P. 1


# OAR Box 1115 Prepped byRyan Dugan



# Document

Number: 

# 9DIV-A- 2 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/2008 10:52:09 AM Sheet 91 of 94P. 2



### , v 

# A-84-2 2 IV-A- 2

• — • 1



## COLLABORATIV E STUD Y O F OPACIT YOBSERVATION S A T FIVE-SECON DINTERVAL S B YCERTIFIE DOBSERVER S 

# m a



# i 1 n ^._ . fji j J.. N 3 0 193 2 EP AAI R DOCKE T1

Prepare dby : Thoma s H . Ros e

Easter nTechnica l Associate s 241 2 Atlanti c Avenu e Raleigh. , Nort hCarolin a 2760 4

Prepare dfor : EPA Projec t Manager : Kir kFoste r

U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y * Stationar y

Sourc e Complianc e Divisio n Washington , D.C .

Septembe r 199 0P. 3



## BACKGROUN D Referenc e Metho d9 i s th e Federall y promulgate dmetho dfo r us e i n determinin gopacit y

of visibl e emission s unde r new sourc e performanc e standard s (NSPS) . Metho d9 specifie s tha t opacit y observation s b e take nandrecorde da t 15 - secon dintervals ; dat a reductio ninvolve s averagin g2 4 consecutiv e observation s yieldin g6-minut e average s t o determin e a violation . Metho d9 i s als o use dfo r Federall y enforceabl e Stat e regulation s tha t includ e a 6-minut e averag e opacit y

standard . Many Stat e implementaio nplan s (SIP's ) includ e opacit y standard s wher e th e 6-minut e averag e fo r dat a reductio ni s clearl y no t th e intende dtechnique . Federall y

propose dMetho dF- 1 offer s severa l additiona l technique s fo r reducin gth e dat a base dontypica l SI P regulations . Stat e implementatio n plan s regulation s wher e th e six-minut e averag e i s no t use dca nb e groupe dint o th e followin gcategories :

• Time-Exceptio nRegulations : Visibl e emission s ar e allowe dt o excee d a give nopacit y

standar donl y

fo r a limite dtim e period . A nexampl e regulation : "Visibl e emission s shal l no t equa l or excee d20-percen t opacit y excep t fo r 5 minutes/hour. "

• Instantaneous-Limitatio n(Cap ) Regulations : Thes e regulation s ar e usuall y writte ninconjunctio nwit htime-exceptio nregulations , an d prohibi t visibl e emission s abov e a give nopacit y a t an y time . A

n example : "Visibl e emission s shal l no t equa l or excee d20-percen t opacit y excep t fo r 5 minutes/hour . Visibl e emission s shal l no t excee d60-percen t opacit y a t an y time. "
OBJECTIV E Thi s study

involve da fiel dtes t conducte dt o determin e th e abilit y of observer s t o assig nopacit y value s t o a smok e plum e a t 5-secon dintervals , rathe r tha n15-secon dinterval s a s require db y Metho d9 . Bein gabl e t o rea d plume opacit y

value s a t 5-secon dinterval s woul db e advantageou s ina t leas t two applications . 1 . Observer s coul dassig na valu e t o a short-ter m opacit y

even t withou t givin gupth e advantag e of averagin ga numbe r o f value s sometime s referre dt o a s "regressio ntoward s th e mean. " Previou s researc hha s showntha t ther e i s no rea l differenc e betwee nanaverag e o f twelv e .value s an

da naverag e of twenty-fou r values. R e 

## Thus , i f ther e ar eP. 4



## n o observationa l difficultie s encountere di nmakin g5-second readings , bot hregulator y an dindustria l observer s wil l b e abl e t o bette r determin e th e averag e opacit y o f intermitten t sources . Shorte r averagin gtime s woul dals o b e mor e appropriat e fo r opacit y determination s applicabl e intime-exemptio no r instantaneous limitatio nregulations . 2 . Multipl e stack s inclos e proximit y coul db e rea dmor e economicall y b y observin gmor e tha non e plume a t a time . Th e observe r ca nrea deac h plum e ever y

