# Chemical Test Methods

For Designating Dangerous Waste

WAC 173-303-090 & -100

Revised June 2009

Publication no. 97-407

## Publication and Contact Information

This report is available on the De partment of Ecology’s website at www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/97407.html

For more information contact:

Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program

P.O. Box 47600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600

Phone: 360-407-6700

Washington State Department of Ecology - www.ecy.wa.gov

o Headquarters, Olympia 360-407-6000

o Northwest Regional Office, Bellevue 425-649-7000

o Southwest Regional Office, Olympia 360-407-6300

o Central Regional Office, Yakima 509-575-2490

o Eastern Regional Office, Spokane 509-329-3400

To ask about the availability of this document in a format for the visually impaired, call the Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program at 360-407-6700. Persons with hearing loss can call 711 for Washington Relay Service. Persons with a speech disability can call 877-833-6341.

# Chemical Test Methods

For Designating Dangerous Waste

WAC 173-303-090 & -100

Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Washington State Department of Ecology Olympia, WashingtonThis page is purposely left blank

# Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: Regulatory Testing Requirements

1.0. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................. ........ 1

1.2 Dangerous Waste Characteristics and Criteria ................................................................ 2

1.3 Retained Testing Requirements ...................................................................................... 2

Chapter 1 Endnotes .................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2: Dangerous Waste Designation

2.1 Dangerous Waste Characteristics: WAC 173-303-090. .................................................... 5

1.1. Ignitability ............................................................................................................. ........... 5

1.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 5

1.1.2. Definition of Flash Point ....................................................................................... 5

1.1.3 Oxidizers ............................................................................................................... 5

1.1.4 Regulatory Definition; Ignitable Characteristic ...................................................... 5

1.1.4.1 Ignitable Liquids ................................................................................................. 5

1.1.4.2 Ignitable Solids ................................................................................................... 6

1.1.4.3 Ignitable Compressed Gases ............................................................................. 6

1.1.4.4 Oxidizers ............................................................................................................ 6

1.2. Corrosivity .............................................................................................................. ......... 6

1.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6

1.2.2 Definition of pH ...................................................................................................... 6

1.2.3 Regulatory Definition; Corrosive Characteristic ..................................................... 7

1.3. Reactivity ............................................................................................................... ......... 7

1.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 7

1.3.2 Water Reactive Wastes ......................................................................................... 8

1.3.3 Chemical Explosive Wastes .................................................................................. 8

1.3.4 Regulatory Definition; Reactive Characteristic ...................................................... 8

1.4. Toxicity Characteristic .................................................................................................. .. 8

1.4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 8

1.4.2 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) ............................................. 8

1.4.3 Regulatory Definition; Toxicity Characteristic ........................................................ 92.2. Dangerous Waste Criteria: WAC 173-303-100 .................................................................. 9

2.1. Introduction to State Criteria Wastes .............................................................................. 9

2.1.1 Background for Toxic Criteria Wastes ................................................................. 10

2.1.2 Background for Persistent Criteria Wastes ......................................................... 10

2.2. Acute Toxicity ........................................................................................................... .... 11

2.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 11

2.3. Persistence (Chronic Toxicity) ...................................................................................... 11

2.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Definition of Persistence and Half-life ................................................................. 11

2.3.3 Definition of Halogenated Organic Compounds (HOC) and Polymer ................. 12

2.3.4 Definition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) ......................................... 12

2.3.5 Regulatory Definition; Criteria of Persistence ...................................................... 13

Chapter 2 Endnotes ............................................................................................................ ..... 13

CHAPTER 3: Analytical Test Methods

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ ...... 15

3.2 Methods for Determining Flashpoint ............................................................................ 16

3.3 Methods for Determining Corrosivity Towards Steel .................................................... 17

3.4 Methods for Determining pH ......................................................................................... 17

3.5 Analysis for the Reactivity Characteristic .................................................................... 17

3.6 Methods for Determining Toxicity ................................................................................ 18

3.6.1. Separation Procedure ....................................................................................... 18

3.6.2. Particle Size Reduction ..................................................................................... 18

3.6.3. Extraction of Solid Material ................................................................................ 18

3.6.4. Final Separation of the Extraction from the Remaining Solid ............................ 18

3.6.5. Testing (Analysis)of TCLP Extract .................................................................... 18

3.7 Methods to Determine State-only Toxic Waste ............................................................ 20

3.8 Test Methods for Determining Halogenated Organic Compounds ............................... 20

3.8.1. General Evaluation Methods for Determining HOCs ......................................... 21

3.8.2. Halogenated Organic Compounds as Halogens ............................................... 21

3.8.3. General Evaluation of Wastes for Halogenated Organic Compounds .............. 22

3.8.4. General Evaluation Methods ............................................................................. 23

3.8.5. Designation Flow Chart ..................................................................................... 24

3.8.6. Determinative Methods for Halogenated Organic Compounds ......................... 26

3.8.7. Examples of Wastes that Need Not Be Evaluated for State-only Persistence .. 263.8.7.1. Compounds that are Not HOCs .......................................................... 26

3.8.7.2. Polymers ............................................................................................. 27

3.8.8. Examples of HOCs that Must Be Evaluated for State-only Persistence ........... 27

3.8.8.1. Chlorinated Paraffins .......................................................................... 28

3.8.8.2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ...................................................... 28

3.8.8.3. Polymer Additives ............................................................................... 28

3.9 Test Methods for Determining Polycyc lic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) .................. 28

3.9.1. SW-846 Method 8100 ...................................................................................... 29

3.9.2. SW-846 Method 8310 ...................................................................................... 29

3.9.3. SW-846 Method 8270D .................................................................................... 29

3.10 Optional Indicator Test Methods .................................................................................. 29

3.10.1. SW-846 Method 1030 Ignitability of Solids ...................................................... 29

3.10.2 SW-846 T Method 1050 Test Method to Determine Substances Likely to
Spontaneously Combust .............................................................................................. 30

3.10.3 SW-846 Method 1040 Test Methods for Oxidizing Solids ................................ 30

Chapter 3 Endnotes ............................................................................................................ ...... 31

Appendices

1. Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................... ......... 33

2. Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations – 49 CFR ................................................. 37

3. Chlorinated Paraffins ..................................................................................................... ........ 39

4. Withdrawal of Cyanide and Sulfide Reactivity Guidance ....................................................... 41

5. 40 CFR Part 264, Appendix IX .............................................................................................. . 49

Tables

Table 1.1: Sections of the Rule that have Regulatory Testing Requirements ............................ 1

Table 2.1: Persistent Dangerous Waste ................................................................................... 13

Table 3.6: Maximum Concentration of Cont aminants for the Toxicity Characteristic ................. 19

Table 3.8.3.: Designation Waste Concentrations and Resultant Dangerous Waste Codes ...... 22

Table 3.8.4.: Alternative General Evaluation Methods for HOCs ............................................... 24

Table 3.8.6.: Determining Methods for HOCs ............................................................................ 26

# Acknowledgements

Prepared by Alex Stone (HQ), Leatta Dahlhoff (SWR O), and Samuel Iwenofu (SWRO). Other Ecology staff who participated in updating this document include:

• Robert Carrell (Manchester Lab)xx

• Damon Delistraty (ERO)

• Dave Misko (NWRO)

• Jerry Yokel (Kennewick)

No statutory or regulatory requirements are in any way altered by any statement(s)

contained herein.

For more information, please contact Samuel Iwenofu at (360) 407-6346.1 

# Chapter 1

Regulatory Testing Requirements

1.0. Introduction

This manual is intended to provide assistance for choosing chemical testin g methods for suspected dangerous wastes. In Washington State, the Dangerous Waste Regulations , Chapter 173-303 WAC, require all generators to designate their waste to ensure proper ma nagement. "Dangerous wastes" are solid wastes designated in WAC 173-303- 070 through 173-303-100 as dangerous, extremely hazardous, or mixed waste 1 . Generators may designate their wa ste based on process knowledge or by using methods accepted by the Department of Ecology (Ecology).

Certain recycling activities have specific regulatory tes ting requirements. Examples include burning used oil for energy recovery, and evaluating dang erous waste specifically for land disposal. The Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR), allow a waste to be land disposed only if specific thresholds are

not exceeded 2 . Table 1-1 identifies sections of the regula tions that have specific testing requirements.

Table 1-1: Sections of the Rule That Have Regulat ory Testing Requirements

WAC Section Section Title

173-303-090 Dangerous waste characteristics

173-303-100 Dangerous waste criteria

173-303-120 Recycled, reclaimed, and recovered wastes

173-303-140 Land disposal restrictions

173-303-300 General waste analysis

173-303-500 Recycling requirements for state-only dangerous waste

173-303-515 Special requirements for used oil burned for energy recovery



### 1.1 Purpose

Within this document, Ecology addr esses the testing requirements of:

• Section WAC 173-303-090, Dangerous Wa ste Characteristics of the Dangerous Waste Regulations

.

• Section WAC 173-303-100, Dangerous Waste Criteria of the Dangerous Waste Regulations

.

• Testing requirements no longer required by the Un ited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) but retained by th e State of Washington.

• Other regulatory testi ng requirements may apply.

If the generator manages a waste in such a wa y that regulatory requirements other than WAC 173-303-090 and -100 apply, the generator must also comply with the testing requirements of

those sections.2 

### 1.2 Dangerous Waste Characteristics and Criteria

Dangerous waste characte ristics are defined unde r four categories:

1. Ignitability

2. Corrosivity

3. Reactivity

4. Toxicity

These four characteristics are based largely on federal requirements. Chapter 2 of this document will provide additional information on these characteristics.

Dangerous waste criteria are defined as:

1. Toxic dangerous wastes.

2. Persistent dangerous wastes.

Washington State developed these crit eria in addition to the federal ch aracteristics. The toxicity of a waste is determined by either using the methods in Biological Testing Methods, Ecology publication 80-12 (most recent revision), or by conducting a book designation 3 . A book designation can only be done when the generator has sufficient knowledge of the waste to identify its contents and amounts. Toxicity criteria and book designa tion are addressed in Chapter 3. There are two categories of Persistent dangerous wastes: halogenated or ganic compounds (HOC) a nd polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Persistence and HOCs are discussed in Chapter 3.

This document will provide for all dangerous waste characteristics and criteria : (1) a desc ription, (2) the regulatory definition, and (3 ) a link to EPA’s web site cont aining all the methods in SW-846 ( www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm ). SW-846 is a collection of analytical methods provided by EPA, some of which are used to determine whether a waste is dangerous.



### 1.3 Retained Testing Requirements

In 2005, EPA published in the Federal Register notif ication that the Methods Innovation Rules (MIR) removes the requirement to use certain SW-846 te st methods to designate dangerous waste as required by RCRA. However, EPA re tained use of SW-846 methods in the final rule for test methods that measure “methods defined parameters.” Ecol ogy reviewed the proposed changes and the public

comments sent to EPA on this issue and decide d to retain the requirement to use SW-846 methodologies in Washington’s Dangerous Waste Regulations (Chapter 173-303 WAC).

Delegated states like Washington ar e not required to adopt less st ringent changes to RCRA but may retain existing requirements. All retained SW -846 Test Methods are di scussed in Chapter 3.

In addition, several other changes were reviewed, some of which we re accepted and placed into the Dangerous Waste Regulations . Changes pertinent to this document, which were not accepted include changes to 40 CFR 264 Appendix IX requirements. Therefore, the original Appendix IX table is retained and is incorporated in Appendix 5 of this document.3 

### Chapter 1 Endnotes

1. As used in this manual, the words “danger ous waste” will refer to full universe of wastes regulated by Chapter 173-303 WAC. The abbrevia tion “DW” will refer only to that part of the regulated universe, which is not extremely hazardous waste (EHW).

2. See 40 CFR 268.40.

3. Book designation is only possible when a gene rator has sufficient knowledge of waste. The generator must understand the process that create d the waste to identify the constituents of

concern. More information on book desi gnation can be found in WAC 173-303-100.5 

# Chapter Two

Dangerous Waste Designation

2.1 Dangerous Waste Charact eristics: WAC 173-303-090

1.1 Ignitability

1.1.1 Introduction The ignitability characteristic identifies wastes that either present a fire hazard during routine storage, disposal, and transportation or, once started, feed the fire. Most igni table wastes are liquids. Solids, ignitable compressed gases, and oxidizers may also create ignitability hazards.

Liquids and solids do not typically bu rn. They give off vapors that ignite only with air or another oxidizer. Some ignitable liquids give off insufficie nt vapor to burn at room temperature. The liquid must be heated before the vapor can ignite. The vapor wi ll usually concentrate at or just above the surface of the liquid or solid.

1.1.2 Definition of Flashpoint The United States Department of Transpor tation (USDOT) define s the flashpoint as, “The minimum temperature at which a subst ance gives off flammable vapors which, in contact with sparks or flame, will ignite.”

In other words, the flashpoint is the lowest te mperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to ignite. A substance does not burn continuously at its flashpoint; the ignitable mixture only momentarily flashes. Flashpoint s are determined using special equipment described in SW-846 Methods 1010 and 1020A (See Chapter 3). Th ese methods can be found on the Web at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm

.

