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Ashland NFWCO
 Midwest Region
 MTAN Logo
 Dedicated To The Tribal Aquaculture Program Image of fish jumping.
      March 2004-Volume 47
 http://www.fws.gov/midwest/ashland/mtanhome.html **Coordinator:
  Frank G. Stone 
          (715-682-6185) Ext.
          202
          U.S. Fish and
          Wildlife Service
          Email: 
          [email protected]**
        
        **Edited
            By:
            Elizabeth W. Greiff 
            (715-349-2195) Ext. 141
            St. Croix Tribal Nat. Res. Depart.
            Email:**
                **[email protected]**
 Topics
  Of Interest: SCI-62 Algicide/Bactericide Nutritional Diseases of Fish Ultraviolet Radiation (germicidal) Energy    SCI-62 
  Algicide/Bactericide
  By:  Don 
    Peters Representative for
  Chem-A-Co, Inc.
  (574) 583-4368 ~ PO Box 1099 ~ Monticello, IN 47960 If algae and/or bacteria problems become an uncontrollable 
  battle, SCI-62 is a proven and reliable solution with a variety of 
  applications.  SCI-62 is an innovative, low pH algicide/bactericide 
  designed for use in lakes, ponds, reservoirs, irrigation canals, waste treatment 
  lagoons, and other water systems.  The ingredient is an active form of cupric 
  ion (Cu++).  The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has 
  approved SCI-62 as an algicide/bactericide.  SCI-62s copper ions remain 
  suspended indefinitely without settling out or adding to bottom sediments. Its 
  unique self-dispersing properties allow even distribution without spraying, 
  mixing or agitation and is non-toxic to humans or fish when used as directed. Application: For best results apply to your water supply before algae is 
  present.  This will save you additional expenses in labor costs and the amount 
  of product needed.  The picture shown below indicates a pond that has been 
  completely over run with algae.  SCI-62 was applied on June 21st. and cleared of 
  the algae by July 3rd.   This is an application that is common but is one that 
  we would like to avoid.  Additional product would be needed to control future 
  out-breaks of algae.  Since all the copper is being utilized on the existing 
  algae, there is little or no product left in the water to protect against 
  another out-break of algae.  SCI-62 should be applied at a minimal rate before 
  algae is present to prevent its spread. SCI-62 was applied on June 21st. and cleared of the 
            algae by July 3rd.
 SCI-62 is the answer to many of the problems 
  confronting fish farmers today.  Listed below are just a few of reasons why this 
  is the favorite alternative to copper sulfate in the aquaculture industry today. Certified with the EPA and ANSI/NSF as an 
      Algicide/Bactericide
    Provides a healthier environment that will 
        yield healthier fish
    Allows for less chemical used, with better 
        results
    Stays in solution indefinitely until the 
        product is utilized
    Reduces toxic build up in the sediment
    May be used in biological fishponds to 
        reduce harmful bacteria
    Leaves no untreated areas, which is often 
        the case with other copper products
    Requires no mixing or spraying
    Is easy to apply
    Controls algae with predictable results SCI-62 is manufactured with 20 to 25% copper 
  sulfate pentahydrate that meets or exceeds ANSI/NSF Standards.  Once the copper 
  is dissolved and suspended in solution the product carries 5% metallic copper, 
  which is its active ingredient. Calculation Formula: 1 ppm copper ion (Cu++) = 1 gallon SCI-62 / 60,000 
      gallons of water
    0.06 ppm copper ion (Cu++) = 1 gallon SCI-62 / 1,000,000 
        gallons of water Application Guidelines: For fish bearing lakes and ponds, drinking 
  water reservoirs, irrigation canals and other applications, the dosage rate is 
  0.06 ppm copper maximum, or 1 gallon SCI-62 for each million gallons of water.  
  Before applying, check your water parameters for pH and alkalinity. Safe Dosage Where Fish 
  must Be Protected: The greatest danger to fish life resulting 
  from the use of SCI-62 is not from the chemical itself, but from dead algae. 
  SCI-62 kills algae that can cling to the fishes gills, reducing the oxygen 
  supply needed for survival. Anytime a body of water becomes heavily infested 
  with algae, there is a possibility of fish loss when the algae are killed. This can be 
    avoided if the algae are controlled from the beginning of the season 
    and are not allowed to reach a prolific stage of growth. SCI-62 treatment should be started in the 
  early spring except in warmer climates where treatment at regular intervals is 
  necessary year round. If a reservoir is allowed to become heavily infested will 
  algae, starting chemical treatments at very low levels can protect fish life. 
