I ' forest survey release 19 

may . 1956 

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-i 

. ' 
Acknowledgment 

The Central States Forest Experiment Station of the United States Forest Service, 

U.S.D.A., at Columbus, Ohio, was directly responsible for the forest survey of Ohio. 

Field work for the survey was done during the period August 195'1 to September 

195' 3. From initial planning to final compilation the following people made contribu• 

tions to the survey at one time or another : 

Supervision and planning-R. K. Winters, R. N . Cunningham, J. T. Morgan. 

Photo interpretation-K. E. Moessner, C. E. Jensen, P. L. Thornton. 

Field wori{-M. E. Becker, K. L. Quigley, P. L. Thornton, R. A. Whitmore, W. B. 

Metcalf, J. D. Burton, A. R. Eschner, R. A. Harmon, E. F. Youngblood, W. R. 

Anderson, R. Hicks, E. F. Van Ohlsen, J. H. Richardson, I. Wade, K. Ching, J. 

Watson, A. Steelman, C. Nashland, W . D. Giffen, G. Kennedy, R. Moore, A. C. 

Morley, F. F. Staat, ]. R. Seward. 

Statistical computations- C . E. Jensen, L. F. Compton, M. K. Peirsol. 

In addition, the Station is grateful for the assistance received from the following 

organizations: Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry, 0 .. A. 

Alderman, State Forester; Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of 

Forestry, 0 . D. Diller, Chairman; Baker Wood Preserving Company, McArthur, Ohio; 

and the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest. 
Ohio "'s Forests 

and 

Wood--Using Industries 

by 

0. KEITH HuTCHISON, Forest Economist 

Central States Forest Experiment Station 

and 

]AMES T. MoRGAN , Forester 

Lake States Forest Experiment Station 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • FOREST SERVICE 

~ ---------------------------------------------------------------* FOREST SURVEY RELEASE NO. 19 Centra! States Forest Experiment Station MAY, 195'6 
Preface 

--------------------------------------------------------------~ 

T HIS REPORT presents the results of a survey of the forests in Ohio, as a 

part of the national survey of forest resources. The purpose of this survey is: 

( 1) to make a field inventory of the present supply of standing timber, ( 2) to find 

out how fast this supply is being increased through growth, ( 3) to find out how 

much it is being diminished through industrial and domestic uses, fire, insects, disease, and other causes, ( 4) to determine the present consumption of forest products, and ( 5) to interpret and correlate these findings to aid in the formulation 

of private and public forest policies. 

The estimates of forest area, timber volume, and growth reported here are 

higher than previous estimates indicated. Moreover, the statistics that follow show 

that Ohio timber stands are now growing faster than they are being cut. 

The differences are partly due to inclusion of more lightly forested areas in the 

recent survey. Standards of merchantability have changed to include material that 

would not have been harvested 10 or 15 years ago . The differences also reflect the 

tree planting and the actual increase in timber volume during the period. Because 

of the changing standards this increase cannot be accurately measured. 
The background __________ --··- _ 

The hill country . ·- ---- ____ ...... 

The glaciated region 

The forest land . 

Ownership 

Timber types . 

Stocking 

Site quality 

Timber volume 

Sawtimber 

By species 

By diameter class 

By stand-size class 

By log quality 

Cubic-foot volume 

Timber growth and mortality . 

Sawtimber growth ... ............ _ ........ .. 

Growing-stock growth 

Mortality and its causes . 

Timber cutting 

Sawtimber cut ..... _______________ _ , .. 

Growing-stock cut 

Trends in timber volume _ 

Timber use and harvest 

The lumber industry 

The veneer industry 

The cooperage industry 

The handle industry 

The pulpwood industry 

Other uses for wood 

CONTENTS 

Page 

2 

4 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

11 

12 

13 

14 

14 

16 

16 

17 

17 

17 

18 

18 

W ood used in manufacturing ........ 

Significance of the survey picture 

Literature cited 

Appendix 

Forest survey procedure 

Area estimates 

Volume estimates 

Cull estimates .. _____________ __ ....... 

Growth estimates 

Timber-cut estimates 

Accuracy of estimates 

Explanation of terms used 

Forest land classes 

Forest types 

Tree classes 

Volumes 

Stocking 

Site 

Stand-size classes 

Diameter measurement and classes 

H ardwood log grades 

Growth 

Mortality 

Timber cut 

Tree species _ 

Softwoods 

H ardwoods 

Supplementary tables 

Standard summary tables . 

Page 

18 

20 

24 

25 

25 

25 

25 

2) 

26 

26 

26 

27 

27 

27 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

2) 

29 

29 

29 

29 

30 

30 

30 

31 

38 
PEI'ICENT FOREST 

c:=J 0-191 

c=:J ~0-39 

ll\'if!:,.,;;WN Ji}0-~9 

~ 6\0-79 

0 HI 0 

FIGURE 1-'fhe two geographic regions of Ohio and the percent of for est land by county. 
The Background ~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ 

The pioneer settlers arriving at M arietta, Ohio in 

1 7 88 found 9 5 percent of the land in forest ( 1), hea vi! y 

stocked with choice hardwood timber. But the settlers 

were farmers and the forests had to be cleared for cropland. Throughout the 19th century and well into the 

20th, farmers hacked away at the woods until forest 

area reached its low ebb. 

Almost from the beginning, the process began reversing itself. As the people along the Ohio River 

moved to the more productive land to the north, cleared 

fields reverted to forest. Iron smelting boomed, then 

declined, leaving areas cut for charcoal wood to return 

to tree cover. In the 1900's, as the conservation movement gained force, changing farm practices combined 

with tree planting and the beginnings of forest management began to restore some of the forest resources that 

had been removed. This change is still going on. W e 

have no records to show the dip and rise of Ohio's forest 

resources, but the survey reported here shows that the 

• volume of wood growing in Ohio is increasing. But 

• before getting into a discussion of the forests, let's take 

a look at the background- the land and its resourcesand see how forests and fo restry fit into the general 

picture. 

Geographically, Ohio is divided into two broad 

regions, separated by a line marking the southermost 

advance of glacial ice (fig. 1) . 

The unglaciated region, occupying the w utheastern 

one-third of the State, is hilly, almost rugged in places, 

and contains most of the State's forest land ; t the northern and western two-thirds of the State is glaciated land 

-rolling farming country, sparsely peppered with small 

woodlands. · 

The Hill Country 

The Hill Country is probably best known for its 

mineral deposits, ceramic industries, its old iron furnaces 

(fig. 2), Indi an mounds, and many recrea tion areas. It 

contains part of the Wayne-H oosier N ational Forest; 

the Shawnee, Zaleski, Tar H ollow, and several other 

State forests; and most of the Muskingum Conservancy 

District. The residual soils of this region, derived from 

t lfor definitions o f fore st survey terms used in this report 

see page 27. 

limestone, sandstone, and shale, are fairly rich agriculturally and are cultivated wherever the land is level 

enough. Successful farming, however, is mostly retricted to the fl at ridgetops and valley floors. Underlying both farmed and timbered areas are deposits of 

coal, clay, limestone, sandstone, and some oil and gas. 

FIGURE 2 - T ypical old iron smelter. Large areas were clearcu t around the middle of the ! 9tlt century to furnish 

charcoal for these furnaces. 

Much of the coal can be strip-mined, which creates 

problems in restoring cover to the land (fig. 3) . Iron 

ore was mined during the 19th century but now only a 

few reli c furnaces remain as reminders of this early iw 

dustry. The furnaces were operated with charcoal made 

from surrounding timber. The areas cut for charcoal 

are now covered by stands that are even-aged and of 

sprout origin. These stands are of interest to foresters 

because they indicate what to expect when hardwood 

stands are clear-cut. 

Although agriculture and mineral industries are the 

backbone of the economy in the Hill Country, the 

forests contribute in many ways and are becoming more 

and more important. Hundreds of sawmills operate in 

this region and several paper mills get part of their 
pulpwood supply here. Because of the rough topography, forest and soil conservation activities are important in the lives of the people. Thus we find old fields 

being restored to new productivity by planting trees, 

dams being built to control water, and forests be;ng 

developed around the new lakes for water-runoff and 

erosion control and to provide attractive recreation 

areas and a stable resource for new industries. 

The Glaciated Region 

The Glaciated Region coincides generally with what 

is commonly known as the Ohio Cornbelt and the Dairy 

Region. This includes a large share of the State's level 

to rolling glaciated land. Farming and manufacturing 

are the main activities. Forests are largely confined to 

"back forties" and the banks of streams-places that 

are too rough or too wet to farm or that the owner has 

2 

FIGURE 3- Strip -m i ning 

comp letely de stroys plant 

cover on the affected land. 

H owever, m ost such areas 

are reclaimed by planting 

trees. 

not got around to clearing (fig. 4). Heavy woodland 

grazing, harmful to the forests, is commonly practiced. 

Although markets exist in this region for high-quality 

logs, a certain amount of mature timber is kept from 

the market because it is in small lots or because of the 

owner's indifference or his desire to keep the trees. 

In northeastern Ohio the topography becomes rougher 

from west to east, culminating in the Allegheney foothills. The tree species here are more typical of the 

northern forests and the stands often occur in deep 

gorges and on swampy uplands. The forests of this 

area are best known as a source of maple syrup. M aple 

products are a traditional and lucrative sideline on 

many farms (fig. 5). Management favors the larger 

trees as the best sap producers at the expense of younger 

growing stock, with the result that many stands contain no reserve stocking for the future. 
t FIGURE 4- Forests in the Glaciated Region are scatter ed in small patches. (Courtesy of Ohio Division of Forestry . ) 

FIGURE 5 - Boiling maple 

sap to ma~ e syrup at a small operation in north- eastern Ohio. In 1949 

Ohio produced maple syrup and sugar worth one-- half million dollars. (Courtes y of Ohio Division of 

Forestry. ) 

3 
The Forest Land 

4*------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ohio has 5,396,000 acres of commercial forest land. 

In addition there are 50,000 acres of productive forest 

land reserved from timber cutting and therefore classed 

as noncommercial. Although the H ill Country covers 

less than one-third of the total land area, it has most 

of the State's forest land. The larger, G laciated Region 

contains only two-fifths of the forest land. 

Less than half of the commercial forest land is classed 

as saw timber ~s nds that contain at least 1, 500 boardfeet per acre. The rest is in stands dominated by trees 

less than 10 inches in diameter. About 1.6 million 

acres are in large sawtimber, that is, stands with at 

least half their board-foot volume in trees 15 inches in 

diameter (measure at breast height, 4yz feet above the 

ground) or larger. Many of the trees in these large 

sawtimber st;mds are mature and contain high-quality 

logs. However, 60 percent of the large sawtimber 

volume is in the G laciated Region where the forest 

areas are scattered and small, making it difficult to 

market timber economically (fig. 6) . 

Ownership 

Treatment of forest land is determined to a large 

extent by type and size of ownership. For the most 

part, public forest holdings in Ohio are in large enough 

tracts to furnish commercially important amounts of 

wood in individual sales. The portion of the WayneHoosier National Forest located in the Hill Country of 

Ohio contains 88,000 acres of forest land. The State 

of Ohio owns 169,000 acres of forest land, most of 

which is in the Hill Country in State forests. County, 

municipal, and other local governments own about 

40,000 acres of forest land scattered throughout the 

State. 

N inety-five percent of the commercial forest land is 

privately owned (fig. 7). Farmers own about 3 million 

acres and coal, lumber, industrial, and other private 

owners own about 2 million. 

In the 1950 Census of Agriculture, more than 

119,000 farms reported owning woodland (8). The 

average woodland area per farm was 26 acres but most 

of the farms had less than this (table 1) . The small 

size is a deterrent to management as a commercial enterprise. Small tracts are adequate, however, for supplying 

the farmer with lumber, posts, poles, fuelwood, and 

other usable products. Currently only a few farm woodland owners are using their forest land to good advantage. 

Large Sawtimber Stands FIGURE 6 -Forest area by 

geographic reg i on and 

stand-size. 

Small Sawtimber Stands 

Poletimber Stands 

Seedling a Sapling Stands 

4 
FIGURE 7 - Ownership of commercia! forest land. 

fiGURE 8 - Forest area by 

forest type and region. 

... -t.oOAI<-

HICilORY 

TABLE 1- }{umber of farms with woodla11d by farm sizel, 

Ohio 

Woodland Farm s ize F~trm s Wood lan d pa b rm 

acres nu111ber acres acres 

Less than 10 1,386 4,032 2.9 

10 ' 29 7,241 53,285 7.4 

30' 49 9,093 107,655 11.8 

50' 69 11 ,132 160,780 14.4 

70' 99 22,689 383,249 16.9 

100 ' 139 24,313 538,697 22.2 

140' 179 17,652 495,996 28.1 

180 ' 219 9,534 329,107 34.5 

220' 259 5,936 252,380 42.5 

260' 499 8,665 512,509 ' 59.1 

500' 999 I ,3 19 170,133 129.0 

1000 plus 161 51,862 3 22.1 

Total 11 9,12 1 3,059,685 25.7 

l Compiled from 1950 Census of Agriculture. 

Forest Ty pes 

The forest survey classified the forest land in the 

Central States into 8 different forest types, according 

to the species that were growing in a particular stand 

at the time of survey and regardless of how the composition had been influenced by artificial or catastrophic 

means (fig. 8). These types show the interrelationship 

of species such as oak-hickory, elm-ash-cottonwood, and 

so on. 

~'~JILL COUINTRV 

c:J GLACIATED REGION 

EW- ASH- I!IAPL£- B£EC:H- SHORT\.EAF 

COTTONWOOD 8IFICH PINE CYPRESe 

fOREST TYPES 

5 
Oa~ hic~or y - In general this large and important 

type is found on upland sites and on less fertile soils 

than most of the other types (fig. 9). It includes several 

subtypes or associated types that are minor in area 

though not in importance. T wo such are the white oak 

and yellow-poplar types. 

FIGURE 9- Much of the area cleared fo r charcoal for the 

iron smelt ers grew ba c~ into forests !il\e this one. M ost of 

the trees developed from sprouts and many of them are 

defective. 

Elm-ash-cottonwood - This type is found primarily 

along streams and on poorly drained flats. M ore than 

900,000 acres of this type are found in the Glaciated 

Region. American elm and green ash are the predominant species. Cottonwoods, soft maples, sycamore, 

and swamp white oak occur commonly as associates. 

Maple -beech-birch- There is very little yellow birch 

in Ohio but some commercially important stands of 

sugar maple and beech are found, especially in the 

northeast (fig. 10). Sugar maple is the chief component 

of the type and the maple syrup industry is prominent 

in this area . In many places this type has developed 

into a residual stand of nearly pure suga r maple as the 

6 

associated species were cut and the sugar maple trees 

were maintained for "sugar bush ." 

Shortleaf pine and oa~-pine The shortleaf pine type 

is found only in the Hill Country as is most of the oakpine type. These types occur mainly on dry ridgetops 

and the important pines in the types are shortleaf and 

Virginia. The pine types are increasing in importance 

in Ohio because so much pine is being planted each 

year and also because preliminary investigations indicate that it is feasible and probably profitable to convert dry ridgetops of the Hill Country from the present 

poor oak stands to natural stands of shortleaf pine. 

Oal~ -gum, white-red pine, and aspen-birch- The oakgum type is made up largely of pin-oak flats found in 

southwestern Ohio on poorl y drained sites. The whitered pine type is made up almost entirely of plantations, 

and the aspen-birch type is mostl y aspen found growing along the streams of the Hill Country. 

Stocking 

The forests of Ohio are gener;tlly understocked-that 

is, they are not growi ng nearly as much timber as they 

are capable of. 

Research has not yet determi ned how much volume 

stands in Ohio must have under various conditions to 

obtain maximum yield. However, some of the better 

stands in the State can serve as examples of stocking 

goals we might aim for until better information is 

available. W ell-stocked sawtimber stands sampled in 

the Glaciated Region averaged 8,900 board-feet as compared with about 2,600 board-feet for the average sawtimber stand. 

One of the things that influences stocking is graz.ing. 

As commonly practiced in hardwood forests, livestock 

graz.ing decreases timl::er growth by killing tree reproduction. Cull is increased in the surviving trees, roots 

are exposed to trampling, and the soil becomes compacted thereby increasing water runoff, and destroying ground litter and humus (fig. 11). The degree of 

damage of course depends upon the intensity of graz.ing. 

