FUEL TECH, INC.  120 Long Ridge Road  S TAMFORD , C ONNECTICUT 06902  PH: [203] 323-8401  FX [203] 967-2366 Alexander S. Dainoff Regional Sales Manager



### September 7, 2010

Mr. Kenneth Yager Compliance Manager Ravenswood Generating Station TransCanada 38-54 Vernon Boulevard Long Island City, NY 11101

RE: FUEL TECH COMBINED NO x EMISSIONS CONTROL PROCESS UNITS 10, 20 AND 30, RAVENSWOOD GENERATING STATION FUEL TECH PROPOSAL NO. 10-B-160

Dear Ken:

It was a pleasure meeting with you and Lorna Ly num the other week to discuss NOx control options for the Ravenswood Station. As you r equested, Fuel Tech is pleased to enclose our initial budgetary estimate an integrated technology approach to reduce the NOx emissions on the three Ravenswood Generating station uni ts to meet the pe nding NOx limit of 0.15lbs/mmBTU while burning 100% fuel oil. Fo r this estimate, we combined three proven technologies; Low NOx Burner s (LNB), Separated Over-Fire Air (SOFA) and urea based SNCR; that in combination will provide the NO x reduction required while minimizing overall capital and O&M costs.

Fuel Tech is a High Technology, Environmenta l Company that has dev eloped internally and through acquisition a number of advanced air pollu tion control technologies as well as advanced combustion and CFD flow modeling capabilities. This has been built around a core of experienced professionals that can bri ng together a number of disciplines to provide economic, flexible and reliable solutions to m eet environmental requ irements. Therefore Fuel Tech can provide viable technologica l solutions with meaningful performance guarantees and has the resour ces to back them up.

The evaluation for the Ravenswood units was bas ed on the information provided to provide a combined total NOx reduction of approximately 40% from the curr ent NOx emissi ons level of 0.24lbs/mmBTU to a target level of 0.145lbs/mmB TU while burning 100% Fuel Oil. This is based on the following combined technologies:

• LNB and SOFA providing a 29% NOx r eduction from 0.24 to 0.17lbs/mmBTU

• NOxOUT ® 

### Urea Based SNCR provid ing approximately 15% NO x reduction from 0.17 to 0.145lb/mmBTU

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate Mr. Kenneth Yeager September 7, 2010 Ravenswood Units 10, 20 and 30 Proposal No. 10-B-160 NOx Control Evaluation Estimate Page 2

Low NOx Burners: The Low NOx Burners upgr ade would consist of specifical ly designed Low NOx Atomizers and curved bladed swirlers. The atomizer is design ed to devolitilize the fuel oil in a fuel rich zone at the burner outlet This inhibits the conversion of f uel bound nitrogen to NOx. Oil droplets are controlled in a tight size range to ensure complete burnout and limi ted opacity.

Separated Over-Fire Air: Fuel Tech’s SOFA system deeply stages co mbustion for enhanced NOx reductions. The SOFA system for these units would use the exis ting fans and divert air from the burners and existing Closed Coupled Over-Fire Air (COFA) system to a Separated OFA installed above the Windbox to create a fuel rich zone in the lower furnace. This reduces the fuel bound nitrogen conversion to NO. In ad dition, peak flame temperatures are reduced to limit thermal NOx formation. A high momentum air stream intersects the burner combustion gases in the upper furnace to complete combustion prior to the boiler convection section.

The SOFA ports would be specifically si zed and shaped to maximize combustion air penetration and furnace coverage. The combusti on air is fed to the ports through 310SS ducts with automated damper controls to a llow for tuning through the load range.

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) Fuel Tech’s NOxOUT ® 

### Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction NOx Control Process involves the injection of an aqueous urea based solution through injectors installed through the water walls in the upper furnace of each boiler to reduc e NOx. The urea solution is injected into the gas stream and will react with NOx at temperatures betw een 1600 and 2200°F. Droplet size and dilution rates are automat ically controlled to maximize the distribution of the reagent in the gas stream.

