Fluvial Sediment in Hocking 

River Subwatershed 1 

(North Branch Hunters Run), 

Ohio

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-1

Prepared in cooperation with the 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Soil Conservation Service
Fluvial Sediment in Hocking 

River Subwatershed 1 

(North Branch Hunters Run), 

Ohio

By RUSSELL F. FLINT

SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-1

Prepared in cooperation with the 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Soil Conservation Service

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 71-190388

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents (paper cover)

Stock Number 2401-2153
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract __________________ U

Introduction __________ -- 1

Acknowledgments ___ __ 2

Description of the area __ - 3

Elevations and slopes __ ________ 4

Soils and land use ___________ 4

Geology ___________________ 4

Climate __________________ 5

Hydraulic structures _____________ 5

Runoff _________________________________ __ 9

Fluvial sediment ________________ 12

Suspended sediment _____________ 13

Deposited sediment ___________ 19

Sediment yield ______________ 19

Trap efficiency of reservoir 1 _____________ - 21

Conclusions _____________________________________ 21

References _______________________________-- 22

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

FIGURE 1. Map of Hocking River subwatershed 1 (North Branch

Hunters Run) __________________________ 13 

2-6. Photographs showing 

2. Upstream face of detention structure . 6

3. Reservoir 1 ______ 6

4. Minor floodwater-retarding structure R3 7

5. Minor sediment-control structure S4 7

6. Outflow conduit of reservoir 1.___ 13 

7. Trilinear diagram showing percentage of sand, silt, and 

clay in suspended-sediment samples of inflow and outflow, reservoir 1 ___________-_____ 15

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Area and capacity of reservoir 1 as constructed at indicated elevations ____..___________ 18

2. Summary of outflow from reservoir 1, 1956-62. 10

3. Monthly water and sediment discharges, Hocking River 

subwatershed 1 (North Branch Hunters Run) near 

Hooker, Ohio ___________________ 11

in
IV CONTENTS

Page

TABLE 4. Reservoir discharge, precipitation, and miscellaneous hydrologic data, reservoir 1, 1956-62______________ 112

5. Particle-size analyses of suspended sediment, inflow to

reservoir 1 ___________________________ 16

6. Chemical-quality analyses of inflow and outflow, reservoir

1, May 1956 to February 1962 _________________ 18

7. Particle-size analyses of suspended sediment, outflow from

reservoir 1 __________________________ 20

8. Suspended-sediment discharge in outflow from reservoir 1 _ 21
SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

FLUVIAL SEDIMENT IN

HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1

(NORTH BRANCH HUNTERS RUN), OHIO

By RUSSELL F. FLINT

ABSTRACT

From May 1956 to May 1962, Hocking e River subwatershed 1 of Upper 

Hocking River Pilot Watershed had an average annual sediment yield from 

its contributing area of 0.94 square mile of 1,195 tons per square mile. 

Annual suspended-sediment yield at the outlet, expressed in tons per acrefoot of outflow, decreased from 0.45 in the 1957 water year to 0.10 in the 

1962 water year, reflecting a decrease in sediment yield from the 1.04-squaremile drainage area above detention structure 1.

The particle-size distribution of the sediment entering reservoir 1 averaged 

4 percent sand, 38 percent silt, and 58 percent clay, whereas the particle-size 

distribution of sediment discharged from the reservoir averaged 1 percent 

sand, 12 percent silt, and 87 percent clay. The specific dry weight of the 

sediment deposited in the reservoir averaged 71.6 pounds per cubic foot. 

Trap efficiency of reservoir 1 was about 88 percent for the 6.08-year period 

of the study.

Average annual runoff from subwatershed 1 was 9.5 inches. Comparable 

runoff for the entire Hunters Run watershed, as measured at Hunters Run 

at Lancaster, was 11.84 inches during the study period. Average annual 

inflow to reservoir 1 was 9.2 inches. Outflow from reservoir 1 occurred during 41 percent of the period of investigation. About 91 percent of the 

annual water discharge and about 94 percent of the annual sediment discharge occurred during the 7-month period, January through July.

Chemical-quality analyses of the inflow showed a general range in concentration of calcium from 10 to 70 milligrams per liter and of sodium 

from 1 to 5 milligrams per liter, and a range in specific conductance from 

about 140 to 520 micromhos. The ratio of calcium to sodium was 11 to 1, 

suggesting that flocculation of primary clay particles may have been occurring in the reservoir. However, the available data were insufficient to 

predict the extent of such flocculation.

INTRODUCTION

In May 1956 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with 

the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, began an investigation of 

fluvial sediment in Hocking River subwatershed 1 (North Branch

II
12 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

Hunters Run) of Upper Hocking River Pilot Watershed near 

Hooker, Ohio (fig. 1). The investigation was part of a study 

to determine the trap efficiency of several flood-retarding 

structures throughout the nation for use in future design of 

detention structures. The U.S. Geological Survey was responsible 

for (1) measurement of the total sediment discharge at the outflow of reservoir 1, (2) periodic sampling of the reservoir inflow 

to determine particle-size distribution of the inflow sediment, and 

(3) determination of particle-size distribution of sediment discharged from reservoir 1 (C. R. Collier, written commun., 1956). 

In conjunction with particle-size analyses, partial chemical analyses were made on the inflow and outflow. Reservoir surveys, which 

included sampling of the deposited sediments and determination 

of their volume and densities, were made by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Both suspended- and deposited-sediment data 

were used in the computation of trap efficiency in this report.