The forest survey found that 10 percent of all forest 

land is being heavily graz;ed-graz.ed to such a degree 

that if continued the forest cover will eventually be 

eliminated. Destructive woodland graz.ing is more 

prevalent in the Glaciated Region where sm<1.ll , fenced 

farm woodlands predominate and livestock production 

is an important industry. H ere 16 percent of the forest 

land is heavily grazed. 
FI GURE 10 - A st and of 

maple and beech in northeastern Ohio. The maple is 

being tapped for sap; beech 

is an unwanted species in 

the stand . (Courtesy of 

Ohio Division of Forestry .) 

• FIGU RE 11 - Notice the lac/{ of seedlin gs and small trees in 

• the heavily grazed woods. (Courtesy of Ohio Division of 

Forestry.) 

Site Quality 

The ability of forest land to produce timber is called 

"site quality." This ability is influenced by such things 

as soil, topography, climate, elevation, and exposure. It 

is expressed as the number of logs a mature, dominant 

tree would yield on a given site. About 1 percent of the 

forest area of Ohio is capable of producing hardwood 

trees averaging four 16-foot logs: About 40 percent is 

capable of producing 3-log trees; 57 percent of the area 

can produce trees averaging two logs; and about 2 percent will average only one log. Apparently the best 

growing sites are in the Glaciated Region, which has 54 

percent of the 3-log and 74 percent of the 4-log producmg area. 

These site classifications are conservative because the 

dominant trees now growing in the area were used as 

site indicators. Are<1.s that h<1.d been cut <1. number of 

times have nothing left but the shorter, more poorly 

formed trees. With better management, these areas can 

produce better trees than they do now. On the other 

hand, use of land for cultivated crops before returning 

it to timber, repeated burning, and grazing may have 

resulted in poorer site conditions now than existed in 

the virgin forest. 

7 
Timber Volume 

*?-----------------------------------------------------------------

Sawtimber 

Ohio has 14.4 billion' board,feet of sawtimber. This 

is an average of more than 2,600 board,feet per acrealmost as much as found in any State of the Central 

States Region. However, it is only one,third to one,half 

as much volume as the land would support with inten · 

sive management and protection. 

Ninety,eight percent of the sawlog volume is in 

hardwood species but many softwood plantations are 

just reaching sawtimber size, and will increase greatly 

in board,foot volume during the next few years. More 

pine and other softwoods are being planted every year. 

In the Glaciated Region, farms and industries pro· 

vide enough work and income so that few people de, 

pend upon the forest for their livelihood. Conse, 

quently the stands are not cut as often as those in the 

Hill Country, which average nearly one thous:md board· 

feet per acre less than those in the Glaciated Region. 

By Species 

Thirty,eight percent of the sawtimber is oak, chiefly 

white oak, northern red oak, and black oak. Soft hard· 

woods-elm, yellow,poplar, soft maple, sycamore, 

cottonwood, gum, and others- make up more than 2 'i 

percent of the sawtimber volume. Hickory, ash, hard 

maple, and beech comprise another 2 5 percent, and 

miscellaneous species account for the remainder. 

Climate and site have greatly influenced present 

species distribution. For example, 95 percent of the 

pine and chestnut oak is found in the Hill Country. 

Both of these species predominate on the poorer sites, 

usually dry upland areas. Most of the yellow,poplar is 

found in the Hill Country where it reaches its best 

growth in the moist cove sites. Species that predominate 

in the Glaciated Region include cottonwood, American 

elm, ash, sugar maple, and sycamore. 

Cutting practices have also influenced stand com· 

position. Sugar maple predominates in many stands of 

northeastern Ohio because it is so often saved for sap 

production. 

Steel mills of the Mahoning Valley provide a ready 

market for car blocking-short timbers used to hold 

heavy steel pieces on railroad cars. While this market 

gives the sawmill operator a profit from cutting pole· 

timber trees-trees that would not be cut as sawlogs 

8 

elsewhere in the State-the result is that nuny stands 

are nearly clear,cut. In other areas of the Glaciated 

Region, American elm often predominates because it 

was not wanted during past harvesting operations. 

Throughout the State beech is often more prevalent 

today than it was in the past because it was not wanted 

by early loggers. 

By Diameter Class 

Thirty,eight percent of the board,foot volume is in 

sawtimber trees 14 inches in diameter or smaller. Gen· 

erally, it will pay the owner to save the thrifty, well, 

formed trees in these small size classes to grow a future 

..:rop of high,quality logs. Twenty,eight percent of the 

sawtimber volume is in the 16-and, 18,inch,diameter 

trees- trees that have just reached the minimum 

diameter required by some users of quality logs and are 

now adding quality growth. In fact, the annual diameter 

growth of these trees is usually greater than for smaller 

trees of the same species. The remaining 34 percent of 

the sawtimber volume, nearly 5 billion board,feet, is 

in the 20-inch,and,larger diameter classes. These trees 

are mature or reaching maturity and are generally ready 

for cutting. More than 60 percent of the \·olume of 

these large trees is in the Glaciated Region (fig. 12). 

By Stand-size Class 

N early 90 percent of the board-foot volume is in saw, 

timber stands. Large sawtimber stands, those that have 

at least half of the volume in trees 15 inches d.b.h. and 

larger, have 63 percent of the board,foot volume (fig. 

13). These stands average about 6,000 board-feet in 

the Glaciated Region of Ohio and 5,400 board,feet in 

the Hill Country. 

About 26 percent of the board-foot volume is in 

small sawtimber stands. Ten percent is in poletimber 

stands, and only 1 percent is in other stand-size classes. 

Small sawtimber stands average 3,444 board-feet per 

acre, while poletimber stands average 694 board-feet, 

and seedling and sapling, and nonstocked stands average 

155 and 283 board,feet per acre, respectively. 

Nearly 2 million acres of forest land support less 

than 5 00 board, feet per acre (fig. 14). Another 2 

million acres support 2,000 or more board,feet per 

acre. Some 850 thousand acres support 5,000 board 

feet or more per acre. M ost of the sawtimber volume 

occurs in stands heavy enough to be cut at a profit. 

') 

) 
I 

• 

Tree- Diameter Closs 

(inches) 

28 + 

FIGURE 12 - Distribution 

of sawtimber volume bv 

geographic region and treediameter class. 

By Log Quality 

Although Ohio produces some excellent hardwood 

timber, only 20 percent of the entire sawtimber volume 

is in the high-quality, grade 1 and 2 logs, which are in 

greatest demand for production of factory grades of 

lumber, veneer, cooperage, and so on. Eighty percent 

of the hardwood sawtimber volume is in grade 3 logs. 

These logs are generally cut into railroad ties, timbers, 

or local-use lumber. Such logs yield only about 20 per· 

cent of their volume m number 1 common or better 

lumber. 

Past cutting practices, fire, and grazing are mainly 

responsible for the present low quality of the trees. Size 

is also important in determining tree quality. That is, 

24-26 

20-22 

16- 18 

12-14 

trees 14 inches d.b.h. and smaller generally do not contain any high-quality volume because the logs are too 

small. High-quality logs generally come from good 

sites where growth is rapid, from fairly dense stands 

where straight stems and self pruning normally occur, 

and from stands that have not been damaged by grazing 

and repeated burning. 

More than 75 percent of the high-quality volume 

now is in trees 18 inches d.b.h. and larger. Red and 

white oaks combined account for 36 percent of the 

high-quality volume. The Glaciated Region of Ohio 

has 56 percent of the high-quality volume and 56 percent of the volume in large sawtimber trees, indicating 

the relationship between log quality and tree size. 

Small Sawtimber 

Po!etimber stands 

and Other 

FIGURE 13 -Sawtimber vol• ume by geographic regwn 

and stand-size class. 

9 
VOLUME PER ACRE 

(boord- fe et) 

5000- 9999 

3000 - 4999 

2000 - 2999 

1000 -1 999 

50 0 - 999 

less than:;. 

500 ,_,' '. 

500 500 1000 

Thousand Acres 

FIGURE 14 - Forest area by geographic region and volumeper-acre class. 

Trees in the 12- and 14-inch diameter classes account 

for only 6 percent of the high-quality volume. Many 

of these 12- and 14-inch trees will improve in quality 

as they grow larger. 

However, nearly 40 percent of the low-quality 

volume is in trees 18 inches d.b.h. and larger. Most of 

these trees will never improve in quality. It would be 

good management to cut these large, low-quality trees 

as soon as possible to increase the growth of the smaller, 

potentially high-quality trees. 

Not included in the low-quality volume but certainly 

contributing to the low quality of stands is the large 

volume in cull trees (sawtimber trees were considered 

culls unless they were at least 50 percent sound ; cull 

poles were those of such poor form and condition that 

they were not likely to grow into a merchantable sawtimber tree) . The stands average 18 cull poletimber 

and sawtimber trees per acre. About 1 of every 6 sawtimber-size trees is a cull. A lthough cull trees are not 

considered merchantable, they are estimated to contain 

438 million cubic feet of sound wood- about 81 cubic 

feet per forest acre. This wood is suitable for some 

uses, but the cost of harvesting it is usually too great 

to make it profitable. 

Cubic-Foot Volume 

All trees 5 inches d.b.h. and larger that are of good 

form, at least 50 percent sound, and of commercial 

species, are called "growing stock." The volume is 

10 

measured in the central stem from the stump to a 

minimum top diameter of 4 inches inside the bark. 

The total volume of growing stock is 3.9 billion cubic 

feet- 72 2 cubic feet per acre. 

The large sawtimber stands average about 1,200 

cubic feet per acre and have 49 percent of the growingstock volume. The small sawtimber stands average 

1,000 cubic feet per acre with 2 9 percent of the growing stock. Poletimber stands average 405 cubic feet per 

acre and have 21 percent of the growing stock, leaving 

only 1 percent in the seedling and sapling and nonstocked stands. 

Nearly 35 percent of the growing-stock volume is in 

poletimber trees. Twenty-six percent is small sawtimber, that is, trees 12 and 14 inches d.b.h. Eighteen 

percent is in 16- and 1 8-inch sawtimber and the remaining 21 percent is in trees 20 inches and larger in 

diameter. To obtain maximum growth, a larger percentage of the growing-stock volume is needed in 16-

and 18-inch trees (fig. 1 5). 

Including limbs and cull trees as well as the merchantable stems that are considered growing stock, the 

stands average about 971 cubic feet or about 15 cords 

of sound wood per acre in trees 5 inches and larger in 

diameter. Limbs alone average 168 cubic feet, about 

2 Yz cords per acre. Cull trees without their limbs add 

more than one cord of sound wood per acre. 

FIGURE 1 'i - Distribution of growing stoc~ volume by tree· 

diameter ( d.b.h.) class. 

;?(),-------------- - -------. 
Timber Growth and Mortality 

~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ~ 

Sawtimber Growth 

The net growth of sawtimber in 1952 was 807 million 

board-feet. Seventy percent was growth on trees 

already of sawtimber size, 30 percent was "ingrowth." 

Ingrowth is the total board-foot volume of trees that 

grew to sawtimber size during the year. The net 

growth amounted to 5.6 percent of the sawtimber 

volume. 

The tot<d sawtimber growth distributed over the 

total forest :~.rea would amount to only 149 board-feet 

per acre. However, most of the sawtimber growth is in 

sawtimber s t:~. nds which grow more than 200 boardfeet per acre per year (fig. 16) . 

Growth per acre is slightly higher in the Glaciated 

Region of Ohio than in the Hill Country because of 

slightly better stocking conditions. In all parts of Ohio, 

sawtimber growth could be doubled by more intensive 

management. More high-quality logs could be obtained 

by growing more trees to a diameter of 16 inches and 

larger before cutting. Better protection from fire and 

grazing would help improve the stocking of seedlings 

and saplings and poletimber. Mortality could be reduced and the growth rate increased by removing defective and slow-growing trees. 

Growing better timber is as important as growing 

more timber. Not more than 20 percent of the net 

FI GURE 16-Growth in 

board-feet, by stand size. 

board-foot growth is now in high-quality logs. In wellmanaged stands, probably as much as 30 to 40 percent 

of the sawtimber growth would be in high-quality logs. 

While total volume of sawtimber growth could probably be doubled by practicing better forestry, the value 

might be tripled or quadrupled by increasing the percentage of high-quality sawtimber. 

Growing-Stock Growth 

The net growth of the growing stock in 195 2 was 

204 million cubic feet. This amounts to about 38 cubic 

feet per acre. With better stocking and better management the stands probably could be made to grow as 

much as 60 to 80 cubic feet per acre annually. 

Growth of saplings to poletimber size accounted for 

about 8 percent of the cubic-foot growth. Trees in the 

6-, 8-, and 10-inch diameter classes accounted for 53 

percent of the cubic-foot growth, although these trees 

make up onl y 34 percent of the growing-stock volume. 

Sawtimber trees, containing 66 percent of the growingstock volume, accounted for 39 percent of the cubicfoot growth. 

Sawtimber trees on the average are growing faster in 

diameter than the poletimber trees, but the poletimber 

trees account for more of the growth volume because 

there are more than 10 times as many of them. 

INGROWTH 

GROWTH 

11 
Mortality and Its Causes 

Timber losses other than from cutting in 1952 were 

estimated at 24 million board-feet of sawtimber and 8 

million cubi-: feet of growing stock. These losses, 

amounting to only a fraction of 1 percent of sawtimber 

and growing-stock volume, are not large but they occur 

annually and over the years add up to a considerable 

amount. 

The Ohio timber mortality can be reduced by greater 

efforts to prevent fire (fig. 17). Most fires are caused 

by human carelessness- smoking, debris burning, campfires, and incendi arism- and therefore are preventable. 

The fall of 1952 and spring of 195 3 was a severe fire 

season for Ohio. Of some 5 million acres protected, 

28,588 acres burned during that period (4). The cost 

to the State of putting out these fires was more than 3 5 

thousand dollars. The estimated damage to the timber 

was 165 thousand dollars. 

Almost all privately owned forest land shows signs 

of being grazed at least lightly. Because the raising of 

livestock is so important in Ohio, many woocllands are 

used as pastures. M any woods are not restocking suitably because livestock are killing the seedlings and saplings. If an owner wishes to grow hardwood timber, 

livestock should be kept off the land. T o encourage 

forest land-owners to keep livestock out of the woods, 

Ohio employ,; an educational program plus an incentive 

law which reduces taxes by half on land classified as 

forest land. Although the results of these programs fall 

short of the goals set for them, the educational program 

12 

is considered the more successful. Better control of 

grazing or elimination of livestock from the woods 

could help reduce the mortality. 

It was estimated that in 1952 the losses due to diseases 

amounted to about 11 million board-feet of sawtimber. 

The losses due to decreased growth and reduced timber 

quality caused by insects and diseases are much greater. 

Protection of the forests against fire and grazing and a 

sound cutting program to remove trees damaged by 

logging, wind, and other causes will help to guard 

against serious insect and disease attacks. 

O ak wilt, recently found in 55 counties, could become the most serious disease in the State. Control 

measures are planned, but knowledge of how the disease 

spreads is sketchy. There has been a heavy loss of elm 

timber, caused by the Dutch elm disease and phloem 

necrosis, but the loss has been noticed more by city 

dwellers than by the wood-using industries. There are 

outbreaks from time to time of defoliating insects, such 

as the European sawfly and the hemlock looper, but 

these are usually in limited areas where they are fairl y 

easy to control. Red pine plantations in the northern 

pa rt of the State are seriously damaged by the European 

pine shoot moth . N ew plantations of red pine north of 

the U . S. 40 highway are not recommended unless the 

owner understands the risk he is taking and is willing to 

spray his pl antation to control the shoot moth. The 

wood borers damage many logs and result in a degrading of the lumber or other products cut. The Ips beetles 

practically prohibit pine logging in summer months. 

FIGURE I 7 - Losses caused 

by fir es such as this are 

difficult to m easure. Man y 

trees are ill ed an d others 

are damag ed,. Also, because the grotmd cover is 

destroyed, water runo ff will 

increase and site conditions in genera l will d eteriorate. (Courtesy of Ohio 

Division of Fore stry. ) 
Timber Cutting 

~----------------------------------------------------------------------~----

The volume of timber cut from Ohio forests in 1951 

has been estimated at 279 million board-feet of sawtimber plus about 8!/z million cubic feet of poletimber, 

making a total cut of 53 million cubic feet of growing 

stock. This volume includes the material that actually 

went into finished products plus the material of merchantable quality that was lost in logging and milling. It 

does not include any volume produced from noncommercial forest areas or from dead and cull trees. 

