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Ashland FWCO
 Midwest Region
 Dedicated To The Tribal Aquaculture ProgramImage of fish jumping.
    September 2003-Volume 45
**Administrative
        Coordinator:
        Frank G. Stone 
        (715-682-6185) Ext.
        202
        U.S. Fish and
        Wildlife Service
        Email: [email protected]**
      
      **Edited
        By:
        Elizabeth W. Greiff 
        (715-349-2195) Ext. 141
        St. Croix Tribal Nat. Res. Depart.
        Email:  ****[email protected]****** Topics
Of Interest: High Tec = High Walleye Production at the Bar River Fish Hatchery
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) 
Energy
SCI-62 Algicide/Bactericide   High 
Tec = High Walleye Production at the Bar River Fish Hatchery Walleye fry are collected in this rearing 
      tank.  Note the fine mesh screened box covering the water outlet.  
      Air bubbles are injected around the box to reduce the concentration of fry 
      in this area.The new single bulbs mounted UV 
      sterilizer has helped to significantly reduce the levels of fungus that 
      often kill eggs.The Bad River fish hatchery staff have 
      installed several AquaMats in their rearing ponds.  AquaMats provide structure or cover, a limited 
      amount of insect larval feed, and appear to significantly reduce the 
      stress experienced by fish in pond rearing.Walleye eggs about ready to hatch.Ultraviolet Radiation 
          (germicidal) EnergyBy: 
        Aquatic 
          Eco-Systems (AES)
      Ultraviolet radiation 
      (germicidal) energy is unmatched in its efficiency, simplicity and 
      dependability when applied as a microorganism disinfectant. It is most 
      effective for its germicidal value in a water application at a wavelength 
      of 265 n meters. Ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength exceeding 280 n 
      meters has little germicidal value when used as a disinfectant for living 
      microorganisms.
      With proper 
      exposure, ultraviolet radiation energy (ultraviolet light) penetrates a 
      waterborne microorganisms cell wall. It then destroys the nuclear 
      material, causing abrupt modification and bringing about their destruction 
      quickly and effectively.
      At AES we hear from a lot of people who have 
      ultraviolet (UV) sterilizers and are still experiencing disease problems. 
      This can almost always be traced back to inadequate UV irradiation. 
      Because it is so difficult to measure the intensity of UV energy hitting 
      the water, many buyers have improperly sized their UV sterilizers by 
      simply following the maximum gpm flow rates. You cannot compare UV 
      sterilizers by the watt ratings alone. That would be like comparing cars 
      by their engine size alone. The watt rating is just the starting point for 
      comparisons.
      The full amount of UV energy required to kill a 
      microorganism must hit the organism after it leaves the lamp, after it 
      leaves the quartz sleeve, after the lamp has aged, and after it has 
      passed by any turbidity and particulates that is blocking the light.
      Low pressure mercury type UV lamps are best suited 
      to germicidal action because the primary radiation generated by these 
      lamps consists almost exclusively of a spectral wavelength of 254 n 
      meters, which is close to the maximum peak germicidal effectiveness wave 
      length of 265 n meters. This gives the low-pressure mercury type lamps an 
      exceptional 40 percent UV energy efficiency rate between input watts and 
      UV output watts.
      Medium and high pressure mercury type lamps are best 
      suited for treatments involving chemical by-products associated with 
      industrial waste water or for the drying of printing inks, lacquers, 
      paints and adhesives, not germicidal action. Medium and high-pressure UV 
      lamps simply offer a poor relative spectral radiant power distribution in 
      the germicidal effectiveness come. The bulk of their power is in the 320 
      to 440 n meter ranges, well outside the germicidal effectiveness curve. 
      This gives the medium and high-pressure mercury type lamps an 
      exceptionally poor UV energy efficiency approximately 8 percent between 
      input watts and UV Output wafts.
      Ultraviolet light can be very effective at 
      eliminating viruses, bacteria, algae and fungi. Since it is the intensity 
      of light that is doing the killing, we must know how much light energy to 
      use and how much is reaching the target. Just as some sunglasses and 
      sunscreens reduce UV intensity, so does discolored water, temperatures, 
      turbidity, dirty quartz sleeves, and even some dissolved salts, such as 
      sodium thiosulfate. Old lamps also affect light intensity. Even lamp 
      temperatures can reduce output when operated in cold water (11 00F 
      gives maximum UV output).
      To insure sterile water using UV light, first start 
      with clear water, and have a lamp and flow rate that are sized to deliver 
      the correct amount of irradiation for the target organism. If a UV light 
      is flow rated for 15,000 mws and you want 30,000, either double the amount 
      of lamps or reduce the flow by half, and so on for higher dosages.
      Be aware that some lamps age rapidly and the 
      manufacturer probably states the watts produced when the lamp is new. This 
      wattage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent in as little as six 
      months!
      We suggest further 
      over sizing the UV sterilizer by at least 40 percent
      to be sure of getting the killing power required when the lamp has aged.
      We also suggest changing lamps at six-month intervals.
      MWS  Exposure to 
      ultraviolet light of 253.7 wavelengths in microwatt seconds per square 
      centimeter (m W sec/cm2)
 Control of Algae with SCI-62 - Algicide/Bactericide
        By: Don Peters Representative for Chem-A-Co, Inc.
          Additional Contacts at Chem-A-Co, Inc. are Patrick Musser & Don Sharp
          (574) 583-4368 ~ PO Box 1099 ~ Monticello, IN 47960
          Email: [email protected] ~ Website:
          http://www.chemaco.com/home.asp
        
