Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service 

Water Quality and Quantity of 

Selected Springs and Seeps Along the 

Colorado River Corridor, Utah and 

Arizona: Arches National Park, 

Canyonlands National Park, Glen 

Canyon National Recreation Area, and 

Grand Canyon National Park, 1997-98 

By Howard E. Taylor1

, John R. Spence2, Ronald C. Antweiler1, Kevin 

Berghoff

2

, Terry I. Plowman1, Dale B. Peart1, and David A. Roth1 

1

U.S. Geological Survey 

2

National Park Service 

Open-File Report 2003-496 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey
Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service 

Water Quality and Quantity of Selected Springs 

and Seeps Along the Colorado River Corridor, 

Utah and Arizona: Arches National Park, 

Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon 

National Recreation Area, and Grand Canyon 

National Park, 1997-98 

By Howard E. Taylor1, John R. Spence2, Ronald C. Antweiler1, Kevin Berghoff2, 

Terry I. Plowman1

, Dale B. Peart1, and David A. Roth1 

1

U.S. Geological Survey 

2

National Park Service 

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government 

Open-File Report 2003-496 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

Gale A. Norton, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Charles G. Groat, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004 

For product and ordering information: 

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod 

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS 

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, 

its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: 

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov 

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. 

Suggested citation: 

Taylor, H.E., Spence, J.R., Antweiler, R.C., Berghoff, K., Plowman, T.I., Peart, D.B., and Roth, 

D.A., 2004, Water quality and quantity of selected springs and seeps along the Colorado River 

Corridor, Utah and Arizona: Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon 

National Recreation Area, and Grand Canyon National Park, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 20O3-496, 33 p. 
Contents 

Abstract.............................................................1 

Introduction.........................................................1 

 Purpose and Scope.......................................2 

 Study area description....................................2 

 Study design..........................................................5 

 Acknowledements..........................................5 

Methodology .......................................................5 

 Onsite measurements.....................................5 

 Samplling and sample processing.....................8 

 Laboratory analysis.........................................8 

 Quality control/quality assurance........................9 

Water quality and and quantity data.........................12 

Conclusions........................................................12 

Literature cited.....................................................13 
Figures 

Figure 1. Sampling site map for Arches, Canyonlands, Grand Canyon National Parks, and 

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Colorado River Corridor.. 4 

Figure 2. Comparison of certified and measured values for: A. National Institute of Standards 

SRM 1643b at a 1:10 dilution, (As, Bi, B are Most Probable Values). B. U.S. 

Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Sample T103 (Ca and SiO2 in 

milligrams per liter)........................................................................10. 

Figure 3. Comparison of certified and measured values for: A. U.S. Geological Survey 

Standard Reference Water Sample T105 (Ca and SiO2 in milligrams per liter) B. 

U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Sample T117 (Ca and SiO2 in 

milligrams per liter..........................................................................11 

Tables 

Table 1. Site identification and map number..........................................................3 

Table 2. Site name, description, and onsite field measurement data................................6 

Table 3. Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of 

selected springs and seeps, 1997-98.........................................................15 

Table 4. Summary of physical setting, vegetation types, invertebrate habitats, and invertebrate 

microhabitats, 1997-98........................................................................33 
Conversion Factors, Datums, Acronyms, Abbreviations, 

and Chemical Notation 

Multiply By To obtain 

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m33/s) 

cubic yard (yd3

) 0.7646 cubic meter (m3) 

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) 

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s) 

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) 

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) 

pound (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) 

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: 

°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32 

Spatial Datums

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). 

Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 

1929 (NGVD of 1929). 

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25°C). 

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in either milligrams per liter (mg/L), 

micrograms per liter (μg/L), or nanograms per liter (ng/L). 

Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Chemical Notation 

Acronyms 

CVAFS, cold vapor atomicfluorescence spectrometry 

DI, deionized (water) 

D.O., dissolved oxygen 

DOC, dissolved organic carbon 

EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

IC, ion chromatography 

ICP−AES, Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry 

ICP−MS, Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry 

MDL, method detection limit 

NRCC, National Research Council Canada 

NRP, National Research Program 

QA, quality assurance 

QC, quality control 

SC, specific conductance 

SRM, standard reference material 

SRWS, standard reference water sample 

USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency 

USGS, United States Geological Survey 
Abbreviations 

cm, centimeter 

g, gram 

kg, kilogram 

L, liter 

μg, microgram 

mg, milligram 

mL, milliliter 

μm, micrometer 

MΩ-cm, megaohm-centimeter 

ng, nanogram 

ng/L, nanogram per liter 

ppb, parts per billion 

ppm, parts per million 

wt, weight 

s, second 

>, greater than 

<, less than 

Chemical Notation 

Al, aluminum 

As, arsenic 

B, boron 

Ba, barium 

Be, beryllium 

Bi, bismuth 

B, boron 

Ca, calcium 

Cd, cadmium 

Ce, cerium 

Cl, chloride 

Co, cobalt 

Cr, chromium 

Cs, cesium 

Cu, copper 

Dy, dysprosium 

Er, erbium 

Eu, europium 

Fe, iron 

Gd, gadolinium 

HCl, hydrochloric acid 

HF, hydrofluoric acid 

Hg, mercury 

HNO3, nitric acid 

Ho, holmium 

In, indium 

Ir, iridium 

K, potassium 

La, lanthanum 

Li, lithium 

Lu, lutetium 

Mg, magnesium 

Mn, manganese 
N, Nitrogen 

Na, sodium 

Nd, neodymium 

NH3, ammonia 

Ni, nickel 

NO3, nitrate 

P, phosphorous 

PO4, orthophosphate 

Pb, lead 

Pr, praseodymium 

Rb, rubidium 

Re, rhenium 

Rh, rhodium 

Sb, antimony 

Se, selenium 

Si, silica 

SiO2, silicon oxide 

Sm, samarium 

Sn, tin 

Sr, strontium 

SnCl2, stannous chloride 

Tb, terbium 

Te, tellurium 

Th, thorium 

Tl, thallium 

Tm, thulium 

U, uranium 

V, vanadium 

Y, yttrium 

Yb, ytterbium 

Zn, zinc 

Zr, zirconium 
Water Quality and Quantity of Selected 

Springs and Seeps Along the Colorado 

River Corridor, Utah and Arizona: Arches 

National Park, Canyonlands National 

Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation 

Area, and Grand Canyon National Park, 

1997-98 

By Howard E. Taylor, John R. Spence, Ronald C. Antweiler, Kevin Berghoff, Terry I. Plowman, Dale B. 

Peart, and David A. Roth 

Abstract 

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the National Park Service conducted an 

intensive assessment of selected springs along the 

Colorado River Corridor in Arches National Park, 

Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area, and Grand Canyon National Park in 

1997 and 1998, for the purpose of measuring and 

evaluating the water quality and quantity of the 

resource. This study was conducted to establish 

baseline data for the future evaluation of possible 

effects from recreational use and climate change. 

Selected springs and seeps were visited over a study 

period from 1997 to 1998, during which, discharge 

and on-site chemical measurements were made at 

selected springs and seeps, and samples were 

collected for subsequent chemical laboratory 

analysis. This interdisciplinary study also includes 

simultaneous studies of flora and fauna, measured 

and sampled coincidently at the same sites. Samples 

collected during this study were transported to U.S. 

Geological Survey laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, 

where analyses were performed using state-of-the-art 

laboratory technology. The location of the selected 

springs and seeps, elevation, geology, aspect, and 

onsite measurements including temperature, 

discharge, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific 

conductance, were recorded. Laboratory analyses 

include determinations for alkalinity, aluminum, 

ammonium (nitrogen), antimony, arsenic, barium, 

beryllium, bismuth, boron, bromide, cadmium, 

calcium, cerium, cesium, chloride, chromium, cobalt, 

copper, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic 

carbon, dysprosium, erbium, europium, fluoride, 

gadolinium, holmium, iodine, iron, lanthanum, lead, 

lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, 

molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, nitrate (nitrogen), 

nitrite (nitrogen), phosphate, phosphorus, potassium, 

praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, samarium, 

selenium, silica, silver, sodium, strontium, sulfate, 

tellurium, terbium, thallium, thorium, thulium, tin, 

titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, 

ytterbium, zinc, and zirconium in these springs and 

seeps. Biological observations include physical 

setting, vegetation, invertebrate habitats, and 

invertebrate microhabitats. 

Introduction 

A significant portion of the Colorado River 

drainage is on the Colorado Plateau. Four National 

Parks administer most of this river corridor (along 

with about 60 river km of a combination of private, 

Bureau of Land Management, and Utah state owned 

land located between Arches and Canyonlands 

National Parks). These parks include: Arches 

National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Glen 

Canyon National Recreation Area and Grand Canyon 

National Park. Numerous springs and seeps occur 
along this reach of the Colorado River corridor. 

Most of these springs and seeps exist as isolated sites 

in arid or semi-arid climates, surrounded by arid 

adapted communities. 

Recreational use and grazing in the arid 

regions of southern Utah and northern Arizona have a 

significant effect on both the ecology of the area and 

the water quality of springs. Springs and seeps, 

together with associated wetlands, are important and 

sensitive riparian and aquatic habitat. Traditionally, 

much of the land encompassed by and bordered by 

the recreation area has been used for livestock 

grazing. Springs are essential for commercial 

grazing. Livestock watering and recent increases in 

recreational use of the backcountry, if not managed 

properly, may result in detrimental effects on the 

water quality of the resource and, therefore, produce 

ecological effects on the spring and seep habitats. 

Finally, the increase in recreational use of the 

backcountry may adversely effect water quality and, 

therefore, produce ecological effects on these springs 

and seeps. Recreational activities, such as trampling 

and swimming at springs can damage vegetation, 

increase erosion, allow exotic species to invade, 

interfere with animal life cycles, and threaten the 

health of aquatic life in these sensitive environments. 

Baseline data are needed for the future 

evaluation of effects on the resource. To address this 

need, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 

cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS), 

visited selected springs and seeps in the specified 

National Parks in 1997 and 1998. The purpose of 

these visits was to make observations, field 

measurements and to collect samples for the 

evaluation of water quality. This study was 

conducted to develop baseline information on the 

quantity and quality of these water resources. 

Purpose and scope 

This report presents water quality and 

quantity data collected along the Colorado River 

corridor in 1997-98. The study area involves the 

reach of the Colorado River ranging from Arches 

National Park to Lake Mead, a distance of about 920 

river kilometers (km) (Fig. 1). The water quality of 

springs and seeps along the Colorado River corridor 

and in the boundaries of Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area have been studied by several 

scientists including, Taylor and others (1997), 

Blanchard (1986) and Williamson, written 

communication (1985). Davis and others. (1963) and 

Kister and Hatchett (1963) also provide water quality 

data on a few of the springs in this area. Some 

limited water-quality data on springs and seeps is 

reported by Lively-Schall and Foust (1988). Cooley 

(1965) provides descriptions and discharge data of 

many of the springs in the Glen Canyon region. 

Potter and Drake (1989) in their monograph on Lake 

Powell make a passing reference to water quality of 

springs and seeps, but provide no data. None of these 

studies provide a comprehensive chemical profile on 

the trace elements at indigenous concentration levels. 

Brown and Moran (1979) identified the 

principal water sources in Grand Canyon National 

Park, identifying 36 spring sites. Information on 

south rim springs in the Grand Canyon, was 

published by Metzger (1961). Theses by Goings 

(1985) and Zukosky (1995) describe water flow and 

some water chemistry data from selected springs and 

wells located on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. 

A preliminary National Park Service (NPS) Fact 

Sheet (Rihs, 2001) previews information in a final 

report that is in preparation from on-going 

collaborative studies between the USGS and the NPS 

on seeps and springs on the south rim of the Grand 

Canyon from the Little Colorado River to above 

Havasu Creek. 

Study area description 

The springs and seeps selected for this study 

are located within the boundaries of Arches National 

Park, Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon 

National Recreation Area, and Grand Canyon 

National Park (fig. 1). Most of these springs and 

seeps emerge in tributaries (within a few km) to the 

Colorado River. These springs and seeps often 

emanate from geological contacts between rock 

formations. Discharge from rock formations 

generally is in the form of small springs and seeps 

(with discharges of less than 0.6 liters per second) 

from canyon walls (Blanchard, 1986). Since the 

filling of Lake Powell, all springs in Glen Canyon 

Recreation Area occur at an altitude above about 

3,700 feet, the nominal elevation of the lake. The 

springs and seeps considered in this report (and other 

selected sites) are listed in table 1, and locations are 

shown in figure 1. 

2
Table 1. Site Identification and Map Number

Site Map Number 

(fig. 1)

Site Map Number 

(fig. 1)

Arches National Park Moqui Canyon Spring 28 

Above Freshwater Spring 1 Rana Canyon Garden 29 

Seven Mile Spring 2 Ribbon Canyon Garden 30 

Sleepy Hollow Garden 3 San Juan Garden 31 

Stevens Arch Garden 32 

Canyonlands National Park Swett Canyon Spring 33 

Cabin Spring 4 Wall Spring 34 

Cave Spring 5 

Lower Big Springs 6 Grand Canyon National Park

Bert's Canyon 35 

Glen Canyon Nat. Rec. Area Cove Canyon 36 

Bowns Canyon Garden 7 Deer Creek Spring 37 

Buoy 114a Spring A 8 Elves Chasm 38 

Buoy 114a Spring B 9 Fern Glen 39 

Buoy 84 RR 10 Hance Rapid Spring 40 

Cottonwood Canyon Garden 11 Keyhole Spring 41 

Cow Canyon Garden A 12 Ledges 42 

Cow Canyon Garden B 13 Matkatamiba Canyon 43 

Cow Canyon Garden C 14 Mohawk Canyon 44 

Easter pasture Canyon Garden 15 Nankoweap Twin Springs 1 45 

Escalante River Spring A 16 Pumpkin Spring 46 

Escalante River Spring B 17 River Mile 125 Spring 47 

Escalante River Spring C 18 River Mile 142R Seep 48 

Forgotten Canyon Spring 19 River Mile 147R Seep 49 

Good Hope Bay Spring A 20 River Mile 213R Spring 50 

Good Hope Bay Spring B 21 Saddle Canyon 51 

Good Hope Bay Spring C 22 Slimy Tick Canyon 52 

Good Hope Bay Spring D 23 Three Springs 53 

Gypsum Canyon Spring 24 

Knowles Canyon Garden 25 Miscellaneous

Last Chance Spring 26 Matrimony Spring (near Arches NP) 54 

Long Canyon Spring 27 

3
33

2

3

4

6 15 5

24

27

21

33

20

22

23

8

9

25

19

28

31

30 11

10

7

32 14 29 12

34

13

16

17

26

35 51

45

40

38

47

37

41

52

43

42 49

48

36 39

44

46

50

 Glen Canyon

National Recreation

 Area

Canyonlands National Park

Arches

 National Park

Grand Canyon

National Park

18

1

54

53 N

0 20 40 Miles

0 50 Kilometers

4
Study Design 

Selected springs were visited and samples 

were collected during February-March 1997 and 

1998. A total of 54 springs and seeps (3 in Arches 

National Park, 3 in Canyonlands National Park, 28 in 

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, 19 in Grand 

Canyon National Park, and 1 near Arches National 

Park were measured and sampled at various times 

throughout the study. Specific springs selected for 

sampling were chosen because of their high and 

obvious visibility of the location, their magnitude of 

use, and their ease of access. 

