J-S34045-19

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ADOPTION OF C.S.S.

APPEAL OF: J.T., IV, BIRTH FATHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 407 WDA 2019

Appeal from the Decree Entered February 15, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans’ Court at 

No(s): A-89 of 2018

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and COLINS*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED AUGUST 27, 2019

Appellant, J.T., IV (“Father”), appeals from the decree entered 

February 15, 2019, that involuntarily terminated his parental rights to his 

biological child, C.S.S. (“Child”), born May 2018.1 We affirm.

The facts and procedural history underlying this appeal are as follows. 

B.L.S. (“Mother”) and Father dated between September 2017 and January 

2018. N.T. at 44-49, 53-54. Mother became pregnant, confirming the 

pregnancy in December 2017 at a mobile clinic to which Father transported 

her. After Mother and Father ended their relationship, Father blocked 

Mother from contacting him on social media and by telephone.

____________________________________________

1 Child’s mother, B.L.S., consented to the termination of her parental rights 

and has not participated in this appeal.
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In April 2018, Mother determined that she wanted to have Child placed 

for adoption and contacted Three Rivers Adoption Council (“TRAC”), a 

licensed child placement agency. Id. at 11. Mother informed TRAC that 

Father was Child’s father. Id. TRAC arranged a private adoption. Id. at 21.

On May 6, 2018, Mother began sending text messages to the 

telephone of Father’s financée, D.C., about Child’s impending birth. Exhibit 

Agency-1 at 1; N.T. at 49-50. In the exchanges, Mother stated that she 

intended to have Child adopted and asked that Father “sign these court 

papers so he can terminate his rights to the baby[,]” and Father offered to 

take Child if it was determined that he was Child’s biological father. Exhibit

Agency-1 at 1-3; N.T. at 50.

Mother was originally given a due date of June 10, 2018, which was 

later revised to June 13, 2018, and she provided this information to TRAC. 

Exhibit Agency-3; N.T. at 67, 129. Child was born at the end of May 2018. 

Although Father was not listed on Child’s birth certificate, Mother executed 

an affidavit of paternity five days after Child’s birth, naming Father. Petition 

for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, 10/4/2018, Exhibit A (birth 

certificate) & Exhibit C (affidavit of paternity).

Mother sent text messages to D.C.’s telephone when she was on the 

way to the hospital to give birth and when Child was born, and Mother 

invited Father to the hospital. Exhibit Agency-1 at 20 (“Fyi this baby should 

be out tonight” [sic]), 21 (“Hes here” [sic]), 24 (“If yinz wanted 2 come now 
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u could but I dont see yinz doing that” [sic]), 27 (“Were u stopping or no” 

[sic]); N.T. at 51-52.2 Father did not visit Child in the hospital. Id. at 51.3

Two days after Child was born, he left the hospital with his preadoptive family. Id. at 52. Mother sent a text message to D.C.’s telephone: 

“hes with his adoption family” [sic]. Exhibit Agency-1 at 31. The next day, 

which was still in May 2018, Mother and D.C. exchanged text messages for 

the last time. Id. at 33-36.

4

On October 4, 2018, TRAC filed a petition for involuntary termination 

of Father’s parental rights to Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6).5 

TRAC also filed a petition to confirm Mother’s consent to adoption and a 

report of intention to adopt with respect to Child’s proposed adoptive 

parents.

____________________________________________

2 There is no indication in the text messages in the record that Mother ever 

informed Father that “if he wanted to take the baby, that was his choice[,]” 

as the director of adoption and foster care services for TRAC, Ja-Neen Jones, 

testified that she told Mother to do. N.T. at 15.

3

In response to Mother’s text messages, D.C. wrote: “He wants to know 

who he has to talk to no one is giving him any answers what the next step is 

cuz he’s not signing his rights over”; and “he’s gotta go to work”. Exhibit 

Agency-1 at 20, 24.

