min timepoint, 94 calls could be made at the 40 min. timepoint suggesting the amplification efficiency of the majority of amplicons had improved. Unlike the 10-plex optimization that only required a single round of optimization, multiple rounds of optimization may be required for more complex multiplexing reactions to balance the amplification of all loci.
Example 3
Use of the Invader Assay to Determine Amplification Factor of PCR
The INVADER assay can be used to monitor the progress of amplification during PCR reactions, i.e., to determine the amplification factor F that reflects efficiency of amplification of a particular amplicon in a reaction. In particular, the INVADER assay can be used to determine the number of molecules present at any point of a PCR reaction by reference to a standard curve generated from quantified reference DNA molecules. The amplification factor F is measured as a ratio of PCR product concentration after amplification to initial target concentration. This example demonstrates the effect of varying primer concentration on the measured amplification factor.
PCR reactions were conducted for variable numbers of cycles in increments of 5, i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, so that the progress of the reaction could be assessed using the INVADER assay to measure accumulated product. The reactions were diluted serially to assure that the target amounts did not saturate the INVADER assay, i.e., so that the measurements could be made in the linear range of the assay. INVADER assay standard curves were generated using a dilution series containing known amounts of the amplicon. This standard curve was used to extrapolate the number of amplified DNA fragments in PCR reactions after the indicated number of cycles. The ratio of the number of molecules after a given number of PCR cycles to the number present prior to amplification is used to derive the amplification factor, F, of each PCR reaction.
PCR Reactions
PCR reactions were set up using equimolar amounts of primers (e.g., 0.02 μM or 0.1 μM primers, final concentration). Reactions at each primer concentration were set up in triplicate for each level of amplification tested, i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 PCR cycles. One master mix sufficient for 6 standard PCR reactions (each in triplicate×2 primer concentrations) plus 2 controls×6 tests (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 cycles of PCR) plus enough for extra reactions to allow for overage.
Serial Dilutions of PCR Reaction Products
In order to ensure that the amount of PCR product added as target to the INVADER assay reactions would not exceed the dynamic range of the real time assay on the PERCEPTIVE BIOSYSTEMS CYTOFLUOR 4000, the PCR reaction products were diluted prior to addition to the INVADER assays. An initial 20-fold dilution was made of each reaction, followed by subsequent five-fold serial dilutions.
To create standards, amplification products generated with the same primers used in the tests of different numbers of cycles were isolated from non-denaturing polyacrylimide gels using standard methods and quantified using the PICOGREEN assay. A working stock of 200 pM was created, and serial dilutions of these concentration standards were created in dH2O containing tRNA at 30 ng/μl to yield a series with final amplicon concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 6.25, 15.62, 39, and 100 fM.
INVADER Assay Reactions
Appropriate dilutions of each PCR reaction and the no target control were made in triplicate, and tested in standard, singlicate INVADER assay reactions. One master mix was made for all INVADER assay reactions. In all, there were 6 PCR cycle conditions×24 individual test assays [(1 test of triplicate dilutions×2 primer conditions×3 PCR replicates)=18+6 no target controls]. In addition, there were 7 dilutions of the quantified amplicon standards and 1 no target control in the standard series. The standard series was analyzed in replicate on each of two plates, for an additional 32 INVADER assays. The total number of INVADER assays is 6×24+32=176. The master mix included coverage for 32 reactions. INVADER assay master mix and comprised the following standard components:FRET buffer/Cleavase XI/Mg/PPI mix for 192 plus 16 wells.
The following oligonucleotides were included in the PPI mix.









0.25 mM INVADER for assay 2




(GAAGCGGCGCCGGTTACCACCA)
(SEQ ID NO: 757)


 


2.5 mM A Probe for assay 2


(CGCGCCGAGGTGGTTGAGCAATTCCAA)
(SEQ ID NO: 758)


 


2.5 mM G Probe for assay 2


(ATGACGTGGCAGACCGGTTGAGCAATTCCA)
(SEQ ID NO: 759)






All wells were overlaid with 15 μl mineral oil, incubated at 95° C. 5 min, then at 63° C. read at various intervals, eg. 20, 40, 80, or 160 min, depending on the level of signal generated. The reaction plate was read on a CytoFluor® Series 4000 Fluorescence Multi-Well Plate Reader. The settings used were: 485/20 nm excitation/bandwidth and 530/25 nm emission/bandwidth for F dye detection, and 560/20 nm excitation/bandwidth and 620/40 nm emission/bandwidth for R dye detection. The instrument gain was set for each dye so that the No Target Blank produced between 100-200 Absolute Fluorescence Units (AFUs).