This report summarizes and interprets the suspended-sediment 

data and includes hydrologic data pertaining to precipitation and 

runoff. The report also gives values of sediment yield for the 

sediment-contributing area of 0.94 square mile of subwatershed 

1 and provides trap-efficiency values for reservoir 1.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Records of stage and discharge of reservoir 1 were maintained 

by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Lancaster, Ohio, under the 

direction of area engineers, R. D. Otney, 1956-60, and John Garrett, 1960-62. The U.S. Geological Survey assisted in the computation and review of flow records. During the last 9 months of 

the study, by agreement with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 

the U.S. Geological Survey performed the field and office work 

necessary in the collection and computation of the flow records.

During the preparation of this report, R. E. Quilliam, state 

conservationist, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, made several 

members of his staff available for consultation with the author.

DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

The Upper Hocking River Pilot Watershed, of which subwatershed 1 is a part, includes the Hocking River and all its tributaries 

at or above the city of Lancaster. The drainage area of the 

Hocking River basin immediately below Hunters Run is 47.7 

square miles (30,528 acres) ; Hunters Run (fig. 1), which enters 

the Hocking River at Lancaster, has a drainage area of 11.1 

square miles (7,104 acres) ; and subwatershed 1 (North Branch
82°42'30"

Suspended-sediment sampling 

site and number

Detention structure and number

R3 

Retarding structure and number

aS4

Sediment-control structure 

and number

O 

Farm pond Drainage basin boundary

FIGURE 1. Drainage area of Hocking River subwatershed 1 (North Branch Hu

County, Ohio, showing hydraulic structures and instrumentatio
14 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

Hunters Run) is 9.4 percent (1.04 square miles or 666 acres) 

of the Hunters Run basin. (See Cross, 1967, p. 17.)

Reservoir 1, shown in figure 1, is in west-central Fairfield 

County, Ohio, 0.3 mile north of State Highway 188, 3.2 miles 

southwest of Hooker, and 4.6 miles west of Lancaster, and is 

included on the Amanda, Ohio, 7.5-minute topographic map. It 

is in the glaciated Allegheny Mountain section of the Appalachian 

Plateaus physiographic province (Meeker and others, 1960, p. 4).

ELEVATIONS AND SLOPES

North Branch Hunters Run, shown in figure 1, heads in the 

southwest part of subwatershed 1, about 2.2 channel miles upstream from reservoir 1. The highest elevation in subwatershed 1 

is 1,180 feet above mean sea level near the extreme southwest 

corner. The lowest elevation is 972 feet above mean sea level 

near the upstream base of detention structure 1.

Slopes of the upland surfaces of the basin range from 6 to 25 

percent, whereas those of the bottom lands range from 0 to 5 

percent.

SOILS AND LAND USE

Thirteen soil types have been mapped by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in subwatershed 1 (Meeker and others, 1960). 

Ninety percent of the soils were formed on calcareous glacial 

till, glacial outwash terraces, or in glacial depressions. The most 

important soil series is the Alexandria. Two soil types of this 

series, Alexandria silt loam and Alexandria silty-clay loam, cover 

about 61 percent of the drainage basin. Silt loams of other series, 

chiefly the Loudenville, Marengo, and Cardington, comprise most 

of the remaining soils of the area. Most of the soils are well 

drained.

In 1951 about 50 percent of subwatershed 1 was cropland and 

about 47 percent was in pasture or woods; the remaining 3 percent was used for farmsteads and roads. The percentage of cropland has decreased with time. Practically no cultivation in the 

subwatershed was observed by the author in 1970.

GEOLOGY

The bedrock of the subwatershed is a coarse sandstone and 

conglomerate of the Cuyahoga Group of Mississippian age. The 

area was covered by both the Illinoian and Wisconsin ice sheets. 

Surface deposits of subwatershed 1 are glacial drift of late Wisconsin age. They were derived from local sandstone and shale; 

from limestone, dolomite, and shale outcrops in central and 

northwestern Ohio; and from granite, quartzite, and other cry-
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 15

stalline rock outcrops in the Canadian highlands (Meeker and 

others, 1960, p. 5).

CLIMATE

The climate of the area is classified as continental (Miller, 

1968), which is characterized by large variations in temperature. 

Summers are moderately warm and humid, and winters are cold 

and cloudy with an average of 4 days of subzero temperatures.

Rainfall is abundant and well distributed throughout the year. 

Annual precipitation averages 38.42 inches.

No evaporation data are available for the immediate vicinity, 

but pan data collected during the season May to October at 

Senecaville, Ohio, indicated an average annual evaporation of 

about 37 inches for the period of investigation (Kohler and others, 

1959). This figure was not converted to lake values as it is assumed that pan values of evaporation closely approximate small 

reservoir values (M. E. Miller, oral commun., 1970).

The growing season averages about 155 days per year. The 

frost-free season extends from early May to early October. From 

1935 to 1967, temperatures of 32°F were recorded as early as 

September 17 and as late as May 25 (Miller, 1968).

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

During 1955-61, the U.S. Soil Conservation Service installed 

eight major floodwater-retarding structures and 22 minor stabilizing and sediment-control structures in the Upper Hocking River 

Pilot project area. Detention structure 1, which was completed 

in 1955, was one of the major structures. As pictured in figure 2, 

it is a sodded earthen dam with concrete drop outlet works and 

an earthern emergency spillway. In April 1956 reservoir 1, shown 

in figure 3, had a storage capacity of 450.0 acre-feet and a surface 

area of 36.9 acres at the crest of the emergency spillway (elevation 1,009 feet above mean sea level). Table 1 gives the "as 

constructed" area and capacity of reservoir 1 at 1-foot increments 

of elevation based upon the April 1956 survey.

