Number 394 + January 22, 2008

Health Characteristics of the Asian Adult Population:

United States, 2004–2006

by Patricia M. Barnes, M.A.; Patricia F. Adams; and Eve Powell-Griner, Ph.D., Division of Health Interview Statistics

Abstract

Objective—This report compares national estimates for selected health status

indicators, health behaviors, health care utilization, health conditions,

immunizations, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing status among

selected non-Hispanic Asian adult subgroups. Comparison estimates for the

non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska

Native (AIAN), and Hispanic adult populations are also presented.

Methods—The estimates in this report were derived from the Family Core and

the Sample Adult Core components of the 2004–2006 National Health Interview

Surveys (NHIS), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Estimates were generated and

comparisons conducted using the SUDAAN statistical package to account for the

complex sample design.

Results—In general, non-Hispanic Asian adults were least likely to be current

smokers, be obese, have hypertension, delay or not receive medical care because of

cost, be tested for HIV, or be in fair or poor health compared with non-Hispanic

white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic AIAN, or Hispanic adults.

Across non-Hispanic Asian subgroups, Vietnamese adults were least likely to

have a bachelor’s degree or higher and most likely to be poor, be in fair or poor

health, and abstain from alcohol use. Korean adults were most likely to be

uninsured, be current smokers, and be without a usual place for health care.

Japanese adults were most likely to be current moderate or heavier drinkers, and

Filipino adults were most likely to be obese.

Keywords: Asian c health behaviors c health care utilization c conditions c mental

health status c health status c immunizations c HIV test c National Health Interview

Survey

Introduction

According to the 2000 U.S. Census

Bureau population estimates, 11.9

million people (4.2%) in the United

States are members of the racial groups

Asian or Native Hawaiian or Other

Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) (1). In this

report, the term non-Hispanic Asian or

NHOPI will be shortened to Asian or

Asian American for conciseness. The

term Asian refers to people having

origins in any of the original

populations of the Far East, Southeast

Asia, or the Indian subcontinent (1).

Asian Americans are among the fastest

growing of all major racial or ethnic

groups and increased 48% between 1990

and 2000. Asian Americans are expected

to comprise over 10% of the population

by the year 2050 (1,2). Asian Americans

are a heterogeneous population living

throughout the United States, who are

characterized by a wide variety of

languages, dialects, and cultures and

represent both extremes of

socioeconomic and health indices (1,2).

Most Asian persons report a single race;

only 0.6% reported Asian and at least

one other race in the 2000 census (3).

The focus of the report is on selected

Asian subgroups—Chinese, Filipino,

Asian Indian, Japanese, Vietnamese, and

Korean.

Asian Americans are more

concentrated in some areas of the

United States than in others. According

to the 2000 census, Asian Americans are

concentrated in the West (49%) and

Northeast (21%) regions of the United

States. Over one-half of all persons who

reported Asian race lived in just three

states: California, New York, and

Hawaii (1). California had the largest

Asian population (4.2 million), followed

by New York (1.2 million) and Hawaii

(0.7 million). The sizes of the Asian

subgroups vary. The largest Asian

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for Health Statistics 
2 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

subgroup in the United States is Chinese

(2.7 million), followed by Filipinos (2.4

million) and Asian Indians (1.9 million).

These three groups account for 57% of

all respondents who reported Asian race

in the 2000 census (1).

Although Asians have sometimes

been stereotyped as the ‘‘model

minority’’ because of their

socioeconomic achievements and overall

health status, this label is not true for all

aspects of their health. Health disparities

also exist among Asian Americans (2).

For example, although cancer mortality

rates for Asian Americans are low

compared with other U.S. populations,

Asian Americans have the highest

incidence rates of liver and stomach

cancer for both sexes compared with

Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, or

non-Hispanic black persons (4).

Although no national cancer mortality

data are available for Asian subgroups,

data from California illustrate the

variations within the Asian population.

Age-adjusted mortality rates for liver

cancer per 100,000 males in California

were 23.8 for all Asians, compared with

6.8 for non-Hispanic whites (5). Within

the Asian male population, mortality

rates for liver cancer varied by

subgroup: 54.3 for Vietnamese, 33.9 for

Koreans, 23.3 for Chinese, 16.8 for

Filipino, and 9.3 for Japanese (5). Some

Asian subgroups are disproportionately

at risk for chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic

hepatitis B, and tuberculosis, compared

with other Asian subgroups as well as

other race and ethnic groups (2).

In addition, some Asian subgroups

have high rates of cigarette smoking and

low rates for cancer screening, mental

health services use, leisure time physical

activity, and knowledge of blood

cholesterol and blood pressure status

(2,6–8). For example, although Asian

Americans as a group have relatively

low smoking rates (18%), among Asian

subgroups, smoking rates are highest

among those who are Laotian,

Vietnamese, or Cambodian (9). These

health disparities may be related to

cultural, genetic, socioeconomic, or

behavioral factors (4,9–12).

In this report, national estimates for

selected health status indicators, health

behaviors, health care utilization, health

conditions, immunizations, and HIV

testing status are examined using the

2004–2006 NHIS data. The report

focuses on the non-Hispanic, single-race

Asian population but presents

comparison data for the Hispanic,

non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black,

and non-Hispanic AIAN populations.

Estimates are also presented in the

tables for a category that includes other

Asian and NHOPI. Information on the

largest Asian subgroups—Chinese,

Filipino, Asian Indian, Japanese,

Vietnamese, and Korean—is provided in

the text.

Methods

Data source

The statistics shown in this report

are based on data from the Family Core

and the Sample Adult Core components

of the 2004–2006 NHIS (13–15). The

NHIS, one of the major data collection

systems of NCHS, is a survey of a

nationally representative sample of the

civilian noninstitutionalized household

population of the United States. Basic

health and demographic information are

collected annually on all household

members. All members of the household

17 years of age and over who are home

at the time of the interview are invited

to participate and respond for

themselves. Proxy responses are

accepted for adults not present at the

time of the interview and for children.

Additional information is collected per

family on one randomly selected adult

aged 18 years or over (the ‘‘sample

adult’’) and one randomly selected child

aged 0–17 years (the ‘‘sample child’’).

Information on the sample adult is

self-reported, except in rare cases in

which the sample adult is physically or

mentally incapable of responding, and

information on the sample child is

collected from an adult who is

knowledgeable about the child’s health.

Statistical analysis

Three years of data were combined

to increase reliability of estimates for

some of the smaller population

subgroups. Even with 3 years of data,

the standard errors for some subgroups

were quite large. In tables shown in this

report, estimates with a relative standard

error of more than 30% but less than or

equal to 50% are identified with an

asterisk (*). Readers should exercise

caution when interpreting these

statistics. Estimates with a relative

standard error of greater than 50% are

indicated with a dagger (†) and are not

shown.

This report is based on data from

87,029 completed interviews with

sample adults aged 18 years and over

representing a final sample adult

response rate (which takes into account

household and family nonresponse) for

the combined data years of 70.7%. The

household response rate for the

combined data years was 86.8%.

Procedures used in calculating response

rates for combined NHIS data years are

described in detail in Appendix I of the

survey descriptions of the NHIS data

files (16–18).

All estimates and associated

standard errors shown in this report

were generated using SUDAAN, a

software package that is designed to

account for a complex sample design

such as that used by NHIS (19). All

estimates were weighted by using the

sample adult record weight and reflect

the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized

population aged 18 years and over.

Most estimates presented in this

report were age adjusted using the

projected 2000 U.S. population as the

standard population (20,21). The

SUDAAN procedure PROC DESCRIPT

was used to produce age-adjusted

percentages and their standard errors.

Age adjustment was used to allow

comparison of various sociodemographic

subgroups that have different age

structures. The estimates in this report

were age adjusted using the age groups

18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years,

and 65 years and over. Estimates for

education, health insurance coverage,

and pneumonia shot were restricted to

certain age groups and were adjusted

accordingly.

Age-adjusted estimates were

compared using two-tailed statistical

tests at the 0.05 level. No adjustments

were made for multiple comparisons.

Terms such as greater than and less

than indicate a statistically significant
Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008 3

difference. Terms such as similar or no

difference indicate that the statistics

being compared were not significantly

different. Lack of comment regarding

the difference between any two statistics

does not mean that the difference was

tested and found to be not significant.

Some of the statistics presented in

this report can be replicated using NHIS

public-use data files and the

accompanying documentation available

for downloading from the NCHS

website at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/

nhis.htm. To protect respondent

confidentiality, the variable that contains

the selected Asian subgroups is not

included on the public-use data files.

Therefore, corresponding estimates for

the Asian subgroups cannot be

replicated from public-use data files.

Many of the references cited in this

report are also available via the NCHS

website at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs.

Results

In the following section brief,

bulleted summaries of the estimates

shown in Tables 1–8 and Figures 1–6 are

presented for selected non-Hispanic

Asian subgroups, the non-Hispanic

Asian or NHOPI population as a whole,

and the non-Hispanic white, nonHispanic black, non-Hispanic AIAN,

and Hispanic populations. For

conciseness, the qualifying term

non-Hispanic will be omitted when

discussing these subgroups in the

results.

Demographic characteristics

Table 1 and Figures 1–4

+ Of the U.S. adult population, 70% are

white, 13% are Hispanic, 11% are

black, and 4% are Asian (Figure 1).

+ Of the adult Asian population, about

21% are Filipino, 21% are Chinese,

19% are Asian Indian, 10% are

Korean, 9% are Vietnamese, and 9%

are Japanese (Figure 2).

+ The gender distribution across the

Asian subgroups was similar, with the

exception of Asian Indian adults, who

were more likely to be male than

female, and Japanese adults, who

were more likely to be female than

male.

Hispanic Non-Hispanic multiple Non-Hispanic AIAN1 

detailed race 0.6% 

1.0% 

Non-Hispanic Asian 

4.0% 

Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white 

70.4% 

12.9% 

11.2% 

1

AIAN is American Indian or Alaska Native. 

NOTES: All non-Hispanic race groups shown are single-race groups, with the exception of the non-Hispanic multiple detailed 

race group. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Estimates are age adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a 

sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

Figure 1. Percent distribution of race and ethnicity for adults 18 years of age and over:

United States, 2004–2006

Other Asian and NHOPI1 Vietnamese 

Korean 

Asian Indian 

Japanese 

Filipino 

Chinese 

1

NHOPI is Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. 