4 Mother appears to have sent a photograph of Child and a text message, 

“He looks just like him[,]” to D.C.’s telephone on August 18, 2018, but there 

is no indication in the record that a response was sent from D.C.’s 

telephone. Id. at 37; N.T. at 50.

5 The petition does not cite to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) nor refer to the needs 

and welfare of Child. See generally Petition for Involuntary Termination of 

Parental Rights, 10/4/2018.
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On December 6, 2018, the trial court appointed counsel to represent 

Father and ordered DNA testing of Child and Father, with costs for the 

paternity test divided equally between Father and TRAC. Order of Court, 

12/6/18. The test determined there was a 99.9998% probability of 

paternity. Exhibit Agency-2. On January 7, 2019, the trial court appointed 

a guardian ad litem (“GAL”) for Child and ordered her to “file a written report 

of her findings”; on January 24, 2019, the trial court appointed separate 

legal counsel for Child.

6

On February 4, 2019, GAL filed the court-ordered report, stating that 

she had “visited the home of the prospective adoptive parents on 

February 1, 2019” and that Child has “met or exceeded all developmental 

milestones[,]” “is clearly bonded to this [pre-adoptive] family[,] and all his 

needs are being met.” Report of GAL, 2/4/2019, at 5.

____________________________________________

6 See In re L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172, 173-75, 180 (Pa. 2017) (courts must 

appoint counsel to represent the legal interests of any child involved in a 

contested involuntary termination proceeding; a child’s legal interests are 

distinct from his or her best interest, in that a child’s legal interests are 

synonymous with the child’s preferred outcome, and a child’s best interest 

must be determined by the court); cf. In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1089-93 

(Pa. 2018) (a child’s statutory right to appointed counsel is not waivable, 

even where the child is too young or nonverbal to communicate his or her 

preference; reaffirming the ability of an attorney-guardian ad litem to serve 

a dual role and to represent a child’s non-conflicting best interests and legal 

interests); In re G.M.S., 193 A.3d 395, 399-400 (Pa. Super. 2018) 

(orphans’ court not required to appoint separate attorney to represent 

children’s legal interests, so long as children’s guardian ad litem was an 

attorney and children’s legal and best interests did not appear to be in 

conflict).
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At the termination hearing on February 11, 2019, Ja-Neen Jones, the 

director of adoption and foster care services for TRAC, testified that Father 

called her once, on May 9, 2018. N.T. at 13-14. Jones acknowledged that, 

during the two-minute conversation, Father questioned Child’s paternity. 

Id. at 14, 31. She continued that Father did not ask for custody or visitation

and denied that “TRAC ever tr[ied] to keep [C]hild from the [F]ather.” Id. 

at 15, 43. To the best of her knowledge, Father never filed a complaint for 

custody, and neither he nor D.C. ever sent cards, clothing, financial support, 

formula, gifts, or letters to Child or contacted TRAC again, even though she 

told him that he could call her back if he had any other questions. Id. at 16, 

20.

When asked if “the pre-adoptive parents [are] meeting [Child’s] 

educational and psychological and developmental needs[,]” Jones answered 

affirmatively, whereas, when she was asked if Father were “meeting any of 

[Child’s] needs[,]” she answered negatively. Id. at 18. Jones testified that 

she had seen Child “[j]ust once.” Id. at 17.

Mother initially testified that, prior to Child’s birth, Father never 

questioned paternity, although he suggested pursuing an abortion instead of 

parenting Child. Id. at 46, 74. She later stated that she did not name 

Father on Child’s birth certificate, because Father insisted Child was not his, 

although she did not clarify as to when Father began denying that he was 

Child’s father. Id. at 53. She affirmed that she and Father first had sexual 
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relations on September 27, 2017. Id. at 54. She attested that she was 

unwilling to agree to wait to give Child to Father until after Father had a DNA 

test performed, because “[h]e made no initiative. I even offered him 

pictures when the baby was born, the size, the weight, everything. 