Results:

FIG. 21 presents the results of the triplicate INVADER assays in a plot of log10 of amplification factor (y-axis) as a function of cycle number (x-axis). The PCR product concentration was estimated from the INVADER assays by extrapolation to the standard curve. The data from the replicate assays were not averaged but instead were presented as multiple, overlapping points in the figure.
These results indicate that the PCR reactions were exponential over the range of cycles tested. The use of different primer concentrations resulted in different slopes such that the slope generated from INVADER assay analysis of PCR reactions carried out with the higher primer concentration (0.1 μM) is steeper than that with the lower (0.02 μM) concentration. In addition, the slope obtained using 0.1 μM approaches that anticipated for perfect doubling (0.301). The amplification factors from the PCR reactions at each primer concentration were obtained from the slopes:
For 0.1 μM primers, slope=0.286; amplification factor: 1.93
For 0.02 μM primers, slope=0.218; amplification factor: 1.65.
The lines do not appear to extend to the origin but rather intercept the X-axis between 0 and 5 cycles, perhaps reflective of errors in estimating the starting concentration of human genomic DNA.
Thus, these data show that primer concentration affects the extent of amplification during the PCR reaction. These data further demonstrate that the INVADER assay is an effective tool for monitoring amplification throughout the PCR reaction.
Example 4
Dependence of Amplification Factor on Primer Concentration
This example demonstrates the correlation between amplification factor, F, and primer concentration, c. In this experiment, F was determined for 2 alleles from each of 6 SNPs amplified in monoplex PCR reactions, each at 4 different primer concentrations, hence 6 primer pairs×2 genomic samples×4 primer concentrations=48 PCR reactions.
Whereas the effect of PCR cycle number was tested on a single amplified region, at two primer concentrations, in Example 3, in this example, all test PCR reactions were run for 20 cycles, but the effect of varying primer concentration was studied at 4 different concentration levels: 0.01 μM, 0.025 μM, 0.05 μM, 0.1 μM. Furthermore, this experiment examines differences in amplification of different genomic regions to investigate (a) whether different genomic regions are amplified to different extents (i.e. PCR bias) and (b) how amplification of different genomic regions depends on primer concentration.
As in Example 3, F was measured by generating a standard curve for each locus using a dilution series of purified, quantified reference amplicon preparations. In this case, 12 different reference amplicons were generated: one for each allele of the SNPs contained in the 6 genomic regions amplified by the primer pairs. Each reference amplicon concentration was tested in an INVADER assay, and a standard curve of fluorescence counts versus amplicon concentration was created. PCR reactions were also run on genomic DNA samples, the products diluted, and then tested in an INVADER assay to determine the extent of amplification, in terms of number of molecules, by comparison to the standard curve.
a. Generation of Standard Curves Using Quantified Reference Amplicons
A total of 8 genomic DNA samples isolated from whole blood were screened in standard biplex INVADER assays to determine their genotypes at 24 SNPs in order to identify samples homozygous for the wild-type or variant allele at a total of 6 different loci.
Once these loci were identified, wild-type and variant genomic DNA samples were analyzed in separate PCR reactions with primers flanking the genomic region containing each SNP. At each SNP, one allele reported to FAM dye and one to RED.
Suitable genomic DNA preparations were then amplified in standard individual, monoplex PCR reactions to generate amplified fragments for use as PCR reference standards as described in Example 3.
Following PCR, amplified DNA was gel isolated using standard methods and previously quantified using the PICOGREEN assay. Serial dilutions of these concentration standards were created as follows:
Each purified amplicon was diluted to create a working stock at a concentration of 200 pM. These stocks were then serially diluted as follows. A working stock solution of each amplicon was prepared with a concentration of 1.25 μM in dH2O containing tRNA at 30 ng/μl. The working stock was diluted in 96-well microtiter plates and then serially diluted to yield the following final concentrations in the INVADER assay: 1, 2.5, 6.25, 15.6, 39, 100, and 250 fM. One plate was prepared for the amplicons to be detected in the INVADER assay using probe oligonucleotides reporting to FAM dye and one plate for those to be tested with probe oligonucleotides reporting to RED dye. All amplicon dilutions were analyzed in duplicate.
Aliquots of 100 μl were transferred, in this layout, to 96 well MJ Research plates and denatured for 5 min at 95° C. prior to addition to INVADER assays.
b. PCR Amplification of Genomic Samples at Different Primer Concentrations.
PCR reactions were set up for individual amplification of the 6 genomic regions described in the previous example on each of 2 alleles at 4 different primer concentrations, for a total of 48 PCR reactions. All PCRs were run for 20 cycles. The following primer concentrations were tested: 0.01 μM, 0.025 μM, 0.05 μM, and 0.1 μM.
A master mix for all 48 reactions was prepared according to standard procedures, with the exception of the modified primer concentrations, plus overage for an additional 23 reactions (16 reactions were prepared but not used, and overage of 7 additional reactions was prepared).

