United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued May 12, 2009

 Decided September 2, 2009

Before

FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

JOSEPH S. VAN BOKKELEN, District Judge∗

No. 08-3449

AMMO BRIKHA BOBO, 

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the 

United States,

Respondent.

Petition for Review of an 

Order of the Board of 

Immigration Appeals.

No. A99-864-490

Order

Ammo Brikha Bobo, a native and citizen of Iraq, applied for asylum, withholding 

of removal, and protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture 

(CAT). The immigration judge denied his petition, concluding that inconsistencies 

between his testimony and his written statement, the fact that his testimony was 

confusing and lacking in detail and that the corroborative evidence failed to clarify the 

confusion that his testimony created, rendered his claims not credible. Alternatively, the 

IJ determined that even without an adverse credibility determination, Bobo failed to 

show the persecution necessary to establish eligibility for asylum. The Board of 

Immigration Appeals affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion. We deny Bobo’s 

petition for review.

 

∗ Of the Northern District of Indiana, sitting by designation.

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 08-3449 2

I. Background

Petitioner Bobo was admitted to the United States on a six-month visitor’s 

authorization to be a bone marrow donor for his sister Mona. The authorization expired 

on July 23, 2006. When he remained in the United States beyond that date, the 

Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings against him by filing a 

Notice to Appear before the Immigration Court. Bobo petitioned for asylum and 

withholding of removal on the basis of his race, religion, nationality, political opinion, 

and membership in a particular social group, and protection under the CAT. 

A. The Asylum Application

In his application, Bobo stated that he is an Iraqi national, an ethnic Assyrian, and 

a Christian born in 1973. In the section of the application that required him to give

information about his education, he listed only a trade school at Kamp Sara, Iraq, that he 

attended from 1989 to 1991. In the statement accompanying the application, he wrote of 

his fear of being killed if he were to return to Iraq both because of his Assyrian 

nationality and death threats from Islamic extremists. He related that in the 1940s his 

grandparents’ Assyrian village was destroyed in an attempt to destroy Kurdish 

settlements. His family moved to Baghdad. Islamic extremists killed one of his uncles in 

the 1970s. Two of his aunts and another uncle fled Iraq as refugees and came to the 

United States in the 1970s. A sister was abducted and raped by Iraqi security officers in 

2002. The Assyrian church he attended in Baghdad was bombed in 2005. Shortly before 

the hearing four other Christian churches in Iraq were bombed.

According to his statement, while Bobo was in college, he met a Muslim girl 

named Leyla, from a powerful and wealthy Arab tribe in Iraq, who told him that her 

family had ties to the government and could make things happen to people. Leyla 

became enamored of him and suggested that they would marry one day. He rejected 

the suggestion, telling her that he could not convert to the Muslim religion. In 1993, after 

this rejection, some of Leyla’s relatives came to the house in Baghdad where he lived 

with his mother when he was not at home and informed his mother that Bobo had 

violated Leyla and must now marry her and become a Muslim. Out of fear, he stopped 

going to school and went to live with other relatives in Baghdad. When he returned 

home a few weeks later, Leyla’s relatives found him and beat him severely, accusing 

him of having abused Leyla. He suffered a severe head injury and the doctors told his 

brother that he would not remember what had happened to him. After a hospital stay 

of about a week he went into hiding at the home of some relatives. Leyla’s relatives 

went looking for him at his mother’s home, telling her that they would not rest until 

they found him. A month later Leyla’s relatives found him on the street. He was shot in 

both legs. 

After the shooting, he lived on the run until 1998, when he found a way to leave 

Iraq for Turkey. He was in Turkey for about two weeks until he obtained a fake 

passport and traveled to Holland, where he lived in a refugee camp. He applied for 
No. 08-3449 3

asylum there in 2000. His application was denied initially and on appeal but a Dutch 

immigration judge allowed him to stay in Holland when the war in Iraq began in 2003. 

In 2006 he traveled to the United States.

In his written statement Bobo related that his sister Munira was abducted and 

raped by security officers in Mosul in 2002. He also presented her affidavit as part of his 

application for asylum. She wrote that in 1993 her brother, the petitioner, was being 

hounded by Muslim extremists for refusing to marry a Muslim girl he had met in school. 

