Institute for Community Inclusion, University of Massachusetts Boston, 

Access to Integrated Employment Project 

RTC on Community Living, University of Minnesota 

Supporting Individuals and Families Information Systems Project 

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO

MAY, 2015 

This publication was supported in part by funding from the U.S. Administration on Intellectual 

and Developmental Disabilities, United States Department of Health and Human Services. The 

opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect official Administration on Intellectual and 

Developmental Disabilities policy. 

Suggest citation: Institute for Community Inclusion, RTC on Community Living, and The State 

of the States in Developmental Disabilities (2015). Services for people with intellectual and/or 

developmental disabilities in the US territories. University of Massachusetts Boston, University 

of Minnesota, and University of Colorado. 
CONTENTS

American Samoa............................................................................................................................. 1

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ................................................................... 9

Guam............................................................................................................................................. 15

Puerto Rico.................................................................................................................................... 22

U.S. Virgin Islands........................................................................................................................ 29
1

The following report represents an expansion of the data collection activities mandated by a 2012 

Administration of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AIDD) Funding Opportunity 

Announcement (FOA). Prior to 2012, the AIDD funded data projects, Access to Integrated 

Employment, Family and Individual Information Systems project (FISP), Residential 

Information Systems Project (RISP) and the State of the States in Developmental Disabilities 

only collected data from the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The 2012 FOA requested 

that three of the AIDD data projects work together to include the five U.S. Territories (American 

Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and the 

Virgin Islands) in their data collection and analysis efforts. This summary represents the first 

step to describe the services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their 

families in the territories. While the information may have limitations in the comparability to the 

rest of the nation, AIDD believes that it is important to begin data collection, tracking and 

analysis to increase opportunities to improve self-determination, independence, productivity, 

integration and inclusion of people with IDD into their communities in the U.S. Territories.

The three AIDD funded projects are summarized below:

 Access to Integrated Employment (AIE), housed at the University of Massachusetts 

Boston collects, analyzes, and reports on data describing employment services and 

supports for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). AIE 

examines and reports on the employment status of people with I/DD and related 

outcomes as a result of policies and programs that support their education and 

employment. You can read more about employment outcomes for people with I/DD at

http://www.statedata.info/

 Family Information Systems Project (FISP) and Residential Information Systems 

Project (RISP), both of which are housed at the University of Minnesota, analyze and 

describe the settings where people with ID/DD in the United States live, who they live 

with and the services provided. The project includes analyses of the funding for supports 

and services from a variety of sources, including public and non-public, Medicaidfunded, and state-funded residential and supportive services. 

https://risp.umn.edu/, https://fisp.umn.edu/

 The State of the States in Developmental Disabilities, a collaboration between the 

University of Colorado and the University of Illinois at Chicago, is a comparative 
2

nationwide longitudinal study of public financial commitments and programmatic trends 

in services and supports for people with ID/DD in the United States, with data 

encompassing the past 37 years. The project examines trends in community living, 

public and private residential institutions, individual and family support, Medicaid 

HCBS Waivers, demographics and related areas. www.stateofthestates.org

Beginning in spring 2013 staff from each of the data projects began working together to identify 

experts in disability policy and outcomes in each of the 5 territories. Experts were identified 

through the territories’ Developmental Disabilities Councils, University Centers for Excellence 

in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDDs), Departments of Education, and Departments of 

Health. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, document and policy review, and 

data provided directly by the territories. The report was developed as a collaborative activity 

across the three data projects, the collection of data would not been possible without the 

extraordinary assistance of disability leaders living in the Territories. These people are both 

experts in disability services and the Territory where the live. For some territories local level 

experts are co-authors of their summary. This combination proved to be invaluable in describing 

the services in the Territories. We would like to acknowledge:

 Tafaimamao Tupuola, UCEDD Director, American Samoa

 Helen Sablan, Medicaid Administrator, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

 Heidi E. San Nicolas, Ph.D., Director, Guam Center for Excellence in Developmental 

Disabilities

 Teresita Fejarang, M.Ed., Associate Director for Interdisciplinary Training, Operations, 

and Data/Dissemination, University of Guam Center for Excellence in Developmental 

Disabilities Education, Research and Service (CEDDERS)

 June DeLeon, M.Ed., Associate Director for Program Development, Technical 

Assistance, and Outreach, University of Guam Center for Excellence in Developmental 

Disabilities Education, Research and Service (CEDDERS)

 Benito Servino, Director, Guam Department of Integrated Services for Individuals with 

Disabilities (DISID)

 Maria Theresa Arcangel, Administrator, Bureau of Health Care Financing, Division of 

Public Welfare, Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services (DPHSS)

 Annie Alonso Amador, Psy.D.,MSW, Catedratica, Directora Instituto de Deficiencias en 

el Desarrollo Escuela Graduada de Salud Publica, Recinto Ciencias Medicas (UPR)

 Yegin Habtes, Ph.D., Director, U.S. Virgin Islands University Center for Excellence in 

Developmental Disabilities

 Charles Beady, Ph.D., Associate Director, U.S. Virgin Islands University Center for 

Excellence in Developmental Disabilities
3

American Samoa

Amie Lulinski, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago

Tafaimamao Tupuola, UCEDD Director, American Samoa

& Carli Friedman, M.S., University of Illinois at Chicago

I. Geography

American Samoa, an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, is located in 

Oceania which is comprised of a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean halfway between 

Hawaii and New Zealand. It has a land area of approximately 77 square miles, which is slightly 

larger than Washington, D.C. (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2013). After ceding to the 

United States in 1900, the U.S. Navy oversaw it until 1951 when authority was transferred to the 

Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior (U.S. Department of the Interior, 

2013). The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago. 

II. Industry

American Samoa conducts the majority of its commerce with the United States, and canned tuna 

is the primary export (CIA, 2013). Tuna fishing and tuna canneries are the main private sector 

industry, accounting for 80% of private sector employment. The American Samoan government 

employs 28% of the labor force who work in public education, health and telecom. The private 

sector employs 64% (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2013).

III. Population

According to the CIA, the population of American Samoa was 54,517 in July 2014 (CIA, 2014).

The vast majority (91.6%) of American Samoans claim native Hawaiian or other Pacific Island 

as their race (CIA, 2014). The unemployment rate was 29.8% in 2005 (CIA, 2014). In 2008, 27% 

of Samoans were living below the basic needs poverty level (Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 

2012). Disability-specific population data is not available in the Behavioral Risk Factor 

Surveillance System through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) nor through 

Kids Count. The World Health Organization, however, lists significant increases in the 

prevalence of obesity, while chronic diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular and 

cerebrovascular diseases, type II diabetes mellitus, arthritis, gout and some cancers are also 

prevalent (2011). 
4

Residents of American Samoa are citizens of the United States, however, they do not vote in 

U.S. presidential elections. They elect a governor, currently Lolo Matalasi Moliga, a 39-member 

bicameral legislature, as well as one non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives.

The current delegate, Congressman Eni F.H. Faleomavaega, serves on the House Committee on 

Foreign Affairs and is Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. 

Additionally, he serves on the Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, 

Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs as well as the Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native 

Affairs (House of Representatives, 2013).

American Samoa does participate in Social Security (Retirement, Survivors and Disability 

Insurance), Medicare and Medicaid. In FY2011, total Medicaid funding was approximately 

$25.4 million (Coleman Institute, unpublished data). American Samoa is not eligible to 

participate in the Supplemental Security Income program. Although American Samoa is eligible 

for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) they do not participate in the program 

(U.S. House of Representatives, 2014). Though it does not participate in the Supplemental 

Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), American Samoa does receive an indexed nutrition 

assistance grant which benefits low-income, aged and disabled individuals (House Committee on 

Ways & Means, 2012). This aid has a ceiling of $1,000,000 under Section 1109 of the Social 

Security Act (U.S. House of Representatives, 2014).

IV. Medicaid Program

American Samoa’s Medicaid program, called the Medical Assistance Program (MAP) is 

administered by the Medicaid Office in the Office of the Governor. Prior to the establishment of 

a State Medicaid Office, Medicaid authority was by the American Samoa Medical Center (Office 

of the Governor, 2011). The Medicaid Director is appointed by the Governor. A Medicaid 

Coordinating Council consists of the following standing members: Secretary of American 

Samoa, Attorney General, and Director of the Department of Commerce. To qualify for 

Medicaid, an individual’s income must be below 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL), which 

was $21,660 in 2009. Unlike the states and other four territories, there is no specific categorical 

membership required. In FY2011, the estimated MAP enrollment was 57,982, which is an 
5

estimated 88% of the population (HHS Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, 2011). Since 

January of 1983, the MAP program has operated under a Section 1902(j) waiver. 