Nothing.” Id. at 70-71.

Father testified that he had sexual relations with Mother for the first 

time in October 2017 and that Mother had told him that her due date was 

June 2018. Id. at 84-85. Father continued that, following confirmation of 

Mother’s pregnancy, he told her “right before Christmas” 2017 that he 

“didn’t think it was [his child,]” but, if paternity were confirmed, he wanted 

to rear the child. Id. at 83-86. When asked “[w]hat made him suspicious 

that this child might not be [his,]” Father answered that Mother began a 

relationship immediately after they had separated and that she had contact 

with her former boyfriend while she and Father were still together. Id. at 

86. He continued that Mother was receiving “messages and comments on 

Facebook” from “[o]ther guys” that he described as “a little too flirty.” Id. 

He also questioned the due date, because he “wasn’t allowed in the doctor’s 

appointments.” Id. at 91.

Father testified that he “was telling [D.C.] what to say” in the text 

messages exchanged between Mother’s and D.C.’s telephones beginning on 

May 6, 2018, and ending three days after Child’s birth. Id. at 90-91.
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Father further testified that he called Jones on May 9, 2018, and told 

her that he wanted to stop the adoption if he was the father of Mother’s son. 

Id. at 93. He asserted that Jones told him that “there was nothing that they 

could do[,]” that he “needed to get an attorney[,]” and that she “wouldn’t 

tell [him] nothing without an attorney.” Id. at 93, 112; see also id. 115. 

He continued that, when he asked Jones about a paternity test, she told him 

that “they didn’t do that kind of thing” and that, when he asked for attorney 

referrals, she told him that she could not help him. Id. at 93. When asked 

why he did not contact TRAC again after Child’s birth, he answered, “They 

already told me there was nothing they could do until I got an attorney.” 

Id. at 106.

Father stated that, on the same day as this telephone call to TRAC, he 

“called four different attorney” who he found through a Google search for 

“family lawyers[,]” but “[t]he cheapest one [he] found was $1,500 deposit 

down[.]” Id. at 94, 97, 112. He explained that he “was basically telling 

them of the situation of what was going on” and “told them that [he] wanted 

to raise [his] child” and “needed to get an attorney to get a DNA test.” Id.

at 112. He testified that he then called a fifth attorney who represented his 

father but that this attorney never returned his calls. Id. at 95, 112.

Father added that he then “came down here to family division” of the 

Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County on a friends’ recommendation

but was told that “they had no record of the child[.]” Id. at 95-96, 99. He 
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testified that he “was asking them is there a way that [he] could get a cheap 

attorney or to help [him] find a cheap attorney so [he] could get a DNA 

[test.]” Id. at 96. Father then testified that he “went upstairs to the Public 

Defender’s Office” but “[t]hey said that they couldn’t help me, that was not 

their thing.” Id. at 97.

Father testified that he earns $14.00 per hour as a delivery driver and 

that, after Child was born, he “was saving money” to hire an attorney, but 

he stated: “I wasn’t able to save much money out of my checks because of 

my bills but I was trying to save some money to get an attorney.” Id. at 

80-81, 98. Father added that he did not learn that he could have counsel 

appointed until he received the notice of the hearing to terminate his 

parental rights on October 5, 2018. Id. at 98-99. He noted that he left 

school in eleventh grade, never obtained a GED or additional education, had 

never had to hire an attorney before, was never in the court system before, 

and had never even heard of Orphans’ Court before the current matter. Id.

at 79, 99.

D.C., Father’s fiancée, testified that she was with Father when he went 

to the family division and the Public Defender’s Office. Id. at 126.

GAL informed the trial court that “[C]hild is well bonded in [the preadoptive] home[.]” Id. at 142.