NOTE: Estimates are age adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of 

a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

8.9% 

9.6% 

8.6% 

21.2% 

20.7% 

18.8% 

12.1% 

Figure 2. Percent distribution of Asian subgroups for non-Hispanic Asian adults 18 years

of age and over: United States, 2004–2006

+ The gender distribution for Asian + The Asian population and white

adults was similar to that of AIAN population had a lower percentage of

adults and Hispanic adults. persons aged 18–24 years compared

+ Compared with other Asian with the Hispanic population.

subgroups, the Japanese adult + Vietnamese adults had lower levels of

population had a somewhat older age education compared with adults in

distribution. A higher percentage of other Asian subgroups. More than

Japanese adults were aged 65 years one-fourth of Vietnamese adults

and over (31%) compared with adults (27%) had less than a high school

in other Asian subgroups. diploma compared with a range of
4 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

Japanese Filipino Vietnamese

Asian Indian Chinese Korean 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

Bachelor's degree or higher Less than a high school diploma

Percent 

NOTE: Estimates are age adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of 

a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

Figure 3. Percentage of non-Hispanic Asian adults 18 years of age and over with selected

education levels, by Asian subgroup: United States, 2004–2006

NOTE: Estimates are age adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of 

a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

Korean Vietnamese Asian Indian

Japanese Filipino Chinese

Percent 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

U.S. born 

Figure 4. Percentage of U.S. born non-Hispanic Asian adults 18 years of age and over, by

Asian subgroup: United States, 2004–2006

6% to 15% among adults in other

Asian subgroups (Figure 3).

+ A large percentage of adults in most

Asian subgroups had a bachelor’s

degree or higher. Asian Indian adults

were most likely to have a bachelor’s

degree or higher (70%), whereas

Vietnamese adults were least likely to

have that same level of education

(29%) (Figure 3).

+ Hispanic adults (46%) were two to

three times more likely to have less

than a high school education than

were black (23%), AIAN (21%),

Asian (14%), or white adults (11%).

+ The majority of adults in the Asian

subgroups were not poor. More than

three-fourths of Japanese, Filipino,

and Asian Indian adults had incomes

200% of the poverty threshold or

greater.

+ Vietnamese (15%), Korean (14%),

and Chinese adults (13%) were about

twice as likely as Filipino adults (6%)

to be poor.

+ Black, AIAN, and Hispanic adults

were about twice as likely to be poor

as white or Asian adults.

+ Vietnamese adults (28%) and Filipino

adults (26%) were more than twice as

likely to live in families with 6 or more

members as Chinese (12%), Japanese

(8%), or Korean adults (7%).

+ Hispanic (25%) and Asian adults (19%)

were more likely to live in families with

6 or more members than were black

(14%) or white adults (11%).

+ Japanese adults (45%) were more

likely than Filipino (37%), Chinese

(32%), or Asian Indian adults (27%)

to be unmarried.

+ Asian adults (65%) were more likely

to be married than white (59%),

Hispanic (59%), AIAN (53%), or

black adults (38%).

+ Among Asian subgroups, Korean

adults under 65 years of age were

most likely to be uninsured (36%).

The percentage of uninsured adults

under 65 years of age in other Asian

subgroups ranged from 9% among

Japanese adults to 18% of Asian

Indian adults and Vietnamese adults.

+ Asian adults under 65 years of age

were more likely to be uninsured

(18%) than white adults (15%), but

less likely to be uninsured than

Hispanic (41%), AIAN (40%), or

black adults (23%).

+ Japanese adults (71%) were most

likely and Asian Indian adults (21%)

were least likely to live in the West.

The population of Asian Indian adults

was more evenly distributed among

other regions compared with the

populations of other Asian subgroups.

+ A larger percentage of Asian adults

(48%) and Hispanic adults (40%)

lived in the West compared with

white (18%) or black adults (7%).

+ Japanese adults (58%) were more

likely to be born in the United States

than adults in other Asian subgroups.

Among the subgroups, rates for being

U.S. born ranged from to 32% of

Filipino adults to 7% of Asian Indian

adults (Figure 4).
Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008 5

+ Hispanic adults (44%) and Asian

adults (23%) were much less likely to

have been born in the United States

than white (96%), AIAN (96%), or

black adults (91%).

+ Of Asian adults who were foreign

born, Vietnamese adults (87%) were

most likely to have lived in the

United States 10 years or more

compared with 54% to 74% of adults

in other Asian subgroups.

+ About 30% of Asian adults and

Hispanic adults who were foreign

born had lived in the United States

for less than 10 years.

Health behaviors

Table 2 and Figure 5

+ Most Asian adults had never smoked,

with rates ranging from 65% of

Korean adults to 84% of Chinese

adults.

+ Korean adults (22%) were about two

to three times as likely to be current

smokers as were Japanese (12%),

Asian Indian (7%), or Chinese adults

(7%) (Figure 5).

+ AIAN adults (32%) had the highest

prevalence of current cigarette

smoking, and Asian adults (12%) had

the lowest prevalence, compared with

white (23%), black (21%), or

Hispanic adults (15%).

+ Japanese adults (14%) were more

likely to be current moderate or

heavier drinkers compared with

Filipino (9%), Chinese (7%), Asian

Indian (6%), or Vietnamese adults

(6%).

+ Vietnamese adults (68%) had the

highest percentage of lifetime

abstinence from alcohol use; rates for

adults in other Asian subgroups

ranged from 32% for Japanese to

57% for Asian Indian.

+ White adults (22%) were more likely

to be current moderate or heavier

drinkers compared with AIAN (15%),

Hispanic (13%), black (12%), or

Asian adults (9%).

+ Most adults in the Asian subgroups

were in the healthy weight range,

with rates ranging from 51% for

Filipino adults to 68% for Chinese

adults. About 1 in 10 Japanese adults

and Vietnamese adults were

underweight.

NOTE: Estimates are age adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of 

a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

Asian Indian 

Korean Vietnamese

Chinese 

Filipino 

Japanese 

Percent 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Current smoker 

Figure 5. Percentage of non-Hispanic Asian adults 18 years of age and over who were

current smokers, by Asian subgroup: United States, 2004–2006

+ Although the prevalence of obesity is

low within the adult Asian population,

Filipino adults (14%) were more than

twice as likely to be obese as Asian

Indian (6%), Vietnamese (5%), or

Chinese adults (4%).

+ AIAN (35%), black (34%), Hispanic

(28%), and white adults (24%) were

three to four times more likely to be

obese compared with Asian adults (8%).

+ Overall, about 3 in 10 Asian adults

engaged in regular leisure-time

physical activity. Of the adults in

Asian subgroups, Vietnamese adults

(46%) were most likely to be inactive

in their leisure-time.

+ White adults (33%) were most likely

to engage in regular leisure-time

physical activity compared with Asian

(28%), AIAN (25%), black (23%), or

Hispanic adults (22%).

Health care utilization

Table 3

+ Among Asian adults, Korean adults

(25%) were most likely to be without

a usual place for health care; rates for

adults in other Asian subgroups

ranged from 12% for Japanese or

Filipino adults to 16% for Chinese or

Vietnamese adults.

+ Among Asian adults with a usual

place for health care, Vietnamese

adults (23%) were more likely than

Filipino (14%), Asian Indian (13%),

or Japanese adults (13%) to consider

a clinic or health center as their usual

place for health care.

+ A larger percentage of Hispanic

adults (27%) were without a usual

place of health care compared with

Asian (16%), black (14%), white

(13%), or AIAN adults (13%).

+ A larger percentage of Korean adults

(12%) had not been to a dentist in the

past 5 years compared with Japanese

adults (4%).

+ Asian adults (2%) and Hispanic

adults (4%) were more likely to have

never seen a dentist, compared with

white (less than 1%) or black adults

(1%).

+ Across the Asian subgroups, rates of

not receiving medical care due to cost

were low. About 5% of Korean adults

and 2% of Chinese or Filipino adults

did not receive care due to cost.

+ Korean adults (7%) were about twice

as likely as Filipino (3%) or Asian

Indian adults (3%) to delay medical

care due to cost.

+ Asian adults were least likely to

delay or not receive medical care due

to cost, compared with white, black,

AIAN, or Hispanic adults.
6 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

Conditions

Table 4

+ Filipino adults (27%) and Japanese

adults (25%) were more likely than

Chinese (17%) or Korean adults

(17%) to have ever been told they

had hypertension.

+ Asian adults (22%) were least likely

and black adults (36%) and AIAN

adults (32%) were most likely to

have ever been told they had

hypertension, compared with white

(25%) or Hispanic adults (24%).

+ Asian Indian adults (9%) were about

two times as likely as Korean adults

(4%) to have ever been told they had

heart disease.

+ The prevalence of diabetes was more

than twice as high for Asian Indian

adults (14%) compared with Chinese

(6%) or Japanese adults (5%).

+ Asian adults (8%) were less likely to

have been told they had diabetes than

AIAN (15%), black (12%), or

Hispanic adults (10%).

+ Vietnamese adults (13%) and Filipino

adults (11%) were more likely to

suffer from migraines or severe

headaches than Chinese adults (7%).

+ Asian adults were least likely to

suffer from migraines or severe

headaches compared with white,

black, AIAN, or Hispanic adults.

+ AIAN adults (8%) were two to four

times as likely as white, Hispanic,

black, or Asian adults to have a lot of

trouble hearing or to be deaf.

+ A lower percentage of Asian adults

(5%) had lost all their natural teeth

compared with the percentage of

AIAN (14%), black (10%), white

(8%), or Hispanic adults (7%) who

had lost them.

+ Filipino adults (8%) were more likely

than Chinese adults (5%) to have lost

all their natural teeth.

Functional limitation

Table 5

+ The rates of adults who had a

functional limitation were similar

across the Asian subgroups.

+ The rate of functional limitation was

lowest for Asian adults (22%) and

highest for AIAN adults (43%),

compared with white (33%), black

(33%), or Hispanic adults (28%).

Selected immunizations and

HIV testing

Table 6

+ Japanese adults (31%) were more

likely than Asian Indian adults (21%)

to have received an influenza

vaccination in the past 12 months.

+ The percentage of Asian adults (26%)

receiving an influenza vaccination in

the past 12 months was higher than

the percentage of Hispanic (19%) or

black adults (21%) who had received

one.

+ Among the adult Asian population

aged 65 years and over, 60% of

Japanese adults had ever received a

pneumonia shot, compared with 34%

of Chinese adults and 23% of

Filipino adults.

+ White adults (61%) were more likely

than black (39%), Asian (37%), or

Hispanic adults (32%) to have ever

received a pneumonia shot.

+ About 40% of Asian Indian adults

had ever received the hepatitis B

vaccine, compared with 23% of

Japanese adults.

+ About one-third of Asian, white,

black, or AIAN adults had ever

received the hepatitis B vaccine,

compared with one-fifth of Hispanic

adults who had ever received it.

+ Overall, about 3 in 10 Asian adults

had ever been tested for HIV. Filipino

adults (34%) were more likely than

Korean adults (26%) to have been

tested for HIV.

+ Asian adults (31%) were least likely

and black adults (50%) were most

likely to have ever been tested for

HIV, compared with AIAN (42%),

Hispanic (37%), or white adults

(33%).

Psychological distress

Table 7

+ Asian adults (2%) were least likely to

have experienced serious

psychological distress, compared with

white (3%), black (4%), Hispanic

(4%), or AIAN adults (5%).