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are given to Mr. Lex 

Newcomb from Glen Canyon National Recreation 

Area for his GIS expertise and assistance in the 

preparation of the site map. 

METHODOLOGY 

Onsite measurements 

Several onsite measurements were made to 

characterize each site where water samples were 

collected. Water temperature was always measured 

in the field when collecting samples, whereas pH, 

specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen (O2) 

were measured in the field at each location when 

possible. When logistic difficulty prevented onsite 

measurements, water samples were transported as 

soon as possible to a field laboratory for 

measurement of pH, specific conductance, and 

dissolved oxygen. 

When water flow (velocity from 5 - 75 

centimeters per second) was observed in a 

channelized bed (depth 5 - 50 centimeters), a PriceTM

Pygmy model current meter was used to measure 

water velocity for the subsequent calculation of water 

discharge (Buchanan and Somers, 1976). For 

discharge measurements in channels too shallow to 

use of the Pygmy meter, a temporary weir was 

constructed from plastic to constrict the flowing 

water to a fixed channel. Under these conditions, 

flow was determined volumetrically by collecting a 

volume of water flowing from the weir for a specific 

period of time. For smaller water discharges, a direct 

volumetric measurement was made. Water was 

collected directly into a volumetric container 

(graduated cylinder) or into a holding vessel (bucket 

or similar container) where the volume collected was 

subsequently measured by water transfer into a 

graduated cylinder or other calibrated container. 

Because the nominal discharge of most of 

these springs (and seeps) was usually very low (<1 

L/sec) and frequently diffuse, quantitative 

measurements often were not possible. At locations 

where water discharge could not be directly 

measured, it was estimated using the area of the 

wetted rock or sand and the configuration of the 

topography surrounding the spring or seep as a guide 

to determine cross-sectional area and water was 

collected in a volumetric container. 

The location (Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) coordinates), geological setting, 

elevation, aspect (facing direction of spring), 

temperature, discharge, dissolved oxygen, pH and 

specific conductance are described in table 2. 

5
Table 2. Site name, description, and onsite field measurement data. 

[Abbreviations of geology types: BAS, Bright Angel Shale; CS, Chinle Shale; CM, Cedar Mesa; ES, Entrada Sandstone; KS, Kayenta Sandstone; ML, Muav Limestone; NKI, NNavajo Sandstone; PCAM, Precambrian quartzite/schist; RW, Redwall Sandstone; SF, Summerville Formation; TS, Tapeats Sandstone; ––, No data; Aspect, Direction spring iW=west, E=east, e, estimate; m, meters; oC, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; mL/s, milliliters per second; mg/L – milligrams per liter; UTM, universal tran

American Datum, 1927] 

Site Date Elevation Geology Aspect Temp- Dis- Dissolved 

erture charge Oxygen 

Easting Northing m oC mL/s mg/L 

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 07/15/98 627920 4289122 1,340 ES S 18.2 1 7.9 

Seven Mile Spring 07/13/98 617427 4280526 1,280 ES S 18.2 169 8.1 

Sleepy Hollow Spring 07/13/98 618434 4281208 1,280 ES S 18.5 495 7.2 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 07/15/98 603489 4226023 1,420 NKI N 16.8 16 7.6 

Cabin Spring 07/14/98 601283 4255058 1,650 NKI W 15.6 18 7. Cave Spring 07/15/98 609252 4223729 1,501 NKI — 17.6 1 5.2 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring 08/06/97 539380 4166470 1,155 NKI W 27.9 1 2.1 Bouy 114B Spring 08/06/98 539150 4166830 1,135 KS E 22.7 5 6.4 Buoy 84 RR Spring 08/15/97 510960 4132610 1,135 NKI E 23.3 44 6.9 Bowns Canyon Garden 07/16/97 511160 4138810 1,280 NS W 23.9 362 6.6 

Cottonwood Canyon Garden 09/04/97 516254 4119867 1,240 NS S 21 246 3.1 

Cow Canyon Garden A 07/17/97 506910 4141700 1,310 KS E 20.3 50 7.1 

Cow Canyon Garden B 07/17/97 505920 4141000 1,270 NKI S 20.9 850 7.3 Cow Canyon Garden C 07/17/97 510780 4145850 1,370 NKI S 26.3 118 7.6 Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 08/05/98 578180 4208940 1,510 CM E 28.3 21 6.4 Escalante River Spring A 07/15/97 501700 4140840 1,130 NKI N 18.9 349 6.8 

Escalante River Spring B 07/15/97 502660 4140860 1,160 NKI W 23 340 — 

Escalante River Spring C 07/16/97 502740 4139260 1,140 NKI E 18.9 913 7.7 

Forgotten Canyon Spring 09/04/97 537757 4154846 1,160 NKI W 19.3 37 6.3 

Good Hope Bay, Spring A 08/14/97 546110 4166100 1,170 CS N 19.4 57 7.8 

Good Hope Bay, Spring B 08/14/97 547800 4167480 1,220 CS N 19.2 41 7.4 Good Hope Bay, Spring C 08/14/97 545420 4165730 1,150 CS N 18.4 52 8. Good Hope Bay, Spring D 08/14/97 545190 4165740 1,135 CS N 19.3 1,890 7.3 Gypsum Canyon Spring 08/05/98 583100 4206300 1,180 CS M 25.7 239 6.8 

Knowles Canyon Garden 08/04/98 538240 4159420 1,155 NKI S 27.6 5 6.2 Last Chance Spring 08/21/97 467100 4114320 1,150 SF N 19.3 10 6.3 

Long Canyon Spring 07/16/97 551644 4178072 1,250 NKI E 19 344 7.4 

Moqui Canyon Spring 09/04/97 539979 4145796 1,200 NKI S 19.8 32 4.4 

Rana Canyon Garden 07/17/97 504170 4141240 1,160 NKI S 23.5 140 7.2 

Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 06/19/97 514300 4123510 1,155 NKI S 19 74 — 

San Juan Garden 06/18/97 511460 4116600 1,130 NKI E 20.5 214 6.5 

Stevens Arch Garden 09/05/97 502645 4141780 1,250 KS W 22.3 1 6.8 

UTM Coordinates

Swett Canyon Spring 08/05/98 543670 4186860 1,220 CS — 31.9 5 6.2 Wall Spring 08/13/97 541950 4173310 1,130 NS E 20.6 282 8.1 
Site Date Elevation Geology Aspect Temp- Discharge Dissolved p

erature Oxygen 

Easting Northing m oC mL/s mg/L 

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 05/11/98 420561 4028259 975. ML N 13.5 54. 9.6 7

Cove Canyon 05/19/98 318924 4012881 540. ML E 17. 93. 8

Deer Creek Spring 05/16/98 364612 4027987 600. ML S 17.8 — — 

Elves Chasm 05/15/98 369234 4005685 750. ML N 9. 621. 10.4 8Fern Glen 05/19/98 327710 4014470 550. ML N 14.5 5. 8

Hance Rapid Spring 05/13/98 416872 3990117 920. PCAM S 18.8 91. 8.3 8Keyhole Spring 05/11/98 358063 4027010 975. ML N 14. 57. 9.3 8

Ledges 05/17/98 345492 4023693 575. ML S 20. 191. — 8

Matkatamiba Canyon 05/17/98 350096 4022800 640. ML E 16. 5. — 8

Mohawk Canyon 05/19/98 323183 4010459 560. ML W 16. 5. — 8

Nankoweap Twin Spring 05/12/98 420166 4015360 1,060. PCAM E 17. 6,345. 8.9 8

Pumpkin Spring 05/21/98 291744e 3973467e 480. TS — 23. 200. — 7

River Mile 125 Spring 05/15/98 363175 4014068 670. ML E 19. 10. — 8

River Mile 142 Seep 05/16/98 357500 4028707 590. ML S — — — River Mile 147 Seep 05/17/98 349600 4023102 585. ML S 20.5 428. — 7River Mile 213 Spring 05/21/98 289236 3977233 490. BAS E 18.5 5. — 9

Saddle Canyon 05/11/98 418855 4024029 975. ML E 15. 5. 8.4 7

Slimy Tick Spring 05/18/98 342552 4021289 610. ML E 15. 7,080. — 8

Three Springs 05/21/98 291641e 3973840e 500. ML N 20. 5,000. — 8

MISCELLANOUS

Matrimony Spring 07/14/98 624393 4273683 1,443. — N 19.3 540. 10 7

UTM Coordinates

[Abbreviations of geology types: BAS, Bright Angel Shale; CS, Chinle Shale; CM, Cedar Mesa; ES, Entrada Sandstone; KS, Kayenta Sandstone; ML, Muav Limestone; NKI, NKayenta Interface; NS, Navajo Sandstone; PCAM, Precambrian quartzite/schist; RW, Redwall Sandstone; SF, Summerville Formation; TS, Tapeats Sandstone. ––, No data; As

Direction spring is facing; e, estimate; m, meters; oC, degrees, Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; mL/s, milliliters per second; mg/L – milligrams per liter; UTM, un

transverse mercator, North American Datum, 1927] 

Table 2. Site name, description, and onsite field measurement data. (Continued)
Sampling and sample processing 

Samples were collected and analyzed for 

major cations, major anions, nutrirents, dissolved 

organic carbon (DOC), trace constituents, and 

mercucry. 

Sampling kits consisting of filtration 

equipment, precleaned bottles (some containing 

preservative) with labels, hermetically sealed in a 

plastic bag, were prepared in the laboratory prior to a 

sampling trip. Each sampling kit was designated for 

one use only at a specific site. New kits were used at 

every sampling site. This approach eliminated the 

need for field cleaning of equipment, minimized the 

possibility of contamination, and greatly improved 

the quality control of the process. 

Sample processing for trace constituent 

analysis consisted of filtration with a dedicated 60-

mL polystyrene syringe (soaked in nitric acid in the 

laboratory for a minimum of 48 hours) through a 

disposable 25-mm diameter polysulfone membrane 

syringe filter with a nominal pore size of 0.45 μm. 

Samples for dissolved organic carbon determinations 

were filtered through a 47-mm diameter 0.45-

micrometer pore-size silver membrane filter housed 

in a stainless steel filter holder. 

Subsamples for laboratory analysis were 

filtered into sample bottles as follows: one 60-mL 

baked glass bottle (for dissolved organic carbon 

determinations (DOC)); one 30-ml deionized watersoaked opaque brown polyethylene bottle (for 

nutrient determinations); one deionized water-soaked 

clear 60-mL polyethylene bottle (for major anion 

determinations); and one 125-mL nitric acid-soaked 

polyethylene bottle with 1-mL concentrated subboiling distilled nitric acid included in the bottle for 

trace constituent and major-cation determinations. In 

addition, one 125-mL nitric acid-soaked glass bottle 

with 5-mL of a mixture of concentrated ultrapure 

nitric acid and 1 percent weight/volume (w/v) 

ultrapure potassium dichromate included in the bottle 

for mercury determinations was packaged separately 

from the kit to minimize cross-contamination 

problems. All sample bottles were acid soaked in the 

laboratory for 24 hours prior to use. 

The field processing procedure is described 

as follows: 

1. The kit was unsealed and the 

polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves were 

immediately placed on the hands of the 

person collecting the sample. 

2. The 60-mL syringe was removed from its 

container and without a filter in place was 

filled with sample directly from the spring 

or seep. If it was not possible to fill the 

syringe from the back with the plunger 

removed, the syringe was filled by using the 

suction of the plunger to draw small 

volumes from shallow depressions near the 

source of the spring. This is a particularly 

important technique for sampling springs 

with small volumes of running water. 

3. The initial filling of the syringe was 

discarded as a sample rinse prior to the 

filtration step. 

4. A disposable filter was placed on the syringe 

(using the Luer-lock connector), and a small 

quantity of sample was forced through the 

filter to rinse it (approximately 10-mL). A 

portion of this rinse solution was transferred 

to the appropriate sample bottle for rinsing 

prior to filling with filtered sample. 

5. After rinsing, the remainder of the sample in 

the syringe was filtered into the appropriate 

sample bottles. 

6. The sample bottles were filled in the 

following order: 30-mL nutrient bottle, 60-

mL anion bottle, 125-mL trace constituent 

bottle and finally, the 125-mL mercury 

bottle. Each bottle was thoroughly sealed 

before a subsequent bottle was opened. 

Nutrient samples were immediately chilled. 

7. As the disposable filters became clogged, 

reducing the filtration rate, the old filter was 

discarded and replaced with a new filter. 

Each new filter was rinsed as described in 

step 4 above. 

8. Dissolved organic carbon samples were 

chilled after processing. 

Laboratory analysis 

All samples were analyzed at the USGS 

laboratory located in Boulder, Colorado. Upon 

arrival at the laboratory, samples for nutrients and 

DOC were analyzed immediately. Ammonium 

(NH4), nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2) and 

orthophosphate (PO4) were determined by ultravioletvisible absorption spectrophotometry. Measurements 

were made using a continuous-flow automated 

method described by Antweiler and others (1993). 

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined by 

oxidation of the organic carbon in the sample to 

carbon dioxide, which was measured using an 

infrared absorption spectrophotometric technique. 

8
The specific method is described by Wershaw and 

others (1983). 

Total alkalinity was determined on the 

unpreserved filtered sample by an automated Gran 

titrimetric procedure using sulfuric acid as the titrant 

(Skougstad and others, 1979). Alkalinity was 

expressed in the units of milliequivalents per liter and 

was used in conjunction with pH to calculate 

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as carbonate and 

bicarbonate. Major anions (chloride (Cl), fluoride (F) 

and sulfate (SO4)) were determined on the 

unpreserved filtered sample using an automated ion 

chromatographic technique (Brinton and others, 

1996). 