The trial court did not make any findings of fact or a ruling at the 

conclusion of the hearing. Id. at 144-45.
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On February 15, 2019, the trial court granted the termination petition 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6). The decree did not cite to 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(b) but stated: “Th[e trial c]ourt further finds that terminating the 

parental rights bests serves the development, physical and emotional needs 

and welfare of the child.” Final Decree, 2/15/2019, at ¶ 3.

On March 14, 2019, Father filed this timely direct appeal, along with a 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court entered its opinion on April 4, 2019, see 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(ii), in which it made the following credibility 

determinations:

According to [F]ather, he intended to first have a confirming 

paternity test and would then make contact with [C]hild and 

undertake any financial obligations. [F]ather’s testimony was 

not credible in that regard or in any aspect. . . . 

[T]o the extent any contact occurred with [M]other, it occurred 

only through texts delivered through the phone of [F]ather’s 

girlfriend. The [trial] court does not find the testimony regarding 

such texts wholly credible. . . . 

Nor does the [trial] court find the testimony by and on behalf of 

[F]ather credible as to efforts to secure counsel.

Trial Court Opinion, filed April 4, 2019, at 3-4.

Father presents the following issues for our review:

I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding that 

TRAC proved all of the elements necessary to terminate Father’s 

parental rights under 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 2511(a)(6) when the 

agency actively placed barriers to Father’s request for genetic

testing by refusing to facilitate testing once the child was born.

II. Whether the trial court’s findings that terminating Father’s 

parental rights best served the child’s development, physical and 
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emotional needs and welfare is supported by the evidence 

presented?

III. Whether Father’s due process rights under the

Pennsylvania [C]onstitution and the United States [C]onstitution 

were violated when TRAC, as a government sanctioned provider 

of adoptive services, did not advise Father that he would be 

eligible for a court appointed attorney once the Petition to 

terminate his parental rights was filed.

Father’s Brief at 4 (trial court’s answers omitted).

We consider Father’s issues in light of our well-settled standard of 

review:

When reviewing an appeal from a decree terminating parental 

rights, we are limited to determining whether the decision of the 

trial court is supported by competent evidence. Absent an abuse 

of discretion, an error of law, or insufficient evidentiary support 

for the trial court’s decision, the decree must stand. Where a 

trial court has granted a petition to involuntarily terminate 

parental rights, this Court must accord the hearing judge’s 

decision the same deference that we would give to a jury 

verdict. We must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the 

record in order to determine whether the trial court’s decision is 

supported by competent evidence.

The standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as 

testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to 

enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without 

hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.

The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence 

presented and is likewise free to make all credibility 

determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence. If 

competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will 

affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.

In re B.J.Z., 207 A.3d 914, 921 (Pa. Super. 2019) (internal quotation marks 

and some internal citations omitted) (some formatting). “A decision to 

terminate parental rights [is] never to be made lightly or without a sense of 
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compassion for the parent[.]” In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 827 

(Pa. 2012).

Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the 

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938. “Our case law has made clear that 

under Section 2511, the court must engage in a bifurcated process prior to 

terminating parental rights.” B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921 (citation omitted).

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party 

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory 

grounds for termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if 

the court determines that the parent’s conduct warrants 

termination of his or her parental rights does the court engage in 

the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): 

determination of the needs and welfare of the child under the 

standard of best interests of the child.

In re G.M.S., 193 A.3d 395, 401 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted). 

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6)

In the instant action, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6):

(a) General rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds: . . .

(6) In the case of a newborn child,[

7] the parent knows or 

has reason to know of the child’s birth, does not reside 

____________________________________________

7 Section 2102 of the Adoption Act defines a “newborn child” as less than six 

months old at the time the petition for termination is filed. 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2102. Subsection 2511(a)(6) includes a four-month review window to 

examine the parent’s conduct. Id. § 2511(a)(6). Accordingly, pursuant to 

the statutory framework, a moving party has only two months within which 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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with the child, has not married the child’s other parent, 

has failed for a period of four months immediately 

preceding the filing of the petition to make reasonable 

efforts to maintain substantial and continuing contact with 

the child and has failed during the same four-month period 

to provide substantial financial support for the child.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6).

