NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-118

Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux On and Near

the Juan de Fuca Ridge

D.A. Tennant1, E.T. Baker1, A.J. Paulson2, R.A. Feely1, and G. Lebon3

1Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, WA 98115-6349

2NE Fisheries Science Center/NMFS

James J. Howard Laboratory

74 Magruder

Highlands, NJ 07732

3Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)

University of Washington

Box 351640

Seattle, WA 98195

January 2001

Contribution 2118 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
NOTICE

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NOAA/OAR. Use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products

or the tests of such products for publicity or advertising purposes is not authorized.

Contribution No. 2118 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

For sale by the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

ii
Contents iii

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Predeployment Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Deployment and Collection Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3 Sample Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.4 Vertical Mass Flux Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.5 Microscopic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.6 Biogenic Silica Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.7 Elemental Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.7.1 Particle Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.7.2 Remobilized Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.8 Current Velocity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1 1984 (V1, V4, V5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2.1 (V7) 3.5-Day Collections; On-Axis . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2.2 (V8) 30-Day Collections; Off-Axis . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.3 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.3.1 (V9, V11, V12) 30-Day Collections; Off- and On-Axis 15

3.3.2 (V10) 16-Hour Collections; On-Axis . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4.1 (V17) 30-Day Collections; Off-Axis . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.4.2 (V18) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume I Site . . . . 17

3.4.3 (V19) 30-Day Collections; South Cleft Site . . . . . 17

3.5 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.5.1 (V23) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume I Site . . . . 17

3.5.2 (V24) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume II Site . . . . 20

3.6 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.6.1 (V25) 33-Day Collections; Megaplume II Site . . . . 20

3.6.2 (V26) 33-Day Collections; North Cleft . . . . . . . . 23

3.7 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.7.1 (V43) 27-Day Collections; North Cleft . . . . . . . . 24

3.7.2 (V32–V42) 6-Day Collections; North Cleft . . . . . 30

4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.1 Total Vertical Mass Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.1.1 Depth Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.1.2 Short-Term Temporal Variations—1990 Experiments 37

4.2 Hydrothermal Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.2.1 Elemental Flux vs. Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.2.2 Elemental Flux vs. Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.2.3 Hydrothermal Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.3 Seasonal Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.4 Opal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
iv Contents

List of Figures

1 (Top) Bathymetry (100 m contour interval) and locations of sediment

trap moorings. (Bottom) Location of Cleft segment on the Juan de

Fuca Ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 CTDT transect of hydrothermal temperature (◦C) anomalies along

the Cleft segment axial valley during summer 1990. . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Diagram of sequentially sampling sediment trap used in this study . 5

4 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V5. . . . . . . . 13

5 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V7 and V8. . . 14

6 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V9, V11, and V12. 15

7 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V10. . . . . . . . 16

8 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V17, V18, and

V19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

9 Top to bottom: vertical mass flux and % opal at mooring V23, and

vertical mass flux and % opal at V24 as a function of time. . . . . . 19

10a Mean elemental flux (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cr) and total flux as a function

of time at the 2050 m trap on mooring V23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

10b Mean elemental flux (Al, Mn, Si, S, and P) and total flux as a function

of time at the 2050 m trap on mooring V23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

11 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V25 and V26. . 23

12a Elemental (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Fe) and total flux as a function of

time at mooring V26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

12b Elemental (S, Si, Al, and P) and total flux as a function of time at

mooring V26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

13 Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V43. . . . . . . . 27

14 Elemental flux as a function of depth at mooring V43. Error bars

denote one standard deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

15 Elemental flux as a function of time at mooring V43. . . . . . . . . . 29

16 Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a

function of time at moorings V32, V33, V34, and V35. . . . . . . . . 32

17 Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a

function of time at mooring V36, V37, and V38. . . . . . . . . . . . 33

18 Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a

function of time at mooring V39, V40, V41, and V42. . . . . . . . . 34

19 Elemental flux as a function of time at mooring V34. . . . . . . . . . 35

20 Elemental flux as a function of depth at mooring V34. Error bars

denote one standard deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

21 Mean VMF from traps located above the hydrothermal plume (<2100 m)

and traps within and below the plume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

22 Fe flux partitioned into that having terrestrial and hydrothermal origins at moorings V34 and V43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

23 Particle flux from four depth bins from the time series data. Grey

bars show approximate timing of the spring bloom (Perry et al., 1989). 42

List of Tables

1 Sediment trap moorings: location and deployment data. . . . . . . . 50

2 Total VMF and biogenic opal concentrations (when analyzed) from

mooring V1 to V26 and V43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3 Elemental fluxes from moorings V23 and V26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4 Elemental fluxes from mooring V43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5 Total VMF and biogenic opal concentrations from moorings V32–V42. 70
Contents v

6 Elemental fluxes from mooring V34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7 Comparison of elemental fluxes at north Cleft and Endeavour segments of the JDFR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

A1 Time of recovery, splitting, and processing for sediment traps in which

remobilization rates were calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

A2a Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the

sediment trap cylinders for trap 13 on mooring V23 at the time of

sample splitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

A2b Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the

sediment trap cylinders for traps 30, 32, and 36 on mooring V26 at

the time of sample splitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

A2c Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of

the sediment trap cylinders for traps 15, 30, and 27 on mooring V34

at the time of sample splitting, and the concentrations of salinity,

Si, and P in the diluted splitting solution just prior to processing

particles onto filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

A2d Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the

sediment trap cylinders for traps 17, 30, and 34 on mooring V43 at

the time of recovery on board ship; and the volumes of the remaining

supernates and the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the remaining

supernates just prior to processing particles onto filters. . . . . . . . 84

A3 Si, P, Fe, and Mn in sediment trap supernates expressed as flux (mg

m−2 day−1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
vi Contents
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux On and Near the Juan de

Fuca Ridge

D.A. Tennant1, E.T. Baker1, A.J. Paulson2, R.A. Feely1, and G. Lebon3

Abstract. Sequentially sampling sediment traps were deployed in the region of the Cleft segment

of the Juan de Fuca Ridge from 1984 to 1991 to gain a better understanding of the vertical flux

of particles from hydrothermal plumes. Most traps collected ten sequential subsamples spanning a

total deployment time of nearly a year. Data from four of the moorings (V18, V24, V26, and V43)

were binned and averaged by trap depth to estimate the mean total flux from above and below

the hydrothermal plume. Total flux in traps above 2100 m was 25.6 ± 44.6 mg m−2 day−1; below

2100 m the mean flux was 30.4 ± 37.1 mg m−2 day−1. The flux of hydrothermal particles enriched

in Fe, Mn, P, V, S, and Cu at North Cleft moorings near Monolith and Pipe Organ vents showed

a greater increase as a function of depth than did the total flux. Flux of these elements was 2

to 5 times greater below the plume than above but their combined flux was not great enough to

account for the total flux increase at the bottommost traps. A combination of hydrothermal input

and resuspended sediments may account for the near-bottom flux increase. Total and elemental

fluxes generally increased at all depths during the spring and fall surface plankton blooms. Typical

fluxes during non-bloom periods were 10 to 25 mg m−2 day−1, while peak fluxes during blooms were

generally 40 to 150 mg m−2 day−1. Al, Si, P, Fe, and Mn fluxes increased by factors of 3 to 9 during

bloom periods. Microscopic examination of trap samples indicated that organic aggregates were a

common constituent. We suggest that organic aggregates produced in the euphotic zone account

for the increase in hydrothermal sedimentation following surface blooms because these aggregates

scavenge hydrothermal particles from the plume during the vertical descent and transport them to

the seafloor.

1. Introduction

Seafloor hydrothermal venting on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDFR) has been

observed, measured, and documented over the last several years by many

investigators. Initial research and discovery was reported by Delaney et al.

(1981), Normark et al. (1983), and Lupton et al. (1985).

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) began broad-based

scientific investigations of hydrothermal venting on and near the JDFR in

1984. The JDFR is located approximately 500 km off the northwestern

coast of the United States between the Blanco and Sovanco fracture zones

(Fig. 1). One area of research PMEL has concentrated on has been the

elucidation of the chemical and physical nature of the hydrothermal plumes

associated with active seafloor vents. This study focused on hydrothermal

plumes on the Cleft segment (Fig. 1), one of the most hydrothermally active

tectonic segments on the JDFR (Baker and Hammond, 1992). High velocity

(∼0.1 to ∼1.0 m s−1) hot water, rich with dissolved minerals, discharges

from deep-sea hot springs and produces clouds of fine-grained sulfide and

sulfate precipitates. Edifices formed by the precipitated sulfides and sulfates

1NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle,

WA 98115 2NE Fisheries Science Center/NMFS, James J. Howard Laboratory, 74 Magruder Highlands, NJ 07732 3Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of

Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195
2 Tennant et al.

V3 9

Longitude (°W)

Latitude (oN)

Washington

Oregon

0

130°W 120°W

40°N

50°N

km

Cleft

Segment

200

V32

V20

V36 V37

V25

V35 V34

V43

V3 9 V3 8

V41

V33

V42 V1 8 V40

V9

V10

V11

V19

V17

V4

V26

V5

V23

V7

V1

V8

V12

V24

Figure 1: (Top) Bathymetry (100 m contour interval) and locations of sediment trap moorings. (Bottom)

Location of Cleft segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Note that the grey shaded area of the bathymetric

map denotes the walls of the ridge with the axial valley between.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 3











	


 	 
    





     	 


	

	

Figure 2: CTDT transect of hydrothermal temperature (◦C) anomalies along the Cleft segment axial valley

during summer 1990.

are commonly called black and white smokers, respectively. Hydrothermal

particulates vented at Cleft segment of the JDFR characteristically include

sphalerite, pyrite, sulfur, pyrrhotite, barite, cubanite, Fe oxyhydroxides, and

chalcopyrite (Feely et al., 1987). The elemental composition of the common

minerals includes Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Si, S, and P. The hot discharge

mixes with ambient seawater and rises to a level of neutral buoyancy (Fig. 2)

where the water and entrained particles are dispersed by the regional flow.

Two principal discharge areas are known on the Cleft segment. The south

Cleft site is centered near 44◦41

N and was discovered in 1981 (Normark et

al., 1983). The north Cleft site is centered near 44◦57N and was discovered

in 1986 (Baker et al., 1987). PMEL has been mapping the plume at south

Cleft since 1984 (Baker et al., 1985; Baker and Massoth, 1986; Baker, 1994;

Feely et al., 1994; Massoth et al., 1994). Since 1986 our surveys extended

to, and in most cases concentrated on, plumes associated with north Cleft

vent fields (Baker, 1994). Plume mapping was accomplished by towing a

CTD and beam transmissometer (CTDT) in a saw-tooth pattern through

the bottom 400–800 m of water so that continuous measurements of hydrography and light attenuation were made. These up-down tows (Tow-yos) were

conducted along and across axis; thus it was possible to produce a threedimensional representation of the hydrothermal plume. Although there is

interannual variation of the hydrothermal temperature and attenuation signals (both spatially and in magnitude), typically the Cleft hydrothermal

plume temperature and attenuation anomaly maxima were about 100 ± 50

meters above bottom (mab). The maximum plume rise height is typically
4 Tennant et al.

∼200 m at south Cleft and ∼300 m at north Cleft (Baker, 1994). Plumes

emanating from the Cleft segment tend to be entrained by regional flow

along the strike of the axial valley from north to south and spread several

kilometers east and west of the axial valley (Baker et al., 1985; Cannon et

al., 1991).

This study was initiated to answer several questions regarding the vertical

flux of particles within and above the hydrothermal plume. Specifically, the

research had the following objectives:

1. To determine the vertical mass flux (VMF) of hydrothermal particulates at JDFR hydrothermal plume sites,

2. To characterize the chemical and physical nature of the hydrothermal

plume particulates,

3. To determine whether there is a periodicity associated with the vertical

flux of hydrothermal plume particles, and if so,

4. To determine what mechanisms regulate the periodicity.

Sequentially sampling sediment traps (Baker and Milburn, 1983) on taut

wire moorings were placed above, within, and beneath the hydrothermal

plumes at Cleft segment for periods of days to months to determine the

VMF of the plume particles. Mooring deployment data is listed in Table 1.

Moorings were located within the axial valley and on the outer and inner

flanks of the Cleft Segment; off-axis deployments were placed both east and

west of the ridge (Fig. 1).

2. Methods

2.1 Predeployment Preparations

Sequentially sampling traps, which collect up to 10 samples per deployment

at predetermined time intervals, were used in this study (Fig. 3). The traps

have a teflon funnel (∼0.2 by 0.5 m) which feeds into the opening of the

sample jars. The plate into which the sample jars fit contains 11 holes

to accommodate 10 sample jars and a blank space which is open to the

funnel during deployment and recovery; such a configuration prevents the

brine solution in the jars (see next paragraph) from washing out during

deployment and recovery. This plate and sample jars comprise a carrousel

which rotates via an attachment to a motor/timer. The funnel, sample jar

carrousel, and motor/timer are housed within a 1.0 by 0.20 m PVC tube;

the sample jars are 3.2 by 22.2 cm acrylic cylinders of ∼200 ml capacity.

Subsurface moorings fitted with acoustic releases were employed in all cases.

Prior to deployment the sample jars are filled with a dense brine to

prevent the diffusion of preservative (formalin) from the sample jars when

they are open to the funnel. A preservative is required to kill biota which

alter the collected particulates (Knauer et al., 1984; Wakeham et al., 1993).

Because our sediment trap collections were to be analyzed for metalliferous
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 5

Figure 3: Diagram of sequentially sampling sediment trap used in this study. The vane orients the sediment

trap upstream of the mooring line which attaches to the top and bottom of the vane gimbal (rearward of

the two gimbal pivots shown).
6 Tennant et al.

precipitates, a careful cleaning procedure was carried out on the sediment

trap brine/preservative solution to ensure freedom from contamination. A

bed of Chelex-100 was first cleaned by rinsing it with 1 N HCl, adding several

rinses of particle free water and adjusting it to pH 8 with 1 N NaOH. The sea

water and formalin to be used as the sediment trap fill solution was then put

through the Chelex-100 bed using slightly positive pressure. The salinity of

the solution was then adjusted to approximately 85 ppt and enough CaCl2

was added (0.76 g l−1) to saturate the solution with calcium to prevent

calcareous particulates from premature dissolution. The reagents used were

Merck Suprapur.

2.2 Deployment and Collection Strategies

Sediment traps were moored at several depths to determine the vertical flux

of particles: (a) in ambient water above the hydrothermal plume; (b) at

several locations within the hydrothermal plumes (∼100 m above bottom),

(c) close beneath the plume core, and (d) near bottom.

Several different experiments were conducted to observe vertical flux over

short-term (hours to days) and long-term (year-long) periods. Most collections were long term to obtain continuous flux data over a year; a few shortterm deployments were conducted to observe high-frequency flux trends.

2.3 Sample Storage

Recovered samples were retained in the sediment trap collection jars and

stored in refrigerated picnic coolers in the cold box of the ship and then

transferred to laboratory cold boxes until processing could begin. In some

cases (Mooring V43) the supernate was sampled immediately upon trap

recovery. Prior to processing, samples of the supernate of the sampling jars

were collected for salinity, nutrient, and metal analyses.

2.4 Vertical Mass Flux Determination

Sediment trap samples were prefiltered through acid cleaned (24 hrs in 6N

HCl bath) 406 mm mesh polyethylene screen to eliminate swimmers (see

Knauer et al., 1984; Wakeham et al., 1993). During the first several years

subsamples were produced with a Folsom splitter; in subsequent years with a

Walker splitter (Tennant et al., 1987) to provide more aliquots. The Folsom

splitter is a binary splitter; if more than two aliquots are required, the initial

ones must be resplit. As many as ten aliquots are provided with the Walker

splitter. In almost all cases at least two aliquots were produced for vertical

flux measurements and elemental analyses. Mass determinations were done

by vacuum filtering a known fraction of the sample through preweighed

47 mm 0.4 μm pore Nuclepore membranes that were subsequently dried and

reweighed. Vertical mass flux (VMF) (mg m−2 day−1) was calculated from

the following relationship:
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 7

m = Measured mass of cylinder contents (mg)

a = Collection area of the sediment trap (m2)

t = Collection period (days)

VMF = m/ta

The Si concentrations in the supernates of the sampling jars after recovery indicated the opal had dissolved into the sampling jar solution between

collection and processing. We were able to approximate the amount of this

loss in some cases. When possible (during the processing of the V34 mooring

samples only), the VMF was corrected by adding back to the VMF value the

amount of Si which we determined had dissolved. This method for accounting for the sample loss due to dissolution into the brine solution is described

below.

2.5 Microscopic Examination

Several samples of each sediment trap were given a cursory microscopic examination under a Wild dissecting microscope (120×–1000×) to obtain an

impression of the nature of the particles.

2.6 Biogenic Silica Determination

Beginning in 1988, we measured opal concentrations in sediment trap samples to evaluate the role that sinking surface diatoms might play in mediating

the vertical flux of particles from the hydrothermal plumes. The sample from

the mass flux filter was used for the silica analysis after the mass analysis was

completed. A hot NaOH extraction (Krausse et al., 1983; Paasche, 1973)

was used for the analysis.

2.7 Elemental Flux

2.7.1 Particle Flux

The total elemental fluxes were calculated from concentrations of the elements in the sediment trap samples as well as the amounts of elements remobilized during deployment, storage, and processing. Particles from some

of the sample aliquots produced during splitting were analyzed for several hydrothermal elements by X-ray primary and secondary emission spectrometry

using a Kevex Model 8000-770 X-ray energy spectrometer with a rhodium Xray source and Zr, Se, and Co secondary targets. A nondestructive thin film

technique was used (Feely et al., 1991). The aliquot of the sediment trap particles allotted to elemental analysis was carefully concentrated, ground, and

loaded onto 37-mm filters with the appropriate loading mass (250–400 μg).

The split of sediment trap material allotted to metal determination was first

centrifuged in 250-ml wide-mouth centrifuge bottles at 7500 RPM. After

sampling the splitting solution, most of the remaining splitting solution was

removed by vacuum suction. The sediment trap particles were resuspended

in the small volume of remaining liquid and transferred to a 15-ml conical

centrifuge tube. After centrifuging at 15,000 RPM, the splitting solution

was removed by vacuum suction and the slurry containing the particles was
8 Tennant et al.

transferred to a 2.5-ml acrylic ball-mill vial. The particles and the accompanying splitting solution, which contained salt, were freeze dried. A 5-mm

acrylic ball was added to the ball-mill vial and the mixture of particles and

salt was ground for 15 min. Based on the mass of particles obtained from the

mass flux split, all or a fraction of the dried ground particles was transferred

to a 2-ml spectrophotometer cuvette. After adding 1.9 ml of distilled water

and resuspending the particles, the absorbance of the suspension was measured at 750 nm. Based on an empirical calibration curve, the mass of the

particles contained in the cuvette was estimated. Depending on the results

of this calculation, all or a portion of the volume in the cuvette was pipetted

into 30 ml of pH 8 water overlying an acid-cleaned, pre-weighed, 37-mm,

0.4-μm polycarbonate filter. This slurry was then vacuum filtered, and the

filter was rinsed with pH 8 water. The fluxes of elements that were associated with the analyzed particles were calculated by multiplying the mass

fraction of each element in the particles (mg of element/per mg of suspended

matter) by the VMF.

2.7.2 Remobilized Flux

Metals on particles can be remobilized (a) into the supernate of the collection

jar during deployment, (b) into the supernate of the jar during storage between recovery and splitting, (c) into the diluted splitting aliquots between

the splitting of and processing on split aliquots, and (d) during the centrifuging of the splitting aliquot, freeze-drying, grinding, and resuspending

the particles onto the final filters. The variable manner in which each of the

four sets of recovered samples was processed dictated that the remobilized

flux be calculated differently for each sample set (Appendix Table A1).

Analyses of some solutions needed to accurately calculate the remobilized

flux were not performed because of budgetary or sample storage limitations.

The instances in which the remobilized fluxes could not be determined because of missing data are noted.