The SNCR system for this application would consist of common 2 x 45,000gallon heated and insulted reagent storage tanks that would feed to a common circul ation module installed in a heated prefabricated enclosure to be located near the tanks. A circulation loop will feed individual Independent Zone Metering Modules for each boiler. This in tu rn will automatically meter the urea reagent into a di lution water stream to feed one level of wall injectors per furnace. Distribution Modules at each injection level will contro l diluted reagent and air flow to each injector.

The reagent feed is autom atically controlled to maintain a targeted NOx level based on a load signal used as a feed forward with a feedba ck from the CEM. The control system has been successfully utilized in most of the over 600 SNCR systems inst alled world wide and can be specifically configured based on the plant requirements.

The NOxOUT A ® 

### 50% urea based reagent would be del ivered by tank truck from Licensed Reagent Suppliers.

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate Mr. Kenneth Yeager September 7, 2010 Ravenswood Units 10, 20 and 30 Proposal No. 10-B-160 NOx Control Evaluation Estimate Page 3

Fuel Tech’s Advanced CFD Modeling capability would be utilized in the design of each of these technologies which would be integrated to maximize the combined performance.

By integrating these technologies, the SNCR syst em has sufficient flexibility to act as a process trim by automatically adjusting reagent feed to maintain the overall NOx emissions target.

Enclosed below is a summary of the estimated capital and O & M cost for the installation and operation of these technologies on the Ravenswood Station Units.

This estimate is based on the following assumptions:

Unit 10 Unit 20 Unit 30S Unit 30N Unit Size, MW 363 363 500 500 Heat input, mmBTU/hr 3,195 3,195 4,218 4,218

Capacity Factor 20% Annualized Capital Cost 10% Estimated Reagent Co st $1.25/gallon (50% Urea) Baseline NOx 0.24lbs/mmBTU

LNB and SOFA

• NOx Reduction 29%

• Target NOx 0.17lbs/mmBTU

• Total Installed Cost $7 to $9/kw

• O&M Minimal

SNCR System

• NOx Reduction 15%

• Baseline NOx 0.17lbs/mmBTU

• Target NOx 0.145lbs/mmBTU

• Total Installed Cost $6 to $7/kw

• O&M

o Reagent Feed NSR (Normalized Stocio metric Metric Ratio) of 0.9.

o Utilities Power 100 to 120KW (480 VAC, 3- Ф , 60 Hz) Dilution Water 30 to 60gpm Air 500 to 700scfm @ 60 to 80psig

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate Mr. Kenneth Yeager September 7, 2010 Ravenswood Units 10, 20 and 30 Proposal No. 10-B-160 NOx Control Evaluation Estimate Page 4

3-Sep-10 TransCanada Ravenswood Units 10, 20 and 30
ProForma Economics Proposal 10-B-160

ASSUMPTIONS Unit 10 Unit 20 Unit 30 A Unit 30 B Unit Size, kw 363,000 363,000 500,000 500,000 Heat Input mmBTU/hr 3,195 3,195 4,218 4,218 Capacity Factor, Oil 20.00% Annualized Capital Cost 10.00% Estimated Reagent Cost $/gal $1.25

LNB and OFA
Baseline NOx lbs/mmBTU 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
Baseline NOx lbs/hr 766.8 766.8 1012.32 1012.32

Target NOX lbs/mmBTU 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Target NOX lbs/hr 543.2 543.2 717.1 717.1 NOx reduced, lbs/hr 223.7 223.7 295.3 295.3 NOx Tons Reduced /year 195.9 195.9 258.6 258.6

Installed cost $/kw 8 8 8 8 Installed Cost $2,904,000 $2,904,000 $4,000,000 $4,000,000 Annualized Cost $290,400 $290,400 $400,000 $400,000 Treatment Cost $/ton of NOx removed $1,482.26 $1,482.26 $1,546.50 $1,546.50