Major cations (sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), 

magnesium (mg), potassium (K) and silica (as SiO2)) 

were determined on the filtered and acidified sample 

using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometric method. The method previously has 

been described by Garbarino and Taylor (1979). 

Trace constituents (aluminum (Al), 

antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium 

(Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), bromide (Br), 

cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), cesium (Cs), chromium 

(Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), 

erbium (Er), europium (Eu), fluoride (F), gadolinium 

(Gd), holmium (Ho), iodine (I), lanthanum, (La), lead 

(Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), manganese (Mn), 

molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), 

praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), rubidium (Rb), 

samarium (Sm), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), strontium 

(Sr), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), 

thorium (Th), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), 

tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), yttrium 

(Y), ytterbium (Yb), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr) 

were determined by an inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometric technique as described in Taylor 

and Garbarino (1991), Garbarino and Taylor (1994), 

and Taylor (2001). A cold-vapor atomic 

fluorescence spectrometric technique reported by 

Roth (1994) was used for the trace determination of 

mercury (Hg). Iron (Fe) was determined by the 

inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

technique previously described. 

Quality control/quality assurance 

All laboratory sample determinations were 

performed randomly in triplicate (randomly 

throughout a single analysis session). After statistical 

evaluation, outliers were rejected (Meier and Zünd, 

1993) and analytical determinations rerun as 

necessary. Calibration curves for instrumental 

determinations were established by the use of at least 

five separate concentration calibration standards, 

prepared gravimetrically from pure metals or metal 

salts. Laboratory reagent blanks were run in 

triplicate at a rate of about 5 percent of the total 

samples analyzed. Field process blanks were 

analyzed as part of the quality-control program. 

Laboratory blanks were used to correct analytical 

data, and field blanks were used to evaluate the 

possibility of contamination during the sampling 

process. 

The accuracy of the analytical 

determinations was further ensured by the periodic 

analysis of standard reference materials within each 

set of laboratory samples. Natural water matrix 

reference standards routinely comprised at least 20 

percent of each batch of sample analysis. Different 

standard reference materials were used for each 

analytical method. A number of separate reference 

samples, having constituent concentrations that 

bracketed the expected analyte concentrations in the 

spring and seeps samples, were routinely analyzed in 

an identical fashion to the samples. National Institute 

of Standards and Technology (NIST), Standard 

Reference Materials, and USGS, Standard Reference 

Water Samples were extensively used to evaluate the 

accuracy of all analytical trace element 

determinations. A summary of the results of these 

standards are shown on bar graphs in figures 2 and 3. 

The white bars represent the certified or “most 

probable” value of the trace elements in the reference 

material. The dark bars are mean concentrations 

measured by the laboratory for the reference material 

during the analysis of the samples. The degree of 

agreement between the certified or “most probable” 

values and the measured values represent an estimate 

of the level of accuracy of these determinations. 

Depending on concentration level of the analyte, the 

degree of agreement between the certified and 

measured values was generally between 1 and 10 

percent. 

9
0.1

1

10

100

As B Ba Be Bi Cd Co Cr Cu Mn Mo Ni Pb Se Sr Tl V Zn

ELEMENTS

CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

Certified

Measured

A

1

10

100

1,000

Ag Al As B Ba Be Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Se SiO2 Sr Tl V Zn

ELEMENTS

CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

Most Probable Value B Measured

Figure 2. Comparison of certified and measured values for: A. National Institute of Standards SRM 1643b at a 1:10 

dilution, (As, Bi, B are Most Probable Values). B. U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Sample T103 

(Ca and SiO2 in milligrams per liter) 

10
1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Ag Al As B Ba Be Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Se SiO2 Sr V Zn

ELEMENTS

CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

Most Probable Value

Measured

A

0

1

10

100

1,000

Ag Al As B Ba Be Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Se SiO2 Sr V Zn

ELEMENTS

CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

Most Probable Value

B Measured

Figure 3. Comparison of certified and measured values for: A. U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water 

Sample T105 (Ca and SiO2 in milligrams per liter) B. U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Sample 

T117 (Ca and SiO2 in milligrams per liter) 

11
WATER QUALITY AND 

QUANTITY DATA

A summary of all field measurements and 

the mean values and standard deviations of the 

replicate laboratory determinations are tabulated in 

tables 2 and 3. Concentrations of major anions and 

cations, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, and 

DOC are reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L). 

Alkalinity and specific conductance are reported in 

the units of milliequivalents per liter (meq/L) and 

microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm), respectively. 

Mercury concentrations are reported in nanograms 

per liter (ng/L) All other trace constituents are 

tabulated in units of micrograms per liter (μg/L). 

Where appropriate, detection limits are determined 

by the method described by Skogerboe and Grant 

(1970) and data are reported as “less than” values (<) 

in the table. Detection limits may vary for a given 

constituent on the basis of factors such as variation in 

the sensitivity of the laboratory instrument or sample 

dilutions that were made at the time of analysis to 

minimize interelement interference effects. 

Observations including the biological characteristics 

of each spring and seep are tabulated table 4. 

The water-quantity results tabulated from 

this study (table 2) show that water discharge ranges 

from unmeasureable (seeps) to a high of about 7,000 

mL/s at Slimey Tick Spring in Grand Canyon 

National Park. The magnitude of water discharge is 

highly variable dependent on the season of the year 

and the overall climatic and hydrologic conditions 

prior to measurement (Blanchard, 1986). 

Hydrogen ion concentration, expressed in 

pH, is ranges from 6.99 to 9.22. Alkalinity is 

variable, ranging from about 1 to 30 meq/L, 

suggesting significant variation in the bicarbonate 

contributions. Specific conductance (an indication of 

dissolved solids content) also is variable, ranging 

from 117 μS/cm at Bowns Canyon Spring in Glen 

Canyon National Recreation Area to 12,900 μS/cm at 

Pumpkin Spring in Grand Canyon National Park. 

Other major water quality constituents such as, Ca, 

K, Mg, Na, Cl and SO4, show a similar distribution to 

the specific conductance, indicating that the majority 

of the springs are freshwater, with a few springs 

having nominally high salinity (for example, Gypsum 

Canyon Spring and Pumpkin Spring). Nutrients, 

including ammonium ion, nitrate, nitrite and 

phosphate, were measured at very low and variable 

concentrations. 

Several of the trace constituents seldom 

were measured at concentrations above their 

respective detection limits (usually sub μg/L levels). 

These included Ag, Be, Co, Ni, P, Te and Tl. 

Concentrations of other trace elements including Cd, 

Ce, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hg, Ho, Lu, Mo, 

Nd, Pb, Pr, Re, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Tb, Th, Tm, W, Yb 

and Zn, ranged from their respective detection limit 

to nominally moderate values depending on the 

specific spring sampled. Elements including Al, As, 

B, Ba, Br, DIC, DOC, I, La, Li, Mn, Rb, Sr, U, V, Y 

and Zn, were present at measureable concentrations 

in essentially all springs and seeps sampled. Silica 

(SiO2) ranged from 0.03 to 130 mg/L. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Water is a critical, limited resource in the 

arid environment of the national parks and recreation 

areas on the Colorado Plateau. Although many of 

these springs and seeps are small and sometimes 

temporary, collectively they result in the greatest and 

most widespread source of surface water in the four 

national parks aside from Lake Powell and the major 

river channels. Because of the presence and range of 

these ground-water sources of surface water, they are 

an essential resource to maintain the riparian and 

aquatic habitat that supports the local flora and fauna 

of the high desert. The ecosystems that develop 

around the springs and seeps represent a unique 

environment in the desert. This study, described in 

this report, represents a water quality and quantity 

assessment of selected springs and seeps that were 

flowing at the time of sampling and that were 

accessible with reasonable effort. Additional 

sampling and assessment of these and other springs 

and seeps in the future is warranted to identify 

potentially unique floral and faunal species that may 

be present and provide information to assist in the 

management of this important resource. 

12
Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for 

descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government 

LITERATURE CITED 

Antweiler. R.C., Patton, C.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1993, 

Automated, colorimetric methods for 

determination of nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, 

ammonium and orthophosphate ions in 

natural water samples: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 93-638, 40 p. 

Blanchard, P.J., 1986, Ground-water conditions in the 

Lake Powell area, Utah: Utah Department of 

Natural Resources, Technical Publication 

No. 84., 64 pp. 

Brinton, T.I., Antweiter, R.C., and Taylor, H.E., 1996, 

Method for the determination of dissolved 

chloride, nitrate and sulfate in natural water 

using ion chromatography: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 95-426A, 16 p. 

Brown, B.T. and Moran, M.S., 1979, An inventory of 

surface water resources in Grand Canyon 

National Park, Arizona. Final report to the 

Division of Resource Management, Grand 

Canyon National Park, 208 Water Quality 

Report, Part I, Water Resources Inventory, 

p. 2. 

Buchanan, T. J. and Somers, W.P., 1976, Discharge 

Measurements at Gaging Stations: U.S. 

Geological Survey Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, book 3, chap. A8, 

65 p. 

Cooley, M.E., 1965, Stratigraphic sections and 

records of springs in the Glen Canyon region 

of Utah and Arizona. Museum of Northern 

Arizona, Technical Series No. 6, Flagstaff, 

Ariz., Northern Society of Science and Art, 

140 p. 

Davis, G.E., Hardt, W.F., Thompson, L.K. and Cooley, 

M.E., 1963, Geohydrologic data in the 

Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, 

Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Part I, 

Records of ground-water supplies: Tucson, 

Ariz., Arizona State Land Department Water 

Resources Report No. 12-A. 159 pp. 

Garbarino, J.R. and Taylor, H.E., 1979, An 

inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission 

spectrometric method for routine water 

quality testing: Applied Spectroscopy, v. 33, 

p. 220. 

Garbarino, J.R. and Taylor, H.E., 1994, Inductively 

coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method 

for the determination of dissolved trace 

elements in natural water: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 94-358, 88 p. 

Goings, D.B., 1985, Spring flow in a portion of Grand 

Canyon National Park, Arizona: University of 

Nevada-Las Vegas, unpublished Master’s 

thesis, 35 p. 

Kister, L.R. and Hatchett, J.L., 1963, Geohydrologic 

data in the Navajo and Hopi Indian 

Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and 

Utah. Part II, Selected chemical analysis of 

the ground water: Tucson, Ariz., Arizona 

State Land Department Water Resources 

Report No. 12-B. 58p. 

Lively-Schall, W. and Foust, Jr., R.D., 1988, Surface 

water within Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area: Report from Ralph M. Bilby 

Research Center, Northern Arizona 

University, Flagstaff, Ariz., 56 p. 

Meier, P.C. and Zünd, R.E., 1993, Statistical Methods 

in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 123 in Chemical 

Analysis, J.D. Wineforder and I.M. Kolthoff, 

eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 49-

51. 

Metzger, D.G., 1961, Geology in relation to availability 

of water along the south rim Grand Canyon 

National Park: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1475-C, 138 p.

Potter, L.D. and Drake, C.L., 1989, Lake Powell Virgin 

Flow to Dynamo: Albuquerque, New Mex. 

University of New Mexico Press, 289 p.. 

Rihs, J., 2001, Native Waters: A Study of Grand 

Canyon’s seeps and springs, 2001: National 

Park Service Fact Sheet. 

Roth, D.A., 1994, Ultratrace analysis of mercury and 

its distribution in some natural waters in the 

United States: Ft. Collins, Colo., Colorado 

State University, Department of Chemistry, 

Ph.D. dissertation, 309 p. 

Skogerboe, R.K. and Grant, C.L., 1970, Comments 

on the definitions of terms sensitivity and 

detection limit: Spectroscopy Letters, v. 3, 

no. 8/9, p. 215-219. 

Skougstad, M.W., Fishman, M.J., Friedman, L.C., 

Erdman, D.E., and Duncan, S.S., 1979, 

Methods for the determination of inorganic 

substances in water and fluvial sediments: 

U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, 

chap. A1, 626 p. 

Taylor, H.E., 2001, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass 

Spectrometry: Practices and Techniques: 

Academic Press, San Diego, CA., 294 p. 

Taylor, H.E., and Garbarino, J.R., 1991, The 

measurement of trace metals in water 

resource monitoring samples by inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry: 

Spectrochimica Acta Reviews, v. 14, p. 33. 

Taylor, H.E., Berghoff, K., Andrews, E.D., Antweiler, 

R.C., Brinton, T.I., Miller, C., Peart, D.B., and 

Roth, D.A., 1997, Water Quality of Springs 

13
and Seeps in Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area: National Park Service 

Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR97/128, 26 p. 

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and 

Lowe, L.E., 1983. Methods for the 

determination of organic substances in water 

and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, p. 22. 

Williamson, R.R. 1985. A baseline chemical analysis 

of selected springs in Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area. Written communication, 22 

pp. 

Zukosky, K.A., 1995, An assessment of the potential 

to use water chemistry parameters to define 

ground water flow pathways at Grand 

Canyon National Park, Arizona: University of 

Nevada-Las Vegas, unpublished Master’s 

thesis, 105 p. 