Structures R3 (drainage area, 47 acres) and S4 (drainage 

area, 18 acres) located in the southern part of the subwatershed 

(fig. 1) were constructed in 1956 to control runoff and to serve 

as sediment traps. Both structures have sodded earthen spillways 

with 18-inch discharge tubes. Structures R3 (fig. 4) and S4 (fig. 

5) have sediment-storage capacities of 1.27 acre-feet and 0.15 

acre-foot, respectively, and maximum temporary floodwaterstorage capacities of 5.8 acre-feet and 0.8 acre-foot, respectively. 

The effect of these structures as traps for sediment has not been
16 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

FIGURE 2. View of upstream face of detention structure 1 showing highand low-stage risers of outlet works. Emergency spillway at left end of 

dam is ,not shown. Photograph by C. R. Collier.

FIGURE 3. View of reservoir 1 looking upstream from roadway on top of 

detention structure 1. Photograph by C. R. Collier.
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 17

FIGURE 4. Minor floodwater-retarding structure R3 located in southern part

of subwatershed 1.

FIGURE 5. Minor sediment-control structure S4 located on tributary to North 

Branch Hunters Run in southern part of subwatershed 1.
18 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

TABLE 1. Area and capacity of reservoir 1 as constructed at indicated

elevations

Elevation 

(feet above 

mean sea level)

973

974

975

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1,000

1,001

1,002

1,003

1,004

1,005

1,006

1,007

1,008

1,009

1,010

1,011

1,012

Surface 

area 

(acres)

0.3

.4

.6

.7

.8

1.0

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

3.0

3.8

4.5

5.4

6.3

7.3

8.3

9.4

10.9

12.5

14.1

15.8

17.3

18.9

20.5

22.1

23.8

25.5

27.2

28.9

30.4

31.9

33.4

34.9

36.9

39.0

41.3

43.6

Capacity 

(acre-ft) Remarks

0.2

.5

1.2

1.5

2.5

3.1

4.0

5.0

6.1

7.9

10.0

12.8 Gage datum.

15.8

19.1

23.1

27.5 Crest of low-stage inlet.

33.5

40.5

48.5

57.2

67.5

79.8

93.2

108.5

125.5

143.8

163.5

184.3

207.0

231.1

258.5

286.0

316.2 Crest of high-stage inlet.

347.5

379.5

413.5

450.0 Earth spillway.

487.5

527.0

_ _
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 19

evaluated to date; however, an onsite inspection by the author in 

1970 revealed a very thin buildup of sediment above structure 

S4. In addition to these structures, three farm ponds are also in 

the subwatershed. Two of these are in the southwestern part of 

the basin, and one is in the north-central part of the basin. (See 

fig. 1.) These ponds may serve to inhibit runoff into the main 

channel; however, their effect is considered negligible (J. W. 

Roehl, oral commun., 1970).

RUNOFF

Storage in reservoir 1 began in late April 1956. The first outflow was observed at 1900 hours on May 2, 1956, and daily records 

of outflow began on May 3. Records of stage from May 1956 to 

February 1957 consist of daily readings of an outside staff 

gage. On February 11, 1957, a servomanometer, coupled with a 

water-stage recorder, was installed at the dam for the collection 

of a continuous record of stage and for computing outflow discharge from the reservoir.

Precipitation in subwatershed 1 was measured by the U.S. 

Weather Bureau at one station. (See fig. 1.) Records at this station were incomplete for several periods of the investigation, and 

data from alternate stations in the area were used to compute 

precipitation (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62).

A comprehensive analysis of runoff in subwatershed 1 is not 

attempted in this report, because complete data are not available 

on storage and discharge for structures S4 and R3. Whereas 

water-discharge data are available for the outflow from reservoir 

1, no data were available on periodic changes in content of reservoir 1.

Table 2 summarizes the outflow from reservoir 1. During the 

entire period of record, outflow occurred 41 percent of the time, 

which consisted of 40 separate periods of flow. Ten tons or more 

of sediment was discharged during 12 of these flow periods. Considered together, these 12 periods accounted for 88 percent of 

the flow and 97 percent of the suspended-sediment discharge.

Although the project was terminated June 30, 1962, hydrologic 

records were collected only to the end of May 1962; thus, the 

term of investigation was 6.08 years.

Outflow from reservoir 1 was computed for the entire period, 

although no continuous record of stage was available until February 11, 1957. During the period of intermittent record, water 

discharges were computed from a gage-height graph based on 

staff-gage readings. Outflow by months and water years is given 

in table 3.
no SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

Runoff from 65 acres (0.1 sq mi) of subwatershed 1 was controlled by one retarding structure, R3 (fig. 4), and by one sediment-stabilizing structure, S4 (fig. 5). No records are available 

for the amount and duration of flows into or out of these structures.