Unlike the states, territory Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) is set by statute 

(GAO, 2005). In FY2014, it was 55% (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2014) and

is subject to annual caps. Like the other U.S. Territories, American Samoa typically exhausts this 

Medicaid cap prior to the end of the fiscal year. Once the cap has been met, territories are 

responsible for the remainder of Medicaid costs. In some cases, territories suspend services or 

cease provider payments until the beginning of the subsequent fiscal year (GAO, 2005). 

Congressman Faleomavaega, in collaboration with the other five Territory Delegates, introduced 

H.R. 5566, Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 2012 in May of 2012. This bill 

would increase the Territory FMAPS to “the highest such [FMAP] applicable to any of the 50 

States for the fiscal year involved.” The bill never made it past the House Committee on Energy 

and Commerce (Library of Congress, 2013). Faleomavaega also co-sponsored H.R. 79 Medicaid 

Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 2013, which was introduced to the House in January 

3, 2013. This bill has made no movement through the House. 

V. Services

All residents of American Samoa are entitled to free medical care under their legislative code.

American Samoa has one general acute care hospital, the 128-bed L.B. Johnson Tropical 

Medical Center, located in Pago Pago, along with five primary health centers. Sixteen percent of 

the medical center’s funding comes from the $3M annually provided by the U.S. Centers for 

Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The majority of these monies purchase medicine and 

medical supplies. In 2003, its health workforce included 49 physicians, 15 dentists, 127 nurses 

and 2 pharmacists (World Health Organization, 2011).

Unlike the states, American Samoa is not required to cover federally mandated Medicaid 

services. American Samoa provides the following services: inpatient/outpatient hospital, 

physician’s services, laboratory and x-ray, Early Periodic Screening, Diagnostic and Treatment 

(EPSDT), family planning and transportation; home health is covered with limitations. 
6

Additionally, there are a few services that are only covered off island: nursing facility services, 

private duty nursing, podiatry, optometry, and occupational and speech therapies. These services 

are generally provided in Hawaii, although may be provided in other states as funds are 

available. Off-island services must be pre-approved by the admitting physician as a medical 

necessity and then pre-approved by physician-members of the Off-Island Medical Referral 

Committee (House Committee on Ways & Means, 2012). American Samoa does not operate any 

home and community based waiver services, nor does it have any intermediate care facilities for 

people with intellectual disabilities (ICF/ID). People who have intellectual and/or developmental 

disabilities are typically cared for by a family member in their family home. This caretaking 

responsibility is considered a “blessing” and out of home care is rarely considered. Should a 

family not be able to care for an individual with a disability, there is a convalescent home that is 

run by the Catholic Sisters which supports 22 adults and children (Tupuola, 2013). 
7

References

Central Intelligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook: American Samoa. Retrieved 

December 5, 2013 from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/aq.html. 

Department of Commerce (2011). American Samoa Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved December 5, 

2013 from: http://americansamoa.gov/index.php/2012-04-25-19-44-32/2012-04-25-19-

52-04/departments/commerce. 

Government Accountability Office (2005). U.S. Insular Areas: Multiple Factors Affect federal 

health care funding. Retrieved November 11, 2013 from: 

http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0675.pdf.

HHS Office of Intergovernmental Affairs (2011, February 2). Medicaid in the Territories –

Current Law Including those in Health Reform. Retrieved December 17, 2013 from: 

http://www.doi.gov/oia/igia/2011/upload/14-Medicaid_in_the_Territories-HHS.pdf. 

House Committee on Ways & Means (2012). Green Book: Background Material and Data on the 

Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means, Appendix B: 

Social Welfare Programs in the Territories. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from: 

http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2012-green-book/appendix-b-social-welfareprograms-in-the-territories#_ftn1. 

House of Representatives (2013). Congressman Eni F. H. Faleomavaega: Committees and 

Caucuses. Retrieved December 4, 2013 from: 

http://faleomavaega.house.gov/legislation/committees-and-caucuses.

Library of Congress (2013). H.R. 5566 Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 

2012. Retrieved November 11, 2013 from: http://thomas.loc.gov. 

Office of the Governor (2011). Executive Order No. 006-2011: An order locating the state 

Medicaid office from the American Samoa Medical Center authority to the Office of the 

Governor and providing for the overall functions, duties, and responsibilities of the 

office. 

Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (2012). 2012 Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report. 

Retrieved December 11, 2014 from: 

http://www.forumsec.org.fj/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/MDG%20Track%

20Rpt%20web%202012.pdf

Tupuola, R. (2013). Personal correspondence, April 15, 2013. 

U.S. Census Bureau (2011). U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for 

American Samoa. Retrieved December 4, 2013 from: 

http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html. 

U.S. Department of the Interior (2013). American Samoa, Insular Area Summary for American 

Samoa. Retrieved December 17, 2013 from: http://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/americansamoa.cfm#. 
8

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). ASPE FMAP 2014 REPORT. Retrieved 

December 11, 2014 from: 

http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/FMAP2014/fmap2014.cfm

U.S. House of Representatives. (2014). Appendix B: Social Welfare Programs in the 

Territories. Retrieved December 15, 2014 from: 

http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2014-green-book/appendix-b-social-welfareprograms-in-the-territories

World Health Organization (2011). American Samoa Country profile. Retrieved December 17, 

2013 from: http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/asm/1FAMSpro2011_finaldraft.pdf. 
9

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Joe Timmons, MSW, University of Minnesota 

& Amy Hewitt, Ph.D., University of Minnesota

I. Geography

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) is a U.S. island territory (the 

others are Guam, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa). It is located in 

Oceania, a group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from 

Hawaii to the Philippines and about 1000 miles north of the Equator. The United States Census 

Bureau reports the total land area of all islands as 183.5 square miles; about 2.5 times the size of 

Washington, DC (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2014). CNMI is often called “America’s 

best kept secret” based on its natural beauty and its remote location. 

CNMI’s center of government is in the village of Capitol Hill on Saipan. As the island is 

governed as a single municipality, most publications name Saipan as the capital. CNMI is selfgoverning with a locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature (CIA, 2014).

II. Industry

CNMI’s gross domestic product comes mainly from tourism, banking, construction, fishing, 

handicrafts, and other services. The tourist industry employs approximately a quarter of the work 

force and accounts for roughly one-fourth of GDP. Annual tourist arrivals are around 400,000—

a majority comes from Japan and South Korea. The small agriculture sector is made up of cattle 

ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons (CIA, 2014).

As of May, 2014, the minimum wage in CNMI is 5.55 per hour. Until 2007, the minimum wage 

was not covered by U.S. wage laws and average pay for workers was lower than in the states. 

After an act of Congress, the rate was supposed to be raised each year by .50 but recent 

legislation has suspended this until 2016 (Swift, 2013). The suspension is related to trying to 

make CNMI competitive with neighboring countries. 

Because of regulations and wage issues, CNMI, once a leading producer of apparel for export, 

has closed all its garment factories—they had 32 as recently as 2007, and CNMI lost 30% of its 
10

economy in four years (Commonwealth Economic Development Strategic Planning 

Commission, 2009).

III. Population

As of the 2010 census, CNMI had a population of 53,883—90% live on the island of Saipan. Of 

the 14 other islands, only two, Tinian and Rota, are permanently inhabited (US Census Bureau, 

2013). The population once approached 78,000 people but economic conditions have led to the 

emigration of over 20,000 in recent years (Commonwealth Economic Development Strategic 

Planning Commission, 2009).

Approximately half of the citizens of CNMI have Asian origins and another two-fifths have a 

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander background. Forty percent of the population is under 24 

years of age and 85% are under age 54.

IV. Medicaid Program

According to information found in the CNMI State Medicaid Health Information Technology 

Plan (2013), CNMI has very few Medicaid providers—it has one eligible hospital, one federally 

qualified health center, two rural health clinics, approximately twenty other potential eligible 

providers, and ten potential eligible dentists in four major clinics. 

The plan noted that the number of Medicaid clients is approximately 17,200, about 32% of the 

population. A number of people also fall into the category of “Medically Indigent population” or 

“MIP.” The majority of Medicaid patients are of Northern Marianas descent. 

