D-1

Appendix D – Wildlife Mortality Incidents

Table D1. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Brodifacoum

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

B0000-

501-40 1998 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a field area and collected 

for examination. The stomach contained a large pellet of muskrat 

hair and bone. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.30 ppm. 

I002991-

001 1995 Undetermined Highly 

probable GA Field Owl (2)

Two owls were dead on consecutive days residing near a poultry 

house. One bird had a small focus of hemorrhage on the lateral 

aspect of the pectoral muscle. There was extensive hemorrhage 

into the lungs and surrounding anterior airsacs. The second bird 

had extensive hemorrhage surrounding the liver. Analyses of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.85 pm in one bird and 

0.75 ppm in the second. 

I003080-

001 1994 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a residential area with an 

injury noted to its right wing and side. Intense subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was present over all aspects f the wing from the midhumerus to almost the wrist. There was a trace of watery blood 

in the heart and large vessels. An analysis of the liver was 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.41 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003082-

001 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a residential area. There 

was extensive hemorrhage found between the abdominal wall and 

the stomach and had the appearance of having occurred over a 

period of time. The stomach was packed with vole remains. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm. 
D-2

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I003089-

001 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

delivered to a wildlife pathology unit. A small amount of blood 

was present in the hart or large vessels. The stomach contained a 

grey squirrel mandible. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.46 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected

I003091-

001 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was first observed in a field hedgerow and 

reportedly flew into the woods, landed on the ground and died 2-

3 hours later. A slight subcutaneous edema was noticeable over 

the breast and abdomen. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.73 ppm. The brain contained 3.1 ppm 

of the DDT metabolite DDE. It was determined the cause of 

death was due to brodifacoum poisoning. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003092-

001 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a pond on a farm. The 

use of brodifacoum (product name HAVOC) was reported around 

the barns where a rat problem existed. The owl had subcutaneous 

hemorrhage present over much of the left foot. Almost no blood 

was found in the heart or major vessels. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.64 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003093-

001 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a residential area. Extensive 

subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the breast, near the 

right shoulder, and between the knee and hock on the right leg. 

The stomach contained the remains of four shrews. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.23 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.
D-3

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I003094-

001 1995 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a debilitated condition at a 

residential address and died in the care of Volunteers for Wildlife 

the next day. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.76 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I003211-

001 1995 Registered use Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on the grounds of a museum 

and initially submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife. Marked 

subcutaneous hemorrhage was found at the right elbow. Lesser 

hemorrhage was found above the right hock and along the lower 

right side of the abdomen. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 1.6 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I003349-

001 1995 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted for necropsy. 

Intense hemorrhage was present in the abdomen, principally 

within the ventral abdominal fat deposits. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.43 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I003391-

001 1996 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Fox (2), 

Raccoon (1)

Two foxes and one raccoon were found dead under a deck of a 

residential address. One fox showed hemorrhagic edema over the 

top right side of the head and lungs. The lungs of the second fox 

also had hemorrhagic areas. Stomach contents of the foxes had 

some ingested material of uncertain origin and a few deer hairs. 

The raccoon had some edema noted on the head and snout, a 

bruise over the scapulae in the back, and intermuscular 

hemorrhage present on the right side of the thorax. Irregular 

blue-green granules were found in the stomach of the raccoon. 

Analyses of the livers detected brodifacoum residues of .32 and 

4.01 in the foxes, and 1.0 ppm in the raccoon. No other 

anticoagulants detected
D-4

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I003400-

001 1996 Undetermined Probable NY Field Raven (1)

A raven was found dead in a field area. Hemorrhage was resent 

on the medial aspect of both knees, in the neck muscle, on the 

skull cap, and on the left side of the cerebrum. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.4 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I003597-

002 1996 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a State Forest area. 

Severe hemorrhage was present in the fat located between the 

stomach and abdominal wall. Slight subcutaneous hemorrhage 

was found around the right hock and also in the lumen of the 

intestine at two sites. Brodifacoum residues were identified in 

the liver but the numerical amounts were not provided in this 

incident report. 

I003908-

017 1994 Misuse 

(accidental)

Highly 

probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk had been kept in a cage for rehabilitation and 

died when an attendant fed to it a dead rat which had been killed 

from brodifacoum poisoning. No confirmatory resides analysis 

was provided with the report.

I003908-

023 1994 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a residential address. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present along the lower 

right leg from the knee to the toes, especially around the hock, 

tarsometatarsus, and the lateral aspect of the tibia. Minor 

hemorrhages were present over the right breast, within the left 

pectoral muscle, at the lateral margin of the right-eye, and along 

the lateral aspect of the lower left leg. The alimentary canal had a 

trace of small mammal fur and bone and some dark viscous fluid 

in the cecae. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I003908-

024 1994 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and a liver analysis detected 

1.6 ppm brodifacoum residues. The New York Department of 

Environmental Conservation judged brodifacoum to be the cause 

of death.
D-5

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I003909-

009 1995 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl died of poisoning by brodifacoum and 

bromodiolone but no quantitative information was provided in the 

report.

I003909-

012 1996 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was determined to have died as a result of 

consuming a rodent that had been poisoned by brodifacoum. 

There was no confirmatory reside analysis that was part of the 

report.

I004151-

001 1996 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead by a hiker. A 0.177 caliber 

pellet gun projectile was discovered in a dried accumulation of 

blood at the base of the three secondary feathers near the left 

wrist. Minor subcutaneous hemorrhage was present on the left 

side of the abdomen at the left knee and lateral to the posterior 

pelvis on the left side. A firm ball of small mammal fur was 

present in the stomach. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.65 ppm.

I004152-

001 1996 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found debilitated at a residential 

address and died later that evening. The lower right leg showed a 

hemorrhagic edema. The remains of a vole were present in the 

stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I004169-

073 1992 N/R Probable VA Field Goose (1)

Two muscovies and three domestic geese were brought to a 

livestock market. One of the geese was observed flapping its 

wings just prior to falling dead. The National Wildlife Health 

Research Center determined brodifacoum was responsible for the 

bird’s death. There was no confirmatory residue analysis 

provided in the incident report. 
D-6

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I004169-

083 1993 N/R Highly 

probable VA Residential Squirrel (1)

A man found four dead squirrels on his property and had one 

frozen for analysis. The Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at 

Michigan State University detected brodifacoum at a significant 

concentration although the exact concentration was not provided 

in the incident report. 

I004666-

001 1996 N/R Highly 

probable NY Golf 

Course Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found at a golf course and subsequently 

passed a large blood clot and died. It was submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit for postmortem examination. Pieces of a white 

mouse were found in the upper alimentary canal. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.5 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I004770-

001 1996 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found debilitated at a residential address and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit where it died overnight. 

Subcutaneous and/or intramuscular hemorrhage was present in 

the right hind leg, at the left elbow, and the dorsal and right 

lateral aspects of the neck. The heart contained very pale, watery 

blood. A analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

although the exact concentrations were not provided in the 

incident report.

I004771-

001 1997 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found in a debilitated state at a residential address 

and died less than an hour later. Sever hemorrhage was present 

within the right pectoral muscle and around the right shoulder. 

The gizzard contained a blue-green granular material appearing to 

be anticoagulant pesticide bait. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues although the exact concentrations were not 

provided in the incident report. 
D-7

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I004938-

001 1996 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Eagle (1)

A Golden Eagle was found dead in a State Park area. The 

remains were later submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The 

lungs appeared to be very congested and showed areas of 

hemorrhage. The stomach contained a small mass of hair 

resembling that from an opossum or raccoon. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm.

I004938-

003 1997 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded area. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present all over the 

belly, posterior and right lateral aspects of the breast, right 

shoulder, and proximal right wing. The stomach contained one 

molar tooth from a grey squirrel and traces of hair and bone 

fragments. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I004993-

017 1996 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

The California Fish and Game listed brodifacoum as the highly 

probable cause for the death of this eagle. There was biological 

or biochemical evidence only with no ancillary information. 

Chemical residue analysis was not included with this report.

I005213-

001 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Raccoon (1)

A raccoon was found dead in the attic of a residential address. 

This raccoon was reportedly seen to be alive two days earlier. 

Subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhage was found on the 

left side of the thorax and in both hindlegs. The chambers of the 

heart were nearly devoid of blood. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.32 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I006007-

001 1997 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found standing in a small stream and 

taken to a rehabilitation center where it died later that day. A 

large hemorrhage was present in the musculature of the right 

thigh. The stomach contained small rodent hairs and bones. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.22 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected.
D-8

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I006306-

015 1989 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead at a residential address and 

had been observed to be alive in a tree a few hours earlier. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhage was resent over the abdomen and near 

the left shoulder. The lungs were congested with watery bloodtinged fluid. A analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.2 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I006924-

001 1997 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the backyard of a 

residential address and arrived at a wildlife pathology unit for 

examination. The owl had extensive intra and intramuscular 

hemorrhage present. A analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.09 ppm. The DDT metabolite DDE was detected at 

39.6 ppm, though the cause of death was determined to be from 

brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I006968-

001 1998 N/R Highly 

probable NY Urban Skunk (1), 

Fox (1)

A skunk and grey fox were found dead adjacent to a Toxic Waste 

Site. The skunk and fox were submitted to a wildlife pathology 

unit later that day. In the skunk, areas of hemorrhage were 

present in the lungs and in the small intestine. The stomach 

contained small mammal fur and small bird feather. In the fox, 

the lungs were hemorrhagic and bloody fluid was present in the 

thorax. Hemorrhage was also present in the musculature on the 

left side of the rub cage. The stomach contained a piece of small 

mammal skin with attached hair. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.3 ppm in the skunk and 0.02 

in the fox. No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-9

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007107-

004 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated 

incident report for the year 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation 

Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One golden 

eagle was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other 

details were reported. 

I007107-

011 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated 

incident report for the year 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation 

Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One coyote 

was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other details 

were reported. 

I007107-

013 1997 Undetermined Possible CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated 

incident report for the year 1997 by the Pesticide Investigation 

Unit of the California Department of Fish and Game. One coyote 

was reported dead by brodifacoum poisoning and no other details 

were reported. 

I007165-

001 1997 Registered use Highly 

probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A coyote was found next to a creek and had been fitted with a 

radio collar incorporating mortality indicators for quick retrieval 

upon death. Free blood was present in the thoracic and 

abdominal cavities. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.054 ppm. 

I007165-

002 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators for quick 

retrieval was found dead in a streambed. Free blood was present 

in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The lungs were congested 

and oozed blood when cut. An analysis of the liver detected trace 

residues of brodifacoum although the exact concentrations were 

not provided in this incident report. 
D-10

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007165-

003 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Field Coyote (1)

A radio collared coyote with mortality indicators for quick 

retrieval was found dead in thick riparian vegetation. The 

animal’s home range covered both urban and parkland areas. 

Massive hematomas were observed on both hind legs. The 

stomach contained a large ball of hair mixed with small pieces of 

bone. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 

0.083 ppm. 

