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Ashland NFWCO
 Midwest Region
 ***Dedicated To Tribal Aquaculture Programs***
      Fish Jumping
          **June 1999 ~ Volume 28****Coordinator:
                  Frank G. Stone 
                  (715-682-6185) Ext. 12
                  U.S. Fish and
                  Wildlife Service
                Email: [email protected]** Topics
  of Interest: MTAN ArrowAlgae and Aquatic   Weed Control
  MTAN ArrowLake Sturgeon Feeding
  MTAN ArrowWhirling Disease
  MTAN ArrowLiming Ponds
  MTAN ArrowPumping Water Without Electricity
  MTAN ArrowHandling Walleye
  MTAN ArrowHatchery Tip  Algae, Aquatic Weed Control and Management Products for  Water Quality **By: Applied Biochemists, Milwaukee, WI** Aquashade: A patented, concentrated liquid formulation for  use in contained lakes and ponds. EPA registered for aquatic plant growth  control. Contains a blend of blue and yellow dyes to block out specific light  rays critical to photosynthesis. No restrictions on swimming, fishing,  irrigation or stock watering. Leaves water a pleasing blue color. Rate: 1-2  quarts per acre foot. Cutrine-Plus Liquid: A patented, concentrated liquid  algaecide with a wide range of labeled use sites. Contains chelated copper which  stays in solution to continue controlling a broad range of algae well after  application. No water use restrictions following treatment. Rate: 0.6-3.0  gallons per acre foot. Cutrine-Plus Granular: A granular chelated copper algaecide  ideally suited for treatment of bottom growing algae and spot treatments along  docks, beaches, boat launches and fishing areas. Controls growth before it  reaches the surface. Rate: 60 pounds per acre. Weedtrine_D: A liquid aquatic herbicide that effectively  controls a broad range of underwater, floating and emergent aquatic weeds.  Kills quickly on contact. Ideal for small area treatments. Rate: 5-10 gallons  surface acre. Navigate: A granular aquatic herbicide which selectively  controls some of the most troublesome aquatic plants such as water milfoil,  coontail, and spatterdock. Gradual release and systemic action ensures complete  kill of the entire plant. Rate: 100-200 pounds per surface acre. Stockrine 2: A liquid chelated copper algaecide formula in a  concentration suitable for dosing stock water tanks, troughs and small ponds.  Treated water can be used immediately for stock watering. Rate: 1 oz. per 250  gallons. Foamtrine: A silicone defoamer to suppress, eliminate and  prevent foaming within a wide variety of systems. Use in pesticide spray  mixtures, industrial ponds, fountains and even water park rides. Rate: As  required to eliminate and prevent foaming.  An Overview of Lake   Sturgeon Feeding and  Intensive Culture Studies **By: William F. Krise, Martin N. DiLauro, Lori A. Redell,  National Biological, Service, Research and Development, Wellsboro, PA** In the past 2 years we have conducted diet acceptance and  growth studies with larval and juvenile lake sturgeon. A major part of this  work has dealt with testing of experimental diet formulations and weaning from  live feed to dry diets. Our results indicate that the feeding of brine shrimp  (Artemia) nauplii to sturgeon larvae is a more acceptable form of culturing  dependable year classes than the use of dry diets we tested, at least for the  first 4-8 weeks of feeding. After 8 weeks, we found that lake sturgeon either gained  very little growth, or lost growth and condition factor unless they were  converted to a dry diet during the period between 2 and 3 months of feeding. In  a study where we attempted to wean fish from live to dry diets between 2-6  weeks of feeding, results were inconclusive. Many non-feeding fish survived a long period without  converting to the dry food offered, leaving two very distinct size groups. We  were able to convert fish to dry diets reasonably well (best survival of 70%)  beginning 8 weeks after feeding. In this experiment, fish were gradually  removed from live feed dependence over 11 days before only dry diets were  offered. These fish had also been fed the test diets for 6 weeks, although they  appeared not to