[Cite as State v. Steele, 2023-Ohio-178.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

DEFIANCE COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 4-22-06

 v.

LAWRENCE P. STEELE, O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

STATE OF OHIO,

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 4-22-07

 v.

LAWRENCE P. STEELE, O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeals from Defiance Municipal Court

Trial Court Nos. CRB21-1123 and CRB21-1129

Judgments Affirmed

Date of Decision: January 23, 2023 

APPEARANCES:

Lawrence P. Steele Appellant

Troy A. Essex for Appellee
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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MILLER, P.J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Lawrence P. Steele, appeals the March 24, 2022 

judgments of the Defiance Municipal Court denying his motions to withdraw his 

no-contest pleas. 

{¶2} This appeal involves two related criminal cases. On November 11, 

2021, Steele and his live-in girlfriend, A.S., were involved in an altercation in their 

Defiance County residence. The following day, a complaint was filed in the 

Defiance Municipal Court in case number CRB21-1123 charging Steele with 

domestic violence in violation of R.C. 2919.25(A), a first-degree misdemeanor.

{¶3} At his arraignment later that day, Steele entered a plea of not guilty. 

The trial court also granted a domestic violence temporary protection order 

(“DVTPO”) which required Steele to stay at least 500 feet away from A.S. The 

DVTPO also specified that Steele not enter A.S.’s residence. The DVTPO further 

instructed that Steele may only pick up his clothing and personal effects from the 

home in the company of a uniformed law enforcement officer. Then, the trial court 

released Steele on an own recognizance bond with the specific condition that he 

obey the terms of the DVTPO. 

{¶4} Later that evening, law enforcement officers arrested Steele after he 

admitted that he entered A.S.’s residence to retrieve some of his clothing and 

personal effects. On November 13, 2021, a complaint was filed in the Defiance
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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Municipal Court in case number CRB21-1129 charging Steele with violating a 

protection order in violation of R.C. 2919.27(A)(1), a first-degree misdemeanor. 

Steele appeared for arraignment in case number CRB21-1129 on November 15, 

2021 and pled not guilty. On November 29, 2021, Steele’s retained trial counsel 

entered a notice of appearance in both cases. 

{¶5} On February 15, 2022, Steele appeared for a change-of-plea hearing in 

the pending cases. At the parties’ request, the trial court amended the complaint in 

case number CRB21-1123 from domestic violence to persistent disorderly conduct 

in violation of R.C. 2917.11, a fourth-degree misdemeanor. In exchange, Steele 

withdrew his not guilty pleas and entered no-contest pleas to the complaint in 

CRB21-1123 as amended and CRB21-1129 as charged. The trial court accepted 

Steele’s no contest pleas and found him guilty. The trial court immediately 

proceeded to sentence Steele to 30 days in jail with 29 days suspended in case 

number CRB21-1123 and 180 days in jail with 177 days suspended in case number 

CRB21-1129. The trial court ordered the jail sentences to run consecutively and 

granted Steele one day of jail-time credit and three days of jail time credit in case 

number CRB21-1123 and case number CRB21-1129, respectively. 

{¶6} On March 16, 2022, Steele, acting pro se, filed motions to withdraw his 

no contest pleas. In his motions, Steele argued that he received ineffective 

assistance of trial counsel and, therefore, his convictions were the result of manifest 
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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injustice. Steele attached no further evidence in support of the claims asserted in 

his motions. On March 23, 2022, the State filed its memorandums in opposition to 

Steele’s motion to withdraw his pleas. In judgment entries filed on March 24, 2022, 

the trial court denied Steele’s motions to withdraw his no-contest pleas. In the 

judgment entries, the trial court specified that in considering the request to withdraw 

the pleasit reviewed Steele’s motions, the State’s responses, and the audio recording 

of Steele’s change-of-plea hearing.1 

{¶7} On April 25, 2022, Steele filed his notices of appeal. He raises a single 

assignment of error for our review.