2.7.2.1 Remobilization During Deployment and Storage. In general, the

salinity of the supernate in the recovered sample jar was considerably less

than the salinity of the fill solution, but higher than the salinity of open

ocean water. This observation indicated that a considerable volume of the

fill solution added to the collection jars before deployment was replaced by

ambient seawater. Given the salinity of the supernate in a sampling jar upon

recovery (Ssu), the salinity of the fill solution (Sf ) and the salinity of the

ambient water at the depth of the trap (Sa), the fraction of ambient seawater

present in the sampling jars at recovery (F ra) and the fraction of fill solution

present in the sampling jars at recovery (F rf ) can be calculated using the

conservation of volume:

F ra + F rf = 1 (1)

and salt:

Ssu = (F ra ∗ Sa)+(F rf ∗ Sf ). (2)
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 9

Combining equations 1 and 2, the fraction of ambient water in the sampling

jars (F ra) can be calculated as:

F ra = (Sf − Ssu)/(Sf − Sa). (3)

F rf can be calculated by difference using eq. 1. The excess elemental concentration of Si and P that was generated from the remobilization from the

particles (Cex) can be calculated using the following mass balance:

Cex = Csu − [(F rf ∗ Cf )+(F ra ∗ Ca)] (4)

where Csu is the measured elemental concentration in the supernate in the

full sampling jars, Cf is the elemental concentration of the fill solution, and

Ca is the elemental concentration of seawater at depth obtained from field

data (Appendix Table A2a–d).

In the case in which the supernate is sampled at recovery, the elemental

flux attributable to remobilization in the supernate solution (RFsu) during

deployment is calculated as:

Rfsu = (Cex ∗ Vsu)/(A ∗ t) (5)

where Vsu is the volume of the sampling jar (0.18 l), A is the area of the

trap opening (0.0314 m2) and t is the time during which the sampling jar

was collecting material. Equation 5 can be used to calculate remobilization

during both deployment and storage only when the full volume of original

supernate in the jar is first sampled at some time after recovery, i.e., just

prior to splitting of traps from moorings V23, V26, and V34 (Rfsu in Appendix Table 1). We have assumed that the Fe and Mn concentration in the

fill solution, which was pre-extracted, and in seawater at the depth of the

sediment trap were low compared to the Fe and Mn concentrations found in

the supernate solution. Therefore, we assume that all Fe and Mn in the sampling jar supernates originated from the particles (i.e., Mnsu = Mnex), and

that the fluxes of Fe and Mn attributable to remobilization in the supernate

solution (RFsu) can be calculated according to equation 5.

The salinity and nutrient data from the supernate can also provide additional information used for quality control purposes. In some cases in which

there was significant replacement of the fill solution in the collection jars by

ambient seawater, the excess Si and P concentrations calculated from eq. 4

(Cex) were negative. Si and P must have been stripped from the supernate by

the particles, if all the assumptions on which eqs. 1–4 were based are correct.

While adsorption of P onto Fe-rich particles in the collection jars is plausible,

significant amounts of Si are unlikely to precipitate. The inorganic N data

provides the answer to this dilemma. If total inorganic N is lower than that

expected from the replacement of the fill solution by deep ocean water and is

in the form of nitrate, then the seawater that replaced the fill solution must

have been surface water. If the seals between the jar and the rotating plate

or the seal between the stationary plate and the rotating plate were leaking,

low-nutrient surface water could have leaked into the collection jar during

recovery. This set of conditions is especially plausible if an upside-down trap
10 Tennant et al.

is bobbing in and out of the water right before being brought onboard. If

the aqueous contents of the collection jar are exchanging with surface water,

then sediment particles could also have escaped from the collection jar and

the total and elemental fluxes from this collection jar should be scrutinized

for errors. If the total inorganic nitrogen is low and in the form of ammonia,

then denitrification could also be responsible for the low inorganic nitrogen

concentration. The chemical form of the inorganic nitrogen can also be used

to assess whether the degree of Fe and Mn remobilization is consistent with

the progression of reactions for organic matter remobilization (Froelich et

al., 1979). The reduction of Fe and Mn oxides on the particles should only

occur after all the nitrate has been converted to ammonia.

In contrast to moorings V23, V26, and V34, the four traps on mooring V43 were sampled immediately after recovery for salinity, nutrients, and

metals. The remobilization (RFsu) in the full supernate volume during only

the time of deployment can be calculated using eqs. 1–5. The samples were

then stored in a reduced volume (∼70 ml) at 4◦C for 10 weeks. Before splitting, the volume of supernate (V2) was measured and additional supernate

samples were collected. This supernate sample was analyzed for Fe and Mn

concentrations (C2), but was not analyzed for Si or P. The changes in Fe

and Mn concentrations of supernates (C2 − Csu) during the 10-week storage

period were used to calculate a separate storage remobilization term (RFst)

in the reduced storage volume.

Rfst = [(C2 − Csu) ∗ V2]/(A ∗ t). (6)

2.7.2.2 Remobilization During Storage in the Diluted Splitting Solution

and Resuspension. A preliminary experiment on the remobilization of elements during storage in the splitting solution and during processing was

conducted on four samples from mooring V24. After the particles had been

stored in the diluted splitting solution aliquot for 18 months, the particles

were processed as described above, and the splitting solution aliquots were

sampled and analyzed. The amounts of Si, P, Fe, and Mn in excess of that

expected from dilution of the original supernate were calculated, and compared to the amounts remaining on the particles. In this experiment, less

than 2% of the total Mn fluxes and less than 1% of the total Fe fluxes were

found to have been remobilized over the 18-month period in which the particles were in contact with the diluted splitting solution aliquot. In contrast,

between 4% and 12% of the total Si fluxes were remobilized in the splitting

solution. The amount of P remobilized in the splitting solutions ranged between 1% and 58% of the total P fluxes. Unless P remobilization can be

calculated during storage in splitting solution, caution is suggested when

interpreting P fluxes. Less than 2% of the mass of Si, P, V, Fe, and Mn of

the particles was remobilized during the process of freeze drying, grinding,

and resuspending onto filters.

The determinations of salinity, Si, and P in the splitting solutions from

mooring V34 collected in August 1991 (Appendix Table A2c) allowed calculations of remobilization while the particles were in the splitting solution

(RFspl). The total volumes of liquid in all fractions of the split fractions
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 11

(Vspl) were measured. The splitting solutions allotted to element analysis

were sampled after the initial centrifugation. The ratio of the salinity in the

splitting solution (Sspl) to the salinity in the supernate (Ssu) allows calculation of dilution by the splitting process. Excess elemental concentration

(Cex−spl) in the splitting solution not attributable to dilution of the supernate is calculated as follows:

Cex−spl = Cspl − [(Sspl/Ssu) ∗ Csu] (7)

where Cspl is the elemental concentration in the split. The flux attributable

to dissolution during storage in the splitting solution (RFspl) is calculated

as follows:

RFspl = (Cex−spl ∗ Vspl)/(A ∗ t) (8)

2.7.2.3 Mooring V23. The supernates of the full collection jars were

sampled 17 months after recovery and analyzed. Equations 1–5 were used

to calculate Si, P, Mn, and Fe remobilization (Appendix Table A3) during

both deployment and storage (RFsu in Appendix Table A1). The salinities

of the supernates (38.7–47.6 ppt) were low compared to the salinity of the fill

solution added to the traps before deployment (88.3 ppt). These calculations

indicated that the liquid in the sampling jars at recovery contained between

76% and 92% ambient seawater. Eight of the nine concentrations of Si

and P in the supernate solutions (Appendix Table A2a) were higher than

the concentrations of fill solution, which were obtained from sampling jars

that were not opened at depth due to malfunctions. There were measurable

amounts of Mn in all nine sampling jars and measurable Fe concentrations

in supernates from two sampling jars. The lower amounts of nitrate in the

sampling jars compared to the fill solutions suggest that nitrate was the

dominant electron acceptor for organic matter oxidation.

The samples of the splitting solutions taken after 19 months of storage

were not analyzed. Therefore, the extent of remobilization of Si, P, Fe, and

Mn while the particles were stored in the splitting solution is not known.

2.7.2.4 Mooring V26. The supernates of the full collection jars were

sampled 7.5 months after recovery and analyzed (Appendix Table A2b).

Equations 1–5 were used to calculate Si, P, Mn, and Fe remobilization (Appendix Table A3) during both deployment and storage (RFsu in Appendix

Table A1). Because of limited amounts of supernate, not all sampling jars

were sampled for salinity. For missing salinity data, the average value of the

available salinity data from the appropriate trap was used. Like the trap on

mooring V23, the extent of replacement of the fill solution ranged between

77% and 96%. The lower amounts of nitrate in the sampling jars compared

to the fill solution suggest that nitrate was the electron acceptor for organic

matter oxidation.

The samples of the splitting solutions taken after storage of 6 months

were not analyzed. Therefore, the extent of remobilization of Si, P, Fe, and

Mn while the particles were stored in the splitting solution is not known.

2.7.2.5 Mooring V34. The supernates of the full collection jars were

sampled 7.5 weeks after recovery and analyzed (Appendix Table A2c). Equations 1–5 were used to calculate Si, P, Mn, and Fe remobilization (Appendix
12 Tennant et al.

Table 3c) during both deployment and storage (RFsu in Appendix Table 1).

The salinity data from sampling jars from this mooring were generally between 45 and 60 ppt (Appendix Table A2c), which indicated that an average

of 35% of the fill solution was replaced by ambient waters. In this set of traps,

the lesser degree of replacement of fill solution by ambient seawater is consistent with the shorter collection time. Moderate amounts of Fe and Mn

were found in the supernate. The nutrient data suggest that oxygen was the

electron acceptor for organic matter remobilization in all sampling jars on

mooring V34. This observation is consistent with the short collection time

and the immediate recovery of the mooring.

The determinations of salinity, Si, and P in the splitting solutions (Appendix Table A2c) allowed calculations of remobilization while the particles

were stored in the splitting solution (RFspl in Appendix Table A1) for 10

months. The amount of Si remobilized in the splitting solution averaged

75% of the total remobilized Si flux, and ranged between 30% and 100% of

the remobilized Si flux. The amounts of P remobilized in splitting solution

were low and highly variable.

2.7.2.6 Mooring V43. Supernates in the full collection jars for traps on

mooring V43 were sampled immediately after recovery. Remobilization of Si,

P, Mn, and Fe during deployment only (RFsu in Appendix Table 1) was calculated using the salinity, nutrients, and metal data (Appendix Table A2d)

and eqs. 1–5. The remaining supernate (∼70 ml) was stored for 3 months and

analyzed immediately before processing. Equation 6 was used to calculate

remobilization during storage (RFst in Appendix Table A1) for only this set

of traps on mooring V43. The low nitrate, high ammonia (not presented),

and the high Fe and Mn concentrations in the supernate of sampling jars 1

and 4 of the trap at 2150 m on mooring 43 indicate that Fe and Mn were

the electron acceptors for organic matter remobilization. In these two cylinders, the remobilized Mn flux was greater than 90% of the total Mn flux.

For all other sampling jars from traps on mooring V43, oxygen appeared to

be the electron acceptor for organic matter remobilization. The Fe and Mn

remobilized flux listed in Appendix Table A3 includes remobilization during

both deployment and storage. Unfortunately, the samples collected from the

supernate in contact with the particles during storage were not analyzed for

nutrients. Therefore, only the Si and P remobilized flux during deployment

(RFsu) is reflected in Appendix Table A3.

Within 2 days, the splitting solutions allotted to the determination of

metals were centrifuged and freeze dried. Under these circumstances, it is

unlikely that any particulate Si, P, Mn, or Fe were remobilized into the

splitting solution.

2.8 Current Velocity Measurements

Aanderaa current meters were deployed on all moorings. These data are

available at PMEL.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 13

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1984.4 1984.5 1984.6 1984.7

1984/V5

1858 m

2056 m

2258 m

2338 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 4: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V5.

3. Results

Compilations of total VMF and elemental fluxes are given in Tables 2–6.

Below we summarize the results on a yearly basis.

3.1 1984 (V1, V4, V5)

VMF (Table 2) was measured at three on-axis locations (moorings V1, V4,

and V5) at south Cleft during the 1984 field season. The original data from

V1 and V4 have been lost but the mean flux from the single sediment trap

at 2178 m on V4 was 110 ± 40 mg m−2 day−1 for 10 2-day samples (Baker

et al., 1985).

The VMF at mooring V5 (Fig. 4) trended from high in June to low in

September 1984 and increased with increasing depth. Mean flux at 1858 m

and 2338 m was 37 and 111 mg m−2 day−1, respectively. The spike observed

during the fourth collection period is anomalous.

3.2 1985

3.2.1 (V7) 3.5-Day Collections; On-Axis

Mooring V7 sediment traps (Fig. 5) collected particles at south Cleft from 7

June to 12 July 1985, in 3.5-day intervals, at approximately mid-axis of the

Cleft Segment, at 2195 m, 2230 m, and 2245 m. The three traps were located

from directly below the top of the hydrothermal plume to 5 mab. Two
14 Tennant et al.

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1985.44 1985.46 1985.48 1985.50 1985.52 1985.54

1985/V7

2195 m

2230 m

2245 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1985.6 1985.8 1986 1986.2 1986.4 1986.6 1986.8

1985/V8

1348 m

1698 m

1948 m

2230 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 5: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V7 and V8.

additional traps at 1950 m and 2240 m malfunctioned. Of the functioning

traps, the mean VMF was similar at the three depths (33, 30, and 29 mg

m−2 day−1). In general, the sedimentation rate was unvaried throughout the

collection period at all depths except for the two spikes observed at 2195 m.

3.2.2 (V8) 30-Day Collections; Off-Axis

Mooring V8 was located approximately 14 km due west of the south Cleft

vent field in 2250 m of water from 8 June 1985 to 22 August 1986. Of the

four moored sediment traps (at 1348 m, 1698 m, 1948 m, and 2230 m) only

one operated properly; the others stopped at various times in the normal

rotational sequence which was set to be completed by 4 April 1986. In general, the flux appeared similar at all depths except at 1948 m and increased

gradually to a peak during January 1986 (Fig. 5).

3.3 1986

During 1986–1987, four moorings were deployed; two were on-axis (V10:

short term experiment, V12) and two were off-axis (V9, V11).
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 15

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1986.80 1987.00 1987.20 1987.40

1986/V9

1850 m

2205 m

2405 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1986.80 1987.00 1987.20 1987.40

1986/V11

2200 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1986.80 1987.00 1987.20 1987.40

1986/V12

2152 m

2227 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 6: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V9, V11, and V12.

3.3.1 (V9, V11, V12) 30-Day Collections; Off- and On-Axis

3.3.1.1 Off-Axis. Mooring V9 was moored off axis ∼11 km NNW of the

south Cleft vents; each sample was a 30-day interval. Sediment traps were

placed at 1850 m, 2205 m, and 2405 m. Results (Fig. 6) show that VMF

was sharply increased during late fall–early winter 1986 and again during the

following spring. Flux magnitudes were similar at all three depths except

that the VMF was somewhat lower during the first three collection intervals

at 1850 m.

Mooring V11 was located ∼10 km due east of the south Cleft site and

had one sediment trap at 2200 m (50 mab). Sedimentation maxima of about

150 mg m−2 day−1 during late summer and the following spring were apparent (Fig. 6).

3.3.1.2 On-Axis. Mooring V12 held two sediment traps at 2152 m and

2227 m and was moored in the axial valley at south Cleft. The VMF at
16 Tennant et al.

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1986.62 1986.63 1986.63 1986.64 1986.64 1986.65

1986/V10

2154 m

2204 m

2229 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 7: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V10.

both depths trended similarly and the VMF temporal variation was similar

to V9 and V11 (Fig. 6). The magnitude of the VMF at both depths was

considerably elevated (150–250 mg m−2 day−1) during the fall–winter of

1986 compared to the rest of the year.

3.3.2 (V10) 16-Hour Collections; On-Axis

A 7-day mooring (16-hour collection intervals), V10, was deployed at south

Cleft segment. The VMF was about 10 to 50 mg m−2 day−1 throughout

August 1986, the higher fluxes occurring at the deepest trap. It is noteworthy

that the VMF at V12 was 3 to 4 times higher during the same time while

being located only about 1 km distant (see Figs. 6–7).

3.4 1987

Five moorings were deployed between mid-July 1987 and mid-May 1988;

V17 was moored off-axis about 45 km northwest of the south Cleft site, V18

in the region of the 1986 megaplume discovery (Baker et al., 1987), and V19

at south Cleft. In addition, moorings V16 and V20 were deployed off-axis

and at the megaplume site, respectively. Trap failures occurred during/after
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 17

the fourth cycle at 2250 m at V17 and at 2248 m at V19. Thus, the last

data point in both cases represents an integrated VMF, i.e., when the traps

malfunctioned, the sequencing was stopped so that sedimentation continued

only into one cylinder for the duration of the deployment. Thus the daily

VMF was determined by dividing by the number of days each of the terminal

cylinders were open. Trap failures also occurred on V16 and V20, rendering

no usable samples from either mooring.

3.4.1 (V17) 30-Day Collections; Off-Axis

Mooring V17 was off-axis about 45 km northwest of the south Cleft site and

had sediment traps at 1500 m, 2100 m, and 2500 m. The sediment traps had

30-day collection periods. Sedimentation rates (Fig. 8) were relatively low,

steady, and similar during the first seven collection periods, then increased

from less than 20 mg m−2 day−1 to 150 to 250 mg m−2 day−1.

3.4.2 (V18) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume I Site

Mooring V18 was deployed at the 1986 megaplume site from July 1987 to

May 1988 with sediment traps at 1500 m, 2100 m, and 2285 m. The temporal

and quantitative VMF variations observed (Fig. 8) were very similar to those

observed at both V17 and V19.

3.4.3 (V19) 30-Day Collections; South Cleft Site

Mooring V19, deployed at south Cleft, had sediment traps at 2000 m and

2245 m, the former of which failed after mid-November.

3.5 1988

Two moorings, V23 and V24, were deployed in the mid-axial valley, near the

sites of megaplumes I and II, respectively (see Baker et al., 1989). Collections

were made from mid-June 1988 to mid-May 1989. Subsamples were collected

in 30-day intervals. Opal analyses were done on all of the 1988 samples

(Table 2).

3.5.1 (V23) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume I Site

3.5.1.1 VMF. Of four sediment traps on mooring V23, only the 2050 m

trap produced usable samples for determination of VMF and opal concentrations (Fig. 9). Traps at 1850 m, 2125 m, and 2195 m malfunctioned.

The measured VMF of the first subsample (mid-July to mid-August 1988)

at 2050 m was anomalously high (526 mg m−2 day−1) and was not plotted.

Otherwise the particle flux trend was uniformly low from throughout the

year and then increased sharply the following spring.

3.5.1.2 Opal. The contribution to the VMF from opal particles was

about 20% by weight and except for the low opal concentration during

August–September (2.3%), was fairly consistent; the highest concentration

(30%) was observed during the January–February 1989 interval.
18 Tennant et al.

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1987.6 1987.8 1988.0 1988.2

1987/V17

1500 m

2100 m

2500 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1987.6 1987.8 1988.0 1988.2

1987/V18

1500 m

2100 m

2185 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1987.6 1987.8 1988.0 1988.2

1987/V19

2000m

2248 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 8: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V17, V18, and V19.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 19

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

1988/V23

2050 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

1988/V23

2050 m

% Opal

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

1988/V24

1850 m

2100 m

2175 m

2245 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

1988/V24

1850 m

2100 m

2175 m

2245 m

% Opal

Year

Figure 9: Top to bottom: vertical mass flux and % opal at mooring V23, and vertical mass flux and % opal

at V24 as a function of time.
20 Tennant et al.

3.5.1.3 Elemental Fluxes. The V23 samples were analyzed to determine

the flux of several elements associated with hydrothermal systems including

Fe, P, Mn, Zn, S, Cu, and Cr.