consume them. We used commercially available diets for this study,  including trout and Atlantic salmon feeds, plus Biokyowa and Biodiet. In the 30  day test, Atlantic salmon diet, ASD2-30 (U. S. Government formula) provided  best conversion with good growth and 70% survival. Biokyowa was next best diet  with 62% survival and lower growth. In a second weaning test where fish were  instantly converted to dry diet, we had much lower survival overall (29% or  less), with the best conversion to dry diet using the experimental diet  formulated at Bozeman   Technology Center  (F. Barrows). In the second year of tests we used Biokyowa diet and  variations of the Bozeman  diet to attempt to start larvae on dry feeds at their first feeding. The Bozeman diet was fed as  formulated and modified in two ways, the addition of an Artemia surface coating  or a softened texture using propylene glycol. The best survival of lake  sturgeon larvae started on dry feeds was 10.4% using the softened diet, however  this was lower survival than that for fish reared on brine shrimp (39%). In  addition, the fish started on dry diets were much smaller than brine shrimp-fed  fish, weighing 0.1g each versus 0.5g size for live diet-fed fish. In these  experiments we were unable to find a suitable starter diet, or one which could  be used for fish under 8 weeks of feeding age. We found that rearing of lake  sturgeon at less than 15.0 C resulted in a much longer time to first-feeding  than for fish at 15.5 or 17.0 C. This was significant because there was a  long-term mortality over several months at the lower temperature. Using higher  temperatures, we had very little mortality after 2 months of rearing.  Steps To Prevent Whirling Disease **By Russell Lee, Aquaculture Magazine January/February 1999** Plenty has been said in the press about whirling disease and  the role of state agencies and producers in controlling it. The other group in  this equation that also has some responsibility for preventing its spread is  the sportsmen/fishermen. They can help prevent spread of the pathogen and aid  state agencies in this effort. Below is a list of some things anglers can do to  help: 1. When leaving a fishing area, drain all water from your  boat, canoe, coolers. Do not move water from one water body to another. The  infective stage, if present, can be transported in water to a new location.
  2. Clean all fishing equipment, such as boats, boat  trailers, canoes, waders, boots, float tubes, fins, truck tires of mud and  aquatic vegetation before leaving a fishing area. Completely dry all equipment  or disinfect with a strong chlorine solution before going to another fishing  area. The spore stage is resistant to drying and can be spread by moving wet or  dry mud from one site to another.
  3. When cleaning your fish, do not put heads, skeletons or  internal tissue in any public waters. As these parts decompose they will  release the whirling disease spore, if present. Put all fish parts in the  garbage or thoroughly burn them.
  4. Do not transport live fish between different waters. It  is illegal to move live fish unless done under a proper license and only if  they have been thoroughly tested for diseases. Transport fish dead on ice (no  water). Live trout that carry the pathogen can infect a new water source if  they are transplanted. Only through the cooperation and dedication of all  interested parties will we be able to control and contain this persistent  pathogen.  The Benefits of Liming Ponds **By James W. Avault, Jr., Aquaculture Magazine  January/February 1999** Why Lime Ponds? Ponds may be limed to obtain one or more of  the following benefits: (1) Total hardness and total alkalinity are increased, and  the pH buffer system is enhanced.
  (2) Liming neutralizes acid soil conditions, thus increasing  the pH and availability of phosphorous.
  (3) Liming adds calcium, a plant nutrient. If dolomitic limestone  is used, magnesium, also a plant nutrient, is added.
  (4) Addition of calcium is directly beneficial to  crustaceans.
  (5) Liming may serve as a disinfectant.
  (6) Decomposition of organic matter in pond muds is speeded  up.