+ AIAN adults were more likely than

Asian or white adults to feel hopeless

most or all of the time.

Respondent-assessed health

status

Table 8 and Figure 6

+ Vietnamese adults (19%) were more

than twice as likely as adults in other

NOTE: Estimates are age adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population. 

DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of 

a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. 

Asian Indian 

Vietnamese Korean 

Chinese 

Filipino 

Japanese 

Percent 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

Fair or poor health 

Figure 6. Percentage of non-Hispanic Asian adults 18 years of age and over with fair or

poor health, by Asian subgroup: United States, 2004–2006
Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008 7

Asian subgroups to be in fair or poor

health (Figure 6).

+ Overall, over 60% of Asian adults

and white adults were in excellent or

very good health, compared with

about 50% of black, Hispanic, or

AIAN adults.

+ Vietnamese women (28%) were more

than twice as likely as Vietnamese

men (11%) to be in fair or poor

health.

+ White women, black women, and

Hispanic women were more likely to

be in fair or poor health than their

male counterparts. No differences

were observed between Asian men

and women or AIAN men and

women.

Discussion

Consistent with other research

(2,3,7–9), this report has shown that

Asian Americans as a group are less

likely than other minority groups to

have less than a high school education,

have incomes at or below poverty level,

be unmarried, have delayed or not

received medical care due to cost, or

lack health insurance coverage.

Compared with other populations

included in this report, Asian Americans

as a group were less likely to be current

smokers, to be current moderate or

heavier drinkers, to be obese, to have

lost all their natural teeth, to have a

functional limitation, to have

experienced serious psychological

distress, or to have been told they had

hypertension. In addition, Asian

Americans as a group were more likely

to have no usual place of health care

and to have never seen a dentist,

compared with white adults.

The findings of this study are also

consistent with the few existing studies

of Asian subgroups (1–3,6,9) and

confirm heterogeneity within the Asian

population in terms of demographics as

well as health utilization and health

outcomes. Grouping all Asian adults

into a single category conceals many

differences among the Asian subgroups.

With respect to sociodemographic

characteristics, for example, this study

showed that although Asian Americans

as a group (11%) were less likely than

other minorities to be poor, within Asian

subgroups, Vietnamese, Korean, and

Chinese adults were about twice as

likely as Filipino adults to be poor.

Almost three-fourths of Asian Indian

adults had a bachelor’s degree or higher,

whereas less than one-third of

Vietnamese adults had this level of

education. Almost 6 in 10 Japanese

adults were born in the United States,

whereas less than 1 in 10 Asian Indians

were U.S. born.

Substantial disparities in health care

utilization, health behaviors, and health

status among Asian subgroups are also

notable. For example, 4 in 10 Korean

adults lacked health insurance, compared

with fewer than 1 in 10 Japanese adults,

and one-fourth of Koreans lacked a

usual place for care, compared with

slightly more than one-tenth of Japanese

adults. Korean adults were about two

times as likely to be current smokers

compared with Japanese adults, and they

were more likely to be current moderate

or heavier drinkers than other Asians.

Although most Asians were in the

healthy weight range, about 1 in 10

Japanese adults and Vietnamese adults

were underweight, whereas almost

one-half of Filipino adults were

overweight or obese. Use of preventive

vaccines also varied among the Asian

subgroups: Japanese adults were more

likely than Asian Indian adults to have

received an influenza vaccination in the

past 12 months and more likely than

Filipino adults to have ever received a

pneumonia shot, but Japanese adults

were less likely to have received a

hepatitis B vaccine than were Asian

Indian or Filipino adults.

The health status of Asian

Americans varied among the subgroups.

Asian Indians were about twice as likely

as Korean or Vietnamese adults to have

ever been told they had heart disease

and were twice as likely as Chinese or

Japanese adults to have been told they

had diabetes. More than one-fourth of

Filipino adults and Japanese adults had

been told they had hypertension,

whereas less than one-fifth of Korean

adults had been told they had

hypertension.

Although numerous disparities are

noted among the Asian subgroups, some

health behaviors and health status

indicators show little variation. For

example, the percentage of adults with

functional limitations is similar for the

Asian subgroups.

The findings of this study contribute

to the understanding of the

heterogeneity of selected health

behaviors, access and utilization of

health care, and health status among

Asian subgroups in the United States.

Although the report includes selected

sociodemographic and health related

factors, other factors that may be

associated with health outcomes were

not examined because of the lack of

data on these factors as well as

relatively few respondents for some

subgroups. Despite combining 3 years of

data to increase reliability of the

estimates, the standard errors for some

subgroups were quite large, suggesting

the need for caution when interpreting

these statistics. Although the effect of

age on the health characteristics studied

here was statistically controlled by age

adjustment, controlling for other factors

was beyond the scope of this report.

Future studies, particularly those using

multivariate techniques, should consider

merging NHIS data for more than three

years.

Methodological limitations of the

data should also be considered when

interpreting results presented in this

report. Although considerable effort is

made to ensure accurate reporting, the

information from respondents may be

inaccurate because the respondent is

unaware of relevant information, has

forgotten the information, does not wish

to reveal the information to an

interviewer, or does not understand the

intended meaning of the questions. The

unavailability of the NHIS survey

instrument in languages other than

English and Spanish was another

limitation of this study. White, black, or

Asian immigrants who cannot speak

English or Spanish might have had

difficulty responding to questions or

might have relied on English-speaking

or Spanish-speaking household members

or others to assist in translating

questions during the interview. The

inability to conduct interviews because

of language problems is not common.

From 2004–2006, about 1% of

interviews were not conducted because
8 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

of language problems. The vast majority

of interviews during 2004–2006 were

conducted using English—87% of

interviews (92% among the Asian

American population) were conducted in

English. Notwithstanding the limitations

of the study, the NHIS data are

nationally representative, allowing

generalization of the findings in this

report to the U.S. population as a whole

as well as to the Asian populations.

References

1. Barnes JS, Bennett CE. The Asian

population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. Feb

2002.

2. President’s Advisory Commission on

Asian Americans and Pacific

Islanders. Asian Americans and

Pacific Islanders addressing health

disparities: Opportunities for building

a healthier America. Washington,

DC. 2003.

3. Reeves TJ, Bennett CE. We the

people: Asians in the United States.

Census 2000 Special Reports.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. Dec

2004.

4. National Cancer Institute. Cancer

health disparities: A fact sheet

[online]. BenchMarks 5(6). Available

from: http://www.cancer.gov/

newscenter/benchmarks-vol5-issue6/

page2. 2005.

5. McCracken M, Olsen M, Chen MS

Jr, Jemal A, Thun M, Cokkinides V,

et al. Cancer incidence, mortality,

and associated risk factors among

Asian Americans of Chinese,

Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and

Japanese ethnicities. CA Cancer J

Clin 57:190–205. 2007.

6. Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS. Leisure

time, non-leisure time, and

occupational physical activity in

Asian Americans. Ann Epidemiol

15(4):257–65. 2005.

7. Maxwell AE, Bernaards CA,

McCarthy WJ. Smoking prevalence

and correlates among Chinese- and

Filipino-American adults: Findings

from the 2001 California Health

Interview Survey. Prev Med 41:693–

9. 2005.

8. Abe-Kim J, Takeuchi DT, Hong S,

Zane N, Sue S, Spencer MS, et al.

Use of mental health-related services

among immigrant and U.S.-born

Asian Americans: Results from the Park, NC: Research Triangle

National Latino and Asian American Institute. 2005.

Study. Am J Public Health 97(1):91– 20. Day JC; for U.S. Bureau of the

8. 2007. Census. Current population reports—

9. Esperat MC, Inouye J, Gonzalez EW, Population projections of the United

Owen DC, Feng D. Health disparities States by age, sex, race, and

among Asian Americans and Pacific Hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050.

Islanders. Annu Rev Nurs Res P25–1130. Washington, DC: U.S.

22:135–59. 2004. Government Printing Office.

10. Lee-Lin F, Menon U. Breast and Available from: http://

cervical cancer screening practices www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p25–

and interventions among Chinese, 1130. 1996.

Japanese, and Vietnamese Americans. 21. Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age

Oncol Nurs Forum 32(5):995–1003. adjustment using the 2000 projected

2005. U.S. population. Healthy People

11. Au C. Cultural factors in preventive Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville,

care: Asian-Americans. Prim Care MD: National Center for Health

29:495–502. 2002. Statistics. 2001.

12. Averbach AR, Lam D, Lam L-P, 22. Office of Management and Budget.

Sharfstein J, Cohen B, Koh H. Revisions to the standards for the

Smoking behaviours and attitudes classification of federal data on race

among male restaurant workers in and ethnicity. Federal Register

Boston’s Chinatown: A pilot study. 62(210):58782–58790. Washington,

Tob Control 11(Suppl II):ii34–7. DC. 1997.

2002. 23. Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, et

13. NCHS. National Health Interview al. Screening for serious mental

Survey (NHIS): 2004 data release illness in the general population.

[online]. Available from: http:// Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:184–9. 2003.

www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/

nhis_2004_data_release.htm.

14. NCHS. National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS): 2005 data release

[online]. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/

nhis_2005_data_release.htm.

15. NCHS. National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS): 2006 data release

[online]. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/

nhis_2006_data_release.htm.

16. NCHS. 2004 National Health

Interview Survey (NHIS): Public-use

data release. NHIS survey description

[online]. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/

srvydesc.pdf. 2005.

17. NCHS. 2005 National Health

Interview Survey (NHIS): Public-use

data release. NHIS survey description

[online]. Available from: ftp://

ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/

NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/

2005/srvydesc.pdf. 2006.

18. NCHS. 2006 National Health

Interview Survey (NHIS): Public-use

data release. NHIS survey description

[online]. Available from: ftp://

ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/

NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/

2006/srvydesc.pdf. 2007.