Sawtimber Cut 

Much less timber is cut today than was cut at the 

turn of the century. At that time, lumber alone accounted for about 1 billion board-feet per year (7). 

Other important uses of timber were for basket veneer, 

cooperage, shingles, handles, hewn railroad ties, round 

and split mine timbers, fuelwood, posts, poles, and 

piling. 

T oday most of the timber is still cut for lumber with 

minor amounts being cut for fuelwood, fence posts, 

veneer logs, cooperage bolts, pulpwood, and mine 

timbers. Increasing amounts of wood products are being 

obtained from logging and milling residues (fig. 18). 

Of the amount of wood cut from live sawtimber on 

forest land, 80 percent was for sawlogs, 7 percent was 

for fuelwood, 5 percent for cooperage bolts, and nearly 

5 percent for veneer logs. Fence posts, handle bolts, and 

other minor products accounted for the remaining 3 

percent. 

About 4 percent of the sawtimber cut- 11.5 million 

board-feet-was left in the woods as logging residue. 

This residue volume is kept relatively small because 

some timber owners use part of it for fuelwood and 

other products. 

All but 2!/z million board-feet of the sawtimber cut 

was hardwood. Forty-eight percent was red and white 

oak. Maple accounted for about 13 percent, followed 

in order by beech, elm, yellow-poplar, ash, hickory, 

and minor species. The high-valued black walnut accounted for only 1 percent of the cut. The cut by 

species varied throughout Ohio, depending upon the 

local occurrence of the various species. For example, in 

southeastern Ohio, 73 percent of the sawtimber cut 

was oak while in northeastern Ohio only 24 percent 

of the volume cut was oak. Beech and maple on the 

other hand accounted for 41 percent of the cut in 

northeastern Ohio but only 4 percent of the cut in 

south-central Ohio. 

Only about 22 percent of the sawtimber cut was from 

trees in the 12- and 14-inch diameter classes, although 

37 percent of the stand volume is in these classes. The 

volume cut from 16- and 18-inch trees was proportional 

to the volume in the stand. But nearly 50 percent of the 

cut was from 20-inch and larger trees, although these 

trees make up only 35 percent of the stand volume. 

FIGURE 18-- W ood chips, for use in steel re fi ning, can be 

produced from slabs and oth er sawmill residues. 

The volume of sawtimber cut is about equally divided 

between the Glaciated Region and the Hill Country of 

Ohio. N earl y 250 thousand acres were partially cut. 

The cut averaged about 1,300 board-feet per acre. This 

cut per acre varied, howeve r, from about 1,000 boardfeet in southeastern Ohio to abo ut 1,900 board -feet per 

acre in northeastern Ohio where the stands are cut 

heavily for car blocking. 

Some cutting takes place on about 4.6 percent of the 

forest area each year. T his means that, if the cut were 

spread over the entire forest area and continued at this 

rate, all forest land would be cut over in 20 to 2 5 years. 

However, practically all of the cut comes from sawtimber stands, which at the present rate are being cut 

over about every 10 years. Under intensive management, most stands would be cut over more frequently, 

13 
with a smaller volume being taken per cut and with 

cull and poor-risk trees being removed or killed in the 

process. 

Growing-Stock Cut 

Of the 53 million cubic feet cut from growing stock, 

about 16 percent was from poletimber and 84 percent 

from sawtimber. The poletimber was cut mostly for 

fuelwood, fence posts, pulpwood, and mine timbers. 

• • 

Eighty-seven percent of the fence posts cut from poletimber were black locust. There is little if any waste or 

residue from cutting poletimber. Most of the poletimber is utilized in a round or split form and does not 

require miiiing. Stems as small as 3 inches in diameter 

can be utilized for fence posts, and even smaiier ones 

for fuelwood. Thus, when pole trees are cut for these 

products they often are utilized beyond the merchantability standards used by the forest survey . 

Trends In Timber Volume +»------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ 

The change taking place in Ohio timber volume may 

be estimated by comparing current annual growth with 

current annual timber cut. For this comparison, a 5 -year 

average of timber cut is more representative than the 

1951 timber cut figures used elsewhere in this report 

and hence is more comparable to growth. The average 

cut for the 5 -year period, as estimated from stump 

measurements, was 3 31 million board-feet. 

Sawtimber growth exceeded the cut by 476 miiiion 

board-feet. This increased the amount of standing sawlog material by 3.3 percent or about 88 board-feet per 

acre per year. All species are growing faster than they 

are being cut. V olume is increasing annuaiiy in all 

except the larger diameter classes (fig. 19). Because 

the pattern of cutting varies among regions, certain 

species are being cut about as fast as they are growi ng 

111 some areas. 

Growth in the larger di ameter classes is somewhat 

over-estimated because the annual loss through rot was 

applied as a stand average and not determined for individual diameter classes to aiiow for the increasing rot 

in large diameter trees. Thus the over-cutting of large 

di ameter trees is more marked than the figures show. 

In terms of log grades, the comparison of growth and 

cut is less fav orable. \Ve know that the volume cut for 

14 

16- 18 20+ 

ClASS (Inches) 

FIGURE 19 - 'Total growth and cut, by tree·diameter class. 
veneer, cooperage, and handles is in high-grade logs. 

Thirty-eight percent of the lumber log volume is high 

grade. These four products account for 90 percent of 

the sawtimber cut. About 13 5 million board-feet of 

high-grade logs were cut for these products while about 

160 million feet of high-grade material was growing. 

Looking at the State as a whole, the Ohio forests are 

essentially young, but liberally sprinkled with remnants 

of former stands, which contain many cull trees. About 

1 out of every 6 sawtimber trees is a cull. The forests 

of the Hill Country, having been subjected to periodic 

burning and heavy cutting, are more predominantly in 

the younger age classes than the forests of the Glaciated 

Region, which contain a higher percentage of decadent 

trees. 

Cutting is concentr:tted in the larger size classes, as it 

should be. The merchantable volume in trees 24 inches 

and larger in diameter is enough to sustain the present 

rate of cut for 8 years without counting growth. Of 

course some of this large timber is scattered in stands of 

smaller, immature trees. Some of the latter trees will 

continue to be cut in order to harvest commercial 

volumes. 

Growth can be expected to increase rather than decrease in the near future. There are 2 million acres of 

poletimber stands, more than 90 percent of which are 

well or medium stocked and supporting 20 percent of 

the growing stock. These stands will add to ingrowth 

in the coming decades if poletimber cutting does not 

greatly increase. Ingrowth now accounts for one-third 

of the total sawtimber growth. The result will be continued additions to the sawtimber area and a general 

" thickening" of the present sawtimber stands. 

Signs point to a rapid build-up of total sawlog 

volume, a much slower increase in high-grade sawlog 

volume, and, paradoxically, a continued deterioration 

in certain aspects of stand quality. Sawtimber inventory 

is being added at a rate approaching half a billion boardfeet a year. Unfortunately, the percentage of desirable 

species, notably white oak and northern red oak, is 

dropping while the percentage of less desirable species, 

notably hickory, is increasing. Still, because of the large 

surplus being added each year, the volume of desirable 

species is increasing too. 

The continued increase in sawtimber volume will be 

limited by the presence of cull trees occupying the 

growing space. In many stands this limitation is already 

in effect. Although information programs designed to 

improve cutting practices are being pushed by both 

public and private organizations, it is still the general 

rule to cut the best and leave the worst. As long as this 

practice continues with little or no provision for girdling 

or felling unwanted trees, the ratio of cull timber to 

merchantable timber is likely to increase. 

For the next 10 or 20 years, sawtimber volume should 

show an annual increase. The added materi;:tl will not 

be of the highest quality but will be largely close to 

major markets. N ew industries are needed now, particularly in the Hill Country, to take advantage of the 

resource. 

I 5 
Timber Use and Harvest ~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ 

Several times as much timber is consumed in Ohio as 

is produced from the local forests. For construction of 

homes and other buildings, the chief demand is for softwoods, which are not produced in quantity in this State. 

Moreover, probably less than half the hardwood lumber 

used in Ohio is cut within the State. In 1943, the last 

year that a lumber distribution study was made, Ohio 

industries received about 497 million board-feet of 

hardwood lumber, and only 2 50 million board-feet of 

this was from Ohio forests (5). In 1948, manufacturing industries used 621 million board-feet of wood as 

lumber, veneer, and bolts, but only 297 million feet of 

this was native hardwoods ( 3). Most of the "''ood used 

was softwoods imported from other states. 

The Lumber Industry 

Around 1900 the sawmills in Ohio produced about a 

billion board-feet of lumber and allied products annually. At that time Ohio had a generous supply of 

high-quality hardwood logs, and timber was relatively 

cheap--much of it being acquired as a by-product of 

land clearing. As more and more of the land passed 

from forest to farm use, the high production of highquality hardwood could not be maintained. 

A complete canvas in 1952 showed that there were 

1,776 sawmills in the State ( 6}. This is an average of 

about one mill for every 1,600 acres of sawtimber. Only 

about 6 percent of these sawmills produce as much as 1 

million board-feet per year. In Ohio, as elsewhere in 

the Central States, most of the lumber is produced by 

small, portable, circular mills (fig. 20} . In 194 7, mills 

cutting less than 5 00 thousand board-feet produced 58 

percent of the lumber. 

In 195 3 the Bureau of the Census estimated the 

lumber production in Ohio to be 2 54 million boardfeet. From forest survey studies we know that lumber 

production accounts for about 80 percent of the volume 

of wood products cut from Ohio sawtimber. Oaks of 

all kinds account for about 45 percent of the lumber 

production. Soft maple and sugar maple together account for about 16 percent followed by elm accounting 

for about 12 percent, beech 8 percent, yellow-poplar 6 

percent, and species of minor importance making up the 

remainder of the production. 

In Ohio timber for lumber production is bought in 

several ways. Probably the greater portion of the 

16 

timber is purchased on the stump by lumpsum bid. In 

other words, the sawmill operator offers a cash price 

for all the timber he can use from the woodland with 

a diameter cutting limit being specified sometimes. Only 

a small amount of the timber is purchased on the basis 

of a timber cruise. Some operators purchase sawlogs 

delivered at the mill. In most cases these logs are paid 

for by the Doyle log scale, which generally underestimates the volume of lumber that will be cut, especially from small logs. The price may vary by species 

but usually not by quality of the logs. 

In 1952 all the sawlogs cut in Ohio were worth between 8 and 9 million dollars, delivered to the sawmills. 

The products cut from these logs vary in value depending upon ho\v they are marketed. The better grades of 

lumber go to wholesalers and jobbers buying for factory 

use. Most of the lumber is sold rough and green for 

various uses such as car blocking, use on the local farms, 

pallet manufacture, and so on. Some of it is sold as railroad ties. Only a few of the better sawmills grade and 

dry the lumber before selling it. The car blocking lumber 

brings around $50.00 per thousand delivered. Lumber 

for use on the farm is usually sold millrun for $65.00 

to $75.00 per thousand. Lumber that is dried and sold 

by grades brings much more, of course, for the better 

grades, but it is difficult to dispose of the number 3 

common and poorer grades of lumber. 

Grading studies of logs cut in the woods and delivered at mill decks indicated that about 38 percent 

of the sawlog volume used was in grade 1 and 2 logs. 

Grade 1 logs will normally yield about 65 percent 

number 1 common and better lumber, while grade 2 

will yield about 40 percent of the same quality. On 

the other hand, grade 3 logs, which account for 62 percent of the production, yield only about 20 percent of 

their volume in number 1 common and better lumber. 

Probably not more than one-third of Ohio's lumber production is in the number 1 common and better lumber 

grades that are easy to sell. As much as 3 5 to 40 percent is likely to be number 3 common and poorer 

lumber for which markets are limited. 

It is difficult to estimate how much labor goes into 

lumber production in Ohio because so many of the 

operations are seasonal and are performed with inefficient equipment and part-time labor. H owever, in 

194 7 commercial sawmills in Ohio (cutting more than 

200,000 board-feet) averaged 1,934 employees with an 

annual payroll of 3.3 million dollars (9). ~ 
FWURE 20 - At 

Ohio sawmill, 

being edged 

headsaw. 

this typical 

boards are with the 

The Veneer Industry 

Ohio cuts as much timber for veneer as does Indiana, 

which is noted for its veneer and furniture industries. 

About 40 percent of the production is soft hardwoods 

for manufacture of container veneer and baskets. The 

other 60 percent of the production is walnut, white oak, 

and other fine hardwoods for the furniture industry. 

About 90 percent of the soft hardwoods production is 

used within the State but only 54 percent of the furni· 

ture veneer productio:1 is used locally. 

A ctually the secondary industries of Ohio use much 

more veneer than is produced here. The veneer-log 

production in 1951 was 12.3 million board·feet, but to 

supply all of the veneer used in Ohio would require a 

cut of about 80 million board-feet of logs and flitches. 

Only about 60 percent of the veneer used, however, is 

from species that are grown locally. 

V eneer-log buyers must search wide areas in Ohio 

and adj acent states to obtain the logs they need . T o pro· 

duce either face or container veneer, clea r bolts and logs 

at least 16 inches in diameter are desired. Premium 

prices are paid. High-quality logs for container veneer 

may bring $60.00 or $70.00 per thousand board-feet at 

the mill, while high-quality logs for furniture veneer 

may bring $100 to $200 or more per thousand board· 

feet, depending upon the quality of the logs. 

The Cooperage Industry 

All of the cooperage stock produced in Ohio is for 

tight cooperage. This requires large, high-quality white 

oak timber. Ordinarily a white oak tree must be at 

least 16 inches in diameter before it is cut for cooperage. 

Even then the bolts must be straight grained and free 

from knots and other serious. defects. 

Ohio has more than a billion board-feet of large 

white oak timber, but such timber is becoming more and 

more scattered and diffi cult to find in commercial 

quantities. In 1951 , nine stave and heading mills were 

found to be getting at least a part of their white oak 

supply from Ohio. Seven of these mills were located in 

Ohi o. Together they used 12.6 million board-feet of 

high-quality white oak timber worth more than one 

million dollars at the mills. W ork at these mills usually 

is not steady because the production of staves and head· 

ing fluctuates seasonall y and from year to year. Also, 

the mills are portable and may shift from one county to 

another to take advantage of available timber. 

The Handle Industry 

Another specialized wood-using industry is the manu· 

ture of handles for shovels, pitchforks, hoes, and 

other long-handled tools. Five plants get at least a part 

17 
of their wood supply from Ohio. In 1951 these plants 

used about 4Yz million board-feet of timber, mostly ash, 

although small amounts of hard maple and hickory are 

also used. Manufacturers of handles for small hand 

tools buy lumber or squares cut at the proper dimensions for further manufacture into handles. For 

example, in 1948, 17 million board-feet of wood was 

used in Ohio for the manufacture of handles. But of 

this only 9 million board-feet was delivered to the 

handle plants in the form of logs or bolts. 

Logs and bolts delivered at handle plants are worth 

more than the same timber utilized as sawlogs. Logs of 

suitable quality usually bring $80.00 to $90.00 per 

thous;-tnd at the plants. 

The Pulpwood Industry 

Five pulp mills draw part of their wood supply from 

Ohio. In 1951 they used about 3 2 thousand cords of 

Ohio timber. Sixty percent of the wood used was soft 

hardwoods and about forty percent was hard hardwoods 

such as the oaks. The use of hard hardwoods for pulpwood is increasing. Only a small amount of pine was 

obtained from Ohio. 

There is a growing interest in the forests of Ohio as 

a source of pulpwood. Pulpwood delivered at the mills 

brings about $15.00 per cord ( un peeled) . Some of this 

material can be cut from logging residues and tops of 

trees left after logging for such products as sawlogs, 

veneer logs, and cooperage bolts. Something like 80 to 

90 thousand cords of sound wood in logs and bolts 8 

inches and ];-trger in diameter are left in the woods. The 

volume left in upper stems and limbs to a minimum 

4.-inch diameter amounts to another 300 to 400 thousand cords annually. At least one plant in Ohio is now 

using some of this material. More of it will probably be 

utilized as suitable markets develop and ways are found 

to reduce the cost of handling. 

