### COURT OF APPEALS DECISION DATED AND FILED April 27, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff Clerk of Court of Appeals NOTICE
This opinion is subject to further editing. If published, the official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports. A party may file with the Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals. See W IS . S TAT . § 808.10 and R ULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2020AP1132

- CR Cir. Ct. No. 2019CF80 STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT III

S TATE OF W ISCONSIN , P LAINTIFF - R ESPONDENT ,
V . A LEX J. P REMO , D EFENDANT - A PPELLANT .

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Barron County: JAMES C. BABLER , Judge. Affirmed

.

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in W IS . S TAT . R ULE 809.23(3).
¶ 1 PER CURIAM. Alex Premo seeks review of a suppression ruling that led him to plead guilty o n a drug charge. Premo contends the circuit court’sNo. 2020AP1132

- CR

2 determination of probable cause for his arrest was based upon an assumption of facts not in evidence. We conclude that the totality of the circumstances supported a determination of probable cause even without consideration of the challenged facts. We therefore affirm.

BACKGROUND
¶ 2 The following facts from the suppression hearing are undisputed. At about 4:00 a.m. on March 7, 2019, Turtle Lake patrol officer Shane Traczyk responded to a call from a local casino. Upon arriving at the casino, Traczyk spoke with the casino’s security supervisor , Gina Kasik. Kasik informed Traczyk that the casino had surveillance video of a suspected drug deal that had recently

occur red in its parking lot

. ¶ 3 Traczyk viewed the video in the casino’s surveillance room, also recording i t on his body camera. He observed three males and one female walk to the casino parking lot and gather around an SUV. Before entering the vehicle, one of the men (later identified as Premo) took something out of his pocket and handed it to another one of the men, who was bald. Traczyk could not determine what had been handed over, but Kasik told him she th ought it was money.
¶ 4 Upon entering the vehicle, the bald man produced some sort of vial, twisted off its cap, and poured an unidentified substance from the vial into a baggie while tapping the top of the vial. The bald man ha nded the baggie to Premo. Meanwhile, th e third man opened one of the SUV’s doo rs and grabbed a jacket. Premo then exited the vehicle and returned to the casino with the third man, while the bald man and the wom an drove away in the SUV.No. 2020AP1132

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3 ¶ 5 After Traczyk viewed the surveillance video, Kasik directed him to Premo’s location on the gami ng floor of the casino. Traczyk approached Premo, asked to speak with him in a side room, and advised him of his Miranda rights. 1 Traczyk then told Premo that he had watched a video of the transaction in the parking lot , and he asked Premo what substance had been poured i nto the baggie. Premo said that he had gone outside so that his friend could grab a jacket , and that he did not know what substance would have been poured into the baggie in the SUV

. Premo also denied possessing any illegal substance

. Traczyk then placed Premo under arrest and searched hi m incident to arrest. Traczyk recovered the baggie, which subsequent testin g determined to contain methamphetamine.
¶ 6 Traczyk did not testify about how long he had been a law enforcement officer, whether he had ever personally witnessed a drug transaction or arrested anyone suspected of selling a controlled sub stance, or what , if any , training he had regarding drug transactions or common packaging for controlled substances. The judge, however, noted that he had sixteen years’ experience on the bench and had seen “hundreds and hundreds of methamphetamine cases w here methamphetamine is transferred in Ziploc bags or baggies, especial ly at 4:00 in the morning.”
¶ 7 After taking judicial notice of the manner in which drugs are commonly transferred, the circuit court concluded there was probable cause for arrest, and it denied th e suppression motion. Traczyk pled guilty to possessing

1 See generally Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, 458 (1966).No. 2020AP1132

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4 methamphetamine , and he now appeals the suppression ruling. See W IS

. S TAT

. § 971.31(10) (2019

- 20). 2

DISCUSSION
¶ 8 When reviewing a motion to suppress evidence, we will uphold the circuit court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. W IS

. S TAT

. § 805.17(2); State v. Hindsley , 2000 WI App 130, ¶22, 237 Wis. 2d 358, 614 N.W.2d 48. We will, however, independently determine whether the established facts satisfy applicable constitutional provisions. Hindsley , 237 Wis. 2d 358, ¶22.
¶ 9 The constitutional provision applicable here is the Fourth Amendment, which p rotects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. C ONST

. amend. IV. A warrantless arrest constitutes a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes, but the arrest is reasonable when supported by probable

cause. District of Columbia v. Wesby , 1 38 S. Ct. 577, 585

- 86 (2018). Probable cause for arrest exists when the totality of the circumstances within the arresting officer’s knowledge would lead a reasonable law enforcement officer with similar training and experience to believe that the suspect probably committed a crime. State v. Kutz , 2003 WI App 205, ¶11, 267 Wis. 2d 531, 671 N.W.2d 660. The probable cause test is “not a high bar , ” and it requires only a “substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity.” Wes by , 138 S. Ct. at 586. When competing reasonable inferences could be drawn, the officer is entitled to rely on the one justifying arrest. Kutz , 267 Wis. 2d 531, ¶12.

2 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019

- 20 version unless otherwise noted.No. 2020AP1132

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5 ¶ 10 Premo first argues that the circuit court erred in taking judicial n otice that drugs are commonly packaged in baggies and often sold in the early morning hours. We will assume without deciding that these facts were not a proper subject of judicial notice. See W IS

. S TAT

. § 902.01(2) (authorizing a court to take judicial

n otice of adjudicative facts that are “generally known within the territorial jurisdiction” of the court or are “capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned”).
¶ 11 Premo n ext contends that the remaining facts in Traczyk’s possession were insufficient to provide probable cause for an arrest. Absent any evidence that Traczyk had specific training in drug enforcement, we will evaluate the reasonableness of his actions from th e objective point of view of an untrained officer or layperson. Even without having specialized know ledge that drugs are commonly packaged in baggies and are often sold in the early morning hours, we are satisfied that the facts within Traczyk’s possessio n

— and reasonable inferences that could be drawn therefrom

— would lead a reasonable officer in Traczyk’s position to believe Premo had probably committed a crime.
¶ 12 Traczyk observed video of Premo leaving the casino to conduct a short trans action in a vehicle in the parking lot, suggesting the parties to the transaction may have been seeking out a secluded location. The transaction involved the transfer of a portion of a substance located in a container, which would be consistent with the s ale of a fungible substance such as drugs. The casino employee also told Traczyk that he believed Premo had handed money to the bald man, who himself subsequently handed Premo the baggie. Traczyk was aware that the casino employee who witnessed the same video suspected a drug transaction, indicating that the observed behavior was not what the casino employee would expect to see from normal customers , and that it would fit withinNo. 2020AP1132

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6 a layperson’s expectation of what a drug transaction would look like. Finall y, when questioned, Premo not only failed to provide an innocent explanation for the transaction, but instead he denied any knowledge of what the substance was in the baggie he had just obtained from the bald man to whom he had handed money , as seen on the video . Premo’s denial of knowing the identity of the substance highly suggested he had consciousness that the substance was, in fact, contraband.
¶ 13 In sum, the totality of the circumstances would lead even an untrained officer to reasonably believe that Premo had just engaged in a drug transaction. We conclude there was probable cause for the arrest , and the circuit court properly denied the suppress ion motion.

By the Court.

— Judgment affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See W IS

. S TAT

. R ULE 809.23(1)(b)5.