The corrected flux of the elements (Table 3) analyzed are shown in Fig. 10

as a function of time. A plot of the total VMF is at the top of each panel

for comparison. Several of the elements (Fe, S, Zn, Cr, and Si) exhibited

temporal signatures very similar to that exhibited by the total VMF, i.e.,

very low sedimentation rates during the first six to seven collection periods

with a sharp increase during the spring months of 1989. The Cu and P flux

was highly variable throughout the year with a sharp spring increase; the Mn

flux was highest in late summer 1988, decreasing steadily until late winter

1989 and then increasing sharply during the spring.

3.5.2 (V24) 30-Day Collections; Megaplume II Site

3.5.2.1 VMF. Mooring V24 had sediment traps at 1850 m, 2100 m,

2175 m, and 2245 m. Several VMF subsamples were not reported; the tenth

sample from the 2100 m trap was lost; the fourth through ninth samples of

the 2175 m trap were unusable; the ninth and tenth 2245 m samples were

absent due to trap malfunction. The VMF trend (Fig. 9) was similar to

that at V23: low (2 to 30 mg m−2 day−1), uniform sedimentation rate from

mid-July 1988 through February and at 1850 m and 2245 m, well into March

1989. The VMF was highest (∼150 m−2 day−1 at 1850 m and 2100 m) from

March to April 1989.

3.5.2.2 Opal. Opal concentrations were greatest at 1850 m, 2100 m, and

2245 m (Fig. 9) during mid-October to mid-November 1988 and the opal

concentrations at those depths were similar throughout the first 7 months.

Opal concentrations were lowest (1% and 4%) at 1850 m and 2100 m when

VMF was greatest during the April–May collection periods. Opal flux at

2175 m was considerably less than at the other three depths during the first

three collection periods.

3.6 1989

Two moorings, V25 and V26, were deployed in 1989 at the northern and

middle part of Cleft segment, respectively, each collecting 33-day subsamples.

Samples from 1848 m and 2050 m were analyzed for a suite of elements

associated with hydrothermal vent fluid.

3.6.1 (V25) 33-Day Collections; Megaplume II Site

Mooring V25 had sediment traps at 1848 m, 2100 m, 2175 m, and 2245 m.

The two upper traps malfunctioned after four and three collection periods, respectively. While functioning, the VMF into these traps was similar

(Fig. 11) and ranged between 5 and 11 mg m−2 day−1. VMF at 2175 m and

2245 m was uniform and low until April 1990 when it increased to 433 and

83 mg m−2 day−1, respectively, and then decreased to 6.5 mg m−2 day−1 by

July–August 1990 at the 2245 m trap.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 21

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Total

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Zn

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

Flux(mg/m2/day)

C r

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Cu

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Flux(mg/m

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

2/day)

Year

Fe

Figure 10a: Mean elemental flux (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cr) and total flux as a function of time at the 2050 m

trap on mooring V23.
22 Tennant et al.

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Total

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1988.6 1988.8 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4

Flux (mg/m2/day)

Year

Si

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Flux(mg/m2/day)

S

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Flux(mg/m2/day)

P

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Flux(mg/m2/day)

M n

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Al

Figure 10b: Mean elemental flux (Al, Mn, Si, S, and P) and total flux as a function of time at the 2050 m

trap on mooring V23.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 23

0

100

200

300

400

500

1989.6 1989.8 1990.0 1990.2 1990.4

1989/V25

1848 m

2100 m

2175 m

2445 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

0

100

200

300

400

1989.6 1989.8 1990.0 1990.2 1990.4

1989/V26

1848m

2050m

2125m

2195m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 11: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at moorings V25 and V26.

3.6.2 (V26) 33-Day Collections; North Cleft

Mooring V26 had sediment traps at 1848 m, 2050 m, 2125 m, and 2195 m.

Each trap collected nine 33-day subsamples; the tenth was lost because the

traps were retrieved prematurely. The fourth through sixth samples of the

2125 m trap had insufficient mass for VMF determination.

3.6.2.1 VMF. The VMF at V26 trended similarly to that at V25

(Fig. 11) on an annual basis. The August 1989 to April 1990 VMF generally ranged between about 10 and 25 mg m−2 day−1 at the three lower

traps. The VMF at the 1848 m trap was less, generally between 2 and 20

mg m−2 day−1. The peak sedimentation rate (∼100–160 mg m−2 day−1) in

all but the 2125 m trap occurred during April–May 1990. The peak rate at

the 2125 m trap (∼140 mg m−2 day−1) occurred about a month later, by
24 Tennant et al.

which time sedimentation at the other traps had fallen to between 2 and 50

mg m−2 day−1.

3.6.2.2 Elemental Fluxes. Samples from 1848 m and 2050 m were available for elemental analysis (Table 3). The elemental temporal flux variations

at mooring V26 are shown in Figure 12a and 12b. In general the temporal

pattern of elemental flux mimicked the total VMF pattern, i.e., it was relatively low midsummer with increases during the fall and during the spring

of the nearly year-long collection period. At plume depth (2050 m), notably

sharp spring flux increases were observed by Fe (0.02 to 1.31 mg m−2 day−1),

Mn (0.008 to 0.155 mg m−2 day−1), S (0.092–1.442 mg m−2 day−1), and Zn

(0.0007–0.0382 mg m−2 day−1).

3.7 1990

During the 1990 field season, long-term and short-term VMF experiments

were done. In the short-term experiment, 11 moorings holding a total of 20

sediment traps which collected subsamples every 6 days were deployed in a

grid on the north end of Cleft segment (Fig. 1). These short-term moorings were recovered about 3 days prior to the deployment of the long-term

mooring (V43) that held four sediment traps which subsampled every 27

days. Moorings V43 was placed in the same locations as was the short-term

mooring V34, i.e., mid-axis approximately 2.8 km southwest of Pipe Organ

vent (Embley et al., 1991). Relatively complete data sets of elemental flux

(uninterrupted, multi-depth) from both long- and short-term experiments

were acquired during the 1990–1991 deployments. Consequently these data

were examined more thoroughly than the elemental flux data from moorings

V23 and V26.

3.7.1 (V43) 27-Day Collections; North Cleft

3.7.1.1 VMF. Mooring V43 had sediment traps at 1800 m, 2050 m,

2150 m, and 2250 m (Table 2). VMF was measured from 28 September 1990

to 26 June 1991. The VMF trended similarly and was of similar magnitudes

at all depths (Fig. 13). The trend was notably different from past years

because of an increase in VMF during late fall to the early winter months

of 1990. The late fall increase in VMF was remarkably similar at all four

depths; from shallow to deep the VMF measured 44, 45, 56, and 51 mg m−2

day−1. The spring 1991 increase in VMF measured 80, 51, 77, and 87 mg

m−2 day−1, shallow to deep. Nominal background flux was about 10 to 20

mg m−2 day−1 and ranged from about 2 to 27 mg m−2 day−1.

3.7.1.2 Elemental Fluxes. Four traps on mooring V43 were recovered

on 10 June 1991. An aliquot of the solids of each cylinder from each of the

four long-term traps was analyzed for elemental composition (including Al,

P, Si, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) by X-ray spectrometry (Table 4).

Hydrothermal particle flux vs. depth. Depth profiles of elemental

flux (Fig. 14) show that Fe, Mn, Cu, P, Al, and V have increased flux at

2050 m and below compared with fluxes at the 1800 m. Cu flux increased

about fourfold between the 1800 m and 2250 m trap, Mn increased fivefold,
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 25

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

120

140

160

1848 m.

2050 m.

Total

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

M n

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

Cu

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Zn

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

Cr

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1989.75 1990.00 1990.25 1990.50

Year

Fe

Flux (mg/m2 /day)

Figure 12a: Elemental (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Fe) and total flux as a function of time at mooring V26.
26 Tennant et al.

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

120

140

160

1848 m.

2050 m.

Total

Flux (mg/m2/day)

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

Si

Flux (mg/m2/day)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

A l

Flux (mg/m2/day)

0

0.5

1

1.5

S

Flux (mg/m2/day)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1989.75 1990.00 1990.25 1990.50

Year

P

Flux (mg/m2/day)

Figure 12b: Elemental (S, Si, Al, and P) and total flux as a function of time at mooring V26.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 27

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

1990.8 1991.0 1991.2 1991.4

1990/V43

1800 m

2050 m

2150 m

2250 m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Year

Figure 13: Vertical mass flux as a function of time at mooring V43.

V flux nearly doubled between 1800 m and 2250 m, P flux increased more

than 4 times from the 2050 m trap to the 2250 m trap, and the 2150 m Fe

flux was about 30 times higher than at the 1800 m trap.

Hydrothermal particle flux vs. time. The magnitude of elemental

fluxes at the 2150 m and 2250 m depths varied considerably throughout the

year and trended similarly to the total VMF (Fig. 15). In all cases at the two

deepest traps, the flux of Al, Si, P, Fe, Mn, and V increased considerably

above background in late fall to early winter 1990 and again during the

spring months of 1991. Elemental fluxes at the 1800 m and 2050 m traps

tended to be considerably smaller in most cases.

Al — Background particulate Al flux was about 0.1–0.3 mg m−2 day−1

during late summer 1990 and mid-winter 1990–1991 at all depths. Lower

particulate Al flux trends were measured at the 1800 m and 2050 m depths

and higher fluxes tended to occur at 2150 m and 2250 m with a few exceptions. The lowest particulate Al flux (∼0.1 mg m−2 day−1) was measured

at the 2250 m trap during the fall of 1990 and at the 2050 m and 2250 m

traps during early summer 1991. Highest particulate aluminum fluxes were

recorded at the 2150 m and 2250 m traps (∼0.4–0.6 mg m−2 day−1) during

the late fall and spring peak flux periods.
28 Tennant et al.

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120

Depth (m)

M n

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

23000.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

Depth (m)

F e

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

0 100 1 10- 3 2 10- 3 3 10- 3 4 10- 3

Depth (m)

Cu

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

23000.000 0.050 0.100 0.150

Depth

P

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

0 20 40 60 80 100

Depth(m)

Total flux

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

Depth (m)

A l

Flux(mg/m2/da y )

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

0.0 100 5.0 10- 4 1.0 10- 3 1.5 10- 3 2.0 10- 3 2.5 10- 3 3.0 10- 3

Depth

Flux (mg/m2/day)

V

Figure 14: Elemental flux as a function of depth at mooring V43. Error bars denote one standard deviation.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 29

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1800 M

2050

2150 m

2250 m

VMF(mg/m2 /day)

Total

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

Si

flux(mg/m2 /day)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

A l

flux(mg/m2 /day)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

M n

flux(mg/m2 /day)

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

Ca

flux(mg/m2 /day)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

P

flux(mg/m2 /day)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1990.8 1990.9 1991.1 1991.2 1991.4

flux (mg/m2/day)

Year

F e

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

1990.8 1990.9 1991.1 1991.2 1991.4

V

Year

flux(mg/m2/day)

Figure 15: Elemental flux as a function of time at mooring V43.
30 Tennant et al.

Si — Particulate Si flux was lowest throughout the year at 2250 m (∼1–

3 mg m−2 day−1). A maximum in particulate Si flux was measured during

late fall 1990 at 2150 m. During spring 1991 Si fluxes were particularly

elevated (∼18 mg m−2 day−1) at 1800 m and 2150 m.

P — Particulate P flux was lowest throughout the year in the upper

three traps which collected about 0.05 mg m−2 day−1 or less except for the

2150 m trap which collected about 0.1 mg m−2 day−1 during one collection

period late in 1990. The 2250 m trap collected substantially more particulate

P, especially during the late fall and spring when P fluxes of 0.15 to 0.18 mg

m−2 day−1 were recorded.

Fe — These fluxes were generally low in the upper traps at 1800 m and

2050 m (≤0.3 mg m−2 day−1) compared to the flux at the lower two traps

and did not follow a noticeable trend. Fe flux at 2150 m was much higher

throughout the year than at shallower depths and trended similarly to total

VMF. The Fe flux at 2150 m ranged from about 0.2 to >0.5 mg m−2 day−1

with maxima in late fall 1990 and spring 1991. Fe flux at 2250 m trended

somewhat differently than at 2150 m. The maximum flux (>0.5 mg m−2

day−1) occurred 2 months earlier than at 2150 m and periods of relatively

low flux alternated with periods of higher flux on a bi-monthly mode except

during spring 1991. The spring 1991 maximum in particulate Fe flux was

delayed by one interval relative to the 2150 m trap.

Mn — Particulate Mn flux was uniformly low (<0.02 mg m−2 day−1) at

the 1800 m and 2050 m traps compared to the 2150 m and 2250 m traps. The

Mn flux at 2150 m was relatively uniform throughout the year and ranged

from about 0.03–0.1 mg m−2 day−1. At 2250 m the Mn flux was elevated

compared to that at 2050 m but generally a bit lower than at 2150 m except

for a dramatic increase during the spring of 1991 when it increased from a

nominal background of about 0.05 mg m−2 day−1 to more than 0.15 mg m−2

day−1.

V — Flux of particulate V trended similarly to the total VMF throughout the year. It was lowest in the upper traps (∼.0005–.002 mg m−2 day−1)

and greatest (0.003–0.004 mg m−2 day−1) during fall-early winter of 1990 at

2250 m.

3.7.2 (V32–V42) 6-Day Collections; North Cleft

3.7.2.1 VMF. The short-term experiment commenced mid-July and

ended mid-September 1990. The moorings were placed in a grid over and

around the north Cleft vent field (Fig. 1) such that five of the moorings

(V34, V35, V38, V39, and V41) were located in the axial valley near Monolith and Pipe Organ vents. The other six moorings were located as much as

∼8 km to the east and west of the axial valley. Three of the sediment traps,

V32/2250 m, V34/2150 m (one of two replicate traps), and V38/2050 m,

malfunctioned and returned no samples. All samples were measured for

total VMF and opal concentration (Table 5).

The mean VMF measured in the axial valley was ∼36 mg m−2 day−1;

the mean of the other traps was ∼26 mg m−2 day−1. In all cases 62% ± 10%

of the VMF was attributable to opal (Figs. 16–18). The peak sedimentation
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 31

rate occurred during August, during which the VMF increased from ∼20 to

∼50–60 mg m−2 day−1 in nearly all the traps and opal concentrations varied

much the same as the VMF. On the other hand, the 2150 m trap on V34

collected much higher VMF, 110–140 mg m−2 day−1, and a much lower opal

contribution, 5%–40% (80% in the first subsample).

3.7.2.2 Elemental Fluxes. Samples from mooring V34 only were analyzed for hydrothermal elemental concentrations. The corrected fluxes are

found in Table 6. The average elemental flux during the 60-day deployment

was much higher in general than the average during the year-long deployment (see Figs. 15 and 19). Fe flux, for example, ranged from about 0.5 mg

m−2 day−1 at 2050 m to nearly 5 mg m−2 day−1 at 2250 during the 60-day

experiment. During the year-long deployment the Fe flux did not exceed

0.9 mg m−2 day−1. The flux of Fe, Cu, P, Mn, and V were also considerably

greater during the short-term experiment. While the elemental flux magnitude was greater during the short-term experiment, the flux/depth pattern

was similar to that observed during the year-long deployment (Fig. 20).

Several elemental fluxes did mimic to some extent the total VMF variation pattern. The total VMF was in excess of 150 mg m−2 day−1 during the

first collection period at 2150 m. The Al, Si, Fe, Mn, V, Cr, and S fluxes

at 2150 m were notably high during the first collection period. By the second collection period the fluxes of these elements decreased significantly, in

some cases to as little as one third of the original level, which was in general

maintained throughout the duration of the experiment. The flux level of

these elements at 2050 m and 2250 m were in general about the same as the

2150 m background level. The V, Cr, and Fe fluxes at 2150 m exhibited a

secondary maximum during the sixth collection period while S and Fe fluxes

exhibited secondary peaks during the same time span but at 2250 m. The

S flux increased more than 4 times during the sixth collection interval at

2250 m. The flux of Mn, Zn, and P were variable. In general the elemental

flux at 2050 m was much lower than at deeper depths.

4. Discussion

4.1 Total Vertical Mass Flux

4.1.1 Depth Variations

Several past investigations using sediment traps have found that particle

flux as a function of depth is variable and that quantities measured can be a

result of varying sources and mechanisms (Rowe and Gardner, 1979; Martin

and Knauer, 1983; Gardner et al., 1985; Walsh et al., 1988; Dymond and

Roth, 1988; Feely et al., 1994). The major sources of settling particles in the

ocean include organic detritus generated in the euphotic zone, airborne (dust

and pollen primarily), hydrothermal, and resuspended sediments from the

seafloor. The bulk of the surface source is organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal,

a large fraction of which does not reach the seabed because of dissolution

and other recycling processes. Consequently, sediment trap catchment by

a vertical regime of moored traps decreases with depth unless there are
32 Tennant et al.

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V32/1800 m

Year

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

Year

V35/2150 m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V34/2050 m

Year

0

5 0

100

150

200

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.60 1990.65 1990.70 1990.75

VMF(mg/m2/day)

% Opal

Year

V34/2150m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V33/2150 m

Year

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V34/2285 m

Year

Figure 16: Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a function of time at moorings

V32, V33, V34, and V35.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 33

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V36/1500m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

V36/1800m-baffled

%Opal

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V36/1800m-no baffle

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V36/2250m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V37 2200m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

Year

V38/2150m

Figure 17: Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a function of time at mooring

V36, V37, and V38.
34 Tennant et al.

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V39/2200m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V40/2200m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V41/2050m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V41/2150m

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

100

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

VMF (mg/m2/day)

%Opal

V42/2200m

Year

Figure 18: Vertical mass flux (open circles) and % opal (closed circles) as a function of time at mooring

V39, V40, V41, and V42.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 35

0

5 0

100

150

200

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

2050

2150

2285

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Total

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

F e

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Cu

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

S i

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

P

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

A l

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

V

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

S

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Cr

Year

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

Z n

Year

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1990.55 1990.6 1990.65 1990.7 1990.75

Flux(mg/m2/day)

M n

Year

Figure 19: Elemental flux as a function of time at mooring V34.
36 Tennant et al.

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Depth (m)

Total

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Depth (m)

P

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

-0.050 0.0 0.050 0.10 0.15 0.20

Depth (m)

Cu

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Depth (m)

Zn

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01

Depth (m)

V

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

Depth (m) 

S

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Depth (m)

Mn

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

Depth (m)

Fe

Flux (mg/m2/day)

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

0 100 1.6 10- 3 3.2 10- 3 4.8 10- 3 6.4 10- 3 8 10- 3

Depth (m)

Cr

Flux (mg/m2/day)

Figure 20: Elemental flux as a function of depth at mooring V34. Error bars denote one standard deviation.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 37

additional particle sources to the deeper traps, e.g., hydrothermal input

and/or resuspension of seabed material.

One of the primary strategies employed in this study was locating sediment traps above the plume, within the plume, and below the plume in

an attempt to quantify the input of hydrothermal particles. Figure 21 is

a comparison of the mean total flux at those depths. Data from only four

moorings (V18, V24, V26, and V43) were used because they were the only

ones with enough data to compare interdepth flux variations in a statistically

valid manner, i.e., they were on-axis moorings that had nearly complete data

sets (eight or more consecutive subsamples) from at least two of the depth

regimes. Data from these moorings were selected for comparison such that

subsamples from any given depth must have a corresponding subsample at a

comparison depth. If subsamples from any deployment were missing critical

subsamples, the data from that trap would not be used. Critical subsamples

are those that were collected during spring bloom and mid-winter months,

and are so designated because these times are probably the most critical in

terms of regulating the amount of sedimentation into the sediment traps (see

discussion below). The mean VMF measured at <2100 m traps was 25.6 ±

44.6 mg m−2 day−1; at >2100 m the VMF was 30.4 ± 37.1 mg m−2 day−1.

