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Ashland FWCO
 Midwest Region
 Dedicated To The Tribal Aquaculture ProgramJune
        2002-Volume 40
**Administrative
        Coordinator:
        Frank G. Stone 
        (715-682-6185) Ext.
        202
        U.S. Fish and
        Wildlife Service
        Email: 
        [email protected]**
      **Edited
        By:
        Elizabeth W. Greiff 
        (715-349-2195) Ext. 141
        St. Croix Tribal Nat. Res. Depart.
        Email:**

**[email protected]** Topics
Of Interest: Custom Built
Live Fish Transporting/Hauling TanksThe Engineering Behind Increased SedimentationBarley Straw, An Organic AlgaecideWater DegassingSegmented Packed ColumnsOzone GeneratorsUV SterilizationHeater Sizing GuideWater Control Structures and CulvertsAeration SystemsNettingList of Manufacturers This is the time of the year when the MTAN attempts to clean
our desktop of all the flyers
and articles that have begun to pile up. The MTAN wants to acknowledge Aquatic
Eco-Systems as well as numerous other vendors for the information that follows. Please excuse this menagerie of
topics, but sometimes thats just how we all work anyway. Custom
Built Live Fish Transporting/Hauling Tanks Jefferson Fiberglass, 1524 Mac Arthur Ave. Harvey, La 70058, Phone:(504) 347-6612, E-Mail Jefferson Fiberglass has been building fiberglass
products since 1966.  Information and pictures of their products are available on
their website.  Please contact them if you have any
questions.  Specific features from their newest live fish
hauling tanks include: Any size one, two, three, or four compartments.
  Turn key units, single drain or multiple.
  Insulated foam, wood core exterior, slide gate for quick discharging.
  Quick coupling kamlock fittings, on board oxygenation systems.
  12 VDC electrical wiring to pumps with pilot light and breaker 
    switches.
  Stainless steel lifting eyes and hardware.
  Oxygen flow meter and copper manifold.
  Mat-Combo fiberglass laminate, gelcoat finish interior and exterior.
  Five year warranty on structural frames and fiberglass
    work.
  Overflow with plugs, three way slope drain to valve.
  Any color and any shape, sight gauge connections,
    ship anywhere.   The Engineering Behind Increased Sedimentation Do whatever is possible to allow fish feces to drop intact into the waste
collection area with minimal damage. Minimize the use of pumps, aerators and air
diffusers wherever feces is present.
  Do not pump the waste prior to separation. Design for gravity flow (or siphon) into a sedimentation tank or basin. Splashing and turbulence can attach
air bubbles and break apart solids. Feces and food particles smaller than 40
microns may never settle.
  Here is a good sedimentation basin design: Wide inlet (to reduce
velocity), a surface area of .7 to 1.4 sq. ft. of basin per gpm flow, wide outlet weir (never a stand
pipe), no baffles (which increase velocities) and a simple waste drain. A depth
of just a few inches is enough for most designs.
  Be careful not to convert your solid waste into dissolved waste.
  If further filtration is required after sedimentation, pump the water to
an affinity bead clarifier or particulate filter.
  Clean both the settling area and filters at least once a day.   Barley
Straw, An Organic Algaecide Research through Aquatic Weeds Research Unit U.K. suggests barley straw
to be highly effective in the control of algae. How about that, an organic
approach to algae control. It takes six to eight weeks for barley straw to
become active after it is placed in moving water. After that, barley straw will
remain an active algaecide for approximately 6 months. Microbial growth, oxygen
and warm water temperatures activate the decomposition of the straw.  Barley straw decomposes slowly so its oxygen demand does not cause
problems unless an excessive amount of straw is used. Stagnant water will go
anaerobic inside the straw bundle killing the microbes.  How Much Barley Straw To Use? Barley straw is most effective in shallow (1 m) water with sunlight and good
circulation. Clear water means less straw is needed. However, with turbid, muddy
water, and less sunlight, more straw may be required to do the same job. Low
temperatures are less effective. Water surface area is used to calculate dosage. In still water ponds, the
minimum quantity of straw needed to control algae is 2.5 grams of straw per
square meter of water surface. In water with a severe algae problem, high first
treatments up to 50 g per m2 may be required. Start with small