  (7) Lime helps to flocculate (settle out) clay particles in  muddy water. Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, and the Buffer System Waters with a total alkalinity or total hardness of less  than 10 ppm rarely produce good crops of fish. At 20 ppm production of  phytoplankton may be adequate, and at 50 ppm and above, phytoplankton growth  and resulting fish production is best. Liming is generally recommended when  total hardness is less than 20 ppm (as CaCO3). Arce and Boyd (1975) found that liming increased both total  hardness and total alkalinity. Before liming, total hardness in 10 study ponds  ranged from 5 to 14 ppm, and total alkalinity varied from 11 to 18 ppm. Several  months after ponds were limed, the average total hardness and total alkalinity  reached 38 ppm and 42 ppm, respectively. When CaCO3 is added to pond waters,  the calcium contributes hardness, and the carbonate contributes to increased  alkalinity. By increasing the alkalinity, the availability of carbon dioxide  for photosynthesis was increased. Increased alkalinity also improves the  buffering system against sudden changes in pH. **Liming Neutralizes Acid Soils** Addition of lime to acid pond soils increases the pH,  allowing better release of nutrients, particularly phosphorus. This, in turn,  enhances plankton growth and the production of organisms in the food chain.  Bowling (1962) found that liming increased production of benthic organisms. The  lime reacts with bottom muds and neutralizes acidity by exchanging basic for  acidic ions on cation exchange sites. In instances where fertilization has  proved unsuccessful, acid soil conditions should be suspect. Addition of lime, with no fertilization, may increase  production simply by allowing for the release of nutrients locked up with pond  muds.  Pump Water Without Electricity or Fuel **Reprinted From: The Aquaculture News - April 1999** Since 1884, Rife Hydraulic Engine MFG. Co., Inc. has been  dedicated to providing the means for pumping water uphill without the use of  electricity or fuel. These pumps are ideal for fisheries since they can be used  for keeping ponds full and aerated. The Water Ram, Slingpump, the Pasture Pump  and the M3 Floating Solar Pump are complimentary products that can be used in  almost any application. Hydraulic Water Ram: For 115 years Rife has been  manufacturing the Hydraulic Water Ram, which pumps water up to 500 feet  vertically solely by means of water power. Gravity fed water powers the Rife  Ram, driving a portion of that water uphill, 24 hours a day. This provides a  continuous supply of water without interruption. They come in 22 different  models (3/4" to 8") and can deliver up to 350,000 gallons per day  (243 gpm). Two or more can be hooked up together to provide more water if  needed. Rife Rams are cast iron and are one of the most durable and reliable  products ever invented. There are many still working today that were installed  over 80 years ago. Given a steady supply of water, the Ram is the closest thing  to a perpetual motion machine. Since it requires no electricity or fuel, there  are no operating costs. Slingpump: The Slingpump is also a self-supporting system  which is independent of any external power source. It can pump water up to 82  feet vertically and up to a mile away. It is powered completely by the flow of  water in a creek, stream or river. The Slingpump contains a polyethylene pipe  which is spirally wound on the inside wall of the body. The pump is set into a  slow rotation by means of the water flow. As the pump rotates, an alternating  inflow of air and water enters the polyethylene pipe inside the pump on the  downstream end. As the body rotates, the alternating pockets of air and water  are pressed towards the upstream end of the pump to your delivery point. For more detail send $3.00 for a complete information  package, add $10 for a video to Rife at: P.O. Box 95, Dept. AQN, Nanticoke, PA, 18634. Or call 1-800-RIFE-RAM to order  by phone.  Transportation and Handling of Walleye Eggs, Fry,  Fingerlings, and Broodstock **By: Richard T. Colesante, Oneida  Fish Cultural Station, Constantia,   New York 13044** Walleye have been propagated in North   America since the late 1800s. Egg, fry and pond fingerling  production programs are widespread and well documented. Recent advances in  culture techniques have enabled intensive production of large or advanced  fingerlings. Culturists have shipped millions of walleye within and between  many states in the continental United    States. The New York State Department of  Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Oneida Fish Cultural Station has shipped  walleye eggs and fry to at least 17 states. This chapter describes practices  used at the Oneida Fish Cultural Station in the handling and transportation of  walleye broodstock, eggs, fry and fingerlings. **Capture and transporting broodstock** At the New York State Department