c. Dilution of PCR Reactions

Prior to analysis by the INVADER assay, it was necessary to dilute the products of the PCR reactions, as described in Examples 1 and 2. Serial dilutions of each of the 48 PCR reactions were made using one 96-well plate for each SNP. The left half of the plate contained the SNPs to be tested with probe oligonucleotides reporting to FAM; the right half, with probe oligonucleotides reporting to RED. The initial dilution was 1:20; a subsequent dilutions were 1:5 up to 1:62,500.
d. INVADER Assay Analysis of PCR Dilutions and Reference Amplicons
INVADER analysis was carried out on all dilutions of the products of each PCR reaction as well as the indicated dilutions of each quantified reference amplicon (to generate a standard curve for each amplicon) in standard biplex INVADER assays.
All wells were overlaid with 15 μl of mineral oil. Samples were heated to 95° C. for 5 min to denature and then incubated at 64° C. Fluorescence measurements were taken at 40 and 80 minutes in a CytoFluor® 4000 fluorescence plate reader (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The settings used were: 485/20 nm excitation/bandwidth and 530/25 nm emission/bandwidth for F dye detection, and 560/20 nm excitation/bandwidth and 620/40 nm emission/bandwidth for R dye detection. The instrument gain was set for each dye so that the No Target Blank produced between 100-200 Absolute Fluorescence Units (AFUs). The raw data is that generated by the device/instrument used to measure the assay performance (real-time or endpoint mode).
These results indicate that the dependence of InF on c shown in FIG. 22 demonstrates different amplification rates for the 12 PCRs under the same reaction conditions, although the difference is much smaller within each pair of targets representing the same SNP. The upper plot (22A) illustrates the results obtained from the alleles detected with the INVADER probe oligonucleotide reporting to FAM dye; the lower plot (22B) illustrates those obtained from the alleles reporting to RED (Note: one amplicon expected to report to RED is missing because it mistakenly contained the allele reporting to FAM). The amplification factor strongly depends on c at low primer concentrations with a trend to plateau at higher primer concentrations. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the kinetics of primer annealing. At high primer concentrations, fast annealing kinetics ensures that primers are bound to all targets and maximum amplification rate is achieved, on the contrary, at low primer concentrations the primer annealing kinetics become a rate limiting step decreasing F.
This analysis suggests that plotting amplification factor as a function of primer concentration in




  ln
  (
  
    2
    -
    
      F
      
        1
        n
      
    
  
  )




vs. c coordinates should produce a straight line with a slope −kata. Re-plotting of the data shown in FIG. 23 in the





  ln
  (
  
    2
    -
    
      F
      
        1
        n
      
    
  
  )




vs. c coordinates demonstrates the expected linear dependence for low primer concentrations (low amplification factor) which deviates from the linearity at 0.1 μM primer concentration (F is 105 or larger) due to lower than expected amplification factor. The kata. values can be calculated for each PCR using the following equation.