19. SUDAAN [computer program].

Release 9.0.1. Research Triangle
9

utions (with standard errors) of selected demographic characteristics for adults 18 years of age and over, by race and ethnicity:

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

inese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00)

0 (2.30) 47.1 (2.29) 57.3 (2.75) 44.2 (3.82) 53.1 (3.60) 48.4 (3.36) 50.3 (3.13) 49.2 (1.05) 48.2 (0.26) 44.2 (0.56) 51.2 (2.78) 50.2 (0.51)0 (2.30) 52.9 (2.29) 42.7 (2.75) 55.8 (3.82) 46.9 (3.60) 51.6 (3.36) 49.7 (3.13) 50.8 (1.05) 51.8 (0.26) 55.8 (0.56) 48.8 (2.78) 49.8 (0.51)

0 (1.64) 12.4 (1.78) 15.3 (2.02) *5.5 (1.97) 12.9 (2.76) 16.9 (3.28) 21.2 (3.22) 13.9 (0.88) 11.5 (0.24) 15.8 (0.53) 18.6 (2.82) 17.9 (0.42)

9 (2.27) 39.5 (2.31) 56.3 (2.42) 29.6 (3.22) 46.1 (3.28) 40.2 (3.73) 43.1 (3.13) 44.1 (1.10) 34.5 (0.27) 41.0 (0.59) 40.6 (2.73) 50.3 (0.55)

6 (2.13) 35.6 (2.28) 23.6 (2.00) 34.0 (3.20) 34.3 (3.17) 31.5 (3.28) 29.3 (2.85) 31.0 (0.98) 35.4 (0.26) 31.3 (0.52) 31.3 (2.70) 23.8 (0.45)

5 (1.41) 12.5 (1.48) 4.8 (0.96) 30.9 (3.83) 6.8 (1.60) 11.4 (1.92) 6.3 (1.33) 11.0 (0.67) 18.7 (0.23) 12.0 (0.38) 9.6 (1.31) 8.0 (0.30)

9 (1.89) 7.9 (1.33) 10.5 (1.88) 6.4 (1.82) 27.2 (3.50) 12.3 (1.96) 22.3 (3.18) 13.5 (0.81) 10.9 (0.20) 22.5 (0.61) 20.9 (2.17) 45.8 (0.69)

4 (1.67) 17.5 (1.92) 10.4 (1.58) 18.1 (2.29) 23.9 (3.18) 20.9 (2.78) 27.7 (2.90) 18.6 (0.87) 29.7 (0.30) 31.4 (0.59) 40.8 (2.82) 24.0 (0.53)

4 (1.51) 29.1 (2.09) 9.5 (1.67) 26.7 (3.95) 20.3 (3.17) 10.5 (2.00) 20.1 (2.79) 18.1 (0.87) 28.3 (0.27) 28.2 (0.57) 25.8 (2.79) 18.8 (0.46)

4 (2.36) 45.5 (2.38) 69.5 (2.71) 48.7 (4.42) 28.6 (3.65) 56.4 (3.31) 29.9 (3.36) 49.9 (1.22) 31.1 (0.35) 17.9 (0.51) 12.5 (2.25) 11.4 (0.41)

1 (1.97) 6.0 (1.39) 8.6 (1.49) 8.6 (2.41) 14.7 (2.68) 13.6 (3.09) 14.3 (2.48) 10.9 (0.86) 8.2 (0.21) 21.4 (0.56) 19.5 (3.25) 21.3 (0.53)

4 (1.99) 15.2 (2.03) 14.5 (2.09) *12.3 (4.53) 28.7 (3.88) 20.0 (3.22) 20.7 (2.74) 18.1 (0.99) 16.0 (0.23) 24.8 (0.59) 23.2 (2.92) 30.7 (0.57)

5 (2.45) 78.8 (2.31) 76.8 (2.52) 79.1 (5.40) 56.5 (4.21) 66.4 (3.92) 65.0 (3.51) 71.1 (1.31) 75.8 (0.33) 53.7 (0.74) 57.3 (3.91) 48.0 (0.67)

8 (2.38) 35.9 (2.04) 40.7 (2.66) 55.9 (4.10) 32.1 (3.27) 48.8 (3.45) 38.4 (2.84) 41.8 (1.08) 55.2 (0.32) 52.4 (0.60) 48.8 (2.78) 35.9 (0.53)6 (2.29) 38.3 (2.25) 41.0 (2.55) 35.9 (4.53) 39.9 (3.42) 43.9 (3.48) 31.5 (2.56) 39.5 (1.09) 34.0 (0.29) 33.8 (0.56) 33.7 (2.62) 38.9 (0.55)

6 (1.67) 25.8 (2.32) 18.3 (2.37) 8.3 (2.02) 28.0 (3.51) 7.3 (1.92) 30.2 (3.31) 18.8 (0.99) 10.8 (0.20) 13.8 (0.45) 17.5 (2.24) 25.3 (0.51)

1 (1.83) 62.9 (1.81) 73.1 (2.26) 55.5 (3.12) 63.0 (2.85) 61.3 (2.73) 65.0 (2.72) 65.3 (0.86) 59.4 (0.27) 37.7 (0.56) 52.9 (3.54) 58.5 (0.50)

9 (1.83) 37.1 (1.81) 26.9 (2.26) 44.5 (3.12) 37.0 (2.85) 38.7 (2.73) 35.0 (2.72) 34.7 (0.86) 40.6 (0.27) 62.3 (0.56) 47.1 (3.54) 41.5 (0.50)8 (2.21) 76.7 (2.07) 76.3 (2.19) 81.3 (4.20) 64.7 (3.55) 58.3 (3.66) 67.1 (2.99) 73.6 (1.05) 76.6 (0.34) 57.4 (0.66) 43.4 (3.60) 45.3 (0.63)

4 (0.94) 9.6 (1.40) 6.0 (1.21) *9.6 (3.37) 17.0 (2.76) 6.2 (1.42) 15.0 (2.40) 8.7 (0.66) 8.5 (0.20) 19.2 (0.52) 16.3 (2.00) 13.5 (0.39)

8 (2.05) 13.8 (1.74) 17.7 (1.95) 9.1 (2.34) 18.3 (2.76) 35.5 (3.59) 17.9 (2.41) 17.6 (0.92) 14.9 (0.24) 23.3 (0.55) 40.3 (3.57) 41.2 (0.61)

3 (2.36) 15.5 (1.89) 26.5 (2.66) 9.0 (2.31) 8.7 (2.19) 23.3 (3.95) 16.5 (2.59) 19.2 (1.08) 19.5 (0.34) 15.9 (0.60) *6.9 (2.68) 14.2 (0.50)

8 (1.58) 10.2 (1.41) 19.1 (2.37) 7.1 (1.99) 8.6 (1.96) 14.5 (2.87) 13.8 (2.40) 12.3 (0.83) 28.6 (0.43) 18.1 (0.63) 17.8 (3.13) 8.5 (0.55)1 (1.87) 13.4 (1.64) 32.9 (2.90) 13.1 (2.62) 29.5 (3.22) 18.3 (2.70) 20.1 (2.61) 20.3 (1.00) 34.2 (0.45) 58.9 (0.93) 39.9 (5.30) 37.1 (0.88)8 (2.46) 60.8 (2.59) 21.4 (2.42) 70.7 (3.38) 53.2 (3.70) 43.9 (3.85) 49.6 (3.65) 48.1 (1.30) 17.7 (0.34) 7.1 (0.32) 35.3 (5.06) 40.3 (0.86)

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
10

utions (with standard errors) of selected demographic characteristics for adults 18 years of age and over, by race and ethnicity: 

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

inese Filipino

Asian

Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean

Other Asian

and NHOPI3

All Asian

and NHOPI3 White

Black or

African

American

American

Indian or

Alaska

Native Hispanic2

(1.70)

(1.70)

31.5 (2.29)

68.5 (2.29)

6.9 (1.10)

93.1 (1.10)

58.0 (3.44)

42.0 (3.44)

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

8.2 (1.79) 10.6 (2.05) 29.7 (3.39) 22.9 (1.01)

91.8 (1.79) 89.4 (2.05) 70.3 (3.39) 77.1 (1.01)

96.2 (0.11)

3.8 (0.11)

91.1 (0.40)

8.9 (0.40)

95.5 (1.22)

4.5 (1.22)

43.6 (0.76)

56.4 (0.76)

(2.48)

(2.48)

27.1 (2.65)

72.9 (2.65)

39.5 (2.32)

60.5 (2.32)

45.8 (3.86)

54.2 (3.86)

12.9 (2.56)

87.1 (2.56)

25.9 (3.34)

74.1 (3.34)

19.3 (2.55)

80.7 (2.55)

29.3 (1.15)

70.7 (1.15)

24.6 (1.06)

75.4 (1.06)

26.9 (1.54)

73.1 (1.54)

*24.5 (8.41)

75.5 (8.41)

30.2 (0.62)

69.8 (0.62)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

us, health insurance coverage, nativity, and length of time in U.S. were not included in the denominators when calculating percentages.

ver. Estimates are age adjusted to the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using three age groups: 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ool equivalency diploma.

size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for 2003, 2004, and 2005. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’ persons have incomes of 100% to less than

ave incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.

h or without spouse or living with partner) and not married (never married, widowed, divorced, or separated).

d on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate category in the hierarchy. Persons under age 65 years and

ely because of the prominence of Medicare coverage in the older population. See ‘‘Definition of terms’’ for more details. Estimates for health insurance coverage (for those under 65 years of age) are age

e standard population using three age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, and 45–64 years.

the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, or any of the other U.S. territories (e.g., American Samoa, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Northern Marianas). Persons born in a foreign country to

U.S. born.

n the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. All naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents, illegal aliens, and persons on long-term temporary visas (such as students or guest workers)

he United States.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
11

utions (with standard errors) of selected health behaviors for adults 18 years of age and over, by race and ethnicity: United States, 2004–2006

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

nese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

(0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00)

(1.67) 69.5 (2.11) 83.8 (2.05) 75.2 (3.04) 76.5 (3.02) 64.9 (3.22) 75.8 (2.96) 76.4 (0.90) 54.0 (0.29) 64.6 (0.57) 44.3 (3.66) 69.8 (0.52)

(1.31) 16.6 (1.66) 8.9 (1.69) 12.9 (2.02) 11.3 (2.28) 13.5 (2.01) 9.3 (1.76) 11.9 (0.66) 23.4 (0.22) 14.3 (0.39) 23.9 (3.17) 15.5 (0.43)

(1.18) 13.9 (1.56) 7.3 (1.32) 11.9 (2.49) 12.2 (2.25) 21.7 (2.83) 14.9 (2.52) 11.7 (0.69) 22.6 (0.25) 21.1 (0.49) 31.8 (2.77) 14.7 (0.38)

(2.42) 39.5 (2.43) 57.3 (2.67) 31.9 (3.77) 67.7 (3.02) 47.4 (3.32) 47.5 (3.40) 48.6 (1.09) 19.3 (0.32) 37.1 (0.70) 26.6 (3.47) 36.2 (0.59)

(1.39) 9.8 (1.42) 5.9 (1.48) 13.1 (2.40) 6.1 (1.69) 5.4 (1.40) 10.3 (1.93) 8.6 (0.61) 14.4 (0.21) 16.2 (0.42) 22.3 (2.19) 13.7 (0.40)

(2.34) 42.0 (2.19) 30.5 (2.41) 41.1 (3.59) 20.1 (2.40) 37.4 (3.30) 30.8 (2.96) 34.2 (0.99) 44.3 (0.29) 34.7 (0.60) 36.6 (3.07) 36.9 (0.54)

(1.16) 8.7 (1.19) 6.2 (1.12) 13.8 (2.13) 6.1 (1.51) 9.8 (1.85) 11.4 (2.41) 8.6 (0.58) 22.0 (0.26) 12.0 (0.39) 14.5 (2.00) 13.2 (0.38)