I007284-

001 1997 Registered use Highly 

probable CA Residential Fox (2)

Two feral foxes were recovered from ma residential address and 

sent to the Department of Fish and Game Pesticide Investigations 

Unit for necropsy and tissue analysis. The stomach contents of 

both animals consisted of feathers, small amounts of grain and 

rodent bones and hair. An analysis of the livers detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.05 ppm in one fox and based on the 

presence of free blood and congested organs in both foxes, 

brodifacoum was likely the cause of death.

I007285-

001 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Residential Mountain 

Lion (1)

A mountain lion was observed at a residential address drinking 

water from a swimming pool. The animal was observed dead the 

following day and submitted to an animal hospital. Acute 

hemorrhaging was present in the lungs and in the stomach. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.52 ppm.

I007286-

001 1996 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Residential Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and sent to the Department of 

Fish and Game Wildlife Investigations Laboratory for necropsy. 

The bird has numerous subcutaneous hematomas and free blood 

observed in the mouth. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm.
D-11

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007599-

002 1998 Undetermined Possible GA N/R Owl (2)

Two Great Horned Owls were found alive within a two weeks 

period. Both owls were sick when located and died the next day. 

The owls were later submitted for necropsy. The first owl had a 

moderate distention of the pericardial sac with serous fluid mixed 

with strands of yellowish, fibrinous material. The ventriculus 

contained a pellet of hairs and bone fragments. The second owl 

had a moderate amount of undigested material later upon analysis 

proving to be a chicken liver. An analysis of the livers detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.226 ppm and 0.099 ppm in the owls. 

I007615-

004 1997 N/R Highly 

probable CA Residential Coyote (1)

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported that a carcass 

of a juvenile coyote was found in Augora Hills, CA. An 

examination by the California Department of Fish and Game 

found brodifacoum in the liver tissue at 0.28 ppm.

I007615-

005 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Golf 

Course Bobcat (1)

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Zeneca reported the death of 

an adult female bobcat that was found in a stream bed near a golf 

course. It had been fitted with a radio collar, indicating it had 

been dead for about 9 days. The stomach contents were very 

dark red-brown in color with mats of animal hair. A subsequent 

analysis by the state’s Fish and Wildlife’s Investigations 

Laboratory indicated brodifacoum was present in the liver at 

0.049 ppm. 

I007821-

001 1998 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead with a dead rat found next 

to the owl. The owl had hemorrhaging in the muscles near the 

left humerus, the left breast, and the bone of the synsacrum. In 

the lower thoracoabdominal cavity, there was hemorrhaging and 

a pool of poorly clotted blood. Liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.12 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.
D-12

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007821-

003 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found and submitted to a hospital for care 

where it died one week later. It was received by a wildlife 

pathology unit the same day. White lab mice were present in the 

lower esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard. Blood tinged 

serous fluid was present in the pericardium, the lungs were 

hemorrhagic, and the air sacs were cloudy. Analysis of tissues 

found 11 ppm of lead in the liver and 0.016 ppm brodifacoum. It 

was determined lead intoxication was the most likely cause of 

death with a probable contribution from brodifacoum. 

I008142-

001 1998 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in the woods behind a house in 

a residential area and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit for 

analysis. An area of hemorrhage was present at the right 

tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.56 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I008146-

001 1998 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned owl was found dead in a field area. Analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm, 

bromodiolone residues at 0.77 ppm, and warfarin residues at 0.73 

ppm. It was determined that higher concentrations of warfarin 

and bromodialone likely played more of a part in the eagle’s 

death but brodifacoum played some part. 

I008152-

001 1998 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a residential area and submitted 

to a wildlife pathology unit. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I008309-

001 1998 Undetermined Probable CA Field Owl (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game recovered a dead 

great horned owl that was allegedly due to brodifacoum and 

diphacinone poisoning. Liver analysis did not find diphacinone

residues but detected brodifacoum at 0.6 ppm. 
D-13

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I008851-

001 1999 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated in a on the side of a road 

in a residential area and died two days later. Extensive 

hemorrhage was present in the synsacrum and the left kidney. 

The hawk had regurgitated a mass of forming pellet that 

contained rodent parts. Brodifacoum was present in the liver a 

0.69 ppm but there is also clear evidence of severe trauma 

possibly from being hit by a motor vehicle. Brodifacoum, to 

some extent, was an additional cause in the bird’s death

I008852-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (3)

Three squirrels had been observed drinking water and were later 

found dead in a backyard of a residence. The first squirrel had 

hemorrhages in the medial aspect of the left elbow, the anterior 

right thigh, and in the lung. Blue-green material was present in 

the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The second squirrel had 

hemorrhages in the ventral neck, the left side of the head, the 

medial and lateral aspect of the right hind leg, and in the left lung. 

The third squirrel had hemorrhages in the lateral aspect of the 

lower right hind leg, caudal and medial aspects of the left foreleg, 

thymus, and lungs. Liver analysis of the three squirrels ranged 

from 6.4 to.6.9 ppm brodifacoum. No other anticoagulants

detected.

I008900-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in a wooded area and was 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The stomach contained 

bloody fluid but no evidence of blood clots were found. An

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected

I008901-

001 1999 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 

0.23 ppm. An analysis of the brain enzymes detected 

oxychlordane at 2.5 ppm. It was determined the chlordane 

metabolite was the principal factor in the bird’s death but 
D-14

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

brodifacoum may have played a role. 

I008914-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated and died in transport to a 

wildlife pathology unit. An analysis of tissues showed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.32 ppm and potentially lethal levels of 

chlordane in the brain. It was likely both contributed to death.

I009060-

001 1998 Legal use Highly 

probable NY Field Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and subsequent tissue analysis 

detected brodifacoum in the liver at 0.06 ppm, bromodiolone at 

0.24 ppm, and 0.17 ppm lead. It was determined that the 

brodifacoum and bromodiolone residues were the cause of the 

bird’s death

I009067-

001 1999 Misuse 

(Intentional)

Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential area and the 

property owner claimed a neighbor was illegally killing small 

mammals around her residence. Hemorrhage was present in the 

musculature around the left humerus, and left and right femur. 

The stomach contained nut meats Liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues at 3.12 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I009068-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit after it 

was found dead in a residential area. The lungs were 

hemorrhagic as well as the abdominal cavity. The stomach 

contained what appeared to be chewed tree buds. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 6.3 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009069-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Skunk (1)

A skunk was reportedly found in the yard of a residence. The 

skunk did not spray, and seemed to have limited movement. The 

skunk was euthanized at a wildlife pathology unit. Liver analysis 

detected brodifacoum resides at 1.05 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected
D-15

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009070-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Coyote (1)

A dead coyote was found at a residence wand received by a 

wildlife pathology unit a day later. The carcass had undergone 

moderate to severe autolysis. The lungs appeared hemorrhagic. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.93 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009071-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A squirrel had been found shaking and seemed unable to move on 

its own. The squirrel later died necropsy showed a large 

hemorrhage in the wall of the abdominal cavity. The stomach 

contained finely ground material with a greenish tint from 

vegetation and nut meats. A rabies test was negative but liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants were detected. 

I009099-

001 1998 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (2)

Two dead crows were found in the yard of a residential area. The 

crows were later received by a wildlife pathology unit for 

necropsy. Both crows had hemorrhagic lungs in and the gizzards 

contained yellowish-white granules. Pooled liver samples 

showed brodifacoum residues of 0.14 ppm. 

I009102-

001 1998 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An opossum was found dead at a residential address and was 

submitted to the NY Department of Environmental Conservation 

for examination. The stomach contained soil and earthworms. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.24 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009104-

001 1998 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for

examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.08 ppm and bromodialone residues of 0.27 ppm. It 

was determined that both anticoagulants played a role in the 

bird’s death.
D-16

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009107-

001 1999 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was dead in a driveway of a residential 

address and received by a wildlife pathology unit 4 days later. 

The stomach contained a forming pellet of small mammal hair. 

Hemorrhage into soft tissue and plumage was present. Chemical

residue analysis showed the DDT metabolite DDE at high but not 

lethal levels as well as dieldrin present at 25 % of the lethal 

levels. Brodifacoum was also present at 0.036 ppm. The primary 

cause of death was attributed to head trauma but brodifacoum and 

other pesticides could have played a role. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009109-

001 1997 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential area and arrived in 

a frozen state to a wildlife pathology unit. Areas of hemorrhage 

were present around the anus, scrotum, and the hind legs. The 

stomach contained a black paste appearing to be hemolyzed 

blood exposed to stomach acid. The lungs were hemorrhagic. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.88 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009112-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found debilitated at a residential address 

and was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit a day later where 

it subsequently died. The hawk cast a pellet of fur and bones and 

among its recent meals were field voles. Severe blood loss signs 

were noted. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.16 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009114-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead near a partially eaten 

muskrat carcass. The right foot and pad had a small ulceration 

and the leg plumage was smeared with dried blood. A puncture 

wound was present between the eyes and the sinuses. The 

stomach contained a large pellet of muskrat hair and bone. Liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.30 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected
D-17

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009116-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in an urban area and submitted 

to a wildlife pathology unit 2 weeks later. There was blood in the 

mouth and a hemorrhage in the matrix of the skull but no head 

fractures were present. A large amount of unclotted blood was

present in the thoraco-abdominal cavity. The hawk’s stomach 

contained the hair, bones, and teeth of a common rat. Liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.23 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I009120-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found at a residential address. The bird 

seemed dehydrated upon submission to Volunteers for Wildlife 

and died an hour before arrival. A large area of unclotted 

hemorrhage was present surrounding the right humerus and 

radius ulna area. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.13 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009122-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A female owl was observed at her nest and three weeks later 

appeared lifeless. The owl was checked and found to be dead. 

The nest contained three eggs and four rats, one partially 

consumed. The owl and eggs were submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit. An area of hemorrhage was noted over the 

sternum and furculae. A liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

residues of 0.08. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009124-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A dead long-eared owl was found in a residential area and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 weeks later. There was a 

hemorrhage present in the lungs and around the heart. Portions of 

a sparrow sized bird were found in the stomach. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.30 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.
D-18

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009126-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and was later submitted to 

necropsy. There was a large hemorrhage over the ventral crop. 