SNCR
Baseline NOx lbs/mmBTU 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Baseline NOx lbs/hr 543.2 543.2 717.1 717.1
% NOx reduction 15% 15% 15% 15% Target NOX lbs/mmBTU 0.145 0.145 0.145 0.145 Target NOX lbs/hr 463.3 463.3 611.6 611.6 NOx reduced, lbs/hr 79.9 79.9 105.5 105.5 NOx Tons Reduced /year 70.0 70.0 92.4 92.4

Installed System Cost $/kw 6.5 6.5 6 6 Installed System Cost $2,359,500 $2,359,500 $3,000,000 $3,000,000 System Annualized Cost $235,950 $235,950 $300,000 $300,000

O&M
NSR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Reagent Consumption gph 67.0 67.0 88.4 88.4 Annual Reagent Consumption, Gal 117,332 117,332 154,900 154,900 Estimated Reagent Cost $146,665 $146,665 $193,626 $193,626 Reagent Treatment Cost $/ton of NOx removed $2,096.10 $2,096.10 $2,096.10 $2,096.10 Total SNCR Treatment Cost $/ton NOx removed $5,468 $5,468 $5,344 $5,344

TOTAL SYSTEM COST Total NOx Removed, tons/year 265.9 265.9 351.0 351.0 Total Annualized Capital Cost $526,350 $526,350 $700,000 $700,000 Total Operating Cost/year $146,665 $146,665 $193,626 $193,626 Total Annualized Cost $673,015 $673,015 $893,626 $893,626

TOTAL COST $/TON OF NOx REMOVED $2,531.20 $2,531.20 $2,545.78 $2,545.78

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate Mr. Kenneth Yeager September 7, 2010 Ravenswood Units 10, 20 and 30 Proposal No. 10-B-160 NOx Control Evaluation Estimate Page 5

Therefore the combination of the LNB, SOFA and SNCR provides a proven, flexible and economic approach to meeting the new NOx requirements wh ile burning 100%oil. By combining these technologies, they will typicall y operate within their respective “performance comfort zone”, mitigating potential downstr eam problems and increasing reliability.

I hope this information is sufficient and look forwar d to the opportunity of meeting with you in the near future to review the details of this approach and the requirements for a more detailed proposal. Meanwhile, if you have any questions or if you need more detailed information on this application, pl ease do not hesitate to call me.

Very truly yours,

Alexander S. Dainoff

Enclosure:

cc: Lorna Lynum, TransCanada Bob Hall, AECOM William Cummings, Fuel Tech, Inc. Terry Brown, Fuel Tech, Inc. Kevin Dougherty, Fuel Tech, Inc. Pete Hauser, Kissick Company

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate EXHIBIT C3 FUEL TECH, INC. STANDAR D TERMS AND CONDITIONS

These terms and conditions shall be part of the attached propo sal and shall become part of the contract entered into between FUEL TECH, INC. (Fuel Tech), and the Buyer. Deviations from these terms and conditions must be agreed to in a writing signed by Fuel Tech and the Buyer. Fuel Tech hereby gives notice of its objection to any different or additional terms or conditions unless such different or additional term s or conditions are agreed to in a writing signed by Fuel Tech and Buyer.

1. TERMS OF PAYMENT:
All invoices are payable net thirty (30) days from date of invoice. Buyer shall pa y interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum on all overdue amounts. Buyer shall pay all sa les tax, use tax, excise tax, or other similar taxes.

2. DELAYS:
If shipments are delayed by Buyer, payment shall be due on and warranty coverage shall begin to run from thirty days after the original shipment date specified in the cont ract or thirty (30) days after notification to Buyer that equipment is ready to ship, whichever is earlier. Risk of loss shall pass to Buyer at the time that equipment is identified, and any costs caused by such delay shall be borne by Buyer.