quantities and monitor effects. Barley straw may be pre-started 
 in non-algae
problem areas with good oxygenated water flows. You can tie the straw in small bundles, make flat sheaves, or stuff it into
net bags. Weight or stake them to the bottom in an area with water movement.   Water Degassing Did you know that for every pound of oxygen consumed by fish, they exhale one
pound of carbon dioxide? Carbon dioxide can, therefore, cause a problem in
recirculating systems where aeration or agitation or some other form of
degassing is not done. This can be the case, for example, where pure oxygen is
used in place of aeration. Somewhere in the system, carbon dioxide must be
removed, or it can build up to dangerous levels. Dangerous to the fish, and to
you if you are in a closed building. Here are some numbers to keep in mind. Oxygen is about 20.9% of the air and, because it is only slightly soluble in
water, it becomes saturated at a level of about 9 ppm at 68F (200C).
Carbon dioxide is 0.033% of the air and is saturated in water at about .5 ppm
because it is much more soluble in water than oxygen. The comparative solubility
of these two gasses in blood is similar to that of water. Therefore, if there is
a lot of carbon dioxide in the water, there will also be a lot of carbon dioxide
in the fishs blood so they will be able to hold that much less dissolved
oxygen. If there is in excess of 5 ppm carbon dioxide in the water,
it is
significantly affecting the fishs ability to breathe oxygen. If you are conducting intensive aquaculture operations outdoors, a splash
aerator or aeration with air diffusers will drive off the carbon dioxide into
the air. If you are indoors in a closed building, very high levels of carbon
dioxide can accumulate in the air. Since carbon dioxide weighs almost twice as
much as air, it lays in the bottom of the portion of the indoor air space
similar to the "fog" generated from dry ice used for theatrical
purposes. It then has to be removed from the building, which requires air
ventilators. In the winter, air ventilators can remove a lot of heat along with
the CO2. We suggest that you strip CO2with a degassing column which is
ventilated to the outdoors. To keep from causing a negative pressure inside the
building, outdoor air could be drawn from the outside of the building directly
into the bottom of the degassing tower and forced up through the down flowing liquid then directed back outdoors separate from the inlet. In cold weather you
will have a significant cooling effect on the water because it is being degassed
through cold air. To save this energy, use of an air to air heat
exchanger.   Segmented Packed Columns Packed columns are often used for the purpose of adding oxygen or
removing nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide. In most areas of the
country, well water (ground water) needs both aeration and degassing. The packed
column is usually the best way to do it. Oxygen can be taken up to near
saturation levels as the undesirable gases are stripped out. Segmented packed columns are the result of extensive research and development 
by the Canadian Government. No energy input and no moving parts 
 give this
equipment it simplicity and low cost. Each segment is made of durable UV inhibited high density polyethylene for
out door use. It has been engineered and molded with a series of internal angles
to produce the ideal flow pattern to prevent wall channelization. Install the
proper number of segments to give the water quality you need. You can feed the
top segment as much as 150 gpm with excellent aeration and gas stripping
results. Each segment has a heavy bracket molded in which fits on to an optional
hanger. Snap the segments onto the beam and either hang it from the ceiling or
support it on the tank wall or to a post. The water to be treated is
"dumped" in the first segment and exits directly into your tank. Each
segment should be filled with .6 cubic feet of bio-media.  Outlet Water
    % Oxygen
    % NitrogenFrom Tap
    57
    110After 1st Segment
    76
    106After 2st  Segment
    84
    104After 3rd  Segment
    89
    103After 4th  Segment
    92
    102After 5th  Segment
    94
    101  Ozone Generators and the Aquaculture Industry How Ozone Generators Work Ozone is generated by passing air or oxygen through a reaction vessel, where
either an electric arc, corona discharge (CD), or an ultraviolet (UV) lamp
excites the oxygen. In this reaction oxygen molecules separate into atoms of
oxygen which then temporarily recombine with each other to form ozone. When