of Environmental  Conservation Oneida Fish Cultural Station, up to 40,000 adult walleyes are  handled and transported during spring netting operations. Adults are captured  with trap nets on a daily basis. After capture, they are placed in tubs, 48 x  32 x 18 in, with about 40 gal of water. As many as 150 adult walleyes that  average 1-3 lbs are held in a tub. They are transported by boat up to 1 mile to  the hatchery, where the sexes are hand-sorted into separate holding tanks. The  elapsed time from removal of walleye from nets to placement into hatchery  holding tanks is 30 min. Once sorted, the fish are routinely crowded, 500  fish/150 ft3, in tanks for up to 3 d or longer if water temperatures are low,  (40F). The seemingly "rough" handling for transportation and sorting  is tolerated by adult fish with little mortality. The normal water temperature  during the procedure is between 40 and 50F. The stripping of adult walleye does  not noticeably stress the fish. Walleyes are handled using cotton gloves. The  fish are out of water less than one minute while being stripped before being  returned to the stream. Normally, the post-release mortality associated with  the entire netting and stripping operation is less than 20 fish. **Egg fertilization and water hardening** Walleye eggs can be fertilized by either a wet or a dry  method. Both produce acceptable results and preference of the culturists will  probably determine the method used. Often, however, the dry method of  fertilization is impractical in large field operations. Following fertilization, eggs must be continuously stirred  because of egg adhesiveness. Stirring can be accomplished with paint brushes  (sized according to the volume being stirred), turkey feathers or other similar  implements. To prevent having to stir eggs to the end of water hardening, most  culturists treat the eggs to remove or coat the adhesive substance on the egg  shell. The two most common agents are tannic acid and fullers earth, although  other agents are effective. These agents are generally applied to a mass of  fertilized eggs at varying concentrations, stirred for a brief time, and then  poured off. After rinsing, eggs are allowed to water harden with minimal care.  If not treated, egg stirring must be done throughout the water hardening  process, but this can contribute to egg mortality. Egg treatments with tannic acid can affect the color of  eggs. Walleye eggs are yellowish in color and become darker as they age. When  treated with tannic acid, the eggs turn from yellow to a dark brown or black  (usually within three days). Although this color change may alarm many fish  culturists, the treatment does not seem to reduce viability of the eggs. **Egg incubation** Following water hardening (1-2 h depending on water  temperature), eggs are generally placed in Downing style jars for incubation.  Three qts (2.8 L) of water-hardened eggs are placed in each jar for optimum  loading density. Water flow through the jar is initially set at 1.5 gpm, but it  is reduced after one day to 1.0 gpm, and then increased again at hatching to  1.5 gpm. In large-scale operations using surface water supplies, eggs  must be treated to control fungus and prevent egg mortality. A common treatment  is a 1,667 ppm formalin concentration in a 15-minute flow through treatment  every other day. Because formalin is not approved by the Food & Drag  Administration (FDA) for treatment of walleye eggs, an Investigative New Animal  Drug permit (INAD) is required. In the spring of 1994, hydrogen peroxide was  tested on walleye eggs at concentrations of 250, 350, and 500 ppm active  ingredient for 15 min every other day. Egg survival was similar to that  achieved with formalin, however, hydrogen peroxide did not control egg clumping  and clumps of dead eggs floated out of the jar and plugged the outlet during and  shortly after treatment. Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical in the low regulatory  priority class with the FDA, and an INAD is not required for its use. During egg incubation, dead eggs become less dense than live  eggs and move to the top of the egg mass in the jar. Dead eggs are periodically  removed from jars using a small siphon. This process invariably results in the  collection of live eggs as well. At the Oneida Fish Culture Station, we place  the eggs siphoned from the hatching jars into a "hospital" jar where  a second effort is made to separate live from dead eggs. Any eggs siphoned from  a hospital jar are discarded. By the time eggs are eyed, the jars contain  mostly live eggs. Routine, regular cleaning (removal of dead eggs) of jars  minimizes egg clumping and fungal problems and facilitates movement of hatched  fry out of the jars. **Shipping eggs** Million of eggs have been successfully shipped over the  years. We have used the "dry method" for the last 20 years to ship  eggs. Eggs are transported in shipping boxes with perforated