14
Table 3. Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98. 

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; mg/L, milligrams per liter, ng/L, nanograms per per liter, C/L, carbon per liter, N/L, nitrogen per liter, <, less than

Site Alkalinity Silver Aluminum Arsenic Boron Barium Beryllium 

meq/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L 

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 1.45 < 0.5 ± 0.2 0.23 ± 0.3 0.26 ± 0.018 9.8 ± 0.3 220. ± 0 < 0.03 ± 0.01 Seven Mile Spring 2.15 < 0.5 ± 0.15 0.20 ± 0.3 0.22 ± 0.045 13.1 ± 2 310. ± 0 < 0.03 ± 0.01 Sleepy Hollow Spring 1.96 < 0.5 ± 0.2 1.24 ± 0.3 0.42 ± 0.082 15. ± 1 290. ± 0 < 0.03 ± 0.02 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 4.94 < 0.5 ± 0.08 < 0.08 ± 0.4 0.69 ± 0.052 47.6 ± 0.6 160. ± 0 < 0.03 ± 0.02 Cabin Spring 1.99 < 0.5 ± 0.2 0.23 ± 0.4 2.40 ± 0.003 18. ± 1 180. ± 0 < 0.03 ± 0.01 Cave Spring 2.92 < 0.7 ± 0.25 1.24 ± 0.0 0.31 ± 0.079 10.5 ± 8 280. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — Bouy 114B Spring 2.26 < 0.7 ± 0.5 0.61 ± 0.0 2.71 ± 0.057 14.5 ± 6 420. ± 20 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Buoy 84 RR Spring 1.66 < 0.8 ± 0.07 4.33 ± 0.9 0.86 ± 0.024 11.9 ± 0.7 42. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Bowns Canyon Garden 1.05 < 0.8 ± 0.01 3.44 ± 0.1 0.05 ± 0.021 4.8 ± 0.7 25. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Cottonwood Canyon Garden 2.18 < 0.8 ± 0.04 8.35 ± 0.3 1.44 ± 0.038 12.4 ± 1 51. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Cow Canyon Garden A 1.39 < 0.8 ± 0.02 2.11 ± 0.4 0.08 ± 0.007 7.6 ± 0.9 62. ± 2 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Cow Canyon Garden B 1.49 < 0.8 ± 0.08 4.42 ± 0.0 0.04 ± 0.028 8.9 ± 1 41. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Cow Canyon Garden C 1.85 < 0.8 ± 0.05 3.70 ± 0.2 0.83 ± 0.023 12.2 ± 0.5 160. ± 10 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 2.66 < 0.7 ± 0.4 0.95 ± 0.1 0.79 ± 0.073 58.6 ± 6.3 67. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Escalante River Spring A 1.42 < 0.8 ± 0.1 6.18 ± 0.2 2.67 ± 0.05 12.7 ± 0.6 32. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Escalante River Spring B 1.45 < 0.8 ± 0.09 2.97 ± 0.0 0.19 ± 0.021 11.1 ± 0.9 37. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Escalante River Spring C 1.51 < 0.8 ± 0.03 1.09 ± 0.2 7.31 ± 0.217 10.7 ± 1 120. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Forgotten Canyon Spring 4.35 < 0.8 ± 0.09 2.32 ± 0.5 0.79 ± 0.05 17.1 ± 1 300. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Good Hope Bay, Spring A 3.57 < 0.8 ± 0.14 2.67 ± 1.3 4.60 ± 0.06 37.5 ± 1 160. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Good Hope Bay, Spring B 5.05 < 0.8 ± 0.07 4.97 ± 4.4 4.05 ± 0.009 87.9 ± 0.1 160. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Good Hope Bay, Spring C 2.54 < 0.8 ± 0.04 1.25 ± 0.3 3.67 ± 0.025 30.6 ± 0.4 140. ± 10 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Good Hope Bay, Spring D 2.51 < 0.8 ± 0. 1.27 ± 0.1 3.23 ± 0.008 24. ± 3 140. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Gypsum Canyon Spring 4.58 < 0.7 ± 0.2 0.88 ± 0.3 9.92 ± 0.05 750. ± 10 35. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Knowles Canyon Garden 1.47 < 0.7 ± 0.1 1.20 ± 0.1 1.01 ± 0.026 12.9 ± 1.5 240. ± 10 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Last Chance Spring 7.88 < 0.8 ± 0.1 3.19 ± 0.3 0.30 ± 0.026 270. ± 10 32. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Long Canyon Spring 1.27 < 0.8 ± 0.06 5.18 ± 0.0 0.10 ± 0.026 10. ± 0.5 32. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Moqui Canyon Spring 3.75 < 0.8 ± 0.05 2.88 ± 1.8 0.47 ± 0.015 19.1 ± 1 110. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Rana Canyon Garden 1.90 < 0.8 ± 0.1 3.75 ± 0.4 0.25 ± 0.034 14.8 ± 0.2 45. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.00 Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 1.99 < 0.8 ± 0.05 1.18 ± 0.1 1.27 ± 0.114 10.7 ± 0.9 25. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.01 

San Juan Garden 1.51 < 0.8 ± 0.1 1.67 ± 0.1 1.47 ± 0.017 8.7 ± 1.6 58. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.00 Stevens Arch Garden 1.65 < 0.8 ± 0.07 0.96 ± 0.5 0.23 ± 0.014 13.3 ± 0.4 39. ± 2 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Swett Canyon Spring 9.20 < 0.7 ± 0.4 1.11 ± 0.1 3.79 ± 0.029 439.7 ± 0 82. ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Wall Spring 3.68 < 0.8 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.0 1.36 ± 0.043 30.4 ± 0.2 150. ± 0 < 0.02 ± 0.02 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Conti

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Alkalinity Silver Aluminum Arsenic Boron Barium Beryllium 

meq/L

μg/L

μg/L

μg/L

μg/L

μg/L

μg/L

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 4.00 < 0.7 ± 0.19 0.3 ± 0. 0.28 ± 0. 35. ± 8. 140. ± 2. < 0.02 ± 0.02 

Cove Canyon 1.80 < 0.7 ± 0.15 0.8 ± 0.2 0.88 ± 0.04 180. ± 10. 22. ± 1. < 0.02 ± 0.02 Elves Chasm 3.17 < 0.7 ± 0.1 0.24 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.07 75. ± 8. 31. ± 1. < 0.02 ± 0.02 Fern Glen 3.11 < 0.7 ± 0.33 9.6 ± 7. 0.59 ± 0.05 240. ± . 16. ± 0.2 < 0.02 ± 0.02 

Hance Spring 4.94 < 0.7 ± 0.13 1. ± 0.3 54. ± 0.9 610. ± 10. 32. ± 1. 0.035 ± 0.02 Keyhole Spring 3.94 < 0.7 ± 0.3 0.67 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.09 43. ± 3. 160. ± 0.4 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Mohawk Canyon 2.16 < 0.7 ± 0.05 0.5 ± 0.2 0.21 ± 0.1 230. ± 30. 11. ± 0.4 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Nankoweap Twin Spring 4.49 < 0.7 ± 0.39 0.76 ± 0.5 0.13 ± 0.02 130. ± 10. 32. ± 0.6 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Pumpkin Spring 29.6 < 0.7 ± 0.19 5.4 ± 0.2 — ± — 13,600. ± 2,900. 120. ± 0.0 0.67 ± 0.02 

River Mile 125 Spring 2.78 < 0.7 ± 0.26 0.56 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.04 210. ± 10. 11. ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 

River Mile147 Seep 3.03 < 0.7 ± 0.22 18.5 ± 16. 0.93 ± 0.01 150. ± 10. 13. ± 0.3 < 0.02 ± 0.00 River Mile 213 Spring 3.37 < 0.7 ± 0.12 1.4 ± 0.3 24. ± 1. 200. ± 10. 39. ± 0.5 < 0.02 ± 0.02 Saddle Canyon 3.94 < 0.7 ± 0.24 0.32 ± 0.2 0.95 ± 0.02 44. ± 6. 87. ± 1.3 < 0.02 ± 0.01 Slimy Tick Spring 2.34 < 0.7 ± 0.28 0.82 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.09 220. ± 10. 15. ± 0.7 < 0.02 ± 0.02 The Ledges 1.95 < 0.7 ± 0.23 1.9 ± 1.5 0.73 ± 0.05 190. ± . 12. ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.02 

Three Springs 4.97 < 0.7 ± 0.24 0.51 ± 0.1 7.4 ± 0.4 110. ± . 73. ± 1.6 < 0.02 ± 0.01 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 2.11 < 0.5 ± 0.16 0.52 ± 0.5 0.83 ± 0.05 20. ± 1. 71. ± 0.9 0.038 ± 0.01 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Conti

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; 

μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Calcium Cadmium Cerium Chlorine Cobalt Chromium 

mg/L

μg/L

μg/L mg/L

μg/L

μg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 31.9 ± 0.5 < 0.009 ± 0.0039 < 0.0005 ± 0.001 2.3 ± 0.1 < 0.009 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.05 Seven Mile Spring 38.5 ± 0.6 < 0.009 ± 0.002 < 0.0005 ± 0. 3.5 ± 0.1 < 0.009 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.04 

Sleepy Hollow Spring 38.1 ± 0. < 0.009 ± 0.005 0.0018 ± 0.001 2.2 ± — < 0.009 ± 0. < 0.1 ± 0.13 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 61.2 ± 0.4 < 0.009 ± 0.0045 < 0.0005 ± 0. 12. ± — < 0.009 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.04 Cabin Spring 33.7 ± 0.6 < 0.009 ± 0.007 < 0.0005 ± 0. 5.1 ± — < 0.009 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.11 

Cave Spring 28.5 ± 0.9 < 0.008 ± 0.003 0.004 ± 0.001 4.7 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. < 0.1 ± 0.08 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — 

Bouy 114B Spring 25.2 ± 0.1 < 0.008 ± 0.006 0.0026 ± 0.001 3.5 ± — < 0.005 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.01 Buoy 84 RR Spring 18.5 ± 0.1 0.016 ± 0.006 0.0037 ± 0. 2.3 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.7 ± 0.04 

Bowns Canyon Garden 10.4 ± 0.1 < 0.008 ± 0.0025 0.0089 ± 0. 1.4 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.5 ± 0.01 Cottonwood Canyon Garden 27. ± 0.9 0.019 ± 0.0085 0.0055 ± 0. 2.7 ± 0.1 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.4 ± 0.07 Cow Canyon Garden A 13.1 ± 0.4 0.014 ± 0.003 0.0033 ± 0.001 1.8 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 1. ± 0. Cow Canyon Garden B 13.8 ± 0.3 0.025 ± 0.005 < 0.001 ± 0. 2.1 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 1. ± 0.06 

Cow Canyon Garden C 20.7 ± 0.3 0.008 ± 0.004 0.003 ± 0.001 4.4 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 1.1 ± 0.08 Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 23.1 ± 0.4 < 0.008 ± 0.003 < 0.001 ± 0. 17. ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.8 ± 0.3 Escalante River Spring A 14.8 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.002 0.0033 ± 0. 1.7 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.7 ± 0.07 

Escalante River Spring B 15.1 ± 0.3 0.017 ± 0.009 0.0015 ± 0.001 2.5 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 1.1 ± 0.07 Escalante River Spring C 15. ± 0.2 < 0.008 ± 0.005 < 0.001 ± 0. 1.7 ± — < 0.005 ± 0.01 0.8 ± 0. Forgotten Canyon Spring 46.2 ± 1.8 < 0.008 ± 0.003 0.0153 ± 0.002 9.3 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.4 ± 0.02 Good Hope Bay, Spring A 37.4 ± 1.1 0.008 ± 0.006 0.0067 ± 0.001 12.3 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.6 ± 0.13 Good Hope Bay, Spring B 39.9 ± 0.4 0.01 ± 0.003 0.002 ± 0.001 9.2 ± 0.1 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.3 ± 0.26 Good Hope Bay, Spring C 21.4 ± 0.1 < 0.008 ± 0.002 < 0.001 ± 0. 8.1 ± — < 0.005 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.09 

Good Hope Bay, Spring D 22.8 ± 0.9 < 0.008 ± 0.002 0.0025 ± 0. 7.8 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.6 ± 0.03 Gypsum Canyon Spring 680. ± 20. 0.049 ± 0.01 0.0329 ± 0.003 2600. ± — < 0.005 ± 0.12 < 0.3 ± 0.19 Knowles Canyon Garden 18. ± 0.3 < 0.008 ± 0.002 0.0029 ± 0.001 1.7 ± 0.1 < 0.005 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.11 Last Chance Spring 240. ± 10. 0.03 ± 0.003 0.0038 ± 0. 20.4 ± — 0.01392 ± 0. < 0.09 ± 0.05 

Long Canyon Spring 13.1 ± 0.2 0.035 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0. 2.1 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.7 ± 0.07 

Moqui Canyon Spring 46.2 ± 0.7 < 0.008 ± 0.002 0.0165 ± 0. 7.2 ± 0.7 < 0.005 ± 0. < 0.09 ± 0.02 

Rana Canyon Garden 17.2 ± 0.2 0.018 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0. 3. ± 0.1 < 0.005 ± 0.01 1. ± 0.01 Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 23.3 ± 0.5 0.016 ± 0.0003 < 0.001 ± 0. 2.1 ± 0 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.8 ± 0.07 

San Juan Garden 18.1 ± 0.2 0.016 ± 0.007 0.0055 ± 0.002 2.4 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.6 ± 0.07 Stevens Arch Garden 16.9 ± 0.3 < 0.008 ± 0.0045 < 0.001 ± 0. 2.3 ± 0.2 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.1 ± 0.04 

Swett Canyon Spring 41.2 ± 0.8 0.043 ± 0.002 0.0066 ± 0. 46. ± — < 0.005 ± 0.01 < 0.1 ± 0.2 Wall Spring 35.8 ± 0.5 < 0.008 ± 0.0025 < 0.001 ± 0.001 7.2 ± — < 0.005 ± 0. 0.4 ± 0.04 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; 

μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Calcium Cadmium Cerium Chlorine Cobalt Chromium 

mg/L

μg/L

μg/L mg/L

μg/L

μg/L

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 41 ± 2. < 0.008 ± 0.001 0.015 ± 0.002 8.8 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.007 0.4 ± 0. 

Cove Canyon 530 ± 0.2 0.015 ± 0.002 0.001 ± 0.0008 32 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.02 < 0.3 ± 0.2

Elves Chasm 69 ± 0.4 < 0.008 ± 0.004 0.001 ± 0.0003 20 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.02 < 0.3 ± 0.0

Fern Glen 330 ± 0. < 0.008 ± 0.005 < 0.001 ± 0.0007 22 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.008 < 0.3 ± 0.2 

Hance Spring 57 ± 1. 0.028 ± 0.003 0.001 ± 0.0006 47 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.3 ± 0.0

Keyhole Spring 41 ± 0.7 < 0.008 ± 0.008 0.003 ± 0.002 9.4 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.012 < 0.3 ± 0.

Mohawk Canyon 290 ± 10. < 0.008 ± 0.004 0.002 ± 0.0005 27 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.005 < 0.3 ± 0.2 

Nankoweap Twin Spring 58 ± 2. < 0.008 ± 0.003 0.003 ± 0.001 8.2 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.3 ± 0.0

Pumpkin Spring 190 ± 20. 0.054 ± 0.005 0.016 ± 0.0000 5,100 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.01 3. ± 0.0

River Mile 125 Spring 200 ± 0. < 0.008 ± 0.004 0.002 ± 0.0005 32 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.01 < 0.3 ± 0.2 

River Mile147 Seep 190 ± 0. 0.029 ± 0.02 0.005 ± 0.0006 14 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.03 < 0.3 ± 0.2 

River Mile 213 Spring 42 ± 1. 0.012 ± 0.008 0.006 ± 0.0001 31 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.006 < 0.3 ± 0.

Saddle Canyon 45 ± 0.7 < 0.008 ± 0.008 0.001 ± 0.0006 12 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.006 < 0.3 ± 0.

Slimy Tick Spring 350 ± 10. < 0.008 ± 0.008 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 11 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.1 < 0.3 ± 0.