Of the sediment trap samples collected only V43 had elemental data that

corresponds to the above flux data. From the V43 data set (Table 4) it is

clear that although there is a considerable increase in both Fe and S with

increasing trap depth, the input of hydrothermally derived particles cannot

account for more than 5% of the increased flux below 2100 m. It is possible

that the increase of VMF with depth is a combination of hydrothermal and

resuspended sediments. Although we do not have direct evidence of resuspended sediments, near-bottom Aanderaa current meter data from previous

deployment periods (Cannon et al., 1991) in the axial valley have measured

bottom current velocities ≥7 cm sec−1 36% and 53% of the time during the

periods that VMF exceeded 100 mg m−2 day−1. Southard et al. (1971) and

Lonsdale and Southard (1974) have shown that current speeds of 7–10 cm

sec−1 are required for resuspension of calcareous ooze.

4.1.2 Short-Term Temporal Variations—1990 Experiments

From 1990 to 1991 there were two separate deployment periods. During

the first period, from mid-July to mid-September 1990, 6-day subsamples

(60-day total) were collected at 11 mooring sites (V32–V42) at North Cleft.

The second deployment period went from late September (1990) to late June

(1991) during which 27-day subsamples were collected.

During the 1990 short-term experiment, total sedimentation rate increased significantly at most sediment trap locations and at several depths

midway through the collection period (Figs. 16–18). VMF increased from

∼20 to ∼60 mg m−2 day−1 during the July segment of the collection period.

Fifteen of seventeen traps deployed showed this trend. We have no firm

explanation for the cause of this increase. Summer bottom currents were

apparently not vigorous enough to cause resuspension. Nor were the flux

increases due to increased sedimentation of hydrothermal particles and/or
38 Tennant et al.

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

V18

V24

V26

V43

Depth (m)

VMF (mg/m2/day)

Figure 21: Mean VMF from traps located above the hydrothermal plume (<2100 m) and traps within and

below the plume. The data is from moorings V18, V24, V26, and V43. The overall above-plume mean VMF

= 25.6 ± 44.6 mg m−2 day−1; from within and below the plume, overall mean VMF = 30.4 ± 37.1 mg m−2

day−1. The dotted horizontal line indicates the nominal depth of the top of the hydrothermal plume at Cleft

segment.

opal, as increases in those species were proportional to those of the total

VMF.

4.2 Hydrothermal Flux

Hydrothermal elemental concentrations were measured in samples from V23,

V26, V34, and V43. Most of the following discussion pertains to the flux at

V34 (short term) and V43 (long term) because they had the most comprehensive depth coverage.

4.2.1 Elemental Flux vs. Time

In general the elemental fluxes measured at V23 (Figs. 10a, b) and V26

(Figs. 12a, b) mimic the total VMF: relatively low and unchanged during

midsummer and midwinter with increases during fall and more sharply during spring months.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 39

The elemental flux during the 1990 short-term deployment period at

V34 showed two temporal trends (Fig. 19). One trend is the elevated flux of

nearly all the measured elements and the total VMF during the first 6-day

collection, but only at the 2150 m trap. We have no explanation for this

observation and it is possibly the result of a trap malfunction. The other

trend was a flux increase of several of the elements after the fourth collection

period that peaked during the sixth or seventh collection periods. The flux

of Mn and P did not follow the trend and exhibited a rather variable pattern.

Temporal variations in the elemental flux at V43 from 1990 to 1991

(Fig. 15) were consistent within the group of elements analyzed and the

temporal flux pattern exhibited is similar to that of the total VMF temporal

pattern. In all cases the flux was greatest during the spring and a secondary

flux increase generally occurred in the fall. A similar particle flux study

at Endeavour segment of the JDFR (Dymond and Roth, 1988) found the

greatest hydrothermal elemental fluxes in the fall and slightly smaller fluxes

during the spring.

4.2.2 Elemental Flux vs. Depth

Short-term elemental flux variations as a function of depth were noted at V34

(S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, P, Cr, and V) (Fig. 20) and long-term variations at V43

(P, Fe, Al, Cu, Mn, and V) (Fig. 14). In general, elemental fluxes increased

progressively with depth but in some cases the maximum flux occurred above

the bottom trap. For example, during the short-term experiment at V34

the S, P, and V flux maxima were at 2150 m and during the long-term

deployment the maximum Fe flux occurred at 2150 m and the maximum

Cu flux was at 2050 m. The increase of elemental flux with depth was

considerably greater during the short-term than long-term collection period,

i.e., elemental background flux was similar for the most part during both

collection periods, but the flux at the bottom traps was quite different. For

example, the elemental bottom flux of Mn was twice as high, S was twice

as high, Fe was 15 times higher, Cu was 100 times higher, and Zn was 4

times higher. In the discussion above it was pointed out that there was

a general increase in total VMF midway through the short-term collection

period at most depths and it is clear from Fig. 20 that the mean total VMF

is considerably greater in the lower two traps than in the 2050 m trap. It

is possible that sinking organic aggregates resulting from a surface bloom

entrapped a relative abundance of hydrothermal particles during this time

period. This explanation is discussed more thoroughly below under Seasonal

Variation (Section 4.3).

The data from the long-term collection is also notably different from elemental fluxes measured at the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

(Dymond and Roth, 1988) (Table 7). The Cu flux at the 2100 m trap at

Endeavour was nearly 1000 times greater than the deep trap on V43; V, Zn,

Fe, and Mn were about 500, 100, 30, and 2 times higher at the Endeavour

deep trap. Feely et al. (1994) reported that Fe flux near Monolith vent on

North Cleft was only 2% of that reported by the Dymond and Roth (1988)

study. The large differences between the elemental fluxes reported at North
40 Tennant et al.

Cleft and Endeavour segments is likely caused principally by differences in

the relative locations of vent sources and traps, but also by the total flux

of hydrothermal particles discharged at each site, the differences in concentrations of elements in vent fluids at the different sites, and differences in

bottom current velocities and trajectories.

The flux of Fe, Cu, Mn, and V was greatest at mid- and below-plume

depths at both V34 and V43. These elements are highly enriched in vent

fluids or are scavenged from the ambient seawater by hydrothermal particles

(Feely et al., 1994; Dymond and Roth, 1988). These observations (moorings

V34 and V43) were made about 3 km from the nearest known vent (Pipe

Organ). Resuspension of previously sedimented hydrothermal material may

also account for higher fluxes of these elements caught in the 2250 m trap.

In the study at Endeavour Ridge it was estimated that between 19% (Ba)

and 43% (V) of the flux of specified hydrothermal elements resulted from

resuspension (Dymond and Roth, 1988). Current meter measurements from

moorings V34, V35, and V38, however, suggest current velocities too weak

for resuspension during the 1990 short-term experiment.

4.2.3 Hydrothermal Fe

In an attempt to further assess the hydrothermal component of particle flux

at the study area, we analyzed Fe flux data from V34 and V43 to evaluate

how much Fe in the sediment traps was from hydrothermal input. Nonhydrothermal background particles collected at the Juan de Fuca (Feely et

al., 1992) and Gorda (Feely et al., 1998) Ridges were subsequently analyzed

for a suite of elemental concentrations including Fe and Al. The Fe/Al ratio

was 0.43 at JDFR, and 0.34 and 0.42 at the Gorda Ridge during cruises

Great 1 and Great 3, respectively. We used the mean (0.397) of these three

data sets to assess hydrothermal Fe enrichment. We proceeded by assuming

that any Fe in the sediment traps in excess of this mean value of 0.397 (on a

molar basis) was due to hydrothermal enrichment of Fe (see Karlin and Lyle,

1986). On this basis we determined approximate proportions of terrestrial

and hydrothermal Fe flux trapped at moorings V34 and V43 (Fig. 22). Accordingly, our calculations indicate that approximately 35%, 83%, and 90%

of the Fe flux at 2050 m, 2150 m, and 2250 m, respectively, at V34 is hydrothermally generated. It is also clear that the uppermost trap at 2050 m

was well into the hydrothermal plume based on the amount of hydrothermal

Fe in the trap. The proportion of hydrothermal to terrestrial Fe at V43

traps is less than that at V34, i.e., the traps at 1800 m, 2050 m, 2150 m, and

2250 m, respectively, had about 1%, 38%, 54%, and 57% hydrothermal Fe.

The enrichment of these elements in the sediment trap samples from within

and below the plume is confirmation that hydrothermal precipitates were

captured in sediment traps within the plume. That 1% of the Fe at 1800 m

was denoted as hydrothermal is probably a result of the manner that we

used to define the background Fe/Al ratio. Plots of elemental enrichment

with depth at mooring V43 (Fig. 14) indicate that hydrothermal enrichment

begins beneath 1800 m.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 41

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

1800.0 2050.0 2150.0 2250.0 2285.0

Terr. Fe

Hydroth. Fe

Fe flux (mg m- 2 day- 1)

Depth (m)

V43

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1800.0 2050.0 2150.0 2250.0 2285.0

 Terr. Fe

 Hydroth. Fe

Fe flux (mg m- 2 day- 1)

Depth (m)

V34

Figure 22: Fe flux partitioned into that having terrestrial and hydrothermal origins at moorings V34 and

V43. Flux magnitudes represent the mean Fe flux of the entire sediment trap at the various depths shown.
42 Tennant et al.

0

100

200

300

400

500

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Spring Bloom

1500-1800m

2050-2100m

2125m-2195m

2245m-2285m

VMF(mg/m2/day)

Date

Figure 23: Particle flux from four depth bins from the time series data. Grey bars show approximate timing

of the spring bloom (Perry et al., 1989).

4.3 Seasonal Variation

Between 1987 and 1991 several mooring arrays were deployed at north Cleft

that were located closely enough together from year to year to construct

coherent time series plots of the VMF at those sites. In general, except in

cases of malfunction, all the data represent 27- to 33-day collections or nearly

a year’s worth of data per trap. Several depth horizons are used to show

representative flux patterns from throughout the lower water column. The

data used to construct the VMF plots were from moorings V18, V23, V24,

V25, V26, and V43 (Fig. 23). The periodicity of seasonal phytoplankton

blooms off Oregon-Washington and the mechanisms and forces governing the

onset and duration of such occurrences have been summarized and reported

by Anderson (1964) and Perry et al. (1989).

The background VMF throughout the time series study at the selected

mooring sites at all depths was about 10–25 mg m−2 day−1. The relatively

steady sedimentation rate is seen to change abruptly in bursts of increased

sedimentation during the spring months every year and, to a lesser degree,

during the fall months of some years. The most dramatic increase was mea-
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 43

sured during the spring of 1990 at the 2150–2175 m depth horizon when the

VMF increased to over 400 mg m−2 day−1. Other VMF spring peak magnitudes were ∼290 mg m−2 day−1 at the 1500–1800 depth, ∼150 mg m−2

day−1 at the 1500–1800 m depth and ∼80 mg m−2 day−1 at the 2245–2285 m

depth during 1988, 1989, and 1991, respectively. Fall peaks of about 40–60

mg m−2 day−1 appeared during most years of this study. The highest fall

peak, about 60 mg m−2 day−1, was observed at all depths during 1990.

Many researchers (Deuser and Ross, 1980; Deuser et al., 1981; Honjo,

1982; Smith and Baldwin, 1984; Billet et al., 1983; Lampitt, 1985; Wefer et

al., 1988; Deuser, 1986, 1987; Dymond and Roth, 1988) have documented

that the annual cycle of primary production is responsible for seasonally

regulated pulses of particles to the ocean floor. Surface biogenic material

in our samples was routinely inspected under a Wild microscope immediately after filtration. Items that commonly dominated the samples included

foraminifera, radiolarians, silicious spicules, diatom tests, and fecal pellets.

All of the above-mentioned biogenic parts and pieces were commonly embedded in an amorphous organic matrix (marine snow). These observations

support the hypothesis that such macro-aggregates (Shanks and Trent, 1980;

Alldredge, 1979; Silver and Alldredge, 1981; Wakeham et al., 1993) and fecal

pellets (Turner and Ferrante, 1979 and references therein) provide effective

mechanisms for the transfer of particles from the sea surface to the sea floor.

Export of materials from the sea surface begins with the aggregation of sinking planktonic carcasses, diatomaceous mucous nets (Smetacek, 1985), fecal

pellets, other particulates, and amorphous organic material. The remains

of such material were readily identifiable, especially in the spring samples,

because of the high concentrations of biogenic components. Such aggregates

may provide an effective mechanism for removing the mineral precipitates

from hydrothermal plumes as the aggregates sink through them. This mechanism is likely to be especially pronounced during the heavy flux of spring

bloom detritus. The results of the total VMF time series analysis and the

elemental flux data clearly indicate that both total and hydrothermal elemental particle flux maxima coincided closely in most cases, with the timing

of spring phytoplankton blooms (Figs. 15 and 23). We frequently observed

secondary fall and early-winter pulses of sedimentation which we presume

are mediated by fall plankton blooms. Studies by Lund (1957) and Denny

and Walsh (1979) indicated that sinking diatoms carried surface Pb and Zn

to the bottom, and others have speculated that such aggregates would scavenge fecal pellets and fine particles (Small et al., 1989; Honjo, 1980; Nozaki

et al., 1987; Bishop et al., 1977; Bacon et al., 1985) during descent and sediment them to the bottom. In light of these studies and our observations it

is reasonable that sedimentation of hydrothermal particles to the bottom is

implemented by such organic aggregates.

This hypothesis is supported by the seasonal pattern of elements with a

strong hydrothermal source (e.g., Fe, Mn, P, V, Cu). The sedimentation of

these elements consistently showed strong increases during the spring and fall

bloom periods (Figs. 10, 12, 15). Moreover, the flux increase from shallow

to deep traps was also greatest during the blooms, an increase not seen in

the total VMF (Fig. 15). This difference confirms that these elements do
44 Tennant et al.

not primarily originate in the overlying surface waters but are scavenged out

of the hydrothermal plume by bloom-produced biogenic material.

Thus, a pattern emerges from these data which suggests that there is a

predictable periodicity to the vertical flux of hydrothermal plume particles

and the periodicity appears to be strongly linked to the annual cycles of

total VMF, which in turn appears to reflect the annual cycles of primary

production in the overlying surface waters. The coincidence of the timing of

maximum total flux and maximum hydrothermal flux presents a reasonable

argument for seasonal pulses of surface biogenic matter mediating the vertical flux of hydrothermal particulates from the plume to the sea floor. It is

possible that the surface aggregates trap and continue to agglomerate with

the plume particles as they sink through it, thereby removing them to the

bottom.

4.4 Opal

During microscopic examination of samples from the 1990 short-term traps

it was noticed that opal fragments (diatom and radiolarian) were ubiquitous

and especially abundant. These observations prompted us to quantify the

opal concentration in as many samples as possible. Opal comprised 62 ±

10% of the VMF in the 1990 samples. The opal contribution to the 1988–

1989 samples (moorings V23, V24) was ∼17%; the Endeavor Ridge samples

of the Dymond and Roth study (1988) contained ∼31% opal. The 1990

summer opal concentrations were likely high because they coincided with

a diatom and radiolarians bloom that typically occurs during July–August

in the northeast Pacific (Takahashi, 1986, 1987). Our opal concentration

intercomparisons are made with reservation because collection periods were

not similar in all cases.

5. Summary

Sediment traps were deployed on subsurface moorings on and about the

Juan de Fuca Ridge, generally within 300 m of the bottom, for the purpose

of learning more about the vertical flux of particulates near regions of hydrothermal venting and especially the vertical settling of particles from vent

generated plumes. During each successful sediment trap deployment period,

ten sequential subsamples were collected. Deployment periods lasted from

days to nearly a year. The study was conducted continuously from 1984

to 1991; samples were analyzed in all cases for mass and in several cases

for a suite of elements including those that are enriched in seawater from

hydrothermal venting, and biogenic silica. A summary of the findings of the

study include:

1. The mean total VMF (binned data) for on-axis samples from north

and south Cleft segment, from 1984–1991, from <2100 m was 25.3 ±

20.8 mg m−2 day−1; at depths from 2100 m to 2150 m the mean was

37.3 ± 35.0 mg m−2 day−1; at depths >2150 m the mean was 44.8

± 45.9 mg m−2 day−1. The mean flux at the bottom depth bin is
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 45

1.8 times greater than in the uppermost depth bin; the difference is

significant (95% C.I.). Current meter records suggest that resuspension

was at least partially responsible for the increased bottom flux.

2. Elemental analysis of particulates from moorings V34 and V43 shows

that elemental flux was generally 2 to 5 times greater below the hydrothermal plume at the JDFR as above the plume. In the case of

hydrothermal Fe at V43 the enrichment was more than a hundredfold.

In addition, the enrichment of Mn, Cu, and V in our bottommost

traps was confirmation that hydrothermal particles are sedimented to

the seafloor within 3 km of Pipe Organ Vent.

3. The measured VMF demonstrated a strong seasonal signal as a result

of surface phytoplankton blooms. Vertical mass flux increased several

hundredfold in some years following the surface bloom. Furthermore,

temporal variations of elemental flux was found to trend similarly to

the total VMF trends. Increased elemental flux was especially pronounced during the annual spring plankton bloom.

4. Microscopic examination of our samples indicated that organic aggregates comprise a major portion of the vertical particulate flux and

they may be responsible for removing hydrothermal particles from the

plume, especially following the spring bloom when the rain of surface

debris to the seafloor is at a maximum.

6. Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the crews of the NOAA vessels R/V Discoverer

and R/V Surveyor for their help, and particularly the deck crew supervised by Herb

Padilla of the Discoverer.

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Walsh, I., K. Fischer, D. Murray, and J. Dymond (1988): Evidence for resuspension

of rebound particles from near-bottom sediment traps. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 59–

70.

Wefer, G., G. Fischer, D. Fuetterer, and R. Gersonde (1988): Seasonal particle flux

in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res., 35(6), 891–898.
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 49

Tables
50 Tennant et al.

Table 1: Sediment trap moorings: location and deployment data.