1.1.3 Oxidizers An oxidizer can also be an ignita ble waste. Oxidizing agents are powerful chemicals. They readily react with a large group of other substances. S ee section 1.1.4.4 of this ch apter for the regulatory definition, as defined by WAC 173-303-090 (5) (a) (iv).

1.1.4 Regulatory Definition; Ignitable Characteristic The following definitions are from the Dangerous Waste Regulations (WAC 173-303-090). Department of Transportation (DOT) regulatory definitions associated with the ignitable characteristic can be found in Appendix 2. However, the dangerous waste regulatory definition must be used for waste designation purposes, not the DOT definition.

1.1.4.1 Ignitable Liquids An ignitable liquid is a liquid, othe r than an aqueous solution containi ng less than 24 percent alcohol by volume, and has a flash po int less than 60° C (140 ° F), as determined by a Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM St andard ((D-93-06 (superseded by 08 revision)) or a6 Setaflash Closed Cup Tester, usin g the test method specified in ASTM Standard (D3278-96 (2004)e1 as incorporated by reference at WAC 173-303-110 (3 )(h)(v) and (vi). The test methods for determining flashpoint are addressed in Chapter 3.

1.1.4.2 Ignitable Solids A solid waste is ignitable if:

It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure , of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it create s a hazard (WAC 173- 303-090 (5) (a) (ii)).

Examples of ignitable solids include metallic magnesium, metallic sodium, and white phosphorous.

1.1.4.3 Ignitable Compressed Gases An ignitable compressed gas is a compressed gas as defined in WAC 173-303- 090(5) (a) (iii). It must be flammable using test methods described in that regulation. Appendi x 2B contains additional definitions, including the US DOT definition.

1.1.4.4 Oxidizers As defined by WAC 173-303-090 (5) (a) (iv), an oxidizer is a s ubstance such as a chlorate, permanganate, inorganic peroxide, or a nitrate, that yields oxygen r eadily to stimulate the combustion of organic matter. An organic compound containing the bivalent –O-O- structure and which may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals must be classed as an organic peroxide un less certain exceptions listed in the rule are met. Appendix 2C contains addi tional definitions including the DOT definition.



### 1.2 Corrosivity

1.2.1 Introduction Corrosion refers to a chemical process in which me tals and minerals are converted into undesirable by-products. Corrosion is caused by s ubstances that eat into or dest roy either metals or minerals, such as acids and bases. Furthermore, corrosion is not limited to metals and minerals alone.

Corrosion also refers to the effects such subs tances have on human, plant or animal tissue.

Possible hazards associated with corrosive wastes include:

1. The spread of toxic metals if discharged into a landfill environment.

2. The destruction of handling, storage, tr ansportation, and management equipment.

3. The destruction of human, animal, or plant tissue in the event of contact.

Chapter 173-303 WAC has identifie d two methods of determining whether or not a waste is

corrosive. These methods 1 are pH determination and corrosiv ity toward Type SAE 1020 steel.

1.2.2 Definition of pH The pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Aqueous solutions having a pH of 7 are neutral. The value increases with greater alkalinit y and decreases with grea ter acidity. The greater the alkalinity (values greater than 7), the stronger the base. The lowe r the acidity (val ues lower than 7), the stronger the acid. Mathematically, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion

concentration in water.7 1.2.3 Regulatory Definition; Corrosive Characteristic A solid waste is corrosive if a representative sample has any of the following properties:

a. It is predominantly made of water and has a pH le ss than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5, as determined by a pH meter using Method 9040C 2 in SW-846.

b. It is a liquid and corrodes stee l (SAE 1020) at a rate greater th an 0.250 inch (6.35 mm) per year at

55 ° C (130 ° F), as determined in Standard method TM-O1-69 from the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).

c. It is solid or semi-solid with a pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5 using

Method 9045D in SW-846 3

.

A corrosive solid waste is assigned one of two waste codes:

1. If a solid waste is corrosive us ing the methods ‘a’ or ‘b’ above, it is a dangerous waste (DW) and assigned the DW code of D002.

2. If a solid waste is corrosive using the method ‘c’ above, it is a DW, and assigned the DW code of

WSC2.



### 1.3 Reactivity

1.3.1 Introduction Wastes are reactive if they:

1. Readily undergo a violent chemical change.

2. React violently or form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

3. When mixed with water, generate toxic fumes or , in the case of cyanid e- or sulfide-containing wastes, generate toxic fumes when exposed to mildly acidic or basic conditions.

4. Explode when subjected to a strong initiating force.

5. Explode at normal temperatures and pressures.

6. Fit within the Department of Transportation's forbidden explosiv es, Class 1 explosive; Division 1.1, Division 1.2, Division 1.3, and Divisi on 1.5 explosives classifications 4

.

These wastes require special handling because of their extreme instabilityand tendency to react violently or explode and because th ey pose a threat to human health and the environment at all stages of the waste management process.

1.3.2 Water Reactive Wastes Water may react or interact with hazardous materi als in a number of potentially dangerous ways. Water may react with a substance to form a product that is flammable, explosive, toxic, or corrosive. This process is called hydrolysis. Not all hydrolysis reactions result in produc ts that have potentially dangerous properties.

Water may cause or aggravate a potentially hazardous situation in other ways. For instance, some substances absorb atmospheric water vapor, a nd are called hygroscopic. Two examples of hygroscopic substances are sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulfur ic acid. A full container of

concentrated sulfuric acid will overflow its c ontainer when left to stand in humid air.8 1.3.3 Chemical Explosive Wastes A chemical explosive is a substa nce that detonates spontaneously or as the result of friction, mechanical impact, or heat. Chemical explosives are distinguished from ce rtain other substances, like gasoline or flammable gases, which may explode when confined in containers and ignited. They are also distinguished from nuclear explosives , which release energy from atomic reactions.

1.3.4 Regulatory Definition; Reactive Characteristic A solid waste is reactive if a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties:

1. It is normally unstable and readily unde rgoes violent change without detonating.

2. It reacts violently with water.

3. It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.

4. When mixed with water, it generates toxic gase s, vapors, or fumes which present a danger to

human health or the environment.

5. It is a cyanide- or sulfide-containing waste wh ich, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors, or fumes which present a danger to human health or the

environment 5

.

6. It is capable of detonatio n or explosive reaction if it is subjec ted to a strong init iating source or if

heated under confinement.

7. It is readily capable of detona tion or explosive decomposition or reaction at standard temperature and pressure 6

.

8. It is a forbidden explosive, as defined in 49 CFR § 173.54 7 , or a Class 1 explosive, Division 1.1, Division 1.2, Division 1.3, and Divisi on 1.5, as defined in 49 CFR § 173.50

A reactive solid waste that meets any of the above conditions is a DW and assigned the code D003.



### 1.4 Toxicity Characteristic

1.4.1 Introduction Toxicology is the study of adverse health effects caused by poisonous ortoxic substances. Poisons or toxins generally cause or contribute to illness or death when administered to an organism in good health in relatively small amounts. The basic princi ples of toxicology are an important part of the study of hazardous materials.

In Washington State, toxic wastes are addressed in two ways; under the toxicity characteristic as determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) or as a toxic dangerous waste under the dangerous waste criteria.

1.4.2 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) TCLP was developed in an attempt to model th e amount of dangerous waste compounds that would leach from a waste placed in a municipal solid waste landfill (dump). In a dump, the decomposing waste produces a slightly acidic leachate (pH 5.0 ). The acidic leachate extracts hazardous constituents from the waste, which then could mi grate to ground water. Once in the ground water, the contaminants could migrate to an underground source of drinking water.9 To establish limits for the toxicity characteristic , EPA's model assumed that the landfill leachate would be diluted by a factor of 100 before reaching a drinking water source. Therefore, toxicity characteristic (TC) concentration levels were esta blished at 100 times drinki ng water standards. This is commonly referred to as the d ilution attenuation factor, or DAR.

During TCLP, a subsample of a wast e is extracted with an acetic acid solution for approximately 18 hours. This extract (the "TCLP extr act") is then analyzed to determin e if any of the waste thresholds

have been exceeded 8 . Table 3.6 9 (Chapter 3) lists the regulato ry thresholds for the 40 TCLP constituents and provides SW-846 methods for each constituent. Other methods may be equally reliable, but they must be approved by Ecology be fore they can be used to designate wastes.

1.4.3 Regulatory Definition; Toxicity Characteristic A solid waste is toxic if, using the TCLP proce dure, the extract from a representative sample of the waste contains any of the contaminants listed in the toxicity characteri stic list in Table 3.6, at concentrations equal to or greate r than the allowed limit. When the waste contains less than 0.5 percent solids, no extraction is necessary and the wa ste itself, after filterin g, is analyzed directly.

Different dangerous waste codes are assigned depending on which compound is found in the waste. The waste codes for each compound is found in Tabl e 3.6. Any waste that contains contaminants concentrations at or above the regulatory thresh old must be designated DW and assigned a unique

waste code.



## 2.2 Dangerous Waste Criteria: WAC 173-303-100

2.1 Introduction to State Criteria Wastes

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regula tes what is called hazardous waste (HW). EPA designates wastes as hazardous if they are found to be ignitable, corrosive, r eactive, or toxic or they are a listed waste (F, K, P, U).

Washington State's environmental pr ogram, administered by Ecology, requ ires generators to evaluate their waste for additional requirements. Under Washington’s Dangerous Waste Regulations , waste can designate as dangerous waste (DW) or extremely hazardous waste (EHW). Ecology has generally incorporated EPA's requirements verba tim as the state's dangerous waste designation method. In addition, Ecology chose to designate wastes, which fail certain criteria for fish or oral rat acute toxicity and persistence as da ngerous waste. These are often refe rred to as "state-only" criteria to distinguish them from the federal requirements.

The state-only criteria depe nd on either analytical tests or knowle dge about a waste and its contents. The generator is responsible for determining whethe r the waste does or does not meet the state-only criteria. EPA has no equivalent to these state-only criteria 10

.

Generators may need to determine if a solid waste meets the state-only criteri a. If a waste stream designates for any of the federal requirements, the generator, generally, does not need to evaluate state-only criteria. Ther e are four circumstances 11 when a generator would need to do additional designation of waste alrea dy determined to be DW:10 1. When a generator qualifies as a small quantity ge nerator, the generator must determine if their DW is also designated as toxic EHW. Th ere are added restrictions on EHW waste.

2. When a generator is discharging their DW wast e to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) operating under a permit-by-rule 12 the generator must determine if the waste is also an EHW.

EHW waste cannot be sent to a POTW.

3. When the waste is used oil to be burned for en ergy recovery, the generator must determine if it also designates as a state-only DW. Used oil can not be burned for energy recovery if it is EHW or contains PCBs above 2 ppm 13

.

4. When the waste designates as a state-only DW and will be land disposed in Washington State, the generator must make sure the waste is not EHW and the state land disposal restrictions do not apply. EHW waste cannot be land dis posed, except as provided by WAC 173-303-140, subsections (5), (6) and (7), and by provisions of RCW 70.105.050(2).

2.1.1 Background for Toxic Criteria Wastes In 1978, during creation of the first dangerous waste regulations, Ecol ogy included regulating dangerous waste toxic to mammals. Review of mammalian toxicity cont inues to be important to help prevent problems from waste not covered by th e federal regulations. For mammalian toxicity, Ecology borrowed testing methods from the work used by the federal pesticide laws (Acute Oral Rat Toxicity Test).

Ecology was also concerned about toxi city to other parts of the environment. As seen with PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), chemic als can sometimes have a devastating effect on the environment. To address toxicity to non-mammals, Ecology include d fish toxicity. Fish toxicity reflects the biological impact from waste compone nts that, for the most part, can be dissolved in water. Other non-soluble portions of the waste, such as oils and particulate matter, can also significantly affect the outcome of the fish toxicity analysis. The fish used in this analysis will have fasted prior to the test. They also tend to be surface feeders and will eat floati ng material. In this way, the fish toxicity test approximates what may happen to wast e dumped into a stream or lake.

Ecology developed the process to ev aluate fish toxicity based on the work of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) and EPA's hazardous material spill regulations.

2.1.2 Background for Persistent Criteria Wastes Ecology continues to wrestle with the problem of how to develop a system which evaluates persistence. Initially, heavy metals, haloge nated organic compounds, and aromatic hydrocarbons were designated as persistent compounds because of their possible genetic effects. To avoid regulating low concentrations a nd meet statutory requirements 14 , Ecology decided that wastes must

contain a certain concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or halogenated organic compounds (HOC) to be persistent wastes.

For PAHs, the waste would designate as EHW if th e total concentration of PAHs in the waste is greater than 1.0 percent (10,000 ppm). PAHs wastes only designa te as EHW and are given a waste

code of WP03. There is no level that would cause a waste containing PAHs to be DW.11 HOC wastes with total concentra tion greater than 100 ppm (greater than 0.01 percent) would be DW waste and given a WP02 waste c ode. Wastes greater than 1.0 percent HOC content (10,000 ppm) would be EHW and given a WP01 waste code.