Styrofoam trays,  cheese cloth and ice. Eggs can be successfully shipped any time after day 5, or  about 90F TU's of incubation. It is not necessary to wait until the eyed egg  stage to ship walleye eggs. Prior to shipment, dead eggs are removed, water is  decanted from the jar, and the eggs are poured into a tub. Styrofoam trays are  covered with cheese cloth and they are floated in a tank. We add three quarts  of eggs to each Styrofoam tray, then wrap the wetted loose ends of the cheese  cloth over the eggs. The trays of eggs are then placed in the shipping box  previously lined with a plastic garbage bag so moisture doesn't damage the  cardboard. Each box, 17 x 17 x 21.5 in will receive 5 Styrofoam trays or a  total of 15 qts of walleye eggs. The top tray in the box has no eggs and is  loaded with ice to help maintain temperatures. The bottom tray in the box is  not perforated, receives no eggs and collects moisture from the trays above.  The box is sealed with tape, and the eggs can be shipped. Shipment is normally  by vehicle and/or air; eggs have survived 18 h trips with no apparent ill  effects. Other methods of shipment are possible. These include  placing eggs in plastic bags with water and oxygen and transporting them in a  cooler. However, it is best not to ship eggs that might hatch during shipment,  because eggs hatching in route could create water quality problems within the  bag. **Walleye fry** In most applications, walleye fry hatch and are carried  (swim) out of an incubation jar into a holding tank. The fry are about 0.3 in.  They do not have an inflated swim bladder. Significant morphological and  physiological changes occur as walleye are nourished through the yolk sac. The  initiation of exogenous feeding occurs between 180 and 216F TU's. Fry in  holding tanks are normally held at high densities. Because cannibalism can  occur in first-feeding fry, one objective of fry stocking programs should be to  stock fry prior to first feeding. The time window for transfer is normally 3-5  d after hatch. When stocking, fry should be harvested from holding tanks and  stocked daily whenever possible. **Enumerating fry** The most common method of enumerating walleye fry involves  volumetric displacement. Fry capture from the holding tank is facilitated by  first concentrating fry to specific areas of the holding tank. Because newly  hatched fry are positively phototactic, they will concentrate where the light  intensity is the greatest. As walleye age during yolk sac absorption, their  displacement value changes. Accurate enumeration requires frequent sampling. **Transporting fry** Transportation of fry is accomplished by placing fry  directly in a transportation tank or by placing fry in plastic shipping bags  with water and pure oxygen. Transportation tanks are usually insulated  fiberglass or wood tanks with covers, and aerators, agitators and/or bottled  oxygen. The size of tanks vary, but generally are around 300 gal; a single  transport track might carry 6 or more tanks. Transportation of walleye fry  requires that pure bottled oxygen be delivered to the water in the  transportation tank. Agitators and aerators create excessive turbulence in the  tank and can injure the delicate fry. Pure oxygen is usually delivered by air  diffusers or rubber hose with fine holes in it. In New York, fry are loaded into tanks at a  rate of one million fry per 50 gal of water. Six hours of transportation time  under these conditions has no adverse effect on fry. Fry are removed by  draining or siphoning them from the tank to minimize handling. If fry are  stocked from a boat, siphoning, draining or bailing out of the boat tank is  desirable and minimizes the use of nets. When stocking small numbers of fry, such as those destined  for earthen culture ponds, plastic bags can be used. The use of plastic bag in  shipping large numbers of fry at high density has also been linked to  mortality. Fry tend to settle in comers and in the bottom of the bag. Mortality  can result even with adequate dissolved oxygen in the water. **NYSDEC guidelines for transporting and stocking fry:** Large stockings of more than 1 million fry: Fry should be placed directly in truck compartments at a  rate of 1 million per 50 gal of water. Oxygen should be bubbled into the  compartment. The loading rate can be prorated for different capacity  transportation tanks. A. Fry should be siphoned into a live car on a boat,  tempered as needed, and boat stocked in open water areas. Fry should be drained  or siphoned from the live car into the lake.
  B. If it is not possible to do (A), fry should be tempered  on the transportation track by adding water and siphoned directly into the  lake. Consideration should be given to stocking in stream currents (inlets) in  hopes of carrying fry to pelagic areas. Stocking for less than 1 million fry within 3 h of the  station A. Transportation should be as in lA or lB, if practical.