  This will allow the killing of algae to take place at lesser amounts and create 
  a slower kill. Treatment must be repeated on a regular basis when lesser amounts 
  are used. When control is reached, a regular schedule must be followed. Even in 
  warmer climates algae is less prevalent during certain times of the year. This 
  would be the ideal time to begin treatment.  The MTAN wanted to discuss the 
    importance of properly handling fish food and the results when food is handled 
    improperly or if the quality of the food is diminished.  The cost of fish 
    food can represent 30 to 90 percent of the total cost of raising fish.  In 
    some situations (like indoor culture), manufactured feed must provide 100 
    percent of the complex nutritional requirements fish need.
  A less 
    than complete diet will show up as a poor feeding response, 
    slow growth, and/or disease problems.
  Poor water quality can also be 
    a result of bad feed. All fish feed should be used within the normal 
    6-month shelf life. In very few instances do you ever want to overfeed. In 
    general, give fish a little less than they will eat (stop feeding them before 
    they stop feeding).  Nutritional Diseases of Fish
  Submitted By: 
          Becky A. 
            Lasee, US Fish & Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, La Crosse, WI. Proper nutrition is vital to fish health. 
  Undernourished or malnourished fish exhibit nutritional diseases and may be more 
  susceptible to other disease agents. Proper diets can speed recovery from 
  infections, slow progress of a disease or allow fish to overcome environmental 
  stresses. Inadequate diets can cause nutrient imbalances, deficiency diseases, 
  toxicoses or may introduce infective agents. Strategies for supporting healthy 
  fish through diet include: (1) supply all the nutrients; (2) make sure each 
  nutrient is available (digestible); and (3) feed at optimal rates and levels for 
  the fish species being raised. Most commercially available feeds for cultured 
  fishes are formulated to  meet specific recommended dietary requirements. 
  However, special care must be taken to avoid spoilage and damage to feed 
  by improper handling and storage. Due to the high levels of protein and 
  oils present in formulated fish feeds, they are usually soft and fragile and 
  prone to rapid deterioration. Optimal storage conditions must be provided and 
  several factors should be avoided that may spoil the feed, such as physical 
  conditions (excessive moisture, heat or light), oxidation, microorganisms 
  (molds, bacteria or yeasts), and enzymatic activity. In general, bagged feed should be stored in a 
  cool, dry area. Low humidity must be maintained to deter mold growth. Molds can 
  cause spoilage and produce toxins. High temperatures can cause rancidity of oils 
  and deterioration of vitamins.   Rancid oils can be toxic, may destroy 
  other nutrients, cause an off-flavor of the feed and produce an undesirable 
  flavor in the fish eating the feed. Dietary deficiencies of various nutrients, 
  vitamins and minerals result in a variety of physical and behavioral disorders, 
  and growth deformities in fish. The table below lists many of the pathological 
  conditions and their associated dietary deficiencies. Nutritional 
  Gill Disease: 
  Nutritional gill disease or pantothenic acid deficiency is a condition affecting 
  the gills of fish. It is recognized by the hyperplasia of the proximal portions 
  of the gill filaments, causing the gill filaments to become extremely swollen 
  and bulbous. Filamentous bacteria frequently encountered with bacterial gill 
  disease are absent.  Fish with this condition exhibit loss of appetite and are 
  less active. Affected salmonids swim against the current or 
  congregate near water inlets.   Nutritional gill disease is associated primarily 
  with hatchery raised fish and is due to pantothenic acid deficiencies in the 
  diet. Nutritional gill disease will not usually be encountered if fresh food is 
  being fed. Dry pelleted feeds which have been stored for extended periods or 
  exposed to high temperatures can usually be blamed. To correct the problem, feed 
  a fresh diet and provide additional fresh water and aeration. The disorder is 
  reversible, although recovery may be a gradual process. Sunburn: Sunburn (back peel or back sore) is a 
  condition of salmonids that is characterized by a peeling or sloughing of the 
  outer layer of the skin. Lesions usually occur on the dorsal skin surfaces, 
  between the head and dorsal fin.   Outbreaks occur when fish in clear water 
  are subjected to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Niacin is important in 
  protecting the skin against the effects of ultraviolet irradiation.  Therefore, 
  dietary deficiencies of niacin contribute to this disease.  Placing 
  sunshades over ponds or decreasing intensity of sunlight in other ways can 
  eliminate this problem. Aflatoxicosis: A wide variety of feedstuffs are added to fish rations as protein supplements, 
  including cottonseed meal, peanut meal, wheat products and corn products. 