The plan describes how health care mainly comes through the CNMI Commonwealth Healthcare 

Corporation which operates the government hospital, clinics, and public health programs. There 

are a few small numbers of private providers, insurers, private pharmacies, and other service 

providers. 

The CNMI Medicaid Program is administered by the Office of the Governor. The CNMI 

Medicaid Program’s mission is to assure that federal Medicaid funds are utilized in a manner 
11

which provides the greatest possible benefits for the CNMI Medicaid population, and to do so in 

a manner consistent with the federal guidelines.

The plan describes how CNMI is the “only U.S. territory which has Supplemental Security 

Income (SSI), and its entire Medicaid program is based on SSI requirements”. Anyone on SSI 

can become eligible for Medicaid by completing an application. Others are eligible if their 

income is below 150 percent of the SSI Federal benefit rate. CNMI pays Medicare premiums 

(i.e., buy-in) for dually entitled individuals. Mandated services, (except for rural health clinics) 

are provided by the Commonwealth Health Center on Saipan. Other covered services, such as 

nursing facility services, are available off-island—in Guam, Hawaii, Philippines or occasionally 

the continental U.S., generally to California. 

The plan described some difficulties with the financing of the program. Although CNMI 

Medicaid operates under a cap of about $18 million a year, but with a match of about $15 million 

based on the 55%-45% Federal-State program formula most of the money is inaccessible. In 

2012, the CNMI Legislature appropriated only $2.4 million for the Medicaid program and thus 

the islands could only expend $5.3 million in a year. This is an annual issue.

V. Services

Health Care. The Department of Public Health comprises three divisions: the Division of Public 

Health, which provides preventive and community health programs; the Hospital Division; and 

the Community Guidance Center (CGC), which delivers mental health and substance-abuse 

programs. The Department also oversees the Medicaid and Medical Referral programs. The 

Department of Public Health is the sole provider of comprehensive health care services and, 

through its primary health care facility, the Commonwealth Health Center (CHC) on the island 

of Saipan, provides a wide range of preventive (public health) and curative health services aimed 

at protecting and improving the health and quality of life of the population (Commonwealth 

Healthcare Corporation, 2014). 

CHC is an 86-bed, Medicare-certified hospital that opened in 1986 and was expanded in 2007. 

The hospital’s scope of services includes emergency medicine, obstetrics, postpartum care, adult 
12

and neonatal intensive care, surgery, general medicine, pediatrics, physical therapy, dialysis, 

mental health and various outpatient services. It is a busy community hospital, with more than 

60,000 outpatient visits each year. The hospital is also very full, with a daily census nearing 90% 

of capacity (Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation, 2014).

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services routinely gives each geographic area a 

Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) score. This HPSA score is based on the number of 

doctors available for the population, travel time to the nearest available source of care, and other 

factors. A score of “1” is excellent with the worst at “25.” The CNMI has an HPSA score of 18. 

In contrast, Guam has a score of 8 and the Federated States of Micronesia has a score of 25

(CNMI Medicaid Program, 2013).

Disability Culture. There are very few segregated settings for individuals with disabilities (or for 

the elderly). Families generally care for their loved ones in their homes. Some individuals with 

significant chronic behavior issues may leave the island and receive services in Hawaii or other 

western states. CNMI does have a few vocational rehabilitation counselors and some Veteran 

Affairs staff that support individuals with disabilities. 

Policy and Advocacy. CNMI has a Council on Developmental Disabilities that meets regularly in 

support of its mission to “promote systems change to ensure that individuals with developmental 

disabilities and their families have the same opportunities as others in the community.” Its 25 

members are appointed by the governor and focus on issues “related to self-determination, 

education, employment, transportation, housing, recreation, healthcare and overall quality of life 

of people with developmental disabilities and their families.” The council’s members include 

people with developmental disabilities, family members, and representatives of agencies and 

groups that provide services. (Council on Developmental Disabilities, n.d.)

Protection and Advocacy. NMPASI, a local non-profit organization, administers grant programs 

from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Center for Mental Health Services, the 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Administration on 
13

Developmental Disabilities, the Human Resources Services Administration, the U.S. Department 

of Education/Rehabilitation Services Administration, and the Social Security Administration.

NMPASI’s overriding goal is to ensure that individuals with disabilities in institutional and/or 

community settings (1) are not subject to abuse/neglect, (2) are free from discrimination, (3) are 

provided with an appropriate education, (4) are provided appropriate health care services, and (5) 

are provided with opportunities to make informed decisions about their lives as independent, 

contributing members of the community (NMPASI, 2014).

Technical Assistance. Northern Marianas College is the site of the CNMI University Center of 

Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD); it is “committed to the development of 

culturally complimentary outcomes while promoting equal opportunity, independence, 

productivity, promoting self-determination, and supporting an improved quality of life for people 

with developmental disabilities...” The UCEDD provides “training, technical assistance, and 

information-sharing with the focus on building the capacity of the CNMI to fully include persons 

with developmental disabilities.” The UCEDD does not provide direct services but collaborates 

and coordinates with other agencies like NMPASI, the Development Disabilities Council, and 

the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. 
14

The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to this 

document: Helen Sablan, CNMI State Medicaid Agency

References

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014). Northern Mariana Islands. World Factbook. 

Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/cq.html.

CNMI Medicaid Program (2013). CNMI State Medicaid Health Information Technology Plan. 

Retrieved from http://cnmi-hit.mp/attachments/article/42/CNMI%20SMHPFinal%20Submitted%20to%20CMS.pdf. 

Commonwealth Economic Development Strategic Planning Commission (2009). Comprehensive 

Economic Development Strategic Plan, 2009-2014, for the U.S. Commonwealth of the 

Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved from 

http://www.doi.gov/oia/reports/upload/CNMI_CEDS_Report-2009-2014-3.pdf. 

Commonwealth Health Care Corporation (2014). Division of hospital services. Retrieved from

http://chcc.gov.mp/

Council on Developmental Disabilities, (n.d). Our mission. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmicdd.org/. 

NMPASI (2014). Statement of goals and priorities. Retrieved from http://www.nmpasi.org/. 

Swift, J. (2013). Obama delays minimum wage increase. Weekly Standard (on line) Retrieved 

from http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-delays-minimum-wageincrease_756381.html.
15

Guam

Jean E. Winsor, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Boston

Heidi E. San Nicolas, Ph.D., Director, Guam Center for Excellence in Developmental 

Disabilities

& Allison Cohen Hall, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Boston

I. Geography

Guam is the largest island in Micronesia, approximately 30 miles in length, with a variable width 

ranging from 12 miles at its widest point to 4 miles at its narrowest. It is located 7,500 miles 

from California and is the most distant American land from the mainland United States. Located 

within the Mariana Island chain, it is the most southern of the islands and is located in the 

western Pacific Ocean, about three fourths of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines 

(Somerfleck & Renacia, n.d.). Due to its strategic location in the Pacific Ocean, the military 

installations on the island are some of the most strategically important US bases (CIA, 2014).

II. Economy

Tourism, the military, and outside investment (primarily from Japan) are the driving forces 

behind Guam’s economic growth. The unemployment rate in Guam for September 2013 was 

10% (U.S. DOL, Feb. 2014). In 2010 the estimated per capita income was $28,700 and the 

unemployment rate was 8.2% (CIA, 2014). 

III. Population

Guam participates in the decennial United States Census. The population of Guam in 2010 was 

159, 358 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014a). Residents of the island are citizens of the 

United States and represent a wide variety of ethnicities, including Chamorro (37.3%), Filipino 

(26.3%), white (7.1%), Chuukese (7%), Korean (2.2%), other Pacific Islander (2%), other Asian 

(2%), Chinese (1.6%), Palauan (1.6%), Japanese (1.5%), Pohnpeian (1.4%), mixed (9.4%), and 

other (0.6%) (CIA, 2014). Data collected in the 2010 Census found that 19,775 individuals over 

the age of five identified as having a cognitive disability (U.S. Department of Commerce, 

2014b).1

 

1 The Census describes a cognitive disability as follows: “Because of a physical, mental, or emotional problem, 

having difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making decisions (DREM).”
16

IV. Government

With an indigenous culture dating back more than 2,600 years, Guam became a Spanish colony 

in the 16th century and was seized by the U.S. during the Spanish-American War. The Japanese 

occupied Guam during World War II, and the island was retaken by the U.S. in 1944. Guam 

became an unincorporated U.S. Territory in 1950, and citizens of Guam are U.S. citizens. 