The Ledges 560 ± 0. < 0.008 ± 0.005 0.001 ± 0.001 14 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.015 < 0.3 ± 0.0

Three Springs 66 ± 1. < 0.008 ± 0.004 0.001 ± 0.001 23 ±

— < 0.005 ± 0.005 < 0.3 ± 0.0

MISCELLANOUS

Matrimony Spring 29 ± 0.2 < 0.009 ± 0.004 < 0.0005 ± 0.0007 9 ±

— < 0.009 ± 0.004 0.3 ± 0.0
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Dissolved Dissolved Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine Iron 

inorganic carbon organic carbon

mg C/L mg C/L

μg/L

μg/L

μg/L mg/L

μg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 21 ± 0.3 1.4 < 0.002 ± 0.000 < 0.002 ± 0.0017 < 0.001 ± 0.0007 0.08 ± — < 12 ± 7 

Seven Mile Spring 27 ± 0.2 0.8 < 0.002 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0.0007 < 0.001 ± 0.0062 0.1 ± 0.008 < 12 ± 2 Sleepy Hollow Spring 25 ± 0.2 0.6 < 0.002 ± 0.002 0.002 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.0071 0.11 ± — < 12 ± 5 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 62 ± 0.2 0.9 < 0.002 ± 0.000 < 0.002 ± 0.0006 0.001 ± 0.0000 0.09 ± — < 12 ± 1 

Cabin Spring 25 ± 0.2 0.8 < 0.002 ± 0.000 < 0.002 ± 0.0009 < 0.001 ± 0.0001 0.1 ± — < 12 ± 13 Cave Spring 35 ± 0.2 0.9 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.001 ± 0.0027 0.13 ± — < 9 ± 2 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — 

Bouy 114B Spring 29 ± 0.2 1.6 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.0005 0.007 ± 0.0020 0.11 ± — < 9 ± 8 

Buoy 84 RR Spring 22 ± 0.2 1.7 < 0.004 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0008 0.09 ± — < 5 ± 6 Bowns Canyon Garden 13 ± 0 4.4 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0007 < 0.002 ± 0.0010 0.1 ± — < 5 ± 1 Cottonwood Canyon Garden 28 ± 0.5 1.0 < 0.004 ± 0.000 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0030 0.11 ± — < 5 ± 9 Cow Canyon Garden A 19 ± 0.1 1.2 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.002 ± 0.0001 0.08 ± — < 5 ± 1 Cow Canyon Garden B 19 ± 0 1.2 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0006 < 0.002 ± 0.0019 0.08 ± — < 5 ± 5 Cow Canyon Garden C 24 ± 0.2 0.9 < 0.004 ± 0.000 < 0.003 ± 0.002 0.003 ± 0.0021 0.09 ± — < 5 ± 7 Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 30 ± 0.4 1.9 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.0010 0.21 ± — 12 ± 10 Escalante River Spring A 19 ± 0.1 0.9 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0010 0.1 ± — < 5 ± 2 Escalante River Spring B 15 ± 0 1.9 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0007 < 0.002 ± 0.0020 0.08 ± — < 5 ± 2 Escalante River Spring C 20 ± 0.1 0.9 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0004 < 0.002 ± 0.0009 0.08 ± — < 5 ± 6 Forgotten Canyon Spring 54 ± 0.6 3.4 0.017 ± 0.003 0.007 ± 0.0003 0.004 ± 0.0020 0.27 ± — < 5 ± 14 Good Hope Bay, Spring A 44 ± 1.1 1.2 < 0.004 ± 0.002 0.003 ± 0.0004 < 0.002 ± 0.0024 0.16 ± — < 5 ± 4 Good Hope Bay, Spring B 64 ± 0.8 0.9 0.013 ± 0.000 0.012 ± 0.004 0.011 ± 0.0029 0.26 ± — < 5 ± 9 Good Hope Bay, Spring C 32 ± 0.5 0.4 < 0.004 ± 0.000 < 0.003 ± 0.0003 < 0.002 ± 0.0030 0.19 ± — < 5 ± 5 Good Hope Bay, Spring D 31 ± 0.6 0.3 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0008 < 0.002 ± 0.0003 0.18 ± — < 5 ± 4 Gypsum Canyon Spring 66 ± 1 1.8 0.005 ± 0.001 0.008 ± 0.0009 < 0.001 ± 0.0011 2.24 ± — 1,500 ± 100 Knowles Canyon Garden 20 ± 0.4 0.8 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.004 ± 0.0007 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 < 0.05 ± — < 9 ± 2 Last Chance Spring 61 ± 1 2.2 < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.003 ± 0.0006 < 0.002 ± 0.0008 0.66 ± — < 5 ± 4 Long Canyon Spring 16 ± 0.1 0.9 < 0.004 ± 0.000 < 0.003 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.0015 0.09 ± — < 5 ± 3 Moqui Canyon Spring 44 ± 0.7 3.2 0.004 ± 0.002 0.004 ± 0.002 0.002 ± 0.0017 0.22 ± — 110 ± 10 Rana Canyon Garden 25 ± 0.2 2.0 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0020 0.12 ± 0.002 < 5 ± 4 Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 26 ± 0.1 1.2 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.0020 0.09 ± 0.002 < 5 ± 7 San Juan Garden 19 ± 0.3 1.7 < 0.004 ± 0.000 < 0.003 ± 0.0009 < 0.002 ± 0.0035 0.1 ± — < 5 ± 2 Stevens Arch Garden 21 ± 0.5 1.0 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.0020 0.09 ± — < 5 ± 6 

Swett Canyon Spring 119 ± 0.2 3.1 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.004 ± 0.0008 0.003 ± 0.0015 0.5 ± — < 9 ± 14 

Wall Spring 44 ± 0.8 0.4 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0010 0.23 ± — < 5 ± 9 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Dissolved Dissolved Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine Iron 

inorganic carbon organic carbon

mg C/L mg C/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L 

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 50 ± 0.6 0.8 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.000 0.17 < 9 ± 10 

Cove Canyon 23 ± 0.1 1.5 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0.002 0.81 < 30 ± 20 Elves Chasm 35 ± 0.2 0.8 < 0.003 ± 0.000 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.35 < 30 ± 10 Fern Glen — ± — — < 0.003 ± 0.000 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.6 < 30 ± 10 

Hance Spring 62 ± 0.7 0.7 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.49 28 ± 3 Keyhole Spring 49 ± 0.3 0.9 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.18 15 ± 18 Mohawk Canyon — ± — — < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.61 < 30 ± 8 

Nankoweap Twin Spring 63 ± 0.8 1.0 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.06 25 ± 20 Pumpkin Spring 490 ± — 2.0 0.029 ± 0.001 0.036 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.003 3.19 240 ± 20 

River Mile 125 Spring 41 ± 0.1 0.8 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.69 < 30 ± 25 

River Mile147 Seep 29 ± 0.2 0.8 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.00 < 0.001 ± 0.000 0.57 < 30 ± 20 

River Mile 213 Spring 40 ± 0.4 1.7 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.4 16 ± 0 Saddle Canyon 49 ± 0.2 0.6 < 0.003 ± 0.000 < 0.004 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0.000 0.11 < 9 ± 7 Slimy Tick Spring 28 ± 0.3 0.6 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.000 0.75 < 30 ± 20 

The Ledges 34 ± 0.2 1.3 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.002 0.52 < 30 ± 25 Three Springs 57 ± 0.1 1.9 < 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.003 0.25 20 ± 20 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 26 ± 0.3 0.5 < 0.002 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.002 < 0.001 ± 0.001 0.11 < 12 ± 13 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Holmium Iodine Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Luteciu

μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0001 9 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.01 0.0043 ± 0.0013 0.6 ± 0.1 < 0.0005 ± Seven Mile Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0003 40 ± 0 1.4 ± 0.01 0.0045 ± 0.0007 0.9 ± 0.1 < 0.0005 ± Sleepy Hollow Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0001 15 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.04 0.0052 ± 0.0006 1.0 ± 0.0 < 0.0005 ± 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0004 35 ± 2.8 3.6 ± 0.09 0.0026 ± 0.0005 23 ± 0.2 < 0.0005 ± Cabin Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0000 23 ± 3 2.0 ± 0.01 0.0036 ± 0.0007 1.9 ± 0.0 < 0.0005 ± Cave Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0005 24 ± 16 1.2 ± 0.02 0.0046 ± 0.0006 2.0 ± 0.2 < 0.0006 ± 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring

— ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± 

Bouy 114B Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 35 ± 15 2.0 ± 0.04 0.0098 ± 0.0004 7.0 ± 0.4 < 0.0006 ± Buoy 84 RR Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 41 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.02 0.0058 ± 0.0002 5.1 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Bowns Canyon Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 13 ± 2.0 0.8 ± 0.00 0.0057 ± 0.0009 2.4 ± 0 0.0009 ± Cottonwood Canyon Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 32 ± 2 1.4 ± 0.02 0.0043 ± 0.0008 3.8 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Cow Canyon Garden A < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 19 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.01 0.0035 ± 0.0003 2.8 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Cow Canyon Garden B < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 26 ± 2 1.0 ± 0.01 0.0015 ± 0.0004 3.3 ± 0.2 < 0.0006 ± Cow Canyon Garden C < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 39 ± 0.6 1.2 ± 0.01 0.0034 ± 0.0003 2.9 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± Easter Pasture Canyon Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 88 ± 23 2.6 ± 0.01 0.0014 ± 0.0003 11 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± Escalante River Spring A < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 22 ± 2 0.9 ± 0.01 0.0027 ± 0.0006 4.7 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Escalante River Spring B < 0.0007 ± 0.0005 30 ± 2 1.0 ± 0.01 0.0017 ± 0.0007 5.9 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± Escalante River Spring C < 0.0007 ± 0.0000 31 ± 3 1.1 ± 0.02 0.0012 ± 0.0012 4.0 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Forgotten Canyon Spring 0.0031 ± 0.0001 52 ± 2 1.2 ± 0.02 0.0209 ± 0.0005 8.8 ± 0.2 0.0010 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring A 0.0011 ± 0.0005 79 ± 2 1.2 ± 0.01 0.0137 ± 0.0010 24 ± 0.4 0.0007 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring B 0.0026 ± 0.0010 74 ± 3 3.5 ± 0.04 0.0454 ± 0.0012 35 ± 0.8 0.0023 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring C < 0.0007 ± 0.0005 62 ± 2 1.3 ± 0.02 0.0034 ± 0.0006 16 ± 0.2 < 0.0006 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring D < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 52 ± 4 1.2 ± 0.01 0.0050 ± 0.0010 13 ± 0.5 < 0.0006 ± Gypsum Canyon Spring 0.0045 ± 0.0006 490 ± 10 12 ± 0.3 0.0236 ± 0.0002 98 ± 0.9 0.0011 ± Knowles Canyon Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 35 ± 20 1.7 ± 0.02 0.0035 ± 0.0001 1.9 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± Last Chance Spring 0.0013 ± 0.0005 51 ± 3 11 ± 0.5 0.0026 ± 0.0004 190 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Long Canyon Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 27 ± 2 1.0 ± 0.01 < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 4.0 ± 0.1 0.0008 ± Moqui Canyon Spring 0.0013 ± 0.0007 51 ± 2 0.2 ± 0.01 0.0132 ± 0.0015 6.7 ± 0 0.0009 ± Rana Canyon Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 28 ± 3 1.3 ± 0.02 0.0026 ± 0.0004 5.7 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0000 22 ± 2 1.1 ± 0.01 0.0025 ± 0.0004 4.0 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± San Juan Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 34 ± 3 1.0 ± 0.01 0.0047 ± 0.0001 3.6 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Stevens Arch Garden < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 43 ± 3 1.1 ± 0.01 0.0014 ± 0.0009 7.1 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± Swett Canyon Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 22 ± 10 16 ± 0.33 0.0025 ± 0.0004 140 ± 0 < 0.0006 ± 

Wall Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 29 ± 5 2.6 ± 0.01 0.0021 ± 0.0007 14 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 ± 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Holmium Iodine Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Lute

μg/L

μg/L mg/L

μg/L

μg/L

μ

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 26 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.03 0.0088 ± 0.0014 6.0 ± 0.5 < 0.0006 

Cove Canyon < 0.0007 ± 0.0005 13 ± 8 13.2 ± 0.39 < 0.0009 ± 0.0004 47 ± 1.5 < 0.0006 Elves Chasm < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 32 ± 10 3.5 ± 0.03 < 0.0009 ± 0.0006 14 ± 0.9 < 0.0006 Fern Glen < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 33 ± 15 11.7 ± 0.41 < 0.0009 ± 0.0003 60 ± 2. 0.0007 

Hance Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 45 ± 9 13. ± 0.03 < 0.0009 ± 0.0009 170 ± 0.5 < 0.0006 Keyhole Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 25 ± 4 1.9 ± 0.01 0.0027 ± 0.0001 7.4 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 

Mohawk Canyon < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 40 ± 3 9.3 ± 0.00 0.0010 ± 0.0007 56 ± 1.5 < 0.0006 

Nankoweap Twin Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0007 15 ± 7 4.1 ± 0.01 0.0013 ± 0.0007 22 ± 0.7 < 0.0006 Pumpkin Spring 0.0113 ± 0.001 2,700 ± 0 110. ± 0.00 0.0117 ± 0.0002 2,700 ± 0. 0.0037 

River Mile 125 Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 60 ± 10 7.6 ± 0.05 0.0020 ± 0.0002 56 ± 1. < 0.0006 

River Mile147 Seep < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 85 ± 15 6.4 ± 0.02 0.0018 ± 0.002 40 ± 0.4 < 0.0006 River Mile 213 Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0007 170 ± 20 5.2 ± 0.02 0.0041 ± 0.001 30 ± 0.9 < 0.0006 

Saddle Canyon < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 42 ± 20 3.2 ± 0.01 0.0017 ± 0.0003 7.9 ± 0.1 < 0.0006 