If shipments are delayed by Buyer, Fuel Tech will ship the equipment no later than sixty (60) days after initial notification to the Buyer that the equipment is ready for shipment. Buyer agrees either (1) to provide Fuel Tech an appropriate “ship to” address and to accept delivery or (2) pay reasonable storage charges for the equipment beginning sixty (60) days after initial notificat ion to Buyer that equipment is ready to ship.

3. PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE:
Buyer warrants that the operating conditions of the Unit are those specified in the Process Design Table. Buyer is solely responsible for the accuracy of that operating condition information, and all performance guarantees and equipment warranties granted by Fuel Tech shall be void if that operat ing condition information is inaccurate or is not met. All performance guarantees and equipment warranties are conditioned on Buyer timely providing all of the equipment, materials, chemicals, utilities, and services that it has agreed to provide, on operating the Unit within the operating conditions specified in the Process Design Table, and on using reagent of license grade quality in the operation of the Unit.

4. EQUIPMENT WARRANTY:

Fuel Tech warrants that the equipment it provides shall be free from defects in design, workmanship, and material at the time the equipment is delivered and for a period of twel ve (12) months after initial operation, or eighteen (18) months from shipment of equipment, whichever occurs fi rst. Fuel Tech does not warrant wear parts such as injection tips, cooling shields, pump diaphragms, check valves, solenoids, pump impellers, pump wear rings, pump seals, valve packing, and valve seats.

All warranties made by the manufacturer of the equipment (if that manufacturer is any en tity other than Fuel Tech) shall be assigned by Fuel Tech to the Buyer, if such assignment is permissible by law and contract. Warranty coverage starts at shipment of equipment or thirty (30) days after notificati on to Buyer that equipment is ready to ship.

5. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES:
Fuel Tech warrants its equipment and the performance of its equipment solely in accordance with the equipment warranty and performance guarantee contained in this pro posal and makes no other representations or warranties of any other kind, express or implied, by fact or by law. All warranties other than those specifically set forth in this proposal are expressly disclaimed. FUEL TECH SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND DISLCAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURP OSE, AND ANY OTHER IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF DESIGN, CAPACITY, OR PERFORMANCE RELATING TO THE EQUIPMENT.

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate 6. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY:
Buyer’s sole remedy under the equipment warranty and the performance guarantee shall be to allow Fuel Tech, at Fuel Tech’s option, either to repair, replace, or supplement th e equipment to meet the performance guarantee, or, in the event that those options are not feasible, to remove the Equipment and refund the contract price to Buyer. NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING TO THE CONTRARY, FUEL TECH’S TOTAL LIMIT OF LIABILITY ON ANY CLAIM, WHETHER FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY, FOR ANY LO SS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF, OR CONNECTED TO, OR RESULTING FROM THIS AGREEMENT, INCL UDING WITHOUT LIMITATION AMOUNTS INCURRED BY FUEL TECH OR BUYER IN ATTEMPTING TO REPAIR, REPLACE, OR SUPPLEMENT THE EQUIPMENT OR MEET A PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE PROVIDED BY FUEL TECH TO BUYER, IF ANY, SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE CONTRACT PRICE TO BE PAID BY BUYER PURSUANT TO THE CONTRACT.

7. EXCLUSION OF CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES:
NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING TO THE CONTRARY, IN NO EVENT SHALL FUEL TECH BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF CAPITAL, LOSS OF REVENUES, LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF ANTICIPATORY PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT OR FACILITIES, COST OF SUBSTITUTE NOx REDUCTION SYSTEMS, DOWNTIME COSTS, GOVERNMENT FINES, OR CLAIMS OF CUSTOMERS, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

8. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THIRD PARTIES
Buyer shall at all times be responsible for the acts and om issions of its subcontractors and of any other third parties hired or retained or contracted by Buyer to perform work or provide equipment related to the system provided by Fuel Tech, including but not limited to third party design, systems integration, equipment tie-in, or process design changes. Fuel Tech shall have no responsibility for ensuring the accu racy of any such work or the performance of any equipment provided by subcontractors or third parties hired or retained or contracted by Buyer, and Buyer assumes all liability for any such work or equipment and for any failures in Fuel Te ch’s equipment caused by any such subcontractors or third parties hired or retained or contracted by Buyer. Buyer agr ees to indemnify, hold harmless, and defend Fuel Tech from any claims, losses, damages, injuries, or failures c aused by any such subcontra ctors or third parties.