Residents have a popularly elected governor, Eddie Calvo. Additionally, there is a unicameral 

legislature with 15 seats whose members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms. 

Relations between Guam and the U.S. fall under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, 

U.S. Department of the Interior. Guam does not have voting representation in either house of the 

U.S. Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) and is ineligible to vote in presidential 

elections (CIA, 2014). The commonwealth has a non-voting member of Congress, Madeleine Z. 

Bordallo. 

Residents pay Social Security taxes and, depending on residency status, pay income taxes to the 

U.S. government, the government of Guam, or both (IRS, 2014). Despite the payment of federal 

taxes, residents of Guam are not eligible to receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) from the 

Social Security Administration (U.S. House of Representatives, 2012). 

V. Health Insurance and Medicaid Program

Citizens’ access to health insurance is an important measure of public health. According to 

analysis of 2010 Census data reported by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners 

(2011), 21.1% of Guamanians are uninsured. Insurance coverage is a mix of private and public 

insurance options (NAIC, 2011), and the total number of Guam residents covered by the 

Medicaid Program in fiscal year 2013 was 43,603, or 27% of the total population based on the 

2010 Census.

In Guam, the Medicaid State Plan is administered as a block grant for all health services. The 

Medicaid Authority is the Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services. The original 

published Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) for Guam for FY2015 is 55%, and the 
17

enhanced percentage is 68.5% (HHS, 2014a). However, Guam has secured an increase in that 

percentage for calendar years 2014 and 2015 (personal communication, 2014). 

Traditionally, territory residents have a federally imposed capitation on Medicaid service funds 

received from the Federal Government. This cap was temporarily removed when Guam was 

allocated additional funding under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Guam Medicaid 

program was given an additional $268 million to be spent beginning July 1, 2011 thru FY2019. 

Also, beginning January 1, 2014 the Guam Medicaid State Plan Amendment was approved to 

include childless adults with income above 100% to 133% of the federal poverty level with an 

FMAP of 78.6%. 

Like most states, Guam’s Medicaid Authority offers federally mandated services and a number 

of optional services, including dental, optical, pharmacy, off-island medical services, and 

roundtrip airfare for patients referred off-island. Additionally, the program pays for skilled 

nursing services for 180 days per year. Guam does not have access to Medicaid Home and 

Community Based Waivers.

Despite the temporary lifting of the Medicaid capitation due to additional funds provided by the 

ACA, the long-term impact of the ACA on Guam is expected to be limited. According the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, “U.S. territories can decide whether to create their 

own Health Insurance Marketplace or expand Medicaid coverage. Residents of a U.S. territory 

are not eligible to apply for health coverage using the federal or state Marketplace unless they 

also qualify as a resident within the service area of a Marketplace, nor do the individual and 

employer mandates apply” (HHS, 2014). 

VI. Services for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities2

The Department of Integrated Services for Individuals with Disabilities (DISID) was established 

under Guam P.L 24-16 on March 26, 1997. It is the designated single point of entry agency that 

provides, promotes and ensures a full continuum of programs and services for people with 

 

2 This section contains information excerpted and/or adapted from Department of Integrated Services for Individuals 

with Disabilities: A report to the citizens of Guam (2011). Retrieved from http://disid.guam.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/CCR-FY2011.pdf
18

disabilities. The department is comprised of two divisions: the Division of Vocational 

Rehabilitation (DVR) and the Division of Support Services (DSS). Additionally, Guam was 

recently awarded a “No Wrong Door” planning grant from the federal Administration on 

Community Living. The grant is located within the Department of Public Health and Social 

Services, Division for Senior Citizens. 

DVR provides vocational rehabilitation and supported employment services to eligible 

individuals with disabilities, and serves as the designated entity to administer the State Plan for 

Vocational Rehabilitation Services, Independent Living Services and Independent Living for the 

Older Blind. DVR provides administrative support and works collaboratively with the State 

Rehabilitation Council (SRC) and the State Independent Living Council (SILC) in implementing 

these state plans. 

Guam’s VR program receives approximately $1.9 million per year in federal funding, and, as 

required by individual student transition plans, VR transition services are provided in schools. A 

few people with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) work in their community 

without any formal supports, and typically DVR closes fewer than five individuals with IDD into 

employment annually (Winsor & Domin, 2014). One significant barrier to employment is that 

there is limited public transportation for people with disabilities.

DSS is responsible for the development of a community service delivery system which includes 

the design, implementation, administration, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of programs 

and services for persons with disabilities. The Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center is 

responsible for the establishment of a continuum of comprehensive services and residential 

alternatives in the community so as to allow individuals with dual diagnosis to live in the least 

restrictive, most individually appropriate environment. 

The island has approximately eight group homes, funded by the government through contracts 

with providers. There are two main service providers on the island. Most people with disabilities 

live at home with their families. Guam has one formal Community Habilitation Program that is 

offered by Catholic Social Services, and group home (residential) providers support individuals 
19

to engage in daytime activities. One example of how providers are leveraging available resources 

for individuals with IDD is one service provider’s art program, which was established with funds 

from the National Council for the Arts. The service provider is supporting some of these 

individuals to sell the art they create. 

DISID serves as the state Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) coordinating agency, and 

includes liaison representatives from each of the government of Guam agencies that ensure ADA 

awareness and compliance. DISID coordinates accessible parking enforcement and education, 

and provides training and technical support regarding the ADA. The University of Guam Center 

for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research and Service (CEDDERS) is 

the designated assistive technology state agency and operates the Guam System for Assistive 

Technology (GSAT). CEDDERS has been serving as the State Assistive Technology Lead 

Agency for 20 years.
20

The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to this 

document: Teresita Fejarang, M.Ed., Associate Director for Interdisciplinary Training, 

Operations, and Data/Dissemination, & June DeLeon, M.Ed., Associate Director for Program 

Development, Technical Assistance, and Outreach, University of Guam Center for Excellence in 

Developmental Disabilities Education, Research and Service (CEDDERS); Benito Servino, 

Director, Guam Department of Integrated Services for Individuals with Disabilities (DISID); 

and, Maria Theresa Arcangel, Administrator, Bureau of Health Care Financing, Division of 

Public Welfare, Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services (DPHSS).

References

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014). The world factbook: Guam. Retrieved from 

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html

Department of Integrated Services for Individuals with Disabilities. (2011). A report to the 

citizens of Guam. Retrieved from http://disid.guam.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/CCR-FY2011.pdf

National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (2011). Implementation of the Affordable 

Care Act in the U.S. territories. Retrieved from 

http://www.naic.org/documents/committees_b_exchanges_hcr_reg_alt_wg_130819_draft

_territories_sg_discussion_paper.pdf

Somerfleck, D., & Renacia, V.M. (n.d). Family support policy brief: Family support in the U.S. 

territories. National Center for Family Support, Human Services Research Institute. 

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2014). United States Census Bureau: American fact finder.

Retrieved from 

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_

10_DPGU_GUDP1&prodType=table

U.S. Internal Revenue Service. (2014). Filing information for individuals in certain U.S. 

possessions. Retrieved from 

http://www.irs.gov/publications/p570/ch03.html#en_US_2013_publink1000221315

U.S. House of Representatives. (2012). Greenbook: Appendix B: Social welfare programs in the 

territories. Retrieved from http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2012-greenbook/appendix-b-social-welfare-programs-in-the-territories

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014a). ASPE FMAP 2015 report. Retrieved 

from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/FMAP2015/fmap15.cfm

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014b). Am I eligible for coverage in the 

marketplace? Retrieved from https://www.healthcare.gov/am-i-eligible-for-coverage-inthe-marketplace/#question=what-if-im-a-resident-of-a-territor
21

Winsor, J. E., & Domin, D. (2014). Vocational rehabilitation closure trends for individuals with 

intellectual disabilities: A snapshot of five U.S. territories. DataNote series, No. 48. 

Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston, Institute for Community Inclusion. 
22

Puerto Rico

Jean E. Winsor, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Boston

I. Geography 

Puerto Rico is an archipelago located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. 

The main island is 3,515 square miles, which is less than three times the size of Rhode Island. 

There are also three small islands included in the commonwealth: Vieques and Culebra to the 

East, and Mona to the West. The location of these islands places them within a key shipping 

route to the Panama Canal. The capital, San Juan, is recognized as one of the best natural harbors 

in the Caribbean (Central Intelligence Agency CIA, 2014).