1 5 second s b

y alternatin gbetwee nth e plumes . Thi s ha s bee npractice doccasionally , bu t no tes t dat a wer e previousl y availabl e t o validat e thi s technique .
FIEL DTES T Th e fiel dtes t wa s conducte dinJacksonville , Florid a onDecembe r 2 , 1987 , b y Easter nTechnica l Associates . Te nrun s wer e conducted . Eac ho f th e run s consiste do f 1 3 opacit y observation s take na t 5-secondinterval s ove r a 1-minut e period . Observer s wer e give na naudibl e signa l t o rea da t eac h 5-secon dinterval . Observe r result s wer e recorde dt o th e neares t 5-percen t opacit y onstandar dMetho d9 fiel dforms . Opacit y values , a s recorde db y th e dat a logger , range dfro m 1 8 t o 8 0 percen t an

dinclude dbot hblac kan dwhit e plumes . Observer s wer e tol donl y th e ru nnumbe r an

dt o mak e observation s at th e audibl e signa l every 5 seconds . The y

wer e monitore dan

dno t allowe dt o collaborat e onobservations . Transmissomete r data wer e collecte do na 10-inc h fla t bedstrip-char t recorde r an dth e value s wer e rea dt o th e neares t half-percen t opacity . Equipmen t A nEnvironmenta l Industry Mode l 3000- A

Smok e Generato r wa s useda s a smok e plu m simulato r fo r al l te no f th e fiel dtes t runs . I t conforme dt o al l th e requirement s fo r EP

A Metho d9 relativ e t o calibratio nan dstability . Calibratio no f th e smok e generato r wa s conducte dutilizin gNatio hBurea uo f Standard s (NBS ) Traceabl e neutra l densit y filter s inaccordanc e wit hMetho d9 . Calibratio ndat a wer e recorde dona 10-inc hstrip-char t recorder . Th e smok e generato r stack-mounte dtransmissomete r wa s utilize da s th e referenc e sourc e fo r plum e opacit y

and , thus , observe r dat a correlation . Qualit y Assuranc e Durin gth e fiel dstudy , th e followin gcondition s wer e met :P. 5



## • Observer s wer e selecte dt o hav e a sprea do f experienc e levels .
• Observer s wer e currentl y certified .
• Actua l opacit y

wa s measure db

y in-stac kopacit y

meter s (transmissometers ) concurrentl y wit hth e observe r opacit y determinations .
• Th e smok e generato r transmissomete r wa s calibrate da t nomina l opacitie s o f 20 , 50 , an d7 5 percent , ina manne r paralle l t o tha t use dwhe ncertifyin gopacit y observers .
• Al l calibratio npoint s wer e withi n2-percen t opacit y o f th e NB S traceabl e standards .
• Opacitie s wer e determine dat 5-secondinterval s cue db y a naudibl e signal .
• Dat a wer e collecte din1-minut e set s separate db y a several-minut e brea kfo r pape r handling . Observer s Th e eigh t observer s use dwer e recruite dfro m th e poo l o f attendee s at th e Florid a Visibl e Emission s trainin gan dcertificatio nprogram . The y include d person s wh o ha djus t bee ncertifie da s wel l a s on e perso nwhos e certificat e wa s abou t t o expire . H e wa s no t recertifie dunti l th e nex t day . Th e observer s represente dbot hindustr y an dgovernmen t an

dha da wid e rang e o f experience . RESULT S Dat a from

th e observer s an

dtransmissomete r showe dgoo dcorrelatio nwhic h indicate s tha t observer s ca nmak e vali dobservation s a t 5-secon dintervals . Th e result s o f thi s fiel dtes t ar e almos t identica l t o thos e o f previou s studie s o f Metho d9 error s wher e observation s wer e take na t 15-second intervals . Th e averag e differenc e o f al l observation s from th e transmissomete r value s wa s -8.8-percen t opacity , whic hshow s a fairl y high negativ e bias . Summar y dat a ar e tabulate dinAttachmen t 1 . Afte r groupin g th e difference s int o th e righ t clas s interval , th e numbe r o f dat a set s ineac h clas s wer e tabulated , an dth e percentag e o f dat a set s fo r eac hdifferenc e clas s wa s calculated . Th e followin gi s a cumulativ e distributio no f observe r error . Error s ar e groupe daccordin g t o erro r leve l from positiv e erro r greate r tha n15-percen t opacit y throug hles s tha n0.0 1 percen t opacity , whic hP. 6