9. CONFIDENTIALITY:
Buyer agrees that it shall hold Confidential Information receiv ed from Fuel Tech in the strictest confidence, shall not use the Confidential Information for it s own benefit except as necessary to fulfill the terms of the agreement between the parties, shall disclose the Confidential Information only to employ ees, agents, or representatives who have a need to know the Confidential Information, shall not disclose the Confidential Information to any third party, shall not copy the Confidential Inform ation, shall not disassemble, decompile, or otherwise reverse engineer the Confidential Information and any invent ions, processes, or products disclosed by Fuel Tech, and, in preventing disclosure of Confidential Information to third parties, sha ll use the same degree of care as for its own information of similar importance, but no less than reasonable care.

10. LICENSE AGREEMENT AND OTHER TERMS:
Sale is subject to agreement on other terms and condit ions, including a Sale of Equipment with License Agreement.

### CONFIDENTIAL Do Not Duplicate 11. INDEMNIFICATION:
Each party to the Agreement (“Party” or collectively “P arties”) shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the other Party and its employees, agents, and repr esentatives from any third party claims, liabilities, lawsuits, costs, losses, or damages (collectively “Losses”) that ar ise out of or result from any negligen t or willful acts or omissions of the indemnifying Party’s employees, agents, or representatives to the extent such Losses relate to personal injury or death or property damage (“Third Party Claims”). Where such Third Party Claims are the result of the joint or concurrent negligence or willful misco nduct of the Parties or their respecti ve agents, employee s, representatives, subcontractors, or any third party, each Party’s duty of in demnification shall be in the same proportion that the negligence or willful misconduct of such Party, its ag ents, employees, representa tives, or subcontractors contributed to the Third Party Claims. The Party entitled to indemnity under th is Agreement shall promptly notify the indemnifying Party of any indemnifiable Third Party Claims. The Party responsible for indemnification under this Agreement shall conduct and control the defense of the Third Party Claims. The Parties shall use their best efforts to cooperate in all aspects of the defense of any Third Party Claims. The indemnifying Party shall not be bound by any compromise or settlement made without its prior written consent.

12. FORCE MAJEURE
The Parties shall be excused from liability for delays in manufacture, delivery, or pe rformance due to any events beyond the reasonable control of the Parties, including but not limited to acts of God, war, national defense requirements, riot, sabotage, governmental law, ordinance, ru le, or regulation (whether valid or invalid), orders of injunction, explosion, strikes, concerted ac ts of workers, fire, flood, storm, failure of or accidents involving either Party’s plant, or shortage of or inability to obtain necessary labor, raw materials, or transportation (“Force Majeure”). Any delay in the performance by either party under this Agreement shall be excused if and to the extent the delay is caused by the occurrence of a Force Majeure, provided that the affected party shall promptly give written notice to the other party of the occurrence of a Force Majeure, specifying the nature of the delay, and the probable extent of the delay, if determinable.

Following the receipt of any written notice of the occu rrence of a Force Majeure, the parties shall immediately attempt to determine what fair and reasonable extension for the time of performance may be necessary. The parties agree to use reasonable commercial efforts to mitigate the effects of events of Force Majeure.

No liabilities of any party that arose before the occurrenc e of the Force Majeure event shall be excused except to the extent affected by such subsequent Force Majeure.