Total runoff from subwatershed 1 (table 4) includes water 

discharged from reservoir 1, seepage, evaporation from the reservoir surface, and net change in reservoir storage. Based on average annual evaporation of about 37 inches (Kohler and others, 

1959) and an average surface area of 4.9 acres, evaporation from 

reservoir 1 totaled 91 acre-feet. Seepage was computed using an 

estimated value for the coefficient of permeability for Wisconsin 

glacial till (Norris, 1962, p. 150). The average annual runoff 

for the 6.08-year study period was 9.5 inches. This figure was 

somewhat lower than that for the Hunters Run at Lancaster

TABLE 2. Summary of outflotv from reservoir 1, 1956-6

Total

May 3-18, 1956

May 27-June 6, 1956

Feb. 1-22, 1957

Feb. 26-Apr. 30, 1957 ____

May 20-30, 1957

June 1-2, 1957

June 24-July 4, 1957 ___

Dec. 7-23, 1957

Dec. 26, 1957-Jan. 2, 1958_

Jan. 22-Feb. 9, 1958

Feb. 23-Apr. 8, 1958

Apr. 10-16, 1958

Apr. 28-May 14, 1958 ____

June 10-11, 1958

June 13-July 1, 1958 ____

July 6-Aug. 14, 1958 ___

Aug. 21-27, 1958

Sept. 7-9, 1958

Sept. 17-30, 1958

Dec. 5-15, 1958

Dec. 20-21, 1958

Dec. 23, 1958-Apr. 14, 1959_

Apr. 19-22, 1959

Apr. 27-May 7, 1959

May 10-14, 1959

Dec. 12, 1959-Apr. 24, 1960_

Apr. 30-May 1, 1960 ____

May 22-June 6, 1960

June 13-16, 1960

June 22-23, 1960

July 13-14, 1960

July 23, 1960

Jan. 17-June 27, 1961 __

Aug. 11-20, 1961

Dec. 19, 1961-Jan. 17, 1962_

Jan. 21-May 2, 1962

May 20-22, 1962

May 26-June 2, 1962 _ _

June 5-8, 1962

16

11

22

64

11

2

11

17

8

19

45

7

17

2

19

40

7

3

14

11

2

113

4

11

5

135

2

16

4

2

2

1

162

10

30

102

3

8

4

Discharge

Cfs-days

14.68

18.38

87.24

80.87

10.79

.40

29.39

34.65

6.66

26.44

27.94

4.96

37.90

.23

30.29

165.23

2.97

7.46

5.53

1.21

.05

190.54

.19

1.84

.27

273.17

.27

.02

51.27

1.10

.40

3.6

.1

259.95

27.38

12.25

127.07

1.47

3.41

.54

Acre-ft

29.12

36.46

173.04

160.41

21.40

.79

58.30

68.73

13.21

52.44

55.42

9.84

75.17

.46

60.08

327.73

5.89

14.80

10.97

2.40

.10

377.94

.38

3.65

.54

541.83

.54

.04

101.69

2.18

.79

7.14

.20

515.61

54.31

24.30

252.04

2.92

6.76

1.07

Sediment Discharge-weighted 

discharge suspended-sediment

Pounds

3,280

3,851

216,588

87,756

4,649

65

61,747

26,939

1,579

9,931

3,635

2,780

7,654

12

42,426

414,387

608

5,834

2,283

167

6

257,251

24

261

30

172,919

48

3

23,055

169

104

766

14

164,677

22,236

582

55,680

459

252

14

Tons

1.64

1.93

108

43.9

2.32

.03

30.9

13.5

.79

4.97

1.82

1.39

3.83

.01

21.2

207

.30

2.92

1.14

.08

129

.01

.13

.02

86.5

.02

11.5

.08

.05

.38

.01

82.3

11.1

.29

27.8

.23

.13

.01

(mg/1)

41

39

461

201

80

30

390

144

44

70

24

104

37

10

260

465

38

145

77

26

22

250

23

26

21

117

33

28

83

29

48

39

26

118

151

9

81

58

14

5

Totals _________ 963 1548.11 3070.69 1,594,721 797.23
HOCKING EIVEE SUBWATEESHED 1, OHIO 111

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CO OJ

IO

rH OJ

** rH *^

t*

O5

T-I

o co

os

Oj"

"^

0 0

0 0

1 1

,_ 1

03 '

^s

o> "*°

^

OH
112 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

TABLE 4. Reservoir discharge, precipitation, and miscellaneous hydrologic 

data, reservoir 1, 1956-62

Period

May to September 1956

1957 water year

1958 water year

1959 water year

1960 water year

1961 water year

October 1961 to May 1962

Reservoir discharge 

(acre-ft)

65.57

._ _ __ 413.94

. _ __ 694.74

. _ ___ 385.00

654.42

_ __ __ 569.92

. _ ___ 285.58

Precipitation 

(inches)

1 16.07

3 36.93

3 46.07

3 27.41

3 37.09

4 38.85

4 22.46

Total ____________________ 3,069.17 224.88

Drainage area _______..______________square miles_ 1.04

Drainage area ________________________acres__ 666

Average reservoir surface area for period _________do____ 4.9

Direct precipitation on reservoir surface _________acre-feet__ 92

Estimated evaporation from reservoir surface _______do__ 5 91

Change in storage during period ________________do__ 24

Estimated seepage loss _______________________do__ 10

Total runoff ________________________________do__ 3,194

Total inflow ________________________________do__ u 3,102

Average annual inflow _______________________.inches__ 9.2

1 Lancaster 2NW U.S. Weather Bureau (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62).

- Lancaster 7WNW U.S. Weather Bureau (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62). 

3 Lancaster 5WSW U.S. Weather Bureau (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62).

* Lancaster 5NW U.S. Weather Bureau (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62).

" Based on pan-evaporation data at Senecaville, Ohio, and on information from Kohler, Nordenson, and Baker (1959).

6 Total inflow equals outflow plus evaporation plus change in storage plus seepage minus precipitation on reservoir surface.

(U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, 1962, 1964). For the latter station, 

during the same period, the average annual runoff was 11.84 

inches.

Inflow to reservoir 1 during May 1956 to May 1962 equaled 

total runoff minus precipitation on the reservoir surface, or 

3,102 acre-feet, an average annual value of 9.2 inches.