Mooring Collection days/

designation Latitude Longitude cylinder Deployment dates Trap depths

V1 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 5/85–5/86 2030

V4 44◦40.9

N 130◦21.6W 2 5/84–6/84 2178

V5 44◦38.8

N 130◦25.9W 10 6/84–9/84 1858,2056,2258,2338

V7 44◦41.7

N 130◦22.7W 3.5 6/85–7/85 1950,2195,2230,

2240,2245

V8 44◦42.0

N 130◦35.3W 30 6/85–4/86 1348,1698,1948,

2150,2230

V9 44◦47.7

N 130◦24.5W 30 8/86–6/87 1805,2205,2405

V10 44◦41.42

N 130◦21.52W 1 6/86 2154,2204,2229

V11 44◦41.05

N 130◦13.91W 30 8/86–6/87 2200

V12 44◦41.4

N 130◦21.0W 30 8/86–6/87 2152,2202,2227

V17 44◦59.1

N 130◦59.5W 30 7/87–5/88 1500,2100,2500

V18 44◦53.4

N 130◦15.6W 30 7/87–5/88 1500,2100,2285

V19 44◦41.3

N 130◦21.6W 30 7/87–5/88 2000,2245

V20 44◦59.5

N 130◦11.4W 2 9/87 1655,2155,2205,2225

V23 44◦48.14

N 130◦18.38W 30 7/88–5/89 1850,2050,2125,2195

V24 45◦09.99

N 130◦10.17W 30 7/88–5/89 1850,2100,2175,2245

V25 45◦06.0

N 130◦10.0W 33 8/89–7/90 1848,2100,2175,2245

V26 44◦48.0

N 130◦18.8W 33 8/89–7/90 1848,2050,2125,2195

2195

V32 44◦54.4

N 130◦07.8W 6 7/90–9/90 1800,2250

V33 44◦56.0

N 130◦12.35W 6 7/90–9/90 2150

V34 44◦56.3

N 130◦14.7W 6 7/90–9/90 2050,2150,2150,2285

V35 44◦56.7

N 130◦15.4W 6 7/90–9/90 2150

V36 44◦57.7

N 130◦20.4W 6 7/90–9/90 1500,1800,1800,2250

V37 44◦57.0

N 130◦10.6W 6 7/90–9/90 2200

V38 44◦58.8

N 130◦13.1W 6 7/90–9/90 2050,2150

V39 44◦58.8

N 130◦16.4W 6 7/90–9/90 2200

V40 44◦53.6

N 130◦11.8W 6 7/90–9/90 2200

V41 44◦53.8

N 130◦15.7W 6 7/90–9/90 2050,2150

V42 44◦53.3

N 130◦18.5W 6 7/90–9/90 2200

V43 44◦56.3

N 130◦14.7W 27 9/90–6/91 1800,2050,2150,2250
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 51 Table 2: Total VMF and biogenic opal concentrations (when analyzed) from mooring V1 to V26 and V43. Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V1/28-1 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.400 2030 100

V1/28-2 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.496 2030 100V1/28-3 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.592 2030 100V1/28-4 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.688 2030 100V1/28-5 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.784 2030 100V1/28-6 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.880 2030 100V1/28-7 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1984.975 2030 100V1/28-8 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1985.071 2030 100V1/28-9 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1985.167 2030 100V1/28-10 44◦38.6N 130◦24.1W 35 1985.263 2030 100V4/33-1 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.400 2178 60 110

± 40

V4/33-2 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.406 2178 60

V4/33-3 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.411 2178 60V4/33-4 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.416 2178 60V4/33-5 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.422 2178 60V4/33-6 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.427 2178 60V4/33-7 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.433 2178 60V4/33-8 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.438 2178 60V4/33-9 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.444 2178 60V4/33-10 44◦40.9N 130◦21.6W 2 1984.449 2178 60V5/30-1 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.400 1858 500 0.0 0.0 37.4

± 33

V5/30-2 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.427 1858 500 34.4 105.7

V5/30-3 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.455 1858 500 21.4 65.7V5/30-4 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.482 1858 500 11.6 35.6V5/30-5 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.510 1858 500 16.0 49.2V5/30-6 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.537 1858 500 5.1 15.6V5/30-7 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.564 1858 500 4.4 13.4V5/30-8 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.592 1858 500 12.0 37.0V5/30-9 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.619 1858 500 2.8 8.6V5/30-10 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.647 1858 500 1.6 4.8
52 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V5/35-1 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.400 2056 301 0.0 0.0 40 ± 33 V5/35-2 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.427 2056 301 23.9 73.6 V5/35-3 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.455 2056 301 27.6 84.8 V5/35-4 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.482 2056 301 17.1 52.5 V5/35-5 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.510 2056 301 26.9 82.8 V5/35-6 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.537 2056 301 7.2 22.3 V5/35-7 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.564 2056 301 5.2 16.1 V5/35-8 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.592 2056 301 4.4 13.5 V5/35-9 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.619 2056 301 2.5 7.8 V5/35-10 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.647 2056 301 1.6 5.0 V5/27-1 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.400 2258 100 0.0 0.0 80.7 ± 78 V5/27-2 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.427 2258 100 39.6 121.7 V5/27-3 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.455 2258 100 40.4 124.4 V5/27-4 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.482 2258 100 27.4 84.3 V5/27-5 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.510 2258 100 83.0 255.5 V5/27-6 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.537 2258 100 15.1 46.5 V5/27-7 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.564 2258 100 9.6 29.4 V5/27-8 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.592 2258 100 9.6 29.5 V5/27-9 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.619 2258 100 7.0 21.5 V5/27-10 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.647 2258 100 4.2 12.8 V5/25-1 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.400 2338 20 V5/25-2 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.427 2338 20 54.0 166.1 110.8 ± 67 V5/25-3 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.455 2338 20 61.4 188.9 V5/25-4 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.482 2338 20 57.7 177.4 V5/25-5 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.510 2338 20 0.0 0.0 V5/25-6 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.537 2338 20 37.9 116.6 V5/25-7 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.564 2338 20 22.3 68.5 V5/25-8 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.592 2338 20 25.2 77.6 V5/25-9 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.619 2338 20 16.2 49.8 V5/25-10 44◦38.8N 130◦25.9W 10 1984.647 2338 20 13.2 40.6
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 53 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V7/6-1 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.445 2195 55 1.0 9.2 33.7

± 27

V7/6-2 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.455 2195 55 1.5 13.8

V7/6-3 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.464 2195 55 6.5 58.7V7/6-4 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.474 2195 55 1.5 14.0V7/6-5 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.484 2195 55 1.3 11.7V7/6-6 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.493 2195 55 1.6 14.2V7/6-7 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.503 2195 55 9.6 87.2V7/6-8 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.512 2195 55 3.2 28.8V7/6-9 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.522 2195 55 3.7 33.8V7/6-10 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.532 2195 55 7.3 66.1V7/15-1 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.445 2230 20 1.8 16.5 28.0

± 13

V7/15-2 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.455 2230 20 2.0 18.1

V7/15-3 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.464 2230 20 3.3 29.7V7/15-4 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.474 2230 20 2.2 20.4V7/15-5 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.484 2230 20 2.5 22.9V7/15-6 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.493 2230 20 1.7 15.7V7/15-7 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.503 2230 20 2.5 22.4V7/15-8 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.512 2230 20 5.1 46.3V7/15-9 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.522 2230 20 4.2 37.9V7/15-10 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.532 2230 20 5.7 52.0V7/29-1 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.445 2245 5 1.3 12.0 32.4

± 16

V7/29-2 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.455 2245 5 3.1 28.2

V7/29-3 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.465 2245 5 2.7 24.6V7/29-4 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.474 2245 5 2.6 23.4V7/29-5 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.484 2245 5 2.6 23.8V7/29-6 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.493 2245 5 3.9 35.7V7/29-7 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.503 2245 5 3.2 29.4V7/29-8 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.513 2245 5 4.2 38.3V7/29-9 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.522 2245 5 7.8 70.6V7/29-10 44◦41.7N 130◦22.7W 4 1985.532 2245 5 4.1 37.6
54 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V8/30-1 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.521 1348 902 49.5 50.9 46.1 ± 26 V8/30-2 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.603 1348 902 21.7 22.3 V8/30-3 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.685 1348 902 23.6 24.2 V8/30-4 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.768 1348 902 40.7 41.8 V8/30-5 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.850 1348 902 50.2 51.7 V8/30-6 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.932 1348 902 59.3 60.9 V8/30-7 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.014 1348 902 83.3 85.6 V8/30-8 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.096 1348 902 21.1 21.7 V8/30-9 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.179 1348 902 15.7 16.2 V8/30-10* 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 170 1986.643 1348 902 474.6 86.4 V8/31-1 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.521 1698 552 25.1 25.8 42.5 ± 31 V8/31-2 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.603 1698 552 16.4 16.8 V8/31-3 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.685 1698 552 19.5 20.4 V8/31-4 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.768 1698 552 51.7 53.2 V8/31-5 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.850 1698 552 44.6 45.9 V8/31-6 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.932 1698 552 50.6 52.0 V8/31-7 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.014 1698 552 116.4 119.7 V8/31-8 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.096 1698 552 18.7 19.2 V8/31-9 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.179 1698 552 13.3 13.7 V8/31-10 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.261 1698 552 56.2 57.8 V8/32-1 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.521 1948 302 3.2 3.3 12.6 ± 8.3 V8/32-2 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.603 1948 302 26.1 26.9 V8/32-3 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.685 1948 302 7.7 7.9 V8/32-4 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.768 1948 302 9.4 9.6 V8/32-5 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.850 1948 302 10.8 11.1 V8/32-6* 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 290 1986.259 1948 302 16.7 16.7
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 55 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V8/33-1 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.521 2150 100 17.9 18.4 V8/33-2 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.603 2150 100 16.6 17.1 V8/33-3 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.685 2150 100 17.3 17.8 V8/33-4 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 350 1986.643 2150 100 57.3 57.3 V8/36-1 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.521 2230 20 83.7 86.1 52.7 ± 29 V8/36-2 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.603 2230 20 21.7 22.3 V8/36-3 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.685 2230 20 14.2 14.6 V8/36-4 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.768 2230 20 28.8 29.6 V8/36-5 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.850 2230 20 44.8 46.1 V8/36-6 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1985.932 2230 20 57.9 59.6 V8/36-7 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.014 2230 20 89.4 91.9 V8/36-8 44◦42.0N 130◦35.3W 30 1986.643 2230 20 519.9 72.0 V9/12-1 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.712 1805 800 25.3 25.3 28.8 ± 37 V9/12-2 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.794 1805 800 14.8 14.8 V9/12-3 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.877 1805 800 4.6 4.6 V9/12-4 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.959 1805 800 9.6 9.6 V9/12-5 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.041 1805 800 V9/12-6 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.123 1805 800 4.2 4.2 V9/12-7 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.205 1805 800 4.2 4.2 V9/12-8 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.288 1805 800 51.2 51.2 V9/12-9 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.370 1805 800 119.9 119.9 V9/12-10 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.452 1805 800 25.5 25.5
56 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V9/13-1 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.712 2205 400 53.1 56.4 51.1 ± 35 V9/13-2 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.794 2205 400 48.8 51.8 V9/13-3 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.877 2205 400 90.5 96.1 V9/13-4 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.959 2205 400 22.2 23.6 V9/13-5 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.041 2205 400 8.1 8.6 V9/13-6 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.123 2205 400 14.4 15.3 V9/13-7 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.205 2205 400 31.6 33.6 V9/13-8 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.288 2205 400 58.7 62.4 V9/13-9 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.370 2205 400 105.2 111.7 V9/13-10 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.452 2205 400 V9/14-1 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.712 2405 200 63.9 67.9 V9/14-2 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.794 2405 200 46.6 49.5 V9/14-3 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.877 2405 200 56.8 60.4 V9/14-4 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1986.959 2405 200 8.0 8.5 V9/14-5 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.041 2405 200 V9/14-6 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.123 2405 200 V9/14-7 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.205 2405 200 V9/14-8 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.288 2405 200 V9/14-9 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.370 2405 200 V9/14-10 44◦47.7N 130◦24.5W 30 1987.452 2405 200 V11/25-1 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1986.729 2200 50 158.1 167.8 64.7 ± 55 V11/25-2 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1986.811 2200 50 82.6 87.7 V11/25-3 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1986.893 2200 50 81.5 86.6 V11/25-4 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1986.975 2200 50 31.6 33.5 V11/25-5 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.058 2200 50 8.4 8.9 V11/25-6 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.140 2200 50 26.7 28.3 V11/25-7 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.222 2200 50 6.8 7.2 V11/25-8 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.304 2200 50 134.5 142.8 V11/25-9 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.386 2200 50 42.0 44.6 V11/25-10 44◦41.05 N 130◦13.91 W 30 1987.469 2200 50 37.5 39.8
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 57 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V12/16-1 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.729 2152 100 165.0 175.2 73.0

± 68

V12/16-2 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.811 2152 100 140.5 149.2V12/16-3 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.893 2152 100 75.9 80.6V12/16-4 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.975 2152 100 143.2 152.0V12/16-5 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.058 2152 100 18.4 19.6V12/16-6 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.140 2152 100 18.6 19.8V12/16-7 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.222 2152 100 5.1 4.5V12/16-8 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.304 2152 100 29.0 30.8V12/16-9 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.386 2152 100 25.8 27.4V12/16-10 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.469 2152 100V12/18-1 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.729 2227 25 206.3 219.1 110

± 68

V12/18-2 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.811 2227 25 158.3 168.1

V12/18-3 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.893 2227 25 108.7 115.5V12/18-4 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1986.975 2227 25 201.0 213.4V12/18-5 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.058 2227 25 69.9 74.3V12/18-6 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.140 2227 25 53.7 57.1V12/18-7 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.222 2227 25 34.8 37.0V12/18-8 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.304 2227 25 87.3 92.7V12/18-9 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.386 2227 25 67.8 72.0V12/18-10 44◦41.4 N 130◦21.0 W 30 1987.469 2227 25 44.8 47.6V17/7-1 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.548 1500 1350 15.3 16.3 36.7

± 51

V17/7-2 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.630 1500 1350 8.8 9.4V17/7-3 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.712 1500 1350 8.0 8.5V17/7-4 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.795 1500 1350 14.3 15.1V17/7-5 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.877 1500 1350 16.1 17.1V17/7-6 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.959 1500 1350 3.3 3.5V17/7-7 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.041 1500 1350 5.9 6.2V17/7-8 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.123 1500 1350 66.9 71.0V17/7-9 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.205 1500 1350 157.8 167.5V17/7-10 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.288 1500 1350 49.7 52.7
58 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V17/6-1 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.548 2100 750 21.6 22.9 31.4 ± 77 V17/6-2 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.630 2100 750 13.5 14.3 V17/6-3 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.712 2100 750 10.8 11.5 V17/6-4 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.795 2100 750 5.4 5.7 V17/6-5 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.877 2100 750 1.6 1.7 V17/6-6 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.959 2100 750 0.3 0.3 V17/6-7 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.041 2100 750 0.4 0.4 V17/6-8 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.123 2100 750 0.3 0.3 V17/6-9 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.206 2100 750 234.7 249.1 V17/6-10 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.288 2100 750 6.8 7.2 V17/11-1 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.548 2500 350 17.7 18.7 V17/11-2 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.630 2500 350 9.1 9.7 V17/11-3 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.712 2500 350 4.8 5.1 V17/11-4 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1987.795 2500 350 2.6 2.8 V17/11-5 44◦59.1N 130◦59.5W 30 1988.288 2500 350 210.0 44.6 V18/15-1 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.548 1500 800 13.2 14.0 42.2 ± 86 V18/15-2 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.630 1500 800 7.4 7.9 V18/15-3 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.712 1500 800 4.8 5.1 V18/15-4 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.795 1500 800 7.0 7.4 V18/15-5 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.877 1500 800 7.7 8.2 V18/15-6 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.959 1500 800 1.9 4.0 V18/15-7 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.041 1500 800 8.7 18.5 V18/15-8 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.123 1500 800 23.5 25.0 V18/15-9 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.206 1500 800 268.8 285.4 V18/15-10 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.288 1500 800 43.6 46.3 V18/26-1 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.548 2100 200 16.2 17.2 V18/26-2 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.630 2100 200 7.2 7.7 V18/26-3 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.712 2100 200 6.3 6.7 V18/26-4 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.288 2100 200
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 59 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V18/27-1 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.548 2285 5 28.0 29.8 51.1 ± 63 V18/27-2 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.630 2285 5 20.4 21.6 V18/27-3 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.712 2285 5 18.0 19.1 V18/27-4 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.795 2285 5 18.1 19.2 V18/27-5 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.877 2285 5 33.2 35.2 V18/27-6 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1987.959 2285 5 23.8 25.3 V18/27-7 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.041 2285 5 32.0 33.9 V18/27-8 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.123 2285 5 35.8 38.0 V18/27-9 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.206 2285 5 213.7 226.8 V18/27-10 44◦53.4N 130◦15.6W 30 1988.288 2285 5 58.6 62.2 V19/28-1 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.548 2000 250 10.1 10.7 V19/28-2 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.630 2000 250 5.8 6.1 V19/28-3 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.712 2000 250 6.9 7.3 V19/28-4 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.795 2000 250 18.6 19.7 V19/28-5 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1988.288 2000 250 248.7 44.0 V19/2-1 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.548 2245 5 21.2 22.5 36.8 ± 41 V19/2-2 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.630 2245 5 15.6 16.6 V19/2-3 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.712 2245 5 10.4 11.0 V19/2-4 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.795 2245 5 16.5 17.5 V19/2-5 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.877 2245 5 10.7 11.3 V19/2-6 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1987.959 2245 5 13.4 14.2 V19/2-7 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1988.041 2245 5 12.8 13.6 V19/2-8 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1988.123 2245 5 63.8 67.8 V19/2-9 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1988.205 2245 5 133.1 141.3 V19/2-10 44◦41.3N 130◦21.6W 30 1988.288 2245 5 48.8 51.8
60 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V20/30-1 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 1655 600 1.8 29.2 V20/30(2-9) 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 1655 600 V20/30-2 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.690 1655 600 V20/30-3 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.696 1655 600 V20/30-4 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.701 1655 600 V20/30-5 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.707 1655 600 V20/30-6 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.712 1655 600 V20/30-7 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.718 1655 600 V20/30-8 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.723 1655 600 V20/30-9 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.729 1655 600 V20/30-10 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.734 1655 600 V20/31-1 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2155 100 9.7 154.2 V20/31(2-9) 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2155 100 V20/31-2 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.690 2155 100 V20/31-3 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.696 2155 100 V20/31-4 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.701 2155 100 V20/31-5 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.707 2155 100 V20/31-6 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.712 2155 100 V20/31-7 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.718 2155 100 V20/31-8 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.723 2155 100 V20/31-9 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.729 2155 100 V20/31-10 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.734 2155 100 V20/32-1 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2205 50 10.2 161.7 V20/32(2-9) 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2205 50 V20/32-2 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.690 2205 50 V20/32-3 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.696 2205 50 V20/32-4 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.701 2205 50 V20/32-5 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.707 2205 50 V20/32-6 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.712 2205 50 V20/32-7 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.718 2205 50 V20/32-8 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.723 2205 50 V20/32-9 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.729 2205 50 V20/32-10 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.734 2205 50
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 61 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V20/33-1 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2225 25 7.5 118.7

V20/33(2-9) 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.685 2225 25V20/33-2 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.690 2225 25V20/33-3 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.696 2225 25V20/33-4 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.701 2225 25V20/33-5 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.707 2225 25V20/33-6 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.712 2225 25V20/33-7 44◦59.5Nv 130◦11.4W 2 1987.718 2225 25V20/33-8 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.723 2225 25V20/33-9 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.729 2225 25V20/33-10 44◦59.5N 130◦11.4W 2 1987.734 2225 25V23/13-1 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.633 2050 175 526.0

V23/13-2 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.715 2050 175 4.0 4.1 16.1

± 27 17.1

V23/13-3 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.797 2050 175 4.5 4.7 2.3

V23/13-4 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.880 2050 175 5.6 5.7 18.3V23/13-5 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.962 2050 175 5.2 5.3 19.3V23/13-6 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.044 2050 175 1.9 2.0 25.9V23/13-7 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.126 2050 175 2.6 2.7 14.3V23/13-8 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.208 2050 175 7.8 8.1 29.8V23/13-9 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.291 2050 175 82.6 85.0 17.7V23/13-10 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.373 2050 175 27.1 27.8 16.8V23/14-1 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.633 2125 100 6.5 6.7 15.9V23/14-2 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.715 2125 100 7.0 7.3 15.2V23/14-3 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.797 2125 100V23/14-4 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.880 2125 100V23/14-5 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.962 2125 100V23/14-6 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.044 2125 100V23/14-7 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.126 2125 100V23/14-8 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.208 2125 100V23/14-9 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.291 2125 100V23/14-10 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.373 2125 100
62 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V23/16-1 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.633 2195 30 1.8 1.8 15.9 V23/16-2 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.715 2195 30 15.2 V23/16-3 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.797 2195 30 V23/16-4 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.880 2195 30 V23/16-5 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1988.962 2195 30 V23/16-6 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.044 2195 30 V23/16-7 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.126 2195 30 V23/16-8 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.208 2195 30 V23/16-9 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.291 2195 30 V23/16-10 44◦48.14N 130◦18.38W 30 1989.373 2195 30 V24/17-1 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.630 1850 425 3.0 3.1 35.4 ± 60 10.4 V24/17-2 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.712 1850 425 6.6 6.8 12.2 V24/17-3 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.795 1850 425 10.8 11.1 V24/17-4 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.877 1850 425 15.6 16.1 40.0 V24/17-5 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.959 1850 425 4.4 4.5 31.3 V24/17-6 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.041 1850 425 2.1 2.2 16.5 V24/17-7 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.123 1850 425 4.8 4.9 13.0 V24/17-8 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.205 1850 425 7.8 8.1 14.6 V24/17-9 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.288 1850 425 155.6 160.1 4.5 V24/17-10 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.370 1850 425 133.1 137.0 5.0 V24/18-1 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.630 2100 175 3.7 3.9 23.7 ± 46.9 16.1 V24/18-2 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.712 2100 175 3.6 3.7 10.3 V24/18-3 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.795 2100 175 7.4 7.6 27.9 V24/18-4 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.877 2100 175 12.4 12.7 33.5 V24/18-5 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.959 2100 175 5.1 5.3 14.7 V24/18-6 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.041 2100 175 1.7 1.8 12.6 V24/18-7 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.123 2100 175 2.9 3.0 20.7 V24/18-8 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.205 2100 175 28.4 29.2 3.3 V24/18-9 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.288 2100 175 142.5 146.7 1.0 V24/18-10 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.370 2100 175
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 63 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V24/25-1 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.630 2175 100 3.3 3.4 10.2