(1.14) *1.6 (0.53) 3.9 (0.84) 10.9 (3.12) 10.9 (2.14) *3.9 (1.39) *3.7 (1.27) 5.1 (0.50) 2.0 (0.09) 1.3 (0.13) *1.6 (0.61) 1.1 (0.10)

(2.24) 51.3 (2.43) 55.6 (2.73) 54.4 (3.52) 64.7 (3.51) 65.9 (3.51) 54.6 (3.13) 59.3 (1.07) 39.7 (0.27) 29.7 (0.50) 28.6 (2.66) 31.5 (0.51)

(1.93) 33.0 (2.35) 34.4 (2.68) 25.9 (3.45) 19.1 (2.84) 27.3 (3.32) 29.2 (2.91) 27.5 (0.96) 34.6 (0.24) 34.7 (0.52) 34.4 (2.71) 39.9 (0.53)

(1.00) 14.1 (1.68) 6.0 (1.19) 8.7 (2.07) 5.3 (1.54) *2.8 (0.97) 12.5 (2.00) 8.1 (0.60) 23.6 (0.23) 34.3 (0.57) 35.4 (2.87) 27.5 (0.49)

(2.30) 37.0 (2.24) 39.7 (2.80) 32.5 (3.25) 46.4 (3.60) 42.3 (3.36) 43.1 (3.29) 39.1 (1.11) 34.8 (0.41) 50.4 (0.71) 41.3 (2.92) 53.6 (0.63)

(2.16) 34.7 (2.16) 33.2 (2.59) 33.3 (3.05) 23.5 (2.97) 29.9 (3.22) 32.4 (3.03) 32.5 (1.00) 32.2 (0.30) 26.9 (0.55) 33.3 (2.37) 24.8 (0.48)

(2.22) 28.3 (2.03) 27.1 (2.59) 34.2 (3.13) 30.0 (3.56) 27.8 (2.88) 24.5 (2.55) 28.4 (1.01) 33.0 (0.31) 22.8 (0.52) 25.4 (2.53) 21.6 (0.46)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

persons with unknown health behavior characteristic.

one who has never smoked at all or has smoked less than 100 cigarettes in lifetime; a former smoker is one who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime but is not currently smoking; and a current

es in lifetime and currently smokes every day or some days.

s had less than 12 drinks in lifetime; former drinker has had at least 12 drinks in lifetime, but none in the past year; current light or infrequent drinker has had at least 12 drinks in lifetime and 1 or more

er week, on average; and current moderate or heavier drinker has had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, drank alcohol in the past year, and drank more than 3 drinks per week, on average.

(BMI) calculated using self-reported height and weight. The formula for BMI is kilograms divided by meters squared. Underweight is defined as a BMI of less than 18.5; healthy weight is defined as a BMI

erweight, but not obese, is defined as a BMI of greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30; and obese is defined as a BMI of greater than or equal to 30.

s who did not engage in any sessions of light or moderate (causes light sweating or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate) or vigorous (causes heavy sweating or a large increase in

of at least 10 minutes duration or were unable to perform leisure-time physical activity; some activity but less than regular includes adults who engaged in at least one session of light, moderate, or

inutes duration but did not meet the requirement for regular leisure-time physical activity; regular activity includes adults who engaged in at least three sessions per week of vigorous leisure-time physical

ast five sessions per week of light or moderate leisure-time physical activity lasting at least 30 minutes in duration.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
12

utions (with standard errors) and age-adjusted percentages (with standard errors) of selected health care access and utilization measures for 

ace and ethnicity: United States, 2004–2006

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

Chinese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00)

82.9 (1.89) 87.4 (1.60) 82.4 (1.81) 88.1 (2.53) 83.4 (2.43) 73.1 (2.93) 85.1 (2.05) 83.3 (0.86) 86.0 (0.23) 84.8 (0.44) 86.0 (2.07) 71.3 (0.52)

15.5 (1.80) 12.2 (1.58) 16.2 (1.74) 11.9 (2.53) 16.3 (2.43) 25.0 (2.90) 14.8 (2.05) 15.8 (0.84) 12.9 (0.22) 14.0 (0.42) 13.0 (2.00) 27.3 (0.50)

*1.6 (0.61) † *1.4 (0.60) – † *1.9 (0.76) † 0.9 (0.20) 1.1 (0.07) 1.2 (0.13) † 1.3 (0.13)

78.4 (2.18) 82.3 (1.86) 82.1 (1.99) 85.5 (2.97) 75.3 (3.35) 77.6 (3.53) 64.5 (3.56) 78.5 (1.03) 81.7 (0.37) 76.1 (0.58) 43.5 (5.10) 66.1 (0.72)17.4 (2.03) 14.3 (1.68) 13.4 (1.77) 12.9 (2.90) 22.9 (3.32) 14.9 (2.69) 28.6 (3.68) 17.3 (0.96) 15.2 (0.35) 16.5 (0.49) 48.4 (5.01) 26.8 (0.66)

1.6 (0.45) *1.8 (0.60) 2.8 (0.83) † † † 4.7 (1.39) 2.1 (0.32) 1.4 (0.07) 6.0 (0.30) 6.0 (1.67) 4.7 (0.28)

*1.1 (0.47) † † † † *2.1 (0.93) *1.5 (0.64) 1.0 (0.21) 0.8 (0.05) 0.6 (0.09) *1.3 (0.66) 0.7 (0.10)

*1.6 (0.61) *1.1 (0.49) *0.9 (0.35) † † *1.8 (0.88) † 1.1 (0.21) 0.9 (0.06) 0.9 (0.12) † 1.7 (0.16)

2.5 (0.70) † *2.7 (0.85) † † † *2.7 (1.16) 2.1 (0.34) 0.6 (0.04) 1.2 (0.19) † 4.1 (0.23)

61.6 (2.18) 62.9 (2.19) 65.0 (2.34) 61.0 (3.44) 51.3 (3.81) 50.7 (3.39) 56.3 (3.27) 60.0 (1.08) 70.1 (0.26) 67.7 (0.53) 72.1 (2.34) 56.2 (0.54)

17.9 (1.88) 18.6 (1.96) 16.4 (1.84) 17.8 (3.50) 21.5 (3.32) 15.5 (2.44) 17.4 (2.25) 17.7 (0.86) 14.4 (0.19) 15.5 (0.40) 12.3 (1.82) 14.5 (0.39)

8.9 (1.39) 9.5 (1.29) 6.6 (1.09) *9.5 (3.43) 11.8 (2.10) 17.5 (2.90) 13.9 (2.53) 10.3 (0.78) 7.9 (0.14) 9.0 (0.33) 8.2 (1.38) 11.4 (0.35)5.2 (0.95) 5.1 (0.99) 5.6 (0.91) 7.8 (2.09) 8.5 (1.79) 10.4 (1.91) 6.6 (1.35) 6.4 (0.47) 4.8 (0.12) 4.4 (0.23) 3.6 (0.90) 8.1 (0.26)

3.9 (0.80) 3.3 (0.92) 3.7 (0.97) *2.9 (1.45) *4.6 (1.50) *3.2 (1.02) 3.0 (0.86) 3.5 (0.37) 2.2 (0.08) 2.2 (0.17) *3.4 (1.22) 5.7 (0.24)

*2.1 (0.64) † 5.0 (1.11) – *2.7 (1.05) *2.7 (1.32) *2.2 (0.96) 2.3 (0.33) 0.3 (0.04) 1.0 (0.12) † 3.7 (0.20)

46.9 (2.37) 47.5 (2.24) 38.7 (2.68) 52.5 (4.43) 43.7 (3.76) 41.8 (3.34) 35.3 (3.27) 43.9 (1.12) 48.4 (0.31) 32.2 (0.61) 35.5 (2.50) 30.2 (0.54)

20.4 (1.97) 22.4 (2.00) 20.1 (2.04) 19.7 (2.59) 23.1 (3.37) 16.3 (2.34) 20.2 (2.62) 20.6 (0.91) 17.7 (0.20) 21.1 (0.47) 18.8 (2.31) 17.9 (0.42)

11.5 (1.46) 12.7 (1.56) 14.7 (1.98) 16.8 (3.78) 11.9 (2.25) 13.5 (2.32) 15.0 (2.34) 13.1 (0.72) 12.2 (0.18) 15.9 (0.42) 12.1 (1.83) 15.5 (0.38)

10.2 (1.38) 9.5 (1.32) 14.0 (1.84) 7.0 (1.82) 11.8 (2.26) 13.9 (2.26) 12.1 (1.92) 11.3 (0.70) 10.5 (0.17) 14.2 (0.41) 13.5 (1.84) 16.1 (0.43)

8.9 (1.57) 7.8 (1.35) 7.5 (1.64) 4.0 (1.05) 6.7 (1.63) 11.9 (2.73) 15.2 (2.49) 8.8 (0.65) 10.9 (0.19) 15.6 (0.44) 19.3 (3.02) 16.6 (0.41)

Percent4 (standard error)

3.7 (0.75) 3.4 (0.79) 3.2 (0.68) *3.1 (1.47) 4.4 (1.31) 7.2 (1.65) 5.3 (1.18) 4.2 (0.39) 9.8 (0.17) 10.2 (0.31) 10.2 (1.76) 10.0 (0.30)

. 1.5 (0.43) 2.2 (0.62) 2.4 (0.60) † *3.1 (1.04) 5.2 (1.32) 5.4 (1.24) 2.9 (0.31) 6.9 (0.14) 9.1 (0.30) 8.4 (1.58) 8.3 (0.29)

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.
13

ntage excludes persons with unknown characteristic.

s to go for health care were asked about the type of place.

are due to cost, respondents were instructed to exclude dental care.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
14

with standard errors) of adults 18 years of age and over with selected conditions and sensory problems, by race and ethnicity: United States, 

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

inese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

.6 (0.97) 6.9 (1.10) 9.2 (1.94) 5.1 (0.89) *3.9 (1.21) 4.4 (1.19) 9.0 (1.94) 6.5 (0.51) 12.2 (0.15) 9.9 (0.32) 15.0 (2.09) 8.2 (0.30)

.1 (1.54) 26.8 (1.77) 20.9 (2.20) 25.2 (2.15) 21.6 (2.67) 17.0 (2.25) 21.2 (2.35) 21.7 (0.76) 24.9 (0.20) 35.5 (0.48) 32.4 (2.82) 23.7 (0.46)

.4 (0.68) *2.0 (0.64) † *1.6 (0.62) † † *2.5 (1.07) 1.9 (0.30) 2.4 (0.07) 3.8 (0.20) 4.2 (1.25) 2.2 (0.19)

† *1.1 (0.44) † † † – † 0.7 (0.18) 2.0 (0.07) 0.9 (0.10) *3.4 (1.26) 0.7 (0.10)

.9 (1.04) 10.7 (1.45) 7.7 (1.69) 8.3 (1.78) *7.1 (2.21) 6.9 (1.90) 10.2 (1.81) 8.0 (0.58) 11.0 (0.17) 11.5 (0.36) 14.7 (2.17) 8.0 (0.30)