Father argues that while he does not reside with [C]hild and has 

not married [C]hild’s mother, the remaining elements of that 

Section 2511(a)(6) have not been proven. While Father knew 

that Mother had given birth to a child on May [], 2018 . . . , he 

did not know it was his child.

Father’s Brief at 13 (emphasis in original). The crux of Father’s argument is 

that he was under no obligation to pursue custody or any parental 

responsibilities until after a paternity test confirmed that he was Child’s 

biological father. Id. at 12-13.

Preliminarily, we note that, unlike other subsections of 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(a), there is a paucity of case law interpreting 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(a)(6). Pursuant to our research, we discovered no case law by the 

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania interpreting this subsection and only three 

published opinions by this Court: In re C.M.S., 832 A.2d 457 (Pa. Super. 

2003), T.J.B. v. E.C., 652 A.2d 936 (Pa. Super. 1995), and In re M.R.B., 

25 A.3d 1247 (Pa. Super. 2011).

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

it is permitted to file a petition seeking to terminate parental rights pursuant 

to § 2511(a)(6). See In re Adoption of M.R.B., 25 A.3d 1247, 1253-54 

(Pa. Super. 2011).
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In C.M.S., there was no question of paternity. See 832 A.2d at 459.8 

T.J.B. and M.R.B., however, both involved fathers who knew that a baby 

had been born but who questioned the paternity of the child and who 

delayed pursuing their parental obligations until after a DNA test confirmed 

paternity. 652 A.2d at 944; 25 A.3d at 1259-60. In his brief to this Court, 

Father relies upon T.J.B. and argues that M.R.B. can be distinguished from 

his case. Father’s Brief at 15-17, 19-24.

In T.J.B., this Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of a termination 

petition, where there was a legitimate question as to the paternity of the 

child, which the father had doubted from the outset. 652 A.2d at 939-41, 

944-45.

In M.R.B., 25 A.3d at 1249-50, this Court reversed the decree of the 

trial court denying a petition filed by a licensed child placement agency to 

terminate the parental rights of a biological father to his minor son pursuant 

to § 2511(a)(6). This Court concluded:

unlike the factual scenario underlying T.J.B., there was no 

legitimate question of paternity . . . Father shared an exclusive 

residence with Mother when their son was conceived . . . Father 

did not even raise the issue of paternity tangentially with his 

attorney until after Mother moved from the residence . . . Father 

apparently considered contesting paternity as a legal maneuver 

in response to the proposed adoption[.]

____________________________________________

8 The analysis of subsection 2511(a)(6) in C.M.S. was minimal, as the 

termination petition therein was also filed pursuant to subsection 

2511(a)(1), and this Court found that the father met the statutory 

requirements of subsection 2511(a)(1). 832 A.2d at 459, 464-66.
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M.R.B., 25 A.3d at 1259-60. As “there was no legitimate question of 

paternity” in M.R.B., id. at 1259, the father’s failure to pursue his parental 

responsibility promptly was inexcusable.

In the current action, Father testified that he questioned whether he 

was the baby’s father as soon as Mother’s pregnancy was confirmed, N.T. at 

83-86, and that he had legitimate reasons for refraining from pursuing a 

relationship with Child until after he could obtain the results of a paternity 

test. Specifically, Father asserted that Child had been born two to three 

weeks earlier than the due date provided by Mother both to him and to 

TRAC, and he questioned why he was not allowed in the doctor’s 

appointments. Id. at 84-86, 91; see also Exhibit Agency-3; N.T. at 67, 

129.9 Father also testified that Mother had still been in contact with her 

former paramour during his relationship with her and that she had received 

messages and Facebook comments from other men while dating Father, 

again causing him to suspect that he and Mother did not have an exclusive 

relationship. Id. at 86.