A puncture wound was present over the medial aspect of the 

knee. A liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues of 1.26 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009127-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was dead on a driveway of a residential 

address, submitted to Volunteers for Wildlife and received by a 

wildlife pathology unit a month later. The stomach contained a 

leaf, animal tissue, and a tendon. Liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.80 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected

I009267-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and the bird was submitted 

to a wildlife pathology unit. A bloody, pasty like material was 

present around the vent. The stomach contained grayish hairs 

and a large area of hemorrhage was present in the ventral thoracoabdominal wall. A liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 

0.64 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009268-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Fox (1)

A grey fox was found dead on the side of a road in a residential 

area and arrived at a wildlife pathology unit one day later. The 

lungs were hemorrhagic and a large quantity of bloody fluid was 

present in the thorax. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum resides of 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I009269-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential address. This was 

the third dead squirrel found in two days. Fertilizer and 

insecticides had been used on the lawn recently. The squirrel was 

later received by a wildlife pathology unit. The heart appeared 

empty of blood and the lungs were hemorrhagic. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 2.4 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.
D-19

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009594-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in the backyard of a residence 

and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit one week later. In the 

previous couple of months, dead squirrels had been sighted in 

neighboring yards. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was present 

around the left forearm and ribcage. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 2.4 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009595-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead at the College of St. Rose in 

Albany. And submitted to wildlife pathology the same day. The 

thorax was filled with unclotted blood. Hemorrhage was present 

in the throat, under the mandibles, and on the right side of the 

head. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 

2.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I009649-

001 1999 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was injured in the backyard of a residence. 

The bird died a day later and was necropsidied. There was no 

sign of trauma an analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.42 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I009713-

001 1999 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead at a residential address and later 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The blood was poorly 

clotted and had a thick syrupy appearance. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.31 ppm. 

I009714-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead in the backyard of a 

residence and necropsidied the next day. There was 

subcutaneous hemorrhage over the ventral abdomen. Extensive 

hemorrhage was present in the fatty tissue in the 

thoracoabdominal cavity. Two garter snakes were present in the 

stomach. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

of 0.14 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-20

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I009716-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the driveway of a 

residential address. The bird was submitted to wildlife pathology 

units foe concerns of West Nile Virus. A large hemorrhage was 

present over the left anterolateral pectoral muscle and lateral 

aspect of the right tarsometatarsus. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.16 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I009775-

001 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead in a residential area and received by a 

wildlife pathology unit 2 days later. There was initial concern of 

West Nile Virus. There was hemorrhage present into the 

pericardial sac and within the cardiac musculature. Hemorrhage 

was present in both lungs and around the right lobe of the liver. 

The test for West Nile was negative. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 1.67 pm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I009967-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Weasel (1)

A long-tailed weasel was found in a field area and wasn’t 

walking normally, possibly having a problem with its front legs. 

It later died and was submitted to a wildlife pathology unit the 

same day. There was hemorrhage throughout the lungs and in the 

abdominal cavity. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I009972-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A sharp-shinned hawk was seen in a warehouse and could not fly 

out to avoid capture. The bird was found dead 3 days later. It 

was originally suspected to die from starvation. A small 

hemorrhage was presenting the superficial muscle of the left 

sternal region. The stomach contained a bloody paste. The 

intestines and kidneys were black with hemorrhage. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.17 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 
D-21

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010002-

017 1999 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Field Squirrel (8)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit of the Department of Fish and Game in 

California. Eight fox squirrels were listed to have died from 

brodifacoum poisoning although no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis was provided in the report. 

I010002-

026 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit of the Department of Fish and Game in 

California. One Great Horned Owl was listed to have died from 

brodifacoum poisoning although no confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis was provided in the report. 

I010002-

031 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA Field Bobcat (1)

This incident was part of a 1999 report of the Pesticide 

Investigations Unit of the Department of Fish and Game in 

California. A bobcat was listed to have died from brodifacoum 

poisoning although no confirmatory chemical residue analysis 

was provided in the report. 

I010137-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 2 days later over concerns 

of West Nile virus. No blood was present in the heart and an area 

of subcutaneous hemorrhage extended from the mid-sternum 

caudally over the abdomen and laterally down the left leg. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.94 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected.

I010192-

001 1999 Registered use Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead at a residential address. 

Scientific Exterminators were using bait station blocks at a 

nearby deli that were placed outside. The stomachs of both 

squirrels contained turquoise green material. Liver analyses on 

both squirrels detected brodifacoum residues of 0.25 and 0.70 

ppm. No other anticoagulants were detected.
D-22

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010255-

001 2000 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a residential area and were 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit a day later. One squirrel 

had hemorrhages present in the ventral throat and medial aspect 

of the left hind leg. The second squirrel had small hemorrhages 

distributed over the shoulders and the lateral aspects of the 

abdomen. Brodifacoum residues in the liver were 8.3 and 4.1 

ppm.

I010382-

001 1998 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

probable WI Residential Squirrel (5)

Five grey squirrels and 3 eastern chipmunks were found dead at a 

residence. The three chipmunks were submitted to Wildlife 

Health for analysis. Hemorrhage of most internal organs was 

evident, and stomachs were filled with white pasty material. An 

analysis of the pooled liver samples detected brodifacoum 

residues although no levels were provided in the report. 

I010383-

001 1997 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

probable WI Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a residential area and 

necropsidied. Evidence of hemorrhaging of most internal organs 

was present and there abundant free blood in the abdominal body 

cavity. There was a bright blue-green pelleted compound present 

in the stomachs of two squirrels. Liver analysis detected 

brodifacoum residues although the value of the residues and the 

chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this 

incident report. 

I010384-

001 1995 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

probable WI Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead in a residential area. Large 

blue waxy squares (resembling many over-the-counter type 

rodenticides) were found in the stomachs of the squirrels. A high 

quantitative amount of brodifacoum was detected in the livers but 

no chemical analysis report was provided in the incident report. 
D-23

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010385-

001 1995 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

Probable WI Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was collected in a residential area where many 

squirrels have been dying recently, approximately 30 in a seven 

month span. A plastic dish filled with peanut butter and green 

pellets was found close to the dead squirrel indicating an 

intentional poisoning. Brodifacoum was detected in the peanut 

butter/pellet mixture at 3 ppm and in the liver of the squirrel at 

1.8 ppm. The peanut butter-pellet mixture was not placed 

according to label directions. 

I010386-

001 1998 N/R Highly 

probable WI Field Eagle (1)

A American Bald Eagle was found alive and taken to an animal 

hospital but died soon after being admitted. While alive, the 

eagles was observed to regurgitate rotten smelling meat and had 

difficulty standing or maintaining balance. Internal organs 

revealed hemorrhage and free blood was apparent in the body 

cavity. The crop was filled with small mammal muscle tissue, 

bones, and fur. A liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues 

although the value of the residues and the chemical reside 

analysis report was not provided with this incident report

I010387-

001 2000 Registered use Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead near a barn that used rat 

poison. Upon submission to Wildlife Health, it was found 

brodifacoum residues were present in the liver although the value 

of the residues and the chemical reside analysis report was not 

provided with this incident report

I010387-

002 2000 N/R Probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted to Wildlife 

Health for necropsy. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues and analysis of brain enzyme activity 

revealed significant cholinesterase depression. The carbamate 

insecticide carbofuran was detected in crop content and liver 

tissue. The cause of death was determined to be due to the 

activity of both chemicals. 
D-24

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010388-

001 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found in a field area by a woman on a 

hike. It was submitted to Wildlife Health for a diagnostic 

necropsy. Internal free blood was visible in the lower abdominal 

region. The upper intestinal tract was filled with hair, meat, and 

bones from a small rodent. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues although the value of the residues and the 

chemical reside analysis report was not provided with this 

incident report

I010701-

001 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on a residential lawn and 

submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Subdural hemorrhage 

was present at the base of the skull. There was abundant free 

blood in the lower abdominal region. The crop was filled with 

hair, meat and bones from a small rodent. A liver analysis 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.003 ppm. 

I010701-

002 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found ill in a residential area and died 

approximately 15 minutes prior to collection by a wildlife 

rehabilitator. Necropsy showed no evidence of physical trauma 

and the crop was filled with an unidentified meat/muscle. A liver 

analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. 

I010701-

003 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead on a residential lawn and 

submitted to Wildlife Health for necropsy. Physical trauma was 

evidenced by a massive subdural hemorrhage at the base of the 

skull. The crop was filled with hair and meat from a small 

mammal. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.009 ppm. 
D-25

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I010701-

004 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (2)

A red-tailed hawk and Cooper’s hawk were found dead within 

one day of each other on a farm and submitted to Wildlife Health 

for necropsy. The red-tailed hawk had massive subdural and 

brain hemorrhage present. Crops of both hawks were filled with 

unidentified meat/muscle. Liver analysis of the pooled sample of 

both hawks detected brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm. 

I011005-

001 2000 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1) 

A Great Horned Owl was found dead hanging upside down in a 

tree on a residential property and was submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

in the left wing. A small hemorrhage was present in the neck and 

behind the head on the right side. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.09 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I011066-

001 2000 N/R Highly 

probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a park in Manhattan lying 

face down. The bird was necropsidied four days later. The 

stomach contained a pellet of small mammal hair and bone. A 

few hard pellet like concretions were present in the large intestine 

contents (4-5 mm in diameter, reddish, and fairly homogenous). 

An analysis of the live detected brodifacoum residues at 0.24 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011068-

001 2000 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

received by the county Health Department the same day for 

necropsy. Extensive hemorrhaging was present in the soft tissues 

along the full length of the left humerus. The stomach contained 

bile-stained feathers. An analysis of the live detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.08 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 
D-26

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011274-

001 1981 Registered use Probable DC Zoo Unknown 

birds (12)

The registrant ICI conducted analyses that indentified 

brodifacoum residues in a dozen birds that allegedly died as a 

result of eating insects that had presumably fed on TALON bait 

placed inside bait boxes. No mention was made of the possibility 

that the birds had fed on rodents which would be the target 

species of the bait boxes now was there any confirmatory 

chemical residue analysis included in the incident report. 

I011299-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A rd-tailed hawk was found dead and was submitted to Wildlife 

Health for necropsy where it was found that brodifacoum 

residues at 0.04 ppm were present in the liver. 

I011299-

002 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (2)

In a one month period of time, eight red-tailed hawks were found 

alive but ill when they were taken to a wildlife rehabilitation 

center and treated. Eventually, two died and necropsies showed 

evidence of massive subdural hemorrhage. Liver analysis 

showed brodifacoum residues of 0.008 pm. 

I011299-

003 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and submitted to Wildlife 

Health for necropsy. Analysis showed there was no internal free 

blood and brodifacoum residues were at 0.02 ppm in the liver. 

I011299-

004 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI Residential Hawk (1) A red-tailed hawk was found dead and collected for examination. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.11 ppm. 

I011299-

005 2000 N/R Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and hanging from a tree limb. 

It was submitted to Wildlife Health where a internal lining 

hemorrhage was found in the lower intestinal tract. The crop was 

partially filled with hair, meat, and bones from a small rodent. 

Brodifacoum was found to be in the liver at 0.014 ppm. 
D-27

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011299-

006 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a field area. It was 

submitted to Wildlife Health where its internal organs were filled 

with blood. The crop was partially filled with unidentified meat 

and muscle. Brodifacoum was found in the liver tissue at 0.04 

ppm.

I011303-

001 1987 Legal use Highly 

probable CO Zoo Various bird 

species (5)

Brodifacoum in the form on TALON WEATHER BLOK was 

used at a zoo. Two Franklin’s gulls, one laughing gull, one 

plover, and one unknown bird were observed dead or dying at the 

site. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 

1.5 ppm and 1.6 pm for the Franklin’s gulls, 1.6 ppm for the 

laughing gull, 0.8 ppm for the plover, and 0.5 ppm for the 

unknown bird. 