ozone oxidizes organics only one atom of oxygen is used, leaving one molecule of
oxygen. What could be better for aquaculture? Ozonization is highly effective in removing organics, pesticides, and color.
  It reverts back to oxygen quickly. Unlike chlorine, there are no
    detrimental residuals.
  It is produced on site, with no electricity near the water.
  It is economical and nonpolluting, when used correctly.
  It can be used as a sterilizer, before, during and after water is used for
    aquaculture.
  Ozonization also improves biological filtration and particulate filtration.
  It can remove the biological oxygen demand in the water.
  It oxidizes long chain molecules, which biofiltration cannot do. Basic Ozone Information Ozone is very unstable. It will revert back to oxygen within an hour, even
    if there are no organics for it to oxidize.
  Temperature, pressure and sheer cause it to revert back to oxygen. When
    ozone molecules collide, they recombine as oxygen, which is why it is
    virtually impossible to get ozone to the tank above 2% (by weight). If it is
    under pressure or goes a long distance in the air line, it will go down
    below 1%.
  Use dry air or oxygen to produce ozone. Humidity can reduce ozone
    production by 70%, form scale in the CD reactor, and produce nitric acid.
  To insure sterile (germ free) water for drinking or other purposes, there
    is nothing better than ozone. Ozone can also remove THMs, PCBs,
    and most other organics, including color.
  OSHA says that it is harmful to breath ozone above 0.1 ppm in the air.
    However, many companies are selling ozone generators for air purification
    that produce levels much higher than that. Most people can smell ozone above
    0.05 ppm. Vent off gas outdoors or into an ozone destruction device, such as
    a UV light or activated charcoal.  Different Types of Ozone Generators Ultraviolet lights with a specific ozone generating wave length are generally
used to produce the lower levels of ozone; that is the percent of ozone by
weight of the air or oxygen it was produced from. The slower the gas moves
through the reaction vessel, the higher the percent of ozone. The corona
discharge (CD) type of ozone generator uses an electric arc similar to sparks or
lightning to produce higher percentages of ozone by weight. A relatively small
CD reaction vessel can produce a relatively large volume of ozone. The greater
the percentage of ozone, the raster the oxidizing reactions take place.  Where To Use It Ozone can be used in a protein skimmer (foam fractionation device), where it
helps the process while the vessel allows capture of the off gas for venting or
ozone destruction. Ozone works very well in oxygen saturators for the same
reasons. Ozone can also be injected directly into degassing towers.  How Much To Use In a small home aquarium, 0.1 mg/L may be used. A sterilizing system for
drinking water may need 1 mg/L with a 10 minute contact time. In recirculating
aquaculture, with a high BOD and COD load, the ozone requirement can be more
than 20 mg/L. The dosage is hard to determine because aquaculture conditions are
always changing. We recommend the use of a side stream, wherein the water is
treated as much as possible with ozone before it is mixed back into the main
water body, or a redox controller. We strongly recommend the use of a redox
controller because it will self adjust to the changing conditions in
recirculating aquaculture.  How to Handle It Ozone is a very strong oxidizer and must be handled with special materials.
The best is stainless steel for tubing, valves, and other components. Sweetwater
air diffusers are made specifically for use with ozone. The second best material
is pure teflon, then Kynar, CPVC, and HDLPE, in that order. Be careful using
vinyl airtubing, as the ozone will leach out the potentially toxic plasticizer
(it will look like oil on the inside of the tubing).  Safety A good whiff of ozone will not kill you! If you smell ozone in the air in
your building, turn off the ozone generator and vent the air space.   UV Sterilization At  Aquatic Eco-Systems we hear from a lot of people who have UV sterilizers
and are still experiencing disease problems. This can almost always be traced
back to inadequate UV irradiation. Because it is so difficult to measure the
intensity of UV energy hitting your water, many UV buyers have improperly sized
their UV sterilizers by simply following the maximum gpm flow rate published for
15,000 mws. (Who said aquaculture was easy)? Be careful! You cannot compare UV Sterilizers by the watt ratings alone. That