V24/25-2 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.712 2175 100 2.9 3.0 9.3V24/25-3 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.795 2175 100 3.3 3.4 4.0V24/25-4 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.877 2175 100V24/25-5 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.959 2175 100V24/25-6 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.041 2175 100V24/25-7 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.123 2175 100V24/25-8 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.205 2175 100V24/25-9 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.288 2175 100V24/25-10 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.370 2175 100 25.3 26.0 2.9V24/31-1 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.630 2245 30 9.6 9.9 17.8

± 6.3 12.2

V24/31-2 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.712 2245 30 18.6 19.1 10.4

V24/31-3 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.795 2245 30 19.8 20.4 16.3V24/31-4 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.877 2245 30 26.7 27.5 35.6V24/31-5 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1988.959 2245 30 11.1 11.4 19.4V24/31-6 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.041 2245 30 12.3 12.7 21.6V24/31-7 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.123 2245 30 17.0 17.5 11.9V24/31-8 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.205 2245 30 23.6 24.2 27.1V24/31-9 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.288 2245 30V24/31-10 45◦09.99N 130◦10.17W 30 1989.370 2245 30V25/7-1 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.622 1848 427 4.8 5.4 10.3

± 4.4

V25/7-2 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.712 1848 427 11.0 12.5V25/7-3 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.803 1848 427 13.6 15.3V25/7-4 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.893 1848 427 7.0 8.0V25/7-5 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.984 1848 427V25/7-6 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.074 1848 427V25/7-7 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.164 1848 427V25/7-8 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.255 1848 427V25/7-9 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.345 1848 427V25/7-10 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.436 1848 427
64 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V25/11-1 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.622 2100 175 4.8 5.5 V25/11-2 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.712 2100 175 9.9 11.2 V25/11-3 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.803 2100 175 9.5 10.7 V25/11-4 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.893 2100 175 V25/11-5 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.984 2100 175 V25/11-6 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.074 2100 175 V25/11-7 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.164 2100 175 V25/11-8 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.255 2100 175 V25/11-9 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.345 2100 175 V25/11-10 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.436 2100 175 V25/15-1 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.622 2175 100 2.7 3.0 60.0 ± 140 V25/15-2 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.712 2175 100 12.6 14.2 V25/15-3 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.803 2175 100 26.2 29.5 V25/15-4 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.893 2175 100 15.4 17.4 V25/15-5 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.984 2175 100 6.7 7.6 V25/15-6 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.074 2175 100 4.3 4.8 V25/15-7 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.164 2175 100 10.0 11.3 V25/15-8 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.255 2175 100 384.1 433.5 V25/15-9 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.345 2175 100 16.3 18.4 V25/15-10 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.436 2175 100 V25/27-1 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.622 2245 30 3.4 3.8 20.7 ± 25.7 V25/27-2 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.712 2245 30 11.1 12.5 V25/27-3 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.803 2245 30 4.2 4.8 V25/27-4 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.893 2245 30 15.0 16.9 V25/27-5 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1989.984 2245 30 7.3 8.2 V25/27-6 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.074 2245 30 4.1 4.7 V25/27-7 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.164 2245 30 15.2 17.2 V25/27-8 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.255 2245 30 73.3 82.8 V25/27-9 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.345 2245 30 44.1 49.8 V25/27-10 45◦06.0N 130◦10.0W 33 1990.436 2245 30 5.8 6.5
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 65 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day)

± 1 std dev % Opal

V26/30-1 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.707 1848 377 4.1 4.6 21.1

± 36

V26/30-2 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.797 1848 377 10.5 11.9

V26/30-3 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.888 1848 377 17.8 20.0V26/30-4 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.978 1848 377 2.2 2.4V26/30-5 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.069 1848 377 2.1 2.4V26/30-6 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.159 1848 377 0.8 0.9V26/30-7 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.250 1848 377 18.8 21.2V26/30-8 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.340 1848 377 102.2 115.3V26/30-9 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.430 1848 377 9.6 10.8V26/30-10 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.521 1848 377V26/32-1 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.707 2050 175 13.4 15.1 27.9

± 45

V26/32-2 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.797 2050 175 10.4 11.7

V26/32-3 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.888 2050 175 19.4 21.8V26/32-4 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.978 2050 175 16.1 18.2V26/32-5 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.069 2050 175 2.0 2.3V26/32-6 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.159 2050 175 7.3 8.2V26/32-7 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.250 2050 175 22.1 25.0V26/32-8 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.340 2050 175 130.3 147.1V26/32-9 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.430 2050 175 1.5 1.7V26/32-10 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.521 2050 175V26/33-1 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.707 2125 100 10.5 11.8 55.5

± 54

V26/33-2 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.797 2125 100 18.7 21.1