13. GOVERNING LAW
This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in accord ance with the laws of the State of Illinois, excluding its choice of laws rules. The parties shall attempt to settle any disputes, controversies, or claims arising out of this Agreement through consultation and negotiation in good fa ith and in a spirit of mutual cooperation. If those attempts fail, then any dispute, controversy or claim shall be submitted first to a mutually acceptable neutral advisor for mediation. Neither party may unreasonably withhold acceptance of a neutral advis or. The selection of the neutral advisor must be made within forty-five (45) days after written notice by one party demanding mediation, and the mediation must be held within six months after the in itial demand for it. By mu tual agreement, however, the parties may postpone mediation until they have each comp leted some specified but limited discovery about the dispute, controversy, or claim. The cost of mediation sh all be equally shared between the parties. Any dispute that the parties cannot resolve through mediation within six (6 ) months after the initial demand for it may then be submitted to a state or federal court of competent jurisdiction within the Stat e of Illinois for resolution. The use of mediation shall not be construed (under such doctrines as laches, waiver, or estoppel) to have adversely affected any party’s ability to pursue its legal remedies, and nothing in this provision shall prevent any party from resorting to judicial proceedings if good faith efforts to resolv e a dispute under these procedures have been unsuccessful or interim resort to a court is necessary to prevent se rious and irreparable injury to any party or others.

14. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
This Exhibit C3 and the Fuel Tech Proposal attached to it constitute the entire agreement between the parties and can be modified only in writing signed by authoriz ed representatives of each of the parties.

# Ultra Low NO X 

# Burner Upgrades

**Retrofit existing burners for 40-60% NO**  **X** 

### reduction

Fuel Tech’s proprietary components upgrade existing burners to high efficiency Low NO X burners. Fuel rich and lean zones are developed at the burner outlet to deeply stage combustion for low NO X control.

Typical reductions range from 40% to 60% with minimal impact on flyash LOI.



### Features Include:

• Ease of operation

• Patent pending

five (5) zone burner

• Balanced perimeter airflow

• Homogeneous

coal flow

• “Clean release” nozzle

• Accurate

secondary airflow
measurement Coal Burner Upgrade A homogeneous coal and primary air stream penetrates the Internal Re-circulation Zone (IRZ) at the burner outlet. Coal devolitizes in a low O 2 zone to force the fuel-bound nitrogen to N 2 instead of NO. Secondary air mixes further downstream to complete burn out and limit impact on unburned
carbon.



### The Hardware: Typically three components: a Low NO X Swirler, a Low NO X Coal Nozzle and a Low NO X Distribution Disk, are all that are needed to upgrade original
OEM or Low NO X Burners. Components are fabricated from wear resistant alloys for extended life.



### Coal T-Fired Burner Upgrade Fuel Tech’s Separated Over-Fire Air (SOFA) system for Tangentially- Fired boilers utilizes a high energy nozzle design that eliminates the need for Yaw and tilt control. The system controls airflow from the secondary air ducts to evenly distribute flow through ports above the top elevation of burners.



### The Hardware: Typically three components, a Low NO X fuel/air bucket, Coal Nozzle Insert and Distribution Disk, are all that are needed to upgrade original
OEM or Low NO X burners. Components are fabricated from wear-resistant alloys to provide extended life. Burner Upgrade IRZ

T-Fired Fuel Bucket

### • Proven Low NO X 

### Designs

• Stabilize Low NO X 

### Flames for Low Excess Air Operation and Consistent Flame Scanning

© Fuel Tech, Inc. #FT - 109226 - AP 

# Gas & Oil Upgrades

Gas Burner Upgrade Thermal NO X 

### increases exponentially as a function of peak flame temperature. Lowering the peak flame temperature 190° F can reduce NO X 

### 50%. Split flames are produced from the burner upgrade to stage combustion and reduce peak flame temperature.

The Hardware: Typically, only two components are needed to upgrade a single zone burner to a low NO X 

### , high efficiency burner – a curve bladed swirler and gas pokers. Each are made from 310 SS for long life in a high temperature environment.