II. Economy

Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Plantation sugar 

production dominated Puerto Rico's economy until the 1940s. Industry has surpassed agriculture 

as the primary sector of economic activity and income, and economic opportunities have shifted 

from rural to urban and coastal areas. Encouraged by duty-free access to the U.S. and by tax 

incentives, U.S. firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s (U.S. minimum wage 

laws apply). As a result, Puerto Rico's export and import industries have prospered and the 

primary industries are pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, and tourism.

Like much of the United States, Puerto Rico experienced a decline in economic activity as a 

result of the 2008 recession. The per capita income in Puerto Rico in 2012 was $16,300, and the 

2011 unemployment rate was 16% (CIA, 2014). It should be noted that Puerto Ricans who reside 

on the island experience a higher rate of poverty (44%) compared with individuals who identify 

as of Puerto Rican origin in the 50 states and D.C. (24%) (Lopez & Valesco, 2011). A key 

difference between Puerto Rico and the other U.S. territories is that United States federal 

minimum wage laws are applicable within the commonwealth.

III. Population 

Puerto Rico participates in the decennial United States Census, as well as the annual Puerto 

Rican Community Survey, a version of the Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 

customized for Puerto Rico. The 2010 population of Puerto Rico was 3,725,789, and the median 
23

age was 36.9 years (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014a). Seventy-six percent of residents of 

Puerto Rico identified their race as white and 12.4% identified as black. Regardless of race, 99% 

identified their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014b). It is 

interesting to note that the Hispanic population of Puerto Rican origin in the 50 states and D.C. 

grew by more than one million between 2000 and 2010, and there are more people of Puerto 

Rican origin who live in the 50 states and D.C. than on the island of Puerto Rico (Lopez & 

Valesco, 2011). 

According to the 2012 Puerto Rican Community Survey, 8.3% of the non-institutionalized 

population between five and 17 years of age indicated having a cognitive disability, and 8.7% 

between the ages of 18 and 64 years reported having a cognitive disability (U.S. Department of 

Commerce, 2014b). According to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS, 

2012a), 19% of adults indicated that they are “limited in any activities because of physical, 

mental or emotional problems,” while 9.7% indicated that they have health problems requiring 

the use of special equipment (BRFSS, 2012b). In 2011 the prevalence of autism on the island 

was one in 62 for children between four and 17 years of age (Cordero, Alonso, Mattei, & Torres, 

2012).

IV. Government 

Puerto Rico has been a territory of the United States since 1898, when it was ceded to the United 

States as a result of the Spanish-American War (CIA, 2014). Residents of Puerto Rico were 

granted United States citizenship in 1917. Puerto Rico is a self-governing commonwealth with a 

constitution enacted in 1952 (CIA, 2014). The official language of the commonwealth is 

Spanish. Residents have a popularly elected governor, Alejandro Garcia Padilla. Additionally 

there is a bicameral legislature and 78 municipalities.

Puerto Rico has authority over its internal affairs unless a U.S. law is involved, such as in areas 

of public health and Social Security (Rivera, 2014). Residents pay Social Security taxes but do 

not pay federal income taxes on income earned from sources within Puerto Rico (IRS, 2014). 

Puerto Rico does not have voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress (Senate and 
24

House of Representatives) and is ineligible to vote in presidential elections (Rivera, 2014). The 

commonwealth does have a non-voting member of Congress, Pedro R. Pierluisi. 

V. Health Insurance and Medicaid

Citizens’ access to health insurance is an important measure of public health. Across all five 

territories, Puerto Rico has the lowest rate of uninsured residents. This is the third-lowest rate of 

uninsured in the United States, behind only Massachusetts and Hawaii (personal communication, 

2014). According to analysis of 2010 Census data reported by the National Association of 

Insurance Commissioners (2011), fewer than 8% of Puerto Ricans are uninsured. 

Insurance coverage is a mix of private and public insurance options, with 58.2% enrolled in 

public insurance programs such as Medicaid and Mi Salud (NAIC, 2011). The percentage of 

those with coverage is highest for those not in the labor force at 93.1%, followed by the 

employed labor force (88.4%) and the unemployed members of the labor force (84.3%)

(IMPACTIVO, 2014). Mi Salud is a locally funded health coverage program that provides 

insurance coverage for individuals whose incomes exceed the threshold for Medicaid eligibility 

(NAIC, 2014).

In Puerto Rico, the Medicaid State Plan is administered as a block grant for all health services,

and there are not specific funds allocated towards disability services (personal communication, 

2013). The Medicaid Authority in Puerto Rico is the Administration of Health Services, and they 

contract to private providers for health care services (personal communication, 2013). The 

Medicaid Spending Cap for Puerto Rico in FY2010 was $364 million (HHS, 2010). The Federal 

Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) for the commonwealth for FY2015 is 55%, and the 

enhanced percentage is 68.5% (HHS, 2014). Puerto Rico does not have access to Medicaid 

Home and Community Based Waivers.

The Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) impact on Puerto Rico is expected to be limited. According 

the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014a), “U.S. territories can decide whether 

to create their own Health Insurance Marketplace or expand Medicaid coverage. Residents of a 

U.S. territory are not eligible to apply for health coverage using the federal or state Marketplace 
25

unless they also qualify as a resident within the service area of a Marketplace, nor do the 

individual and employer mandates apply” (HHS, 2014b). In July 2013, the Legislative Assembly 

authorized its Insurance Department authority to guarantee issue and open special enrollment 

periods for the individual plan to its health insurance code. Puerto Rico’s Department of Health 

has not ruled out establishing a health care exchange or partnering with a state that has 

established one (NAIC, 2011).

VI. Services for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 

The Puerto Rico Department of Health coordinates services for individuals with disabilities 

between the ages of birth and three years. The Department of Education coordinates services for 

individuals with disabilities between the ages of four and 21 years. Once an individual is 21 

years old, he or she can seek services from the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration. 

However, most adults are not in government funded services during the day and most people 

remain with their families. 

Medicaid Home and Community Based Waiver Services are not available in the commonwealth. 

Many services are funded by the government of Puerto Rico as Special Projects (personal 

communication, 2013). While there are many service organizations, because most of their 

services are not funded by the government there is no standard method for collecting data about 

the services they provide. The long-term goal is for the Puerto Rico Institute of Statistics to 

collect this type of information (personal communication, 2013). 

There is a limited mix of government-supported and private services for adults who do not have 

family members who are able to provide care. The Center for Habilitation within the Department 

of Health serves a limited amount of people, and there is often a wait list (personal 

communication, 2013). Some people with disabilities are also living in public housing (personal 

communication, 2013). 

The Developmental Disabilities Council has provided funds to support special demonstration 

projects of independent living homes. These homes can house between six and eight adults. The 

Department of Health is another source of government support, and for adults offers the Program 
26

for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, a community-based service. Also, the Department of 

Health has regional centers where children (birth to 21 years) can receive services, but this 

department has experienced funding challenges and this limits the number of people they can 

serve (personal communication, 2013). Since 2012 there is an autism center for diagnostic and 

short-term intervention for children birth to three years of age that was developed by the Institute 

on Developmental Disabilities and is sponsored mainly by the Department of Health. This is also 

part of the Puerto Rico Autism Public Policy Act (personal communication, 2014).

Some private nursing facilities provide care for individuals with disabilities who are able to pay 

for services with their own funds (personal communication, 2013). On the west side of the island 

there is a residential service provider that runs three supported living homes, and on the northern 

part of the island there are two other residential programs run by non-profit organizations. 

Similar to government-provided services, non-profit agencies also struggle with funding issues 

and this limits the number of people they can support (personal communication, 2013).
27

References

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012a). Prevalence and trends data: Puerto Rico –

2012 disability. Retrieved from 

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/display.asp?cat=DL&yr=2012&qkey=8301&state=PR

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012b). Prevalence and trends data: Puerto Rico –

2012 disability. Retrieved from 

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/display.asp?cat=DL&yr=2012&qkey=8311&state=PR

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014). The world factbook: Puerto Rico. Retrieved from 

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html

Cordero, J., Alonso, A., Mattei, H., & Torres, I. (2012) Prevalence of ASD in Puerto Rico.

Report to the Department of Health, Puerto Rico. 

IMPACTVO. (2014). Baseline assessment of the Puerto Rico public health system. Association 

of State and Territorial Health Officials.