I011429-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

necropsied later that day. There was a massive subcutaneous 

hemorrhage along the left lateral breast musculature and over the 

right scapula. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 

0.18 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011517-

001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and later 

received by the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The hawk's sternum 

was fractured and the thoracoabdominal cavity contained a large 

quantity of largely unclotted blood. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.32 ppm. The ultimate 

diagnosis was blunt impact trauma but it was determined that the 

health of this bird was severely threatened by brodifacoum. 

I011539-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead in a residential area and was 

later received by the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The crow had 

hemorrhaging along the right atrial area. The lungs were filled 

with bloody fluid and the blood in the heart was poorly clotted. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.4 

ppm. 
D-28

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011540-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead at the New York State 

Department of Environmental Conservation’s Five Rivers 

Environmental Education Center and necropsied a day later. The 

heart chambers were largely devoid of blood and the ventriculus 

contained a recently ingested short tailed shrew. Brodifacoum 

residues of 0.03 ppm were detected in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I011541-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead at Albany Medical Center 

and submitted to a Wildlife Pathology Unit the same day. 

Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum at 0.45 pm in the 

liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I011587-

001 2000 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted to pathology for necropsy the next day. There were 

hemorrhages in the lungs and air sacs. The ventriculus contained 

small mammal hair. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues 

of 0.21 pm. The test for West Nile Virus was positive and 

therefore was determined to be the primary cause of death. 

I011588-

001 2000 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found emaciated weak and had dilated 

pupils. The owl died the same day and was submitted to 

Volunteers for Wildlife. Liver analysis showed 0.37 pm 

brodifacoum and 0.4 ppm of bromadiolone.

I011589-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead in a residential area and submitted to 

pathology a day later. A very large area of subcutaneous 

hemorrhage was present over the dorsal aspect of a femur. Liver 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 1.0 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 
D-29

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011590-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead in a residential area and received for 

necropsy the same day. There was extensive hemorrhaging in the 

musculature of the right lower leg. Hemorrhaging was also 

present in the lower left leg. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

residues of 1.2 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011592-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field 

(forest) Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found alive in the woods in a weak state. 

The owl died shortly thereafter and was necropsied a day later. 

An analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum residues at 0.49 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I011608-

001 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Residential Owl (1)

A dead horned owl was found at Chaparall School in Claremont 

CA. It was given to the president of the Pomona Valley Audubon 

Society, Dan Guthrie, who examined the bird but found no 

broken bones. Analysis later showed the presence of 

brodifacoum.

I011608-

002 2000 Undetermined Probable CA Residential Hawk (2)

Two Cooper’s hawks were found dead at the Botanic Garden at 

Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, CA. One bird was 

determined to be dead from starvation while the other had 

suffered a massive hemorrhage.

I011608-

003 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dying at Scripps College in 

Claremont, CA and later died that night. Necropsy showed that 

the bird had died of brodifacoum toxicosis.

I011613-

001 2001 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Vulture (1)

A turkey vulture was found on the ground standing motionless. It 

was found dead two days later and picked up to be submitted to 

pathology. A preliminary diagnosis was made of lead poisoning 

although liver analysis showed brodifacoum resides of 0.26 ppm. 

The bird appeared to be weakened by lead intoxication and 

brodifacoum was thought to contribute to the mortality.
D-30

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011614-

001 2000 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A juvenile American crow was found dead in a residential area 

and submitted to pathology. There were massive hemorrhages in 

both lungs and a hemorrhage in the calvarium. The ventriculus 

contained cucumber-like seeds and flesh. Analysis showed 

brodifacoum resides at 0.08 ppm in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I011650-

001 2000 Undetermined Possible NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of tissues for organochlorine pesticides 

in the brain detected oxychlordane at 3.0 ppm, the DDT 

metabolite DDE at 31 ppm, dieldrin at 3.9 ppm and chlordane at 

0.36 ppm. An analysis of the liver also detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.05 ppm. It was determined that brodifacoum 

contributed to the death of the owl. 

I011651-

001 2000 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A Great Horned Owl was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum at 

0.15 ppm and bromodialone at 0.32 ppm. 

I011871-

001 2000 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Owl (1)

A screech owl was found at taken for rehabilitation when it was 

found to fly weakly and have dark droppings. The owl died 

during rehabilitation and was submitted to pathology. The 

stomach of the owl contained white fur from lab mice. 

Brodifacoum was present at 0.16 ppm in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I011872-

001 2000 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Raccoon (1)

An adult male raccoon was submitted by a park ranger after being 

found in Manhattan. There was a massive hemorrhage in the 

thoracic cavity and the lungs were hemorrhagic. Chemical 

residue analysis showed brodifacoum resides of 0.14 ppm in the 

liver. No other anticoagulants detected.
D-31

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I011873-

001 2000 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and necropsy showed 

extensive hemorrhaging in the right lower leg. An analysis of the 

liver show brodifacoum concentrations at 0.38 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I012054-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead and sent to pathology where a 

massive hemorrhage was present over the abdomen. The lungs 

were also hemorrhagic and unclotted blood was present in the 

thoracic and abdominal cavities. Liver analysis confirmed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I012055-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead and sent to pathology where severe 

hemorrhaging over the ventral left abdominal region and 

extending down the left leg. Hemorrhaging was also present in 

the kidneys and liver analysis showed brodifacoum 

concentrations at 1.3 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected.

I012056-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found and the carcass sent to pathology. 

An area of hemorrhage was present over the right rib cage and the 

blood was poorly clotted in the heart. An analysis of the liver 

showed brodifacoum concentrations to be at 0.52 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012057-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow was found dead and submitted to pathology. A large 

amount of blood was present in the mouth and the lungs were 

hemorrhaged. Chemical residue analysis showed brodifacoum in 

the liver at 0.35 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected

I012398-

006 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable WI N/R Hawk (11)

T comply with 6(a)2 requirements, Syngenta reported the deaths 

of 11 hawks (Cooper’s and Red-tailed) in Appleton, WI. The 

livers of the hawks were analyzed for OP pesticides and 

brodifacoum. Brodifacoum was detected in all livers at 

concentrations ranging from 0.019 – 0.12 pm. 
D-32

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I012421-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 1.5 ppm. 

I012428-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead that was one of eight found in the 

area during a two month period. There were extensive 

subcutaneous hemorrhages around both hind legs. Brodifacoum 

residues were found to be at 2.64 ppm and no other 

anticoagulants were detected.

I012429-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A barred owl was found dead with the lungs hemorrhagic. An 

analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum residues at 0.04 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected

I012430-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead along a highway and 

submitted for pathology. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found 

in the distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were present 

in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other anticoagulants were 

detected.

I012430-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead along a highway and 

submitted for pathology. Subcutaneous hemorrhaging was found 

in the distal left tibiotarsus. Brodifacoum residues were present 

in the liver at 0.84 ppm and no other anticoagulants were 

detected.

I012431-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead in a residential area and 

received by a pathology unit 10 days later. A massive 

hemorrhage had occurred in the thoraco-abdominal cavity and 

lungs. The ventriculus contained small mammal hair. 

Brodifacoum residues were found in the liver at 0.07 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 
D-33

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I012440-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Squirrel (3)

Three grey squirrels were found dead and picked up by the 

County Department of Health to be submitted for pathology. All 

showed subcutaneous hemorrhage and a moderate volume of 

unclothed blood. Turquoise-green ground grain material was 

found in the mouth of the first squirrel and the stomach of the 

third squirrel. Liver residues analysis showed 5.5 ppm 

brodifacoum in 2 squirrels and 1.03 ppm in the third. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012501-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found at a residential property and 

submitted for pathology. The lungs were hemorrhagic and the 

liver showed brodifacoum concentrations of 1.9 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected

I012540-

001 2001 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Owl (1)

A great Horned Owl was found dead and received by a pathology 

unit one week later. Hemorrhage was present in the pericardial 

sac. The liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.24 ppm 

but high levels of chlordane and DDT metabolites were also 

located in the brain. The bird may have become weakened due to 

brodifacoum poisoning and was later affected by the action of 

chlordane and DDT.

I012541-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An adult crow was found dead and was found to have heavy 

hemorrhaging in the lungs. Chemical residues analysis 

confirmed brodifacoum concentrations of 0.71 ppm in the liver. 

No other anticoagulants detected

I012660-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead on the east side of 

Central Park, Manhattan at 72nd street. A large hemorrhage was 

present over the ventrocaudal ventriculus and also in and around 

the developing ova. The ventriculus contained several small balls 

of small mammal hair. Brodifacoum concentrations were present 

ay 0.91 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.
D-34

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I012662-

001 1993 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (2)

Two gray squirrels were found dead in the front yard of a home 

with a third at the same location a week and a half later. Lung 

hemorrhages were found and liver residues analysis showed 

brodifacoum concentrations of 5.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I012816-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead (second in a week at same 

location). The bladder was hemorrhagic, and bloody fluid was 

present in the thorax. The stomach contained a finely ground 

brown material. The liver contained 3.45 ppm brodifacoum and 

no other anticoagulants were detected.

I012944-

001 2002 Misuse 

(intentional)

Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead and was reported by the person 

who found it that it was the third dead squirrel in that location for 

the last two weeks. This might be a pattern of intentional 

killings. Brodifacoum is used as a mouse and rat poison and 

sometimes illegally for squirrels. The stomach of the squirrel 

contained moderate volume of well ground white/tan nutmeats. 

An analysis of the liver showed brodifacoum resides of 0.82 ppm.

I012945-

001 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A great horned owl was found dead and submitted for pathology. 

A puncture wound was on one tow and dried blood was matted 

on the nearby plumage. There were several hemorrhages and a 

trace of watery blood in the heart. Chemical analysis confirmed 

brodifacoum residues in the liver at 0.82 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I012969-

001 2001 Undetermined Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk that habitually perched in a bridge treated for 

control of pigeons with Avitrol® was found dead. An exam 

showed the bird was emaciated and had not consumed anything 

for some time. No residue analysis to confirm.
D-35

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I012969-

005 2001 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (2), 

Hawk (1)

This incident was reported as part of the California Department of 

Fish and Game incident reports for 2001 which concerned two 

great horned owls and one Cooper’s hawk. Brodifacoum was 

considered to be the cause of death although no confirmatory 

residue analysis was included in the incident report.

I012970-

007 2000 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Coyote (1)

This incident was reported as part of the California Department of 

Fish and Game incident reports in which a coyote was found 

dead. The anticoagulants brodifacoum and bromadiolone were 

considered to be the cause of death although no confirmatory 

residue analysis was included in the incident report.

I01310-

010 1995 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the New York Department of 

Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects 

Database Report from 2002. A white-tailed deer was found to 

have brodifacoum residues of 0.37 ppm and racumin residues at 

0.5 ppm in its liver.