Assignment of Error

The trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant’s 

Motion to Withdraw Plea.

{¶8} Appellate review of the trial court’s denial of a motion to withdraw a 

guilty or no-contest plea is limited to whether the trial court abused its discretion. 

State v. Cartlidge, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-21-06, 2021-Ohio-3787, ¶ 8. An abuse 

of discretion suggests the trial court’s decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or 

unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157-158 (1980).

{¶9} A motion to withdraw a guilty or no-contest plea is governed by 

Crim.R. 32.1, which provides:

1 Although the trial court was able to review the audio recording of the change-of-plea hearing while 

considering Steele’s motions to withdraw his no-contest pleas, Steele failed to file a transcript of the changeof-plea hearing for our review. 
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest may be made only 

before sentence is imposed; but to correct manifest injustice the court 

after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit 

the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.

A defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty or no-contest plea after sentencing bears 

the burden of demonstrating a “manifest injustice.” State v. James, 3d Dist. 

Hancock No. 5-19-30, 2020-Ohio-720, ¶ 11, citing State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 

261 (1977), paragraph one of the syllabus. The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined 

the manifest injustice standard as a “clear or openly unjust act.” State ex rel. 

Schneider v. Kreiner, 83 Ohio St.3d 203, 208 (1998). “‘A defendant is not entitled 

to withdraw his plea merely because he discovers long after the plea has been 

accepted that his calculus misapprehended the quality of the State’s case or the 

likely penalties attached to alternative courses of action.’” State v. Kimpel, 3d Dist. 

Shelby No. 17-17-12, 2018-Ohio-2246, ¶ 16, quoting Brady v. United States, 397 

U.S. 742, 757, 90 S.Ct. 1463 (1970). “‘A “manifest injustice” comprehends a 

fundamental flaw in the path of justice so extraordinary that the defendant could 

not have sought redress from the resulting prejudice through another form of 

application reasonably available to him or her.’” State v. Brooks, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 23385, 2010-Ohio-1682, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Hartzell, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 17499, *2 (Aug. 20, 1999). Thus, under this standard, “a 

postsentence withdrawal motion is allowable only in extraordinary cases.” Smith

at 264. 
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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{¶10} “A hearing on a post-sentence motion to withdraw guilty [or nocontest] plea is not mandatory. It is required only ‘if the facts alleged by the 

defendant and accepted as true would require the court to permit that plea to be 

withdrawn.’” State v. Moore, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-29, 2012-Ohio-657, ¶ 13, 

quoting State v. Hamed, 63 Ohio App.3d 5, 7 (8th Dist.1989). 

Thus, before a defendant is entitled to a hearing on a post-sentence motion to 

withdraw a guilty or no contest plea, the trial court must determine that the 

allegations raised by the defendant, if true, constitutes a “manifest injustice.” State 

v. Smith, 3d Dist. Hancock Nos. 5-21-05, 5-21-06, 5-21-07, and 5-21-08, 2022-

Ohio-742, ¶ 21, citing Moore at ¶ 13. See State v. Nawman, 2d Dist. Clark No. 

2016-CA-43, 2017-Ohio-7344, ¶ 13 (“[N]o hearing is required on a post-sentence 

motion to withdraw a plea where the motion is supported only by the movant’s own 

self-serving affidavit, at least when the claim is not supported by the record.”). 

{¶11} “[M]anifest injustice to support withdrawal of a guilty [or no-contest] 

plea can take the form of ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v. Lehmkuhle, 3d 

Dist. Van Wert No. No. 15-18-10, 2019-Ohio-1044, ¶ 29, citing State v. Kocak, 7th 

Dist. Mahoning No. 16 MA 0020, 2016-Ohio-8483, ¶ 40, citing State v. Dalton, 153 

Ohio App.3d 286, 2003-Ohio-3813, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.). “When an alleged error 

underlying a motion to withdraw a guilty [or no-contest] plea is the ineffective 

assistance of counsel, the defendant must show (1) that his counsel’s performance 
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was deficient and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

errors, he would not have pled guilty.” Lehmkuhle at ¶ 29, citing State v. TapiaCortes, 10th Dist. Franklin No. CA2016-02-031, 2016-Ohio-8101, ¶ 13, citing 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688 (1984). 