López, M.H., & Valesco, G. (2011). A demographic portrait of Puerto Ricans: Statistical profile.

Pew Research Hispanic Trends Project. Retrieved from 

http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/06/13/a-demographic-portrait-of-puerto-ricans/

National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (2011). Implementation of the Affordable 

Care Act in the U.S. territories. Retrieved from 

http://www.naic.org/documents/committees_b_exchanges_hcr_reg_alt_wg_130819_draft

_territories_sg_discussion_paper.pdf

Personal communication. (2013). Discussion with Miss Aimar E. Cagigas; Mrs. Carmen M. 

Rodriguez; Mr. Carlos Molina Román; and Mr. Pablo Ramos at the April 2013 AUCD 

Conference.

Personal communication. (2014). Email Dr. Annie Alonso Amador, Directora Instituto de 

Deficiencias en el Desarrollo. 

Rivera, M. (2014). Welcome to Puerto Rico. Retrieved from 

http://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2014). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from 

https://www.census.gov/history/www/faqs/demographic_faqs/when_was_puerto_rico_fir

st_included_in_the_us_census.html

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2014a). United States Census Bureau: American fact finder.

Retrieved from 

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_

10_DP_DPDP1
28

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2014b). United States Census Bureau: American fact finder.

Retrieved from 

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_

12_1YR_S1810&prodType=table

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Medicaid in the territories: Current law 

and changes proposed in health reform.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014a). ASPE FMAP 2015 report. Retrieved 

from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/FMAP2015/fmap15.cfm

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014b). Am I eligible for coverage in the 

marketplace? https://www.healthcare.gov/am-i-eligible-for-coverage-in-themarketplace/#question=what-if-im-a-resident-of-a-territor

U.S. Internal Revenue Service. (2014). Topic 901 - Is a person with income from Puerto Rican 

sources required to file a U.S. federal income tax return? Retrieved from 

http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc901.html
29

U.S. Virgin Islands

Amie Lulinski, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago 

Carli Friedman, M.S., University of Illinois at Chicago

Yegin Habtes, Ph.D., Director, U.S. Virgin Islands University Center for Excellence in 

Developmental Disabilities,

& Charles Beady, Ph.D., Associate Director, U.S. Virgin Islands University Center for 

Excellence in Developmental Disabilities

I. Geography

The U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated U.S. Territory located between the 

Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, and double the size of Washington, D.C, is a

collection of four main islands: St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Water Island as well as

additional smaller uninhabited islands. The USVI have been a U.S. Territory since being

purchased from Denmark in 1917 (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2013). According to

the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, the population of the USVI was 104,170 in 2014 (CIA, 

2014). Charlotte Amalie, its capitol, located on St. Thomas, is the USVI’s largest city with a

population of over 18,000.

II. Industry

The USVI economy is largely dependent upon tourism (CIA, 2013). The closure of the 

Hovensa oil refinery in February of 2012, which contributed 20% of the USVI’s gross

domestic product, resulted in the loss of approximately 2,000 jobs and had a devastating

impact on the territory’s economy (Shea, 2012). Rum distilleries remain major manufacturers

(CIA, 2013). The average annual wage in 2013 was $34,780 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). The

unemployment rate was 13.4% in August of 2014 (U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Labor,

2014), more than double the US unemployment rate of 6.1% (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 

2014). The USVI is one of two territories eligible for the Unemployment Compensation 

program (U.S. House of Representatives, 2014).

III. Population

Residents of the USVI are United States citizens although they do not vote in U.S. presidential

elections or pay federal income taxes. They do, however, contribute to Social Security and are 

eligible to serve in the U.S. Military. They elect a governor and a 15-member unicameral
30

legislature as well as one non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives. The

current delegate, Congresswoman Donna Christensen, M.D., has been in office since 1996 and

is the first delegate to serve as a member of the House Energy & Commerce Subcommittees

on Health, Energy and Power, and on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade. She was the first

female elected to represent an off-shore territory. Until taking office in 1996, Dr. Christensen

was a family physician (Office of Congresswoman Christensen, 2013).

The majority of the population (76%) identified as Black or African American in the 2000

Census. Thirty-three percent of the population is foreign born. Sixteen percent of the noninstitutionalized population five years of age and over indicated having a disability, of which

3.1% had a sensory disability, 5.7% a physical disability, 3.1% a mental disability. In 2010,

2.8% of children between the ages of 5 and 19 had a disability, while 1,416 children 18 and

under were enrolled in Special Education (Kids Count, 2013). According to the Behavioral

Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS, 2010a), 11.4% of adults indicated that they are

“limited in any activities because of physical, mental or emotional problems” while 4.3% 

indicated that they have health problems requiring the use of special equipment

(BRFSS,2010b).

The cost of living in the USVI is 30% higher than that of the District of Columbia (House 

Committee on Ways & Means, 2012). Thirty-two percent of the population had an income

below the 1999 poverty level (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). In 2007, 24% of families lived

below the poverty level. Virgin Islanders are not eligible to participate in the Supplemental

Security Income Program. They instead participate in the Aid to the Aged, Blind or Disabled

Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP) (House Committee on Ways and Means, 2012). Section 1108 of 

the Social Security Act caps this Aid at $3,554,000 (U.S. House of Representatives, 2014).

IV. Medicaid Program

The USVI Medicaid program, known as the Medical Assistance Program (MAP), is

administered by the Virgin Islands’ Department of Health (DOH). The DOH serves both as a 

local and state health department through two major divisions: Public Health Services and 
31

Health Promotion and Statistics (USVI, 2013). The Bureau of Heath Insurance and Medical

Assistance administers USVI’s MAP (USVI, 2013). In 2010, 8,993 Virgin Islanders were

enrolled in Medicaid (CMS, 2012). In order to be eligible for MAP, residents must meet asset

limits or be determined to be medically needy. These locally established asset limits are more 

restrictive than Federal guidelines (GAO, 2005).

Unlike states, the territory Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) is statutorily set 

(GAO, 2005). It is 55% for FY2015 (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2014), 

however, the amount was capped at $43 million in 2012. Congresswoman Christensen has

actively pursued legislation that would increase the Territory FMAPs to be on par with that of

the 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2012, she, along with the other five Territory

Delegates introduced H.R. 5566, Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 2012.

This bill, if enacted, would increase the Territory FMAPS to “the highest such [FMAP]

applicable to any of the 50 States for the fiscal year involved.” The bill was referred to the

House Committee on Energy and Commerce the same day it was introduced, May 8, 2012, but 

was not enacted (Library of Congress, 2013). On January 3, 2013 she and four co-sponsors 

introduced a new bill H.R. 79 Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 2013. The bill 

was referred to the House subcommittee on Health on January 4, 2013 but progressed no further 

(Library of Congress, 2014).

Other efforts to increase Medicaid parity between the USVI and the US Mainland are being

explored. In response to the 2010 Affordable Care Act, the USVI has opted to expand its 

Medicaid program in lieu of establishing an Exchange.

In FY2003, the Federal contribution to the USVI Medicaid program was $60 per capita and 

ranged from $33 – 65 per capita in the Territories. The average Federal Medicaid spending in 

the states during that same time period was $565 per capita.

V. Services

The system of health care service delivery in the USVI includes two semi- autonomous

hospitals (the Roy Lester Schneider Hospital and Medical Center on St. Thomas and Juan F. 
32

Luis Hospital and Medical Center on St. Croix), nursing homes, clinics, home health services,

hospice, health care providers (HRSA).

Unlike the states, territories are not required to cover federally mandated Medicaid services.

The USVI fully covers the following mandatory Medicaid services: inpatient and outpatient

hospital services; physician services, laboratory and x-ray services (with prior approval), early

and periodic screening, diagnostic, and treatment (EPSDT) services for individuals under 21,

family planning services and supplies, home health and Federally Qualified Health Center

(FQHC) services. On-island transportation services are not covered; however, off-island 

services may be covered with prior approval. Services from a certified nurse practitioner are 

covered if delivered in a Medicaid-certified facility or program. There is one 80-bed nursing

facility, 20 of which are Medicaid certified, in the USVI. The USVI MAP does not cover

services from nurse midwives or rural health clinics. Optional Medicaid services covered by

MAP include outpatient prescription medications and optometry services (GAO, 2005). The

USVI does not participate in the Intermediate Care Facility for Persons with Intellectual

Disabilities (ICF/ID) program, nor do they have a Home and Community Based Services

(HCBS) Waiver program.