I013117-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Crow (1)

An American Crow was found in the side yard of the property 

owner and submitted for pathology. Clotted blood was present in 

the lumen. The liver contained 1.73 ppm of brodifacoum. No

other anticoagulants detected.

I013182-

001 2002 Registered use Highly 

probable CA Island

10 species of 

migratory 

birds

Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal agencies for use on 

Anacapa Island to kill invasive black rats. An unintended 

consequence was the secondary poisoning of migratory birds of 

at least 10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical residue 

analysis included in the report. 

I013182-

001 2002 Registered use Highly probable CA Island

10 species of 

migratory 

birds

Brodifacoum had been distributed by federal agencies for use on 

Anacapa Island to kill invasive black rats. An unintended 

consequence was the secondary poisoning of migratory birds of 

at least 10 species. There was no confirmatory chemical residue 

analysis included in the report. 
D-36

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I013245-

001 2001 Undetermined Possible CA Field Bobcat (1)

A bobcat that was part of a radio-telemetry study being conducted 

by the National Park Service was recovered in the vicinity of the 

Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Blood was 

present in the nose and mouth. A sub-cutaneous hematoma was 

observed on the upper inside of the left front leg. There was a 

penetrating hole in the skull above the foramen magnum that 

passed into the brain case and significant bruising around the base 

of the skull. The abdominal cavity contained significant amounts 

of free blood. The stomach contained remains that were 

mammalian in origin. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.024 ppm. The ultimate determination was the 

bobcat was ht by a vehicle although exposure to brodifacoum was 

also evident.

I013622-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead and had extensive 

hemorrhaging over the ventral abdomen and down the left leg. 

The intestines were stained with blood. Brodifacoum was the 

only anticoagulant found which had resides of 0.37 ppm in the 

liver.

I013798-

039 1996 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A Red-Tailed Hawk was identified as having brodifacoum resides 

of 0.5 ppm in the liver. This incident was reported in the Journal 

of Wildlife Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798-

043 1997 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Crow (1)

A Common Crow was found dead and having 1.34 ppm 

brodifacoum in the liver. This incident was reported in the 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.

I013798-

052 1997 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

A White-Tailed Deer was found dead with brodifacoum resides at 

0.16 ppm in its liver. This incident was reported in the Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases, April, 1999, Vol. 35, No.2.
D-37

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I013810-

001 1994 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Deer (1) 

This incident is part of the New York Department of 

Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects 

Database Report from 2002. A white-tailed deer was found to 

have brodifacoum residues of 0.38 ppm in its liver.

I013810-

015 1996 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the New York Department of 

Environmental Conservation Contaminant Exposure and Effects 

Database Report from 2002. A white-tailed deer was found to 

have brodifacoum residues of 0.12 ppm in its liver.

I014694-

001 2000 Undetermined Probable CA N/R Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead and sent to a pesticide 

laboratory unit for necropsy and tissue analysis. The liver 

contained brodifacoum residues at 0.12 ppm

I014717-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable GA State Park Hawk (1), 

Owl (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found to be lethargic and was rehydrated 

with an improved appetite yet died 6 days later. The barn owl 

was found to be lethargic with fluffed feathers and was found 

dead upon arrival at a care facility. The crop in the hawk had a 

moderate amount of white fur. Extensive hemorrhaging in both 

birds was found and brodifacoum residues were present in the 

liver (7 ppb in the hawk and 77 ppb in the owl). There was no 

known use of brodifacoum to control rodents in the park.

I014841-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Vulture (1)

A black vulture was found dead with hemorrhaging present in the 

vicinity of the kidneys and in both lungs. The crop contained 

some unidentified flesh, fat, and bone, and some white tailed deer 

hair was noted in the stomach. Chemical analysis showed 

brodifacoum residues at 0.13 ppm in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I014843-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead and collected for 

examination. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.23 ppm. 
D-38

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I014843-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead with a large volume of 

semi-clotted blood present in the body cavity. An analysis 

showed 0.23 ppm brodifacoum present in the liver. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I014884-

001 2002 Undetermined Possible CA N/R Fox (1)

This incident was reported with the California Department of 

Fish and Game report of incidents for calendar years 2002 and 

2003. A San Joaquin kit fox was analyzed and one was found to 

have brodifacoum in its system although there is no concentration 

of residue provided in the report.

I014884-

002 2002 Undetermined Possible CA N/R Fox (2)

These incidents were reported with the California Department of 

Fish and Game report of incidents for calendar years 2002 and 

2003. Two San Joaquin kit foxes were analyzed and one was 

found to have brodifacoum in its system although there is no 

concentration of residue provided in the report.

I014884-

012 2002 Undetermined Probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was included in the California Department of Fish 

and Game report of fish and wildlife incidents involving 

pesticides for calendar years 2002 and 2003. A barn owl was 

identified as having brodifacoum resides in its system although 

no confirmatory residue analysis was provided.

I014886-

001 2003 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Pigeon (1)

A rock pigeon was found dead and collected for examination. 

There was no confirmatory residue analysis included in the 

incident report and it was determined rodenticide poisoning from 

diphacinone and brodifacoum was the cause of the pigeon’s 

death. 
D-39

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I014887-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Residential Owl (1)

An adult female Barn Owl was recovered from the yard of a 

residence in Sacramento by the property owner. The bird had a 

mate and had been observed roosting at the residence for a period 

of time before the recovery. There was a massive subcutaneous 

hemorrhage on the left ventral portion of the keel. The 

ventriculus contained a few unidentified mammal hairs. 

Analysis confirmed brodifacoum residues at 0.03 ppm in liver. 

I014891-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY N/R Vulture (1)

A black vulture was found dead and collected for examination. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues ay 0.13 

ppm. 

I014892-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in the backyard of a 

home with hemorrhaging present in the left leg and brodifacoum 

residues at 0.6 ppm detected in the liver. The stomach contained 

some unidentified insect fragments and hair. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I014894-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found on the ground at a residence and 

turned over to Volunteers for Wildlife. The bird died the same 

day it as submitted with hemorrhaging present in the 

caudoventral abdomen. The stomach contained a trace of 

unidentified hair. Brodifacoum residues were detected at 0.57 

ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected.

I015034-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead east of a farm and later 

submitted for necropsy. Blood was present in the mouth, nares, 

and lumen of the trachea. Hemorrhaging was present over the 

right lateral abdomen and in the lungs. The stomach contained a 

small wad of unidentified hair and the intestine contents were 

dark colored. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.4 

ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-40

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I015035-

001 2002 Undetermined Highly 

Probable NY Field Owl (1)

An adult female Great Horned Owl was found dead with 

brodifacoum residues detected in the liver at 0.44 ppm. There 

were large areas of subcutaneous hemorrhage present over much 

of the right leg and smaller areas present along the right 

ventrolateral neck and ventral left pectoral muscle. No other 

anticoagulants detected.

I015048-

001 2003 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An adult Eastern Screech Owl was found on the ground, un-alert, 

and unable to stand. The bird died the next day with liver 

concentrations of brodifacoum detected at 0.3 ppm. There was 

extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the left leg and 

unidentified small mammal hair and bones in the stomach. No 

other anticoagulants detected.

I015049-

001 2004 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

An adult red-tailed hawk was found dead with brodifacoum 

residues detected at 0.5 ppm in the liver. Hemorrhaging found 

around left hip and lower right leg. The crop contained one 

freshly ingested short tailed shrew. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I015050-

001 2003 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Field Hawk (1)

An adult female Cooper’s Hawk was found dead with 

brodifacoum liver concentrations at 0.28 ppm. Hemorrhaging 

detected over right medial thigh. No other anticoagulants 

detected.

I015051-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An adult male great horned owl was observed in a lethargic state 

three days before its death. There was a small area of 

hemorrhage in the lower left pectoral muscle. Brodifacoum was 

detected at 0.026 ppm in the liver. Internal hemorrhaging noted 

and no other anticoagulants detected.
D-41

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I015090-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Kestrel / 

Falcon (1)

Hemorrhage extended over the ventral breast and down the 

subcutaneous tissues of the right leg. The stomach contained a 

small amount of sand-like grit. A few of there small granules 

were present in the small intestine. Brodifacoum residues found 

at 0.29 ppm in liver of one adult kestrel. No other anticoagulants 

found in analysis.

I015326-

005 2001 Undetermined Probable NY N/R Squirrel (8)

These incidents were from the USGS Report of the National 

Wildlife Health Center dated in 2001 that stated 8 grey squirrels 

were killed by brodifacoum exposure. No confirmatory chemical 

residue analysis was included with the report. 

I015466-

001 2004 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a residential area and 

collected for examination. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.63 ppm. 

I015731-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A dead squirrel was found in a residential area and submitted to a 

wildlife pathology unit. Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present 

around the left foreleg and over the dorsal pelvis. The thorax was 

filled with unclotted blood. The stomach contained a small 

volume of tan-green material. Analysis of the liver showed 

brodifacoum residues of 0.81 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I015734-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1) 

A screech owl was found dead in a barn and a hemorrhage was 

noted over the left side of the thorax and lateral aspect of the left 

thigh. Hemorrhage was also present in the left lung. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.037 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 
D-42

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I015736-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Crow (1)

A crow reportedly fell out of a tree at a residential address and 

was subsequently euthanized. A necropsy showed blood was In 

the mouth and poor clotted blood was present in the body cavity. 

The lungs were extremely congested with blood. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.17 pm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I015737-

001 2003 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area. Necropsy 

showed a hemorrhage in both lungs. The stomach contained half 

of a red-bellied snake and some unidentified hair. Chemical 

residue analysis detected brodifacoum levels at 0.01 ppm in the 

liver. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015738-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead at a residential address. 

Necropsy showed a massive subcutaneous hemorrhage over the 

dorsal and left lateral aspects of the thorax. Chemical residue 

analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 0.65 ppm in the liver. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015739-

001 2003 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Owl (1)

A long-eared owl was found in a residential area by an urban park 

ranger in Manhattan. Small areas of subcutaneous hemorrhage 

were found over the left dorsal aspect of the synascrum and the 

right occipital aspect of the skull. Hemorrhaging was also noted

in the right lung. Liver analysis showed brodifacoum residues at 

0.02 ppm in the liver. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015740-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead at a residential address. 

The subcutaneous tissues over the ventral abdomen and left leg 

were hemorrhagic. The stomach contained a small wad of small 

mammal hair. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues of 0.74 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-43

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I015741-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead an submitted to Westchester 

County Department of Health. The stomach contained hair, bone, 

and claws of gray squirrel origin. Liver analysis showed detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. No other anticoagulants 

detected. 