.2 (1.69) 5.3 (0.89) 6.0 (1.34) 6.8 (1.77) 8.0 (1.84) 5.8 (1.51) 10.4 (1.91) 7.6 (0.60) 9.1 (0.16) 6.8 (0.28) 10.2 (1.71) 6.6 (0.29)

.3 (0.98) 11.1 (1.44) 5.4 (1.08) *5.2 (1.66) *4.3 (1.37) *2.8 (0.99) 8.8 (1.69) 6.5 (0.51) 15.3 (0.20) 14.0 (0.43) 16.5 (2.34) 8.5 (0.33)

.6 (0.22) 2.4 (0.57) *1.8 (0.85) † † † *4.0 (1.57) 1.8 (0.28) 4.5 (0.11) 4.2 (0.20) 5.3 (1.29) 2.8 (0.18)

.0 (0.72) 3.7 (0.87) † 4.6 (1.00) *2.3 (1.05) *1.8 (0.79) *2.9 (1.18) 3.1 (0.35) 8.2 (0.12) 4.0 (0.20) 8.1 (1.67) 3.6 (0.24)

.2 (1.20) 8.9 (1.26) 14.2 (2.06) 4.9 (1.41) *6.1 (1.84) *4.0 (1.25) 6.7 (1.71) 7.5 (0.57) 6.4 (0.12) 11.5 (0.33) 15.0 (2.29) 10.1 (0.34)

.9 (0.97) 3.9 (0.92) *2.7 (0.97) 5.5 (1.20) † 3.7 (1.06) 5.3 (1.46) 3.9 (0.41) 7.3 (0.13) 5.7 (0.26) 11.7 (1.93) 5.3 (0.24)

.3 (1.19) 11.2 (1.26) 8.2 (1.41) *8.7 (2.74) 12.6 (2.31) 11.0 (2.04) 12.8 (1.99) 9.9 (0.63) 15.7 (0.21) 14.9 (0.45) 18.1 (2.19) 15.0 (0.38)

.1 (1.00) 10.2 (1.29) 12.1 (2.10) 9.1 (2.00) 11.0 (2.25) 7.9 (1.49) 9.9 (2.73) 9.2 (0.62) 15.8 (0.21) 11.2 (0.36) 14.8 (2.09) 13.7 (0.37)

.2 (1.61) 20.9 (1.90) 16.0 (2.08) 17.9 (3.24) 15.5 (2.36) 16.8 (2.50) 24.0 (2.56) 18.3 (0.80) 29.1 (0.27) 24.6 (0.56) 33.8 (2.58) 25.3 (0.48)

.2 (3.33) 28.8 (3.99) 23.8 (5.27) *25.2 (7.74) 39.2 (5.77) 30.8 (6.71) 32.5 (5.73) 27.0 (1.94) 30.9 (0.48) 37.3 (1.04) 38.2 (4.88) 39.8 (1.01)

.9 (1.12) 4.5 (0.93) *4.5 (1.39) *2.8 (1.16) *2.2 (0.83) *5.9 (2.30) *2.9 (1.15) 4.2 (0.44) 2.8 (0.08) 2.2 (0.16) *2.8 (0.86) 3.4 (0.19)

.0 (0.60) *1.6 (0.70) † *2.9 (1.05) † † *2.3 (1.09) 1.9 (0.30) 3.8 (0.09) 1.4 (0.12) 7.6 (1.83) 2.0 (0.18).0 (0.92) 8.2 (1.19) *4.6 (1.53) *3.5 (1.06) *4.4 (1.39) *3.9 (1.17) *4.3 (1.49) 5.4 (0.49) 7.9 (0.13) 9.5 (0.31) 13.7 (1.91) 6.6 (0.32)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

ntage excludes persons with unknown characteristic.

doctor or other health professional if they had these conditions.

na pectoris, heart attack, or any other heart condition or disease.

gnancy-related diabetes. Responses from persons who said they had ‘‘borderline’’ diabetes were treated as unknown with respect to diabetes.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. See ‘‘Technical Appendix’’ for information regarding time frame for

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
15

with standard errors) of adults 18 years of age and over with functional limitation status, by race and ethnicity: United States, 2004–2006

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

nese Filipino

Asian

Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean

Other Asian

and NHOPI3

All Asian

and NHOPI3 White

Black or

African

American

American

Indian or

Alaska

Native Hispanic2

(1.67)

(1.58)

22.8 (1.79)

21.6 (1.74)

20.7 (2.31)

19.3 (2.30)

19.4 (2.73)

17.7 (2.81)

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

22.5 (2.99) 18.8 (2.30) 28.2 (2.69)

21.2 (2.95) 18.2 (2.27) 24.1 (2.62)

21.7 (0.81)

20.1 (0.78)

33.3 (0.28)

31.8 (0.27)

32.9 (0.53)

31.3 (0.53)

42.9 (3.55)

42.4 (3.51)

27.7 (0.47)

26.0 (0.47)

(0.51)

(0.51)

*0.9 (0.45)

99.1 (0.45)

†

97.7 (1.27)

*1.2 (0.53)

98.8 (0.53)

†

98.7 (0.77)

†

99.5 (0.28)

†

97.2 (1.43)

1.4 (0.27)

98.6 (0.27)

1.7 (0.06)

98.3 (0.06)

2.8 (0.19)

97.2 (0.19)

*2.5 (0.80)

97.5 (0.80)

2.4 (0.18)

97.6 (0.18)

(0.70)

(0.70)

*1.9 (0.65)

98.1 (0.65)

†

97.5 (1.28)

*2.1 (0.66)

97.9 (0.66)

*3.0 (1.34)

97.0 (1.34)

*0.8 (0.37)

99.2 (0.37)

*3.5 (1.47)

96.5 (1.47)

2.3 (0.34)

97.7 (0.34)

3.7 (0.09)

96.3 (0.09)

5.5 (0.24)

94.5 (0.24)

6.8 (1.63)

93.2 (1.63)

4.1 (0.24)

95.9 (0.24)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

persons with unknown characteristic.

ulty the respondent had in performing specific physical tasks (e.g., walking a quarter of a mile, walking up ten steps, standing for two hours, carrying a ten pound object) and engaging in social activities

on or using special equipment.

ronic condition, limitation not caused by chronic condition, and unknown if condition causing limitation activity is chronic.

itions’’ is a subset of the category ‘‘limited.’’ Conditions lasting more than 3 months are classified as chronic; selected conditions (e.g., arthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart conditions) are considered chronic

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
16

utions (with standard errors) and age-adjusted percentages (with standard errors) of adults 18 years of age and over, by race and selected 

s: United States, 2004–2006

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

nese Filipino

Asian

Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean

Other Asian

and NHOPI3

All Asian

and NHOPI3 White

Black or

African

American

American

Indian or

Alaska

Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

(0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00)

(1.93)(1.93)(5.72)(5.72)(2.17)(2.17)

26.1 (1.98)73.9 (1.98)22.9 (5.08)77.1 (5.08)36.2 (2.06)63.8 (2.06)

21.2 (2.32)78.8 (2.32)

*26.2 (9.54)

73.8 (9.54)39.6 (2.82)60.4 (2.82)

30.7 (2.77)69.3 (2.77)

59.8 (6.03)

40.2 (6.03)23.4 (3.90)76.6 (3.90)

28.7 (2.67) 23.4 (2.76)71.3 (2.67) 76.6 (2.76)

† *24.7 (8.15)

92.9 (5.02) 75.3 (8.15)28.5 (3.58) 28.3 (3.10)71.5 (3.58) 71.7 (3.10)

25.8 ( 2.88)74.2 ( 2.88)

40.9 (11.22)

59.1 (11.22)30.9 ( 2.97)69.1 ( 2.97)

26.2 (0.86)73.8 (0.86)

36.7 (2.84)

63.3 (2.84)

32.3 (1.01)67.7 (1.01)

27.9 (0.23)72.1 (0.23)

61.1 (0.52)

38.9 (0.52)28.2 (0.27)71.8 (0.27)

20.7 (0.47)79.3 (0.47)

38.9 (1.26)

61.1 (1.26)28.4 (0.54)71.6 (0.54)

29.4 (2.75)70.6 (2.75)

51.2 (8.25)

48.8 (8.25)32.7 (2.59)67.3 (2.59)

19.2 (0.44)

80.8 (0.44)32.0 (1.60)

68.0 (1.60)

20.2 (0.44)

79.8 (0.44)

Percent4 (standard error)

(2.00) 34.0 (2.17) 32.9 (2.32) 30.7 (3.35) 28.0 (3.42) 26.4 (2.97) 31.7 (2.59) 30.5 (0.95) 33.2 (0.27) 49.8 (0.60) 41.9 (2.51) 36.8 (0.53)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

ntage excludes persons with unknown characteristic.

a flu shot in the past 12 months or had flu vaccine (FluMistTM) sprayed in their nose in the past 12 months.

of age and over. Estimates are age adjusted to the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
17

with standard errors) of adults 18 years of age and over with feelings of psychological distress, by race and ethnicity: United States,

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

nese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

(0.49) 2.5 (0.57) *1.4 (0.49) *1.1 (0.50) *2.5 (0.88) *1.3 (0.55) *2.6 (0.93) 1.9 (0.24) 2.9 (0.09) 3.6 (0.21) 4.5 (1.19) 3.5 (0.20)

(0.90) 1.8 (0.51) *2.0 (0.85) *1.8 (0.62) *3.1 (0.98) † *3.2 (1.06) 2.3 (0.33) 2.8 (0.08) 4.7 (0.25) 5.2 (1.38) 3.9 (0.18)

(1.30) 8.2 (1.20) 6.2 (1.14) 8.0 (2.04) 8.9 (1.92) 10.5 (2.62) 11.2 (2.08) 8.3 (0.64) 7.4 (0.14) 10.0 (0.33) 12.2 (1.85) 10.4 (0.33)

(0.59) 2.3 (0.59) *1.2 (0.46) *2.4 (1.00) *2.4 (0.92) † *2.0 (0.82) 2.0 (0.27) 4.2 (0.12) 3.8 (0.22) 5.0 (1.32) 4.6 (0.22)

(1.18) 10.5 (1.43) 8.5 (1.74) 9.8 (2.36) 10.2 (1.83) 8.4 (1.74) 9.4 (1.85) 9.2 (0.62) 12.0 (0.19) 9.9 (0.33) 10.0 (1.59) 10.1 (0.33)

(0.95) 3.2 (0.74) 2.1 (0.55) *1.2 (0.51) *2.6 (0.93) *2.7 (1.06) *2.4 (0.85) 2.8 (0.34) 5.9 (0.14) 5.5 (0.25) 9.3 (1.76) 4.9 (0.22)

(0.96) 10.3 (1.38) 5.0 (0.96) 6.2 (1.50) 6.8 (1.56) 8.6 (1.76) 10.9 (2.01) 7.9 (0.55) 12.2 (0.19) 11.7 (0.41) 11.9 (1.90) 9.2 (0.32)