Oil Burner Upgrade Oil spray from Fuel Tech’s Low NO X 

### atomizer devolitizes in a fuel rich zone at the burner outlet. This zone inhibits the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NO X 

### . Oil droplets are controlled in a tight size range to ensure complete burnout and limit opacity. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to validate designs prior to fabrication.

The Hardware: Typically only two components are needed to upgrade a single zone burner to a low NO X 

### , high efficiency burner— a curve bladed swirler and Low NO X 

### Atomizer. Each are made from 310 SS for long life in a high temperature
environment. 

## State of the art components provide control over the following:

• NO X 

### Emissions

• Flame Shaping

• CO Emissions

• Burner Eyebrows

• Flyash LOI

• Furnace Slagging

Installed Gas Burner

Low NO X Oil Atomizer Temperature comparison in degrees Fahrenheit from non-Low NO X Burner (top) and our Low NO X Burner (bottom)

www.ftek.com | (US) 800.666.9688 • (China) 86.10.8487.1742 • (Italy) 39.0331.701110 27601 Bella Vista Parkway | Warrenville, IL 60555

# Over-Fire Air (OFA) Systems

**Deep-Staging for Maximum NO**  **X** 

### Reduction

Over-Fire Air (OFA) System Fuel Tech’s Over-Fire-Air (OFA) system deeply stages combustion for enhanced NO X 

### reductions. Additional NO X 

### reductions of 35% to 50% are possible on Wall, Tangential, Turbo or Cyclone fired boilers of all fuel types. The unique port design will enhance mixing to limit impact on combustion efficiency.

How Fuel Tech’s OFA System Will Reduce NO X 

### Emissions Combustion air is diverted from the burners to create a fuel rich zone in the lower furnace. Fuel-bound nitrogen conversion to NO is inhibited on coal and oil fired boilers. Peak flame temperatures are reduced on gas fired boilers to limit thermal NO X 

### formation. A high momentum air stream intersects the burner combustion gasses in the upper furnace to complete combustion prior to the boiler convective section.

The Hardware The OFA port is shaped by refractory “boot” with combustion air fed through a 310 SS duct for long life. Automated damper controls allow for tuning through the load range. Full furnace Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling is performed on each project. OFA port sizes and shaping are determined to maximize combustion air penetration and furnace coverage.

The port utilizes a venturi design with zone disk to accurately control airflow through the OFA port. · OFA ports fabricated from 1⁄4” 310 SS material. · OFA register assemblies fabricated from 1⁄4” 310 SS material. 

## Features Include:

• Additional NO X 

### reductions of 35-50%

• Custom designed port geometry

• Stainless steel

construction

• OFA flow control

dampers for automatic operation New OFA Duct

New Rear Wall OFA Ports

Existing Secondary Air Duct

# OFA Systems

**Deep-Staging for Maximum NO**  X 

### Reduction

© Fuel T ech, Inc. #FT

- 109230

- AP OFA System

T-Fired OFA System CFD Model of Fuel Tech re-design of customer’s OFA system (left) to SOFA system (right). 

### Fuel Tech Low NO X 

### Burners & OFA Wall-Fired Coal Boiler NO X 

### vs. BZHR This graph illustrates NO X 

### reduction capabilities for both eastern bituminous and sub bituminous coal. Fuel Tech’s Low NO X 

### burners and OFA systems provide maximum NO X 

### reduction across a wide range of Burner Zone Heat Release (BZHR) values.

Over Fire Air NO X 

### Reduction Over fire air is injected into the furnace above the top row of burners and completes the combustion of the unburned CO prior to the gases passing through the superheater.