FLUVIAL SEDIMENT

Fluvial sediment as defined by Colby (1963, p. VI) is that 

sediment which "is transported by, or suspended in, water or that 

has been deposited in beds by water." The fluvial sediment under 

discussion in this report is primarily suspended sediment in the 

inflow and outflow of reservoir 1. To quantify the sediment yield 

of the contributing area of subwatershed 1, a brief discussion of 

the sediment deposited in reservoir 1 is included. The sum of the 

sediment deposited in reservoir 1 and discharged from the reservoir was used to calculate both the reservoir trap efficiency and 

the subwatershed sediment yield.
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

113

A DH-48 sediment sampler was used to collect depth-integrated 

sediment samples at the outflow of reservoir 1. (See fig. 6.) The 

established frequency of collection was sufficient to define the 

daily concentration. During periods of increased inflow to the 

reservoir, additional samples were collected at sampling site 1 

on the inflow channel. (See fig. 1.) Both inflow and outflow locations were analyzed to determine the sediment concentration in 

milligrams per liter, and selected samples were analyzed to determine the particle-size distribution of the suspended sediment. 

Table 2 shows sediment discharge, in pounds, for the periods 

of flow from reservoir 1. Table 3 gives a summary of monthly discharges for water and sediment, liable 3 indicates that 91 percent 

of the total water discharge and 94 percent of the total sediment 

discharge from reservoir 1 occurred during the 7-month periods, 

January through July. Ninety-one percent of the total sediment 

discharged from reservoir 1 occurred during only 5 percent of 

the period of investigation. Because this included only 107 days, 

the importance of increased frequency of sampling during major 

runoff events is demonstrated.

Because sampling of the outflow includes the entire depth of 

flow, the computed sediment discharge represents the total sediFIGURE 6. Outflow conduit of reservoir 1 showing walkway from which 

sediment samples were taken. Photograph by C. R. Collier.
114 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

ment discharge from the reservoir. Samples that were collected 

at the inflow to the reservoir are also thought to be representative for the channel flow. The turbulence at this point probably 

suspends most of the sediment particles that were available for 

transport. Sediment discharge of the inflow was not a part of this 

study; however, one measurement taken during flood runoff on 

January 21, 1959, indicated an instantaneous sediment discharge 

of 20,400 pounds per day into the reservoir. The measured inflow 

at this time was 10.8 cubic feet per second, and the sediment concentration was 351 mg/1.

The maximum daily load of the outflow for the period of record 

was 170,000 pounds (85 tons) on July 7, 1958. This represented 

more than 10 percent of the sediment discharged during the entire 

period of investigation. The maximum daily mean concentration 

was 569 mg/1 on February 9, 1957. The highest observed instantaneous concentration at the outflow was 892 mg/1 on May 8, 

1961. For this sample, the instantaneous sediment discharge 

amounted to 315,000 pounds per day, of which 76 percent was 

clay and 24 percent was silt.

Particle-size analyses of both inflow and outflow samples of 

reservoir 1 were made by sieve and sedimentation methods. The 

sedimentation device used for analysis of the silt and clay fractions was the bottom-withdrawal tube. The results of 65 analyses 

of the inflow are given in table 5. Of these 65 particle-size analyses, 33 were analyzed in a distilled-water settling medium. The 

remaining 32 were analyzed in a native-water settling medium. 

The distilled water, with a chemical dispersing agent added, was 

used to determine the particle-size distribution of the discrete 

particles of sediment. The dispersing agent served to promote 

deflocculation of the silt and clay particles. Analysis of samples 

in the native-water medium was intended to partially preserve 

the particle-size characteristics of the sediment as they might 

occur in the natural setting. Results of distilled-water particlesize analyses of the inflow samples indicated an average particlesize distribution of 4 percent sand, 38 percent silt, and 58 percent 

clay. The percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the inflow analyses 

are shown in figure 7, along with definitions of the size ranges 

included for sand, silt, and clay.

Flocculation occurred in the native-water settling medium in 

the laboratory. Analyses in native water indicated an average 

reduction of 15 percent clay, and an equal increase in percentage 

of silt when compared with their distilled-water counterparts. A 

clue to the cause of this flocculation is offered by the chemicalquality analyses of the native water, the results of which are
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 115

EXPLANATION

Inflow

+ 

Outflow

;' V V V \ v V / 

$ % * <o -o ° 

PERCENTAGE OF SAND (0.062-2.00 MILLIMETERS)

FIGURE 7. Percentage of sand, silt, and clay in suspended sediment of inflow 

and outflow, reservoir 1.

shown in table 6. A high calcium-sodium ratio in water will cause 

flocculation of soil colloids, and water with a low calcium-sodium 

ratio will tend to disperse soil colloids (Rainwater and Thatcher, 

1960, p. 127, 265). The average calcium-sodium ratio in the 34 

chemical analyses shown in table 6 is 11 to 1. Calcium concentrations generally ranged from about 10 to 70 mg/1, sodium ranged 

from about 1 to 5 mg/1, and specific conductance ranged from 

about 140 to 520 micromhos. Under these conditions and with a 

calcium-sodium ratio in the native water of 11 to 1, the discrete 

clay particles tend to flocculate and acquire sedimentation characteristics of larger particles.