____________________________________________

9 Father provided no evidence as to whether a birth occurring two to three 

weeks earlier than the expected due date was atypical or was a legitimate 

reason to doubt the date of conception. Father testified that he also 

questioned Child’s paternity, because Mother began dating someone else 

immediately after he and she separated, although Child’s early arrival seems 

to have undermined any argument that Child was conceived later. N.T. at 

86.
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Nevertheless, we need not reach the inquiry as to whether the reasons 

given by Father for questioning the paternity of Child were “legitimate,” 

because the trial court did not believe any of Father’s testimony. Trial Court 

Opinion, filed April 4, 2019, at 3. We must defer to the trial court’s 

credibility determinations, B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921, and thus cannot give 

credence to any of Father’s evidence – including Father’s explanation for 

doubting that he was Child’s biological father. N.T. at 83-86, 91.

Without any credible reasons on the record, “there was no legitimate 

question of paternity[,]” and, as in M.R.B., 25 A.3d at 1259, Father’s failure 

to immediately pursue custody of or visitation with Child was unacceptable. 

Contra T.J.B., 652 A.2d 936. Hence, Father had no legitimate basis for 

postponing “reasonable efforts to maintain substantial and continuing 

contact with [C]hild” due to reservations about Child’s paternity. 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(a)(6).

T.J.B. can be further differentiated from the current appeal, besides 

the issue of whether there was a “legitimate question” of paternity. 

Specifically, the father in T.J.B. retained an attorney shortly after the child’s 

birth to dispute paternity and to represent him if the paternity tests 

demonstrated that he was the father; had and paid for the required genetic 
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tests less than two months after the child’s birth;

10 acknowledged paternity 

within one month of receiving the test results; and filed a petition for 

custody less than three months after paternity was confirmed. 652 A.2d at 

940-41, 944-45. All of these actions occurred during Section 2511(a)(6)’s 

four-month review window. This Court therefore found that the father’s 

actions constituted reasonable efforts to maintain substantial and continuing 

contacts with the child.

In the current case, the trial court did not find any of Father’s 

testimony credible, including his testimony about his efforts to obtain a 

paternity test or to retain counsel, nor did it believe D.C.’s testimony about 

Father’s efforts to find an attorney. Trial Court Opinion, filed April 4, 2018, 

at 3-4. Again, we must defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations. 

B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921. Accordingly, we cannot consider any of Father’s or 

D.C.’s testimony about: Father beginning the process to determine 

paternity shortly before Child’s birth; Father’s attempts to hire an attorney, 

to seek a pro bono attorney, or to have an attorney appointed if the 

paternity test demonstrated that he was Child’s father; or Father’s minimal 

____________________________________________

10 T.J.B. is more than two decades old, and, at the time, a paternity test 

“[could ]not be conducted on a child until after the child is born.” 652 A.2d 

at 939 n.1.
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education and lack of familiarity with the legal system. N.T. at 79, 93-99, 

112, 115, 126.11

The only pieces of evidence of Father’s efforts that may be considered

consequently are: Jones’s statement that Father called her once, spoke to

her for two minutes to contest paternity, and never contacted TRAC again; 

and Mother’s testimony about and copies of text messages sent amongst 

D.C.’s and Mother’s telephones, stating Father wanted to rear the baby if a 

DNA test established his paternity. N.T. at 14-16, 20, 31, 43, 50; Exhibit 

Agency-1 at 1-3. However, the telephone call between Father and Jones 

occurred on May 9, 2018, and the exchange of text messages ceased by the 

end of May 2018. N.T. at 13; Exhibit Agency-1 at 33-36. Section 

2511(a)(6) states that the timeframe to be considered is the “period of four

months immediately preceding the filing of the petition[.]” 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(a)(6). The trial court determined that the relevant time frame, 

based on the filing of the petition for involuntary termination of Father’s 

parental rights on October 4, 2018, began on June 4, 2018. Trial Court 

Opinion, filed April 4, 2019, at 2. No party contested this calculation, and 

we agree that only evidence of Father’s actions between June 4, 2018, and 

____________________________________________

11 As we must accept the trial court’s finding that Father never made any 

effort to find an attorney, we need not reach the question of whether 

Father’s economic status affected his ability to secure counsel and thus 

whether his finances indirectly affected the termination of his parental 

rights. See N.T. at 81, 98.
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October 4, 2018, are relevant. Ergo, Father’s telephone call and the text 

messages cannot be considered, because they did not occur in the pertinent 

statutory review period.