(0.42) *1.2 (0.37) *1.2 (0.46) *1.0 (0.50) *1.8 (0.75) *0.6 (0.30) *2.3 (0.84) 1.3 (0.20) 1.8 (0.07) 2.3 (0.17) 4.2 (1.21) 2.8 (0.18)

(0.75) 3.9 (0.74) *4.5 (1.45) *3.0 (1.42) 4.3 (1.13) *3.6 (1.15) 6.5 (1.78) 4.0 (0.40) 3.7 (0.09) 4.8 (0.23) 6.5 (1.39) 5.0 (0.24)

(1.09) 4.5 (0.90) *3.9 (1.33) *3.1 (0.98) *4.2 (1.26) *3.9 (1.25) 6.7 (1.60) 4.5 (0.44) 5.0 (0.12) 7.8 (0.32) 7.9 (1.43) 5.5 (0.24)

(1.11) 7.4 (1.25) 5.1 (1.06) 7.6 (2.21) 5.0 (1.33) 5.1 (1.50) 5.9 (1.52) 6.0 (0.51) 8.2 (0.15) 9.7 (0.34) 8.7 (1.59) 7.6 (0.28)

(0.55) *0.8 (0.30) *1.1 (0.44) † † *1.9 (0.93) *2.3 (0.91) 1.4 (0.24) 1.7 (0.06) 1.8 (0.13) *3.7 (1.13) 2.1 (0.14)

(0.58) 3.3 (0.87) *1.9 (0.64) † *3.0 (1.21) *3.2 (1.05) *4.4 (1.49) 2.8 (0.33) 3.1 (0.09) 3.6 (0.22) 4.2 (1.11) 3.5 (0.21)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger, but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

persons with unknown characteristic.

tress questions are included in the sample adult component. These questions ask how often a respondent experienced certain symptoms of psychological distress during the past 30 days. The response

mmed to yield a scale witha0to 24 range. A value of 13 or more for this scale is used here to define serious psychological distress.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
18

utions (with standard errors) of respondent-assessed health status for adults 18 years of age and over, by race and ethnicity: United States, 

Race1 and ethnicity

Not Hispanic or Latino2

American

Black or Indian or

Asian Other Asian All Asian African Alaska

nese Filipino Indian Japanese Vietnamese Korean and NHOPI3 and NHOPI3 White American Native Hispanic2

Percent distribution4 (standard error)

(0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00) 100.0 (0.00)

(2.00) 33.7 (2.14) 37.9 (2.25) 34.0 (4.23) 29.9 (3.35) 32.1 (3.22) 28.5 (2.67) 32.7 (1.01) 31.2 (0.27) 23.8 (0.51) 21.1 (2.20) 24.8 (0.46)

(2.12) 30.4 (2.16) 29.4 (2.50) 32.4 (3.31) 28.4 (3.40) 30.3 (3.15) 25.8 (2.56) 30.4 (0.98) 33.7 (0.26) 27.6 (0.48) 26.6 (2.64) 27.9 (0.49)

(2.20) 27.7 (2.09) 26.4 (2.49) 28.8 (3.59) 23.2 (2.66) 28.8 (3.31) 32.5 (2.91) 28.1 (0.98) 24.5 (0.23) 29.1 (0.50) 34.3 (2.88) 30.1 (0.52)

(1.15) 8.3 (1.19) 6.3 (1.62) 4.8 (1.32) 18.6 (3.10) 8.8 (1.71) 13.2 (2.46) 8.8 (0.62) 10.6 (0.17) 19.5 (0.44) 18.0 (2.11) 17.2 (0.40)

(0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00)

(2.92) 35.3 (3.13) 35.8 (2.81) 36.5 (4.55) 32.6 (4.85) 30.4 (4.38) 26.0 (3.64) 33.1 (1.39) 31.6 (0.37) 26.5 (0.79) 20.5 (2.75) 27.1 (0.67)

(2.79) 31.3 (3.32) 32.2 (3.25) 36.4 (4.44) 33.1 (4.89) 32.5 (4.44) 29.5 (3.82) 32.2 (1.43) 33.9 (0.37) 27.3 (0.76) 25.6 (3.33) 28.9 (0.70)

(3.02) 25.3 (2.89) 25.3 (3.21) 22.2 (3.72) 22.9 (3.65) 29.5 (5.23) 28.7 (3.87) 26.2 (1.33) 24.3 (0.32) 27.9 (0.76) 34.0 (3.92) 28.7 (0.73)

(1.62) 8.1 (1.91) 6.7 (1.92) *5.0 (2.03) 11.4 (3.04) *7.6 (3.06) 15.9 (3.44) 8.5 (0.87) 10.3 (0.22) 18.2 (0.65) 19.9 (3.25) 15.3 (0.56)

(0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00) 100 (0.00)

(2.72) 31.8 (2.82) 40.1 (3.62) 28.8 (4.19) 25.8 (3.35) 31.3 (4.24) 31.6 (4.27) 32.4 (1.32) 30.8 (0.35) 21.5 (0.59) 21.4 (3.29) 22.6 (0.58)

(3.15) 29.8 (2.70) 26.2 (3.53) 31.0 (4.79) 22.8 (4.08) 29.2 (4.13) 23.1 (3.53) 28.5 (1.30) 33.5 (0.35) 27.8 (0.60) 27.5 (3.73) 26.9 (0.64)

(2.95) 29.8 (3.06) 28.0 (3.81) 35.4 (4.97) 23.6 (3.91) 29.0 (3.98) 36.1 (4.97) 29.9 (1.34) 24.7 (0.30) 30.2 (0.63) 34.9 (3.56) 31.5 (0.70)

(1.55) 8.5 (1.57) † *4.7 (1.42) 27.8 (4.26) 10.5 (2.31) *9.2 (2.91) 9.1 (0.84) 11.0 (0.21) 20.5 (0.55) 16.2 (2.73) 19.1 (0.57)

ision. Estimates preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution.

n 50% are indicated with a dagger but are not shown.

nly a single-race group. Persons who indicated a single race other than the groups shown are not shown separately because of small sample sizes. Persons who indicated ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’

ace or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race.

persons with unknown respondent-assessed health status.

e adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population using four age groups: 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

ew Surveys, 2004–2006. Estimates are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Advance Data No. 394+ January 22, 2008
Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008 19

Table I. Completed interviews and response rates by year: National Health Interview Technical Notes Survey, 2004–2006

Sample design Year

NHIS is a cross-sectional household Interviews and response rates 2004 2005 2006

interview survey of the U.S. civilian

noninstitutionalized population. Data are

collected continuously throughout the

year in all 50 states and the District of

Columbia. NHIS uses a multistage,

clustered sample design to produce

national estimates for a variety of health

indicators. Information on basic health

topics is collected for all household

members (if necessary, by proxy) from

one adult family member. Additional

information is collected for one

randomly selected adult and one

randomly selected child in each family.

Self-response is required for the sample

adult questionnaire except in rare cases

in which sample adults are physically or

mentally incapable of responding for

themselves. Interviews are conducted in

the home using a computer-assisted

personal interview (known as CAPI),

with telephone interviewing permitted

for followup, if necessary.

Starting in 2006, the sample design

included Asian persons in the NHIS

oversampling of minority populations;

previously, only households with black

or Hispanic persons were oversampled.

The sample adult selection process was

also revised in 2006 so that when black,

Hispanic, or Asian persons aged 65

years or over were present, they had an

increased chance of being selected as

the sample adult.

Response rates

Combining the years 2004–2006,

NHIS interviews were completed in

104,292 households and 106,618

families, with 87,029 adults aged 18

years and over completing the sample

adult questionnaire. The final response

rate (which takes into account household

and family nonresponse) for the

2004–2006 combined sample adult files

was 70.7%, and the household response

rate for the combined years was 86.8%.

Procedures used in calculating response

rates for combined data years are

described in detail in Appendix I of the

survey description of the NHIS data

files (16–18). The number of completed

Completed interviews

Household ......................

Family .........................

Sample adult.....................

Response rate

Household ......................

Final sample adult1 .................

36,579 38,509 29,204

37,466 39,284 29,868

31,326 31,428 24,275

86.9 86.5 87.3

72.5 69.0 70.8

1

The final sample adult response rate is the rate for those sample adults identified as eligible that takes into account household

and family nonresponse.

household, family, and sample adult

interviews by year and household as

well as sample adult response rates by

year are found in Table I.

Item nonresponse

Item nonresponse for each of the

sociodemographic indicators shown in

this report was about 3% or less, with

the exception of poverty status, which is

based on detailed family income asked

for in the family component of the

questionnaire. Item nonresponse for the

poverty indicator was 23.7%. Item

nonresponse for the health behavior,

health care, conditions, and other health

related items ranged from 0.1% to 5.5%.

The denominators for statistics shown in

Tables 2–8 exclude persons with

unknown health related characteristics

for a given table. Results for persons

with unknown sociodemographic

characteristics are not shown separately

but are included in the total of Table 1.

Age adjustment

Data shown in this report were age

adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S.

population provided by the U.S. Census

Bureau as the standard population

(20,21). Age adjustment was used to

allow comparisons among various

population subgroups that have different

age structures. Age adjustment is

particularly important for demographic

characteristics such as race and

ethnicity, education, and marital status,

and it is also helpful for other

characteristics. The following age

groups were used for age adjustment:

18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years,

and 65 years and over (Table II).

Estimates for education, health insurance

coverage, and pneumonia shot are

restricted to certain age groups and are

adjusted accordingly.

Estimates were calculated using

software for statistical analysis of

correlated data (SUDAAN) (19). The

SUDAAN procedure PROC DESCRIPT

was used to produce age-adjusted

percentages and their standard errors.

Table II. Age distributions used in ageadjusting data shown in Tables 1–8 and

Figures 1–6

Projected 2000

U.S. standard

population

Age (in thousands)

Distribution 1 (Tables 1–8 and Figures 1–2 and 4–6)

18 years and over............. 203,851

18–24 years ............... 26,258

25–44 years ............... 81,892

45–64 years ............... 60,991

65 years and over ........... 34,710

Distribution 2 (Table 1 and Figure 3)

25 years and over............. 177,593

25–44 years ............... 81,892

45–64 years ............... 60,991

65 years and over ........... 34,710

Distribution 3 (Table 1)

18–64 years ................ 169,141

18–24 years ............... 26,258

25–44 years ............... 81,892

45–64 years ............... 60,991

Distribution 4 (Table 6)

65 years and over............. 34,710

65–74 years ............... 18,136

75 years and over ........... 16,574
20 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

Tests of significance

Statistical tests performed to assess

significance of differences in the

estimates were two-tailed with no

adjustments for multiple comparisons.