## include dbot hpositiv e error s les s tha n0.0 1 percen t opacit y andal l negativ e errors . Opacit y Erro r
Percen t Leve l Numbe r o f Set s Percents * 

## >1 5 3 3. 7 >10

5 6. 3 >7. 5



## 6 7. 5 >

5 1 3 1 6 >0

3 7 46. 3 <0.0 1



## 4 3 53. 8


## From thi s tabl e th e followin gdat a statement s ca nbe made . 3. 7 percen t o f th e dat a set s hadgreate r tha n15-percen t opacit y error . 6. 3 percen t o f th e dat a set s hadgreate r tha n10-percen t opacit y error . 7. 5 percen t o f th e dat a set s hadgreate r tha n7.5-percen t opacit y error . 1 6 percen t o f th e dat a set s hadgreate r tha n5-percen t opacit y error . 46. 3 percen t o f th e dat a set s hadsome positiv e opacit y error . Thi s dat a als o show s tha t mos t o f th e average s (53. 8 percent ) ha da negativ e erro r o r bias . Thes e result s replicat e previou s Metho d9 fiel dstudies . Thi s i s a stron g indicatio ntha t ther e i s no significan t differenc e betwee nth e observatio no f opacit y a t 5-secondinterval s an da t 15-secon dintervals . Observe r Stres s On e concer nprio r t o th e stud y wa s tha t observer s simpl y woul dhav e mechanica l difficult y takin g reading s a t 5-secon dinterval s andtha t th e constan t activit y

woul db e tiring . Incontrast , observer s commente dtha t i t wa s les s tirin gt o rea dever y 5 second s tha never y 1 5 second s fo r shor t time s du e t o th e effec t o f boredom . I t wa s note db y th e observer s tha t they hadno difficult y

i nobservin gplumes , assignin g values , an drecordin gdat a ewery 5 seconds . Mos t did , however , indicat e tha t a naudibl e signalin gdevic e o r a cloc konth e clipboar di s necessar y t o tak e reading s a t th e shorte r interval .P. 7



## ATTACHMEN T1 FIEL D DAT

ASUMMARIE SFIEL D STUD YO N READIN G SMOK E EVERY5 SECOND S

FIEL D TES TCONDUCTE D I N JACKSONVILLE . FLORID A STUD YDESIGNE D BYTO M ROS E STUD YCONDUCTE D BYDAVI D SAVAGE ; GENERATO R OPERATOR : PAU L MINO R
Test . Maste r Observe r 1 

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7 0 4 0 3 5 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 Grou p Averag e 43. 5 61. 9 43. 5 30. 4 40. 0 43. 8 35. 4 47. 3 43. 2

Test 2 Maste r Observe r 1

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8 5 8 0 8 0 8 0 7 5 8 0 8 0 75

8 5 8 0 7 5 8 0 7 5 7 5 8 0 • 7 5

8 5 8 0 7 5 8 0 7 0 7 5 85 75

85 8 0 8 0 8 0 70 8 0 85 7 0

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9 0 7 5 7 5 8 5 7 5 7 5 8 0
Grou p Averag e 70. 8 85. 4 78. 1 76. 2 81. 5 73. 5 76. 5 82. 3
78. 0FIEL D STUD YO N READIN G SMOK E EVER Y5 SECOND S FIEL D TES TCONDUCTE D I N JACKSONVILLE . FLORIDA STUD YDESIGNE D BYTO M ROS E STUD YCONDUCTE D B YDAVI D SAVAGE ; GENERATO R OPERATOR : PAU L MINO R
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Tes t 7 • Maste r Observe r

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FIEL D TES TCONDUCTE D I N JACKSONVILLE . FLORID A STUD YDESIGNE D B YTO M ROS E STUD YCONDUCTE D B YDAVI D SAVAGE ; GENERATO R OPERATOR : PAU L MINO R 

# x i

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