### 2.2 Acute Toxicity

2.2.1 Introduction Both fish and mammalian toxicity are an indication of negative biological impact. Although toxicity criteria are biological in nature, generators may also choose to use chemical testing for waste streams

with known constituents. In this circumstance, chemical tests ar e valuable in determining the chemical concentration, which can be used in re ferencing levels of toxicity for book designation. See Chapter 3 (Section 3.6), “Methods to Determine State-only Waste.”



### 2.3 Persistence

2.3.1 Introduction Organic compounds, such as heating and motor fuel s, cleaning solvents, paints, varnishes, and aerosols are very commonplace materials. From a safe ty perspective, the principal hazards of organic compounds are that they are frequently toxic, flammable, or ma y achieve explosive limits in the air. From an environmental perspective, the primary h azard of organic compounds is their ability to cause a range of detrimental chronic health effects. This hazard, combined with an organic compound's ability to persist in the envir onment has led to regulatory st andards in Chapter 173-303 WAC.

2.3.2 Definition of Pers istence and Half-life In Washington State, a waste designates as a dangerous waste if it meets the definition of persistence 15 . Persistence has the fo llowing characteristics:

Persistence is the ability of a chemical substan ce to remain in the environment in an unchanged form. The longer a chemical persis ts, the higher the potential for human or environmental exposure. The individual e nvironmental media for which a chemical's persistence is usually measured or es timated are soil, sediment, and water 16

. For the purposes of this document, a compound is considered persistent if:

• It meets Ecology’s definition of either a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) or halogenated organic compound (HOC).

It meets the half life criterion of re taining more than half of its in itial activity af ter one year (365 days) in either a dark anaerobic or dark aerobic environment at ambient conditions. Definition of

half-life:

Half-life is the length of time it takes for the conc entration of a substa nce to be reduced by

one-half relative to its in itial level, assuming first-order decay kinetics.

Generators are not required to analyze a waste to determine whether it retains more than half of its initial activity after two months (60 days). Instead, gene rators are required to identify specific persistence compounds. Those persistence compounds are either PAHs or HOCs. Chapter 173-303 WAC identifies these two classe s of persistent organic chemical compounds due to the fact that they present a long-term threat because of bioaccumulation or present a

chronic threat to human health and the environment.12 2.3.3 Definition of Halogenated Or ganic Compounds (HOC) and Polymer For the purpose of this document, an HOC is defined as any organic compound, which includes at least one atom of fluorine, ch lorine, bromine, or iodine bond ed directly to a carbon atom. The carbon-halogen bond is one of the primary organi c structures that resist biodegradation in the environment. Some examples of chemicals not in tended to be regulated as HOC are halide salts like the hydrochlorides, the sulfonyl chlorides, and ot her classes of compounds where the halide is not bound to a carbon atom. Examples of compounds that are and are not HOCs can be found in Section

3.7.7. In addition, HOCs, which are polymerized or chemically bound in a solid matrix are not subject to regulation under WAC 173-303-100.

For the purpose of this document, a polymer is defined as a long, repe ating chain formed from organic molecules via the linkage of many smaller molecules called monomers. A key feature that distinguishes polymers from other large molecules is the repetition of sma ller units (monomers) in their chain. The process of linki ng the smaller units (monomers) toge ther is called polymerization.

A polymer must meet the following criteria:

• Consist of 100 or more repeating units (monome rs) with at least one halogenated compound in the monomer combined togeth er into a single chain;

• Having a number average molecula r weight of at least 5,000.

Additives are often combined with polymers to produce specific properties and are not included in the definition of polymer. By additives, Ecology means chemicals which are mixed with the polymer to provide some specific characteristic. An example of an additive is flame retardants which are often added to polymers to slow burning. These fl ame retardants are often not chemically bonded to the polymer but are mixed with the polymer and formed into a product. Additives and polymers with additives must be evaluated for pers istence. For more information, see Chapter 3, Section 3.7.8.3.

2.3.4 Definition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) For the purpose of this document, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is defined as a class of compounds composed of two or more fused benzene rings.

PAHs are defined in the regulations through a specific list of chemi cals. There are twenty PAHs of

concern under current Dangerous Waste Regulations :

• Acenaphthene • Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

• Acenaphthylene • Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene

• Anthracene • Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene

• Benzo(a)anthracene • Diberizo(a,i)pyrene

• B enzo(a)pyrene • Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene

• Benzo(b)fluoranthene • Fluoranthene

• Benzo(g,h,i)perylene • Fluorene

• Benzo(k)fluoranthene • Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

• Chrysene • Phenanthrene

• Dibenzo(aj) acridine • Pyrene13 2.3.5 Regulatory Definition; Criteria of Persistence Persistent constituents are chemical compounds which are either halogenated organic compounds (HOC), or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 17 . A generator may dete rmine the identity and concentration of persistent const ituents by either applying knowledge of the waste or by testing the

waste 18

. 1. The waste is not designated for pe rsistence if a ge nerator only knows:

• Some of the persistent constituents in the waste.

• Some of the constituent concentrations.

• If the waste is not designated for t hose known constituents or concentrations.

2. When a waste contains HOCs for which th e concentrations ar e known, the total HOC concentration must be determined by summing all HOC concentrations. Any waste that contains more than 100 ppm (0.01%) total HOCs is a st ate-only persistent DW and more than 10,000 ppm (1.0%) is a state-only persis tent EHW (see table below).

3. When a waste contains PAHs for which the concentrations ar e known, the total PAH concentration must be determined by summing all PAH concentrations. Any waste that contains more than 10,000 ppm total PAHs is a stat e-only persistent EHW (see table below).

Table 2.1 Persistent Dangerous Waste

If your waste

contains At a total

concentration

level of Then your waste’s designation and waste

number are

Halogenated Organic Compounds (HOC) • 0.01 percent to 1.0 percent

• Greater than 1.0 percent • DW, WP02

• EHW, WP01

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH • Greater than 1.0 percent • EHW*, WP03

*No DW concentration level for PAH



### Chapter 2 Endnotes

1. These methods are addressed in Chapter 3.

2. Find SW-846 Method 9040C at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm . Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy.

3. Find SW-846 Method 9045D at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm . Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy.

4. Find Department of Transporta tion (DOT) Regulations - 49 CFR at: www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/ waisidx_06/49cfr173_06.html

5. See Chapter 3.7 (Analysis fo r the Reactivity Characteristic).

6. With standard temperature being 20 ° C and standard pressure being 760 mm of Hg (1 atm).

7. 49 CFR is available at: www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/ waisidx_06/49cfr173_06.html

.14 8. WAC 173-303-090 (8); www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm

. 9. See Chapter 3.5 of this document fo r methods for determining toxicity.

10. As described in WAC 1 73-303-100 through WAC 173-303-104 (3).

11. Although EPA does not have a regulatory counter part for criteria waste, EPA does use acute toxicity and persistence as the basis for listing a waste.

12. WAC 173-303-802.

13. Any waste containing PCBs above 50 ppm ar e regulated under fede ral Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA).

14. RCW requirement of short- term effects (RCW 70.105.010 (a)).

15. For regulatory defini tion, see WAC 173-303-040.

16. WAC 173-303-040.

17. AS defined under WAC 173-303-040.

18. Except as provided for in WAC 173-303-070 (4) or (5).15 

# Chapter Three

Analytical Test Methods for Designating Dangerous Waste

3.1 Introduction

This chapter addresses procedures for required method-defined parameters, where the analytical result is only dependent on the process used to make the measurement. Changes to the specific methods may change the end result and inco rrectly identify a waste as non-hazardous.

Methods for determining the characteristics of ign itability for liquids, corro sivity for liquids, and toxicity are included in method-defined parameters . The complete procedures for the listed test methods in this chapter is on the Web at: www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/testmethods/index.htm

.

Not all test methods accepted by Ecology are included in this document. Some test methods are referenced due to copyright restrictions (e.g., AS TM) or length (e.g., EPA analytical methods). Therefore, to be uniform and consistent, this document uses primarily the EPA publication Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste -Physical/Chemical Methods; SW-846. EPA publishes the most

current revision on the Web at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm

.

Washington State continues to re quire SW-846 methods for designati on analyses in accordance with WAC 173-303-110 unless otherwise sp ecified. You can obtain a c opy of any method by either contacting your local regional o ffice (see inside the front cover of this document) or visiting Ecology’s Web site ( www.ecy.wa/ecyhome.html ).

Certain methods are specifically required by the regulations. For example, specific methods are required for characteristic wastes and to determine free liquid for LDR regulations. When methods are not specified, any approved method (see list belo w) may be used for hazardous waste testing. In these cases, the analytical method chosen by the generator must provide enough information to make the regulatory decision. In selecting a method, the generato r must choose a method which:

• Identifies all compounds of concern in the waste.

• Is sensitive enough to meet the regulatory level.

• Is appropriate for the sample matrix, i.e., solid, liquid, soil, waste, etc.

• Provides sufficient accuracy and precision.

Because a waste can be liquid, soli d, or gaseous, several standardiz ed methods are available other

than SW-846

. Ecology recognizes methods from the following sources for non-regulatory requirements that were not specified in WAC 173-303-110 1a :

1. Standard Methods for the Examinat ion of Water and Wastewater, most current edition.

2. Methods for Organic Chemical Analysis of Municipal and Indus trial Wastewater, EPA.16 3. 600/4-79-020, EPA.

4. National Association of Corrosion Engineers.

5. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

6. Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), National Technical Information Service.

Using these alternatives, a generato r can choose a method that is matrix -specific and precise enough to provide the information necessary to make a decisi on. Therefore, the genera tor of the waste should consult with their analytical laboratory on which an alysis best meets their needs. Ecology strongly

recommends the use of accredited laboratories 1b

, which is an indicator of th e quality of a lab's work. The generator should show caution when making these choices. If a wa ste is designated or disposed of incorrectly, the generator remains lega lly liable for any cleanup costs.

Other methods may be equally reli able, but these methods must be approved by Ecology before they can be used to designate waste.



### 3.2 Methods for Determining Flashpoint

Methods 1010A and 1020B 2 use a closed cup tester to measure flashpoint. The closed cup analyses are appropriate only for liquids. Do not use this method with solids.

Although no specific definition for "liquid" exis ts, EPA has provided some guidance. SW-846 Method 9095B, the paint filter liquids test, has tradit ionally been used to determine whether a waste contains liquids for othe r regulatory requirements 3 . Method 9095B is used to determine compliance with 40 CFR 264.314 and 265.314. If any liquid seeps th rough the filter, it is considered a liquid. Therefore, samples of some wastes, like sludge, might demonstrate the presence of free liquids in the paint filter test and should be tested for ignitability.

EPA produced guidance to address this issue in January 13, 1995 4

. "The definitive procedure for determining if a waste contains a liquid for the purposes of the ignitability and co rrosivity characteristics is the pressure filtration technique specified in Method 1311.”

However, if one obtains liquids using Method 9095B, it should be assessed for ignitability or corrosivity using the pressure fi ltration techniqu e in Method 1311.

To determine ignitability, the test liquid is placed into a small cl osed container and an ignition source supplied. If the test liquid flashes (ignites), the waste is ignitable. Waste liquids are dangerous wastes if their flashpoint is less than 140 ° F using the methods specified in WAC 173-303-090 (5) 5 or in SW-846 ( www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm. )

The regulations include a special exemption fo r wastes containing alcohol called the "alcohol exclusion." When an aqueous wa ste contains less than 24 percent alcohol but is still ignitable because of the alcohol content, a generator need not designate this waste as ignitable. "Alcohol" refers to any alcohol or combina tion of alcohols. The alcohol excl usion exempts alcoholic beverages and some types of latex paints, which exhibit lo w flashpoints due to the alcohol but do not flash because of the high water content.17 While the concept of flashpoint is useful for descri bing the ignitabili ty of liquids, the term does not ordinarily have meaning when applied to ignitabl e gases or solids. At room temperature, most ignitable gases do not need to be heated to ignite . Therefore, other wastes , in addition to liquids, must be designated as ignitable if they meet the definition.



### 3.3 Methods for Determining Corrosivity towards Steel

Chapter 173-303 WAC has identifie d two methods of determining whether or not a waste is corrosive. These methods are pH determination a nd corrosivity toward Type SAE 1020 steel. SW846 method 1110A measures the corrosivity toward s steel of both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid

waste. Find SW-846 Method 1110A at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm 6

.



### 3.4 Methods for Determining pH

A common method of determining pH is by using pH testing papers . The pH of a waste can be approximated with wide-range pH paper. Litmus is probably the most commonly used wide range pH paper. When moistened with an aqueous acid, litmu s paper turns red; when moistened with a basic solution, it turns blue. More accurate pH determin ations can be made usi ng "narrow-range" pH paper whose accuracy has been determined (1) using a se ries of buffers, or (2) by comparison with a calibrated pH meter.