Other Uses for VV ood 

The industries discussed up to this point use more 

than 80 percent of all the wood cut in Ohio ;-tnd practically all of the high-quality wood cut. Also they are 

about the only Ohio industries processing wood for 

further manufacture. A small amount of wood is used 

for guardrail posts, piling, and hewn ties. Also a small 

amount is used to produce charcoal (fig. 21). Most of 

the remaining production, however, JS for fuelwood, 

fence posts, and mine timbers. 

More than 20 million cubic feet was produced for 

fuelwood but only a little more than one-fifth of this 

was cut from the growing stock. Three and six-tenths 

million cubic feet was used for fence posts and 77 per18 

cent of this came from the growing stock. About 1.4 

million cubic feet of wood was utilized for mine timbers 

and all of this came from the growing stock. 

Fuelwood has a low value but provides an outlet for 

much low-quality timber and logging and milling 

residue that might not be used otherwise. About 28 percent of the fuelwood was cut from cull and dead trees. 

Another 18 percent was cut from nonforest land. 

Twenty-nine percent came from logging and sawmill 

residues and about 2 percent was cut from saplings. The 

remaining 23 percent was cut from growing stock. 

Farmers in Ohio cut more than 4Yz million fence 

posts in 1951. Half of these were cut from poletimber 

trees. Twenty-two percent came from sawtimber, 15 

percent from saplings, 8 percent from nonforest land, 

and 4 percent from cull and dead trees and logging 

residues. About three-fourths of the fence posts cut 

from sawtimber and poletimber trees were black locust. 

Oaks and miscellaneous species made up the remainder. 

Practically all of the mine timbers were cut from 

poletimber growing stock. Producers of mine props 

usually cut heavily in well-stocked hardwood poletimber stands. This practice can affect the growth adversely and delay development of high-qu;-tlity stands 

of sawtimber. However, mine props bring a comparatively good price for the volume and quality of wood 

involved, and afford an opportunity for timber owners 

to make thinnings and improvement cuttings and receive some immediate return from these operations. 

vVood Used In Manufacturing 

Wood is a basic raw material in more than 700 

manufacturing plants in Ohio. The wood is used in 45 

or more different classes of products. A few of the more 

important are containers, furniture, general mill work, 

flooring, pallets, motor vehicles, prefabricated houses, 

and construction and repair of railroad cars. The plants 

use far more wood than is produced in the State. In 

1948 only 48 percent of the wood used in manufacturing was native hardwoods and much of this is brought 

infrom nearby states. In 1951 a study conducted by the 

Interstate Commerce Commission showed that Ohio 

received about 15 carloads of wood products for every 

carload shipped out (2) . 

The woodworking plants of Ohio provide employment for more than 40,000 workers and an annual payroll of 175 million dollars or more. Ohio timber provides an import;-tnt source of income which is needed 

especially in the Hill Country where farmers must work 

;-t good part of the year off the farm and where population is declining due to lack of opportunities for making 

a living. 
I 

FlGI.JRE 21 -These pictttres show some of the worl{ 

that went into mak_ing charcoal in years past. Upp er 

is an area cleared for charcoal wood. In the center 

a worl{er is piling the wood on the cutting site . 

Lower, the wood has been hattled and piled at the 

bttrning site, and the worl{ers are now covering the 

wood with dirt and leaves before lighting the fire. 

19 
Significance of the Survey Picture ~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~· 

Ohio is a populous and heavily industrialized State. 

Its industries require much more timber than can be 

produced on its forest land. Population growth and 

continued plant expansion during the next 20 years can 

be expected to increase timber requirements substantially. The State now imports, with high freight 

charges, large quantities of timber and other wood 

20 

products and many kinds of paper and pulp products. 

For maximum efficiency the State will need to get 

increased production from the available forest land. 

There is not much chance of greatly enlarging the area 

devoted to growing trees. Planting on strip-mined 

areas (fig. 22 ) and abandoned fields (fig. 2 3) and the 

natural reversion of old fields will offset land clearing 

fi GCRE 22- In the upper 

scene the strip-min ed area 

is being prepared for planting. In the lower picture a 

crew is planting tree seedli,gs using planting bars. 
for a time. But the encroachment of cities, farms, and 

reservoirs eventually may turn the balance the other 

way. With a large population demanding room for outdoor recreation, more and more forest land may be developed to provide for such use, as well as for timber 

production and other uses. 

The present overall excess of timber growth over cut 

is certainly encouraging. However, this generally favorable relationship tends to obscure many local points 

of imbalance. More emphasis should be given to concentrating growth on the larger, better formed trees 

of desirable species. The State will need to grow better 

quality timber and to make more use of the present 

surplus of low-quality material. To do this, timber 

owners need to remove low-value species to make room 

for preferred species such as white oak, northern red 

oak, yellow-poplar, white ash, and black walnut. 

The measures necessary to secure better forest management for Ohio are not new. They have been advocated for most of the central hardwood region for many 

years. The major programs suggested are: (1) improve 

cutting practices, (2) provide more complete protection from fire and much better protection from livestock, insects, and disease, ( 3) improve utilization and 

marketing, and ( 4) inform landowners and timber 

operators about proper management practi ces. Continuing resea rch and education are necessary to discover 

and make available methods for improving the programs. 

Adopting better cutting practices would go a long 

way toward improving the forest situation. With rare 

exceptions, the present stands are building up in spite 

of logging rather than with the help of planned harvesting. Sometimes the product being cut is conducive to 

FIGURE 23 - There are many 

old fi elds such as these in 

the H ill Country of Ohio 

that m ight profitably be 

planted to trees. (Courtesy 

of Ohio Division of Forestry.) 

destructive cutting practices (fig. 24). If more attention were given to leaving the stands in good condition 

for future production, the increasing sawtimber volume 

would be much more valuable. Removing cull and poorrisk trees would provide more growing space and get 

rid of sources of infection, reducing the damage caused 

by insects and diseases. 

Present systems of handling timber from the stump 

to the factory no doubt can be improved. The methods 

of selling stumpage and timber products have evolved 

haphazardly, and are complicated by small ownerships 

and lack of interest on the part of the owners. Such 

things as lumber quality, reliability of producers, 

stability of industry, costs, and buyer preferences have 

received too little attention. W oodland owners need 

some means of keeping advised of existing markets and 

market conditions, just as farmers are informed of 

markets for such farm products as poultry, livestock, 

and grain. Uninformed as they are now, it is difficult 

fm- woodland owners to know when a fair price is being offered for their timber. 

M any holdings in Ohio are so small that they are 

difficult to manage effectively as commercial operations 

- at least under present marketing conditions. The pattern of small woodland ownerships makes it necessary 

to cut heavily in order to get a salable volume unless 

high-quality products such as veneer logs, stave bolts, 

and handle bolts are available. Lighter cuts could be 

made on small woodlands if the owners could do their 

own harvesting and if units could be consolidated for 

marketing purposes. Existing farm cooperatives might 

hel p solve some of the timber marketing and utilization 

problems in certain areas. They might make suitable 

21 
timber harvesting equipment available to the woodland 

owners or perhaps furnish a timber harvesting service. 

Some of the equipment needed to handle heavy timber 

products is too costly for an individual farmer to own, 

especially when it would be used so infrequently. However, a number of fanners may be able to own and 

share such equipment through a cooperative. 

FIGURE 24 -- 'fhis stand in northeastern Ohio has been cut 

to produce car bloc~ing. For this mar~et nearly any tree 

down to abottt a 6-inch diameter limit regardless of quality 

can be utiliud. (Courtesy of Ohio Divisi on of Forestry.) 

Farmers and other woodland owners might be encouraged to do more of their own harvesting if permanent 

markets were available that could take a variety of 

wood products in small quantities. Such concentration 

yards could also help the secondary industries by channeling logs and bolts to their highest use, thereby preventing the processing of many high-quality logs into 

low-value products. 

Because private owners hold 95 percent of the forest 

land, they control the future productivity of Ohio 

forests and the future of the wood-using industries dependent on the forests. Farmers and other small owners 

must be the primary targets of any improvement programs. A few large industrial owners and the public 

agencies can contribute by doing a good job of management on the areas they control. These areas can and do 

serve as demonstrations and so fit into the education 

program. 

To help woodland owners to practice better management, the State Division of Forestry has 13 foresters 

22 

who give technical assistance in crmsmg, marking, 

marketing, planting, and other services. This assistance 

currently reaches about 1,000 owners each year out of 

a total of about 150,000. 

Another source of assistance available to woodland 

owners is through the Agricultural Conservation Program of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. W oodland owners may apply through the local county ACP 

committee to have the Federal government share in the 

cost of ( 1) planting trees when they are to be planted 

for erosion control, watershed protection, or forestry 

purposes; (2) improving a stand of forest trees for 

erosion control, watershed protection, or forestry purposes; and (3) constructing permanent fences to protect woodland from graz;ing. The minimum requirements to fulfill these broad purposes are specified by 

the State committee. 

A number of associations and industrial owners such 

as the Ohio Reclamation Association, the Muskingum 

Conservancy District, the Ohio Power and Light Com· 

pany, the Baker W ood Preserving Company, and 

others employ foresters to manage their land and to 

help owners with whom they deal. Ohio timber owners 

can also obtain the services of a number of consulting 

foresters. 

Education to help all classes of owners is carried out 

by the State Division of Forestry, the Ohio .P,gricultural Experiment Station, the Soil Conservation Service, 

the Ohio Forestry Association, and others. Research in 

forestry is being done by the Central States Forest 

Experiment Station with a work center at Athens and 

an experimental forest near McArthur. The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station is active in several phases 

of forest research- forest genetics, forest physiology, 

silviculture, strip-mine reclamation, and forest products. 

Although assistance in one form or another reaches 

many forest owners, there are many privately owned 

forest tracts that remain untended. Some are held by 

non-residents who cannot give their forests proper 

attention. Others are owned by individuals, companies, 

and institutions not interested in managing land for 

timber production. There is a need to encourage the 

purchase of forest land by individuals and corporations 

interested in growing timber. 

The State through its Division of Forestry produces 

nearly 12Yz million tree seedlings annually at three 

nurseries located at Marietta, Green Springs, and 

Zanesville. These seedlings are distributed for planting 

by the Division of Forestry, other State agencies, by 

farmers, 4-H Club members, agricultural extension 

groups, industry, institutions, schools, communities, and 
F IGURE 2 5 - 'Tree plan ting 

machin ery in action . A 

crew can plan t about 10 

acres a da.y with su ch 

equipment. ( Courtesy of 

Ohio A gricultural Ex p eri• 

ment Station .) 

other municipal organiz.ations. In 195 5 Ohio planted 

12,652 acr es to trees, bringing the total planted in 

Ohio to 193 ,35 6 acres (10) (fig. 25) . 

Although Ohio has made good progress in forestry, 

past research and experience have opened the door to 

new problems and to greater expectations for the future. 

Means should be available for measuring the timber 

needs of the forest industries, through a cooperative 

sampling plan. Trends in cutting practices should be 

surveyed periodically and the effect on stand composition and growth evaluated. Subsequent surveys of the 

forest resources should be intensive enough to yield 

reliable estimates of volume for counties- at least in the 

Hill Country-and thus assist in the location of new industries. The organiz.ation necessary to accomplish this 

work might be small but it would have a permanent 

job keeping track of the changing forest conditions. 

Research can find better ways to safeguard our 

forests from fire, insects, and disease. Research is needed 

in management to solve regeneration problems; to 

establish desirable cutting practices for the many stand 

conditions and forest types; to find ways of increasing 

the productivity and quality of our forests; and to determine the management that best serves the interests 

of timber, water, wildlife, and recreation on public land 

(fig. 26) . In Ohio, as elsewhere, it is becoming increasingly important that we learn more about the influence of forests upon the water resource in order to 

assure a dependable water supply for the expanding 

population and industry of the State. Research is needed 

in harvesting, marketing, and utiliz.ation to find easier 

and cheaper ways to do the many jobs and to find the 

land-use and management program that gives the greatest dollar return. 

FIGU RE 26 - 'The value of 

f orests cann ot always be 

meawred in d oll ars. 'Tlz ese 

people are enjoying swim · 

ming, boating, a11d fishing 

in the cl ear water at Lalze 

H ope. 'TI1e watershed at 

La/ie J-l ope is protected by 

for e.\t cover. ( C ourtesy of 

O hio D ivision of f orestry. ) 

23 
Literature Cited 

( 1) DILLER, OLIVER D . AND OTHERS. 

1944. Ohio's forest resources. Ohio A gr. Ex pt. 

Sta. Forestry Pub. N o. 76, 109 pp., illus. 

(2) I NTERST.'\TE C OMMERCE COMMISSION. 

1952. Carload waybill analyses, 1951. Bur. of 

Trans. Econ. and Stat ., Statement N o. 

5233, 44 pp. (Processed) . 

(3) MERRICK, GORDON D . 

1951. W ood used in manufacture 1948. U. S. 

Forest Serv. Forest Resource Rpt. No. 2, 

66 pp. 

(4) OHIO DEPARTMENT OF N AT URA L RESOURCES . 

1952-5 3. Annual report. 260 pp., ill us. 

( 5 ) PIERSON, ALBERT H. AND BLYTHE, R. H . 

1945. Domesti c lumber distribution, 1943. 

U. S. Forest Serv., 2 1 pp. (Processed) . 

24 

(6) S.'\RLES, R . L. AND CLOVIS, ]. F . 

1952. Ohio sawmill directory. Ohio Agri. Expt. 

Sta. Forestry Cir. N o. 1, 92 pp. 

(7) STEER, HENRY B. 

1948. Lumber production in the United States 

1799- 1946. U. S. Dept Agri . Misc. Pub. 

N o. 669, 233 pp. 

( 8) u. S. B URE.-\U OF THE CENSUS. 

1952 . U. S. Census of A gri. Ohio : 1950, V ol. 

1, part 3, 304 pp. 

(9) u. S. B URE.'\U OF THE CENSUS. 

1949. Census of M anufac turers 1947, Ohio 

U.S. Dept. Commerce MC 134, 25 pp. 

(1 0) u. S. FOREST SERVICE . 

1956. Tree planters' notes. N o. 23, 40 pp. 
Appendix t ~·----------------------------------------------~ 

Forest Survey Procedure 

The inventory of the forests of Ohio was made durmg the period August 1951 to September 1953. The 

sampling procedure used involved an office study of 

aerial photographs and a field examination of randomly 

selected forest and nonforest plots. 

Area Estimates 

The percentage of forest land was obtained by placing a transparent sheet marked with uniformly spaced 

dots over aerial photographs and counting the number 

of dots falling on forest and nonforest areas. The percentage of forest dots in a county, multiplied by the 

total county area gave a preliminary estimate of the 

forest area. This was later adjusted after field examination of selected plots showed how many plots had 

changed from forest to nonforest and vice versa since 

the date of aerial photography. 

Systematically selected dots falling on forest land 

were marked on the photographs. The acre surrounding each marked dot was examined stereoscopically and 

was classified by stand-size class according to height, 

crown width, and number of trees on the plot. 

Plots to be examined in the field were randomly 

drawn but the selection was weighed-more of the 

larger stand-size classes were selected than the smaller. 

Crews of two men located these points on the ground 

and established a 1/5 -acre circular plot at each point. 

Such data as tree species, size, log quality, cull, and 

growth of trees were recorded. 

The following tabulation gives the number of dots 

and plots examined for the State as a whole. 

Number of photo dots counted for 

forest-area determination ............................... 24 7, 498 

Number of plots stereoscopically 

examined on photos .................... . 

Number of forest plots field examined . 

Number of non for est plots field examined . . 

Volume Estimates 

12,240 

3,439 

143 

Sawtimber volume-The gross board-foot and cubicfoot volume tables used in the Ohio Forest Survey were 

based on the Mesavage-Girard form class tables. Two 

sets of volume tables were prepared-one for Forest 

Survey units 1 and 2 and one for units 3, 4, and 5. 

Average form classes were computed from measurements of form class on 603 trees for units 1 and 2 and 

on 754 trees for units 3, 4, and 5. Whenever Ohio 

data did not appear to give a sufficiently reliable form 

class for some particular species, Indiana data were 

added in. 

The upper stem volume of all sawtimber trees was 

computed. This volume includes the portion between 

the merchantable top and a minimum top diameter of 

4.0 inches inside bark on the central stem. The average 

upper stem volume of sample trees in units 1 and 2 

was computed for three diameter groups (12-14, 16-18, 

and 20+ inches) . These average upper stem volumes 

were plotted, a curve was fitted to the points, and 

upper stem volumes by 2-inch d.b.h. classes were read 

from the curve. 