{¶12} Steele argues that the trial court erred by denying his motions to 

withdraw his no-contest pleas without conducting a hearing because his trial counsel 

was ineffective. In support of his position, Steele argues that his trial counsel was 

ineffective for allegedly failing to provide Steele with several pieces of supposed

exculpatory evidence. Specifically, Steele argues that when he received his trial 

counsel’s case file, Steele apparently discovered two documents contained therein

which Steele alleges undermine the State’s case against him. First, Steele references 

an affidavit signed by the victim that was supportive of Steele and supposedly 

undermined several elements of the offense of domestic violence. According to 

Steele, “[t]he affidavit proves there was no victim and no acts of violence.” 

(Appellant’s Brief at 4). Next, Steele argues that in the police report of the 

November 12, 2021 incident, the arresting officer admitted to violating Steele’s 

Miranda rights. Steele alleges that his trial counsel did not inform him of the 

existence of these documents and that if he had, Steele would not have entered nocontest pleas.
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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{¶13} However, Steele’s arguments relating to the ineffective assistance of 

counsel rely solely on: (1) evidentiary materials outside the record on appeal, i.e., 

documents attached to his appellate brief and (2) statements made in Steele’s 

appellate brief. App.R. 9 governs the record on appeal and provides in pertinent 

part: “The original papers and exhibits thereto filed in the trial court, the transcript 

of proceedings, if any, including exhibits, and a certified copy of the docket and 

journal entries prepared by the clerk of the trial court shall constitute the record on 

appeal in all cases.” App.R. 9(A)(1). “Evidence not made part of the record that is 

attached to an appellate brief cannot be considered by a reviewing court.” State v. 

Zhovner, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-12-13, 2013-Ohio-749, ¶ 11, citing Deitz v. Deitz, 

3d Dist. Union No. 14-11-06, 2012-Ohio-130, ¶ 8. In State v. Hooks, the Supreme 

Court of Ohio stated that “a reviewing court cannot add matter to the record before 

it that was not a part of the trial court’s proceedings” State v. Hooks, 92 Ohio St.3d 

83 (2001). Additionally, the record cannot be enlarged by factual assertions in the 

brief. State v. Morrow, 5th Dist. Muskingham No. CT2021-0053, 2022-Ohio-1089, 

¶ 19. Accordingly, we disregard documents and allegations in Steele’s brief that 

were not part of the trial court record. Thus, the victim’s affidavit and the excerpt 

from the law enforcement officer’s report, which form the basis of Steele’s 

argument on appeal, cannot be considered in our review of Steele’s assignment of 
Case No. 4-22-06, 4-22-07

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error.2 We likewise will not consider the factual assertions made in Steele’s brief 

that are not supported by the record or that concern documents which were not first 

presented for the trial court’s consideration and are not properly part of the record. 

Accordingly, we are not able to consider the merits of Steele’s argument as they rely 

on documents that are outside the scope of our review. 

{¶14} Accordingly, Steele’s assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶15} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the 

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgments of the Defiance Municipal 

Court.

Judgments Affirmed

SHAW and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur.

/jlr

2 We note that on April 25, 2022, after the trial court denied his motions, Steele filed documents, which, 

despite being styled “Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Memorandum Opposing Defendant’s Motion 

to Withdraw Plea” are properly characterized as improper motions for reconsideration. Attached to these 

filings are a copy of the victim’s affidavit and a portion of the law enforcement officer’s report. However, 

because Steele’s motions for reconsideration, which were filed in concert with Steele’s notices of appeal, 

were not properly before the trial court, we do not consider them.