  B. If not practical, fry can be transported by placing lots  of 100,000 fry in a standard hatchery bag, 18 x 36 in, with 2.6 gal of water  and 1.3 gal of oxygen. Bags should float freely in a hatchery tank compartment  with at least 6 in of water. The truck should not stop for periods of longer  than 15 min. Water in bags should be tempered by floating them in the receiving  water only if absolutely necessary. It is preferable to release fry immediately  into receiving water. Fry are released from the bag by opening it or cutting it  with a knife and dumping the fry and water. Small fingerlings - Handling and Transportation Intensive culture of small (>1 in) fingerlings is  relatively new. At the Oneida Fish Cultural Station, brine shrimp-fed walleye  with newly inflated swim bladders (day 8 of life) have been harvested from  rectangular units, transported by track and stocked. Fish were harvested by  siphoning them into tubs; tubs with water and fish were poured into transport  tanks with an oxygen life support system. Transportation was for 2 h, and fish  were not stressed at the time of stocking. Thirty day-old brine shrimp-fed walleyes (about 1 in long)  are exceptionally sensitive to handling. When 30-day-old walleye come in  contact with a net, many immediately go into shock and die. Generally by day  40, this sensitive period is over and normal handling of walleyes is possible. Handling and transporting 1.2-2.0 in walleyes harvested from  earthen ponds create a different set of problems. Many variables in a pond  program can affect handling and transportation success, and fingerling  survival. Among the variables are: inability to control water temperatures; the  need to seine the fingerlings in many cases; contact of fingerlings with  macrophytes, algae, crayfish, and aquatic insects in a concentrated situation  as the pond drains; variation in condition factor of fingerlings due to  problems associated with maintenance of food supply; deterioration of water  quality as the pond drains. Culturists should concentrate on minimizing the  effects of these variables on harvested walleyes. For example, ponds should be  harvested on cool days and in the morning when possible. Algae and macrophytes,  especially in the area of the kettle or catch basin, should be removed. Ponds should  be harvested prior, during or immediately after zooplankton disappears to  minimize deterioration of condition factor. Fish captured in the bag of a seine  or corralled in a net should be removed in water with a bucket or with a hand  net to minimize the contact of fish with the seine. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation  employs the following standard procedure for pond harvesting: remove fish from  pond to truck with the least contact with nets as possible; drain fingerlings  from truck to holding tank and hold overnight; gradually cool water to 65F;  remove tadpoles, crayfish and other undesirable organisms; next morning, remove  dead fish and sample fish in holding tank; load transportation truck by  displacement or weight and use aerators or oxygen for life support (depending  upon fish size); temper water in tank at the stocking site if the difference is  10F or more; drain or siphon fingerlings (if possible) to minimize netting at  the stocking site. **Effects of water temperature on transportation and handling** Some researchers have recommended 71.6F for the intensive  culture of walleye fingerlings. However, fish culturists generally attempt to  maintain rearing water temperatures at 68F or less. In doing this, culturists  accept slightly slower fish growth to obtain greater survival, in part because  bacterial levels (and potential diseases) increase as water temperatures exceed  68F. The primary bacterium of concern in walleye culture is  Flexibacter columnaris, a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause mass mortality of  walleye in hatchery environments. The transmission of columnaris has been  linked to routine mechanical injury (as from handling) in fingerling walleye.  This bacterium flourishes at water temperatures above 68F. Therefore, handling  and transportation of walleye should occur below this temperature. When walleye  must be handled at higher temperatures, such as during the harvest of pond  fingerlings, extreme care must be exercised. **Advanced fingerlings** Walleye raised intensively and fed formulated diets become  tolerant to handling and transportation stress. Other than common sense, such  as not handling sick fish and not handling them when water temperatures are  excessive, these fish can be sampled weekly, inventoried, netted, and  transported using the same methods used to handle salmonids. Loading rates in transport tanks for pond-raised or  intensively-raised walleye fingerlings are similar to trout. Three-quarters of  a pound of 5 in walleye fingerlings/gal of transport water are commonly used in  New York. Usually, with larger fingerlings, mechanical aerators or  agitators are used to generate acceptable life support conditions in insulated  transport tanks. There should be no starvation period prior to shipping as this  could promote nipping and cannibalism. The use of chemicals in transport water has been examined.  Salt is commonly used to alleviate stress during transport. With walleyes,  however, care should be exercised. Significant losses of pond-raised  fingerlings have occurred when they were shipped in moderately hard water with  salt to a soft-water hatchery. Immediately upon siphoning from truck to  hatchery water, the fish went into shock and died. Other shipments from that  hatchery without salt in the transport water produced no mortality.  Hatchery Tip Are you looking for a safer way to handle formalin? Are you  tired of sniffing formalin fumes and walking around in a daze? You may want to  call the staff at ALab Safety@ (608-757-4738) and order a fullface respirator  that is specifically designed to block formalin fumes. The MTAN first used  these devices several years ago and was pleased with the outcome.   **Return
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          names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only.
          It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government.
 
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