Poletimber volume - Diameter and merchantable 

height was measured on 1,032 poletimber trees in units 

1 and 2 and on 975 in units 3, 4, and 5. These measurements were summarized by species group, merchantable height, and by d.b.h. Cubic-foot volume tables 

were computed for three groups of hardwood trees 

having similar height and diameter relationships. The 

volume table prepared for eastern red cedar in western Kentucky was used in Ohio. 

Cull Estimates 

Trees of pole size or sawtimber size which did not 

qualify as merchantable trees were tallied as cull 

trees. 

Allowance for defect in merchantable sawtimber 

trees was determined by estimating sound and rotten 

board-foot cull in sample trees. A separate analysis 

was made for units 1 and 2 and for units 3, 4, and 

5. From curves of cull over diameter class, species 

with similar cull percents were grouped and a 

weighted cull percent was computed for the group. 

The cubic-foot cull in sawtimber trees was estimated 

in a similar manner. However, estimates of cubic-foot 

cull in sawtimber were made for unsound defects 

only. The cull in poletimber trees due to unsound 

defects was also computed on the basis of allowance 

made for sample trees. Separate analyses were made 

for units 1 and 2 and for 3, 4, and 5. 

For the purpose of estimating the volume of 

sound wood in cull trees, sound cull trees were arbitrarily assigned form class of 78. If a log length was 

not given, the volume allowed was equivalent to a 

Y4 -log tree. Rotten cull trees with a given log 

length were given 40-percent of the gross volume of 

25 
a tree with form class 78. If no log length was given 

the volume allowed was 40 percent of a tree with Y4-

log and form class 78. 

Growth Estimates 

Cores were taken from 3,236 sample trees and 

growth for the past 10 years was measured. The aver· 

age 10-year diameter growth inside bark by species 

and 2-inch diameter classes was determined. The diameter growth was plotted over the average diameter 

of the sample trees. From bark thickness studies, an 

allowance was made for bark increase cluing the past 

1 0 years and added to the diameter growth measured 

from the cores. The average volume of trees in the 

present 2-inch classes was determined. From the 

growth curves the future 1 0-year volume of the pre· 

sent average tree was determined. The ratio of the 

present volume to the future volume was determined 

for each species and 2-inch class. One-tenth of the 

volume growth in 10 years was taken as the estimate 

of current annual gross growth. 

T o estimate the volume of ingrowth the number of 

inventory trees were plotted by 2-inch d.b.h. classes. 

From d. o.b. growth curves the number of trees 4. 9 

inches d.b.h. and smaller that would grow to 5.0 inches 

or larger in the next year was estimated. T he same estimate was made for trees 10.9 inches d.b.h. and smaller 

that would grow to 11 .0 inches or larger. T o determine 

the ingrowth volume the number of ingrowth trees 

were multiplied by the volume of trees 5.1 and 11 .1 

inches in diameter for each species. 

Gross growth and ingrowth estimates were adjusted to net estimates from analysis of the number 

of trees that died during the 4-year period prior to 

the survey. 

Timber-Cut Estimates 

The estimates of timber cut from Ohio forests in 

1951 were made by a sampling survey of wood -

product producers, wood users, and of logging operations (to determine the amount of cutting residue) . 

The amount of timber cut for sawlogs was obtai ned by sampling sawmills for lumber production. 

This was done by supplementing the annual survey of 

the U . S. Census Bureau. Lumber tally was converted 

to log volume, International Y4 -inch scale, and the 

volume of logging residue was added. Because the 

sample did not give reliable data by species, the timber cut for lumber was distributed by species in proportion to the 1 00-percent canvass of the 194 7 Census. 

An area sample was used to determine the timber 

26 

cut for fuelwood, fence posts, and miscellaneous farm 

timbers. The M aster Sample of A griculture was used 

to draw the samples. One hundred "open" area segments were canvassed with the aid of personnel from 

the State Division of Forestry. 

The timber cut for veneer, cooperage, handles, pulp, 

and excelsior was determined by a complete canvass 

of processors in Ohio and adj acent states. The production reported from Ohio timber by the processors 

was converted to timber cut by adding in the logging 

residue. 

The timber cut for round mine timbers was based 

on the production of coal from deep mines. A study 

made by John Tillinghast in 1944 for the Ohio Coal 

Association showed that 0. 1502 cubic fee t of wood 

was used for each ton of deep-mined coal produced. 

The 195 1 coal production of Ohio's deep mines was 

multiplied by this factor but an adjustment was made 

to account for the recent use of roof bolts in lieu of 

round wood timbers in seams 5, 6, 6A, and 8. 

The timber cut for hewn cross ties was determined 

by a canvass of the concentration yards. Other products cut in small amounts include guard rail posts, 

piling, and charcoal wood. 

In Ohio, timber cut was also estimated by recording 

data from stumps found on the 1/5 -acre fi eld plots. 

Analysis of these data added to the information on 

timber cut by species and by tree diameters. 

Accuracy of Estimates 

Forest area and timber volume estimates. - Sta· 

tistical analysis of forest area and timber volume data 

in Ohio shows a sampling error ± 1.0 percent ( ±54 

thousand acres) for commercial forest area and of 

± 1.6 percent ( ±62 million cubic feet) for growing 

stock volume. This means that at one standard error 

the chances are two out of three that the estimated 

areas and volume would not differ from the totals 

that would have been obtained by 100 percent measurement by more than the values shown. 

These estimates of sampling error do not include 

errors resulting from the development and application of volume tables and cull factors, or from mistakes in measurement or judgment. All phases of field 

and office work were closely supervised to keep these 

errors to a minimum. 

Since the percentage error incr eases with each subdivision of the total, small acreages or volumes may 

have large errors and ma y therefore indicate only 

relative magnitudes. The following tabulation may be 

used as a guide in estimating the probable sampling 

error of the subdivisions of forest areas and volumes 

in the tables: 
t 

Commercial forest Growing stock Sawtimber 

Sampling Sampling Sampling Area error Volume error Volume error 

Thmu;and Pe1·cent Million Pe1·cent Million Percent acres ± cu. ft. ± bd. ft. ± 

5,396 1.0 3,896 1.6 14,375 2.2 

2,000 1.6 2,000 2.2 5,000 3.7 

1,000 2.3 1,000 3.2 1,000 8.3 

500 3.3 500 4. 5 500 11.8 

50 10.4 50 14.1 50 37 .3 

10 23.2 10 31.6 10 83.4 

Timber cutting estimates. - Most of the timber cut 

is estimated by sampling the producers. The estimates 

are usually reported as production of a commodity 

and are seldom book records. Production is mathematically converted to board-foot log scale (International !;4-inch rule) or cubic-foot volume after studies 

have been made of mill overrun and of the volume of 

woods residue. Possible errors then include reporting 

errors, errors in determination of overrun and residue factors, and sampling errors. Only the sampling 

error can be calculated; all reasonable precautions 

are taken to keep other errors to a minimum. The following tabulation shows the computed sampling error 

by commodity and the percentage that the commodity 

is of the total timber cut: 

Commodity 

Sawlogs 

Fuel wood 

Fence posts 

Veneer bolts 

Cooperage bolts 

Round mine timbers 

Pulpwood and other 

T otal 

Percentage 

of all timber 

cut from 

growing 

stock 

Percent 

.................. 68 . 5 

..... 10.8 

5.3 

3.8 

3.9 

2.6 

5.1 

.......... 100.0 

Explanation of Terms Used 

Forest Land Classes 

Sampling 

error 

Percent ± 

12.0 

29.4 

23.5 

0.0 

0.0 

12.0 

0 .0 

8. 1 

Forest land m·ea.- Include~ (a) land which is at 

least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size and capable of producing timber or other wood products, or 

of exerting an influence on the climate or on the 

water regime; (b) land from which the trees described in (a) have been removed to less than 10 

pet-cent stocking and which have not been developed 

for other use; (c) afforested areas. 

Commercial forest land area. - Forest land which 

is (a) producing, or physically capable of producing, 

usable crops of wood (usually sawtimber), (b) economically available now or prospectively, and (c) not 

withdrawn from timber utilization. 

Noncommercial forest land area.- Forest la1.1d (a) 

withdrawn from timber utilization through statute, 

ordinance, or administrative order but which otherwise qualifies as commercial forest land, and (b) incapable of yielding usable wood products (usually 

sawtimbe~) because of adverse site conditions, or so 

physically inaccessible as to be unavailable economically in the foreseeable future. 

Forest Types 

White -re -j c~ pine. - Forests in which 50 percent 

or more of the stand is eastern white pine, red pine, 

or jack pine, singly or in combination. White pine occurs naturally in Ohio but the other pines occur only 

in plantations. (Common associates include hemlock, 

aspen, birch, and maple.) 

Loblolly-shortleaf pine.- Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is loblolly pine, shortleaf 

pine, or other southern yellow pines, except longleaf 

or slash pine, singly or in combination. Shortleaf, 

pitch, and Virginia pine occur naturally in Ohio. 

Other southern pines may be found in plantations. 

(Common associates include oak, hickory, and gum.) 

Oa~ -pine.- Forests in which 50 percent or more 

of the stand is hardwoods, usually upland oaks, but in 

which southern pines make up 2 5-49 percent of the 

stand. (Common associates include gum, hickory, and 

yellow-poplar.) 

Oa~ hic~ory Forests in which 50 percent or more 

of the stand is upland oaks or hickory, singly or in 

combination, except where pines comprise 2 5-49 percent in which case the stand would be classified "oakpine. (Common associates include yellow-poplar, 

elm, maple, and black walnut.) 

Oa~ -gu . - Forests in which 50 percent or more 

of the stand is tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, or oaks, 

singly or in combination, except where pines comprise 

2 5-49 percent in which case the stand would be classified "oak-pine." (Common associates include cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, and maple. ) 

Elm-ash-cottonwood. - Forests in which 50 percent 

or more of the stand is elm, ash, or cottonwood, singly 

or in combination. (Common associates include willow, sycamore, beech, and maple.) 

Maple -beech. - Forests in which 50 percent or more 

of the stand is maple, or beech, singly or in combination. (Common associates include hemlock, elm, basswood, and white pine.) 

Aspen-birch. - Forests in which 50 percent or more 

of the stand is aspen, balsam poplar, paper birch, or 

gray birch, singly or in combination. (Common associates include maple and balsam fir.) 

27 
Tree Classes 

Sawtimber trees. - Trees of commercial species that 

contain at least one merchantable sawlog as defined by 

regional practice and which are of the following minimum diameters at breast height (d.b.h.) : softwoods 

9.0 inches and hardwoods 11 .0 inches. 

Large sawtimber trees.-Hardwood and softwood 

sawtimber trees 15 .0 inches d. b. h. and larger. 

Small sawtimber trees. - H ardwood and softwood 

sawtimber trees less than 15 .0 inches d.b.h. 

Poletimber trees. -Trees of commercial species 

that meet regional specifications of soundness and 

form, and are of the following diameters at breast 

height : softwoods 5.0 to 9.0 inches, hardwoods 5.0 to 

11.0 inches. 

Seedling and sapling trees. - Live trees of commercial species less than 5.0 inches in diameter at 

breast height, and of good form and vigor. 

Cull trees. - Live trees of sawtimber or poletimber 

size that are unmerchantable for sawlogs now or prospectively because of defect, rot, or species (such as 

sumac, redbud, hop hornbeam) . 

Rotten cull trees.- Live trees of sawtimber or 

poletimber size that fail to meet regional specifications of proportion of sound volume to total volume. 

Sound cull trees. -Live trees of sawtimber or 

poletimber size that meet regional specifications of 

freedom from rot but will not make at least one 

merchantable sawlog now or prospectively according to regional specifications because of roughness, 

poor form, or species. 

Volumes 

All-timber volume.- Net volume in cubic feet of 

live and salvable dead sawtimber trees and poletimber 

trees of commercial species, and cull trees of all 

species from stump to a minimum 4. 0-inch top insid·~ 

bark. Includes bole only of softwoods but both bole 

and limbs of hardwoods to a minimum 4.0-inch diameter inside bark. 

Live sawtimber volume. - N et volume in board 

feet, International \14-inch rule, of live sawtimber 

trees of commercial species to a merchantable top. 

Merchantable top . - The point on the bole of 

sawtimber trees above which a minimum merchantable sawlog, as defined regionally, cannot be produced. 

G1·owing stoc~ volume.- N et volume in cubic feet 

of live sawtimber trees and live poletimber trees from 

stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top (of central stem) 

inside bark. 

28 

Hardwood limbs. - Limbs of live hardwood sawtimber trees and sawtimber size cull hardwood trees 

to a minimum diameter of 4.0 inches inside bark. 

Upper stem portion. - N et volume in cubic feet of 

bole of sawtimber trees between merchantable top and 

a minimum top diameter of 4.0 inches inside bark on 

the central stem. 

Stocking 

Stocking is the extent to which growing space is 

effectively utilized by present or potential growingstock trees of commercial species. " Degree of stocking" is synonymous with "percent of growing space 

occupied" and means the ratio of actual stocking to 

fu ll stocking for comparable sites and stands. 

W ell-sto c~ ed stands. - Stands that are 70 percent 

or more stocked with present or potenti al growing 

stock trees. 

Medium-s toc~ed stands. - Stands that are 40 to 

69 percent stocked with present or potential growing-stock trees. 

Poorly stoc~ed stands.- Stands that are 10 to 

39 percent stocked with present or potential growing-stocked trees. 

ons toc~ed area. - Areas that are 0 to 10 percent stocked with present or potential growingstock trees. 

Site 

Forest site. - Site class was determined by the aver· 

age number of 16-foot merchantable logs that an area 

is capable of producing in mature trees. All stem 

sections )12 log (8 feet) in length or longer, suitable for 

cross ties or rough lumber were considered to be merchantable. Merchantable heights were estimated to the 

nearest Yz log. Where mature trees were not present, 

site was estimated from soil and moisture conditions, 

topography, exposure, and appearance of vegetation. 

The following site cl asses were recognized: 

Ver y good. - Areas that can produce hardwood 

trees averaging three or more logs at maturity. 

G ood.-Areas that can produce hardwood trees 

averaging 2 to 2)12 logs at maturity. 

Fair. - Areas that can produce hardwood trees 

that average 1 to 1)12 logs at maturity. 

Poor. - Areas that can produce hardwood trees 

that average Yz log at maturity. 

Stand-size Classes 

Sawtimber stands. - Stands with sawtimber trees 

having a minimum net volume per acre of 1,500 board 

feet, International \14 -inch rule. 
Large sawtimber stands.-Sawtimber stands having more than 50 percent of the board-foot volume 

in large sawtimber trees. 

Small sawtimber stands. - Sawtimber stands having 50 percent or more of the net board-foot volume 

in small sawtimber trees. 

Poletimber stands. - Stands failing to meet the 

sawtimber stand specifications, but at least 10 percent 

stocked with poletimber and larger (5 .0 inches d.b.h. 

and larger) trees and with at least half the minimum 

stocking in poletimber trees. 

Seedling and sapling stands. - Stands not qualifying as either sawtimber or poletimber stands, but at 

least 10 percent stocked with trees of commercial 

species and with at least half the minimum stocking in 

seedling and sapling trees. 

'N:,on toc~ed and other areas not elsewhere classified. 

- Areas not qualifying as sawtimber, poletimber, or 

seedling and sapling stands. 

Diameter M easurement and Class es 

Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) - Tree diameter, outside bark, measured at 4. 5 feet above average 

ground level. 

Diameter class. - Trees were recorded in 2-inch 

diameter classes, each class including 1.0 inch below 

and 0. 9 inch above the midpoint of the class; e.g., 

the 8-inch class included all trees ranging from 7.0 to 

8.9 inches d.b.h. 

Diameter inside bar~ (d.i.h.) - Tree diameter iw 

side the bark at any point specified. 

Hardwood Log Grades 2 

Grade 1. - Butt logs at least 14.0 inches (upper 

logs at least 16.0 inches) in diameter inside bark at the 

small end. Minimum length is 10 feet. Five-sixths of the 

best surface on the three best faces must be clear of 

defect. T wo clear cuttings are allowed on any face, 

but the minimum length of cuttings is 7 feet for butt 

logs and 5 feet for upper logs. Cull deductions including sweep cannot exceed 1 5 percent. Such logs will 

normally yield about 65 percent No. 1 common and 

better lumber. 