would be like comparing cars by their engine size alone. The watt rating is just
the starting point for comparisons. The full amount of UV energy required to
kill a microorganism must hit the organism after it leaves the lamp, after it
leaves the quartz sleeve, after the lamp has aged, and after it has passed by
any turbidity and particulates that is blocking the light. Ultraviolet light can be very effective at eliminating viruses, bacteria,
algae and fungi. Since it is the intensity of light that is doing the killing,
we must know how much light energy to use and how much is reaching the target.
Just as some sunglasses reduce UV intensity, so does discolored water,
temperatures, turbidity, dirty quartz sleeves, and even some dissolved salts
such as sodium thiosulfate. Old run down lamps also affect the intensity. Even
lamp temperatures can reduce output when operated in cold water temperatures
(110 F give maximum UV output). To insure sterile water using UV light, you must first start with clear
water, have a lamp and flow rate that are sized to deliver the correct amount of
irradiation for the target organism. If a UV light is flow rated for 15,000 mws
and you want 30,000 you can either double the amount of lamps or reduce the flow
by half and so on for higher dosages. Be aware that some lamps age rapidly and the manufacturer probably states the
watts produced when the lamp is new. This wattage can be reduced by as much as
40% in as little as six months. We suggest that you further oversize your UV
sterilizer by at least 40% so that you can be sure you are getting the killing
power required when the lamp has aged. We suggest that you change lamps at six
month intervals.   Heater Sizing Guide If you are bringing water into your facility which must be heated, you can
use an electric heater for all or just a portion of your heating. For instance,
you may use warming ponds, solar or waste heat when available and use
thermostatically controlled electric heaters as the final temperature control.
To determine the approximate size heater to order, choose one of the three
categories.., then follow the calculation. 1. Flow Through System: A flow through system has cool water entering and warmer water leaving.
Determine the maximum gallons per minute that you expect to add. Determine the
greatest temperature difference you expect to have (subtracting the incoming
temperature from the desired temperature = temperature difference). 1000 watts (1 kw) will raise the temperature of 6 gallons of water (23
liters) one degree F per minute. Example: 6 gpm with a 100 F difference = 10kw. 2. Non-Flow Through Calculation: In a non-flowing system heat is only lost to the surrounding air. The
temperature difference between the air and the water is the biggest factor.
Also, the open area of the tank, the amount of agitation and the heat loss
through the tank walls should be considered. For every 90F difference you should have 4 watts per gallon (3.8
liters) of water. (With elevated non-insulated tanks with a large amount of
surface agitation you could require as much as 12 watts per gallon per 90F.
For small glass aquaria use 8 watts per gallon per 90F). 3. Temperature Raising Calculation: Cool water is used to fill tank and the water must be warmed before the fish
are added. Time will be a consideration. For every 1,000 gallons (3800 liters)
you will need 1,200 watts (1.2 kw) to raise the temperature 100F in
24 hours. Heater Sizing Its difficult to simplify something that is complicated but you can use
this quick reference chart to estimate the size of an electric heater. A tank
with 1000 gallons sits in a room that will stay around 600F and you
want the water temperature to be 870 F. If for every 90F
you need 4 watts per gallon then: deltaT= 270,
27 9 = 3, 3 x 4 watts =
12 watts per gal., 12 watts x 1000 gallons = 12,000 watts. Assumes one large
non-insulated uncovered fish tank plus one peripheral (such as a sand filter)
and a pump with no extreme water/air interface (such as a splash aerator or
degassing tower). Minimize heater size and power use by insulating and covering.   Wattage Needed
  Tank Size (Gal.)
  Temperature Difference (F)9
      13.5
      18
      22.5
      27250
      1000
      1500
      2000
      2500
      3000400
      1600
      2400
      3200
      4000
      4800550
      2200
      3300
      4400
      5500
      6600700
      2800
      4200
      5600
      7000
      8400850
      3400
      5100
      6800
      8500
      102001000
      4000
      6000
      8000
      10000
      12000
  