Although narrow-range pH paper can be purchased with a distinct color change for every 0.5 pH unit, pH paper is not as accurate as pH meters. For this reason, pH paper cannot be used to designate definitively whether a waste is corrosive or non-corro sive. However, narrow pH paper can be used to confirm knowledge about a waste. In a chemical laboratory, the pH is typically determined using a pH meter. A pH meter is a voltage-measuring device attach ed to a pair of electrodes. When the tips of the electrodes are placed in a solution, the pH of th e solution shows on the meter. The pH meter is calibrated using predetermined standards.

pH readings are only applicable for aqueous soluti ons. Wastes with greater than 20 percent water

should be tested usin g SW-846 Method 9040C 7 . Wastes with less than 20 percent water are considered solid or semi-solid wastes, and should be analyzed using SW-846 Meth od 9045D.

SW-846 Method 9045D 8 analyzes solid or semi-s olid wastes for corrosivity 9 . Wastes with 20 percent

or less water are mixed with an e qual weight of water. After the solids have settled, the liquid portion will be tested using a pH meter. It is important to note that for these types of wast e, the liquid portion is not decanted off and analyzed for pH. Testing for pH must be done by an approved SW-846 method if it is being used for waste designation purposes.



### 3.5 Analysis for the Reactivity Characteristic

See Chapter 2 for the regulatory definition of reactive characteristic.

EPA currently has no required test methods for reactive waste as defined in 40 CFR 26 1.23 for any of the

reactive characteristics. Therefore, generators must use waste knowledge to determ ine if their waste

exhibits the characteristic of reactivity. The interim Guidance for Reactive Cyani de and Reactive Sulfide

in Waste found in Appendix 3 of the draft 2007 Chemical Tes ting Methods for Desi gnating Dangerous

Waste (WAC 173-303-090 &100) has been withdrawn (See Appendix 4).18 Until a revised guidance is developed by EPA, Ecol ogy reiterates the regulato ry language in 40 CFR 261.23(a)(5), which specifies that human health and the environment must not be endangered by evolved toxic gases when these wastes are exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5. Any waste causing a hazard, when in the pH range of <2 a nd >12.5, would be considered a characteristic hazardous waste. Where wastes with high concentra tion of soluble sulfides and cyanides are being managed, generators have relied on their knowle dge of the waste to classify them as D003.

ASTM D4978-95(2007) 10 test methods are applicab le to the screening of reactive sulfides in wastes, liquids, sludge’s, semisoli ds, and solids. These test methods are not applicable in determining the type

and concentration of reactive sulfid es. These test methods are design ed and intended to complement quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine su lfide concentration. These test

methods offer the user the ab ility to screen waste for potentially hazardous levels of reactive sulfide when the quantitative analytical techniques are not avai lable and the tota l waste composit ion is unknown.



### 3.6 Methods for Determining Toxicity

The Toxicity Characteristic Leachi ng Procedure (TCLP) was estab lished by EPA in 1990. SW-846

Method 1311 evaluates the le achability of forty com pounds in Table 3.6. The complete procedure is

found on the Web at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/ha zwaste/test/main.htm

. The TCLP consists of five steps, which are summarized below. For complete details, please revi ew the full method.

3.6.1 Separation Procedure For liquid waste (those containing le ss than 0.5 percent dry solid material), the TCLP extract is the liquid portion of the waste after filtration. For wastes with greate r than or equal to 0.5 percent solids, any liquid is separated from the solid phase and stored for later analysis.

3.6.2 Particle Size Reduction Prior to extraction, the solid material must be reduced in size so it can pass through a 9.5-mm (0.375-in.) standard sieve, have a surface area equal to or greater than 3.1 cm 2 , or be smaller than 1

cm in its narrowest dimension. If the waste does not meet these requirements, the solid portion is crushed, cut, or ground until these conditions are met. (Special precautions are necessary for organic volatiles extraction.)

3.6.3 Extraction of Solid Material Once the size restrictions are met, the solid material is mixed with an amount of extraction fluid equal to 20 times the weight of the solid phase. The mixture is extracted for approximately 18 hours. A special extractor vessel is used when testing for volatile analytes.

3.6.4 Final Separation of the Extr action from the Remaining Solid Following extraction, the liquid phase is separated from the solid phase by filtration. If compatible, any liquids separated before extractions are added and the two are analyzed together. If incompatible, the liquids are analyzed separately and the results are mathematically combined to yield an average concentration.

3.6.5 Testing (Analysis) of TCLP Extract Inorganic and organic species are identified and quantified us ing methods in the 6000, 7000, and

8000 series of SW-846 methods in this manual or by other appropriate or equivalent methods 11

.19 Different dangerous waste codes are assigned depending on which compound is found in the waste. The waste codes for each compound is found in Ta ble 3.6. Any waste that contains contaminant concentrations at or above the regulatory thresh old must be designated DW and assigned a unique

waste code.

Table 3.6: Maximum Concentration of Cont aminants for the Toxi city Characteristic

Dangerous Chemical Regulatory SW-846

Waste Contaminant Abstracts DW Level Test Methods after 1311
Code Services # (mg/L)

D004 Arsenic 7440-38-2 5.0 6000 or 7000 series

D005 Barium 7440-39-3 100.0 6000 or 7000 series D018 Benzene 71-43-2 0.5 8021B, 8260B
D006 Cadmium 7440-43-9 1.0 6000 or 7000 series D019 Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 0.5 8021B, 8260B

D020 Chlordane 57-74-9 0.03 8081A D021 Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 100.0 8021B, 8260B D022 Chloroform 67-66-3 6.0 8021B, 8260B
D007 Chromium 7440-47-3 5.0 6000 or 7000 series
D023 o-Cresol 95-48-7 200.0 1 8270C

D024 m-Cresol 108-39-4 200.0 1 8270D D025 p-Cresol 106-44-5 200.0 1 8270D
D026 Cresol 200.0 1 8270D D016 2,4-D 94-75-7 10.0 8151A D027 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 7.5 8021B, 8260B D028 1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 0.5 8021B, 8260B D029 1-1-Dichloroethylene 75-35-4 0.7 8021B, 8260B D030 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 0.13 8270C

D012 Endrin 72-20-8 0.02 8081A D031 Heptachlor (and its epoxide) 76-44-8 0.008 8081A D032 Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 0.13 8081A, 8121, 8270C D033 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 87-68-3 0.5 8021B, 8260B
D034 Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 3.0 8270CD

D008 Lead 7439-92-1 5.0 6000 or 7000 series

D013 Lindane 58-89-9 0.4 8081A D009 Mercury 7439-97-6 0.2 6000 or 7000 series D014 Methoxychlor 72-43-5 10.0 8270D, 8081A D035 Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3 200.0 8260B

D036 Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 2.0 8270D D037 Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 100.0 8270D D038 Pyridine 110-86-1 5.0 8270D
D010 Selenium 7782-49-2 1.0 6000 or 7000 series
D011 Silver 7440-22-4 5.0 6000 or 7000 series D039 Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 0.7 8021B, 8260B D015 Toxaphene 8001-35-2 0.5 8081A D040 Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 0.5 802113, 8260B D041 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4 400.0 8270D D042 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 2.0 8270D D017 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 93-72-1 1.0 8151A D043 Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 0.2 8021B, 8260B

1 If o-, m-, and p-cresol concentr ations cannot be differ entiated, the total cres ol (D026) concentration

is used.20 

### 3.7 Methods to Determine State-only Toxic waste

There are three methods generators can use to de termine if their waste is a state-only toxic:

1. Book designate using product information.

2. Use chemical tests in conj unction with book designation.

3. Biologically test the waste for toxicity.

When a generator chooses to book designate waste, he/she must follow the book designation procedure as outlined in WAC 173-303-100 (5 ) (b). Book designation is a ve ry common procedure for toxic

wastes 12 . The generator applies existi ng knowledge of the various chem ical constituents of the waste stream. This knowledge could be gained using a combination of tools such as:

• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs).

• An understanding of reaction, concen tration, or dilution effects a ssociated with the productionprocess, and supplemented (if n ecessary) with testing data.

Ecology could require testing if th ere is reason to believe a wast e has been improperly designated (WAC 173-303-070 (4)).

The generator could choose to determine the actua l concentration of the va rious chemicals in the waste stream using any of the approved test me thods in the regulations (WAC 173-303-110). With this chemical information, the generator is requ ired to determine the toxic category for each known constituent. The toxic category for each constituen t may be determined by obtaining data from three

sources:

1. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), Su perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

2. The United States Environmental Protection Ag ency, Ecotoxicology database (ECOTOX), MidContinent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804.

3. The United States National Library of Medicine Toxicology Data Network, Hazardous Substance Database (HSDB), 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894.

The generator may choose to test the waste according to Biological Testing Methods, Ecology publication #80-12, (the most current revision), instead of using the book designation procedure. Either of these procedures are accepted in Washington State.



### 3.8 Test Methods for Determining Ha logenated Organic Compounds

When a waste contains one or more Haloge nated Organic Compounds (HOC), the total HOC concentration must be determined by summing th e concentration for all HOCs. If the total concentration of HOCs exceeds 100 parts per million (ppm), the waste would then designate as DW and be assigned a waste code of WP02. If the total concentration of HOC exceeds 10,000 ppm, the waste would designate as extremely hazardous waste (EHW) and be assigned a waste code of WP01.21 It is very important for generato rs to understand that a wide range of halogenated organic compounds may cause a waste to designate as persistent wa ste. Unfortunately, there is no single analytical method that will clearly identify all potent ial HOCs regulated in Washington State.

Generators should be aware that halogenated compounds are also found in other parts of the regulations. For example, the toxicity charac teristics list contains twenty-three halogenated (chlorinated) compounds, over fifty percent of the fo rty substances to be determined under TCLP. In addition, spent halogenated solvents are identified in the “F” list and others ar e in the “U” and “P” lists of compounds.

Also, when used oil is burned for energy recovery, it is presumed to be dangerous waste if it contains more than 1,000 ppm total halogens. However, under most circumstances, a waste that is not identified as dangerous waste under a ny of these characteristics, lists, or other criteria must still be evaluated for persistence, including used oil that is to be burned for energy recovery or sent for land disposal.

Because of the wide scope of potentially haloge nated waste streams produced by generators, Ecology recommends that the generator rely on their anal ytical laboratory for th e appropriate analytical

method to determine the HOC conten t in their specifi c waste stream.

The following test methods are recommended for use in the determination of whether a waste would designate as persistent for HOCs. Please note that SW-846 contains many methods not mentioned in this document that could satisfy the re quirements of this chapter. If a generator knows or suspects the constituents in their waste stream woul d not be identified by the methods specified below, they must consult their analytical la boratory for the appropriate SW-846 test method.

3.8.1 General Evaluation Me thods for Determining HOCs

HOC concentration levels are based on the w hole compound; both the organic base and the associated halogen portion. Halogens can be subs tituted on an organic base from 0.01 percent to 90 percent. Ecology has determined a need for assi stance on designating a waste using only the halogen portion of the HOC.

3.8.2 HOCs as Halogens Ecology based its designation of state-only persiste nce criteria on the patter n of existing Ecology and EPA guidance, specifically the Special requirements for used oil burned for energy recovery rule. This rule was chosen as representative due to th e type of waste streams that are currently being designated as persistent waste. They are:

• halogenated solvent solids

• grease

• solids contaminated with grease

• tar and heavy petroleum distillates

• waste and used oils

• used solvent

• used oil contaminated w ith 1,1,1-trichloroethane

• parts washer solvent22 Most of these wastes are typical of the types of wastes that go for fuel blending. Therefore, the

concentration levels for HOCs were matched with th e concentration level that has been established for total halogens in waste oils.

3.8.3 General Evaluation of Wastes for HOCs Ecology established general evaluation criteria

, which can be used to determine if a waste designates as an HOC based on the total halogen content of the waste stream. If the total halide concentration of the waste exceeds 100 ppm (mg/L or mg/kg) regardless of the chemical composition of the waste, the waste designates as state-only pe rsistent and must be assigned the appropriate waste code and disposed of as required to a permitted facility 13

.

The general evaluation analysis strips any halogen from its source compound and determines only the

total concentration of the halides in the waste st ream. Based on analyses Ecology conducted in preparation of this change, it was possible to determ ine an approximate correla tion factor of 10 between

the halide concentration determined by the general evaluation method and the HOC concentration in the waste determined by the testing method. The ge neral evaluation value was selected as 100 ppm, 10 ppm for any individual com pound or 100 pm for a total of all halogen compounds.

The following criteria must be followed to dete rmine waste properties properly under the general

evaluation method:

1. Determine the total concentration of halides in the waste stream. If the waste contains a total halide concentration at the following levels:

Table 3.8.3: Designation Waste Concentrations and Result ing Dangerous Waste Codes

For a concentration level of.... The waste designation numbers are.... 100 to 10,000 ppm DW, WP02 Greater than 10,000 ppm EHW, WP01

2. Wastes containing halogens at th e concentration levels specified are presumed to be a dangerous waste because those halogens are organic. If the waste is determined to be a persistent dangerous waste based on the general evaluation analysis, th e generator can, if he chooses, conduct further analyses to prove the waste is not persiste nt. This proof can only be done by providing

documented evidence that:

a) A significant portion of the total halide concentr ation is due to inorganic halogens. As noted earlier, inorganic halogens are not HOCs and are not regulated as persistent compounds. The proof must be supported by clear evidence that the waste contains non-persistent components and that these components provide an overwhelming majority of the halogens identified in the general evaluation analysis.

b) The generator performs chemical analytical methods, including but not limited to methods such as SW-846 Method 8260B, for volatile organics, and SW-846 Method 8270C, for semi-volatile organics, to determine the concen tration of specific HOC s. Methods should be selected based on what HOCs are likely to be found in the waste. If this option is selected, the generator must demonstrate that both the c oncentration of individua l HOCs are below 10 ppm

and the total concentration of all HOCs is less than 100 ppm.