Fuel Tech’s modeling expertise and proven field results allow us to guarantee OFA system performance.

www.ftek.com | (US) 800.666.9688 • (China) 86.10.8487.1742 • (Italy) 39.0331.701110 27601 Bella V ista Parkway | W arrenville, IL 60555

# SNCR

**Proven solutions for flexible, cost-effective NO**  **x reduction** 

NO x OUT® Process Injection

• High momentum

injectors

• Maximize performance

• Adjustable for NO x

reduction downstream of injection point 

### SNCR Technology

• CFD/CKM Modeling • Reliable equipment • On-site optimization 

### HER T TM 

### High Energy Reagent T echnology Injection

• High energy, low

momentum injectors

• Maximize performance with

minimal ammonia slip

• Localized NO x reduction Fuel Tech’s urea-based Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) Process is a post-combustion NO x reduction method that reduces NO x through a controlled injection of an aqueous urea solution into the combustion gas of utilized industrial sources including: fossil-fired units, waste-fired boilers, furnaces, incinerators, or heaters.
Fuel Tech has enhanced the basic SNCR technology by developing chemical injection hardware, widening the applicable temperature range, and applying process control expertise required for commercial applications.
Fuel Tech has two urea-based SNCR technologies: NO x OUT® systems, which utilize low energy and air atomized injectors, and HERTTM High Energy Reagent Technology, which utilize mechanically atomized injectors and carrier air for injection into the furnace.

The NO x -reducing reaction is temperature sensitive: the optimum temperature range is specific to each application. The reagent needs to be distributed within this optimum temperature zone to obtain the best performance.
The most commonly used reagent consists of a 50% urea solution. This reagent is readily available and requires no special safety precautions for handling.



### SNCR Processes
Fuel Tech’s SNCR Processes are designed with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Chemical Kinetic Modeling (CKM) in addition to results from field tests. The CFD model simulates flue gas flows and temperature inside a unit while the CKM calculates the reaction between urea and NO x based on temperature and flow information from CFD. The combination of these two models determines the optimum temperature region and the optimum injection strategy to distribute the reagent. 

## 25-50% NO x reduction

• Customized solution for

each application



### • Easy to retrofit – little

downtime required



### • Low capital cost



### • Can be combined with other

NO x reduction technologies

– 60-70% reduction with

Combustion Modification

– U p to 80% reduction as

part of Fuel Tech’s ASCRTM Advanced SCR process



### • Safe reagent SNCR Injectors

SNCR Injection Process 

# NO X 

# OUT ® 

# and HERT TM 

# Processes© Fuel Tech, Inc. NO x OUT® is a registered trademark and HERTTM and ASCRTM are trademarks of Fuel Tech, Inc. FT - 109108 - AP Chemical injectors developed by Fuel Tech facilitate the reagent distribution. The NO x OUT® injection system utilizes air-atomized injectors which direct the urea solution into the combustion gas path. The droplet size distribution and spray coverage promote efficient contact between the chemical and the NO x in the flue gas.
The HERTTM injection system utilizes mechanical atomizers which carry the urea into the furnace using a high energy air stream. Fuel Tech evaluates both for each specific application and offers the best solution for the customer’s needs.
Fuel Tech’s SNCR Processes provide effective boiler load following capabilities to maximize overall
NO x reduction.
Through computer modeling and proven field experience, an injection strategy is developed that makes use of multilevel injection, control of reagent concentration, droplet size and spray patterns, as well as jet penetration. NO x OUT® and HERTTM systems are applicable on various types of units firing many different fuels, which has been verified by years of field-testing. Since SNCR is a post-combustion process, unit size, boiler type and fuel type can be accommodated in the customized process design.

www.ftek.com | (US) 800.666.9688 • (China) 86.10.8487.1742 • (Italy) 39.0331.701110 27601 Bella Vista Parkway | Warrenville, IL 60555 

## Over 580 APC system installations
worldwide on wide range of fuels and combustion units.

• Wall-Fired • Cyclone-Fired • Tangentially-Fired
• Stokers
• CFB/BFB Boilers • Municipal Waste
• Coke Ovens
• Cement Kilns
• CO Boilers

Fuels:

• Coal • Lignite
• Oil
• Gas • Sludge
• Wood
• Biomass CFD Models of NO x OUT ® and HERTTM SNCR Processes

Independent Zone Metering Module