F=zn=(2−e−kacta)n 

Example 5
Invader Assay Analysis of 192-Plex PCR Reaction
This example describes the use of the INVADER assay to detect the products of a highly multiplexed PCR reaction designed to amplify 192 distinct loci in the human genome.
Genomic DNA Extraction
Genomic DNA was isolated from 5 mls of whole blood and purified using the Autopure, manufactured by Gentra Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.). The purified DNA was in 500 μl of dH2O.
Primer Design
Forward and reverse primer sets for the 192 loci were designed using Primer Designer, version 1.3.4 (See Primer Design section above, including FIG. 4A). Target sequences used for INVADER designs, with no more than 500 bases flanking the relevant SNP site, were converted into a comma-delimited text file for use as an input file for PrimerDesigner. PrimerDesigner was run using default parameters, with the exception of oligo Tm, which was set at 60° C.
Primer Synthesis
Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized using standard procedures in a Polyplex (GeneMachines, San Carlos, Calif.). The scale was 0.2 μmole, desalted only (not purified) on NAP-10 and not dried down.
PCR Reactions
Two master mixes were created. Master mix 1 contained primers to amplify loci 1-96; master mix 2, 97-192. The mixes were made according to standard procedures and contained standard components. All primers were present at a final concentration of 0.025 μM, with KCl at 100 mM, and MgCl at 3 mM. PCR cycling conditions were as follows in a MJ PTC-100 thermocycler (MJ Research, Waltham, Mass.): 95° C. for 15 min; 94° C. for 30 sec, then 55° C. 44 sec×50 cycles
Following cycling, all 4 PCR reactions were combined and aliquots of 3 μl were distributed into a 384 deep-well plate using a CYBI-well 2000 automated pipetting station (CyBio AG, Jena, Germany). This instrument makes individual reagent additions to each well of a 384-well microplate. The reagents to be added are themselves arrayed in 384-well deep half plates.
INVADER Assay Reactions
INVADER assays were set up using the CYBI-well 2000. Aliquots of 3 μl of the genomic DNA target were added to the appropriate wells. No target controls were comprised of 3 μl of Te (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA). The reagents for use in the INVADER assays were standard PPI mixes, buffer, FRET oligonucleotides, and Cleavase VIII enzyme and were added individually to each well by the CYBI-well 2000.
Following the reagent additions, 6 μl of mineral oil were overlaid in each well. The plates were heated in a MJ PTC-200 DNA ENGINE thermocycler (MJ Research) to 95° C. for 5 minutes then cooled to the incubation temperature of 63° C. Fluorescence was read after 20 minutes and 40 minutes using the Safire microplate reader (Tecan, Zurich, Switzerland) using the following settings. 495/5 nm excitation/bandwidth and 520/5 nm emission/bandwidth for F dye detection; and 600/5 nm emission/bandwidth, 575/5 nm excitation/bandwidth Z position, 5600 μs; number of flashes, 10; lag time, 0; integration time, 40 μsec for R dye detection. Gain was set for F dye at 90 nm and R dye at 120. The raw data is that generated by the device/instrument used to measure the assay performance (real-time or endpoint mode).
Of the 192 reactions, genotype calls could be made for 157 after 20 minutes and 158 after 40 minutes, or a total of 82%. For 88 of the assays, genotyping results were available for comparison from data obtained previously using either monoplex PCR followed by INVADER analysis or INVADER results obtained directly from analysis of genomic DNA. For 69 results, no corroborating genotype results were available.
This example shows that it is possible to amplify more than 150 loci in a single multiplexed PCR reaction. This example further shows that the amount of each amplified fragment generated in such a multiplexed PCR reaction is sufficient to produce discernable genotype calls when used as a target in an INVADER assay. In addition, many of the amplicons generated in this multiplex PCR assay gave high signal, measured as FOZ, in the INVADER assay, while some gave such low signal that no genotype call could be made. Still others amplicons were present at such low levels, or not at all, that they failed to yield any signal in the INVADER assay.
Example 6
Optimization of Primer Concentration to Improve Performance of Highly Multiplexed PCR Reactions
Competition between individual reactions in multiplex PCR may aggravate amplification bias and cause an overall decrease in amplification factor compared with uniplex PCR. The dependence of amplification factor on primer concentration can be used to alleviate PCR bias. The variable levels of signal produced from the different loci amplified in the 192-plex PCR of the previous example, taken with the results from Example 3 that show the effect of primer concentration on amplification factor, further suggest that it may be possible to improve the percentage of PCR reactions that generate sufficient target for use in the INVADER assay by modulating primer concentrations.
For example, one particular sample analyzed in Example 5 yielded FOZ results, after a 40 minute incubation in the INVADER assay, of 29.54 FAM and 66.98 RED, while another sample gave FOZ results after 40 min of 1.09 and 1.22, respectively, prompting a determination that there was insufficient signal to generate a genotype call. Modulation of primer concentrations, down in the case of the first sample and up in the case of the second, should make it possible to bring the amplification factors of the two samples closer to the same value. It is envisioned that this sort of modulation may be an iterative process, requiring more than one modification to bring the amplification factors sufficiently close to one another to enable most or all loci in a multiplex PCR reaction to be amplified with approximately equivalent efficiency.
All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference as if expressly set forth herein. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in relevant fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method of multiplex amplification of nucleic acid target regions, comprising:
a) providing a sample containing genomic DNA, wherein said genomic DNA comprises a plurality nucleic acid target regions, wherein each nucleic acid target region comprises a footprint region that is at least twenty bases in length and is suspected of containing a SNP;
b) amplifying said plurality of nucleic acid target regions from said genomic DNA to produce a first set of amplified products comprising amplified nucleic acid target regions, wherein said amplifying is in a first polymerase chain reaction mixture comprising a plurality of primer pairs, wherein each primer in said plurality of primer pairs in said first polymerase chain reaction mixture is present at essentially the same initial molar concentration, and wherein said primer pairs are each configured to amplify a nucleic acid target region;
c) determining an amplification factor F for each amplified nucleic acid target region in said first set of amplified products, wherein said amplification factor F is the ratio of amplified nucleic acid target region concentration after amplification to initial nucleic acid target region concentration,
d) determining an apparent initial primer concentration from said determined amplification factor F for each nucleic acid target region, wherein:


F=(2−e−kact)n 


wherein ka is the association rate constant of primer annealing, c is the initial primer concentration, t is the primer annealing time and n is the number of PCR cycles,
e) determining a relative primer concentration value R[n] for each given nucleic acid target region, wherein R[n] is equal to the highest observed apparent primer concentration of all amplified nucleic acid target regions in said first set of amplified products, divided by the apparent primer concentration for the given amplified nucleic acid target region;
f) determining a normalized primer concentration, wherein the normalized primer concentration for each given nucleic target region, is the value of R[n] for the corresponding amplified nucleic acid target region of step e) multiplied by the initial molar concentration of primers used in step b);
g) amplifying said plurality of nucleic acid target regions from said genomic DNA to produce a second set of amplified products, wherein said amplifying is in a second polymerase chain reaction mixture comprising a plurality of primer pairs, wherein said primers in said plurality of primer pairs in said second polymerase chain reaction mixture are present in said normalized primer concentrations so as to balance the amplification factors for said amplified nucleic acid target regions in said second set of amplified products.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising step h) of detecting said second set of amplified products.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining an amplification factor F for each amplified nucleic acid target region comprises exposing said first set of amplified products to invasive cleavage assay reagents.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises exposing said second set of amplified products to invasive cleavage assay reagents.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of primer pairs in step b) comprises at least 150 primer pairs.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein said invasive cleavage assay reagents comprise a plurality of an upstream oligonucleotides and a downstream probe oligonucleotides configured to hybridize to said footprint regions to form invasive cleavage structures.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said invasive cleavage assays reagents comprise 150 or more probe oligonucleotides.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein said invasive cleavage assay reagents further comprise a cleavage agent.

9. The method of claim 3, wherein the presence or absence of SNPs in said footprint regions is detected by said invasive cleavage assay reagents.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detection of fluorescence.