  Wisconsin Flowgate manufactures a complete line of aluminum and galvanized steel water control products, culverts and specialty items.
        Water Control Structures and
    Culverts
  
          
  Flowgate, Phone:  866-356-4283
    Wisconsin Flowgate manufactures a complete line of aluminum and galvanized steel
    water control products, culverts and specialty items.  A wide range of sizes, gauges, and configurations are available.  We
    design and build custom sizes to meet your requirements.  Stock sizes are
    on hand for immediate delivery.  Custom design and fabrication of aluminum
    water control systems to fit your requirements is our specialty. Full circle
    riser culverts can be designed to control the water levels in several ponds. 
    Water Control Structures Include: Flowgates Single & Double Log, Lift Gates,
    Full Circle Risers, Anti-Swirl Racks, Dual Purpose Slide Gates, Screens &
    Trash Racks, Gottschalk Valves, Security Covers, Anti-Seep Collars, Pump Adaptor
    Covers, Water Tight Gates, Fish Ladders. Screens are sized to fit the specific
    requirements for your application.
  

  
  Aeration Systems
  
  HydroMaxx, Phone:  414-418-2265
    A network of HydroMaxx aerators requires no site preparation. There is no
    rigid grid to install. In fact, you can engineer your own installation. Units
    are available from 25 to 400 gallons per minute and work in regular and
    irregular ponds with depths varying from 30" to 20*.
    In all cases the water is saturated with oxygen in a single pass through the
    aerator.
  
  Model # 25R
    This unit is a system designed to be used in a remote location where access to
    electrical power is cost prohibitive. The system consists of a solar array,
    and a 25 gallon per minute aerator with a submersible pump. The system is
    designed to operate 12 hours per day.
      Model # 50R 
        This unit is a system designed to be used in a remote location where access to
        electrical power is cost prohibitive. The system consists of a portable
        gasoline generator, a shoreline pump and a 50 gallon per minute aerator. The
        system is designed to operate continuously for a two week interval before
        requiring refueling.
      Model # 50S
        This 50 gallon per minute  unit is used for
        shallow ponds (2'-3) depth. The unit sits on the bottom of the pond. Pond
        depth can vary by 18" while the unit is operating and not affect
        performance.
  
  Netting
  Tenax Corporation,
    Phone:  515-424-0965
    Tenax bi-oriented nets, when laid over a tank or pond, offer effective
    protection from predatory birds. Lightweight, durable, and unaffected by weather
    and chemical agents, nets are also easy to install. Because the nets are
    non-toxic, they are safe to birds and fish, and they will not affect water
    quality. The use of tension wire is recommended when installing predator control
    nets for added support and can also be used on its own in a bird control grid
    system.
  Area System Specialist,
    Phone:  305-248-4205
    These nettings are made from rugged, durable, high density polyethylene and
    are available in flat sheet roll form. All are UV protected and will not rot or
    corrode. Excellent for temporary fencing, screening intake or exhaust water
    supplies or preventing floating material from entering an area.
  One Stop Shopping for
  "ALL" Your Aquaculture NeedsList of Manufacturers
  
    
  Name
          Area of Specialty
          Phone NumberAir-O-Lator
          Aeration systems
          800-821-3177Area
          Aeration, airlift pumping, water
            filtration/sterilization, liquid heating and chilling
          305-248-4205Argent Chemical
          Chemicals used in aquaculture
          425-885-3777Aquacenter
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          800-748-8921Aquatic
            Eco-Systems
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          407-886-3939Aqua
            Logic
          Water chillers
          619-292-4773AquaNet
          Netting material and supplies
          800-631-2234Clepco
          Water heating systems
          800-241-0412Custom Composites
          Fiberglass rearing and transport tanks
          715-449-2141Eagar
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          800-423-6249Forestry
            Supplies
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          800-360-7788Gemini Fiberglass Products
          Fiberglass rearing tanks
          303-278-0033Hanna
            Instruments
          Chemical measuring instruments
          800-504-2662Kasco Aerators
          Aeration systems
          715-262-4488Keeton Industries
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          970-493-4831KoiJoy
          Water pumps
          509-946-1356Masternet
          Extruded plastic netting
          800-216-2536Memphis Net & Twine
          Netting material and supplies
          800-238-6380Meridian
          AquaMats for higher stocking densities
          301-937-1240Midland Plastics
          Egg hatching jars
          414-938-7000Natchez Animal Supply
          Formalin-F used to control external parasites
            and fungi
          800-647-6760Pacific
            Ozone Technology
          Ozone water treatment
          925-634-7252Point Four
            Systems
          Multi channel monitoring and data logging
            system
          800-267-9936Polytank
          Fiberglass rearing and transport tanks
          800-328-7659Process
            Technology
          Heating and cooling products
          800-621-1998Pipeconnection.com
          Plastic piping
          800-262-4300Reiff Manufacturing
          Fiberglass rearing and transport tanks
          509-525-1081Sequal
          Oxygen generator
          800-826-4610Southern Aquaculture Supply
          Complete line of aquaculture products
          800-850-7274Valterra Products
          Plastic gate valves
          818-898-1671Yunker
            Plastics
          Pond liners
          800-236-3328WMT
          Micro oxygen diffusers and oxygen injection
            systems
          877-755-0026
  **Return
    to MTAN selection pageReturn to Ashland FWCO home pageReturn to Region 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service**
  
  Product and company
        names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only.
        It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government.
 
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