The precise amount of flocculation in the inflow water of reservoir 1 could not be determined because natural factors such as 

turbulence and temperature conditions, both important in sedimentation processes in the reservoir, were not duplicated in the 

laboratory. However, it can be stated that flocculation occurred 

in the inflow samples. The deposited sediments would likely contain some of these floccules.
TABLE 5. Particle-size analyses of suspended sediment, infl

[Methods of analysis: B, bottom-withdrawal tube; C, chemically dispersed; N, in native water; S, s

Suspended sediment

Date 

of 

collection

1956

May 27

May 27

May 29

May 29

May 31

May 31

1957

Feb. 9

Feb. 9

Feb. 26

Feb. 26

Apr. 1

Apr. 1

Apr. 3

Apr. 3

Apr. 8

Apr. 8

May 22

May 22

June 24

June 24

Dec. 7

Dec. 7

1958

Jan. 21

Apr. 10

Apr. 10

Apr. 29

Apr. 29

May 6

May 6

May 15

May 15

May 16

Time

1400

1400

1900

1900

2200

2200

1800

1800

0900

0900

1800

1800

1800

1800

0600

0600

0600

0600

0800

0800

1500

1500

1700

1700

1700

0845

0845

1630

1630

1730

1730

1730

Concentration

(mg/1)

288

288

1,550

1,550

1,500

1,500

658

658

938

938

464

464

598

598

736

736

2,120

2,120

818

818

760

760

1,500

1,500

352

352

733

733

1,290

1,290

1,660

Percent finer than indicated size,

0.002

52

46

58

43

33

25

84

64

21

3

68

41

65

36

78

75

35

11

72

50

44

21

46

36

27

43

34

37

25

57

22

42

0.004

64

58

79

58

42

36

90

93

28

7

76

58

73

60

86

86

49

20

88

96

55

33

56

46

38

58

47

50

37

69

37

55

0.008

77

80

95

80

52

54

95

97

37

16

82

78

81

72

91

92

61

30

96

96

68

53

69

59

53

71

68

63

56

86

65

64

0.016

88

91

99

99

72

74

97

97

54

36

90

89

88

82

96

96

77

51

98

99

80

80

82

75

74

86

90

82

81

95

96

82

0.031

92

94

99

100

81

90

97

98

76

74

96

95

94

90

98

98

93

87

99

99

89

91

91

91

90

95

97

95

96

97

99

95

in m

0
May 16

May 20

May 20

May 20

May 20

July 15

July 22

July 22

July 28

July 28

Aug. 21

Aug. 21

1959

Jan. 21

Jan. 21

Jan. 21

Jan. 21

Oct. 8

Dec. 12

Dec. 12

1960

Jan. 14

Jan. 14

Feb. 10

Feb. 10

May 26

May 26

1961

Feb. 25

Feb. 25

Mar. 21

Mar. 21

Apr. 25

Apr. 25

May 8

May 8

1730

1030

1030

2130

2130

2000

1645

1645

1715

1715

1730

1730

*1345

H345

1800

1800

1630

0900

0900

2115

2115

1500

1500

2100

2100

1510

1510

0910

0910

1310

1310

0735

0735

1,660

2,260

2,260

3,460

3,460

4,120

2,040

2,040

6,260

6,260

773

773

351

351

10,600

10,600

154

502

502

413

413

2,490

2,490

2,780

2,780

1,120

1,120

1,040

1,040

1,620

1,620

5,120

5,120

13

51

34

33

25

42

36

19

31

17

49

20

47

39

30

11

86

54

41

46

21

31

18

61

55

51

26

58

25

40

15

30

13

21

64

47

43

35

57

45

32

41

26

61

33

55

54

36

23

87

60

57

59

38

40

27

77

70

63

32

69

41

49

25

38

20

39

80

67

54

50

68

60

51

55

42

77

60

67

65

53

35

95

72

71

70

57

51

43

89

88

76

52

79

67

60

42

49

32

73

93

88

65

67

84

72

72

72

63

90

93

79

81

71

53

97

86

90

85

81

66

59

95

94

90

79

90

87

73

56

64

46

97

98

97

77

81

95

91

90

88

88

96

96

93

93

84

80

99

92

96

97

97

82

81

98

98

97

94

95

91

94

81

81

66

9

99

9

8

8

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

10

9

8

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

8

9

8

*Water discharge equal to 10.8 cubic feet per second.
118 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

TABLE 6. Chemical-quality analyses of inflow and outflow, reservoir 1, 

May 1956 to February 1962

Date

of 

collection

Instantaneous water 

discharge 

(cfs)

Calcium 

(mg/1)

Sodium 

(mg/1)

Specific 

conduct>

ance

(micromhos 

at 25°C)

PH

Inflow (sampling site 1, fig' 1)