Grade 2. - Logs at least 12 inches in diameter inside bark at the small end. Minimum length is 8 feet. 

T wo-thirds of the surface on the three best faces 

must be clear of defect. Three clear cuttings are al2The hardwood log grades used are essentiall y as developed 

by the Forest Products Laboratory, M adison, W isconsin, for 

standard lumber logs and ti e an d timber logs. 

lowed on any face, but the m1mmum length of cuttings is 3 feet. Cull deductions including sweep cannot 

exceed 50 percent. Such logs for most species will 

normally yield about 40 percent N o. 1 common and 

better lumber. 

Grade 3. - Logs at least 8 inches in diameter inside bark at the small end. M inimum length is 8 feet. 

One-half of the surface on the three best faces must 

be clear of defect, in cuttings not less than two feet 

long. Minimum standards require that these logs be at 

least 50 percent sound including deduction for sweep. 

Such logs for most species will normally yield about 

20 percent N o. 1 common and better lumber. 

Growth 

'N:, et annual growth of sawtimber. - The change 

during a specified year in net board-foot volume of 

live sawtimber on commercial forest land resulting 

from natural causes. 

)\{et annual growth of growin g stoc~. - The change 

during a specified year in net cubic-foot volume of 

growing stock on commercial forest land resulting 

from natural causes. 

Ingrowth. - The total volume of all trees that during the year reach the minimum diameter ( 5 .0 inches) 

for growing stock or the minimum diameter for sawtimb'er of 9.0 inches for softwoods and 11 .0 for 

hardwoods. 

Mortality 

Annual timber mortality. -The net volume lost 

from live sawtimber or growing stock on commercial 

forest land during a specified year because of death 

from natural causes. 

Timber Cut 

Annual cut of live sawtimber. - The net board-foot 

volume of live sawtimber trees cut or killed by logging, 

and by land clearing and cultural operations, on commercial forest land during a specified year. 

A nnual cut of growing oc ~. - The net cubic-foot 

volume of live sawtimber and poletimber trees cut or 

killed by logging, or by land clearing and cultural 

operations, on commercial forest land during a specified year. 

Logging residues from growing s toc ~ The net 

cubic-foot volume of live sawtimber and poletimber 

trees cut or killed by logging on commercial forest 

land and not converted to timber products. 

29 
Trees Species 

Softwoods 

Commerc: al species: 

Bald cypress .. ................................................. . 'f axodium distichwn 

Hemlock, eastern 

Pine: 

.................................... ...................... 'f suga canadensis 

Eastern white pine ..... ................... Pinus strobus 

Jack pine ...................... ............. ........ .. .. ..... .. ... . .. . . P. banlzsiana 

Loblolly pine ................................. ........... .. .. ... .. ...... ... ... P . taeda 

Pitch pine ...................................................................... P. rigida 

Red (Norway) pine. . ...................................... P. usinosa 

Shortleaf pine ................................................................ P. echinata 

Virginia pine 

Red cedar, eastern 

.................................................... P. virginiana 

................................. ] u nip crus virginiana 

Hardwoods 

Commercial species : 

Ash: 

Blue ash ............................................................ Fraxinus quadrangulata 

Green ash ................................................................... ... .F. pennsylvanica 

White ash ............................................................................... F. americana 

Aspen: 

Bigtooth aspen ................................................ populus grandidentata 

Quaking (trembling) aspen ...................... .. ....... .... P. tremuloides 

Basswood .... ....................................................................................... 'filia spp. 

Beech, american .. ........................................................... . .Fagus grandifolia 

Birch . . ............................................ Betula spp. 

Buckeye ........................................................................................ Aeswlus spp. 

Butternut .................................................................................... ]uglans cinerea 

Catalpa ............................................................................. ............ .... Catalpa spp. 

Cherry, black ..................................................................... Prunus serotina 

Cottonwood: 

Eastern cottonwood ..................... ................. ..... Populus deltoides 

Swamp cottonwood ................................................. P . heterophylla 

Cucumbertree ...................... .................... Magnolia acuminata 

Dogwood ........................................................... ........... .... ................ Comus spp. 

Elm: 

American elm ............................ ..... ......................... Ulmus americana 

Rock elm .................................................................. ...... U. thomasii 

Slippery elm .... ........................................................ .. ........ U. rubra 

W1nged elm ................... ...................... ............... . .......... . U. alata 

Gum: 

Blackgum (black tupelo) ........... ........................ N_yssa sylvatica 

Sweetgum (red) ............... ..................... Liquidambar styraciflua 

Water tupelo (tupelo·gum) ... ............... .............. N_yssa aquatica 

H ackberry ..................... ................ ...... ...... .. Celtis occidentalis 

30 

Hickory 

Honey locust 

Kentucky coffeetree 

Locust, black 

Maple, hard: 

Black maple 

Sugar maple 

Maple, soft: 

Boxelder 

Red maple 

Silver maple 

Mulberry, red 

Oak, red: 

Black oak . 

Cherrybark oak 

( ' wamp red oak) 

Northern red oak 

Pin oak 

Scarlet oak 

Shingle oak 

Southern red oak 

Water oak 

Willow oak 

Oak, white: 

... ...... ..... Carya spp. 

............ Gleditsia triacanthos 

...... Gymnocladus dioicus 

. .............. Robinia pseudoacacia 

. ..... Acer nigrum 

.......... A. saccharum 

............. A. negundo 

... A. rubrum 

............... A. saccharinum 

............................ Morus rubra 

.......... S!.(_uercus velutina 

........ Q.. f alcata var. pagodaefolia 

................. Q.. rubra 

................................................ Q.. palustris 

.......... Q.. coccinea 

... .................................... Q.. imbricaria 

............ . ............................. Q.. falcata 

........ Q.. nigra 

.................. Q.. phellos 

Bur oak ·········································-·· .................................. Q.. macrocarpa 

Chestnut oak 

Chinkapin oak 

Overcup oak 

........................ Q.. prinus 

............. Q.. muehlenbergii 

........................... Q.. lyrata 

Post oak .......................................................................... ............ Q.. stellata 

Swamp chestnut oak 

Swamp white oak 

White oak 

Osage orange 

.......................................... Q.. michauxii 

. .......... ........ Q.. bicolor 

. ............................... Q.. alba 

...... Madura pomifera 

PersimmoCJ, common ............................. ............ Diospyros virginiana 

Sassafras ........................................................................ Sassafras albidum 

Sycamo re, amcricJ.n 

Walnut, bbck 

Willow 

Y ellow·poplar 

. ... Platanus occidentalis 

................. .]uglans nigra 

.......................... ................................. Salix spp. 

..... ................................. Liriodendron tulipifera 

Non commercial species: 

Ailanthus (tree of heaven) ........................ .... Ailanthus altissima 

Hawthorn ..................................... .. ........... .............................. Crataegus spp. 

H op horn beam, eastern (ironwood) ............... Ostrya virginiana 

Pawpaw ................................................................................... Asimina triloba 

Plum, wild .. ................................................ ......................... ........ Prunus spp. 

Redbud , ea,otern ............................................................ Cercis canadensis 

Serviceberry .. ............... ........................ Amelanchier spp . 

Sourwood 

Sumac 

.... ..................................................... Oxydendrum arboreum 

................................................................................ Rhus spp. 
Supplementary Tables 

TABLE 2- Total land and forest area by physiographic region and county, Ohio, 1952 

GLACIATED REGION 

Total land Total land Coun ty areal Forest are!l County areal Forest area 

Tho·usand Tlww:a·nd Thou..')a·nd Thou..::;an.d ac1·e.'l ac·res Percent ac·res a c1·es Percent 

Allen 262 24 9 Loga n 295 26 9 

Ashland 268 51 19 Lorain ...................... 317 48 I 5 

Ashtabula ........................ 452 119 26 Lucas 220 26 12 Auglai~e 256 25 10 Madiso n 297 17 6 

Brown ... ................. 314 49 16 Mahoni1; g 268 53 20 

Butler 301 26 9 Marion 259 14 5 

Champai"gn 277 25 9 Medina 271 44 16 

Clark 257 21 8 Mercer 291 25 9 

Clermont 293 59 20 Miami 260 15 6 

Clinton 264 23 9 M ontgom ery 298 20 7 

Columbiana 342 78 23 Morrow 259 35 14 

Crawford 259 26 10 Ottawa 168 18 11 

Cuyahoga 292 )) 19 Pauldmg 266 19 7 

Darke 387 25 6 Picbway 325 14 4 

DefiaP.ce 262 31 12 Preble 274 25 9 

Delaware 294 26 9 Portage 323 76 24 

Erie 169 23 14 Putnam 311 20 6 

Fairfield ·················· -··· 323 43 13 Richland 318 )) 17 

Fayette 260 10 4 Sandusky 262 21 8 

Franklin 344 18 5 Seneca 353 34 10 

Fulton 260 23 9 Shelby 262 26 10 

Geauga 260 107 41 Stark 367 47 13 

Greene 266 21 8 Summit 264 49 19 

Hamilton 265 53 20 Trumbull 397 91 23 

H ancock 341 25 7 Union 278 18 6 

Hardin 299 24 8 Van Wert 262 18 7 

Henry .... 266 17 6 Warren 261 35 13 

Huron ........................ 318 47 15 Wayne ............. . .............. ................. 353 39 11 

t Knox 335 48 14 Williams 269 28 10 

Lake 148 46 31 Wood 396 20 5 'Ucking 439 64 15 Wyandot 260 22 8 

T otal ......................... 18,077 2,230 12 

!Source : Areas of the United States, 1950, U . S. Bureau of the Census. 

HILL COUNTRY 

T otal land T otal bnJ 

County area Fo rest area County area Fo rest area 

Tho u.sa~1d Thousand 1'hon.<:.and Tho"U.sand 

ac1·es ~ Pe·rcent ac1·es ac1·es Percent 

Adams 376 188 50 Lawrence 292 184 63 

Athens 323 13 8 43 Meigs 278 132 47 

Belmont ........................ 343 102 30 Monroe 291 128 44 

Carroll .... 248 60 24 Morgan 267 93 35 

Coshocton 349 \02 29 Muskingum 424 128 30 

Galli a 30 1 130 43 Noble 255 53 21 

Gu ernsey 332 87 26 Perry 262 87 " ,, Harrison 258 74 29 Pike 283 161 57 

Highland 355 59 17 Ross 440 165 38 

Hocking 269 151 56 Scioto 390 237 61 

Holmes 271 54 20 Tuscarawas 353 101 29 

Jackson 269 124 46 Vinton 263 179 68 

Jefferson 263 107 41 Washington 408 192 47 

Total ............. 8, 163 3,216 39 

:n 
TABLE 3. - Land area by major use and physiographic TABLE 4- Commercial forest area by ownership and physio• 

region, Ohio , 1952 graphic region, Ohio, 1952 

Glaciated Hill Glacia.teU Hill 

Land use State total region country Ownership State total region country 

Thousand Per- Thousand Thousand Tho-usand Per Thawsand Thmtsa·Hd 

acn~s cemt ac1·es acres acres cent a cTes acTes 

Forest : Public: 

Commercial 5,396 20.6 2, 19 3 3,203 National forest 88 1.6 88 

Noncommercial: State 169 3.1 18 1 51 

Withdrawn from County & Municipal 40 .8 15 25 timber use 50 .2 37 13 

. Nonproductive Total public 297 5. 5 33 264 

Total forest Private: land 5,446 20.8 2,230 3,216 Farm . 3,047 56.5 1,723 1,324 

Nonfore~t .. .......... 20,794 79 .2 I 5,847 4,947 Industrial and other 2,052 38.0 437 1,615 

Total land area ......... 26,240 100.0 18,077 8, 163 T otal private ............... 5,099 94.5 2, 160 2,93 9 

Percent 100 69 31 Total .. . 5,396 100.0 2, 193 3,203 

TABLE 5- Commercial forest area by stand size and physiographic region, Ohio, 1952 

StanJ-size class State total Glaciated region Hill count ry 

Thousan.d Thousa·nd 

acres Pe-r cent acres Pcn:ent 

Large sawtimber stands ... I, 581 29 916 42 

Small sawtimber stands ... 1,098 20 319 I 5 

Poletimber stands ...... 1,978 37 682 31 

Seedling & sapling stands ... 679 13 247 11 

Nonstocked stands ... 60 1 29 1 

Total... 5,396 100 2,193 100 

TABLE 6- Commercial forest area by forest type and physiographic region, Ohio, 

Thou.:;:and 

acres 

665 

779 

1,296 

432 

31 

3,203 

1952 

Pe1·cent 

21 

24 

40 

14 

1 

100 

Forest type State tota l Glaci<~ted regio n Hill country 

White•red-j ackpine ... 

Loblolly·shortleaf pine ... Oak-pine .. ... . 

Oak-hickory ... Oak-gum-cypress ....... . 

Elm-ash-cottonwood ... . 

Maple-beech-birch ........................................... . 

Aspen-birch ......................................................................... . 

Thou.sa11d 

acres 

8 

108 

106 

3,133 

57 

1,334 

642 

8 

Percent 

0.1 

2.0 

2.0 

58.1 

1.1 

24.7 

11.9 

.1 

Thousand Thousand acres P e rcent acres Percent 

8 0.3 

108 3.4 

13 0.6 93 2.9 

840 38.3 2,293 71.6 

57 2.6 

904 41.2 430 13 .4 

379 17.3 263 8.2 

8 .2 ----------------------------------------------- All types 

Forest type 

White-red-jack pine ... 

Loblolly-shortleaf pine ... 

5,396 100.0 2,193 100.0 

TABLE 7- Commercial forest area by forest type and stand-size class, Ohio 1952 

(In Thousands of Acres ) 

Large Small Pole- State sawtimbe r sawtimber timber total stands stands stands 

8 4 4 

108 23 44 

Oak-pine .................................... 106 4 19 44 

Oak-hickory ... 3,13 3 776 744 1, 189 

Oak-gum-cypress ... 57 9 16 26 

Elm-ash-cottonwood ... 1,334 434 203 533 

Maple-beech-birch ... 642 358 89 130 

Aspen-birch ... 8 8 

All types ... 5,396 1, 581 1,098 1,978 

Percent ... 100.0 29 .3 20.3 36.7 

32 

3,203 

Seedlin~ 

& sap ling 

stands 

41 

39 

373 

6 

157 

63 

679 

12.6 

100.0 

NonstockcJ 

and other 

areas 

7 

2 

60 

1.1 

e 
t 

T A BLE 8 - Net board-f oot volume on commercial fore st area by ownership and physiographic region, Ohio 1952 

Ownership 

Public: 

National forest ... . 

State .................... ................................................... . 

County and municipaL. 

T otal public ... 

Private: 

Farm ................................................ . 

Industrial and othet 

Total private. 

All ownerships . 

Percent. .......................... ..................................... . 

M i lli on bd. f t. 

187 

380 

88 

655 

State total 

P e'rcent 

1.3 

2.6 

.6 

4 . 5 

Glac iated region 

M i llion bd. f t, 

Hill 

country 

M i llicm. bd. ft. 

187 

36 344 

31 57 

67 588 

8,737 60.8 5,749 2,988 

4,982 34.7 1,302 3,680 

13 ,719 95 .5 7,051 6,668 ---------------------------------------------- 14,374 100.0 7,118 7,256 

100.0 49.5 ~o . 5 

T A BLE 9 - Net board-f oo t volume on commercial fore st area by species and physiographic region, Ohio 1952 

Species State to tal G laciated region Hill country 

Milli on Million Millicm. 

bd. f t. P e1·cen t bd. f t. P e1·cent bd. ft. Percent 

Pin e ..... ... ·········· ············· ---- -- 229 1.6 12 5 217 95 

Other softwoods ... 110 .8 47 43 63 57 

White oak ... 1,729 12.0 602 35 1, 127 65 

Chestnut oak ............................... 577 4.0 26 5 551 95 

Other white oaks 3 51 2.4 287 82 64 18 

Black oak ... 993 6.9 231 23 762 77 

Northern red oak .... ······················· 1,093 7.6 526 48 567 52 

Scarlet oak ........ ---------------········ 523 3.6 79 15 444 85 

Other red oaks. ··················-··· 237 1.7 223 94 14 6 

Hickory ..... 1,059 7.4 480 45 579 55 

Ash. 742 5. 1 521 70 221 30 

American elm ... ············································· 1,37 5 9.6 1, 176 86 199 14 

Slippery elm 366 2. 5 205 56 161 44 

Cottonwood. 124 .9 114 92 10 8 

Yellow-poplar ... ..................... 821 5.7 177 22 644 78 

Sugar maple. · ···················· 862 6.0 632 73 230 27 

Soft maple. 644 4. 5 410 64 234 36 

Sycamore. ............ ··············· 379 2.6 271 72 108 28 

Beech. ----------··············· · ...... ...................... 842 5. 9 470 56 372 44 

Black walnut ..... _ ·····-················ 254 1.8 109 43 145 57 

Other hardwoods ........ 1,064 7.4 520 49 544 51 

All species ... 14,374 100.0 7, 118 7,2 56 

Percent. ········-················- 100 50 50 

T ABL E 10 - Net board-foot volume on commercial forest area by tree-diameter class and physiographic region , Ohio , 1952 

10 .. 