I015742-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 

reported the case of a grey squirrel that was found dead on a read 

in a residential area. It died within an hour and was the third 

squirrel found dead in a 3 week period. The stomach contained a

small volume of brown and white matter of unknown origin. Its 

lungs were filled with blood and brodifacoum was detected in the 

liver at 1.95 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015743-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the 

scapulae, left breast, ventral abdomen, and along the lower right 

leg. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.29 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015744-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Field Owl (1)

An Eastern Screech Owl was found dead in a barn in an 

agricultural area. The stomach contained a dark paste tinged with 

blood and/or bile. Analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.035 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I015962-

001 2005 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Fox (1)

A juvenile red fox was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The lungs were found to 

be hemorrhagic and the stomach contained hair, soil, maggots, 

half of a meadow vole, and the tongue from a small cat. Analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 0.34 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 
D-44

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I015966-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Screech Owl was found dead in a residential area. An analysis 

f the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.63 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I015983-

001 2002 Undetermined Possible NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhage was present In the sternal 

musculature, coelomic cavity and in the calvarium. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I015989-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in the Bronx Botanical Garden 

and submitted to a wildlife pathology unit. The gizzard was 

empty but contained bloody mucus. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues at 0.02 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016044-

001 2005 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An adult opossum was found dead in a residential area and 

received by a wildlife pathology unit two days later. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present over the ventral thorax 

and abdomen. There was a large amount of bloody fluid in the 

thorax and the lungs were hemorrhagic. The stomach contained 

pet kibble and water. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. 

I016047-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Opossum (1)

An adult opossum was found dead in a residential area. 

Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhagic edema was present over the 

left ventrolateral aspect of the abdomen. The heart blood was 

partially clotted and the stomach contained a small amount of 

opossum hair. Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.03 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-45

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I016049-

001 2002 Undetermined Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in an urban area and necropsied

the same day. Subcutaneous and intermuscular hemorrhages 

surrounded the area of the left hip in the tibia, fibula, and the 

right forearm. The heart blood was partially clotted. The 

stomach contents appeared to be well chewed nut meats. An 

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum resides of 1.94 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I016051-

001 2003 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Rabbit (1), 

Robin (2)

One cottontail rabbit and two juvenile robins were found dead in 

a residential area. Extensive subcutaneous hemorrhage was 

found over the hindquarters of the rabbit. Post-mortem 

evaluation of the two robins was complicated by decomposition 

and maggots. A tentative diagnosis of trauma was made. A liver 

analysis of the rabbit showed brodifacoum resides of 0.4 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 

I016052-

001 2005 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was observed flying and building a nest with 

her mate and was found dead a day later under a tree. Necropsy 

showed extensive hemorrhage present over the ventral abdomen 

and caudal breast. Large clotted hemorrhages were present on 

either side of the heart and in the lower portion of the thoracoabdominal cavity. The ventriculus contained a small volume of 

feathers and bile. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

resides of 0.15 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I016054-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted to a wildlife pathology unit 4 days later. Blood was 

present in the mouth and the lungs were hemorrhagic. An

analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at .07 ppm. 

No other anticoagulants detected. 
D-46

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I016055-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in a residential area. 

Subcutaneous hemorrhage was present between the skin and 

musculature of the right cranial mid-tibiotarsus. A small volume 

of watery blood was present in the heart. The ventriculus 

contained a small wad of hair and bile. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I016066-

001 2004 Registered use Highly 

probable CA Field Mountain 

lion (2)

Two adult mountain lions were found in the Simi Hills area near 

Los Angeles. These animals were being radio-tracked by a 

National Park Survey. They were two of four mountain lions 

known to be in the area. Necropsy of the animals found severe 

hemorrhages in the thoracic, pericardial, and abdominal cavities 

of one of the lions. In one lion, bromadiolone and brodifacoum 

were measured in the liver at 1.27 and 0.57 ppm, respectively. In 

the second lion, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was measured in 

the live rat 0.51 and 0.31 ppm, respectively. Park Service 

officials suspect that the mountain lions ingested the poison by 

eating coyotes that had eaten poisoned rodents. 

I016097-

001 2004 Undetermined Probable NY Residential Owl (1)

A Great-Horned Owl was found dead in a residential area and 

received for necropsy a month later. Subcutaneous hemorrhage 

was present over the left ventral abdomen and a large volume of 

blood was present. The ventriculus contained a trace of feathers. 

Liver analysis detected brodifacoum residues at 0.22 ppm. No 

other anticoagulants detected. 

I016100-

001

1999 

to 

2003

Undetermined Probable CA Residential Fox (27)

A study conducted in California from 1999 to 2003 gave results 

on the prevalence of San Joaquin Kit fox deaths. Kit foxes were 

trapped with and then equipped with transponders by which their 

movements and ultimately their carcasses could be traced. 

Necropsies provided evidence of causes of deaths and it was 

found that brodifacoum residues were found in 27 of the cases.
D-47

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I016103-

001 1980 Registered use Probable PA Zoo

Various 

avian 

species (16)

A pest management program began at the Philadelphia Zoo in 

1980. Brodifacoum as the product Talon was tested at the Bird 

House of the zoo. Bait stations were monitored daily to insure 

Talon was not dragged out of bait stations where it would be 

available to birds. Within a month, a pair of avocets had died and 

within the next few weeks, 14 more birds of various species had 

died. Chemical analysis showed the presence of brodifacoum in 

all of the dead birds

I016645-

001 2005 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

An owl was found dead and received by the California Animal 

Health and Food Safety Laboratory. Extensive focal chronic 

hemorrhage was present in the left breast muscle and 

thoracoabdominal cavity. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.01 ppm. No other anticoagulants that 

were part of the screen (warfarin, bromadiolone, 

chlorophacinone, diphacinone, and difethialone) were detected. 

I017458-

001 2005 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A Cooper’s Hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhages in the muscles and 

intestines were observed and an analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 1.16 ppm and bromadiolone residues of 

2.1 ppm. No other anticoagulants detected. 

I017459-

001 2005 Undetermined Highly 

Probable NY N/R Hawk (1)

A broad-winged hawk was found dead and submitted to a wildlife 

pathology unit for necropsy. Blood was present in the mouth and 

esophagus and hemorrhage was present in the sternal 

musculature. There was little to no blood in the heart and little in 

the lungs. The gizzard contained insect fragments and one 

nematode. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues 

at 0.87 ppm.
D-48

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I017460-

001 2006 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY N/R Crow (1)

An American crow was found dead and submitted to the Wildlife

Pathology Unit for necropsy. The crow had extensive 

hemorrhages and the presence of a turquoise colored material in 

the gizzard and intestines indicating anticoagulant pesticide 

poisoning. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.47 ppm.

I017522-

001 2005 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A broad-winged hawk was found dead in a residential area and 

submitted for necropsy. Hemorrhaging was present and analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum at 1.02 ppm. No other 

anticoagulants detected. 

I021229-

002 2009 Undetermined N/R KS Park Raccoon (1)

The Department of Wildlife and Parks received numerous reports 

of dead raccoon at a city park. The raccoon was delivered to the 

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of 

Veterinary Medicine (SCWDS) for postmortem analysis. The 

intestines of the raccoon were distended with bloody contents. 

Several areas of hemorrhage were present under the skin and on 

the surface of many organs. Brodifacoum, chlorophacinone, and 

bromadiolone residues were detected in the liver although no 

residue amounts were provided in the report.

I022935-

003 2010 Undetermined Probable CA Military 

base

Turkey 

vulture (1)

The California National Guard contacted the Department of Fish 

and Game Pesticides Investigations Unit to determined if 

diaphacinone used in a ground squirrel control program was 

responsible for the death of a turkey vulture. There was pooled 

blood in the left wing joint and an analysis of the liver contained 

0.30 ppm brodifacoum and 0.50 ppm diaphacinone. It was 

determined the death of the bird more liely resulted from the 

brodifacoum than the diaphacinone.
D-49

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022943-

001 2011 Undetermined Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk collected from Riverside Park, Manhattan was 

delivered to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. The lungs showed 

some grey-green discoloration and the liver was slightly pale. 

There was very little blood in the heart and elsewhere with the 

exception of a small clot in the jugular vein. The stomach 

contained the fur, bones, and skull of a Norway rat. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum at 0.22 ppm with difethialone 

and bromadiolone reported in trace amounts. 

I022978-

001 2010 Undetermined Probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed 

hawk was found down in an urban area. The bird was found not 

standing and died soon after admission to a wildlife clinic. There 

was extensive acute pulmonary hemorrhage present as well as 

bruising of the sternum and paleness of the liver. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.046 ppm. 

I022978-

002 2010 Undetermined Highly 

Probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed 

hawk was found down in an urban area. The bird was found not 

standing with extensive subcutaneous intramuscular bruising on 

both legs and died soon after admission to a wildlife clinic. 

There was extensive acute hemorrhage of the adipose tissue and 

acute intracoelomic hemorrhage. There was bruising of the 

sternum and the internal organs appeared pale. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.077 ppm.
D-50

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022978-

003 2010 Undetermined Highly 

probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed 

hawk was observed in an urban area depressed and not moving. 

It was later presented dead at a wildlife clinic. There was 

multifocal, severe, acute pulmonary and mesenteric 

hemorrhaging present as well as extensive intracoelomic 

hemorrhage and paleness of internal organs. An analysis of the 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.27 ppm. 

I022978-

004 2010 Undetermined Highly 

probable MA Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed 

hawk was observed in an urban area depressed and not moving 

for over 6 hours. There was blood observed around the glottis 

and extensive bruising was present in the right axillary area, the 

sternum, within the ventricular serosa, and over the coelom. Also 

observed was multifocal, marked acute pulmonary and 

mesenteric hemorrhage. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.15 ppm. 

I022978-

005 2010 Undetermined Highly 

probable MA Residential Hawk (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A red-tailed 

hawk was found down in a residential area. The bird was 

depressed, not standing, and bleeding from the glottis and choana. 

A wound found on the neck had hemorrhaging present and the 

bird died soon after admission to a wildlife clinic. The pectoral 

muscle was pale and intracoelomic hemorrhaging was present. 

An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.21 

ppm. 
D-51

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022978-

006 2010 Undetermined Highly 

Probable MA Field Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A barred 

owl was found dead on a farm along with multiple dead birds of 

various species. It was presented dead to a wildlife clinic. There 

was extensive subcutaneous hemorrhaging present as well as 

bruising of the sternum and a paleness of the liver. An analysis 

of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. 

I022978-

007 2010 Undetermined Highly 

Probable MA Residential Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A barred 

owl was found down in a residential area. It died shortly after 

admission to a wildlife clinic. There was intracoelomic 

hemorrhaging present as well as a paleness of the internal organs 

and lesions on the liver. An analysis of the liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.06 ppm.

I022978-

008 2010 Undetermined Probable MA N/R Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. An eastern 

screech owl was brought to a clinic after it was observed to fly 

into a window. Extensive bruising of the pectoral was present 

upon admission to a wildlife clinic where it died soon afterward. 