T.J.B. can be further distinguished from the current action, because, 

whereas the father in T.J.B. paid for the paternity test, Father only paid half 

of the cost, sharing it with TRAC. Compare id. at 944-45 with Order of 

Court, 12/6/18.12 Furthermore, in contrast to the father in T.J.B., Father 

never even discussed filing for custody of Child, let alone filing a complaint 

for custody or a petition for visitation. Compare 652 A.2d at 940-41, 945 

with N.T. at 15-16.13 Consequently, although superficially similar, T.J.B.

can be distinguished from the instant appeal for a multitude of reasons and 

is ultimately inapposite, and Father’s reliance upon it to demonstrate that his 

____________________________________________

12 Again, the trial court was “free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence 

presented” and did not find any of Father’s testimony to be credible. B.J.Z., 

207 A.3d at 921; Trial Court Opinion, filed April 4, 2019, at 3-4. Thus, we 

cannot accept any of Father’s testimony about his income and, therefore, 

need not reach any question of whether Father could afford to pay the entire 

cost of a paternity test. See N.T. at 81, 98.

13 In T.J.B., 652 A.2d at 939, the father contested paternity as soon as the 

mother “informed him that she was carrying his child.” In the instant case, 

Mother gave ambiguous testimony as to when Father began disputing Child’s 

paternity, N.T. at 46, 53, 74, and, as the trial court found Father’s testimony 

not to be credible, we cannot consider his testimony that he challenged

Child’s paternity as soon as Mother’s pregnancy was confirmed. Id. at 83-

86. As the trial court made no findings of fact as to whether Father 

questioned paternity from the outset, we cannot usurp the trial court’s role 

as fact-finder, especially when there is ambiguity in the record. We 

therefore cannot determine whether the instant matter is analogous to 

T.J.B. in that respect.
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conduct amounted to “reasonable efforts to maintain substantial and 

continuing contact with the child” for purposes of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6) is 

misplaced. See Father’s Brief at 15-17.

Accordingly, no credible evidence was presented establishing that 

Father made reasonable efforts towards obtaining custody or fulfilling his 

parental duties during the four months preceding the filing of the 

termination petition. For these reasons, the trial court did not err nor abuse 

its discretion in finding that the statutory grounds for terminating Father’s 

parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6) were established. See 

B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921; M.R.B., 25 A.3d at 1260.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)

The written decree involuntarily terminating Father’s parental rights to 

Child, dated February 15, 2019, specifically stated that Father’s rights were 

terminated pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(6). Final Decree, 2/15/2019, 

at ¶ 2. The written decree made no explicit mention of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)

nor did the trial court make any findings pursuant to subsection 2511(b) at 

the termination hearing. See N.T. at 144-45; see generally Final Decree, 

2/15/2019. In its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the trial court 

merely stated that “[F]ather had no contact with [C]hild and it is as plain 

that there were no reasonable efforts to initiate, let alone maintain such 

contact.” Trial Court Opinion, filed April 4, 2019, at 3.

As explained above, “[o]ur case law has made clear that under Section 

2511, the court must engage in a bifurcated process prior to terminating 
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parental rights.” B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921 (emphasis added). Consequently, 

we could vacate the order and remand this case due to the trial court’s 

failure to include any clear reference to subsection 2511(b) in its decree

terminating Father’s parental rights. However, as the decree stated, “[the 

trial c]ourt further finds that terminating the parental rights best serves the 

development, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child[,]” Final 

Decree, 2/15/2019, at ¶ 3, we will accept that the trial court performed the 

required bifurcated analysis pursuant to § 2511 and will not permit the trial 

court’s oversight in its written decree to preclude us from reaching the 

merits of Father’s appeal.