V26/33-3 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.888 2125 100 4.7 5.3V26/33-4 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.978 2125 100V26/33-5 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.069 2125 100V26/33-6 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.159 2125 100V26/33-7 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.250 2125 100 55.7 62.9V26/33-8 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.340 2125 100 75.8 85.5V26/33-9 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.430 2125 100 129.6 146.3V26/33-10 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.521 2125 100
66 Tennant et al. Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V26/36-1 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.707 2195 30 16.8 19.0 37.0 ± 46 V26/36-2 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.797 2195 30 20.7 23.3 V26/36-3 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.888 2195 30 21.3 24.1 V26/36-4 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1989.978 2195 30 26.9 30.4 V26/36-5 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.069 2195 30 12.9 14.5 V26/36-6 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.159 2195 30 1.5 1.6 V26/36-7 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.250 2195 30 14.1 15.9 V26/36-8 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.340 2195 30 137.3 155.0 V26/36-9 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.430 2195 30 43.9 49.5 V26/36-10 44◦48.0N 130◦18.8W 33 1990.521 2195 30 V43/17-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.743 1800 490 16.9 19.3 30.5 ± 25 V43/17-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.817 1800 490 23.7 27.1 V43/17-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.890 1800 490 38.5 44.0 V43/17-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.965 1800 490 7.6 8.6 V43/17-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.039 1800 490 15.0 17.1 V43/17-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.112 1800 490 10.5 12.0 V43/17-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.187 1800 490 69.4 79.3 V43/17-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.261 1800 490 51.5 58.9 V43/17-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.335 1800 490 7.4 8.5 V43/17-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.408 1800 490 V43/30-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.743 2050 240 20.9 23.9 21.0 ± 17.5 V43/30-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.817 2050 240 15.5 17.7 V43/30-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.890 2050 240 38.9 44.5 V43/30-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.965 2050 240 5.6 6.4 V43/30-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.039 2050 240 7.0 8.0 V43/30-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.112 2050 240 .2 7.0 V43/30-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.187 2050 240 44.3 50.6 V43/30-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.261 2050 240 25.5 29.1 V43/30-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.335 2050 240 1.9 2.2 V43/30-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.408 2050 240
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 67 Table 2: (continued). Collection period Depth Mass VMF Mean flux Mooring ID Latitude Longitude (days) Completion date (m) mab (g) (mg/m2/day) ± 1 std dev % Opal V43/33-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.743 2150 140 18.8 21.5 30.1 ± 24.6 V43/33-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.817 2150 140 16.9 19.3 V43/33-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.890 2150 140 48.9 55.9 V43/33-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.965 2150 140 7.9 9.0 V43/33-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.039 2150 140 18.7 21.4 V43/33-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.112 2150 140 8.7 10.0 V43/33-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.187 2150 140 67.4 77.1 V43/33-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.261 2150 140 43.0 49.1 V43/33-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.335 2150 140 6.9 7.8 V43/33-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.408 2150 140 V43/34-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.743 2250 40 18.1 20.7 31.8 ± 25 V43/34-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.817 2250 40 17.4 19.9 V43/34-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.890 2250 40 44.5 50.9 V43/34-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1990.965 2250 40 10.4 11.9 V43/34-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.039 2250 40 17.4 19.9 V43/34-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.112 2250 40 11.8 13.5 V43/34-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.187 2250 40 75.9 86.8 V43/34-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.261 2250 40 40.0 45.7 V43/34-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.335 2250 40 15.0 17.2 V43/34-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 27 1991.408 2250 40
68 Tennant et al. Table 3: Elemental fluxes from moorings V23 and V26. Corr. Corr. Corr. Corr. Corr. Mooring/ Completion VMF Al flux Sl flux P flux S flux Mn flux Fe flux Cu flux Zn flux Cr flux Sed. Trap date (mg/m2/day) V23/2050m 1988.715 4.3384 0.080 0.56 0.030 0.031 0.095 0.086 0.00005 0.0016 0.0005 V23/2050m 1988.797 5.5715 0.060 1.43 0.008 0.036 0.049 0.068 0.00022 0.0010 0.0004 V23/2050m 1988.880 6.1902 0.080 1.09 0.037 0.052 0.033 0.105 0.00012 0.0014 0.0005 V23/2050m 1988.962 5.9759 0.060 1.14 0.034 0.033 0.024 0.082 0 0.0016 0.0005 V23/2050m 1989.044 2.2312 0.050 0.57 –0.002 0.020 0.018 0.044 0.00006 0.0010 0.0003 V23/2050m 1989.126 2.7996 0.080 0.43 0.030 0.146 0.011 0.067 0.00059 0.0013 0.0005 V23/2050m 1989.208 8.8760 0.300 2.66 0.004 0.060 0.012 0.175 0 0.0023 0.0006 V23/2050m 1989.291 86.576 0.580 13.05 0.086 0.892 0.064 0.408 0.00043 0.0224 0.0024 V23/2050m 1989.373 28.884 0.320 3.83 0.029 0.147 0.025 0.286 0 0.0059 0.0017 V26/1848m 1989.707 5.0100 0.095 0.94 0.015 0.064 0.007 0.085 0.00001 0.0017 0.0002 V26/1848m 1989.797 14.220 0.130 3.44 0.083 0.144 0.008 0.078 0 0.0072 0.0003 V26/1848m 1989.888 23.850 0.230 6.35 0.105 0.222 0.013 0.135 0.00048 0.0068 0.0006 V26/1848m 1989.978 4.4400 0.140 2.62 0.011 0.046 0.002 0.021 0.00015 0.0023 0.0001 V26/1848m 1990.069 3.1600 0.001 1.00 0.025 0.018 0.000 0.005 0 0.0004 0.0000 V26/1848m 1990.159 1.0100 0.001 0.15 0.080 0.005 0.000 0.008 0.00001 0.0003 0.0000 V26/1848m 1990.250 24.490 0.430 5.87 0.108 0.452 0.103 0.594 0.00146 0.0133 0.0011 V26/1848m 1990.340 119.72 0.520 24.89 0.191 1.049 0.050 0.461 0.00519 0.0227 0.0016 V26/1848m 1990.430 13.800 0.095 4.45 0.028 0.113 0.007 0.052 0.00005 0.0040 0.0003 V26/2050m 1989.707 16.580 0.260 3.32 0.124 0.148 0.079 1.855 0.00214 0.0183 0.0031 V26/2050m 1989.797 13.880 0.142 3.33 0.099 0.124 0.035 0.874 0.00151 0.0100 0.0014 V26/2050m 1989.888 25.680 0.211 5.88 0.132 0.194 0.048 0.761 0.00218 0.0123 0.0015 V26/2050m 1989.978 21.740 0.127 7.64 0.037 0.160 0.017 0.174 0.00075 0.0082 0.0004 V26/2050m 1990.069 2.8900 0.015 1.09 0.026 0.019 0.003 0.022 0.00008 0.0007 0.0001 V26/2050m 1990.159 9.6800 0.071 2.35 0.036 0.092 0.008 0.149 0.00057 0.0055 0.0005 V26/2050m 1990.250 28.110 0.347 6.56 0.117 0.247 0.066 0.627 0.00183 0.0077 0.0016 V26/2050m 1990.340 151.59 0.706 27.48 0.199 1.442 0.155 1.313 0 0.0382 0.0044 V26/2050m 1990.430 2.8500 0.003 1.29 0.021 0.008 0.001 0.005 0 0.0002 0.0000
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 69 Table 4: Elemental fluxes from mooring V43. Sample Dec. Depth. VMF Al Si P S Cr Mn Fe Cu Zn Ca V No. date (m) (mg/m2/day) V43-17-1 1990.743 1800.0 19.276 0.093274 2.3728 0.026 0.082923 0.00041737 0.0059884 0.0662 0.0000 0.010586 3.1229 0.00056 V43-17-2 1990.817 1800.0 27.089 0.11044 4.4330 0.177 0.20247 0.00062708 0.0073350 0.0728 0.0000 0.0090833 0.97524 0.00078 V43-17-3 1990.891 1800.0 43.962 0.29649 11.886 0.065 0.31046 0.0014098 0.014217 0.2122 0.0000 0.015667 1.1431 0.00168 V43-17-4 1990.965 1800.0 8.641 0.10474 2.3310 0.022 0.093388 0.00028935 0.0079352 0.0814 0.00051264 0.0040579 0.057039 0.00032 V43-17-5 1991.039 1800.0 17.104 0.11999 4.9319 0.048 0.11882 0.00042287 0.0062528 0.0852 0.0000 0.0055604 0.14199 0.00042 V43-17-6 1991.113 1800.0 12.016 0.096923 2.6550 0.022 0.093273 0.00048407 0.0077881 0.0707 0.00038534 0.0051410 0.28841 0.00029 V43-17-7 1991.187 1800.0 79.299 0.33798 16.440 0.051 0.44787 0.0020988 0.025807 0.2957 0.0000 0.017315 9.0405 0.00185 V43-17-8 1991.261 1800.0 58.900 0.36138 11.352 0.028 0.29738 0.0020670 0.022354 0.2656 0.0000 0.014012 6.3023 0.00198 V43-17-9 1991.335 1800.0 8.512 0.074460 1.4318 0.000 0.10975 0.00023719 0.0011679 0.0483 5.1440e-05 0.0024114 0.46819 0.00033 V43-30-1 1990.743 2050.0 23.851 0.13093 2.7000 0.028 0.095576 0.0016756 0.017725 0.3203 0.00096789 0.0088862 5.1058 0.00099 V43-30-2 1990.817 2050.0 17.690 0.11158 3.0704 0.037 0.16480 0.0013366 0.012812 0.2086 0.00046550 0.0081679 1.5217 0.00072 V43-30-3 1990.891 2050.0 44.499 0.25322 8.0562 0.050 0.26235 0.0026221 0.023625 0.0547 0.0068841 0.013884 0.93458 0.00125 V43-30-4 1990.965 2050.0 6.422 0.057421 0.87582 0.019 0.064616 0.00042833 0.0098061 0.0979 0.0013437 0.0046171 0.043697 0.00037 V43-30-5 1991.039 2050.0 7.965 0.085789 2.2757 0.019 0.075494 0.00056250 0.012620 0.1275 0.00035945 0.0030730 0.044635 0.00039 V43-30-6 1991.113 2050.0 7.046 0.087383 2.1193 0.014 0.076652 0.00047780 0.010403 0.1078 0.00033081 0.0026906 0.050049 0.00033 V43-30-7 1991.187 2050.0 50.624 0.21632 10.146 0.32212 0.0025717 0.024667 0.2616 0.0000 0.0094313 6.3280 0.00123 V43-30-8 1991.261 2050.0 29.108 0.19110 5.7148 0.023 0.17354 0.0026424 0.018343 0.1945 0.00011665 0.0092694 3.2313 0.00109 V43-30-9 1991.335 2050.0 2.201 0.027377 0.39334 0.013 0.019789 0.00019584 0.0026274 0.0297 0.0000 0.0013498 0.018711 0.00010 V43-33-1 1990.743 2150.0 21.458 0.15927 2.6277 0.040 0.13057 0.00096144 0.0027774 0.4500 0.00031382 0.0075077 1.7012 0.00108 V43-33-2 1990.817 2150.0 19.306 0.11375 2.5874 0.039 0.10955 0.00081749 0.026719 0.4322 4.5727e-05 0.010090 0.86904 0.00126 V43-33-3 1990.891 2150.0 55.917 0.61527 20.284 0.128 0.55503 0.0022057 0.097427 0.8689 0.00043428 0.014811 1.7337 0.00296 V43-33-4 1990.965 2150.0 8.979 0.13766 2.0088 0.048 0.13628 0.00059143 0.0014423 0.2534 0.00090537 0.0029864 0.060293 0.00073 V43-33-5 1991.039 2150.0 21.423 0.24222 6.3807 0.036 0.15399 0.0010412 0.045854 0.3811 0.00011836 0.0092814 0.49284 0.00091 V43-33-6 1991.113 2150.0 9.960 0.14829 2.7945 0.024 0.089292 0.00063676 0.026485 0.2535 0.00027929 0.0063219 0.17929 0.00063 V43-33-7 1991.187 2150.0 77.068 0.43091 15.277 0.039 0.35533 0.0033818 0.079558 0.7697 0.0000 0.014378 8.0932 0.00247 V43-33-8 1991.261 2150.0 49.090 0.35259 8.5465 0.018 0.21115 0.0017301 0.052350 0.4382 0.00079923 0.015540 6.1370 0.00174 V43-33-9 1991.335 2150.0 7.847 0.083291 0.91069 0.063359 0.00096272 0.010800 0.1219 3.8103e-06 0.0042893 1.4674 0.00035 V43-34-1 1990.743 2250.0 20.654 0.20674 1.4803 0.075 0.30804 0.00043415 0.051892 0.6631 0.00018607 0.0066157 0.15506 0.00364 V43-34-2 1990.817 2250.0 19.847 0.021840 0.087362 0.085 0.20848 0.0000 0.0031768 0.0772 0.0012906 0.0054998 0.10523 0.00000 V43-34-3 1990.891 2250.0 50.902 0.44800 2.6065 0.185 0.69745 0.0000 0.050756 0.5977 0.0000 0.0085527 0.32073 0.00402 V43-34-4 1990.965 2250.0 11.872 0.064141 0.31714 0.105 0.098587 0.0000 0.014622 0.1762 0.0000 0.0038722 0.11284 0.00069 V43-34-5 1991.039 2250.0 19.863 0.19471 1.3014 0.053 0.19073 0.00027815 0.056167 0.4505 0.00049670 0.0041127 0.10331 0.00123 V43-34-6 1991.113 2250.0 13.463 0.11717 0.79596 0.039 0.13603 0.0000 0.033764 0.2639 5.3872e-05 0.0016431 0.082155 0.00096 V43-34-7 1991.187 2250.0 86.773 0.22561 1.9090 0.169 1.0673 0.0000 0.014231 0.2793 0.0015619 0.077490 0.35578 0.00174 V43-34-8 1991.261 2250.0 45.678 0.32434 2.3297 0.077 0.55731 0.0000 0.18058 0.4463 0.0000 0.0085880 0.25125 0.00123 V43-34-9 1991.335 2250.0 17.182 0.020627 0.12204 0.045 0.15126 0.0000 0.0025268 0.0347 0.0000 0.0010313 0.077350 0.00000
70 Tennant et al. Table 5: Total VMF and biogenic opal concentrations from moorings V32–V42. Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V32/12-1 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5640 1800.0 695 1.550 0.613 7.9679 3.151 60.457 22.600 V32/12-2 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5804 1800.0 695 1.429 17.340 7.352 57.602 V32/12-3 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5969 1800.0 695 3.196 38.572 16.435 57.390 V32/12-4 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6133 1800.0 695 2.458 32.283 12.641 60.843 V32/12-5 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6298 1800.0 695 2.610 36.561 13.424 63.283 V32/12-6 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6462 1800.0 695 3.022 33.383 15.541 53.447 V32/12-7 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6626 1800.0 695 0.587 13.094 3.019 76.943 V32/12-8 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6791 1800.0 695 1.435 25.707 7.383 71.278 V32/12-9 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6956 1800.0 695 0.887 15.424 4.561 70.429 V32/12-10 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.7119 1800.0 695 0.390 5.6966 2.004 64.824 V32/24-1 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5640 2250.0 245 0.0000 V32/24-2 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5804 2250.0 245 V32/24-3 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.5969 2250.0 245 V32/24-4 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6133 2250.0 245 V32/24-5 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6298 2250.0 245 V32/24-6 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6462 2250.0 245 V32/24-7 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6626 2250.0 245 V32/24-8 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6791 2250.0 245 V32/24-9 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.6956 2250.0 245 V32/24-10 44◦54.4N 130◦07.8W 6.0 1990.7119 2250.0 245 V33/26-1 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 120 0.599 6.1941 3.083 50.227 19.700 V33/26-2 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 120 0.897 11.703 4.615 60.561 V33/26-3 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 120 1.193 15.526 6.135 60.486 V33/26-4 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 120 0.757 10.208 3.895 61.845 V33/26-5 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 120 2.831 33.087 14.561 55.992 V33/26-6 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 120 1.647 28.180 8.472 69.937 V33/26-7 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 120 2.408 30.973 12.384 60.017 V33/26-8 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 120 1.179 20.094 6.063 69.826 V33/26-9 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 120 0.941 12.551 4.840 61.438 V33/26-10 44◦56.0N 130◦12.35W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 2.891 28.662 14.868 48.128
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 71 Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V34/15-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2050.0 243 0.875 18.043 4.500 75.062 28.600 V34/15-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2050.0 243 0.956 15.136 4.915 67.526 V34/15-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2050.0 243 2.123 27.845 10.917 60.793 V34/15-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2050.0 243 1.597 31.829 8.214 74.192 V34/15-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2050.0 243 3.035 50.240 15.607 68.934 V34/15-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2050.0 243 3.416 52.462 17.568 66.513 V34/15-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2050.0 243 1.315 31.725 6.766 78.673 V34/15-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2050.0 243 1.505 32.417 7.741 76.121 V34/15-9 44◦56.3Nv 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2050.0 243 0.833 19.817 4.283 78.388 V34/15-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2050.0 243 0.438 6.8148 2.252 66.954 V34/30-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 143 6.701 149.480 34.464 76.944 51.600 V34/30-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 143 2.656 34.147 13.659 59.999 V34/30-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 143 1.724 24.591 8.869 63.934 V34/30-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 143 2.812 43.982 14.461 67.121 V34/30-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 143 3.890 60.465 20.005 66.914 V34/30-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 143 3.666 72.828 18.857 74.108 V34/30-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 143 2.611 52.482 13.429 74.412 V34/30-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 143 1.926 33.515 9.906 70.443 V34/30-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 143 0.716 16.409 3.683 77.557 V34/30-10 44◦56.3Nv 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 143 2.191 27.934 11.269 59.659 V34/20-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 143 0.0000 V34/20-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 143 V34/20-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 143 V34/20-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 143 V34/20-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 143 V34/20-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 143 V34/20-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 143 V34/20-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 143 V34/20-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 143 V34/20-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 143
72 Tennant et al. Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V34/27-1 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2285.0 5.00 2.403 26.938 12.361 54.112 42.200 V34/27-2 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2285.0 5.00 1.534 22.769 7.892 65.341 V34/27-3 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2285.0 5.00 2.492 30.607 12.819 58.117 V34/27-4 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2285.0 5.00 2.949 34.616 15.169 56.179 V34/27-5 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2285.0 5.00 5.016 70.266 25.798 63.285 V34/27-6 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2285.0 5.00 5.160 75.860 26.542 65.012 V34/27-7 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2285.0 5.00 4.633 51.682 23.829 53.893 V34/27-8 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2285.0 5.00 4.108 60.578 21.130 65.119 V34/27-9 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2285.0 5.00 2.191 28.507 11.268 60.472 V34/27-10 44◦56.3N 130◦14.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2285.0 5.00 2.184 20.111 11.230 44.159 V35/11-1 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 18.0 2.612 26.682 13.436 49.643 41.200 V35/11-2 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 18.0 2.759 28.396 14.188 50.035 V35/11-3 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 18.0 3.206 30.432 16.491 45.812 V35/11-4 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 18.0 3.829 40.307 19.692 51.145 V35/11-5 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 18.0 6.626 69.084 34.080 50.669 V35/11-6 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 18.0 7.140 79.011 36.723 53.522 V35/11-7 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 18.0 3.107 40.351 15.979 60.401 V35/11-8 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 18.0 4.158 43.519 21.385 50.860 V35/11-9 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 18.0 2.808 26.764 14.440 46.047 V35/11-10 44◦56.7N 130◦15.4W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 18.0 3.455 26.963 17.769 34.098 V36/29-1 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5640 1500.0 955 1.345 17.793 6.920 61.110 30.000 V36/29-2 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5804 1500.0 955 1.192 21.118 6.133 70.960 V36/29-3 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5969 1500.0 955 3.167 41.304 16.289 60.563 V36/29-4 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6133 1500.0 955 4.413 55.759 22.696 59.296 V36/29-5 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6298 1500.0 955 2.188 38.512 11.256 70.773 V36/29-6 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6462 1500.0 955 0.881 19.100 4.534 76.263 V36/29-7 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6626 1500.0 955 1.733 33.622 8.912 73.493 V36/29-8 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6791 1500.0 955 1.273 18.819 6.547 65.210 V36/29-9 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6956 1500.0 955 2.138 23.611 10.996 53.429 V36/29-10 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.7119 1500.0 955
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 73 Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V36/32-1 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5640 1800.0 655 V36/32-2 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5804 1800.0 655 V36/32-3 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5969 1800.0 655 9.4825 V36/32-4 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6133 1800.0 655 1.272 22.151 6.544 70.459 V36/32-5 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6298 1800.0 655 0.992 20.783 5.102 75.453 V36/32-6 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6462 1800.0 655 0.683 16.061 3.515 78.116 V36/32-7 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6626 1800.0 655 0.327 8.7762 1.684 80.815 V36/32-8 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6791 1800.0 655 0.000 7.9764 0.000 100.00 V36/32-9 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6956 1800.0 655 V36/32-10 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.7119 1800.0 655 V36/33-1 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5640 1800.0 655 2.224 26.308 11.437 56.525 17.600 V36/33-2 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5804 1800.0 655 V36/33-3 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5969 1800.0 655 1.298 22.885 6.675 70.833 V36/33-4 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6133 1800.0 655 0.928 12.315 4.774 61.238 V36/33-5 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6298 1800.0 655 2.757 38.086 14.179 62.772 V36/33-6 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6462 1800.0 655 0.401 10.380 2.064 80.120 V36/33-7 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6626 1800.0 655 1.205 22.407 6.196 72.346 V36/33-8 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6791 1800.0 655 0.504 10.356 2.592 74.969 V36/33-9 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6956 1800.0 655 0.394 7.0874 2.026 71.410 V36/33-10 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.7119 1800.0 655 1.204 8.5772 6.194 27.788 V36/36-1 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5640 2250.0 205 V36/36-2 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5804 2250.0 205 1.356 21.318 6.974 67.287 V36/36-3 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.5969 2250.0 205 3.280 53.176 16.872 68.271 V36/36-4 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6133 2250.0 205 2.869 56.961 14.753 74.099 V36/36-5 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6298 2250.0 205 2.810 53.144 14.454 72.803 V36/36-6 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6462 2250.0 205 2.219 36.266 11.414 68.527 V36/36-7 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6626 2250.0 205 2.706 47.311 13.915 70.587 V36/36-8 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6791 2250.0 205 2.294 44.797 11.797 73.665 V36/36-9 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.6956 2250.0 205 2.121 33.026 10.911 66.964 V36/36-10 44◦57.7N 130◦20.4W 6.0 1990.7119 2250.0 205 1.636 26.507 8.413 68.263
74 Tennant et al. Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V37/6-1 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.5640 2200.0 175 1.968 18.275 10.124 44.601 28.800 V37/6-2 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.5804 2200.0 175 1.707 20.326 8.779 56.810 V37/6-3 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.5969 2200.0 175 1.885 23.124 9.693 58.081 V37/6-4 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6133 2200.0 175 2.752 30.731 14.155 53.941 V37/6-5 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6298 2200.0 175 6.007 58.440 30.898 47.130 V37/6-6 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6462 2200.0 175 2.676 38.830 13.764 64.553 V37/6-7 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6626 2200.0 175 2.480 37.143 12.758 65.653 V37/6-8 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6791 2200.0 175 0.860 15.023 4.425 70.549 V37/6-9 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.6956 2200.0 175 1.342 17.034 6.900 59.491 V37/6-10 44◦57.0N 130◦10.6W 6.0 1990.7119 2200.0 175 V38/18-1 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5640 2050.0 232 V38/18-2 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5804 2050.0 232 V38/18-3 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5969 2050.0 232 V38/18-4 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6133 2050.0 232 V38/18-5 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6298 2050.0 232 V38/18-6 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6462 2050.0 232 V38/18-7 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6626 2050.0 232 V38/18-8 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6791 2050.0 232 V38/18-9 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6956 2050.0 232 V38/18-10 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.7119 2050.0 232 V38/34-1 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 132 1.643 21.297 8.449 60.325 32.600 V38/34-2 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 132 1.929 19.653 9.923 49.506 V38/34-3 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 132 4.165 34.823 21.423 38.482 V38/34-4 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 132 2.147 20.636 11.045 46.477 V38/34-5 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 132 5.887 61.081 30.280 50.425 V38/34-6 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 132 5.138 60.007 26.428 55.959 V38/34-7 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 132 1.902 30.895 9.783 68.334 V38/34-8 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 132 2.094 29.776 10.768 63.838 V38/34-9 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 132 0.724 15.207 3.723 75.520 V38/34-10 44◦58.8N 130◦13.1W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 132 0.347 5.4523 1.784 67.276
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 75 Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V39/17-1 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.5640 2200.0 85.0 1.443 16.466 7.420 54.939 29.900 V39/17-2 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.5804 2200.0 85.0 2.044 22.718 10.512 53.729 V39/17-3 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.5969 2200.0 85.0 2.201 23.469 11.320 51.766 V39/17-4 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6133 2200.0 85.0 1.807 20.683 9.295 55.060 V39/17-5 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6298 2200.0 85.0 2.270 35.752 11.677 67.338 V39/17-6 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6462 2200.0 85.0 4.010 54.759 20.624 62.337 V39/17-7 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6626 2200.0 85.0 2.050 32.300 10.544 67.356 V39/17-8 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6791 2200.0 85.0 4.906 56.386 25.235 55.246 V39/17-9 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.6956 2200.0 85.0 2.168 30.296 11.151 63.194 V39/17-10 44◦58.8N 130◦16.4W 6.0 1990.7119 2200.0 85.0 0.384 6.0917 1.974 67.587 V40/31-1 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.5640 2200.0 165 2.043 23.279 10.507 54.864 32.100 V40/31-2 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.5804 2200.0 165 1.756 23.276 9.031 61.201 V40/31-3 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.5969 2200.0 165 6.542 63.254 33.648 46.804 V40/31-4 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6133 2200.0 165 1.601 28.404 8.235 71.009 V40/31-5 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6298 2200.0 165 3.904 51.022 20.080 60.645 V40/31-6 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6462 2200.0 165 2.038 34.627 10.480 69.734 V40/31-7 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6626 2200.0 165 1.907 31.219 9.809 68.579 V40/31-8 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6791 2200.0 165 1.429 26.340 7.350 72.097 V40/31-9 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.6956 2200.0 165 1.582 24.986 8.135 67.442 V40/31-10 44◦53.6N 130◦11.8W 6.0 1990.7119 1.166 14.503 5.998 58.640 V41/13-1 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2050.0 247 1.247 15.137 6.414 57.628 31.100 V41/13-2 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2050.0 247 1.131 16.673 5.817 65.115 V41/13-3 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2050.0 247 4.629 51.414 23.808 53.693 V41/13-4 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2050.0 247 2.884 31.750 14.834 53.279 V41/13-5 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2050.0 247 7.817 88.204 40.205 54.418 V41/13-6 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2050.0 247 2.934 40.178 15.091 62.439 V41/13-7 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2050.0 247 1.979 27.247 10.177 62.647 V41/13-8 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2050.0 247 1.279 18.018 6.578 63.495 V41/13-9 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2050.0 247 0.763 10.028 3.923 60.876 V41/13-10 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2050.0 247 1.299 12.363 6.680 45.969
76 Tennant et al. Table 5: (continued). Mooring Coll. intvl. Compl. Depth Total mass Opal free Total VMF Opal free VMF Mean VMF ID Latitude Longitude (days) date (m) MAB (mg) mass (g) (mg/m2/day) (mg/m2/day) % opal (mg/m2/day) V41/14-1 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5640 2150.0 147 1.252 21.758 6.441 70.397 32.800 V41/14-2 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5804 2150.0 147 2.151 26.802 11.060 58.732 V41/14-3 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.5969 2150.0 147 5.010 46.841 25.768 44.989 V41/14-4 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6133 2150.0 147 2.287 33.238 11.763 64.609 V41/14-5 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6298 2150.0 147 6.345 66.242 32.634 50.735 V41/14-6 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6462 2150.0 147 3.363 46.792 17.296 63.036 V41/14-7 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6626 2150.0 147 2.054 33.635 10.564 68.593 V41/14-8 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6791 2150.0 147 0.799 16.607 4.107 75.267 V41/14-9 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.6956 2150.0 147 0.482 8.2456 2.480 69.919 V41/14-10 44◦53.8N 130◦15.7W 6.0 1990.7119 2150.0 147 2.968 27.697 15.265 44.886 V42/7-1 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.5640 2200.0 130 0.700 9.1619 3.599 60.716 25.300 V42/7-2 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.5804 2200.0 130 1.505 16.609 7.743 53.378 V42/7-3 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.5969 2200.0 130 2.106 21.743 10.831 50.185 V42/7-4 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6133 2200.0 130 3.105 38.200 15.971 58.192 V42/7-5 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6298 2200.0 130 4.663 52.890 23.985 54.651 V42/7-6 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6462 2200.0 130 2.352 34.716 12.098 65.152 V42/7-7 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6626 2200.0 130 1.544 24.325 7.942 67.348 V42/7-8 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6791 2200.0 130 3.201 42.813 16.463 61.546 V42/7-9 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.6956 2200.0 130 0.797 12.565 4.100 67.371 V42/7-10 44◦53.3N 130◦18.5W 6.0 1990.7119 2200.0 130 0.479 5.9544 2.465 58.600
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 77 Table 6: Elemental fluxes from mooring V34. Uncor. Remob. Remob. Corr. Al Corr. Si Corr. P S V Cr Corr. Mn Corr. total Hyd. Terr. Cu Zn Depth Compl. VMF Si Opal VMF flux flux flux flux flux flux flux Fe flux Fe Fe flux flux Mooring (m) date (mg/m2/day) V34/15-1 2050 1990.564 18.000 3.4400 7.3616 25.362 0.13719 8.7447 0.046601 0.17212 0.0018001 0.00069998 0.0087281 0.16667 0.0000 0.16667 0.00056016 0.0051912 V34/15-2 2050 1990.580 15.100 2.1800 4.6652 19.765 0.12012 4.2009 0.035086 0.11344 0.00047314 0.00085743 0.0085330 0.20275 0.053833 0.14891 0.00053617 0.0071231 V34/15-3 2050 1990.597 27.800 4.6200 9.8868 37.687 0.18012 7.8230 0.24829 0.24035 0.0014698 0.0013723 0.0089596 0.20257 0.0000 0.20257 0.016370 0.017470 V34/15-4 2050 1990.613 31.800 6.8200 14.595 46.395 0.21626 12.186 0.087571 0.15906 0.0018955 0.0016846 0.011607 0.25810 0.0000 0.25810 0.0000 0.020551 V34/15-5 2050 1990.630 50.200 0.0005 0.0010700 50.201 0.25754 11.104 0.029343 0.46783 0.0024209 0.00070262 0.014800 0.49174 0.17292 0.31881 0.0041517 0.023551 V34/15-6 2050 1990.646 52.500 7.8100 16.713 69.213 0.25631 16.905 0.11428 0.26186 0.0021689 0.0012304 0.010855 0.25539 0.0000 0.25539 0.0000 0.012092 V34/15-7 2050 1990.663 31.700 3.5300 7.5542 39.254 0.17746 8.5978 0.13810 0.23929 0.0026254 0.0012748 0.014290 0.20317 0.0000 0.20317 0.0000 0.017700 V34/15-8 2050 1990.679 32.400 6.5300 13.974 46.374 0.23256 15.057 0.13599 0.29414 0.0033339 0.0020498 0.010550 0.26725 0.0000 0.26725 0.0017350 0.022264 V34/15-9 2050 1990.696 19.800 4.0700 8.7098 28.510 0.15723 8.5954 0.036589 0.15545 0.0021090 0.00091874 0.0070566 0.16339 0.0000 0.16339 8.5081e-05 0.010273 V34/15-10 2050 1990.712 6.8000 0.7600 1.6264 8.4264 0.029205 1.1617 0.018171 0.030369 0.0000 0.00024295 0.0014946 0.026645 0.0000 0.026645 0.0000 0.0022748 V34/30-1 2150 1990.564 149.50 14.1800 30.345 179.85 0.81858 65.234 0.16818 1.8271 0.012856 0.0095314 0.038611 1.9052 0.89240 1.0128 0.022430 0.067340 V34/30-2 2150 1990.580 34.100 4.3200 9.2448 43.345 0.30444 12.689 0.076107 0.45488 0.0042254 0.0022285 0.048511 1.6538 1.2766 0.37720 0.010405 0.027495 V34/30-3 2150 1990.597 24.600 7.1300 15.258 39.858 0.29293 14.007 0.065828 0.76152 0.0044018 0.0018738 0.023280 2.1081 1.7450 0.36305 0.054163 0.047300 V34/30-4 2150 1990.613 44.000 6.6100 14.145 58.145 0.38202 18.453 0.094989 1.1560 0.0061944 0.0036039 0.063152 1.8438 1.3703 0.47348 0.013291 0.053487 V34/30-5 2150 1990.630 60.500 0.0000 0.0000 60.500 0.43161 1.0128 0.0060639 0.0024365 2.6672 2.1334 0.53376 0.010528 0.092503 V34/30-6 2150 1990.646 72.800 7.4000 15.836 88.636 0.49372 30.598 0.13218 0.88654 0.0087889 0.0057255 0.058849 2.4882 1.8776 0.61057 0.0071735 0.038193 V34/30-7 2150 1990.663 52.500 6.2500 13.375 65.875 0.48611 22.971 0.11822 0.83676 0.0062302 0.0032074 0.056835 2.6833 2.0821 0.60115 0.19822 0.043268 V34/30-8 2150 1990.679 33.500 4.5700 9.7798 43.280 0.32490 13.312 0.10627 0.47150 0.0051801 0.0017093 0.045111 1.7503 1.3485 0.40179 0.041545 0.049609 V34/30-9 2150 1990.696 16.400 1.9000 4.0660 20.466 0.11571 5.3695 0.44419 0.22078 0.0012239 0.00062750 0.0096893 0.49078 0.34633 0.14445 0.026682 0.017488 V34/30-10 2150 1990.712 27.900 5.2900 11.321 39.221 0.19076 10.100 0.083219 0.49186 0.0025695 0.0018075 0.036881 0.99197 0.75605 0.23591 0.0089201 0.025887 V34/27-1 2250 1990.564 26.900 3.0400 6.5056 33.406 0.17973 8.1931 0.11918 0.41713 0.0060503 0.0013647 0.19063 4.7573 4.5351 0.22227 0.0048541 0.024647 V34/27-2 2250 1990.580 22.800 3.8400 8.2176 31.018 0.24786 8.2383 0.081148 0.29024 0.0033483 0.0017515 0.049126 1.3165 1.0095 0.30703 0.0026360 0.044456 V34/27-3 2250 1990.597 30.600 4.8500 10.379 40.979 0.29986 9.1536 0.073792 0.30589 0.0023588 0.0016246 0.031898 0.83020 0.45780 0.37240 0.0049403 0.013499 V34/27-4 2250 1990.613 34.600 4.6000 9.8440 44.444 0.19182 7.9015 0.085046 0.29292 0.0047890 0.0011303 0.10083 2.2680 2.0305 0.23756 0.0030117 0.015806 V34/27-5 2250 1990.630 70.300 12.7500 27.285 97.585 0.46931 23.046 0.17529 1.3614 0.0064698 0.0033558 0.17989 3.7935 3.2131 0.58038 0.012382 0.14362 V34/27-6 2250 1990.646 75.900 6.5400 13.996 89.896 0.37645 17.025 0.12858 1.9200 0.0067004 0.0038311 0.063880 3.4423 2.9768 0.46554 0.023842 0.044570 V34/27-7 2250 1990.663 51.700 4.7600 10.186 61.886 0.58830 16.021 0.11045 1.6203 0.0062300 0.0021910 0.072009 4.5661 3.8385 0.72753 0.33381 0.094343 V34/27-8 2250 1990.679 60.600 7.3700 15.772 76.372 0.44377 15.912 0.095555 0.76839 0.0049288 0.0026595 0.18118 2.9587 2.4099 0.54880 0.10199 0.060407 V34/27-9 2250 1990.696 28.500 3.5700 7.6398 36.140 0.27528 8.4878 0.12158 0.26327 0.0037892 0.0012624 0.091392 1.9970 1.6566 0.34043 0.011055 0.013854 V34/27-10 2250 1990.712 20.100 2.4800 5.3072 25.407 0.26631 5.3706 0.080609 0.46819 0.0022726 0.0017152 0.062329 1.6355 1.3062 0.32933 0.017619 0.057750
78 Tennant et al. Table 7: Comparison of elemental fluxes at north Cleft and Endeavour segments of the JDFR. Total Al Si S Mn Fe Cu Zn Ca Dec. flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux flux Va date depth (mg/m2/day) This study 1990.56-1990.71 2050 28.60 0.213 0.0096900 0.22400 0.0023400 0.013800 0.0018300 V34 1990.56-1990.7 2150 51.60 0.812 0.042300 1.8600 0.039300 0.046300 0.0057700 1990.56-1990.7 2285 42.20 0.771 0.10200 2.7600 0.051600 0.051300 0.0046900 This study 1990.74-1991.34 1800 30.50 0.177 6.43 0.195 0.011000 0.0017300 0.00010500 0.0093000 2.39 0.00091000 V43 1990.74-1991.34 2050 21.04 0.129 3.93 0.139 0.014700 0.059500 0.0011600 0.0068200 1.92 0.00072000 1990.74-1991.34 2150 30.11 0.254 6.82 0.201 0.038200 0.23600 0.00032200 0.0094700 2.30 0.0013500 1990.74-1991.34 2250 31.80 0.180 1.22 0.379 0.045300 0.19000 0.00039900 0.013000 0.17 0.0015000 Dymond and 1984.77-1985.44 1700 72.38 0.638 11.23 n.d. 0.0086800 0.40820 0.0020800 0.0052055 14.06 0.0089600 Roth; 1988 1984.77-1985.44 1950 34.55 0.419 4.30 4.11 0.021500 2.0411 0.11780 0.32055 4.99 0.021600 1984.77-1985.44 2100 66.90 0.860 7.53 12.5 0.092500 5.9726 0.40000 1.2301 7.86 0.096160
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 79