There was extensive subcutaneous and pectoral muscle 

hemorrhage and a paleness of the liver. Marked acute pulmonary 

hemorrhage and edema was also present. An analysis of the liver 

detected brodifacoum residues of 0.14 ppm. 
D-52

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I022978-

009 2010 Undetermined Possible MA Field Owl (1)

This incident was reported in Murray (2011) as part of a 

compilation of brodifacoum incidents occurring in central 

Massachusetts between April 2006 and March 2010. A great 

horned owl was observed in the wild perched in the same tree for 

two days, depressed and not moving. The bird was later 

presented dead to a wildlife clinic. There was extensive 

subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhage as well as acute, 

moderate to marked epimyocardial hemorrhage and paleness of 

internal organs. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum 

residues at 0.012 ppm.

I022968-

001 2011 Undetermined Highly 

probable NY Urban Red-tailed 

hawk (1)

A dead immature red-tailed hawk was found in Fort Tryon Park 

in Manhattan, NY. A clotted hemorrhage was observed in the 

left optical area of the left side of the head. There was 1-2 ml of 

clotted hemorrhage found in the ceolomec cavity. Toxicology 

analysis of liver tissue found brodifacoum at 0.149 ppm. Low 

concentrations of three other anticoagulant rodenticides were also 

detected 0.024 ppm difethialone, 0.018 ppm bromadialone, and 

0.004 ppm chlorophacinone.)

I023172-

001 2011 Undetermined Highly 

probable CA Urban Barn owl (1)

An incapacitated barn owl chick was found on the sidewalk in 

Antioch, CA. The owl was transported to a wildlife museum and 

treated antibiotics, fluids, and Vitamin K, but it died the next day. 

A necropsy found extensive bleeding on the wings and back. 

Toxicology analysis of liver tissue found brodifacoum at 0.169 

ppm and a small amount of diphacinone at 0.002 ppm.

I023151-

001 2011 Undetermined Probable CA Urban Cooper’s 

hawk (1)

A Cooper’s hawk was found dead in a pool of blood on a 

sidewalk in Berkeley, CA. Toxicology testing detected 

brodifacoum and a trace amount of diphacinone.
D-53

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

006 1997 Undetermined Probable CA N/R Eagle (1)

A golden eagle was found dead and it was the judgment of the 

wildlife pathology that brodifacoum exposure was the cause of 

death. An analysis of the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 

0.08 ppm.

R000-02-

007 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A coyote was trapped and euthanized and an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm, 

diphacinone residues at 0.081 ppm, and chlorophacinone residues 

at 0.43 pm. Pesticides were not determined to be the cause of 

death since the animal was euthanized. 

R000-02-

012 1998 N/R Possible CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A coyote was found dead and an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 

R000-02-

014 1998 N/R Probable CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A grey fox was found dead and an analysis of its 

liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.03 ppm. 

R000-02-

025 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A golden eagle was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 

R000-02-

026 1999 N/R Possible CA N/R Eagle (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A golden eagle was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.04 ppm. 
D-54

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

030 1999 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which 

an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.01 ppm 

and chlorophacinone residues of 0.27 ppm. Though the 

rodenticide concentrations were appreciable, the pathologist’s 

judgment was that it was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s 

death. 

R000-02-

033 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A great horned owl was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm. 

R000-02-

033 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A great horned owl was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.065 ppm. 

R000-02-

034 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.21 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.38 ppm. 

R000-02-

035 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.35 ppm. 
D-55

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

036 1999 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A barn owl was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.31 ppm. 

R000-02-

041 1999 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which 

an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.67 

ppm. The pathologist did not make a judgment concerning the 

certainty but the appreciable concentrations of brodifacoum can 

be considered a possible cause of death. 

R000-02-

045 2000 N/R Highly 

probable CA Field Coyote (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A coyote was found dead after which an analysis 

of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.08 ppm and 

bromodialone residues at 0.44 ppm. 

R000-02-

046 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 1.0 ppm. 

The pathologist report did not specify a degree of certainty for 

this incident but 1 ppm brodifacoum could be considered a 

substantial concentration. 

R000-02-

047 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.11 ppm. 

The pathologist report did not specify a degree of certainty for 

this incident but 0.11 ppm could have possibly played a role in 
D-56

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

this incident 

R000-02-

048 2000 N/R Possible CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit was found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.1 ppm. 

The pathologist report did not specify a degree of certainty for 

this incident but 0.1 ppm could be a factor in the death of this 

animal 

R000-02-

049 2000 N/R Highly 

probable CA N/R Owl (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A Great Horned owl found dead after which an 

analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.34 ppm. 

R000-02-

052 2000 N/R Unlikely CA Field Fox (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California 

Wildlife Submitted for Anticoagulant residue Analysis Between 

1994 – 2000.” A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead after which 

an analysis of its liver detected brodifacoum residues of 0.13 ppm 

and bromodialone residues of 0.14 ppm. Though the rodenticide 

concentrations were appreciable, the pathologist’s judgment was 

that it was not likely to be the cause of the fox’s death. 
D-57

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

055 1989 N/R Unlikely NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A Great Horned 

Owl was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.13 ppm and bromodialone residues of 

0.1 ppm. The incident reviewer determined that brodifacoum was 

not responsible for the owl’s death.

R000-02-

056 1990 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel 

was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.07 ppm. There was free hemorrhage 

or bloody fluid in the body cavity. The incident reviewer 

determined that brodifacoum was the probable cause for the 

squirrel’s death.

R000-02-

057 1990 N/R Highly 

probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel 

was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 4.1 ppm. There was intrauterine 

hemorrhage present. The incident reviewer determined that 

brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squirrel’s 

death.

R000-02-

058 1992 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Chipmunk 

(1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A chipmunk was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 3.8 ppm. The incident reviewer 

determined that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of 

squirrel’s death.
D-58

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

059 1992 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Raccoon (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A raccoon was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was also 

present in its alimentary canal. The incident reviewer determined 

that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squirrel’s 

death.

R000-02-

059 1992 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Raccoon (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A raccoon was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 1.8 ppm. Dyed rodenticide bait was also 

present in its alimentary canal. The incident reviewer determined 

that brodifacoum was highly probable for the cause of squirrel’s 

death.

R000-02-

060 1992 N/R Highly 

probable NY Field Raccoon (3)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” Three raccoons 

were found dead after which an analysis of their livers detected 

brodifacoum residues of 3.1, 5.3, and 4.6 ppm. All had 

hemorrhaging present in the lungs. 

R000-02-

061 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel 

were found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues of 0.53 ppm and chlorophacinone residues 

of 0.62 ppm. There were inter and intra muscular hemorrhages 

and free hemorrhage or bloody fluid in the body cavity. All had 

hemorrhaging present in the lungs. 
D-59

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

062 1993 N/R Probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A grey squirrel 

was found dead after which an analysis of residues detected 

brodifacoum at 25.8 ppm in the colon. There was subcutaneous 

hemorrhages inter and intra muscular hemorrhages and dyed 

rodenticide bait in the alimentary canal. 

R000-02-

063 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.34 ppm. There was subcutaneous 

hemorrhage and a hemorrhage in the lungs. The incident reviewer 

determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 

death.

R000-02-

064 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Opossum (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” An opossum was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum at 0.18 ppm. 

R000-02-

065 1997 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A screech owl was 

found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.80 ppm. There was inter and intra 

muscular hemorrhaging present. The incident reviewer 

determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 

death.
D-60

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

R000-02-

066 1997 N/R Possible NY Field Deer (1)

This is one of the incidents in Table 1 of Journal of Wildlife 

Diseases (Vol. 35, 1999) By Stone et al, in an article entitled, 

“Poisoning of Wildlife with Anticoagulants.” A white-tailed deer 

was found dead after which an analysis of its liver detected 

brodifacoum residues at 0.16 ppm. There was hemorrhaging in 

the lungs and subcutaneous edema. The incident reviewer 

determined that brodifacoum was probable for the cause of owl’s 

death.

Table D2. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Difethialone.

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I018414-

002 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-shouldered hawk was found dead in San Francisco’s 

Golden Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone 

that was used to control rodents in the park. 

I018414-

003 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden 

Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was 

used to control rodents in the park. 

I018414-

004 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden 

Gate Park after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was 

used to control rodents in the park. 
D-61

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I018414-

005 2007 N/R Probable CA Urban Fox (1)

A red fox was found dead in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park 

after ingesting rats poisoned by difethialone that was used to 

control rodents in the park. 

I020713-

002 2009 N/R Possible FL Residential Deer (1)

A key deer was found dead near a private residence and 

submitted for necropsy. There was a moderate amount of dark 

red to black fluid in the thoracic cavity. The lungs are dark red 

and edematous and the heart was flaccid and dark red with 

similar fluid to that seen in the thoracic cavity. An analysis of 

the liver detected brodifacoum residues at 1.3 ppm and trace 

amounts of difethialone. The final diagnosis was brodifacoum 

and difethialone poisoning. 

Table D3. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Warfarin

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

CEE-TV 

# 61108 1998 N/R Probable NY N/R Cooper’s Hawk (1) Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I003350-

001 1995 N/R Probable NY Residentia

l

Bald Eagle 

(1)

Warfarin detected in liver at 1.4 ppm. Second year male 

diagnosed with warfarin intoxication. Gross pathologyhemorrhage in alimentary canal.
D-62

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I004169-

001 1981 Registered Possible VA Agricultur

al

Bobwhite 

Quail (3)

Gross pathology found lesions in the birds consistent with 

warfarin poisoning; no analytical data were included in the report.

I006306-

016 1986 N/R Highly Probable NJ N/R Peregrine Falcon (1) Warfarin detected in the liver at 1.48 ppm

I008146-

001 1998 Registered Use Probable NY N/R

Great 

Horned Owl 

(1)

Warfarin detected in liver at 0.73 ppm

I011130-

001 2000 N/R Probable GA Agricultur

al

Bald Eagle 

(1)

Chemical residues were found in the gut contents, or bait material 

and biological or biochemical evidence

I013810-

014 1971 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1) --

R000-02-

054 1981 N/R Probable NY N/R Squirrel (1)

Warfarin detected in the liver at 0.22 ppm. Gross pathologypallor of muscle and/or internal organs, inter- and intramuscular 

hemorrhages, hemorrhage and/or serum in pericardial sac. 
D-63

Table D4. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Diphacinone

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007488-

004 1998 N/R Highly probable VA Residential Squirrel (2)

Two grey squirrels were found dead and collected by the Virginia 

Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. The stomach and small 

intestine of the first squirrel contained abundant unclotted blood mixed 

with a scant amount of tan granular material. The small intestine for the 

second squirrel contained a smaller amount of unclotted blood. The 

thoracic cavities of both squirrels were filled with unclotted blood. 

Liver analysis detected bromadiolone and diphacinone residues in 

pooled liver samples from both squirrels at 4.94 for bromadiolone and 

3.41 ppm for diphacinone.

I005353-

001 1997 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A squirrel was found in the yard of a resident. Necropsy showed areas 

of subcutaneous edema and hemorrhage found over the ventral thorax 

and upper abdomen along with the right foreleg and on the right side of 

the head. The stomach contents were normal in appearance and odor. 