Note: If the general evaluation analysis indi cates the waste stream designates as EHW (halide concentration greater th an 10,000 ppm), the generator may conduct further analyses to23 prove the waste is not an EHW but is in fact a DW. As above, the generator must prove that

both the concentration of individual HOCs of concern are below 100 ppm and the total concentration of HOCs are less than 10,000 ppm, to designate the waste as DW, instead of

EHW for HOC.

If the generator has knowledge of the specific HOCs present in the waste, they should be able to calculate the quantity of HOCs.

3.8.4 General Evaluation Methods Ecology recommends that either SW-846 Method 9076 or Methods 5050 and 9056 be used in the

determination of halide concentration in a wast e stream. Although the title of Method 9076 implies only petroleum products are analyzed, the method ha s an optional sample introduction procedure, allowing soil and liquid samples to be analyzed as well.

Method 9056, Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography works well for aqueous waste streams. (Note: Organics in your waste can seriously a ffect the functioning of an ion chromatograph. Check with your laboratory if your waste cont ains organics.)

For solid waste samples, Method 9056 uses SW -846 Method 5050, Bomb Pr eparation Method for

Solid Wastes. Method 5050 combusts the solid wa ste and converts the hal ogenated organics into carbon dioxide, water and fluoride, chloride, bromid e or iodine inorganic species. These halogen inorganics are recovered a nd analyzed via Method 9056.

Ecology recognizes the following limitations with Method 9076 :

• Method 9076 does not detect all halogens specifi ed under the definition of HOC. This method only quantifies the chlorine, half of the bromine, half of the i odine, and none of the fluorine.

• This method may experience positive in terferences from inorganic halides.

Ecology recognizes the followi ng limitation with Method 5050:

• Samples with very high water content (>25%) ma y not combust efficiently and may require the

addition of a mineral oil to facilitate combustion.

Ecology recognizes the following limitation with Method 9056:

• Method 9056 does not detect iodine but gives accurate results for ch loride, bromide, and fluorine.

Ecology supports the use of Methods 9076 and 5050/9056 for the general evaluation of a waste stream containing HOCs. The methods are available on the Web at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm . Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy of

the method. See inside the front cover of this do cument for information on the closest regional office

to you.

The total concentrations of chloride, bromide, a nd fluoride are compared against the regulatory limits identified in Table 3.8.3, to determine if the wast e designates as a state-on ly persistent waste.

If the halide concentration obt ained from the general evaluation methods exceeds the designation limits identified above, the generator retains the right to identify specific HOCs in the waste to prove24 the waste is not persistent. Please see Section 3.7.6, “Determina tive Methods for HOC” for more details on this process.

Although Ecology supports the use of general ev aluation methods based on SW-846 Methods 9076

and 5050/9056 for the determination of HOCs as ha logens, several halogen specific analyses exist that could satisfy the general ev aluation criteria. Table 3.8.4: Me thods for Determining Halogens, lists some of the analysis described in SW-846.

Table 3.8.4: Alternative Gene ral Evaluation Methods for HOCs

Method No. Method Title

Method

9075 Test Method for Total Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products b XRay Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF)

Method

9077 Test Methods for Total Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Field Test Kit Methods).

Method

9211 Potentiometric Determination of Bromide in Aqueous Samples with IonSelective Electrode

Method

9212 Potentiometric Determination of Chloride in Aqueous Samples with IonSelective Electrode

Method

9214 Potentiometric Determination of Fluoride in Aqueous Samples with IonSelective Electrode

Method

9250 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide AAI)

Method

9251 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide AAII)

Method

9253 Chloride (Titrimetric, Silver Nitrate)

If alternative methods other th an those recommended by Ecology ar e used, the gene rator needs to

obtain concentrations for all halid es, which are then compared agai nst the designation limits. None of the individual methods identified above provide the necessary information on all halide species to

be able to sum individual concentr ations of HOCs. Therefore result s from multiple methods will be

needed.

3.8.5 Designation Flow Chart To assist in the designation pro cess, Ecology formulated a decision tree, which documents the steps needed to designate wastes for state-only persiste nce. The decision tree represents the general evaluation process using the methodology base d on SW-846 Methods 9076 or Methods 5050 and

9056 run in combination.25 Have you designated your waste for everything except State Only persistence? 1

Assign waste codes. State Only persistence codes

are optional. Designation Complete! Is your

waste a dangerous

waste?

Yes

Does
your waste

contain

HOCs? Designate your

waste. See Ecology guidance

Do General Evaluation Recommended: (SW-846

9076 or 5050 & 9056) Yes or

Don’t Know

How do you know?

Do you have:

- an MSDS - Technical Knowledge - Chemical analyses?

- etc..... No

Document

information Is total halogen

concentration ≥ 100 ppm?

Not State only

persistent dangerous waste

State only persistent Dangerous Waste

Assign waste

code: WP02 State only persistent Extremely Hazardous Waste. Assign waste codes: WP01, EHW Is

concentration from

either or the total of

both evaluations

≥ 10,000 ppm? 1 Yes

Does your waste

contain Fluorine? 2

Yes

No Decision Tree Persistence Designation

Is

total Flourine

concentration ≥

100 ppm? Yes No

How do you know?

Do you have:

- an MSDS - Technical Knowledge - Chemical analyses?

- etc..... No

Do Fluorine

Evaluation No

No Yes Yes or Don’t Know 

## START Continue

Legend:

EHW = Extremely Hazardous Waste

etc. = Etcetera HOC = Halogenated organic compound MSDS = Material Safety Data Sheet ppm = parts per million WP01 = Washington State-only persistent EHW WP02 = Washington State-only persistent dangerous waste >= = greater than or equal to

# = number No

1 Additional designation requirements exist for Small Quantity Generators, used oil, etc. and are not in

included in this flow chart. See text for additional information on these waste streams

2 Note: This evaluation is only needed if some other analysis is done other than the Methods 5050 and 9056 recommended as a General Evaluation. Alternatives usually do not include fluorine concentration. No Yes No

Is Fluorine & total halogen

concentration ≥ 100 ppm?

No Yes Yes26 3.8.6 Determinative Methods for HOCs Ecology recommends that the following criteria be followed to properly determine appropriate

determinative methods for HOC waste properties:

1. If the chemical constituents of the waste stre am are unknown, the generator should test the waste using Method 8260B, for the volatile HOC por tion of the waste, Method 8270C, for the semi-volatile HOC portion of the waste, and all other appropriate methods to determine HOCs, which comprise a portion of the waste stream. Ecology also reco mmends the use of tentatively identified compounds (TIC) where appropriate. TICs are peaks w ith a response greater than 10 percent of the nearest internal standards res ponse. The largest 20 TIC's for Methods 8260B and 8270C are to be reported along w ith those constituents positiv ely identified by these methods. The sum of the halogenated organic compounds detect ed from these methods can then be used to designate the waste.

Note that these methods give the widest range of analytes detected in the `8000 series'. Ecology acknowledges that not all HOCs will be capture d by these methods and recommends working with Ecology and your laboratory to establish an appropriate list of alternate methods for your

wastes.

2. If the chemical constituents of the waste st ream are known, the generator must consult with their analytical laboratory to determ ine which test method will work best to determine the HOC content of their waste stream. Ecology recomm ends the use of the `8000 series' methods in SW-846. As with all of the 8000 series methods, e.g. 8021B and 8121, specific analytes are targeted. Although these methods have a limited target list associated with them, other compounds not listed may be able to be determined using these methods.

Table 3.8.6: Determinative Methods for HOCs

SW-846 Method No. Analytes Detected 8021B Halogenated Volatiles 8081A Organochlorine Pesticides

8082 PCBs

8111 Haloethers 8121 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

8151A Chlorinated Herbicides 8260B Volatile Organic Compounds 8270C Semivolatile Organic Compounds

3.8.7 Examples of Wastes That Need Not Be Evaluated for State-only Persistence The following are provided as examples and are intende d solely to clarify the definitions presented in above sections. These examples are not all encomp assing but are intended to provide examples of types of compounds. If a generator is unsure whether his waste meets any of the following criteria he

should contact his local Ecol ogy office identified in the be ginning of this document.

3.8.7.1 Compounds That Are Not HOCs Ecology’s definition of persistence requires a halogen to be directly bonded to a carbon atom. There are numerous compounds that contain halides whic h do not meet this definition. Examples of compounds that are not considered HOCs are:27 1. Sodium chloride (also known as table salt): Th is compound is the major constituent in sea water and appears in many mixtures. As the chlorine atom is not connected to a carbon atom, it does

not meet the definition of an HOC.

2. Ortho-Toluidine hydrochloride: This compound appears in EPA’s Appendix IX list and was initially included for consideration. However, the halogen is not dir ectly bonded to a carbon but

exists as a chloride ion in solution with the compound. Therefore, it does not meet the definition

of an HOC.

3. 4'-Nitro-biphenyl-4-sulfonyl chloride: This com pound is an example of a sulfonyl chloride. In this compound, the chlorine atom is attached direc tly to the sulfur atom. Therefore, it does not meet the definition of an HOC (the chlorine atom is not connected to a carbon atom).

3.8.7.2 Polymers

As defined in section C.1.b

, compounds that meet Ecology’s de finition of a polymer are not considered state-only persistent wastes. Halogenated polymers ar e not evaluated for state-only persistence criteria because, alt hough they persist for extended peri ods of time in the environment, they are resistant to decomposition a nd have little biological impact. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an example of a halogenated polymer co mposed of many repetitions of th e vinyl chloride monomer as in the following example:

Many vinyl chloride monomers Î becomes polyvinyl chloride

H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H | | | | | | | | |

C==C Î .....C—C—C—C—C—C—C..... | | | | | | | | |

H H H H H H H H H

Another polymer example would be neoprene, a substa nce used for oil resistant protective clothing. The monomer (2-chloro 1, 3-butadiene) combines into the neoprene polymer:

Many butadiene monomers Î becomes neoprene

H Cl H H Cl H H Cl H | | | | | | | | |

C==C—C==C Î .....C—C==C—C—C—C==C—C..... | | | | | | | | |

H H H H H H H H H

There are numerous other examples of halogenated pol ymers such as saran, which also do not need to

be evaluated as a state-on ly persistent waste.

3.8.8 Examples of HOCs, Which MUST Be Evaluated for State-only Persistence The following are provided as ex amples of compounds, which do not fall into the above categories and

must be evaluated for state-only persistence designati on. The following are in tended solely to clarify the examples presented in above sections. They ar e not all encompassing but are intended to provide examples of types of compounds. If a generator is unsure whet her his waste meets any of the

exclusions in this documen t, they should contact th eir local Ecology office.28 3.8.8.1 Chlorinated Paraffins Chlorinated paraffins are mixtures of polychlorinated n-al kanes produced by the reaction of chlorine with specific normal paraffin fractions from pe troleum distillation. Carbon-carbon lengths of commercial products are generally between C 10 and C 30 . The chlorine content is typically between 40 and 70 percent.

Chlorinated paraffins are used as plasticizers for pol yvinyl chloride, as extrem e-pressure additives in metal-machining fluids, as additives to paints, coatings, and sealants to improve their resistance to chemicals and to water, and as flame retardants for plastics, fabrics, paints, and coatings.

Chlorinated paraffins are believed to persist in th e environment and therefore must be evaluated to determine if they meet Ecology’s state-only pers istence requirement. For more information on chlorinated paraffins, see Appendix 5.

3.8.8.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) are regulated by ot her regulations such as the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Since PCBs meet the definiti on of HOCs, wastes contai ning PCBs must also be evaluated for state-only persistence. Even though the PC B concentration may fa ll below the regulated limit defined by such laws as TSCA, the total concentration of all HOCs must fall below the determined designation limit to not be considered state-only persistent waste. Therefore, some PCB wastes, which may not be regulated by laws such as TSCA, may still be id entified as a state-only persistent waste depending on the total concentration of all HOC species present in the waste, including

PCBs.

3.8.8.3 Polymer Additives

Additives are often combin ed with polymers to produce specific properties and are not included in the definition of polymer. Additives are not excluded and polymers contai ning these add itives must be evaluated for persistence. Additiv es include but are not limited to:

• Fillers

• Pigments

• Plasticizers

• Flow improvers

• Stabilizers (usually added to prevent aging and degradation)

• Catalysts

• Fire retardants (polybrominated diphenyl et hers, tetrabromobisphenol A, and others)

If you have any questions concerning the additives in your particular poly mer, please contact your local Ecology office.