She described Bobo’s beating, the doctors’ statements that his memory would be 

impaired because of the head trauma, and the shooting. After her brother fled to Turkey 

in 1998, Muslim extremists came looking for him. They threatened to take advantage of 

her as her brother had taken advantage of the Muslim girl. The men told her family that 

they would kill the petitioner if they found him. Different men came to their house 

constantly, harassing them about Bobo’s whereabouts. Out of fear of these men, she 

went to visit her uncle, Esho Youkhana, in northern Iraq. He was head of the local 

Assyrian Council, affiliated with the Assyrian Democratic Movement. In December 2000

Iraqi security men broke into her uncle’s house and arrested about ten people, including 

Munira. They questioned her about her uncle’s activities. Three months later, after she 

returned to Baghdad, she was called to the Iraqi Security headquarters in Baghdad. She 

was again questioned about her uncle and the petitioner. In September 2001 Iraqi 

security men once more questioned her about the petitioner. When she told them she 

did not know where he was, they beat her and raped her. She was held for ten days. She 

entered the United States in 2004 and was granted asylum in the United States in January 

2005. 

Bobo submitted a letter from Ahurad Jajeh, a doctor in the Division of 

Hematology and Oncology at Stroger Hospital of Cook County, in support of his 

application. In the letter the doctor stated that Bobo has old scars secondary to gunshot 

wounds on his legs as well as scars over the head and scalp resulting from physical 

abuse “inflicted by security members of the former Iraqi regime.”

B. The Asylum Hearing

At the asylum hearing on March 7, 2007, Bobo testified through an interpreter. 

He related that his sister Munira had told him that Muslims and government groups 

came looking for him after he left Iraq. He talked about Munira’s experiences after he 

left and said that his uncle Eshu, who had been active with Assyrian politicians, had been 

killed. According to Bobo, Munira was granted asylum because of the uncle’s death and 

the fact that she was questioned and abused. 

Bobo repeated the story of his experiences with Leyla and her family, stating that 

he had not asked for police protection because her family knew more people in the 

government than he, and that he was afraid to go to the police because he would be 

asked what he did to those people that they would hurt him. According to Bobo, some 

of Leyla’s relatives had connections to the government of Saddam Hussein and the 

Ba’ath Party. He initially testified that the shooting occurred in 1993, but explained that 
No. 08-3449 4

he could not leave Iraq until 1998, when his relatives were able to assist him financially. 

Later, he appeared to agree that the shooting took place in 1998. He left Iraq mainly 

because he feared Leyla’s relatives, but he said he also fears Muslims, because of his 

Christianity. He stated that he is afraid to return to Iraq because there is no official 

government and everyone is afraid. He explained that he is afraid of terrorists, but not 

the government: the government is new and cannot do anything.

 

The 2006 International Religious Freedom Report for Iraq and the 2006 Country 

Report on Human Rights Practices for Iraq, both released by the United States 

Department of State, were admitted as exhibits at the hearing. According to the reports, 

the Iraqi government has not engaged in the persecution of any religious group since 

2003, but unsettled conditions prevented effective governance in parts of the country. 

Criminal gangs, insurgents, and Islamic militants have targeted non-Muslims, and 

members of the Baghdad Christian community have received threat letters demanding 

that Christians leave or be killed. Frequent attacks on places of worship were noted. 

C. The IJ’s Decision

On April 5, 2007, the IJ issued a written decision denying Bobo’s applications for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture protection. The IJ 

concluded that Bobo was not credible because he presented contradictory and vague 

evidence and failed to reconcile the contradictions through his testimony or 

corroborative evidence. Alternatively, the IJ held that even if Bobo were found to be 

credible, the mistreatment he received as a result of his relationship with Leyla did not 

constitute persecution because it was committed by private actors on account of a 

personal dispute rather than government actors. Moreover, Bobo did not produce 

evidence from which it could be reasonably concluded that the harm he suffered was 

motivated, at least in part, by an actual or imputed protected ground. The IJ concluded 

that Bobo had not shown a link between his beatings and his Christian faith or Assyrian 

ethnicity or that the beatings were on account of any political opinion or imputed 

political opinion. The IJ further found that Bobo had failed to meet his burden of 

demonstrating a well-founded fear of persecution if he returned to Iraq. Inasmuch as 

Bobo failed to satisfy the lower burden of proof required for asylum, he necessarily 

failed to satisfy the higher burden—a clear probability of persecution in the country 

designated for removal on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a 

particular social group, or political opinion—required to establish his eligibility for 

withholding of removal. Finally, the IJ found that Bobo had not met his burden of 

proving that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if removed to Iraq.