Slimy Tick Spring < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 56 ± 10 11. ± 0.06 < 0.0009 ± 0.0004 62 ± 1. < 0.0006 The Ledges < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 100 ± 20 7.7 ± 0.10 0.0013 ± 0.0005 49 ± 0.2 < 0.0006 Three Springs < 0.0007 ± 0.0007 83 ± 1 2.5 ± 0.02 0.0016 ± 0.0004 16 ± 0.4 < 0.0006 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring < 0.0004 ± 0.0004 12 ± 1 1.7 ± 0.03 0.0014 ± 0.0008 3.3 ± 0.1 < 0.0005 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Ammonium Nitrite Nitrate Sodium

mg/L μg/L μg/L mg N/L mg N/L mg N/L mg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARKAbove Freshwater Spring 2.8 ± 0.0 0.11 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.012 0.008 ± 0.005 0.003 ± 0. 0.61 ± 0.00 1.9 ± 0.6Seven Mile Spring 3.6 ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.019 0.005 ± 0.004 < 0.003 ± 0.001 0.92 ± 0.003 2.8 ± 1.Sleepy Hollow Spring 2.8 ± 0.1 0.42 ± 0.03 < 0.2 ± 0.016 0.011 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0. 1.1 ± 0.02 2.2 ± 0.2CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARKBig Spring 16. ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0. 0.5 ± 0.013 0.007 ± 0.003 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.83 ± 0.002 31.6 ± 0.6Cabin Spring 5.5 ± 0.1 0.27 ± 0.02 < 0.2 ± 0.035 0.009 ± 0.005 0.004 ± 0. 0.57 ± 0.01 2.7 ± 0.4Cave Spring 17.9 ± 0.2 2.28 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.035 < 0.005 ± 0.004 0.003 ± 0. 0.62 ± 0.002 4.5 ± 0.5GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREABouy 114A Spring

— ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± —

Bouy 114B Spring 11.7 ± 0.4 0.15 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.065 0.007 ± 0.002 0.001 ± 0. 0.09 ± 0 3. ± 0.2Buoy 84 RR Spring 10.3 ± 0.2 0.42 ± 0.02 < 0.2 ± 0.029

— ± — — ± — 0.85 ±

— 2.2 ± 0.5

Bowns Canyon Garden 6.9 ± 0.2 0.25 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.021 < 0.007 ± 0. 0.014 ± 0.001 0.20 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.1Cottonwood Canyon Garden 10.3 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.08 < 0.2 ± 0.012

— ± — — ± — 0.39 ± 0.02 1.9 ± 0.3

Cow Canyon Garden A 9.4 ± 0.0 0.89 ± 0.04 < 0.2 ± 0.031 < 0.007 ± 0. 0.009 ± 0.002 0.46 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.1Cow Canyon Garden B 9.8 ± 0.2 0.09 ± 0.02 < 0.2 ± 0.022 0.007 ± 0.005 < 0.005 ± 0.005 0.56 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.2Cow Canyon Garden C 11.1 ± 0.1 0.06 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.018 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.005 ± 0. 0.67 ± 0.02 3. ± 0.7Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 26. ± 1.2 0.12 ± 0.03 1.1 ± 0.034 0.007 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0. 0.35 ± 0 12.8 ± 0.2Escalante River Spring A 8.6 ± 0.1 0.19 ± 0.02 < 0.2 ± 0.061 0.017 ± 0.001 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.73 ± 0.01 1.4 ± 0.1Escalante River Spring B 9.5 ± 0.0 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.009 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.005 ± 0. 0.62 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.2Escalante River Spring C 9.6 ± 0.0 0.02 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.011 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.005 ± 0. 0.69 ± 0.004 1.3 ± 0.2Forgotten Canyon Spring 27.4 ± 2.1 0.4 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.014

— ± — — ± — 0.01 ±

— 5.7 ± 1.7

Good Hope Bay, Spring A 20.2 ± 0.4 15. ± 0.33 1.1 ± 0.029

— ± — — ± — 0.30 ±

— 33.7 ± 7.4

Good Hope Bay, Spring B 18.2 ± 0.1 0.06 ± 0.02 0.5 ± 0.027

— ± — — ± — 0.31 ±

— 48.8 ± 2.5

Good Hope Bay, Spring C 12.1 ± 0.1 0.06 ± 0.01 0.4 ± 0.031

— ± — — ± — 0.80 ±

— 22. ± 26.

Good Hope Bay, Spring D 12.4 ± 0.3 0.13 ± 0.01 0.3 ± 0.042

— ± — — ± — 0.78 ±

— 17.1 ± 8.

Gypsum Canyon Spring 190. ± 20. 67. ± 0.8 11 ± 0.323 0.37 ± 0.009 0.004 ± 0. 0.05 ± 0.003 1,300. ± 100.Knowles Canyon Garden 7. ± 0.1 0.13 ± 0.02 < 0.2 ± 0.086 < 0.004 ± 0.004 0.002 ± 0. 0.59 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.6Last Chance Spring 57.4 ± 9.0 110. ± 0. 3.4 ± 0.003

— ± — —— < 0.07± — 200. ± 50.

Long Canyon Spring 7.9 ± 0.1 0.03 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.006 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.005 ± 0. 0.66 ± 0.002 1.6 ± 0.2

Moqui Canyon Spring 17. ± 0.1 14. ± 0.13 < 0.2 ± 0.005

— ± —

— ± — 0.13 ± 0.01 8.1 ± 1.2

Rana Canyon Garden 12.6 ± 0.1 0.17 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.03 < 0.007 ± 0.005 < 0.005 ± 0. 0.44 ± 0.02 2.4 ± 0.7Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 10.7 ± 0.5 0.04 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.003 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.001 ± 0. 0.82 ± 0.01 1.8 ± 0.1San Juan Garden 8.3 ± 0.1 0.21 ± 0.01 < 0.2 ± 0.013 < 0.007 ± 0. < 0.001 ± 0. 0.70 ± 0.01 1.9 ± 0.1Stevens Arch Garden 9.4 ± 0.2 0.07 ± 0. < 0.2 ± 0.026

— ± — — — 0.18 ± 0.01 1.8 ± 0.3

Swett Canyon Spring 38. ± 0.0 20. ± 0.06 1.9 ± 0.018 0.017 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0. 0.01 ± 0 160. ± 0.Wall Spring 19.8 ± 0.1 0.05 ± 0. 1.3 ± 0.063

— ± — — ± — 0.65 ±

— 13.3 ± 2.
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Ammonium Nitrite Nitrate 

mg/L

μg/L

μg/L mg N/L mg N/L mg N/L 

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 25 ± 8. 0.03 ± 0.02 0.4 ± 0.04 < 0.004 ± 0.004 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.29 ± 0

Cove Canyon 130 ± 60. 1.82 ± 0.01 8.4 ± 0.06 0.299 ± 0.01 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.06 ± 0Elves Chasm 47 ± 6. 0.02 ± 0.01 2.9 ± 0.03 0.016 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.92 ± 0Fern Glen 190 ± 0. 0.08 ± 0.04 8.3 ± 0.06 0.128 ± 0.01 0.005 ± 0. 0.02 ± 0Hance Spring 39 ± 3. 0.02 ± 0.01 3.8 ± 0.09 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.35 ± 0

Keyhole Spring 28 ± 3. 0.06 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.07 < 0.004 ± 0. < 0.003 ± 0.001 0.23 ± 0

Mohawk Canyon 180 ± 30. 0.08 ± 0.03 5.6 ± 0.02 0.137 ± 0.004 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.11 ± 0Nankoweap Twin Spring 53 ± 10. 0.46 ± 0.01 0.4 ± 0.1 0.008 ± 0.002 0.004 ± 0. 0.04 ± 0Pumpkin Spring 60 ± 12. 180. ± 0. 1.7 ± 0.09 0.152 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.01 ± 0River Mile 125 Spring 120 ± 0. 1.17 ± 0.01 4.3 ± 0.07 0.042 ± 0.006 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.29 ± 0

River Mile147 Seep 110 ± 0.3 0.23 ± 0.11 8.0 ± 0.11 0.046 ± 0.002 < 0.003 ± 0.001 0.12 ± 0

River Mile 213 Spring 39 ± 10. 0.1 ± 0.02 5.4 ± 0.06 < 0.004 ± 0.003 < 0.003 ± 0. 1.4 ± 0Saddle Canyon 26 ± 5. < 0.01 ± 0.01 2.5 ± 0.05 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.55 ± 0Slimy Tick Spring 170 ± 10. 0.27 ± 0.01 5.3 ± 0.05 0.297 ± 0.011 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.25 ± 0The Ledges 240 ± 10. 0.12 ± 0.03 6.2 ± 0.06 0.165 ± 0.009 0.005 ± 0. 0.04 ± 0Three Springs 29 ± 0.6 0.54 ± 0.02 1.4 ± 0.04 < 0.004 ± 0.002 0.007 ± 0. 1.1 ± 0

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 12 ± 0.1 0.05 ± 0.02 2.2 ± 0.01 < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.003 ± 0. 0.46 ± 0
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Neodymium Nickel Phosphorus Phosphate Lead Praseodymium Rubidi

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg P/L μg/L μg/L μg/

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.06 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.01 < 0.0005 ± 0.0001 0.37 ± 

Seven Mile Spring < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.1 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.006 < 0.0005 ± 0.0002 0.98 ± 

Sleepy Hollow Spring < 0.004 ± 0.003 < 0.03 ± 0.09 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.004 < 0.0005 ± 0.0004 0.85 ± 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.2 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0. < 0.0005 ± 0.0004 1.2 ± 

Cabin Spring < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.09 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.004 < 0.0005 ± 0.0003 1.98 ± 

Cave Spring < 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.02 ± 0.13 < 4 ± 1. < 20 ± — < 0.02 ± 0.007 < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 0.84 ± 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± 

Bouy 114B Spring 0.012 ± 0. < 0.02 ± 0.11 < 4 ± 0.8 < 30 ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.003 0.0019 ± 0.0010 1.25 ± Buoy 84 RR Spring 0.014 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.07 < 3 ± 0.5 — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.005 0.0027 ± 0.0004 1.11 ± 

Bowns Canyon Garden 0.013 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.04 8.1 ± 0.8 < 5 ± — 0.02 ± 0.011 0.0026 ± 0.0002 0.9 ± Cottonwood Canyon Garden 0.006 ± 0.003 < 0.03 ± 0.07 < 3 ± 0.7 — ± — 0.05 ± 0.016 0.0014 ± 0.0002 1.02 ± 

Cow Canyon Garden A 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 3 ± 2.5 < 5 ± — 0.05 ± 0.011 < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 0.92 ± 

Cow Canyon Garden B < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.03 < 3 ± 0.3 < 5 ± — 0.02 ± 0.01 < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 1.2 ± Cow Canyon Garden C < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 3 ± 0.6 < 5 ± — 0.02 ± 0.001 0.0008 ± 0.0001 1.2 ± Easter Pasture Canyon Garden < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.15 < 4 ± 0.9 < 30 ± 2 < 0.02 ± 0.01 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 4.9 ± Escalante River Spring A < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 3 ± 0.7 < 5 ± 4 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 1.7 ± Escalante River Spring B 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 3 ± 0.1 < 5 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.009 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 1.4 ± 

Escalante River Spring C < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.1 < 3 ± 0.9 < 5 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.003 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 2.3 ± 

Forgotten Canyon Spring 0.046 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.07 < 3 ± 0.9 — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.005 0.0076 ± 0.0001 0.53 ± 

Good Hope Bay, Spring A 0.014 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 3 ± 1. — ± — 0.02 ± 0.006 0.0037 ± 0.0007 0.48 ± 

Good Hope Bay, Spring B 0.041 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 3 ± 1. — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.01 0.0083 ± 0.0000 1. ± Good Hope Bay, Spring C < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.03 < 3 ± 2. — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.003 < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 0.61 ± 

Good Hope Bay, Spring D 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.03 < 3 ± 0.8 — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.008 0.0007 ± 0.0007 0.63 ± 

Gypsum Canyon Spring 0.017 ± 0.001 0.28 ± 2.9 8.1 ± 3. < 30 ± 3 < 0.02 ± 0.002 0.0045 ± 0.0002 3.4 ± Knowles Canyon Garden 0.006 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.08 < 4 ± 2. < 30 ± 5 0.03 ± 0.009 0.0009 ± 0.0007 1.3 ± Last Chance Spring < 0.004 ± 0.003 1.2 ± 0.05 < 3 ± 0.3 — ± — 0.01 ± 0.002 0.0009 ± 0.0003 5.5 ± 

Long Canyon Spring < 0.004 ± 0. < 0.03 ± 0.06 < 3 ± 1. < 5 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.01 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 1.2 ± 

Moqui Canyon Spring 0.028 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.06 < 3 ± 2. — ± — 0.03 ± 0.008 0.0043 ± 0.0004 0.06 ± 

Rana Canyon Garden < 0.004 ± 0. < 0.03 ± 0.04 4.8 ± 2. < 5 ± — 0.03 ± 0.013 < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 1.8 ± 

Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring < 0.004 ± 0.003 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 3 ± 0.6 < 5 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 ± 0.0002 1.03 ± 

San Juan Garden < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 3 ± 1. < 5 ± — 0.02 ± 0.008 0.0009 ± 0.0005 0.95 ± Stevens Arch Garden < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 3 ± 1. — ± — < 0.01 ± 0.003 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 1.4 ± 

Swett Canyon Spring < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.2 < 4 ± 1. < 30 ± 1 < 0.02 ± 0.003 0.0009 ± 0.0003 7.1 ± Wall Spring < 0.004 ± 0.002 < 0.03 ± 0.03 < 3 ± 0.9 — ± — 0.01 ± 0.005 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 1.5 ± 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Neodymium Nickel Phosphorus Phosphate Lead Praseo

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg P/L μg/L μ

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.17 < 4 ± 0.9 < 20 ± 12 < 0.02 ± 0.007 0.0014 

Cove Canyon < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.54 < 4 ± 0.4 93 ± 77 0.08 ± 0.004 0.000819 

Elves Chasm < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.04 < 4 ± 2. < 20 ± 3 < 0.02 ± 0.011 < 0.0007 

Fern Glen < 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.02 ± 0.2 < 4 ± 2. < 20 ± 2 < 0.02 ± 0.013 < 0.0007 Hance Spring < 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.02 ± 0.04 < 4 ± 1. < 20 ± 7 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 Keyhole Spring < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.19 < 4 ± 2. < 20 ± 12 < 0.02 ± 0.006 0.000955 

Mohawk Canyon < 0.005 ± 0.000 < 0.02 ± 0.2 8.7 ± 0.9 42 ± 87 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 Nankoweap Twin Spring < 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.02 ± 0.07 < 4 ± 1.3 < 20 ± 9 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 

Pumpkin Spring 0.020 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.03 4.9 ± 0.1 36 ± 33 < 0.02 ± 0.007 0.0024 River Mile 125 Spring < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.2 < 4 ± 0.1 < 20 ± 15 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 

River Mile147 Seep < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.4 < 4 ± 0.3 < 20 ± 8 0.05 ± 0.019 < 0.0007 

River Mile 213 Spring 0.006 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.1 < 4 ± 2. 25 ± 45 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 