### 3.9 Test Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are clear ly defined by the regulations through a specific list of chemicals. As with HOC, the total co ncentration must be determined by summing the concentration of each of the PAHs quantified by one of the methods listed below. No single method

can detect all 20 PAHs listed in Chapter 2, section 2.3.4., so generators should select the methods

which either obtains the most PAHs possible or analyzes for those PAHs most likely to be found in the waste based on process knowledge.29 If the total concentration of PAHs exceeds 10,000 ppm, the waste would then designate as an extremely hazardous waste (EHW). There is no DW concentration level for PAHs.

3.9.1 SW-846 Method 8100

Method 8100 is a test method for PAHs. Method 8100 is a packed column method, but capillary columns are allowed to be substituted. Although this test method will detect fifteen chemical compounds listed under the definition of PAHs, this method has a tendency to produce results biased high due to chromatographic interferences.

Since this method employs FID (flame ionization dete ction) which is basically a "universal" detector, (e.g., responds to most organic compounds regardless of chemical structure or molecular elemental composition), any organic compound which exists from the column at the same time as the compounds of interest would be inte rpreted as the compound of interest.

3.9.2 SW-846 Method 8310 Method 8310 is a method for PAHs using High Perf ormance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This method, also, has a tendency to produce false high resu lts, but is able to be tter distinguish between PAH pairs that might go unresolved in Method 8100. As the list of PAHs is so specific, Method 8310 is better at distinguishing 4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds in the waste matrix

. Ecology

recommends Method 8310 over Method 8100.

3.9.3 SW-846 Method 8270D

Method 8270C is the test method for Semi-vola tile Organic Compounds by GC/MS. This method will detect fifteen compounds and is the most accurate of the `8000 series' methods available to detect PAHs. The GC/MS techniques have the ability to "look through" the interferences and determine how much of the peak corres ponds to the target compound.

This method also has some limitations, particular ly if there are interf erences. Although Method 8270C is the most expensive analysis of the three methods listed, Ecology strongly recommends the use of Method 8270D, over Methods 8100 and 8310.



### 3.10 Optional Indicator Test Methods

These test methods are not required under the Dangerous Waste Regulations (WAC 173-303). The following tests are optional indicator test methods for designating dangerous waste.

3.10.1 SW-846 Method 1030 Ignitability of Solids

This method is suitable for the determination of the ignitability of solids and is appropriate for pastes, granular materials, solids that can be cut into strips, and powdery substances. This method may be used to meet certain regulatory applications; with re spect to the characteristic of ignitability in CFR § 261.21, this method may be used, but is not require d, to determine whether a solid waste “when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard.” If it is impractical to perform the test because of the physical form of the samp le, generator knowledge should be used to determine the ignitability hazard posed by the material . This method is available on the web at: www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard /testmethods/sw846/pdfs/1030.pdf30 3.10.2 SW-846 Test Method 1050 to Determine Substances Likely to Spontaneously
Combust This method provides test procedures, which may be used to evaluate and categorize liquid and solid wastes that are likely to spontaneously combust. The method is based on the DOT regulations for the transport of spontaneously combustible material s as provided in 49 CFR Part 173, Appendix E.

These test procedures are intended to identify tw o types of wastes with spontaneous combustion properties:

• Wastes (including mixtures and solutions, liquid or solid) which, even in small quantities, ignite within five minutes of coming in contact with air. These wastes are the most likely to spontaneously combust and are consider ed to have pyrophoric properties.

• Other solid wastes which, in contact with air an d without an energy supp ly, are susceptible to self-heating. These wastes will ignite only wh en in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days) and are considered having self-heating properties.

This method is not required by the Federal regulati ons to determine if a waste passes or fails the characteristic of ignitability according to the RCRA regulatory definition at 40 CFR 261.21. To clarify, the test results of this method cannot be used to directly classify a waste as a D001 hazardous waste, nor can the results be used by themselves to definitively classify a waste as non-hazardous.

No specific test for ignitable so lids is required by the RCRA regul ations, and only a waste meeting the narrative regulatory definition at 40 CFR 261.21(a) (2) is an i gnitable hazardous waste because it is an ignitable solid.

In addition, the test in this met hod for a liquid may be helpful in determining whether a liquid waste has hazardous properties; however, a liquid waste is only a D001 hazardous waste if it is an oxidizer, as defined at 40 CFR 261.21(a) (4), or based on its flash point, as defined at 40 CFR 261.21(a) (1).

This test method was developed to specifically ill ustrate the ignitable prop erties of materials, including wastes and its results pr ovide relevant and useful information that may be applied to knowledge of a waste in determining whether a wa ste meets the 40 CFR 261.21 criteria. This method

is available on the web at: www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/te stmethods/sw846/pdfs/1050.pdf

.

3.10.3 SW-846 Method 1040 Test Methods for Oxidizing Solids This test procedure is suitable for assessing the relative oxidizing hazard of solid substances, including solids, granular materials, and other materials that can be fo rmed into a conical pile. This procedure is not appropriate for evaluating oxidizing liquids.

This method is not required by the Federal regulati ons to determine if a waste passes or fails the characteristic of ignitability according to the RCRA regulatory definition at 40 CFR 261.21. To clarify, the test results of this method cannot be used to directly classify a waste as a D001 hazardous waste, nor can the results be used by themselves to definitively classify a waste as non-hazardous.

No specific test for defining oxidizers is requir ed by the RCRA regulations, and only a waste meeting the narrative regulatory definition at 40 CFR 261.21(a)(4) is an ign itable hazardous waste because of its oxidizer properties. However, th is test method was developed to sp ecifically illustrate the oxidizer31 properties of materials, including wa stes, and its results provide releva nt and useful information that may be applied to knowledge of a waste in determining whether a waste meets the 40 CFR 261.21(a)(4) criteria. This method is available on the web at: www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard /testmethods/sw846/pdfs/1040.pdf

.



### Chapter 3 Endnotes

1a . The lists of methods were not intended to be used for waste designation or to meet regulatory requirements. Methods not in WAC 173-303-110 can be approved to support facility operations as part of a permit pro cess or other non-regulatory requirements. Ecology must approve method(s) that are not specified in WAC 173-303-110 before they can be used to designate waste.

1b. Washington State’s accreditation program for la boratories is described in Chapter 173-303 WAC. Although using an accredite d laboratory is not required to comply with WAC 173- 303, Ecology recommends using accredited labo ratories. Washington State’s Laboratory accreditation program will, for a fee, provide certification for most methods. The certification is typically specific for a matrix like water, soil, etc. Before using an accredited laboratory, the generator should veri fy if the lab is accredited for both the analytical method and his sample matrix. A li st of accredited labs is available on Ecology’s

Web site at www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/labs/lab-accreditation.html or by contacting an Ecology regional office. For more informa tion about Ecology’s laboratory accreditation program, refer to publication #02-03-055, Procedural Manual for the Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program, November 2002.

2. These methods can be found at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm . Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy. See inside the cover of this document for your nearest regional office.

3. Specifically, for Land Disposal Restrictions or LDR.

4. Federal Register: January 13, 1995, Vol. 60 page 3092.

5. Available on Ecology’s Web site at www.ecy.wa.gov/ecology or can be obtained from any of Ecology’s regional offices.

6. Ecology regional offices can also pr ovide a copy of the test method.

7. Find SW-846 Method 9040C at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm

. Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy. See in side the front cover of this document’s for your nearest regional office. Aqueous conten t is based on testing limitations. SW-846 defines a liquid as having greater than 20 per cent aqueous content. A Solid has less than 20

percent aqueous content.

8. Find SW-846 Method 9045D at www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm . Ecology regional offices can also provide a copy.

9. WAC 173-303-090 (6) (a) (iii).

10. ASTM Standard D4978-95(2007), “Standard Test Methods for Screening of Reactive Sulfides in Waste”, ASTM Internat ional, West Conshohocken, PA 2007, DOI:

10.15201D4978-95R07. www.astm.org/Standards/D4978.htm

.32 11. Equivalent testing methods as descri bed in WAC 173-303-110(5). “Any person may request the department to approve an equi valent testing method by submitting a petition, prepared in accordance with WAC 1 73-303-910(2), to the department”.

12. Under the Model Toxics Control Act (MTC A), waste may be chemically tested to determine if MTCA cleanup levels have been met or to designate a waste.

13. WAC 173-303.33 

# Appendix 1

Glossary of Terms

Accuracy: The degree of agreement of an analytic al result with the true value. The accuracy of a result is affected by both syst ematic and random errors.

Analyte: Denotes `that which is to be analyz ed for’ in chemical, but not physical or biological, determinations.

Analytical method: Denotes a set of written instructions specifying an analytical procedure to be followed. The procedure provide s an estimate of the concentration of an analyte.

Chemical Abstract Services (CAS)

Number: A unique identifying num ber given to chemical compounds and specialized mixtures of compounds. Re gulated chemicals should be identified by their names and possible synonyms, whic h are many and varied, the unique

CAS number for individual chemi cals, and the CA S number of any regulated chemical contained in a specialized mixture.

Completeness: A measure of the amount of useable data obtained from a project compared to the amount expected.

Constituent: A chemically distinct component of a dangerous waste stream or mixture as per WAC 173-303-040.

Dangerous waste

constituent: Those constituents listed in WAC 173-303-9905 and any other

constituents that have caused a waste to be a dangerous waste under Chapter 173-303 WAC.

Dangerous wastes: Solid wastes identified as dangerous, or extremely hazardous or mixed waste. For the purposes of these regulations, the words "dangerous waste" will refer to all regulated wastes. The abbreviation "DW" wi ll refer only to waste, which is no t extremely hazardous waste (EHW).

Designation: The process that determines whether a solid waste is a dangerous waste and, through the generator’s assignmen t of applicable federal and/or state waste codes, identifies the specif ic lists, characteristics or criteria that caused the solid waste to designate. Dangerous wastes are assigned

federal and state waste codes.

Disposal: The discharging, discarding, or aba ndoning of dangerous wastes or the treatment, decontamination, or recyc ling of such wastes once they have

been discarded or abandoned. Th is includes the discharge of any dangerous wastes into or on any la nd, air, or water, as per WAC

173-303-040.34 Equivalent test

method: A laboratory or field testing method used to determine a waste's

characteristics or contents that ha s been approved by Ecology in lieu of a method required by the regulations. An equivalent test method can only be approved by submitting a petition and receiving approval from Ecology.

Extremely hazardous

waste: Those dangerous and mixed wastes identified as extremely hazardous. The abbreviation "EHW" will be used to refer to only those dangerous and mixed wastes, which are extremely hazardous.

Generator: Any person who produces dangerous waste or who first causes a dangerous waste to become subject to regulation.

Half-life: The length of time it takes for the co ncentration of a substance to be reduced by one-half relative to its in itial level, assuming first-order decay kinetics.

Halogenated organic compound: Any organic compound which includes one or more atoms of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine bonded directly to a carbon atom.

Hazardous wastes: Those solid wastes regulated as h azardous and/or mixed waste by the

United States EPA.

Ignitable waste: A dangerous waste which flashes below 140 ° F.

Leachate: Any liquid that has percolated through or drained from dangerous waste. This includes any components suspended in the liquid.

NIOSH registry: The registry of toxic effects of chemical substances published by the National Institute for occupational Safety and Health.

Organic/carbonaceous

waste: A dangerous waste that contains greater than ten percent organic or

carbon based constituents. These cons tituents contain carbon-hydrogen, carbon-halogen, or carbon-carbon bonds.

Persistence: Compounds that retains more than half of their initial ac tivity after 365 days in either a dark anaerobic or dark aerobic environment at ambient conditions. These compounds are either a halogenated organic compound (HOC) or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

Person: Any individual, trust, firm, join t stock company, federal agency, corporation (including a government corporation), partnership, association, state, municipality, co mmission, political subdivision of a state, or any inters tate body whatsoever.35 Pesticide: There are multiple meanings:

1. Any substance or mixture intended to prevent, destroy, control, repel, or mitigate any organism normally considered to by a pest. This includes insects, rodents, nematodes, mollusks, fungi, weeds, and any other plant or animal life, or virus (except viruses on or in living man or other animal) The department of agriculture may declare an organism to be a pest.

2. Any substance or mixture intended to be used as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

3. Any substance or mixture intended to be used as spray adjuvant.

4. Any other substance named by th e department of Agriculture. Ecology considers herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides to be pesticides.

Polymer: A long, repeating chain formed from organic molecules via the linkage of many smaller molecules called monomers. A key feature that distinguishes polymers from other larg e molecules is the repetition of smaller units (monomers) in their chain. The process of linking the smaller units (monomers) together is called polymerization. For the purpose of this document, a polymer is defined as:

1. Long chains of repeating monom ers with at le ast one halogen compound in the monomer a ttached to a carbon atom.

2. 100 or more repeating units (monomers) combined together into a single chain.

3. A compound having a number average molecular weight of at least 5,000. Although polymers may be persistent, they often do not degrade in the environment and, th erefore, have minimal biological impact.