Bobo challenges the IJ’s adverse credibility determination, her finding that his 

mistreatment by Leyla’s family did not amount to past persecution, and the adequacy of 

her consideration of evidence of a pattern and practice of persecution of Assyrian 

Christians. He did not raise any issues regarding the IJ’s refusal to withhold removal or 

to grant protection under the CAT.
No. 08-3449 5

II. Analysis

Because the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion, we review 

that decision directly. Balliu v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 609, 612 (7th Cir. 2006). The review is 

deferential. Musollari v. Mukasey, 545 F.3d 505, 508 (7th Cir. 2008). We consider the 

record as a whole to determine whether the IJ’s decision was supported by reasonable, 

substantial, and probative evidence. Oqayonne v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 514, 518 (7th Cir. 

2008). Administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator 

would be compelled to reach a contrary conclusion. 8 U.S.C. §1101(a). 8 U.S.C. 

§1252(b)(4)(B).

A. Persecution

We find it unnecessary to discuss the IJ’s credibility finding because, even if 

Bobo’s narrative were credited in its entirety, he did not establish his entitlement to 

asylum. We agree with the IJ that Bobo’s description of the harm he suffered as the 

result of his relationship with Leyla has not been shown to be persecution as that term 

has been defined in decisions of this court. As the IJ noted, persecution is generally 

something governments do, not private individuals. Only when a government is 

powerless to protect its citizens from private actors or actually condones or acquiesces in 

their abuse can misconduct by private actors constitute persecution. See Chatta v. 

Mukasey, 523 F.3d 748, 753 (7th Cir. 2008), Garcia v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 615, 618 (7th Cir. 

2007). A review of the record as a whole does not compel the conclusion that there was 

any government involvement in the incidents involving Leyla’s family or that the Iraqi 

government condoned it or was powerless to protect Bobo. In fact, Bobo testified that 

he never even reported the beatings and shooting to authorities. Moreover, the 

evidence does not compel the conclusion that Bobo’s mistreatment was on account of his 

religion or ethnicity, or any other protected ground. Nothing in the record suggests that 

Leyla’s family was motivated by anything other than a belief that Bobo had mistreated 

her.

Bobo has also argued that he is entitled to asylum because, as an Assyrian 

Christian, he has a well-founded fear of future persecution if he returns to Iraq. If an 

applicant does not establish past persecution, he must satisfy both the objective and 

subjective prongs of the well-founded fear standard: the fear must be subjectively 

genuine and objectively reasonable. Capric v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1075, 1093 (7th Cir. 2004). 

Under the objective test, an asylum applicant must establish either that there is a 

reasonable probability he will be singled out individually for persecution or that there is 

a pattern or practice in his country of persecution against the group to which he belongs. 

8 C.F.R. §1208.13(b)(2). To constitute a pattern or practice of persecution, the persecution 

of a protected group must be a “systematic, pervasive, or organized effort to kill, 

imprison, or severely injure members of the protected group, and this effort must be 

perpetrated or tolerated by state actors.” Mitreva v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 761, 765 (7th Cir. 

2005). General conditions of hardship affecting entire populations are not persecution.

Capric, 355 F.3d at 1084. 
No. 08-3449 6

Bobo has not argued that he would be singled out individually for persecution as 

an Assyrian Christian. Moreover, he cannot prevail under the pattern or practice 

method because the evidence does not compel the conclusion that the government of 

Iraq is complicit in the mistreatment or powerless to prevent it. Chatta v. Mukasey, 523 

F.3d 748 at 753. As the IJ noted, according to current country reports, the present Iraqi 

government is committed to protecting its multi-religious society. Bobo in fact testified 

that he did not fear the government, but terrorists in Iraq and from other countries.

B. Withholding of Removal and Protection Under the CAT

The Immigration and Naturalization Act prohibits the Attorney General from 

removing an alien to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened because 

of his race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political 

opinion. 8 U.S.C. §1231(b)(3)(A). An applicant seeking withholding of removal must 

demonstrate that he is more likely than not that he will suffer persecution if he is 

removed. Under the CAT he must show that it is more likely than not that he would be 

tortured if removed to Iraq. 8 C.F.R. §208.16(c)(2). However, he has waived any 

challenge to the IJ’s denial of relief under these provisions by failing to present any 

argument concerning them in his appellate brief. See United States v. Dabney, 498 F.3d 

455, 460 (7th Cir. 2007).

III. Conclusion

The Immigration Judge’s holding that Bobo failed to demonstrate the 

persecution or fear of persecution necessary to establish his eligibility for asylum is 

substantially supported by the record, even assuming Bobo’s credibility. We therefore 

DENY his petition for review.