Tree~ di ter 

class 

(inches) 

12-14 ..................... . 

16-18 .. ................... . 

20-22 .. . 

24-26 .. . 

28+. 

TotaL 

Percent... 

....... 

State to tal 

MiUion 

bd. f t. P er cent 

93 0.6 

5,348 37.2 

3,965 27 .6 

2,465 17 .1 

1,3 59 9. 5 

1, 144 8.0 

14,374 100.0 

100 

Glac iated region Hill country 

M i lli on M i llion bd. f t. P er cent bd. ft. P ercent 

8 0.1 85 1.2 

2,054 28.9 3,294 45 .4 

1,924 27 .0 2,041 28.1 

1, 513 21.2 952 13.1 

880 12.4 479 6.6 

739 10.4 405 5.6 

7, 11 8 100.0 7,256 100.0 

50 50 

33 
TABLE 11 - N:et board-foot volu.me on commercial forest area by species and stand· size class, Ohio, 1952 

Large Small Pole· Seedling Nonstocked 

sawtimber sawtimber timber & sap lin g and other 

Species T otal stands stilnds stands stands areas 

Million Milli on Million Million Million Million 

bd. ft. Pe1·cent brl. ft. bd. ft. brl. ft. bd. f t. bd. ft. 

Pine ..... 229 1.6 17 147 61 4 

Other so ftwoods ..... 110 .8 77 29 3 I 

White oak .... 1,729 12.0 1,046 517 140 25 

Chestnut oak ........ 577 4.0 201 341 33 2 

Other white oaks ........ 3 51 2.4 270 56 24 I 

Black oak ........ 993 6.9 583 331 78 (I) 

Northern red oak ... 1,093 7.6 799 206 79 8 

Scarlet oak ......... 523 3.6 196 252 72 2 

Other red oaks ... 237 1.7 122 87 26 2 

Hi ckory ...... 1,059 7.4 629 312 11 3 4 

White ash ...... 692 4.8 452 184 52 1 

Black ash ... 50 .3 32 II 7 

American elm ... 1,37 5 9.6 975 27 1 112 11 6 

Slippery elm ... 366 2. 5 243 86 36 I 

Cottonwood ..... 124 .9 92 24 5 3 

Yellow-poplar... .. .... 821 5.7 462 208 142 9 

Sugar maple ....... 862 6.0 683 119 55 5 

Soft maple .... 644 4. 5 465 139 35 5 

Sycamore ..... 379 2.6 302 43 30 4 

Beech ..... 842 5.9 73 1 72 37 I 

Black waln ut.. .. 254 1.8 i 22 74 55 3 

Post species ......... 66 . 5 26 18 20 1 

Other hardwoods. 998 6.9 573 255 157 13 

All species ..... 14,3 7 4 100.0 9,098 3,782 1,3 72 105 17 

Percent.... 100.0 63.3 26.3 9.6 0.7 0. 1 

I Less than 0. 5 million board feet. 

T ABLE 12-N:et board-foot vo lu.me on commercial f orest area by species and tree-diameter classes, Ohio, 1952 

Species Tara ! Trce~diame er classes (inches) 

10 12 - H 16- 18 20·22 2 4 ·26 28+ 

Pin e ....... 229 79 102 37 II 

Other softwoods ...... 11 0 14 40 32 17 7 

White oak ........ 1,729 622 417 22 1 163 306 

Chestnut oak ......... ... 577 335 181 44 16 I 

Other white oaks ... .. 3 51 92 74 61 52 72 

13lack oak .......... 993 345 282 177 136 53 

Northern red oak ... 1,093 22 1 258 242 163 209 

Scarlet oak. ... .. .. 523 242 154 81 38 8 

Other red oaks .. .. 237 97 78 37 7 18 

Hickory ...... 1,0 59 584 302 137 21 I 5 

White ash .... 692 299 202 124 41 26 

131ack ash .. ..... 50 21 17 8 4 

American elm ....... 1,375 408 387 270 164 146 

Slippery elm ........... 366 172 Ill 4 1 23 19 

Cottonwood ........ 124 19 35 50 I 5 5 

Y ellow•poplar... .. 821 324 257 11 2 86 ~2 

Sugar maple .... 862 282 227 230 98 25 

Soft maple ... 644 211 173 137 70 53 Sycamore ......... 379 90 61 82 7 1 75 

Beech ... 842 161 28 1 242 119 39 Bl.ack walnut .... 254 146 8 1 25 2 

Post species ........ 66 43 21 2 

Other hardwoods ...... 998 492 297 12 5 52 32 

A ll species ... 14,374 93 5,348 3,965 2,465 1,3 59 1,144 

Percent. 100.0 .6 37.2 27.6 17 . 1 9. 5 8.0 

34 
t 

D 

TABLE 13- Hardwood sawtimber vo lume by log grades and physiographic region, Ohio 1952 

Region 

Glaciated ... 

Hill Country ... 

State ... 

T otal 

Million 

bd. ft. 

7,059 

6,976 

14,035 

Log grnde I 

Million 

bd. ft. P eTcent 

929 13.2 

516 7.4 

1,445 10.3 

Log grade 2 

Million 

bd. f t. Percent 

663 9.4 

743 10.6 

1,406 10.0 

TABLE 14 - Hardwood sawtimber volume by log grades and tree diameter class. 

Trcc· dif\m etc r Tree·d iameter clas.s 

class T otal (inches) L o~ grade 1 La ).! grade 2 

MiUion M i llion M i llion 

bd. f t. P eT cent bd. ft. P c·rcent bd. ft. Percen t 

12· 14 ... 5,206 100.0 168 3.2 

16 ... 2,237 100.0 133 6.0 35 4 15.8 

18+ .. 6,592 100.0 1,312 19.9 88 4 13.4 

T otal... 14,03 5 100.0 1,445 10.3 1,406 10.0 

TABLE 15- J\l.et cubic·foot volume of growing toc~ on commercial forest area by species and 

1952 

Species St11te total G laciated region 

Million .MU!ion cu. ft. Percent ""· f t. Pe1·cent 

Pin e ... 68 .4 100 2.0 2.9 

Redcedar. .......... 2.8 100 .1 3.6 

Other softwoods ... 21.7 100 10.3 47.5 

White oak .......... ............................................. 426.3 100 116.8 27.4 

Chestnut oak .. ··························. 195 .2 100 5.2 2.7 

Other white oaks .... 8 5.8 100 66.3 77. 3 

Black oak. .. 241.6 100 47 .5 19.7 

Northern red oak. .. 229 .1 100 107.7 47 .0 

Scarlet oak ... 123.6 100 14.8 12.0 

Other red oaks .... 63.5 100 58 .0 91.3 

Hickory ... 366.7 100 150.8 41.1 

White ash ... 213.5 100 136.9 64.1 

Black ash ... 15 .9 100 11.3 71.1 

American elm ... 353 .0 100 291.7 82.6 

Slippery elm ... 123 .0. 100 64.9 52.8 

Cottonwood ... 23.3 100 21.6 92.7 

Y ellow·poplar. .. ····················--·-·- 202.8 100 3U 17.5 

Sugar maple ....... 212.5 100 136. 7 6 4.3 

Soft mapl e ....... ------------··················· 188.5 100 10 3.3 54.8 

Sycamore ... 77 .9 100 52. 1 66.9 

Beech ... 175.0 100 93.0 53. 1 

Bl ack walnut. 79.3 100 30.8 38 .8 

Post species ... 69.3 100 23.4 33.8 

Other hardwoods ... 3 37.1 100 156.2 46.3 

T otal... 3,89 5.8 1,736.9 

Percent.. 100 45 

Log grade 3 

Million 

bd. ft. Pe1·c<'nt 

5,467 77.4 

5,7 17 82.0 

11,184 79.7 

Ohio, 1952 

Log grade 3 

M i llion 

bd.ft. Percent 

5,038 96.8 

1,75 0 78.2 

4,396 66.7 

11 , 184 79.7 

physiographic ·region, Ohio 

Hill country 

Million 

cu. ft. P e1·cent 

66.4 97. 1 

2.7 96.4 

11.4 52.5 

309.5 72.6 

190.0 97.3 

19.5 22.7 

194. 1 80.3 

121.4 53 .0 

108 .8 88.0 

5. 5 8.7 

215.9 58.9 

76.6 35.9 

4.6 28.9 

61.3 17.4 

58.1 47.2 

1.7 7.3 

167.3 82.5 

7 5.8 3 5.7 

85 .2 45.2 

25.8 3 3. 1 

82.0 46.9 

48 .5 61.2 

45.9 66.2 

180.9 53.7 

2, 158.9 

55 

35 
TABLE 16- N.et cubic-foot volume of growing stoc~ on commercial forest area and 

1952 (million cubic feet, i.e., 000,000 omitted) 

by species and tree-diameter class, Ohio, 

Species Tota l 6-8 10 12-14 16-18 20-22 24-26 28+ 

Pine .................. 68.4 24.8 16.3 19. 1 6.4 1.8 

Other softwoods ... 24.) 4.1 3. 3 7.6 u 2.8 1.2 

White oak 426.3 19.9 58.8 118.8 73.6 37.) 27.1 50.6 

Chestnut oak ... 195 .2 41.9 44.1 6).4 33.0 7.9 2.7 .2 

Other white oaks .... 85 .8 14.1 7.) 18.9 13.4 10.6 8.8 12.) 

Black oak ...................... 241.6 31.6 31.) 66.2 50.3 30.) 22.6 8.9 

Northern red oak. .. 229.1 20.1 19.7 41.8 45 .7 40.2 27.3 34.3 

Scarlet oak ················---------- 123.6 14.1 1).) 45.2 27.1 13.8 6.4 l.) 

Other red oaks. 63 .) l l.l 9.3 18.7 13 .6 6.4 1.2 2.8 

Hickory ----------------·-----------·-----------··-- 366.7 106.1 70.) 109.7 51.9 22.7 3.5 2.3 

White ash. ----·····-······················-······················· 213 .) 53.7 3 l . 2 56.8 3 ) .4 21.1 6.8 4.) 

Black ash ... 15.9 4.0 2.7 4.3 2.8 l.) .6 

American dm ... 353.0 61.3 40. 1 80.7 70.6 47.0 28.0 21 .3 

Slippery elm ································· 123 .0 31.9 23.) 3 3. 3 19.9 6.8 4. 1 3.) 

Cottonwood ... 23.3 .7 .7 3.) 6.4 8.7 2.) .8 

Yellow-poplar ···········----------------------------------··· 202.8 3 3.8 28.3 59.7 43.1 17.9 11.1 8.9 

Sugar maple ... 212.) 37 .8 23.3 52.9 39.3 38.6 16 .3 4.3 

Soft maple ....... --------------------·················· 188.5 45.3 26.8 40.8 31.1 23.) 12.0 9.0 

Sycamore ... 77.9 6.9 7.1 16 .3 10.7 13.2 11.6 12. 1 

Beech ... 175.0 1). 5 15 .7 30.3 47 .8 40.3 19.1 6.3 

Black walnut ... ····················· 79.3 17 .1 14.0 28.9 14.3 4. 5 . 5 

Post species ... 69.3 40.0 15 .7 9.2 4.1 ·-' 

Other hardwoods ... 3 37.1 92.2 61.6 94.4 52.6 22.2 8.8 u 

T otal... 3,895 .8 768 .4 171.2 1,022.) 698 .6 418 .0 224.0 193 .1 

Percent 100.0 19.7 14.7 26.2 17 .9 10.7 5.8 5.0 

TABLE 17 - Average volume of growing stoc~ per acre by stand-size class and region, Ohio, 1952 

BOARD-FOOT VOLUME CUBIC-FOOT VOLUME 

State Hill State Hill Stand+size class tota l Glaciated country St<~nd+ ize class total Glaciated country 

Large sawtimber stands ...... 1,7 5) 5,999 1,418 Large sawtimber stands ...... 1,209.1 1,221.7 1, 191.7 

Small sawtimber stands .. .... 3,444 3,746 3,32 1 Small sawtimber stands ...... 1,034.9 1,087. 5 1,013.4 

Poletimber stands 694 516 766 Poletimber stands 401.0 371.8 422.4 

Seedling and Seedling and 

sapling stands 15) 154 15) sapling stands 62.6 60.7 63.7 

Nonstocked stands 283 379 194 Non stocked stands 73.3 79.3 67.7 

All classes .................. 2,664 3,246 2,265 All classes 722.0 792.0 674.0 

TABLE 18-)\{umber of trees on commercial forest land by region and by tree-size and stand-size classes, Ohio, 1952 

(thousands of trees, i.e., 000 omitted) 

Tree class 

Sound .......................... . 

Sound cull.... 

Rotten cull 

Dead chestnut ... 

Other dead ..... 

Sound ... 

Sound cull ................................. . 

Rotten cull... . 

Dead chestDut ... 

Other dead .... 

Sound ........ ··· ··················· ··········- Sound cull... 

Rotten cull... 

Dead chestnut. ......................... . Other dead ... 

36 

Tota l 

'781,044 

20,3)) 

42,295 

1,3 05 

3,224 

)12,460 

16,458 

18,978 

248 

2,632 

1,293,504 

36,813 

61,273 

1, 553 

5,856 

Tree size 

Saw· Pole- Large 

timber timber sawtimbe r 

T H E HILL COUNTRY 

57,837 723 ,207 127,539 

1,509 18,846 2,680 

10,19 1 32,104 10,246 

318 987 

405 2,8 19 

THE GLACIATED REGION 

45,735 466,725 164,120 

2,010 14,448 4,630 

6,618 12,360 8,362 

44 204 108 

472 2,160 940 

T HE STATE 

103,572 1,189,932 291,659 

3, 519 33,294 7,310 

16,809 44,464 18,608 

362 1' 191 

877 4,979 

Stand siz e 

Small Pole- Seedling N on· sawtimber timber & sapling stocked 

178,180 391,775 82,3 37 1,213 

4,200 9,2 17 2,219 2,039 

11 ,850 18,680 1,062 457 

83,745 209,52 1 )4,788 286 

1,876 8,1 42 1, 580 230 

4,0 22 1,670 772 152 

100 24 16 

806 766 120 

261,925 601,296 137, 12 5 1,499 

6,076 17,359 3,799 2,269 

11,872 24,3 50 1,834 609 
TABLE 19- Average 10-year diameter growth by species T ABLE 20 - Average annual net board-foot growth by 

and tree-size class, Ohio, 1952 species, ex pressed as a percentage of sawtimber inv entory 

t volume , Ohio, 1951 

Seedling Sp Growth on ecies and Pole- Saw • 

sapling timber timber orig inal N et 

Spec ies stand less Ingrowth growth 

Inches htches In ches mo rtalit y 

Pine ............... 3.08 2.44 1.54 PeT cent Pe1'cent Pe-rcent 

Red cedar ......... 1.60 .80 

Other Pine ........ .. .... ..4.42 2.82 7.24 softwoods .... 2.70 .98 1.40 

White Other softwoods .. ..... 3.43 1.0 5 4.48 oak . 1.28 1.40 1.90 

Ch White o.ak ............ 3.21 1.58 4.79 estnut oak .94 1.18 1.66 

Other white Chestnut oak ...... 3.14 2.32 5.46 oaks ... 1.80 2.08 2.00 

Black Other white oaks ...... 3 .1 7 1.02 4.19 oak ..... . . UO 1.80 2.08 

Northern Black oak .. ... .. 3.76 1. 51 5.27 red oak ... 1.40 1.98 2.30 Northern red oak ................. 3.19 1.1 8 4.37 Scarl et oak .1.18 1.68 2.14 