Currently, the USVI does not have the resources available to track Medicaid spending on 

services for people with I/DD or their families; however, university colleagues have indicated

this type of information is critical to advocacy efforts (Habtes, 2012).
33

References

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2010a). Prevalence and trends data: Virgin

Islands – 2010 Disability. Retrieved November 5, 2013 from:

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/display.asp?cat=DL&yr=2010&qkey=4000&state=VI.

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2010b). Prevalence and trends data: Virgin

Islands – 2010 Disability. Retrieved November 5, 2013 from:

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/display.asp?cat=DL&yr=2010&qkey=4001&state=VI.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2013). The World Factbook, Central America and the

Caribbean: Virgin Islands. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq.html

Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The World Factbook, Central America and the

Caribbean: Virgin Islands. Retrieved December 11, 2014 from:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq.html

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (2012). Retrieved November 7, 2013 from:

http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Data-andSystems/Downloads/2011-Medicaid-MC-Enrollment-Report.pdf

Government Accountability Office (2005). U.S. Insular Areas: Multiple Factors Affect federal

health care funding. Retrieved November 11, 2013 from:

http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0675.pdf.

Habtes, Y. (2012) Personal communication.

House Committee on Ways & Means (2012). Green Book: Background Material and Data on

the Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means, Appendix

B: Social Welfare Programs in the Territories. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from:

http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2012-green-book/appendix- b-socialwelfare-programs-in-the-territories#_ftn1.

Kids Count Data Center (2013). Children enrolled in special education. Retrieved November

6, 2013 from: http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#VI/4/0.

Kids Count Data Center (2013). Children with a disability. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from:

http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5486-children-with-adisability?loc=54&loct=4#detailed/4/any/false/133,38,35,18,17/any/12056,12057.

Library of Congress (2013). H.R. 5566 Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of

2012. Retrieved November 11, 2013 from: http://thomas.loc.gov.

Library of Congress (2014). H.R. 79 Medicaid Payment Fairness to the Territories Act of 2013.

Retrieved December 11, 2014 from: www.congress.gov.
34

Office of Congresswoman Christensen (2013). Full biography. Retrieved November 11, 2013

from: http://donnachristensen.house.gov/about-me/full-biography.

Shea, D. (January 19, 2012). Hovensa closing. Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved November

6, 2013 from: http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/hovensa-closing1.1259790#axzz1nXpo7wFr.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population 

Survey. Retrieved December 11, 2014 from: 

http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000.

U.S. Census Bureau (2014, April 1). May 2013 State Occupational Employment and Wage 

Estimates: Virgin Islands. Retrieved December 11, 2014 from:

http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vi.htm#00-0000.

U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Virgin Islands Demographic Profile

Summary File: Technical Documentation, 2013 (RV).

U.S. Census Bureau (2011). U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for

the U.S. Virgin Islands. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from:

http://www.census.gov/2010census/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn180.html.

U.S. Census Bureau (2003). U.S. Virgin Islands: 2000, Social, economic, and housing

characteristics. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from:

http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-4-vi.pdf.

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2014, February 5). ASPE FMAP 2015 Report.

Retrieved December 11, 2014 from:

http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/FMAP2015/fmap15.cfm.

U.S. House of Representatives. (2014). Appendix B: Social Welfare Programs in the 

Territories. Retrieved December 15, 2014 from: 

http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2014-green-book/appendix-b-social-welfareprograms-in-the-territories

U.S. Virgin Islands (2013). Title V Block Grant FY 2012 Annual Report and FY 2014

Application; Narrative. Retrieved November 13, 2013 from:

https://mchdata.hrsa.gov/TVISReports/StateMchApps/StateNarrativeMenu.aspx.

U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Labor (2014). Employment Situation: August 2014.

Retrieved December 11, 2014 from:

https://www.vidolviews.org/gsipub/index.asp?docid=430.
35

Appendix A

GEOGRAPHY

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Size 77 square 

miles

183.5 square miles 212 square miles 3,515 square miles 

(main island); 3 

smaller islands: 

Vieques, Culebra, 

and Mona.

134 square 

miles

Nearest 

State/Country

Hawaii and 

New Zealand

Hawaii and the 

Philippines

Hawaii and the Philippines The British Virgin 

Islands and the 

Dominican 

Republic

The British 

Virgin Islands 

and the 

Dominican 

Republic

Population 54,517 53,883 159, 358 (yr 2010) 3,725,789 (yr 2010) 104,170

Ethnic groups Native 

Hawaiian or 

Pacific 

Islanders 

(91.6%)

Asian (50%) heritage, 

Native Hawaiian or 

Pacific Islander heritage 

(40%).

Chamorro (37.3%), Filipino (26.3%), 

white (7.1%), Chuukese (7%), Korean 

(2.2%), other Pacific Islander (2%), 

other Asian (2%), Chinese (1.6%), 

Palauan (1.6%), Japanese (1.5%), 

Pohnpeian (1.4%), mixed (9.4%), and 

other (0.6%)

Hispanic or Latino 

(99%)

Black or African 

American (76%)
36

ECONOMY

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Industry Tuna canaries, the AS 

government

Tourism, banking, 

construction, fishing, 

and handicrafts

Tourism, the military, 

and outside 

investment (primarily 

from Japan)

Pharmaceuticals, 

electronics, apparel, 

food products, and 

tourism

Largest island is 

dependent on 

tourism, rum 

distilleries also major 

manufacturers

Percent of 

residents 

below the 

poverty line

27% Not available but 

32% of all residents 

qualify for Medicaid

19.9% (2010) 45.1% (yr 2013) 24%

Unemployment 

rate

29.8% (2005) 25% 10% (2014) 16% (2011) 13.4% (2014)
37

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Inpatient/

outpatient 

hospital

One hospital on the 

island

One Health Center (86 

bed)

One civilian hospital, and 

one center for military, 

veterans, and dependents

Several hospitals, 

including a children’s 

hospital 

Two hospitals 

Physician’s 

services

Provided in the territory Provided in the 

territory

Provided in the territory Provided in the 

territory 

Provided in the territory 

Medicaid All residents are 

entitled to free medical 

care. To qualify for 

Medicaid, an 

individual’s income 

must be below 200% of 

the federal poverty 

level (FPL), which was 

$21,660 in 2009.

To qualify for 

Medicaid, an 

individual’s income 

must be less than 

150% of FPL.

Medical Assistance 

(Medicaid and Medically 

Indigent Program) is 

available through the 

Bureau of Economic 

Security. In fiscal year 

2013 43,603, people or 

27% of the total 

population received 

services

58.2% enrolled in 

Medicaid and Mi 

Salud public insurance 

programs. Mi Salud is 

a locally funded 

insurance coverage for 

those whose incomes 

exceeding the 

threshold for Medicaid 

eligibility.

MAP (Medicaid) is 

administered by the VI 

Department of Health 

(DOH). To be eligible for 

MAP, residents must meet 

asset limits or be 

determined to be 

medically needy. 8,993 

Virgin Islanders were 

enrolled in 2010. 

Social Security Participates in Social 

Security (Retirement, 

Survivors and 

Disability Insurance), 

Medicare and Medicaid

Participates in Social 

Security (Retirement, 

Survivors and 

Disability Insurance), 

Medicare and 

Medicaid

Participates in Social 

Security (Retirement, 

Survivors and Disability 

Insurance), Medicare and 

Medicaid

Participates in Social 

Security (Retirement, 

Survivors and 

Disability Insurance), 

Medicare and 

Medicaid

Participates in Social 

Security (Retirement, 

Survivors and Disability 

Insurance), Medicare and 

Medicaid
38

American

Samoa

(AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern Mariana 

Islands

(CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Supplemental 

Security Income 

program

Not eligible to 

participate

Has Supplemental 

Security Income 

(SSI)

Not eligible to participate Not 

eligible to 

participate

Not eligible to participate

Temporary 

Assistance for 

Needy Families 

(TANF)

Eligible for TANF, 

but they do not 

participate in the 

program

No Yes Yes Yes, Blind or Disabled 

Program, TANF

Supplemental 

Nutrition 

Assistance 

Program (SNAP)

Does not participate 

in SNAP but it 

receives an indexed 

nutrition assistance 

grant which benefits 

low-income, aged 

and disabled 

individuals

CNMI has been 

considering SNAP 

participation and is 

completing a 

proposal to do a 

pilot project in 

October. CNMI does 

have a Nutrition 

Assistance Grant

Yes Yes Yes 

Federal Medical 

Assistance 

Percentage 

(FMAP) 

For FY2015 it was 

55%, and the 

enhanced percentage 

is 68.5%.