1956

May 27 _______ __ 33 2.8 263 7.8

May 29 _______ __ 33 3.2 262 7.7

May 31 _______ __ 25 1.5 197 7.5

1957

Feb. 9 ________ __ 35 3.2 263 7.5

Feb. 26 _______ __ 76 3.3 505 8.2

Apr. 1 ________ __ 40 3.8 346 8.0

Apr. 3 ________ __ 43 3.3 321 8.1

Apr. 8 ________ __ 20 .8 142 7.8

May 22 _______ __ 40 5.2 344 7.7

June 24 _______ __ 19 1.6 165 7.6

Dec. 7 ________ __ 18 3.1 156 7.4

1958

Jan. 21 _______ __ 19 2.2 167 7.7

Apr. 10 _______ __ 30 3.2 235 8.0

Apr. 29 _______ __ 31 2.4 246 7.4

May 6 ________ __ 32 2.3 260 7.3

May 15 _______ __ 46 3.1 355 7.6

May 16 _______ __ 49 1.8 358 8.2

May 20 (1030) _ __ 12 1.7 199 8.0

(2130) _ __ 11 1.0 170 7.8

July 15 _______ __ 29 1.7 215 7.0

July 22 _______ __ 23 1.3 175 7.3

July 28 _______ __ 25 1.2 185 7.2

Aug. 21 _______ __ 53 2.8 371 7.1

1959

Jan. 21 (1345) _ x 10.8 25 2.6 208 7.5

(1800) _ __ 32 3.2 222 7.3

Oct. 8 ________ _ 67 6.4 520 7.6

Dec. 12 _______ __ 31 3.6 261 7.5

1960

Jan. 14 ______ __ 46 4.6 374 7.6

Feb. 10 _______ __ 40 4.0 325 7.5

May 26 _______ __ 22 2.1 209 6.8

1961

Feb. 25 _______ __ 29 4.7 256 7.7

Mar. 21 ______ __ 27 4.2 238 7.4

Apr. 25 _______ __ 21 2.0 165 7.2

May 8 ________ __ 23 _____2.1______177______7.4

_____________________Outflow (sampling site 2, fig. 1)_____________________

1957

Apr. 4 ________ 62.1 26 2.0 216 7.9 

June 24 ______ 36.1 30 3.2 236 7.9

1958 

July 7 ________ 40.1 21 1.6 170 7.3

1959 

Jan. 21 _______ 20.1 29 2.9 229 7.6

1960 

Feb. 11 _______ 18.4 35 3.8 282 7.8

1961 

Apr. 26 _______ 6.26 22 2.2 193 7.2

1962 

Feb. 26 _______ 9.87 29 4.8 239 7.9

1 Based on main channel water discharge measurement at 1345.
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 119

Particle-size distribution of sediment in the outflow (table 7) 

was determined for 24 analyses. Nineteen of these were analyzed 

in a distilled-water medium, and results indicated a particle-size 

distribution of 1 percent sand, 12 percent silt, and 87 percent clay. 

Fewer native-water analyses were made for the outflow, but 

flocculation occurred with the sediments here as with the inflow, 

and to about the same extent. The percentages of sand, silt, and 

clay in the distilled-water analyses of the outflow are shown 

graphically in figure 7.

DEPOSITED SEDIMENT

In April 1956, reservoir 1 had a sediment pool capacity of 27.50 

acre-feet. A survey in June 1962 revealed an accumulation of 

3.87 acre-feet (168,577 cu ft) of sediment, or a resultant capacity 

of the sediment pool after 6.08 years of 23.63 acre-feet. The specific dry weight of the deposited sediment averaged 71.6 pounds 

per cubic foot (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970) ; thus, the 

total weight of the deposited sediment was 6,035 tons.

SEDIMENT YIELD

Sediment yield is defined as the quantity of sediment contributed from a drainage area, generally expressed in tons per square 

mile. For subwatershed 1, the sum of the deposited sediment 

(6,035 tons) and the total suspended sediment discharged from 

the reservoir (797 tons) would equal the total sediment discharge 

(6,832 tons) from the subwatershed. The net sediment-contributing area of 0.94 square mile excludes the drainage areas of the 

two upstream structures. The average annual sediment yield for 

the contributing area of subwatershed 1 was 1,195 tons per square 

mile, or 1.87 tons per acre.

Average annual sediment yield for the entire watershed does 

not reflect changes in yield, which probably occurred throughout 

the period of investigation. The year-by-year changes are suggested, however, by annual sediment discharged from the reservoir. During the period of investigation, the suspended sediment 

discharged from reservoir 1 exceeded 1.5 million pounds (797 

tons). Table 8 shows the annual suspended-sediment discharges 

in tons per acre-foot of outflow from subwatershed 1 below detention structure 1. Of notable significance is the period May to 

September 1956; the suspended-sediment discharge is especially 

low because flow occurred only twice during the period. (See 

tables 2 and 3.)

A general decrease after the 1957 water year is evident from 

table 8. Although these figures do not include that part of the
TABLE 7. Particle-size analyses of suspended sediment, outflow 

[Methods of analysis: B, bottom-withdrawal tube; C, chemically dispersed; N, in native water; S, sieve; 

Suspended sediment

Date 

of 

collection

1957

Apr. 1

Apr. 4

Apr. 4

Apr. 4

Apr. 8

Apr. 8

June 24

June 24

Dec. 20

1958

June 14

July 7

1959

Jan. 21

Jan. 21

Jan. 21

1960

Feb. 11

Feb. 11

Feb. 13

1961

Apr. 26

Apr. 26

May 8

Aug. 14

1962

Jan. 22

Feb. 26

Feb. 26

Time

1800

1200

1300

1800

0600

1400

0800

1200

0855

1000

0700

1220

1220

1725

0500

1615

2035

0950

0950

0930

1145

0925

1345

1345

Discharge 

(cfs)

3.74

43.0

62.1

61.2

1.32

9.51

41.9

28.9

9.51

27.5

40.1

20.1

20.1

20.8

18.5

18.4

16.0

6.26

6.26

65.5

.98

30.0

9.87

9.87

Concentration 

(mg/1)

147

422

686

534

198

246

968

629

207

458

467

347

347

346

329

292

280

259

259

892

54

107

175

175

Percent finer than indicated siz

0.002

74

71

67

73

80

68

62

73

88

86

75

74

60

60

82

70

92

87

55

62

87

76

81

31

0.004

83

84

80

86

87

78

77

91

94

96

91

84

81

75

91

88

94

98

72

76

93

89

94

54

0.008

90

94

92

94

93

84

89

96

95

98

97

91

93

83

95

98

96

99

94

90

97

99

99

85

0.016

93

97

97

98

96

90

95

98

99

99

97

93

94

87

97

99

98

99

97

99

98

100

100

99

0.031

97

98

99

99

97

93

97

99

100

100

98

96

97

91

99

99

99

100

99

100

99

99

*Percentage of particles finer than 0.5 millimeters is 100.
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 121 