Othe Scarlet oak .............. 3.78 1.81 5.59 r red oaks .... 1.72 2.66 3.04 

Hi O ther red oaks ........... 5.93 3.47 9.40 ckory .. .. .. . ............. 1.20 1.30 1.28 

White Hickory ...... 2.71 2.21 4.91 .ash .................. 1. 58 1.86 2.16 White ash .. ... .4.24 2.65 6.89 Black ash 1.3 6 ..................... .... 1.24 2.54 

Amer Black ash ..... .4.00 2. 54 6.54 ican elm ·-····················· .. 1.74 2.06 2. 16 American elm . .4.08 1.45 5.53 Slippery elm ..................... 1.64 1.66 1.94 Slippery elm ........ 3.65 1.95 5.60 C

Ye

ottonwood 3. 20 3.48 Cobtonwood . .... . 5.78 .93 6.71 llow-poplar ... . ............. 2.16 3.12 3.06 Yellow-poplar .. 7. 58 2.87 10.44 Sugar maple ....... .. 1.22 1.72 1.74 Sugar maple ................... 2.78 1.44 4.22 Soft maple .. ............................. 1.86 2.12 2.18 Soft maple ......... ··············· ..... 3. 50 2.12 5.62 Sycamore ... .... ... 2.90 1.40 2.38 Sycamore ........ 3.13 .85 3.98 Beech · ·· · ·······-······· .... 1.24 1.44 1.70 Beech .. ···· ······ ·········· .... 2.67 . 58 3.26 Black walnut .. .... 2.32 2.20 1.88 Black walnut .......... 4.3 5 3.46 7.8 1 Post species ...... 1. 82 1.70 2.04 Post species .... .4.30 6.75 11.05 Other hardwoods ..... 1.74 2.04 2.04 Other hardwoods ......... 3.97" 2.91 6.88 

Average all species ... ... .. 1.64 1.82 2.02 Average all species ......... 3.74 1.87 5.61 

T ABLE 21 - ]\[umber of sound trees on commercial for est land by species and tree-diam eter class, Ohio, 1952 

(thousands of trees, i.e., 000 omitted) 

T ree•d iamc ter class in inches 

Species Total 

10 12 ·1 4 I (>· 1 8 20-22 24+ 

Pine ...... ·· ························ ····················· 48,752 20,509 13 ,803 8,068 3,305 1,732 1, 114 202 19 

ReJcedar... .......................... 5,032 1,806 2,251 558 333 47 25 12 

Other softwoods ... ··· ···················· 3,03 3 969 483 379 38 1 294 350 132 35 10 

White oak ... ·························· ·· 88, 101 2 5,798 18,486 14,202 9,746 7, 551 8,069 2,558 857 834 

Chestnut oak ····················· ···· ········ ····•··· 42,78 1 10,265 8,822 7,160 5,699 5,034 4,384 1,170 199 48 

O ther white oak 17,8 21 3,3 32 5,292 3,449 2,147 987 1,570 539 238 26 7 

Black oak ..... 3 5,205 8,3 08 7,026 4,649 4,625 3, 594 4,287 1,674 631 411 

Northern red oak .... 25 ,657 8,378 3,412 3,56 1 2,712 2, 142 2,507 1,510 768 667 

Scarlet oak ... ............... .. .... 16,244 2,890 3,328 2, 554 1,81 5 1,759 2,673 8 53 266 106 

Other red oak ... 22 ,697 8,690 7,415 2, 551 1,198 958 1,231 474 146 34 

H ickory ... .................... 167,535 7 5,708 38,953 22,8 53 13,137 8, 152 6,667 1, 582 417 66 

White ash ............................... 73,515 31,521 14,257 11 ,489 6,900 4, 141 3, 528 1 ' 117 433 130 

Black ash ........... 3,8 41 1,087 800 78 1 471 287 272 96 34 13 

American elm ... 118,1 11 44,586 30,481 16,8 10 9,700 5,790 6,2)3 2,709 1,093 689 

Slippery elm .. . .. ................... 42,245 16,340 9,374 6,509 4,192 2,627 2,229 716 146 112 

Cottonwood .... 925 67 74 11 5 70 195 208 154 42 

Yellow-poplar.. ... 48, 191 22 ,5 46 8,360 5,755 4, 105 2,856 3,034 1,091 277 167 

Sugar maple ... 96,273 54,359 18,499 10,072 4,837 2,80 1 3,394 1,255 770 286 

Soft maple ... ..................... . 77,448 34,126 19,767 10,0 18 5,675 3, 145 2,760 1,13 3 521 303 

Sycamore ... 6,291 1,672 288 1,028 936 717 951 270 201 228 

Beech ... 33 ,434 13,973 7,005 3,604 2, 111 1,878 2, 147 1, 536 867 313 

Black walnut .. . 15,317 2,90 1 2, 123 2,738 2,956 1,855 2,072 541 121 10 

Post species .... ..................... 101 ,92 1 13,2 14 28 ,906 11 ,925 5,00 1 1,891 766 208 10 

Other hardwoods .... 203,134 11 7,0 13 38,073 21,2 15 11 , 188 7,075 6, 145 1,760 488 177 

All species ................. ..... 1,293,504 560,058 287,204 172,002 103,285 67 ,383 66 ,623 23 ,345 8,672 4,932 

Trees per forest 

acre ... . . .................... 239.7 103 .8 53 .2 31.9 19. 1 12.5 12.3 4.3 1.6 .9 

37 
TABLE 22- Net board-foot volume on commercial forest area by forest type and physiographic region, Ohio, 1952 

Glaciated Hill 

Forest type State tota l region country 

Million Million Million 

bd. ft. Percent bd. ft. bd. ft. 

White-red-jack pine ... 23 0.1 23 

Loblolly-shortleaf pine ... 116 .8 116 

Oak-pine. ··················································· 111 .8 24 87 

Oak-hickory ..... 8,086 )6.2 2,685 ),40 1 

Oak-gum-cypress ... 125 .9 125 

Elm-ash-cottonwood .. . 3,43 1 23.9 2,675 756 

Maple-beech-birch ... 2,482 17 .3 1,609 873 

T otal ··························· 14,374 100.0 7,118 7,256 

Standard Summary Tables 

As each State throughout the N ation is reported upon by the Forest Survey, a standard 

set of tables presenting information on forest area, ownership, timber volume, growth and drain 

will be presented. With such tables, forest statistics for any region or group of States can easily 

be compiled. Standard tables prepared for the State of Ohio, based on the 1949 survey, appear 

on the following pages. 

TABLE 23 - Land area, by major classes of 

land, Ohio 1952 

TABLE 24 - Commercial forest land area, by ownership and stand-size 

classes, Ohio, 19 52 

Class of lond Area Non· L11rgc Small Pole· Seedling stocked Thousand Ownership Tota l sawtimber sawtimber timber & sapling and other 

ac1·es Pe1·cent stands sta nds stands stands areas 

Forest: 

Commercial Thousand Thousand . . ........ ),396 20.6 Thousand Thousand Thousand 1'housand aC'res acres acTes ac·res ac·res ac·res Noncommercial Federal: 

Productive-rese rved National Forest 88 7 35 33 10 3 from commercial Indian 0 0 0 0 0 0 timber use 50 .2 Other (1) (') 

Total for est land 'i,446 20.8 Total 88 7 35 33 10 3 

Non forest land ··················· ... 20, 794 79.2 State ...................................... 169 25 62 60 22 (I) 

T otal, all classes .......... 26,240 100.0 County f5 

municipal 40 7 13 14 6 

Private: 

Farm ...... 3,047 989 526 1, 116 382 34 

Industrial &'I other 2,0 'i2 )53 462 7'i5 2)9 23 

Total 

All ownerships 

lLess than 

TABLE 25-Area of commercial forest land by major forest 

types, Oh.io, 19 'i2 

Forest type Thous:lntl 

acres 

White-red-jack pine 8 

Loblolly·shortleaf pine 108 

Oak pine 106 

Oak-hickory ....................................................... 3, 13 3 

Oak-gum-cypress .................................................... 57 

Elm-ash-cottonwood .. ... ................... .. ..................................... 1,334 

Maple-beech-birch 642 

A spen-birch 8 

All types ............................................................................................. . 5,396 

38 

OHO 'i,099 1, 542 988 1,8 71 641 57 

............... 5,396 1,581 1,098 1,978 679 60 

'iOO acres or 0.) percent. 

TABLE 26- Net volume of live sawtimber and growing 

stoc~ on commercial forest land by stand-size cl.ass, Oh.io , 

1952 

Stand-size class Sawtimber 

Million 

bd. ft. 

Sawtimber stands 

Poletimber stands 

.......... . .. H ...... J 2,880 

Seed ling f5 saplin g stands 

N onstocked and other areas 

1,372 

105 

17 

All classes Hoo o .... . 14,3 74 

Growin g 

stock 

Million 

cu. ft. 

3,047.9 

80 1.0 

42.5 

4.4 

3,895.8 
TABLE 27- N.et volume of live sawtimber and growing 

toc~ on commercial forest land by ownership class, Ohio, 

1952 

O wnc r!-hip cla5s 

N ationa l forest 

State 

Sawtimbe r 

Million 

bd. jt. 

County (? municipal .... ........................ . 

187 

380 

88 

Private: 

Volum e 

Gro ... \:lng 

:: toc k 

M illion cu. ft. 

57 .6 

114.7 

26.4 

Farm ..................... . .......... ............ 8,737 2,275.5 

Industrial(? other. 4,982 1,421.6 

-------------------- Total ............................................. 13,719 3,697.1 

All ownerships ...... . .... ..... 14,374 3,895.8 

TABLE 28- N.et volume of live sawtimber and growing 

stocl( on commercial forest la.nd by species, Ohio, 1952 

Spc~ cs 

Softwoods: 

Sa\vtimbcr 

Million 

bd. ft. 

Pine ......................... ...... ......................... 229 

Other eastern softwoods 110 

Total so ftwoods 339 

H ardwoods: 

White oaks . ....................... .................. 2,306 

Red oaks 1,093 

Other white oaks . ............................ 3 51 

Other red oaks . ........................... 1,753 

Sugar maple .......................... 862 

Soft maple .............................. 644 

Beech ........................ 842 

A sh ....................... 742 

Hickory ..... ...... . ..................... 1,0 59 

Cottonwood . .................... 124 

Yellow-poplar .......................................... 8 21 

Black walnut 2 54 

Other eastern hardwoods 3, 184 

Total hardwoods 

All ,pecies 

...... 14,035 

........ 14,374 

GrO\ving 

stock 

Million Clt. f t. 

68.4 

24.5 

92.9 

621.5 

229.1 

85.8 

428.7 

212.5 

188.5 

175.0 

229.4 

366.7 

23.3 

202.8 

79.3 

960.3 

3,802.9 

3,895.8 

TABLE 29 - N.et volume of all timber on commercial forest land b y class 

(in million cubic feet) 

of material a.nd species group , Ohio, 1952 

<~ ss of material 

Growing stock: 

Sawtimber : 

Sawlog portion .. 

Upper stem portion ... 

T otal sawtimber 

Poletimber trees ......... 

Total growin g stock ... 

Other material : 

Sound cull trees ............... . 

Rotten cull trees ...... . Hardwood limbs .... . 

Salvabl e dead trees .. ........... ............................... .. 

T otal other materiaL 

T otal all timber. 

T ota l 

2,236.4 

339.4 

2,575.8 

1,320.0 

3,895.8 

140.7 

297.0 

906.4 

1,3 34.1 

5,239.9 

Softwoods Hardwoods 

55 .9 2, 180.5 

8.1 331.3 

64.0 2, 511.8 

28.9 1,2911 

92.9 3,802.9 

1.7 139.0 

1.5 295 .5 

906.4 

3.2 1,340.9 

96.1 5,143.8 

39 
TABLE 30 - - N:et volmne of live sawtimber on commercial for est laHd, by diameter class groups and species, Ohio, 195c 

(in million CLtbic feet) 

Tree di:~m r cb.ss (inches ) 

Spcci~~ 10 I' H 16 18 20+ T otal 

Softwoods: 

Pine ... 79 66 36 18 19 11 2:?.9 

Other eastern softwood s ... 14 17 7" _ J 7" -J 9 24 110 

T otal softwoods .... .......................... 93 83 59 41 28 35 339 

H ardwoo ds: 

White oaks ................ . 513 44-l 368 230 751 2,306 

Other white oaks .... 4-l 48 39 35 185 3 51 

Red oaks 104 117 143 115 614 1,093 

Other red oaks ..... 320 36-l 296 218 555 1,753 

Sugar maple ... 139 14 3 119 108 353 862 

Beech ... . ........................ 71 90 136 145 400 842 

Yellow-poplar. ........................ 144 180 165 92 240 821 

Other eastern ha;·dwoods ... ................ ............ 1,252 1,23 3 97 1 7 16 1,83 5 6,007 

Total hardwoods. ·····················. 2, 587 2,619 2.237 1,659 4,933 14,035 

All species. . .. .................... 93 2,670 2,678 2,278 1,687 4,968 14,374 

TABLE 31- N:et annual growth, annual mortality , and annual cut of live sawtimber and growing stocl( on commercial forest 

land by species group, Ohio, 1952 

lt m 

N et annual growth ... . 

Annua l mortality ... 

/\nnual cut : 

Timber products 

Loggin g residue. 

T otal... 

Tot:tl 

Nlillion 

bd. f t . 

807 

25 

267 

12 

279 

Sa \.vtim bc r 

Soft· woo ds 

Million 

bd. f t. 

22 

HarJ· w oods 

V/ill on 

hd.it. 

785 

2-l 

265 

12 

277 

CrO\vin g stoc k 

Total Soft : HarJ- w oods w oods 

Milli<m Million Millio•n 

'""· ft. C'U.. ft. cu.. ft. 

204.1 8.7 195.4 

8.2 0.2 8.0 

49.0 0.4 48.6 

4.2 4.2 

53.2 0.4 52.8 

TABLE 32 - Output of timber products and annual cut of live sawtimber and growin g stocl(, Ohio, 1951 

Outpu t of timber proc.Juct.s Annu;-~ 1 cut 

Pr o ~~:t V o lume in stan dard units R oundwood \·olum..; o f sa wtim ber 

StandarJ Soft· )1,J. Soft· units Nu mbe r T oed \\'OOds \\'OO.J s T o'" I \VOOd.S 

M cubic feet M board fcctl 

Sawlogs ... M bd. ft . l 

Veneer logs 

and bolts ... M bd . ft. 

Cooperage logs 

and bolts ... M bd. ft. 

Pulpwood ..... Std. cord ~ 

Fuel wood ....... Std. cords 

Piling ... ...... ·················· M lin ear ft. 

Poles .... M pieces 

Posts ... M pieces 

H ewn ties ... M pieces 

Mine timbers ... M cu . ft. 

Miscellaneous5 ... M cu. tt. 

t~!. .. . xxxx 

1 I n tern ational Y-l·inch rule. 

~R h wood basis. 

218 ,722 32,777 358 32,419 222 ,515 

12,298 1,823 1,823 12,884 

12,560 1,8(,2 1,862 13, l 58 3 3 2,203 2,006 2,00 5 1,:?.60 

+3 24, 599 20,427 20,427 19,988 

36 25 25 154 

4, 574 3,607 3,60 7 5,03 3 

20 79 79 500 

1,407 1,407 1,-10 7 1

Lf93 493 -! 9 2 3,238 

xxxx 64,506 360 64, 146 278 ,730 

::Not includin g wood from mill residues used for pu lp and hard boards. 

~Not includin g wood from mill re sidues u~ed fe r domesti c and industrial fuel. 

'•Includes chemi cal wood, handle 5tock , fa,·m timbers, etc. 

GNat in cludin g mill residues used for mi; ce!laneo us product3. 

2,465 

2,465 

H ard· 

woods 

220,050 

12,884 

13,158 

1,260 

19,988 

154 

5,03 3 

500 

3,'238 

276 ,265 

~----------------------------------------------------------------------

Annu:d cu t of 

\vin ~ stoc k 

Soft · Hard · T ot:d \':ooc.J s oo ~ 

M cubic fee t 

36,489 408 36,081 

2,037 2,037 

2,081 2,081 

2,006 2.005 

5,754 5,754 

25 25 

2,814 2,814 

79 79 

1,407 1,407 

547 546 

53,239 41 0 52,829 

·--- - ----i* 

Agriculture ForeJt Service Co!umbuJ, Ohio 

40