        If algae and/or bacteria problems become an uncontrollable battle, 
          SCI-62 is a 
          proven and reliable solution with a variety of applications.
        SCI-62 is 
          an innovative, low pH algicide/bactericide designed for use in lakes, 
          ponds, reservoirs, irrigation canals, waste treatment lagoons, and other 
          water systems. SCI-62s 
          active ingredient is cupric ion (Cu++). The United 
          States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved SCI-62 
          as an algicide/bactericide.
        SCI-62's 
          copper ions remain suspended indefinitely without settling out or adding 
          to bottom sediment. Its unique self-dispersing properties allow even 
          distribution without spraying, mixing or agitation and is non-toxic to 
          humans or fish when used as directed.
        Application: For best results apply to your water supply before 
          algae is present. This will save you additional expenses in labor costs 
          and product needed to control the algae. The pictures shown below 
          indicates a pond that has been completely over run with algae. SCI-62 
          was applied on June 21st. and cleared of the algae by July 3rd. 
          This is an application that is common but is one that we would like to 
          avoid. Additional product would be needed to control future out-breaks of 
          algae. Since all the copper is being utilized on the existing algae, there 
          is little or no product left in the water to protect against another 
          out-break of algae. SCI-62 
          should be applied at a minimal rate before algae is present to prevent its 
          spread or out-break.SCI-62 was applied on June 21st.
      After treatment (July 3rd)
  SCI-62 
          is the answer to many of the problems confronting fish farmers today. 
          Listed below are just a few of reasons why SCI-62 
          is the favorite alternative to copper sulfate in the aquaculture industry 
          today.
Certified with the EPA and ANSI/NSF as an Algicide/Bactericide
                    Provides a healthier environment that will yield healthier fish
                    Allows for less chemical used, with better results
                    Stays in solution indefinitely until the product is utilized
                    Reduces toxic build up in the sediment
                    May be used in biological fishponds to reduce harmful bacteria
                    Leaves no untreated areas, which is often the case with other 
                      copper products
                    Requires no mixing or spraying
                    Is easy to apply and will reduce labor costs and will reduce MIB
                    Controls algae with predictable resultsSCI-62 is 
                  manufactured with 20 to 25% copper sulfate pentahydrate that meets or 
                  exceeds ANSI/NSF Standards. Once the copper is dissolved and suspended in 
                  solution the product carries 5% metallic copper, which is its active 
                  ingredient.
  Calculation Formula
            1 ppm copper ion (Cu++) = 1 gallon SCI-62 / 60,000 gallons of water
          ppm copper ion (Cu++) = 1 gallon SCI-62 / 600,000 gallons of water
          0.06 ppm copper ion (Cu++) = 1 gallon SCI-62 / 1,000,000 gallons of 
            water
          acre foot = 326,000 gallons of water
          Application Guidelines
          For fish bearing lakes and ponds, drinking water reservoirs, irrigation 
            canals and other applications, the dosage rate is 0.06 ppm copper maximum, 
            or 1 gallon SCI-62 
            for each million gallons of water. Before applying, check your water 
            parameters for pH and alkalinity.
Safe Dosage Where Fish must Be Protected
                  The greatest danger to fish life resulting from the use of SCI-62 
                    is not from the chemical itself, but from dead algae. SCI-62 
                    kills algae that can cling to the fishes gills, reducing the oxygen 
                    supply needed for survival. Anytime a body of water becomes heavily 
                    infested with algae, there is a possibility of fish loss when the algae 
                    are killed.
                This can be 
                    avoided if the algae are controlled from the beginning
                    of the season and are not allowed to reach a prolific stage of growth.
                          SCI-62 treatment should be started in the early spring except in warmer climates 
                            where treatment at regular intervals is necessary year round. If a 
                            reservoir is allowed to become heavily infested will algae, fish life can 
                            be protected by starting chemical treatments at very low. This will allow 
                            the killing of algae to take place at lesser amounts and create a slower 
                            kill. Treatment must be repeated on a regular basis when lesser amounts 
                            are used. When control is reached, a regular schedule must be followed. 
                            Even in warmer climates algae is less prevalent during certain times of 
                            the year. This would be the ideal time to begin treatment.
**Return
      to MTAN selection pageReturn to Ashland FWCO home pageReturn to Region 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service** Product and company
      names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only.
      It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government.
 
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