An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 2.0 ppm.

I006306-

013 1998 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Owl (1)

A snowy owl was found dead and an analysis of its liver detected 

diphacinone residues. There were no residue numbers provided with the 

report.

R000-

02-001 1994 N/R Probable CA Field Kangaroo rat (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled, “California Wildlife 

Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” 

A kangaroo rat was found in a moribund state. An analysis of the liver 

detected diphacinone residues at 3.5 ppm.

I007107-

014 1997 N/R Highly probable CA N/R Coyote

This incident is one of the incidents reported in a consolidated incident 

report for the year 1997 by the California Department of Fish and Game. 

A coyote mortality was reportedly caused by brodifacoum and 

diphacinone poisoning as confirmed by the Pesticide Investigations 

Unit. 
D-64

I019839-

001 2008 N/R Probable GA Residential Squirrel (1)

A homeowner reported that approximately eight squirrels have been 

found dead in her yard and in the adjacent neighbor’s yard. 

Diphacinone was detected in the liver of the squirrel at 3.6 ppm. Severe, 

acute, multifocal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular hemorrhaging was 

present. 

B00640-

001 1987 N/R Probable CA Residential Fox (1)

A San Joaquin kit fox was found dead at a nursery near a university 

where anticoagulant baits had been applied for ground squirrel control. 

Unclotted whole blood was present in the abdomen. Several diffuse 

areas of hemorrhages were present in the lungs. The stomach contained 

a few grass stems and some sand. The intestines were empty. 

Diphacinone residues at 0.18 ppm were detected by ELISA. 

B000641

-001 1986 N/R Highly probable CA Field

Raccoon (1), 

Mountain 

Lion (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game reported this incident 

where a raccoon and mountain lion were found dead near a stream. 

Pooled free blood was found in the raccoon and in the mountain lion 

there were pinpoint and streaked hemorrhages in the small intestine and 

colon. Blood samples were analyzed and the results showed 55 ppm 

diphacinone in the raccoon and 45 ppm diphacinone in the mountain 

lion. 

R000-

01-001 1999 N/R Unlikely NY Residential Barred owl (1)

A barred owl was found dead in a residential area and submitted to the 

Wildlife Pathology Unit. The left tarsometarsus was fractured, and no 

hemorrhage was associated with it. This could have resulted because f a 

very rapid death due to severe head trauma. The stomach contained 

grasshopper legs. A analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues 

at 0.62 ppm. 

I009270-

001 1999 N/R Probable NY Residential Hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk was found moribund in a residential area. Small fish, 

appearing to be sardines were in the stomach. The bird was very anemic 

and lacked blood volume. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone 

residues at 0.34 ppm. 

I004769-

001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY Residential Deer (1)

A white-tailed deer was found dead in a residential area with 

hemorrhages appearing like minor bruising and a hemorrhagic 

subcutaneous edema was found in the vicinity of the left shoulder and 

adjoining brisket area. The stomach was full of whole corn, vegetation, 

and water. An analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 

0.93 ppm. 
D-65

I004768-

001 1996 N/R Highly probable NY N/R Deer (1)

A white–tailed deer had been found dead and submitted to the Wildlife 

Pathology Unit. The presence of fairly large maggots in the carcass 

suggests this deer had been dead for several weeks. An analysis of the 

liver detected diphacinone residues at 0.2 ppm. 

I001518-

001 2000 N/R Possible NY Residential Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in a residential yard. There was a 

hemorrhage over the right orbit of the eye. The stomach contained a 

finely ground material. A small area of subcutaneous hemorrhage was 

present over the dorsal thorax. Blunt impact trauma was the immediate 

cause of death, but diphacinone residues detected at 1.02 ppm may have 

been contributing.

I014884-

018 2003 N/R Possible CA N/R Pigeon (1)

The California Department of Fish and Game report of wildlife incidents 

involving pesticides for calendar years 2002 and 2003 identified an 

incident with a pigeon having diphacinone and brodifacoum levels 

detected in its tissues. No chemical residue values were provided.

I013810-

006 1993 N/R Probable NY N/R Owl (1)

This incident is part of the Contaminant Exposure and Effects –

Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 

report. A snowy owl was found dead and its liver showed traces of 

diphacinone that were suspected as the cause of death.

I013810-

008 2002 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the Contaminant Exposure and Effects –

Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 

report. A white-tailed deer was found dead. Analysis showed that 

diphacinone was resent at 0.93 ppm.

I013810-

007 2002 N/R Probable NY N/R Deer (1)

This incident is part of the Contaminant Exposure and Effects –

Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 

report. A white-tailed deer was found dead. Analysis showed that 

diphacinone was resent at 0.20 ppm.

I007107-

007 1997 N/R Possible NY N/R Turkey vulture (1)

This incident is one of the incidents reported on the consolidated report 

for the year 1997 submitted by California Department of Fish and 

Game. After an analysis the Pesticide Investigation Unit determined the 

loss of the turkey vulture was due to diphacinone poisoning.
D-66

I007165-

003 1997 N/R Highly probable CA Field Coyote (1)

The carcass of a young coyote was recovered from the Santa Monica 

Mountains national Recreation Area in thick riparian vegetation. 

Massive hematomas were observed on both of the hind legs. Free blood 

was present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The stomach 

contained a large ball of hair mixed with small pieces of bone. An 

analysis of the liver detected diphacinone residues at 1.3 ppm. 

Brodifacoum was also present at 0.083 ppm. 

Table D5. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Chlorophacinone

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

B000179-

001 1981 Registered use

Highly 

probable WA Field Quail (1)

This incident was reported in an article entitled, “Effects of Pelletized 

Anticoagulant Rodenticides on California Quail,” in the Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases, 1985, pp391 – 395. A moribund emaciated 

California quail was found in an orchard. The rodenticide 

chlorophacinone was found in the crop, and the gizzard contained a 

pink mass of paraffin that was selectively accumulated from the 

paraffinized pellets. 

R000-02-

002 1994 N/R Unlikely CA N/R Turkey (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife 

Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” 

This incident involves a turkey found dead and its blood was found to 

contain 5.5 ppm chlorophacinone. The chemical was not detected in 

the liver and it was the judgment of the pathologist that it was unlikely 

that chlorophacinone was the cause of death.

R000-02-

003 1995 N/R Probable CA N/R Bobcat (1)

This incident is among those in a table entitled “California Wildlife 

Submitted for Anticoagulant Residue Analysis Between 1994 – 2000.” 

This incident involves a bobcat found dead and a liver analysis 

detected chlorophacinone residues of 0.4 and in the pathologist’s 

judgment was the cause of death

R000-02-

005 1997 N/R Highly Probable CA N/R Coyote (1) No further details were provided in the incident report.
D-67

I009063-

001 1999 N/R Possible NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in Central Park, Manhattan and later 

submitted to the Wildlife Pathology Unit. Several ribs were freshly 

fractured and had extensive associated hemorrhage. The stomach 

contained ground nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected 

chlorophacinone residues at 0.44 ppm.

I009111-

011 1999 N/R Highly probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A grey squirrel was found dead in Manhattan and arrived at the 

Wildlife Pathology Unit the same day. A hemorrhage was present in 

the musculature overlying both scapulae. The right lung was 

hemorrhagic. The stomach contained ground nutmeats and analysis of 

the liver detected chlorophacinone residues at 0.47 ppm.

I009118-

001 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Squirrel (1)

A squirrel was found dead in Central Park, Manhattan. Several large 

tan necrotic areas were present in the liver. The stomach contained 

nutmeats. An analysis of the liver detected chlorophacinone residues 

at 0.29 ppm.

I012972-

001 2002 N/R Probable KS Field Turkey (2)

Two wild turkeys were found dead approximately 100 yards from a 

prairie dog town that has been baited with poisoned grain two and a 

half to three weeks prior to submission. The suspected poison was 

Rozol® pocket gopher poison. The landowner that found the turkeys 

contacted the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. Necropsy 

showed dilated vessels in the crop area and diffuse hemorrhage around 

the crop. Pebbles and green feed material are present in the 

ventriculus. The gastrointestinal tract contains blue green grain in the 

crop. An analysis of the livers detected chlorophacinone residues of 

0.69 and 0.40 ppm. 

I013810-

013 1999 N/R Probable NY Urban Hawk (1)

This incident was part of the Contaminant Exposure and Effects –

Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) Database, Version 3.3, October 2002 

report. A red-tailed hawk was found in Manhattan. Necropsy results 

showed 0.18 ppm chlorophacinone residues in the liver. 

I020607-

001 2009 N/R Highly Probable KS Field Badger (1)

A dead badger was found on a private property. The liver was tested 

and chlorophacinone residues of 4.4 ppm (with a detectable limit of 

0.25 ppm) were detected. It was determined the badger died from 

secondary poisoning, most likely resulting from use of 

chlorophacinone to control prairie dogs in the area.
D-68

I020996-

001 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Wild Turkey (45)

Forty-five dead wild turkeys that were found dead in and near the 

small town of Russell Springs, KS. Analyses of 6 of the turkey found 

phosphene gas in the crop contents, indicating poisoning by zinc 

phosphide. However, chlorophacinone was also detected in the crop 

contents of one of the turkeys, indicating that it may have also 

contributed to causing the mortality of some of the birds.

I020996-

003 2009 N/R Possible KS Field Raccoon (1)

A dead raccoon was recovered near Russells Springs, KS. Several 

areas of hemorrhages were detected under the skin and on the surface 

of organs. Chlorophacinone was detected in the liver. The source of 

chlorophacinone was suspected to have been the extensive use of 

Rozol® in the area for prairie dog control.

Table D6. Wildlife Mortality Incidents Attributed to Use of Bromethalin

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

I007155-

060 1996 Reg. Use Probable WI Unknown Chipmunk

Use of Gold Crest Vengeance to control mice reportedly resulted in the 

mortality of a chipmunk. Evidently the chipmunk was taken to a 

veterinary clinic for treatment. 

I014717-

001 2003 Reg. Use Unlikely GA Rural

Barn owl (1)

Great 

horned owl 

(1)

Red-tailed 

hawk (1)

A red-tailed hawk and a barn owl were being held in captivity as part of 

an education program in a GA State Park. The hawk was found to be 

lethargic and incapacitated in its cage. Despite treatment, it died within 

six days. The barn owl was found in its cage lethargic with fluffed 

feather, and died before treatment could be given. A half-eaten dead rat 

was found in the hawk's cage, and another dead rat was found between 

the hawk's and the owl's cages. Toxicological results showed 

brodifacoum in the liver of both birds. Two great horned owls later 

showed similar symptoms as the hawk and barn owl (not perching, pale 

tongue). They both were treated with vitamin K and recovered. Rats 

were being controlled at the park using Maki Rat and Mouse Bait 

(bromadialone), Contract Blox (bromadialone), and Real Kill Rat and 
D-69

Incident 

ID Year Legality Certainty State Land Use

Generic 

Species and 

(Number 

Affected)

Comments

Mouse Killer (bromethalin).