Appendix
80 Tennant et al. Table A1: Time of recovery, splitting, and processing for sediment traps in which remobilization rates were calculated. Remobilization in Supernate Remobilization in Splitting Solution Date Trap Date Date Vol. Elements Date Date Elements Mooring Opened Recovered Sampled (liters) Duration Label Sampled Equations Split Dilution Processed Duration Label Sampled Equations V23 18 Aug 88 12 Sep 89 22 Jan 90 0.18 Deployment RFsu Sal, Si, P, 1–5 22 Jan 90 unknown Aug 91 Remobilization not & Storage Fe, Mn 5 in splitting solution sampled unknown V26 15 Aug 89 9 Jul 90 21 Mar 91 0.18 Deployment RFsu Sal, Si, P, 1–5 21 Mar 91 unknown Aug 91 Remobilization not & Storage Fe, Mn 5 in splitting solution sampled unknown V34 18 Jul 90 17 Sep 90 9 Nov 90 0.18 Deployment RFsu Sal, Si, P, 1–5 9 Nov 90 4–15 Aug 91 In splitting solution RFspl Sal, Si, P 7–8 & Storage Fe, Mn 5 between Nov. 90 and Aug. 91 V43 28 Sep 90 10 Jun 91 10 Jun 91 0.18 Deployment RFsu Sal, Si, P, 1–5 29 Sep 91 unknown immediately No remobilization not Fe, Mn 5 upon in splitting solution sampled 29 Sep 91 ∼0.06 Storage RFst Fe, Mn 6 splitting assumed
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 81

Table A2a: Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the sediment trap

cylinders for trap 13 on mooring V23 at the time of sample splitting.

Supernate at Recovery

Mooring/ Sampling Sal Si P Fe Mn

Trap Jar ppt μM nM

V23/13 1

V23/13 2 38.70 201 6.900 74 8946

V23/13 3 43.02 327 3.192 82 4613

V23/13 4 44.49 254 7.306 0 2235

V23/13 5 43.35 289 6.570 952 2240

V23/13 6 42.98 214 1.865 0 1600

V23/13 7 44.98 183 7.000 452 942

V23/13 8 42.32 317 2.512 0 754

V23/13 9 46.56 457 7.643 0 687

V23/13 10 47.64 366 5.919 0 494

Fill 88.30 122 2.06

Ambient SW 34.60 183 2.96
82 Tennant et al.

Table A2b: Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the sediment trap

cylinders for traps 30, 32, and 36 on mooring V26 at the time of sample splitting.

Supernate at Recovery

Mooring/ Sampling Sal Si P Fe Mn

Trap Jar ppt μM nM

V26/30 1 247 4.32 2865 220

V26/30 2 43.13 603 14.1 269 38

V26/30 3 41.05 892 15.9 752 27

V26/30 4 40.35 555 4.04 310 0

V26/30 5 64.13 290 6.63 0 0

V26/30 6 36.77 199 16.28 403 0

V26/30 7 37.65 790 14.12 0 368

V26/30 8 41.55 996 22.81 0 215

V26/30 9 48.81 724 6.08 0 0

V26/30 10 no sample 0 0

V26/32 1 39.21 451 8.02 430 0

V26/32 2 41.84 579 9.82 609 0

V26/32 3 894 19.5 7395 626

V26/32 4 49.44 825 7.27 1056 87

V26/32 5 46.84 278 6.87 358 58

V26/32 6 37.93 454 6.54 0 22

V26/32 7 752 13.48 0 46

V26/32 8 1008 18.7 430 26

V26/32 9 386 6.35 0 0

V26/32 10 0 0

V26/36 1 480 5.04 1343 0

V26/36 2 39.10 645 4.41 895 0

V26/36 3 795 4.38 5694 448

V26/36 4 40.97 835 14.35 127 0

V26/36 5 823 4.28 2793 157

V26/36 6 281 4.4 174 0

V26/36 7 814 6.04 412 0

V26/36 8 39.10 964 16.14 7395 1438

V26/36 9 40.50 881 19.25 14414 1183

V26/36 10 0 0

Fill Sol. 88.30 122 2.06

Ambient SW 34.60 181 2.97
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 83

Table A2c: Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the sediment trap

cylinders for traps 15, 30, and 27 on mooring V34 at the time of sample splitting, and the concentrations of salinity, Si, and P in the diluted splitting solution just prior to processing particles onto

filters.

Splitting Solution

Supernate at Recovery at Processing (t2)

Mooring/ Sampling Sal Si P Fe Mn Sal Si P

Trap Jar ppt μM nM ppt μM

V34/15 1 77.30 210 4.38 0 43.5 9.97 124 0.08

V34/15 2 72.30 183 3.19 10.1 30.6 16.70 130 0.98

V34/15 3 70.53 236 9.9 17.5 28.9 7.06 131 1.66

V34/15 4 68.41 242 4.09 29.1 36.6 13.30 236 1.72

V34/15 5 67.33 281 4.19 9.3 34.8

V34/15 6 68.79 255 6 0 34.4 14.33 243 1.10

V34/15 7 66.40 178 6.84 120 56.4 5.85 199 0.45

V34/15 8 67.30 241 5.77 21 0 10.35 207 1.26

V34/15 9 68.88 200 3.02 0 0 14.05 169 0.95

V34/15 10 66.74 181 3.12 0 0 13.64 74 0.82

V34/30 1 76.37 367 2.96 17.5 13.5 8.43 299 0.59

V34/30 2 62.74 242 3.38 59 209 7.44 119 0.06

V34/30 3 76.74 216 2.56 87 106 8.21 234 0.36

V34/30 4 72.84 251 2.79 76 123 18.47 264 1.06

V34/30 5 10.25 348 1.28

V34/30 6 69.11 238 3.24 0 121 16.39 283 0.59

V34/30 7 72.88 236 3.37 0 87 11.84 243 0.70

V34/30 8 74.09 206 3.46 0 60 14.94 175 0.82

V34/30 9 71.23 193 18.42 86 46 5.65 76 0.03

V34/30 10 73.53 219 4.34 0 77 10.73 156 0.65

V34/27 1 46.48 218 2.73 0 7.10 125 0.30

V34/27 2 61.63 250 3.69 42 57.8 8.90 121 0.53

V34/27 3 62.69 262 3.73 66 89 9.48 132 0.61

V34/27 4 64.99 257 3.11 60 89 9.21 139 0.18

V34/27 5 322 3.75 0 0 8.75 345 1.23

V34/27 6 288 3.72 0 104 4.03 150 0.06

V34/27 7 269 3.25 0 84 7.30 127 0.06

V34/27 8 271 3.27 0 50 8.80 203 0.06

V34/27 9 247 4.45 0 118 4.40 111 0.01

V34/27 10 193 3.48 0 26.4 9.12 112 0.59

Fill Sol. 88.30 193 2.61

Ambient SW 1800 m 34.60 181 2.88

Ambient SW Blw 1800 m 2.97
84 Tennant et al.

Table A2d: Concentrations of salinity, Si, P, Fe, and Mn in the supernates of the sediment trap

cylinders for traps 17, 30, and 34 on mooring V43 at the time of recovery on board ship; and

the volumes of the remaining supernates and the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the remaining

supernates just prior to processing particles onto filters.

Splitting Solution

Supernate at Recovery at Processing (t2)

Mooring/ Sampling Sal Si P Fe Mn Sal Si P

Trap Jar ppt μM nM ppt μM

V43/17 1 54.98 168 5.84 <61 <21 0.059 177 26

V43/17 2 56.24 207 26.55 <61 43 0.054 367 117

V43/17 3 45.35 330 6.84 107 43 0.076 661 91

V43/17 4 36.45 230 4.33 <61 63 0.051 371 72

V43/17 5 54.21 139 5.61 <61 63 0.070 645 45

V43/17 6 56.39 248 4.53 <61 57 0.067 260 63

V43/17 7 50.05 226 6.85 <61 37 0.052 1107 151

V43/17 8 56.10 233 4.67 <61 <21 0.072 65 <21

V43/17 9 35.36 255 1.35 <61 <21 0.049 54 <21

V43/17 10 no sample

V43/30 1 45.91 223 4.68 815 <21 0.078 445 <21

V43/30 2 47.21 226 435 <21 0.073 289 <21

V43/30 3 51.33 338 431 88 0.098 399 32

V43/30 4 49.71 220 3.29 303 127 0.078 406 67

V43/30 5 53.26 223 3.29 305 90 0.058 947 163

V43/30 6 60.23 214 3.13 235 82 0.068 276 127

V43/30 7 37.99 48 3.43 370 41 0.065 459 52

V43/30 8 49.41 154 4.26 293 <21 0.057 233 <21

V43/30 9 56.03 163 3.92 <34 57 <34 32

V43/30 10

V43/33 1 36.61 263 5.16 1205 910 0.082 12641 5692

V43/33 2 54.82 293 4.74 850 116 0.084 163 84

V43/33 3 54.33 346 7.54 830 164 0.079 727 220

V43/33 4 35.35 210 7.87 1913 2902 0.072 1419 4491

V43/33 5 46.10 260 3.63 523 196 0.083 400

V43/33 6 51.00 205 3.62 <34 200 0.087 <34 132

V43/33 7 54.30 303 4.43 1221 210 0.074 384 242

V43/33 8 49.22 246 3.43 738 140 0.072 107 87

V43/33 9

V43/33 10

V43/34 1 53.10 223 5.43 417 0.057 1741 93

V43/34 2 44.13 201 4.65 936 <21 0.048 3838 115

V43/34 3 56.10 195 8.74 234 85 0.072 1288 212

V43/34 4 54.30 212 15.24 473 140 0.058 897 108

V43/34 5 55.34 181 5.48 370 174 0.057 915 119

V43/34 6 60.21 181 4.91 302 100 0.059 788 181

V43/34 7 52.18 171 1.53 110 107 0.062 1107 182

V43/34 8 56.54 183 2.72 241 107 0.059 420 99

V43/34 9 59.03 160 3.47 249 110 0.054 340 38

V43/34 10

Filling 88.30 122 2.06

Ambient 34.60 181 2.97
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 85

Table A3: Si, P, Fe, and Mn in sediment trap supernates expressed as flux (mg m−2 day−1).

Si P Fe Mn

Mooring Sample No. (mg/m2/day)

V23/13 2 0.12 0.0237 0.0008 0.0939

V23/13 3 0.82 0.0022 0.0009 0.0484

V23/13 4 0.44 0.0267 0 0.0235

V23/13 5 0.62 0.0222 0.0102 0.0235

V23/13 6 0.22 –0.0056 0 0.0168

V23/13 7 0.06 0.0249 0.0048 0.0099

V23/13 8 0.77 –0.0019 0 0.0079

V23/13 9 1.54 0.0289 0 0.0072

V23/13 10 1.06 0.0188 0 0.0052

V26/30 1 0.41 0.0089 0.0278

V26/30 2 2.32 0.0667 0.0026 0.0004

V26/30 3 3.85 0.0772 0.0073 0.0003

V26/30 4 2.04 0.0069 0.0030 0

V26/30 5 0.76 0.0246 0 0

V26/30 6 0.11 0.0790 0.0039 0

V26/30 7 3.29 0.0663 0 0.0035

V26/30 8 4.42 0.1181 0 0.0020

V26/30 9 3 0.0198 0 0

V26/32 1 1.48 0.0303 0.0042 0

V26/32 2 2.18 0.0413 0.0059 0

V26/32 3 3.88 0.0987 0.0717 0.0060

V26/32 4 3.54 0.0269 0.0102 0.0008

V26/32 5 0.59 0.0243 0.0035 0.0006

V26/32 6 1.48 0.0215 0 0.0002

V26/32 7 3.11 0.0630 0 0.0004

V26/32 8 4.49 0.0939 0.0042 0.0002

V26/32 9 1.15 0.0208 0 0

V26/36 1 1.64 0.0128 0.0130 0

V26/36 2 2.52 0.0090 0.0087 0

V26/36 3 3.33 0.0089 0.0552 0.0043

V26/36 4 3.55 0.0680 0.0012 0

V26/36 5 3.48 0.0083 0.0271 0.0015

V26/36 6 0.57 0.0090 0.0017 0

V26/36 7 3.43 0.0187 0.0040 0

V26/36 8 4.23 0.0784 0.0717 0.0137

V26/36 9 3.79 0.0969 0.1398 0.0113

V34/15 1 3.44 0.0340 0 0.0023

V34/15 2 2.18 0.0210 0.0005 0.0016

V34/15 3 4.62 0.2350 0.0009 0.0015

V34/15 4 6.82 0.0690 0.0016 0.0019

V34/15 5 0.0005 0.0018

V34/15 6 7.81 0.0910 0 0.0018

V34/15 7 3.53 0.1170 0.0064 0.0030

V34/15 8 6.53 0.1020 0.0011 0

V34/15 9 4.07 0.0190 0 0

V34/15 10 0.76 0.0160 0 0
86 Tennant et al.

Table A3: (continued)

Si P Fe Mn

Mooring Sample No. (mg/m

2/day)

V34/30 1 14.18 0.019 0.0009 0.0007

V34/30 2 4.32 0.007 0.0031 0.0110

V34/30 3 7.13 0 0.0046 0.0056

V34/30 4 6.61 0.013 0.0041 0.0065

V34/30 5 0

V34/30 6 7.40 0.011 0 0.0064

V34/30 7 6.25 0.024 0 0.0046

V34/30 8 4.57 0.027 0 0.0031

V34/30 9 1.90 0.418 0.0046 0.0024

V34/30 10 5.29 0.049 0 0.0040

V34/27 1 3.04 –0.006 0 0

V34/27 2 3.84 0.028 0.0022 0.0030

V34/27 3 4.85 0.031 0.0035 0.0047

V34/27 4 4.60 0.004 0.0032 0.0047

V34/27 5 12.75 0.054 0 0

V34/27 6 6.54 0.023 0 0.0055

V34/27 7 4.76 0.006 0 0.0044

V34/27 8 7.37 0.002 0 0.0026

V34/27 9 3.57 0.044 0 0.0062

V34/27 10 2.48 0.023 0.0014

V43/17 1 0.06 0.0211 0.0007 1.00E-04

V43/17 2 0.30 0.1575 0.0013 0.0009

V43/17 3 0.96 0.0266 0.0046 0.0009

V43/17 4 0.30 0.0091 0.0012 0.0010

V43/17 5 –0.12 0.0195 0.0030 0.0009

V43/17 6 0.54 0.0127 0.0011 0.0009

V43/17 7 0.37 0.0272 0.0038 0.0009

V43/17 8 0.45 0.0136 0.0003 0

V43/17 9 0.45 –0.0106 0.0002 0

V43/30 1 0.32 0.0125 0.0120 0

V43/30 2 0.35 0.0065 0 0

V43/30 3 1.05 0.0077 0.0012 0.0012

V43/30 4 0.33 0.0038 0.0057 0.0018

V43/30 5 0.37 0.0042 0.0072 0.0017

V43/30 6 0.36 0.0039 0.0040 0.0015

V43/30 7 –0.77 0.0034 0.0064 0.0007

V43/30 8 –0.06 0.0101 0.0043 0

V43/30 9 0.03 0.0086

V43/33 1 0.50 0.0146 0.0826 0.0409

V43/33 2 0.80 0.0139 0.0110 0.0018

V43/33 3 1.11 0.0322 0.0136 0.0030

V43/33 4 0.18 0.0323 0.0294 0.0548

V43/33 5 0.55 0.0056 0.0084 0.0023

V43/33 6 0.25 0.0061 0 0.0031

V43/33 7 0.86 0.0118 0.0164 0.0036

V43/33 8 0.48 0.0047 0.0093 0.0020

V43/33 9
Long-Term Studies of Particulate Flux 87

Table A3: (continued)

Si P Fe Mn

Mooring Sample No. (mg/m2/day)

V43/34 1 0.37 0.0182 0.0115 0.0003

V43/34 2 0.18 0.0121 0.0232 0.0004

V43/34 3 0.22 0.0403 0.0089 0.0020

V43/34 4 0.31 0.0829 0.0090 0.0020

V43/34 5 0.14 0.0188 0.0078 0.0025

V43/34 6 0.17 0.0156 0.0066 0.0019

V43/34 7 0.06 –0.0075 0.0058 0.0020

V43/34 8 0.16 0.0008 0.0045 0.0016

V43/34 9 0.03 0.0060 0.0042 0.0014