The test statistic used to determine

statistical significance of differences

between two percentages was

|Xa–Xb|

Z = 2 2 √Sa + Sb

where Xa and Xb are the two

percentages being compared, and Sa and

Sb are the standard errors of those

percentages. The critical value used for

two-sided tests at the 0.05 level of

significance was 1.96.

Relative standard error

Estimates with a relative standard

error of more than 30% but less than or

equal to 50% are identified with an

asterisk (*). Estimates with a relative

standard error of greater than 50% are

indicated with a dagger (†) and are not

shown. The relative standard errors are

calculated as follows:

Relative standard error (as a percentage)

= (SE/Est) 100,

where SE is the standard error of the

estimate, and Est is the estimate.

Definition of terms

Demographic terms

Age—The age recorded for each

person is the age at his or her last

birthday.

Education—The categories of

education are based on the years of

school completed or highest degree

obtained. Only years completed in a

school that advances a person toward an

elementary or high school diploma,

General Educational Development high

school equivalency diploma (GED), or a

college, university, or professional

degree are included. Education in other

schools or home schooling is counted

only if the credits are accepted in a

regular school system.

Health insurance coverage—NHIS

respondents were asked about their

health insurance coverage at the time of

the interview. Respondents reported

whether they were covered by private

insurance (obtained through the

employer or workplace, or purchased

directly or through a local or community

program), Medicare, Medigap

(supplemental Medicare coverage),

Medicaid, State Children’s Health

Insurance Program (SCHIP), Indian

Health Service (IHS), military coverage

(including VA, TRICARE, or CHAMPVA), a state-sponsored health plan,

another government program, or any

single service plans. This information

was used to form a health insurance

hierarchy that consisted of three

mutually exclusive categories. Persons

with more than one type of health

insurance were assigned to the first

appropriate category in the following

hierarchy: private coverage, public

coverage (includes persons with

Medicare, Medigap, Medicaid, SCHIP,

military coverage, a state-sponsored

health plan, or another government

program), and uninsured (includes

persons who are only covered by IHS or

only have single service plans).

Hispanic or Latino origin—

Hispanic or Latino origin includes

persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican,

Cuban, Central or South American, or

Spanish origins. Persons of Hispanic or

Latino origin may be of any race.

Marital status—Respondents were

asked to choose a marital status

category most appropriate for their

marital situation. In some cases, persons

reporting their marital status as

‘‘married’’ may have been living in

common-law marital unions.

Alternatively, these individuals could

have identified their marital status as

‘‘living with partner.’’ Adults who were

living with a partner were considered to

be members of the same family (as if

married) and are categorized as

‘‘cohabiting.’’ The distinction between

‘‘married’’ and ‘‘living with partner’’

was made by the respondent. For this

report, marital status was classified into

the following two categories: married

and not married (includes persons who

were widowed, divorced or separated,

cohabiting, or never married).

Nativity

U.S. born—U.S. born is defined as

having been born in one of the 50

states, the District of Columbia,

Puerto Rico, or any of the other

U.S. territories (e.g., American

Samoa, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands,

and Northern Marianas). Persons

born in a foreign country to parents

who were U.S. citizens were also

defined as U.S. born.

Foreign born—Foreign born

persons are defined as people living

in the United States who were not

U.S. citizens at birth. All

naturalized citizens, legal permanent

residents, illegal aliens, and persons

on long-term temporary visas (such

as students or guest workers) are

also in this category.

Poverty status—Poverty status is

based on family income and family size

using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty

thresholds. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined

as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near

poor’’ persons have family incomes of

100% to less than 200% of the poverty

threshold, and ‘‘not poor’’ persons have

family incomes that are 200% of the

poverty threshold or greater.

Race—The 1997 Office of

Management and Budget (OMB) federal

guidelines (22) for reporting race require

that persons of single race be

distinguished from persons of multiple

race. ‘‘Single race’’ refers to persons

who indicated only a single race group.

Estimates for the smaller subcategories

of single race persons and multiple race

combinations can only be reported to

the extent that the estimates meet the

requirements for confidentiality and

statistical reliability. In this report, nine

categories are shown for single race

individuals (Chinese, Filipino, Asian

Indian, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean,

white, black or African American, and

AIAN). Other subcategories of single

race persons and multiple race persons

are not shown because of statistical

unreliability as measured by the relative

standard errors of the estimates.

The text in this report uses shorter

versions of the new OMB race terms for

conciseness, and the table uses the

complete terms. For example, the

category ‘‘black or African American,

single race’’ in the table is referred to as

‘‘black’’ in the text.
Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008 21

Region—In the geographic

classification of the U.S. population,

states are grouped into four regions used

by the U.S. Census Bureau:

Region States included

Northeast Maine, Vermont, New

Hampshire, Massachusetts,

Connecticut, Rhode Island,

New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania

Midwest Ohio, Illinois, Indiana,

Michigan, Wisconsin,

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota,

Kansas, and Nebraska

South Delaware, Maryland, District

of Columbia, West Virginia,

Virginia, Kentucky,

Tennessee, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Georgia,

Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Arkansas, and

Texas

West Washington, Oregon,

California, Nevada, New

Mexico, Arizona, Idaho,

Utah, Colorado, Montana,

Wyoming, Alaska, and

Hawaii

Health behavior terms

Alcohol consumption status

Lifetime abstainer—Adults who had

fewer than 12 drinks in their entire

lifetime.

Former drinker—Adults who had

12 drinks or more in their lifetime

but had no drinks in the past year.

Current infrequent or light

drinker—Adults who had at least 12

drinks in their lifetime and 1–11

drinks in the past year (infrequent)

or 3 drinks or fewer per week, on

average (light).

Current moderate or heavier

drinker—Adults who had at least 12

drinks in their lifetime and more

than 3 drinks per week up to 14

drinks per week (on average) for

men and more than 3 drinks per

week up to 7 drinks per week (on

average) for women were moderate

drinkers. Adults who had at least 12

drinks in their lifetime and more

than 14 drinks per week (on

average) for men and more than 7

drinks per week (on average) for

women were heavier drinkers.

Body weight status—Body weight

status is based on body mass index

(BMI), which is calculated from

self-reported height and weight. BMI is

calculated as weight divided by height2

using metric units (i.e., kilograms/

meters2

).

Underweight—Adults with a BMI

of less than 18.5.

Healthy weight—Adults with a BMI

of at least 18.5, but less than 25.

Overweight but not obese—Adults

with a BMI of at least 25, but less

than 30.

Obese—Adults with a BMI of 30 or

more.

Leisure-time physical activity

Inactive—Did not engage in any

sessions of light or moderate

(causes light sweating or a slight to

moderate increase in breathing or

heart rate) or vigorous (causes

heavy sweating or a large increase

in breathing or heart rate) leisuretime physical activity of at least 10

minutes duration, or was unable to

perform leisure-time physical

activity.

Some activity but less than

regular—Engaging in light or

moderate leisure-time physical

activities that cause light sweating

or a slight to moderate increase in

breathing or heart rate and last

10—29 minutes each time and/or

are done less than five times per

week, and/or engaging in vigorous

leisure-time physical activities that

cause heavy sweating or large

increases in breathing or heart rate

and are done 10–19 minutes each

time and/or less than three times per

week.

Regular activity—Engaging in light

or moderate leisure-time physical

activities that cause light sweating

or a slight to moderate increase in

breathing or heart rate and occur

five or more times per week for at

least 30 minutes each time, and/or

engaging in vigorous leisure-time

physical activities that cause heavy

sweating or large increases in

breathing or heart rate and occur

three or more times per week for at

least 20 minutes each time.

Smoking status

Never—Adults who never smoked a

cigarette or who smoked fewer than

100 cigarettes in their entire

lifetime.

Former—Adults who have smoked

at least 100 cigarettes in their

lifetime but currently do not smoke

at all.

Current—Adults who have smoked

at least 100 cigarettes in their

lifetime and currently smoke

cigarettes every day or some days.

Health care utilization terms

Doctor or other health care

professional—This term refers to

medical doctors and osteopathic

physicians, including general

practitioners, specialists, dermatologists,

psychiatrists, ophthalmologists,

psychologists, nurses, physical

therapists, and chiropractors.

Usual place for health care—Usual

place of health care was based on a

question that asked whether respondents

had a place that they usually went to

when they were sick or needed advice

about their health. These places include

a walk-in clinic, doctor’s office, clinic,

health center, health maintenance

organization, hospital emergency room

or outpatient clinic, or a military or VA

health care facility.

Time since last physician contact or

other health professional contact—This

is the length of time, prior to the week

of interview, since the respondent last

consulted a physician or other health

care professional in person or by

telephone for health treatment or advice

of any type. This may include a contact

while a patient was in the hospital as

well as a contact from a home visit.

Time since last dental contact—This

is the length of time since the
22 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

respondent last saw or talked to a

dentist, including dental specialists or

dental hygienists, prior to the week of

interview.

Chronic condition—A condition is

considered chronic if (a) its onset was

more than 3 months before the date of

interview, or (b) it is a type of condition

that ordinarily lasts more than 3 months.

Examples of conditions considered

chronic regardless of onset are diabetes,

emphysema, and arthritis.

Functional limitation—This

limitation is based on any degree of

difficulty the respondent had in

performing specific tasks (e.g., walking

a quarter of a mile, walking up ten

steps, standing for two hours, or

carrying a ten pound object) and the

respondent’s ability to engage in social

activities and recreation without the

assistance of another person or using

special equipment because of a physical,

mental, or emotional problem.

HIV testing status—This variable is

based on a question that asked whether

the respondent has ever had his or her

blood tested for HIV.

Influenza vaccination—Respondents

were asked if they had received a flu

shot during the past 12 months. In

addition, respondents were asked if they

had flu vaccine sprayed in their nose

(sometimes called by the brand name,

FluMistTM) in the past 12 months.

Serious psychological distress—Six

psychological distress questions are

included in the Sample Adult Core

component. These questions asked how

often a respondent experienced certain

symptoms of psychological distress

during the past 30 days. The response

codes (0–4) of the six items for each

person were summed to yield a scale

witha0to 24 range. A value of 13 or

more for this scale was used here to

define serious psychological distress

(23).

Respondent-assessed health

status—Respondent-assessed health

status was based on the question,

‘‘Would you say your health, in general,

was excellent, very good, good, fair, or

poor?’’ Information was obtained from

all respondents with proxy responses

allowed for adults not taking part in the

interview and all children 17 years of

age and under.
24 Advance Data No. 394 + January 22, 2008

Suggested citation

Barnes PM, Adams PF, Powell-Griner E.

Health characteristics of the Asian adult

population: United States, 2004–2006.

Advance data from vital and health statistics;

no 394. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for

Health Statistics. 2008.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the

public domain and may be reproduced or

copied without permission; citation as to

source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Director

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D.

Acting Co-Deputy Directors

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D.

Michael H. Sadagursky

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

3311 Toledo Road

Hyattsville, MD 20782

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PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

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07_115841

T30441 (01/2008)

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2008-1250