Saddle Canyon < 0.005 ± 0.003 < 0.02 ± 0.04 < 4 ± 0.1 < 20 ± 15 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 Slimy Tick Spring < 0.005 ± 0.002 0.30 ± 1. < 4 ± 0.2 < 20 ± 12 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 The Ledges < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 1. < 4 ± 1. < 20 ± 12 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 

Three Springs < 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.02 ± 0.1 < 4 ± 2. < 20 ± 37 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring < 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.03 ± 0.06 — ± — < 20 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.008 < 0.0005 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Rhenium Sulfate Antimony Selenium Silica Samarium Tin

μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 0.024 ± 0.0006 11.8 ± 0.6 0.006 ± 0.004 < 0.3 ± 0.1 11. ± 0.07 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Seven Mile Spring 0.012 ± 0.002 8.3 ± 0.3 0.027 ± 0.006 .37 ± 0.1 8.3 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Sleepy Hollow Spring 0.013 ± 0.0012 9.2 ± — 0.02 ± 0.001 .33 ± 0.1 10. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.5 ± 0

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 0.021 ± 0.0001 33.3 ± — 0.026 ± 0.003 5.15 ± 0.05 10.1 ± 0.02 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0

Cabin Spring 0.004 ± 0.0007 6.7 ± — 0.021 ± 0.002 < 0.3 ± 0.2 9.7 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0

Cave Spring 0.016 ± 0.0021 12.5 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.002 < 0.3 ± 0.1 11.9 ± 0.4 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.8 ± 0

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± 

Bouy 114B Spring < 0.001 ± 0.0007 5.2 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.002 < 0.3 ± 0.2 14. ± 0.1 0.007 ± 0.002 < 0.8 ± 0

Buoy 84 RR Spring 0.001 ± 0.0009 4.9 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.003 < 0.2 ± 0.15 10. ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Bowns Canyon Garden 0.003 ± 0.0015 2.8 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.001 < 0.2 ± 0.1 10. ± 0.1 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Cottonwood Canyon Garden < 0.001 ± 0.0001 3.8 ± 0.3 0.008 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.07 11. ± 0.3 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Cow Canyon Garden A < 0.001 ± 0.0005 2.9 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.2 9.4 ± 0.3 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.5 ± 0Cow Canyon Garden B < 0.001 ± 0.0007 3.6 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.003 .22 ± 0.2 9.1 ± 0.3 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Cow Canyon Garden C 0.001 ± 0.0003 6.6 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.1 9.1 ± 0.2 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 0.013 ± 0.0008 40. ± — < 0.01 ± 0.000 5.18 ± 0.06 11. ± 0.08 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.8 ± 0Escalante River Spring A < 0.001 ± 0.0003 2.8 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.01 9.3 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Escalante River Spring B 0.002 ± 0.0013 4. ± — < 0.007 ± 0.005 < 0.2 ± 0.12 9.8 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.5 ± 0Escalante River Spring C < 0.001 ± 0.0005 3.2 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.001 < 0.2 ± 0.08 9.5 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Forgotten Canyon Spring 0.004 ± 0.0015 14. ± — 0.039 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.1 20. ± 0.7 0.018 ± 0.005 < 0.5 ± 0

Good Hope Bay, Spring A 0.026 ± 0.0012 61. ± — 0.019 ± 0.003 1.55 ± 0.1 18. ± 0.5 0.005 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0

Good Hope Bay, Spring B 0.007 ± 0.0004 23. ± — 0.01 ± 0.005 .6 ± 0.2 19. ± 0.3 0.009 ± 0.004 < 0.5 ± 0

Good Hope Bay, Spring C 0.003 ± 0.0003 13. ± — < 0.007 ± 0.001 .61 ± 0.1 15. ± 0.07 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Good Hope Bay, Spring D 0.002 ± 0.0001 12. ± — < 0.007 ± 0.001 .51 ± 0.2 15. ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Gypsum Canyon Spring 0.369 ± 0.0162 2,100. ± — 0.047 ± 0.003 1.21 ± 0.5 17. ± 0.05 0.006 ± 0.003 5.3 ± 0

Knowles Canyon Garden 0.002 ± 0.0001 3.9 ± 0.2 < 0.01 ± 0.004 < 0.3 ± 0.3 9.9 ± 0.05 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.8 ± 0Last Chance Spring 0.050 ± 0.0025 1,100. ± — 0.11 ± 0.007 .58 ± 0.2 17. ± 0.4 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0

Long Canyon Spring < 0.001 ± 0.0004 3.7 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.003 < 0.2 ± 0.04 9.2 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0

Moqui Canyon Spring 0.003 ± 0.0012 23. ± 1. 0.035 ± 0.002 < 0.2 ± 0.2 19. ± 0.07 0.005 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Rana Canyon Garden 0.001 ± 0.0007 4.4 ± 0.1 < 0.007 ± 0.004 < 0.2 ± 0.2 11. ± 0.15 0.004 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring < 0.001 ± 0.0001 4. ± 0. < 0.007 ± 0.004 .23 ± 0.05 9.5 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0San Juan Garden 0.001 ± 0.0005 4.4 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.000 < 0.2 ± 0.1 9.2 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.5 ± 0Stevens Arch Garden 0.001 ± 0.0006 3.4 ± — < 0.007 ± 0.003 < 0.2 ± 0.04 10. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 0.002 < 0.5 ± 0Swett Canyon Spring 0.108 ± 0.0032 160. ± — 0.061 ± 0.003 .6 ± 0.04 20. ± 0.3 < 0.003 ± 0.001 < 0.8 ± 0

Wall Spring 0.013 ± 0.0012 21. ± — < 0.007 ± 0.002 1.38 ± 0.02 15. ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 0.003 < 0.5 ± 0
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Rhenium Sulfate Antimony Selenium Silica Samar

μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 0.012 ± 0.0008 20 ± — 0.069 ± 0.005 2.2 ± 0.1 9.5 ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 

Cove Canyon 0.31 ± 0.0117 2,000 ± — 0.059 ± 0.005 7.1 ± 0.1 16. ± 0.3 < 0.003 ± Elves Chasm 0.059 ± 0.0022 210 ± — 0.016 ± 0.005 6.1 ± 0.1 11. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± Fern Glen 0.3 ± 0.0029 1300 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.005 12. ± 0.1 14. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 

Hance Spring 0.015 ± 0.0019 160 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.004 0.9 ± 0.2 12. ± 0.21 < 0.003 ± Keyhole Spring 0.023 ± 0.0016 20 ± — 0.05 ± 0.003 2.9 ± 0.2 9.7 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 

Mohawk Canyon 0.21 ± 0.0025 1,400 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.007 12. ± 0.2 14. ± 0.08 < 0.003 ± 

Nankoweap Twin Spring 0.016 ± 0.0006 120 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.005 1.4 ± 0.1 9.6 ± 0.06 < 0.003 ± Pumpkin Spring 0.002 ± 0.001 330 ± 10 0.062 ± 0.001 6.7 ± 0.1 130. ± 0. 0.010 ± River Mile 125 Spring 0.18 ± 0.0024 720 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.001 14. ± 0.5 13. ± 0.3 < 0.003 ± River Mile147 Seep 0.16 ± 0.0069 640 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.004 11. ± 0.4 12. ± 0.06 < 0.003 ± River Mile 213 Spring 0.039 ± 0.0034 130 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.003 3.6 ± 0.0 15. ± 0.03 < 0.003 ± Saddle Canyon 0.014 ± 0.0005 36 ± — 0.061 ± 0.003 3. ± 0.3 9.3 ± 0.1 < 0.003 ± 

Slimy Tick Spring 0.21 ± 0.003 2,000 ± — 0.024 ± 0.011 6.6 ± 0.0 14. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 

The Ledges 0.19 ± 0.0001 1,300 ± — < 0.01 ± 0.003 6.3 ± 0.3 12. ± 0.2 < 0.003 ± 

Three Springs 0.033 ± 0.003 70 ± — 0.014 ± 0.008 2.8 ± 0.4 15. ± 0.5 < 0.003 ± 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 0.005 ± 0.0012 33 ± — 0.005 ± 0.003 0.6 ± 0.1 9. ± 0.09 < 0.003 ± 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data] 

Site Strontium Terbium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thullium

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 100 ± < 0.0005 ± 0.0002 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.0008 ± 0.0001 0.87 ± 0.3 < 0.01 ± 0.0003 < 0.0005 ± 

Seven Mile Spring 120 ± < 0.0005 ± 0.0003 < 0.05 ± 0.03 < 0.0008 ± 0.0004 0.93 ± 0.09 < 0.01 ± 0.0031 < 0.0005 ± 

Sleepy Hollow Spring 140 ± < 0.0005 ± 0.0003 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.0008 ± 0.0005 1.1 ± 0.2 < 0.01 ± 0.001 < 0.0005 ± 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 770 ± < 0.0005 ± 0.0002 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.0008 ± 0.0004 0.82 ± 0.1 < 0.01 ± 0.002 < 0.0005 ± 

Cabin Spring 86 ± 2 < 0.0005 ± 0.0001 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.0008 ± 0.0007 1.2 ± 0.01 < 0.01 ± 0.0005 < 0.0005 ± Cave Spring 170 ± < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0002 < 0.1 ± 0.05 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0005 ± 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — ± — ± — — ± —

Bouy 114B Spring 310 ± < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0007 0.22 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0005 ± 

Buoy 84 RR Spring 100 ± 0.0007 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 0.23 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.0007 < 0.0007 ± 

Bowns Canyon Garden 46 ± 1 0.0006 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0. 0.0021 ± 0.0009 < 0.1 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.0007 < 0.0007 ± Cottonwood Canyon Garden 110 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 0.17 ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.0007 < 0.0007 ± 

Cow Canyon Garden A 73 ± 2 < 0.0003 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0003 < 0.1 ± 0.05 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 ± Cow Canyon Garden B 72 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0. 0.31 ± 0.03 < 0.02 ± 0.0004 < 0.0007 ± Cow Canyon Garden C 120 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0001 0.18 ± 0.07 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 ± 

Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 180 ± < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0007 0.36 ± 0.08 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0005 ± 

Escalante River Spring A 64 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 0.12 ± 0.03 < 0.02 ± 0.0004 < 0.0007 ± Escalante River Spring B 80 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0001 0.23 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0007 ± 

Escalante River Spring C 120 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0003 0.24 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0007 ± 

Forgotten Canyon Spring 290 ± 0.0018 ± 0.0006 < 0.03 ± 0.02 0.0038 ± 0.0001 0.33 ± 0.2 < 0.02 ± 0.004 < 0.0007 ± 

Good Hope Bay, Spring A 360 ± 0.0004 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 0.24 ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.0006 < 0.0007 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring B 610 ± 0.0020 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 < 0.1 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.001 0.0013 ± Good Hope Bay, Spring C 230 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0003 < 0.1 ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.0001 < 0.0007 ± 

Good Hope Bay, Spring D 220 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 < 0.1 ± 0.03 < 0.02 ± 0.0007 < 0.0007 ± 

Gypsum Canyon Spring 14,000 ± 1,000 0.0053 ± 0.0005 0.14 ± 0.02 0.0037 ± 0.0014 1.3 ± 0.2 < 0.02 ± 0.002 0.001 ± Knowles Canyon Garden 71 ± 1 < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0009 0.29 ± 0.07 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0005 ± Last Chance Spring 4,600 ± 0.0014 ± 0.0003 0.04 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0009 0.86 ± 0.2 0.02 ± 0.0007 < 0.0007 ± 

Long Canyon Spring 79 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0. < 0.001 ± 0.0006 0.12 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.0004 < 0.0007 ± Moqui Canyon Spring 220 ± 0.0011 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 0.0018 ± 0.0008 0.58 ± 0.03 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 ± 

Rana Canyon Garden 94 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0. < 0.001 ± 0. < 0.1 ± 0.03 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0007 ± Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 98 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.002 < 0.1 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.0008 < 0.0007 ± 

San Juan Garden 97 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 < 0.1 ± 0.1 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 ± Stevens Arch Garden 81 ± 1 < 0.0003 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0. < 0.001 ± 0.0007 0.48 ± 0.09 < 0.02 ± 0.002 < 0.0007 ± Swett Canyon Spring 1200 ± < 0.0007 ± 0.0006 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 0.001 ± 0.001 < 0.2 ± 0.08 0.03 ± 0.002 < 0.0005 ± Wall Spring 380 ± < 0.0003 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0001 < 0.1 ± 0.04 < 0.02 ± 0.001 < 0.0007 ± 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Strontium Terbium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Th

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μ

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 110 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0004 < 0.1 ± 0.1 < 0.02 Cove Canyon 4,300 ± 0 0.0010 ± 0.0002 < 0.03 ± 0.001 < 0.001 ± 0.0006 1.4 ± 0.2 0.02 

Elves Chasm 640 ± 10 < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0009 1.3 ± 0.3 < 0.02 

Fern Glen 3,800 ± 100 0.0008 ± 0.0005 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0004 0.33 ± 0. 0.05 Hance Spring 870 ± 10 < 0.0007 ± 0.0001 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0009 0.15 ± 0.01 0.04 Keyhole Spring 120 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0005 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 < 0.1 ± 0.07 0.03 

Mohawk Canyon 3,700 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0000 < 0.03 ± 0.02 0.002 ± 0.0013 1.6 ± 0.05 0.05 Nankoweap Twin Spring 220 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 0.18 ± 0.06 < 0.02 

Pumpkin Spring 5,700 ± 500 0.0049 ± 0.0011 0.16 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.0003 0.81 ± 0.7 0.02 

River Mile 125 Spring 2,900 ± 100 < 0.0007 ± 0.0000 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0009 1.6 ± 0.09 0.04 River Mile147 Seep 2,500 ± 100 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.04 < 0.001 ± 0.0006 0.33 ± 0.1 0.10 

River Mile 213 Spring 350 ± 10 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0008 0.18 ± 0.05 < 0.02 

Saddle Canyon 130 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 1.4 ± 0.3 0.14 

Slimy Tick Spring 4,200 ± 200 0.0008 ± 0.0003 < 0.03 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.0016 2.2 ± 0.04 0.16 

The Ledges 6,200 ± 300 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.01 < 0.001 ± 0.0004 0.37 ± 0.1 0.13 Three Springs 210 ± 0 < 0.0007 ± 0.0004 < 0.03 ± 0.02 < 0.001 ± 0.0005 1.2 ± 0.04 < 0.02 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 410 ± < 0.0005 ± 0.0003 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.0008 ± 0.0004 1.1 ± 0.2 < 0.01 
Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 - (Contin

[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]