Polymer additives: Compounds combined with polymers to produce specific properties.

These additives are not included in th e definition of polym er and must be evaluated to determine if they caus e waste to designate as a state-only persistent waste. Additives include but are not limited to 1) fillers, 2) pigments, 3) plasticizers, 4) flow im provers, 5) stabilizers (usually added to prevent aging and degredation), 6) catalysts, and fire retardants.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of two or more fused benzene rings. The PAHs of concern are: Acenaphthene, acen aphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, benzo(a) anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene , chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-c ,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzo[(a,e), (a,h), (a,i), and (a, l)]pyrenes, and dibe nzo(a,j)acridine.

Process knowledge: Knowledge the generator applies to a solid waste to determine if it is a dangerous waste in light of the mate rials or the process used. Such knowledge can be used when th e generator demonstrates the information to be sufficient for determining whether a solid waste is designated properly, as per WAC 173-303-070(3)(c)(ii).36 Reactive waste: A dangerous waste that exhibits the ch aracteristic of reactivity described in WAC 173-303-090(7).

Sludge: Any solid, semisolid, or liquid wa ste generated from a municipal, commercial, or industrial wastewat er treatment plant, waste supply treatment plant, or air pollution c ontrol facility, as per 173-303-040.

This term does not include the tr eated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant.

Solid acid waste: A dangerous waste that exhibits the characteristic of low pH under the corrosivity tests of WAC 173-303-090(6)(a)(iii).

Toxic: Having the properties to cause or to significantly cont ribute to death, injury, or illness of man or w ildlife such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or teratogenicity as per WAC 173-303-040.

Waste stream: Waste streams have an i ndividual point of gene ration. Individual waste

streams include:

1. Wastes that are physically or chemically different from each other;

2. Wastes that are genera ted from different type s of processes; and

3. Wastes that are the same type, but are generated at different points along the same process or at different proc ess locations.37 

# Appendix 2

Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations - 49 CFR

found at: www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/wa isidx_06/49cfr173_06.html

A. Ignitable Liquids 1. 49 CFR § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/ 257/2422/13nov20061500/edocket .access.gpo.gov/cf r_2006/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.120.pdf

B. Ignitable Compressed Gases 1. 49 CFR § 173.115 Class 2, Divisions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 Definitions found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.115.pdf

C. Oxidizers 1. 49 CFR § 173.127 Class 5, Division 5.1--Defin ition and assignment of packing groups

found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.n et/7/257/2422/13nov20061500/ edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2006/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.127.pdf

2. 49 CFR § 173.128 Class 5, Division 5.2--Definitions and types found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2 006/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.128.pdf

D. Explosives 1. 49 CFR § 173.50 Class 1 definitions found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.50.pdf

2. 49 CFR § 173.53 Provisions for using old cl assifications of explosives found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.53.pdf

3. 49 CFR § 173.54 Forbidden explosives found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.54.pdf

4. 49 CFR § 173.56 New explosives--definition and procedures for classification and approval found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.56.pdf

5. 49 CFR § 173.57 Acceptance criteria for new explosives found at: http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/13nov20061500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr20 06/octqtr/pdf/49cfr173.57.pdf3839 

# Appendix 3

Chlorinated Paraffins

• Chlorinated paraffins are mixtur es of polychlorinated n-alkane s produced by the reaction of chlorine with specific normal paraffin fr actions from petroleum distillation.

• Carbon-carbon lengths of commercial products are generally between C 10 and C 30

.

• www.eurochlor.org/chlorparaffins/generalinfo/info.htm

o Short chain

 Based on C 10 -C 13 paraffin

o Medium chain

 Based on C 14 -C 17 paraffin

o Long chain

 Based on C 18 -C 20 paraffin

o Wax grades

 Average carbon chain length approximately C 25

• The chlorine content is typical ly between 40 and 70 percent.

• Chlorinated paraffins are used as plasticizer s for polyvinyl chloride, as extreme-pressure additives in metal-machining fluids, as additives to paints, coatings, a nd sealants to improve their resistance to chemicals and to water, and as flame retardants for plastics, fabrics, paints, and coatings.

• Chlorinated paraffins have been de tected in water and sediments, in tissues or marine animals, in human foods, and in human tissues post mortem

.

• Synonyms

A 70 Derminolfett A 70 (wax) Derminolol

Adekacizer E EDC-tar Alkanes, chlorinated Electrofine Arubren Enpara

Cereclor Hordaflam

Chlorcosane Hordaflex

Chlorex Hordalub

Chorinated alkanes Hulz Chlorinated hydrocarbon waxes KhP Chlorinated paraffin waxes Meflex40 Chlorinated waxes Monocizer

Chloroalkanes Paraffin waxes chlorinated Chlorocarbons Paraffin, chlorinated Chlorofin Paraffins, chloro

Chloroflo Poliks Chloroparaffin waxes Polychlorinated alkanes Chlorowax Polychloro alkanes Chlorparaffin Tenekil Cloparin Toyoparax Cloparol Unichlor

Clorafin CW

• Persistence/Fate: Chlorinated paraffins ma y be released into the environment from improperly disposed metal-working fluids or polymers containing chlorinated paraffins. Loss of chlorinated paraffins by leaching from pa ints and coatings may also contribute to

environmental contamination. Short chain chlo rinated paraffins with less than 50 percent chlorine content seem to be degraded under aerobic conditions. The medium and long chain products are degraded more slowly. Chlori nated paraffins are bioaccumulated and both uptake and elimination are faster for the s ubstances with low chlorine content. www.oztoxics.org/cmwg/chemicals/rbapts_chem/Paraffins.html