  Aflatoxicosis is caused by the contamination of feedstuffs by the fungus, 
  Aspergillus flauus.  The toxins produced by the fungus are collectively known as aflatoxins. There are no early external signs of the 
  disease. Later, as the disease progresses, the liver may enlarge and become 
  visible through the body wall. Fish may lose weight and become emaciated. Tumors 
  can be recognized as small graywhite or yellow nodular lesions within the 
  liver.  The nodules enlarge as the disease develops.  There is no treatment for 
  affected fish. Eliminating aflatoxins from the feed will prevent additional 
  disease outbreaks. Fatty 
  Infiltration of the Liver: 
  Feeding of high fat diets may result in infiltration of fat into the liver and 
  excessive obesity. The livers of fish with this condition are yellow to pale 
  orange in color, swollen and sometimes greasy in appearance (or greasy to the 
  touch).  Histologically, there are intracellular fat droplets which are 
  absent in normal fish livers.  Edema (retention of body fluids) often accompanies 
  this condition and is due to altered liver and kidney function.   To treat 
  this condition, dietary fats should be reduced, especially if they exceed 18-20% 
  of the diet. Increasing choline may also help the fish in metabolizing 
  intracellular fat.  Pathological Conditions 
        and their
        Associated Dietary Deficiencies  Ultraviolet Radiation 
    (germicidal) Energy
  The following information was obtained from
  Aquatic Eco-Systems, 1767 Benbow Court, Apopka, FL 32703, (407) 
  886-3939, 24 Hour Fax  (407) 886-6787, Email [email protected] Ultraviolet radiation (germicidal) energy is unmatched in its efficiency, simplicity and dependability when applied as a microorganism disinfectant. In 
    order to protect fish held in ponds, aquariums or holding systems, biologically 
    treated water must be adequately disinfected before returning it to the tanks 
    from the filter system. Ultraviolet radiation (germicidal) energy is unmatched 
  
    in its efficiency, simplicity and dependability 
    when applied as a microorganism disinfectant. It is most effective for its germicidal value in a water application at a 
  wavelength of 265 n meters. Ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength exceeding 280 
  n meters has little germicidal value when used as a disinfectant for living 
  microorganisms. With proper exposure, ultraviolet radiation energy (ultraviolet 
  light) penetrates a waterborne microorganisms cell wall. It then destroys the 
  nuclear material, causing abrupt modification and bringing about their 
  destruction quickly and effectively. At Aquatic Eco-Systems (AES) we hear from a lot of people 
  who have ultraviolet (UV) sterilizers and are still experiencing disease 
  problems. This can almost always be traced back to inadequate UV irradiation. 
  Because it is so difficult to measure the intensity of UV energy hitting the 
  water, many buyers have improperly sized their UV sterilizers by simply 
  following the maximum gpm flow rate published for 15,000 mws. Be careful! You cannot compare UV sterilizers by the 
    watt ratings alone. That would be like comparing cars by their engine size 
    alone. The watt rating is just the starting point for comparisons. The full amount of UV energy required to kill a 
  microorganism must hit the organism after it leaves the lamp, after it leaves 
  the quartz sleeve, after the lamp has aged, and after it has passed by 
  any turbidity and particulates that is blocking the light. Low pressure mercury type UV lamps are best suited to 
  germicidal action because the primary radiation generated by these lamps 
  consists almost exclusively of a spectral wavelength of 254 n meters, which is 
  close to the maximum peak germicidal effectiveness wave length of 265 n meters. 
  This gives the low-pressure mercury type lamps an exceptional 40 percent UV 
  energy efficiency rate between input watts and UV output watts. Medium and high pressure mercury type lamps are best suited 
  for treatments involving chemical by-products associated with industrial waste 
  water, not 
  germicidal action. Medium and high-pressure UV lamps simply offer a poor 
  relative spectral radiant power distribution in the germicidal effectiveness 
  curve. The bulk of their power is in the 320 to 440 n meter ranges, well outside 
  the germicidal effectiveness curve. This gives the medium and high-pressure 
  mercury type lamps an exceptionally poor UV energy efficiency of approximately 8 
  percent between input watts and UV output wafts. Ultraviolet light can be very effective at eliminating 
    viruses, bacteria, algae and fungi. Since it is the intensity of light that is 
  doing the killing, we must know how much light energy to use and how much is 
  reaching the target. Just as some sunglasses and sunscreens reduce UV intensity, 
  so does discolored water, temperatures, turbidity, dirty quartz sleeves, and 
  even some dissolved salts, such as sodium thiosulfate. Old lamps also affect 
  light intensity. Even lamp temperatures can reduce output when operated in cold 
  water. To insure sterile water using UV light, first start with 
  clear water, and have a lamp and flow rate that are sized to deliver the correct 
  amount of irradiation for the target organism. If a UV light is flow rated for 
  15,000 mws and you want 30,000, either double the amount of lamps or reduce the 
  flow by half, and so on for higher dosages. Be aware that some lamps age rapidly and the manufacturer 
    probably states the watts produced when the lamp is new. This wattage can be 
    reduced by as much as 40 percent in as little as six months! We suggest 
    further over sizing the UV sterilizer by at least 40 percent to be sure of 
    getting the killing power required when the lamp has aged. We also suggest 
    changing lamps at six-month intervals.  **Return
      to MTAN selection pageReturn to Ashland FRO home pageReturn to Region 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service** Product and company
      names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only.
      It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government.
 Last updated: 
		  February 3, 2009
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