TABLE 8. Suspended-sediment discharge in outflow from reservoir 1

Sediment 

Period , in

outflow 

(tons per acre-ft)

May to Sect. 1956 ______________________________ 0.06

Oct. 1956 to Sept. 1957 ____________________________ .45

Oct. 1957 to Sept. 1958 ____________________________ .37

Oct. 1958 to Sept. 1959 ____________________________ .34

Oct. 1959 to Sept. 1960 ____________________________ .15

Oct. 1960 to Sept. 1961 ____________________________ .16

Oct. 1961 to May 1962 ____________________________ .10

Average ________________________________ .26

sediment which was trapped in the reservoir, the values in the 

table indicate that the sediment yield from the subwatershed 

above detention structure 1 probably decreased. The decline in 

cultivation and the increasing effectiveness of conservation practices before and during the period of investigation no doubt caused 

a decrease in sediment yield.

TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR 1

The trap efficiency of a reservoir is the percentage of the sediment inflow that is retained by the reservoir. Trap efficiency can 

be computed by the equation:

A TE= xlOO

where TE = trap efficiency of the reservoir, in percent,

A = weight of sediment (tons) retained by the reservoir,

and

B = weight of sediment (tons) inflow into the reservoir. 

The trap efficiency of reservoir 1 is 88 percent. This is about 9 

percent below the estimated figure based on the capacity-inflow 

ratio method given by Brune (1953, p. 414). The upstream structures in the subwatershed probably trap many of the coarser sediments from 10 percent of the drainage area. They probably affected the particle-size distribution of sediment entering reservoir 

1 by decreasing the proportion of coarser particles. Had the structures not been present, a larger percentage of inflowing sediment 

might have been trapped by reservoir 1.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the 6.08 years of study of fluvial sediments of subwatershed 1, the following conclusions are made: 

1. Outflow from reservoir 1 during the study period occurred 

only 41 percent of the total time during 40 separate flow
122 SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS

periods. Water discharge during 12 of these periods comprised 88 percent of the total water discharged and 97 percent of the total sediment discharged from the reservoir.

2. Average annual inflow to reservoir 1 was 9.2 inches.

3. The average annual runoff from subwatershed 1 was 9.5 

inches, compared to 11.84 inches for the entire Hunters Run 

watershed.

4. Ninety-one percent of the water discharge and 94 percent of 

the sediment discharge occurred, on the average, during the 

7-month period, January through July.

5. Ninety-one percent of the total sediment discharge occurred 

during 5 percent of the period of investigation.

6. Particle-size distribution of sediment in the inflow to reservoir 1 averaged 4 percent sand, 38 percent silt, and 58 percent clay. Particle-size distribution of sediment in the outflow averaged 1 percent sand, 12 percent silt, and 87 percent 

clay.

7. Flocculation of clay occurred in the native-water settling 

medium during particle-size analysis. It can be assumed that 

flocculation occurred in the reservoir, but the degree to 

which it occurred is unknown.

8. Average annual sediment yield from reservoir 1 was 1,195 

tons per square mile, or 1.87 tons per acre.

9. The sediment discharged from reservoir 1 per acre-foot of 

water discharge was 0.45 ton in 1957 and decreased to 0.10 

ton in 1962.

10. The trap efficiency of reservoir 1 was 88 percent for the 

6.08-year period.

REFERENCES

Brune, G. M., 1953, Trap efficiency of reservoirs: Am. Geophys. Union

Trans., v. 34, p. 407-418. 

Colby, B. R., 1963, Fluvial sediments a summary of source, transportation,

deposition, and measurement of sediment discharge: U.S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 1181-A, 47 p.

Cross, W. P., 1967, Drainage areas of Ohio streams: Ohio Dept. Nat. Resources, Div. Water Ohio Water Plan Inventory Report 12a, 61 p. 

Kohler, M. A., Nordenson, T. J., and Baker, D. R., 1959, Evaporation maps

for the United States: U.S. Dept. Commerce Tech. Paper 37, 13 p. 

Meeker, R. L., Petro, J. H., and Bone, S. W., 1960, Soil survey, Fairfield

County, Ohio: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conserv. Service Soil Survey

Series 1951, no. 7, 77 p. 

Miller, M. E., 1968, Climatological summary, Lancaster, Ohio Climatography of the United States no. 20-33-39: U.S. Dept. Commerce, 4 p. 

Norris, S. E., 1962, Permeability of glacial till: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 450-E, p. E150-E151.
HOCKING RIVER SUBWATERSHED 1, OHIO 123

Rainwater, F. H., and Thatcher, L. L., 1960, Methods for collection and 

analysis of water samples: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1454, 

301 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970, Reservoir data summary, Upper 

Hocking No. 1: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 2 p.

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1956-62, Hourly precipitation data, annual 

summaries for Ohio: U.S. Weather Bureau.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Surface water records of Ohio, 1961: Columbus, Ohio, Water Resources Division, 190 p.

 1962, Surface water records of Ohio, 1962: Columbus, Ohio, Water 

Resources Division, 190 p.

 1964, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States 

October 1950 to September 1960, Part 3-A, Ohio River basin except 

Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1725, 560 p.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 467-532