• http://archive.greenpeace.org/toxics /downtozero/POPS/ospar-list.html

• www.lgc.co.uk/docgallery/261.pdf

 analysis method

• www.unece.org/env/documents/2003/eb/wg5/eb.air.wg.5.2003.3.e.pdf

o Page 9 contains specific persistence information.41 

# Appendix 44243444546474849Appendix 5Appendix IX of 40 CFR 264Groundwater Monitoring List currentlyapplicable in Washington State1Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Acenaphthene 83-32-9 Acenaphthylene, 1,2-dihydro- 8100827020010Acenaphthylene 208-96-8 Acenaphthylene 8100827020010Acetone 67-64-1 2-Propanone 8240 100Acetophenone 98-86-2 Ethanone, 1-phenyl- 8270 10Acetonitrile; Methyl cyanide 75-05-8 Acetonitrile 8015 1002-Acetylaminofluorene; 2-AAF53-96-3 Acetaminde, N-9H-fluoren-2-yl 8270 10Acrolein 107-02-8 2-Propenal 8030824055Acrylonitrile 107-13-12-Propenenitrile 8030824055Aldrin 309-00-2 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-(1α, 4α, 4aβ,5α, 8α, 8aβ808082700.0510Allyl chloride 107-05-1 1-Propene, 3-chloro- 8010824051004-Aminobiphenyl 92-67-1 [1,1’-Biphenyl]- 4-amine 8270 10Aniline 62-53-3 Benzenamine 8270 10Anthracene 120-12-7 Anthracene 8100827020010Antimony (Total) Antimony 6010704070413002,0003050Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Aramite 140-57-8 Sulfurous acid, 2-chloroethyl 2-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenoxy]-1-methylethyl ester8270 10Arsenic (Total) Arsenic 6010706070615001020Barium (Total) Barium 60107080201,000Benzene 71-43-2 Benzene 8020824025Benzo[a]anthracene;Benzanthracene56-55-3 Benz[a]anthracene 8100827020010Benzo[b]fluoranthene 205-99-2Benz[e]acephenanthrylene 8100827020010Benzo[k]fluoranthene 207-08-9 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 8100827020010Benzo[ghi]perylene 191-24-2 Benzo[ghi]perylene 8100827020010Benzo[a]pyrene 50-32-8 Benzo[a]pyrene 8100827020010Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 Benzenemethanol 8270 20Beryllium (Total) Beryllium 6010709070913502alpha-BHC 319-84-6 Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1α, 2α,3β, 4α, 5β, 6β)-808082500.0510beta-BHC 319-85-7 Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1α, 2β,3α, 4β, 5α, 6β)-808082500.0540delta-BHC 319-86-8 Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1α, 2α,3α, 4β, 5α, 6β)-808082500.130gamma-BHC; Lindane 58-89-9 Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1α, 2α,3β, 4α, 5α, 6β)-808082500.051051Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 111-91-1 Ethane, 1,1’-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis [2-chloro- 8270 10Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 111-44-4Ethane, 1,1’-oxybis[2-chloro- 8270 10Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether;2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether108-60-1 Propane, 2,2’-oxybis[1-chloro 8010827010010Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate117-81-7 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylicacid, Bis (2-ethylhexyl)ester806082702010Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 Methane, bromodichloro- 8010824015Bromoform; Tribromomethane 75-25-2 Methane, tribromo- 80108240254-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 101-55-3Benzene, 1-bromo-4-phenoxy- 8270 10Butyl benzyl phthalate; Benzylbutylphthalate85-68-7 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butylphenylmethyl ester80608270510Cadmium (Total) Cadmium 60107130713140501Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 Carbon disulfide 8240 5Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5Methane, tetrachloro- 8010824015Chlordane 57-74-9 4,7-Methano-1H-indene,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a- hexahydro808082500.110p-Chloroaniline 106-47-8 Benzenamine, 4-chloro- 8270 20Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 Benzene, chloro- 801080208240225Chlorobenzilate 510-15-6 Benzene acetic acid, 4-chloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-hydroxy-, ethyl ester,8270 1052Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6p-Chloro-m-cresol 59-50-7 Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl 80408270520Chloroethane; Ethyl chloride75-00-3 Ethane, chloro- 80108240510Chloroform 67-66-3 Methane, trichloro 801082400.552-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-7Naphthalene, 2-chloro- 8120827010102-Chlorophenol 95-57-8 Phenol, 2-chloro- 804082705104-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 7005-72-3Benzene, 1-chlor-4-phenoxy- 8270 10Chloroprene 126-99-8 1,3-Butadiene, 2-cloro- 80108240505Chromium (Total) Chromium 6010719071917050010Chrysene 218-01-9 Chrysene 8100827020010Cobalt (Total) Cobalt 6010720072017050010Copper (Total) Copper 6010721060200m-Cresol 108-39-4 Phenol, 3-methyl- 8270 10o-Cresol 95-48-7 Phenol, 2-methyl- 8270 10p-Cresol 106-44-5 Phenol, 4-methyl- 8270 10Cyanide 57-12-5 Cyanide 9010 402,4-D; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid94-75-7 Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- 8150 104,4 ‘-DDD 72-54-8 Benzene 1,1’-(2,2-dichloroethylidene) bis [4-chloro808082700.11053Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)64,4 ‘-DDE 72-55-9 Benzene 1,1’-(2,2-dichloroethenylidene) bis [4-chloro808082700.05104,4 ‘-DDT 50-29-3 Benzene 1,1’ -(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) bis [4-chloro808082700.110Diallate 2303-16-4 Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-(2,3-dichloro-2-propenyl) ester8270 10Dibenz[a,h] anthracene 53-70-3 Dibenz[a,h] anthracene 8100827020010Dibenzofuran 132-64-9Dibenzofuran 8270 10Dibromochloromethane;Chlorodibromomethane124-48-1 Methane, dibromochloro- 80108240151,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane;DBCP96-12-8 Propane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro- 8010824082701005101,2-Dibromoethane; Ethylenedibromide106-93-4 Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- 80108240105Di-n-butyl phthalate 84-74-2 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester 80608270510o-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 Benzene, 1,2-dichloro 8010802081208270251010m-Dichlorobenzene 541-73-1 Benzene, 1,3-dichloro 8010802081208270551010p-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 Benzene, 1,4-dichloro 80108020812082702515103,3 ‘-Dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 [1,1‘-Biphenyl]-4,4‘-diamine, 3,3‘-dichloro- 8270 2054Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 110-57-6 2-Butene, 1,4-dichloro-, (E)- 8240 5Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8Methane, dichlorodifluoro- 801082401051,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 Ethane, 1,1-dichloro- 80108240151,2-Dichloroethane; Ethylenedichloride107-06-2 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro 801082400.551,1-Dichloroethylene;Vinylidene chloride75-35-4 Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- 8010824015trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 156-60-5Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)- 80108240152,4-Dichlorophenol 120-83-2 Phenol, 2,4-dichloro- 804082705102,6-Dichlorophenol 87-65-0 Phenol, 2,6-dichloro- 8270 101,2-Dichloropropane 78-87-5Propane, 1,2-dichloro- 801082400.55cis-1,3-Dichloropropene10061-01-5 1-Propene, 1,3-dichloro-, (Z)- 80108240205trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 10061-02-6 1-Propene, 1,3-dichloro-, (E)- 8010824055Dieldrin 60-57-1 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth [2,3-b]oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro- 1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,(1aα,2β, 2aα,3β,6β,6aα,7β,7aα)-808082700.0510Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester 80608270510O,O-Diethyl O-2-pyrazinylphosphorothioate; Thionazin297-97-2 Phosphorothioic acid,O,O-diethyl O-pyrazinylester8270 10Dimethoate 60-51-5 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] ester8270 10p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 60-11-7 Benzenamine, N,N-dimethyl-4-(phenylazo)- 8270 1055Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)67,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene57-97-6 Benz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethyl- 8270 103,3’-Dimethylbenzidine 119-93-7 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 3,3’-dimethyl- 8270 10alpha, alphaDimethylphenethylamine122-09-8 Benzeneethanamine,α,α-dimethyl- 8270 102,4-Dimethylphenol 105-67-9Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- 80408270510Dimethyl phthalate 131-11-3 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester 80608270510m-Dinitrobenzene 99-65-0 Benzene, 1,3-dinitro- 8270 104,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1 Phenol, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitro- 80408270150102,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5Phenol, 2,4-dinitro- 80408270150502,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 Benzene, 1-methyl-2,4-dinitro- 809082700.2102,6-Dinitrotoluene 606-20-2 Benzene, 2-methyl-1,3-dinitro- 809082700.110Dinoseb; DNBP; 2-sec-Butyl4,6-dinitrophenol88-85-7 Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitro- 81508270110Di-n-octyl phthalate 117-84-0 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester 8060827030101,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 8015 150Diphenylamine 122-39-4 Benzenamine, N-phenyl- 8270 10Disulfoton 298-04-4 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]ester81408270210Endosulfan I 959-98-8 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin,6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide,(3α,5aβ,6α,9α,9aβ)-808082500.11056Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Endosulfan II 33213-65-9 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin,6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9ahexahydro-,3-oxide, (3α,5aα,6β,9β,9aα)-8080 0.05Endosulfan sulfate 1031-07-8 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin,6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9ahexahydro-, 3, 3-dioxide808082700.510Endrin 72-20-8 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2,3-b]oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,(1aα,2β,2aβ),3α,6α,6aβ,7β,7aα)-808082500.110Endrin aldehyde 7421-93-4 1,2,4-Methenocyclopenta[cd]pentalene-5-carboxaldehyde, 2,2a,3,3,4,7-hexachlorodecahydro-,(1α,2β,2aβ,4β,4aβ,5β,6aβ,6bβ,7R*)-808082700.210Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 Benzene, ethyl- 8020824025Ethyl methacrylate 97-63-2 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, ethyl ester 80158240827010510Ethyl methanesulfonate 62-50-0 Methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester 8270 10Famphur 52-85-7 Phosphorothioic acid, O-[4-[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl] phenyl]-O, Odimethyl ester8270 10Fluoranthene 206-44-0 Fluoranthene 8100827020010Fluorene 86-73-7 9H-Fluorene 8100827020010Heptachlor 76-44-8 4,7-Methano-1H-indene,1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro808082700.051057Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Heptachlor epoxide 1024-57-3 2,5-Methano-2H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene,2,3,4,5,6,7,7-Heptachloro-1a,1b,5,5a,6,6a,-hexahydro-,(1aα,1bβ,2α,5α,5aβ,6β,6aα)80808270110Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 Benzene, hexachloro- 812082700.510Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 1,3-Butadiene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexachloro- 81208270510Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5- hexachloro- 81208270510Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 Ethane, hexachloro- 812082700.510Hexachlorophene 70-30-4 Phenol, 2,2’-methylenebis[3,4,6-trichloro- 8270 10Hexachloropropene 1888-71-7 1-Propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3- hexachloro- 8270 102-Hexanone 591-78-6 2-Hexanone 8240 50Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 193-39-5 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 8100827020010Isobutyl alcohol 78-83-1 1-Propanol, 2-methyl- 8015 50Isodrin 465-73-6 1,4,5,8- Dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a hexahydro-(1α,4α,4aβ,5β,8β,8aβ)-8270 10Isophorone 78-59-1 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5- trimethyl- 809082706010Isosafrole 120-58-1 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(1-propenyl)- 8270 10Kepone 143-50-0 1,3,4-Metheno-2H-cyclobuta-[cd]pentalen-2-one,1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-decachlorooctahydro8270 10Lead (Total) Lead 601074207421401,00010Mercury (Total) Mercury 7470 258Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Methacrylonitrile 126-98-7 2-Propenenitrile, 2-methyl- 8015284055Methapyrilene 91-80-5 1,2,Ethanediamine, N,N-dimethyl-N’-2-pyridinyl-N’(2-thienylmethyl)-8270 10Methoxychlor 72-43-5 Benzene, 1,1’-(2,2,2,trichloroethylidene)bis[4-methoxy80808270210Methyl bromide;Bromomethane74-83-9 Methane, bromo- 801082402010Methyl chloride;Chloromethane74-87-3 Methane, chloro- 801082401103-Methylcholanthrene 56-49-5 Benz[j]aceanthrylene, 1,2-dihydro-3-methyl- 8270 10Methylene bromide;Dibromomethane74-95-3 Methane, dibromo- 80108240155Methylene chloride;Dichloromethane75-09-2 Methane, dichloro- 8010824055Methyl ethyl ketone;MEK 78-93-3 2-Butanone 8015824010100Methyl iodide; Iodomethane74-88-4 Methane, iodo- 80108240405Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester 8015824025Methyl methanesulfonate 66-27-3 Methanesulfonic acid, methyl ester 8270 102-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6Naphthalene, 2-methyl- 8270 10Methyl parathion; Parathionmethyl298-00-0 Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester814082700.5104-Methyl-2-pentanone; Methylisobutylketone108-10-1 2-Pentanone, 4-methyl- 80158240550Naphthalene 91-20-3 Naphthalene 810082702001059Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)61,4-Naphthoquinone 130-15-4 1,4-Naphthalenedione 8270 101-Naphthylamine 134-32-7 1-Naphthalenamine 8270 102-Naphthylamine 91-59-8 2-Naphthalenamine 8270 10Nickel (Total) Nickel 6010752050400o-Nitroaniline 88-74-4 Benzenamine, 2-nitro- 8270 50m-Nitroaniline 99-09-2 Benzenamine, 3-nitro- 8270 50p-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 Benzenamine, 4-nitro- 8270 50Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 Benzene, nitro- 809082704010o-Nitrophenol 88-75-5 Phenol, 2-nitro- 80408270510p-Nitrophenol 100-02-7 Phenol, 4-nitro- 8040827010504-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide 56-57-5 Quinoline, 4-nitro-, 1-oxide 8270 10N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine 924-16-3 1-Butanamine, N-butyl-N-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosodiethylamine 55-18-5 Ethanamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9 Methanamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 86-30-6 Benzenamine, N-nitroso-N-phenyl- 8270 10N-Nitrosodipropylamine; Di-npropylnitrosamine621-64-7 1-Propanamine, N-nitroso-N-propyl- 8270 10N-Nitrosomethylethylamine 10595-95-6 Ethanamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosomorpholine 59-89-2 Morpholine, 4-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosopiperidine 100-75-4 Piperidine, 1-nitroso- 8270 10N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 930-55-2 Pyrrolidine, 1-nitroso- 8270 105-Nitro-o-toluidine 99-55-8 Benzenamine, 2-methyl-5-nitro- 8270 10Parathion 56-38-2 Phosphorothioic acid,O,O-diethyl-O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester8270 10Polychlorinated biphenyls;PCBsSee Note 7 1,1’-Biphenyl,chloro derivatives 808082505010060Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins;PCDDsSee Note 8 Dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]dioxin, chloro derivatives 8280 0.01Polychlorinated dibenzofurans;PCDFsSee Note 9 Dibenzofuran, chloro derivatives 8280 0.01Pentachlorobenzene 608-93-5 Benzene, pentachloro- 8270 10Pentachloroethane 76-01-7Ethane, pentachloro- 82408270510Pentachloronitrobenzene 82-68-8 Benzene, pentachloronitro- 8270 10Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 Phenol, pentachloro- 80408270550Phenacetin 62-44-2 Acetamide, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl) 8270 10Phenanthrene 85-01-8 Phenanthrene 8100827020010Phenol 108-95-2 Phenol 80408270110p-Phenylenediamine 106-50-3 1,4-Benzenediamine 8270 10Phorate 298-02-2 Phosphorodithioic acid,O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylthio)methyl] ester814082702102-Picoline 109-06-8 Pyridine, 2-methyl- 82408270510Pronamide 23950-58-5 Benzamide,3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)-8270 10Propionitrile; Ethyl cyanide 107-12-0 Propanenitrile 80158240605Pyrene 129-00-0 Pyrene 8100827020010Pyridine 110-86-1 Pyridine 82408270510Safrole 94-59-7 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)- 8270 1061Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Selenium (Total) Selenium 6010774077417502020Silver (Total) Silver 6010776070100Silvex; 2,4,5-TP 93-72-1 Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)- 8150 2Styrene 100-42-5 Benzene, ethenyl- 8020824015Sulfide 18496-25-8 Sulfide 9030 10,0002,4,5-T; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid93-76-5 Acetic acid, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)- 8150 22,3,7,8-TCDD; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin1746-01-6 Dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro- 8280 0.0051,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 95-94-3 Benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachloro 8270 101,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 630-20-6Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro- 80108240551,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- 801082400.55Tetrachloroethylene;Perchloroethylene;Tetrachloroethene127-18-4 Ethene, tetrachloro- 801082400.552,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 58-90-2Phenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro- 8270 10Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate; Sulfotepp3689-24-5 Thiodiphosphoric acid ([(HO)2P(S)]2O),tetraethyl ester8270 10Thallium (Total) Thallium 6010784078414001,00010Tin (Total) Tin 7870 8,000Toluene 108-88-3 Benzene, methyl- 8020824025o-Toluidine 95-53-4 Benzenamine, 2-methyl- 8270 1062Common Name2CAS RN3Chemical abstracts service index name4Suggestedmethods5PQL (mg/L)6Toxaphene 8001-35-2 Toxaphene 808082502101,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 Benzene, 1,2,4-trichloro- 8270 101,1,1-Trichloroethane;Methylchloroform71-55-6 Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro- 8240 51,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro- 801082400.25Trichloroethylene;Trichloroethene79-01-6 Ethene, trichloro- 8010824015Trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4Methane, trichlorofluoro- 801082401052,4,5-Trichloropehenol 95-95-4Phenol, 2,4,5-trichloro 8270 102,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro- 804082705101,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro- 80108240105O,O,OTriethylphosphorothioate126-68-1 Phosphorothioic acid,O,O,O-triethyl ester 8270 10sym-Trinitrobenzene 99-35-4 Benzene, 1,3,5-trinitro- 8270 10Vanadium (Total) Vanadium 601079107911802,00040Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 Aceticacid, ethenyl ester 8240 5Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 Ethene, chloro- 80108240210Xylene (total) 1330-20-7 Benzene, dimethyl- 8020824055Zinc (Total) Zinc 60107950205063Appendix 5 Endnotes1. The regulatory requirementspertain only to the list of substances; the right hand columns (Methods and PQL) are given forinformationalpurposes only. See also footnotes 5 & 6.2. Common names are those widely used ingovernment regulations, scientific publications, and commerce; synonyms exist for manychemicals.3. Chemical Abstracts Service registry number. Where “Total” is entered, all speciesin the ground waterthat contain this element areincluded.4. CAS index names are those used in the 9thCumulative Index.5. Suggested methods refer toanalytical procedure numbers used in the EPA publication, SW-846, “TestMethods forEvaluating SolidWaste”, Third Edition. Analytical detailscan be found in SW-846 and in documentation on file atthe Agency. The packed column gaschromatography methods8010, 8020, 8030, 8040, 8060, 8080,8090, 8110, 8120,8140, 8150, 8240, and 8250 were promulgatedmethods through UpdateIIB of SW-846 and, as ofUpdate III, the Agency has replaced these methodswith “capillary column GCmethods,” as the suggested methods.6. Practical Quantitation Limits (PQLs) are the lowest concentrations of analytes in ground waters that can be reliably determined withinspecified limits of precision and accuracy by the indicated methods under routine laboratory operating conditions.The PQLs listed aregenerally stated to one significant figure.CAUTION: The PQL values in manycases are based only on ageneral estimate for themethod and not on a determinationfor individual compounds; PQLs are not a partof the regulation.7. Polychlorinated biphenyls (CASRN 1336-36-3); this category contains congenerchemicals, includingconstituents of Aroclor-1016(CAS RN 12674-11-2), Aroclor-1221 (CASRN 11104-28-2), Aroclor-1232(CAS RN 11141-16-5), Aroclor-1242 (CAS RN 53469-21-9), Aroclor-1248 (CAS RN12672-29-6), Aroclor-1254 (CAS RN 11097-69-1), and Aroclor-1260 (CAS RN 11096-82-5). The PQLshown is an average value for PCBcongeners.8. This category contains congener chemicals, including tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (see also2,3.7,8-TCDD),pentachlorodibenzo-pdioxins and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. The PQLshown is an average value for PCDD congeners.9. This category contains congener chemicals, including tetrachlordibenzofurans, petnachlorodibenzofurans, andhexachlorodibenzofurans.The PQL shown is an averagevalue for PCDF congeners.