Site Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Z

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L 

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Spring 0.08 ± 0.003 1.2 ± 0.03 < 0.05 ± 0.001 0.0093 ± 0.0007 < 0.002 ± 0.0013 2.7 ± 0.1 < 0.006 Seven Mile Spring 0.35 ± 0.01 1.9 ± 0.02 < 0.05 ± 0.008 0.0068 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0004 12. ± 0.5 0.007 Sleepy Hollow Spring 0.28 ± 0.007 1.8 ± 0.03 < 0.05 ± 0.019 0.01 ± 0.0006 0.0017 ± 0.0014 16. ± 0.3 < 0.006 

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Spring 14. ± 0.04 2.8 ± 0.04 < 0.05 ± 0.016 0.012 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0012 3.6 ± 0.1 0.028 Cabin Spring 0.47 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.06 < 0.05 ± 0.03 0.0069 ± 0.0008 < 0.002 ± 0.0008 31. ± 0.2 < 0.006 Cave Spring 0.41 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.04 < 0.008 ± 0.011 0.0079 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.0003 5.9 ± 0.3 0.0019 

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION. AREA

Bouy 114A Spring — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — — ± — Bouy 114B spring 0.5 ± 0.02 9.8 ± 0.02 0.024 ± 0.005 0.023 ± 0.003 < 0.002 ± 0.0004 1.8 ± 0.5 0.0029 Buoy 84 RR spring 0.22 ± 0.006 5.4 ± 0.02 < 0.007 ± 0.005 0.016 ± 0.004 < 0.002 ± 0.0007 16. ± 0.3 0.003 Bowns Canyon Garden 0.23 ± 0.005 9.1 ± 0.04 0.011 ± 0.004 0.011 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.0011 8.6 ± 0.2 0.0052 Cottonwood Canyon Garden 0.25 ± 0.003 2.9 ± 0.06 0.009 ± 0.004 0.0099 ± 0.0004 < 0.002 ± 0.0006 14. ± 1. 0.0042 Cow Canyon Garden A 0.17 ± 0.007 5.5 ± 0.12 0.01 ± 0.009 0.0055 ± 0.0003 < 0.002 ± 0.0011 18. ± 0.4 0.0034 Cow Canyon Garden B 0.3 ± 0.009 3.3 ± 0.08 < 0.007 ± 0.007 0.0024 ± 0.0007 < 0.002 ± 0.0005 27. ± 0.3 0.0032 Cow Canyon Garden C 0.39 ± 0.003 2.7 ± 0.07 < 0.007 ± 0.004 0.0034 ± 0.0003 < 0.002 ± 0.0011 15. ± 0.3 < 0.002 Easter Pasture Canyon Garden 1.5 ± 0.05 0.76 ± 0.11 0.135 ± 0.008 0.0035 ± 0.0004 < 0.002 ± 0.0006 4.3 ± 0.6 0.0029 Escalante River Spring A 0.06 ± 0.006 4.3 ± 0.01 0.009 ± 0.007 0.0032 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0005 13. ± 0.1 0.0025 Escalante River Spring B 0.26 ± 0.002 3.5 ± 0.04 < 0.007 ± 0.004 0.0033 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0002 27. ± 0.9 < 0.002 Escalante River Spring C 0.22 ± 0.002 7.5 ± 0.20 0.014 ± 0.005 0.0033 ± 0.001 0.0017 ± 0.0001 16. ± 0.1 < 0.002 Forgotten Canyon Spring 0.55 ± 0.009 5.9 ± 0.04 0.022 ± 0.003 0.099 ± 0.0003 0.0068 ± 0.0009 14. ± 2. 0.0207 Good Hope Bay, Spring A 5.3 ± 0.1 14. ± 0.30 0.013 ± 0.004 0.037 ± 0.0004 0.0045 ± 0.0002 19. ± 0. 0.004 Good Hope Bay, Spring B 3.5 ± 0.1 18. ± 0.20 < 0.007 ± 0.005 0.14 ± 0.007 0.01 ± 0.0006 14. ± 0.2 < 0.002 Good Hope Bay, Spring C 1.27 ± 0.037 11. ± 0.03 0.021 ± 0. 0.0054 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0021 13. ± 0.5 < 0.002 Good Hope Bay, Spring D 1.2 ± 0.04 10. ± 0.30 0.018 ± 0.004 0.0036 ± 0.002 < 0.002 ± 0.0006 4.9 ± 0.2 0.0038 Gypsum Canyon Spring 23. ± 0.5 < 0.07 ± 0.02 0.349 ± 0.008 0.12 ± 0.007 0.0029 ± 0.0007 3.1 ± 0.3 0.039 Knowles Canyon Garden 0.14 ± 0.009 12. ± 0.30 0.056 ± 0.02 0.0045 ± 0.0009 < 0.002 ± 0.0002 2.8 ± 0.7 0.0043 Last Chance Spring 2.8 ± 0.03 < 0.05 ± 0.01 < 0.007 ± 0.005 0.032 ± 0.002 0.0023 ± 0.0015 23. ± 0.3 0.0066 Long Canyon Spring 0.27 ± 0.001 4.8 ± 0.05 < 0.007 ± 0.008 0.0022 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0005 20. ± 0.2 < 0.002 Moqui Canyon Spring 0.03 ± 0.003 1.3 ± 0.05 < 0.007 ± 0.001 0.029 ± 0.002 0.0024 ± 0.0023 2.8 ± 0.1 0.017 Rana Canyon Garden 0.31 ± 0.01 3.3 ± 0.08 < 0.007 ± 0.01 0.0108 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0002 20. ± 0.2 < 0.002 Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring 0.3 ± 0.005 3.3 ± 0.06 < 0.007 ± 0.001 0.0076 ± 0.0009 < 0.002 ± 0.0004 13. ± 0.4 < 0.002 San Juan Garden 0.23 ± 0.009 3.5 ± 0.05 < 0.007 ± 0.004 0.0036 ± 0.002 < 0.002 ± 0.0005 18. ± 0.4 0.0028 

Stevens Arch Garden 0.13 ± 0.005 3.6 ± 0.07 < 0.007 ± 0.002 0.0031 ± 0.0005 < 0.002 ± 0.002 3.1 ± 0.3 < 0.002 Swett Canyon Spring 16. ± 0.03 11. ± 0.02 0.036 ± 0.005 0.019 ± 0.002 < 0.002 ± 0.0013 9.1 ± 0.2 0.013 Wall Spring 2.9 ± 0.01 4.4 ± 0.05 < 0.007 ± 0.004 0.0083 ± 0.002 0.0028 ± 0.0009 11. ± 0.2 0.0029 
Site Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc 

μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L 

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Berts Canyon 1.4 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0. 0.014 ± 0.007 0.0037 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0007 8.5 ± Cove Canyon 11. ± 0.3 0.33 ± 0.06 0.016 ± 0.007 0.033 ± 0.003 < 0.002 ± 0.0002 38. ± Elves Chasm 3.1 ± 0.06 1.4 ± 0.01 0.011 ± 0.003 0.0055 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0007 14. ± 

Fern Glen 18. ± 0.1 0.46 ± 0.06 < 0.008 ± 0.003 0.02 ± 0.0009 < 0.002 ± 0.0002 15. ± Hance Spring 4.8 ± 0.2 < 0.07 ± 0.04 < 0.008 ± 0.001 0.0089 ± 0.002 < 0.002 ± 0.0004 10. ± 

Keyhole Spring 1.7 ± 0.05 0.8 ± 0.03 0.011 ± 0.008 0.0029 ± 0.0008 < 0.002 ± 0.0007 3.7 ± 

Mohawk Canyon 18. ± 0.9 0.42 ± 0.08 < 0.008 ± 0.01 0.022 ± 0.003 < 0.002 ± 0.001 4.4 ± 

Nankoweap Twin Spring 1.5 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.03 < 0.008 ± 0.01 0.0066 ± 0.0002 < 0.002 ± 0.0003 7.7 ± Pumpkin Spring 13. ± 0.02 < 5. ± 0. 0.49 ± 0.005 0.52 ± 0.006 0.023 ± 0.0001 4.8 ± 

River Mile 125 Seep 6.3 ± 0.1 < 0.07 ± 0.03 < 0.008 ± 0.007 0.0188 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.002 13. ± River Mile147 Spring 9. ± 0.1 0.66 ± 0.04 < 0.008 ± 0.008 0.016 ± 0.0001 < 0.002 ± 0.001 5.4 ± River Mile 213 Spring 3.4 ± 0.1 3. ± 0.2 0.027 ± 0.02 0.022 ± 0.0008 < 0.002 ± 0.0005 15. ± 

Saddle Canyon 2.6 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.007 0.0061 ± 0.0004 < 0.002 ± 0.0001 58. ± Slimy Tick Spring 18. ± 0.4 0.87 ± 0.06 0.02 ± 0.01 0.034 ± 0.001 < 0.002 ± 0.0008 7.5 ± 

The Ledges 13. ± 0.2 0.21 ± 0.04 < 0.008 ± 0.009 0.025 ± 0.003 < 0.002 ± 0.002 22. ± Three Springs 2.2 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.02 0.036 ± 0.006 0.0099 ± 0.0008 < 0.002 ± 0.001 9.9 ± 

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring 1.2 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.04 < 0.05 ± 0.009 0.009 ± 0.0004 0.0017 ± 0.001 39. ± 

Table 3 Summary of water quality concentration data (mean and standard deviation) of selected springs and seeps, 1997-98 – (Contin[meq/L, milliequivalents per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; --, no data]
Table 4. Summary of physical setting, vegetation types, invertebrate habitats and invertebrate. 

[D, detritus slopes; B, backwall; S, spring/soil; P, plunge pool; R, sloping slickrock; BW, hanging garden backwall herbaceous vegetation; 

DS, hanging garden detritus slope herbaceous vegetation; DS, hanging garden detritus slope herbaceous vegetation; SW, spring-associated 

woodland; WL, wetland/marsh; SP, spring with good flow and stream outlet; P1, pool isolated from spring/seep source except during high 

flows; P2, pool which is part of a spring compex under most flows; ST, stream or rivulet; M, madicolous; LS, laminar seepage over bare 

rock, detritus or algae; SS, sediment sample from low velocity habitat; C, Chara sample from low velocity habitat; LP, leaf pack, consisting 

of allocthonous materials; SW, sweep of pool with net including rock surfaces; —, no data] 

Site Physiscal Vegetation Invertebrate Invertebrate

setting types habitats microhabitats

ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

Above Freshwater Seep B, D BW, DS P2 SW, SS

Seven Mile Spring B, D BW, DS — —

Sleepy Hollow Garden B, D, P BW, DS, WL P2,S C, M, L, SW

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

Big Springs B, D, P BW, DS S M

Cabin Spring B, D, P BW, DS, SW SP, S, P2 SW, SS, LS

Cave Spring S — S LS

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Bouy 114A Spring D, R DS, SW S LS

Bouy 114B Spring S SW P2 SW

Buoy 73 Garden B, D BW, DS ST LP

Bowns Canyon Garden B, D, P BW, DS, WL S, P2 M, LS, SS, SW

Cottonwood Canyon Garden D, P SW, WL P2 SS, SW

Cow Canyon Garden A B, P SW, WL P2 SS, SW

Cow Canyon Garden B D SW P2 SS, SW

Cow Canyon Garden C B, D, P SW, WL S, P2 SS, SW, LS

Easter pasture Canyon Garden B, D, P BW, DS, SW P2 SW

Escalante River Spring A D, R SW S M, LS

Escalante River Spring B D, R DS S M, LS

Escalante River Spring C S SW S M

Forgotten Canyon Spring S SW ST LP

Good Hope Bay Spring A S SW ST LP

Good Hope Bay Spring B S SW ST LP

Good Hope Bay Spring C S SW ST LP

Good Hope Bay Spring D S SW ST LP

Gypsum Canyon Spring S SW ST, P2 SW

Knowles Canyon Garden B, D BW, DS, SW S, P2 LS, SW

Last Chance Spring S SW ST LP

Long Canyon Spring D, P SW, WL S, P2, ST M, LS, SS, SW

Moqui Canyon Spring S, R DS P2, ST SS, SW

Rana Canyon Garden B, D, P BW, DS, SW, WL S, P2, ST M, LS, SS, SW

Ribbon Canyon, Grand Daddy Spring B, D, P BW, DS, SW, WT S, P2 M, C, SS, SW

San Juan Garden B, D DS S, P2 LS, SS

Stevens Arch Garden B, D BW, DS

Swett Canyon Spring S SW P2 SW

33
Table 4 Summary of physical setting, vegetation types, invertebrate habitats and invertebrate microhabitats – 

(Continued) 

[D, detritus slopes; B, backwall; S, spring/soil; P, plunge pool; R, sloping slickrock; BW, hanging garden backwall herbaceous vegetation; DS, 

hanging garden detritus slope herbaceous vegetation; DS, hanging garden detritus slope herbaceous vegetation; SW, spring-associated woodland; 

WL, wetland/marsh; SP, spring with good flow and stream outlet; P1, pool isolated from spring/seep source except during high flows; P2, pool 

which is part of a spring compex under most flows; ST, stream or rivulet; M, madicolous; LS, laminar seepage over bare rock, detritus or algae; SS, 

sediment sample from low velocity habitat; C, Chara sample from low velocity habitat; LP, leaf pack, consisting of allocthonous materials; SW, 

sweep of pool with net including rock surfaces; —, no data] 

Site Physical Vegetation Invertebrate Invertebrate

setting types habitats microhabitats

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

Bert's Canyon B, D BW, DS, SW P2, SP SS

Cove Canyon B BW S M

Deer Creek Spring S SW ST, P2 SS

Elves Chasm B, D BW, DS P2, ST, S M, SW, LS

Fern Glen B BW, DS S, P1 LS, M, SW

Hance Rapid Spring B, D, P BW,WL SP, P LS, M, SS

Honga Spring S — ——

Keyhole Spring B, D BW, DS — —

Ledges B, D BW, DS, WL S, P2 M, SW

Matkatamiba Canyon B, D, R BW, DS — —

Mohawk Canyon B BW S M

Nankoweap Twin Springs S WL ST, P2 LP, SS

Pumpkin Spring S — ——

River Mile 126 Spring S SW S M, LS

River Mile 142 Seep B, D BW, DS S M

River Mile 147 Seep B, D BW, DS S M

River Mile 213 Spring S SW — —

Saddle Canyon B BW, DS SP M

Seven Mile Spring D DS SP M, ST

Slimy Tick Canyon B, P BW, WL S, P2 M, SW, C, LS

MISCELLANEOUS

Matrimony Spring S NONE — —

34