For FY2015 it was 

55%, and the 

enhanced percentage 

is 68.5%.

For FY2015 it was 55%, and the enhanced 

percentage is 68.5%. Guam has secured an increase 

in that percentage for calendar years 2014 and 2015.

Medicaid spending is capped. This cap was 

temporarily removed when Guam was allocated 

additional funding ($268 million to be spent 

beginning July 1, 2011 thru FY2019) under the 

Affordable Care Act (ACA). 

Also, beginning January 1, 2014 the Guam Medicaid 

State Plan Amendment was approved to include 

childless adults with income above 100% to 133% 

of the federal poverty level with an FMAP of 78.6%

For 

FY2015 it 

was 55%, 

and the 

enhanced 

percentage 

is 68.5%. 

Medicaid 

spending 

cap was 

$364 

million in 

2010.

For FY2015 it was 55%, 

and the enhanced 

percentage is 68.5%.

Medicaid spending cap 

was $43 million in 2012. 

Congresswoman 

Christensen has actively 

pursued legislation that 

would increase the 

Territory FMAPs to be on 

par with that of the 50 

states and DC.
39

SERVICES FOR PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern 

Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Laboratory and xray, Early Periodic 

Screening, 

Diagnostic and 

Treatment 

(EPSDT)

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Nursing facility 

services, private 

duty nursing, 

podiatry, 

optometry and 

occupational and 

speech therapies

These services 

are provided, but 

they are off the 

island. 

Off-island 

services must be 

pre-approved by 

the admitting 

physician as a 

medical necessity 

and then preapproved by 

physicianmembers of the 

Off-Island 

Medical Referral 

Committee

Some. Other 

services are 

provided off the 

island.

Guam Memorial Hospital 

Authority Skilled Nursing 

Unit (40 Medicaid beds) is 

an off hospital site that 

provides long term 

rehabilitative care. 

Guam Memorial Hospital 

Authority also provides 

rehabilitation services. 

Medicaid Services for 

Speech, Hearing and 

Language Disorders are 

reimbursed as fee for 

service using Medicare fee 

schedule.

Allowable Medicaid services include 

physical therapy, occupational 

therapy, and speech therapy and are 

included in the capitated rate paid to 

managed care plans.

Services from a 

certified nurse 

practitioner are 

covered if delivered in 

a Medicaid-certified 

facility or program. 

There is one 80-bed 

nursing facility (20 

Medicaid certified). 

The USVI MAP does 

not cover services 

from nurse midwives 

or rural health clinics. 

Optional Medicaid 

services covered by 

MAP include 

outpatient prescription 

medications and 

optometry services
40

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern 

Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

ICF-ID There are no 

intermediate care 

facilities for 

people with 

intellectual 

disabilities 

(ICF/ID).

There is a 

convalescent 

home that is run 

by the Catholic 

Sisters which 

supports 22 

adults and 

children

There are very 

few segregated 

or specialized 

settings for 

individuals with 

disabilities (or 

for the elderly).

Some 

individuals with 

significant 

chronic behavior 

issues may leave 

the island and 

receive services 

in Hawaii or 

other western 

states.

There are no intermediate 

care facilities for people 

with intellectual disabilities 

(ICF/ID). 

The Guam Behavioral 

Health and Wellness Center 

coordinates comprehensive 

services and residential 

alternatives in the 

community for individuals 

with dual diagnosis.

The island has 

approximately eight group 

homes, funded by the 

government through 

contracts with providers. 

There are two main service 

providers on the island. 

Most people with 

disabilities live at home 

with their families. Guam 

has one formal Community 

Habilitation Program that is 

offered by Catholic Social 

Services, and group home 

(residential) providers 

support individuals to 

engage in daytime 

activities.

There are no intermediate care 

facilities for people with intellectual 

disabilities (ICF/ID).

Individuals over 21 years old, can 

seek services from the Vocational 

Rehabilitation Administration. Most 

adults are not in government funded 

services during the day and most 

people remain with their families.

Limited mix of government-supported 

and private services for adults who do 

not have family members who are 

able to provide care. The Center for 

Habilitation within the Department of 

Health serves a limited amount of 

people, and there is often a wait list. 

Some people with disabilities are also 

living in public housing. 

The Developmental Disabilities 

Council has provided funds to support 

special demonstration projects of 

independent living homes. These 

homes can house between six and 

eight adults. Some private nursing 

facilities provide care for individuals 

with disabilities who are able to pay 

for services with their own funds.

There are no 

intermediate care 

facilities for people 

with intellectual 

disabilities (ICF/ID).
41

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern 

Mariana 

Islands (CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

HCBS Waivers Does not operate 

Medicaid HCBS 

Waivers

Does not operate 

Medicaid HCBS 

Waivers

Does not operate Medicaid 

HCBS Waivers

Does not operate Medicaid HCBS 

Waivers

Does not operate 

Medicaid HCBS 

Waivers

Vocational 

Rehabilitation 

Services

Division of

Vocational

Rehabilitation

Phone:

(684) 699‐1371

Fax:

(684) 699‐1376

Office of

Vocational

Rehabilitation

Phone:

(670) 322‐6537

Fax:

(670) 322‐6536

TTY:

(670) 322‐6449

Division of 

Vocational Rehabilitation

Phone: (671) 475‐4200 

Fax: (671) 475‐4661 

TTY: (671) 477‐8642

Vocational Rehabilitation

Administration

Phone: (787) 729‐0160

Fax: (787) 728‐8070

TTY: (787) 268‐3735

Division of

Disabilities and

Rehabilitation

Services

Phone:

(340) 774‐

0930 x4190

Fax:

(340) 774‐7773

TTY:

(340) 776‐2043
42

ADMINISTRATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES GRANTEES

American

Samoa (AS)

Commonwealth

of the

Northern Mariana 

Islands

(CNMI)

Guam Puerto

Rico

Virgin Islands

Developmental 

Disabilities 

Council

American Samoa 

Developmental 

Disabilities Council

E-Mail: 

council@samoatelco.com

Executive Director: 

Norma L. Smith, 

nlsmith@dhss.as

Executive Director

Pamela Sablan

http://www.cnmicdd.org/

Guam Developmental 

Disabilities Council, Email: 

guamddc@gddc.guam.gov

Executive Director: Rosanne 

S. Ada, 

rosanne.ada@gddc.guam.gov

Puerto Rico DD Council, 

President: Vincente 

Sanabria Acevedo, 

prced@prtc.net

Virgin Islands DD 

Council

Yvonne D. Petersen

Executive Director

VI Developmental 

Disabilities Council

E-mail: 

viddcouncil@gmail.com

Phone: (340) 773-2323 

Ext. 2137

Protection and 

Advocacy 

System

Client Assistance 

Program and Protection 

& Advocacy

Executive Director: Dr. 

Uta Laloulu Tagoilelagi, 

utalaloulu@yahoo.com

James Rayphand 

Executive Director

http://www.nmpasi.org/

Guam Client Assistance 

Program

Office of the 

Governor/Ombudsman for 

Persons with Disabilities

http://www.oppi.gobierno.

pr/

Disability Rights Center 

of the Virgin Islands

http://www.drcvi.org/ho

me

University 

Center on 

Developmental 

Disabilities

Pacific Basin Program

American Samoa 

Community College

Executive Director: Seth 

Galeai, Ph.D., 

s.galeai@ascc.as

Northern Marianas 

College

http://www.marianas.edu 

/content.php?id=146&cat

= 151&mnu=148

Guam Center for Excellence 

in Developmental Disabilities 

Education, Research and 

Service (CEDDERS); Heidi 

E. San Nicolas, Ph.D.

heidi.sannicolas@guamcedde

rs.org

Puerto Rico University 

Center for Excellence on 

Developmental 

Disabilities/IDD; 

Annie Alonso Amador, 

Psy.D. MSW.

annie.alonso@upr.edu

Virgin Islands University 

Center for Excellence in 

Developmental 

Disabilities

Yegin Habtes, Ph.D, 

yhabtes@uvi.edu

Charles Beady, Ph.D.,

cbeadyj@live.uvi.edu

Help America 

Vote Act

Yes Yes Yes Yes
43