Turning to Father’s substantive issue, the language of subsection 

2511(b) states:

The court in terminating the right of a parent shall give primary 

consideration to the developmental, physical and emotional 

needs and welfare of the child. The rights of a parent shall not 

be terminated solely on the basis of environmental factors such 

as inadequate housing furnishings, income, clothing and medical 

care if found to be beyond the control of the parent. With 

respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or 

(8), the court shall not consider any efforts by the parent to 

remedy the condition described therein which are first initiated 

subsequent to the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b).

Section 2511(b) does not explicitly require a bonding analysis 

and the term ‘bond’ is not defined in the Adoption Act. Case law, 

however, provides that analysis of the emotional bond, if any, 

between parent and child is a factor to be considered as part of 

our analysis. While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her 

child is a major aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-interest 

analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be 
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considered by the court when determining what is in the best 

interest of the child.

In addition to a bond examination, the trial court can equally 

emphasize the safety needs of the child, and should also 

consider the intangibles, such as the love, comfort, security, and 

stability the child might have with the foster parent. 

Additionally, this Court stated that the trial court should consider 

the importance of continuity of relationships and whether any 

existing parent-child bond can be severed without detrimental 

effects on the child.

G.M.S., 193 A.3d at 401 (citation and internal brackets omitted) (some 

formatting). “[I]n cases where there is no evidence of any bond between

the parent and child, it is reasonable to infer that no bond exists.” In re 

Q.R.D., 2019 PA Super 199, *13 (filed June 25, 2019) (citation omitted).

As noted above, Jones testified that the pre-adoptive family was 

meeting Child’s educational, psychological, and developmental needs. N.T. 

at 18. GAL reported that Child has “met or exceeded all developmental 

milestones[,]” “is clearly bonded to this [pre-adoptive] family[,] and all his 

needs are being met.” Report of GAL, 2/4/2019, at 5. GAL also represented 

to the trial court that Child was “well bonded” in the pre-adoptive home. 

N.T. at 142. Although Father contends that Jones and GAL were not familiar 

enough with Child or the pre-adoptive family to properly evaluate their 

relationship, as each observed Child in his pre-adoptive home only once, 

Father presented no evidence contradicting their assessments. Father’s 

Brief at 24-25; see also N.T. at 18; Report of GAL, 2/4/2019, at 5. 

Consequently, the evidence established that this placement has afforded 

Child with an “emotional bond” and with permanency for a substantial part 
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of his young life and has fulfilled “the developmental, physical and emotional 

needs and welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b); G.M.S., 193 A.3d at 

401.

By contrast, Jones testified that Father has not provided for any of 

Child’s needs, including no cards, clothing, financial support, formula, gifts, 

or letters to Child. N.T. at 16, 18. Again, no contradictory evidence was 

offered, and Father does not dispute that “no bond has been able to 

develop” between himself and Child. Father’s Brief at 26.14 Consequently, 

competent evidence established that Father had not provided for the 

“developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child” 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) and does not share an “emotional bond” 

with Child. G.M.S., 193 A.3d at 401; see also B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921.

____________________________________________

14 Father contends that the current lack of bonding between himself and 

Child “does not mitigate against the possibility of such a bond developing 

once the impediments to it are removed. Surely a child who is already in 

daycare at eight months of age is capable of bonding with adults other than 

his adoptive parents, or, for that matter, with daycare attendants.” Father’s 

Brief at 26. However, we find no case law – and Father provides us with 

none – allowing a court to consider the potential for an emotional bond to 

develop, as opposed to analyzing whether an emotional bond currently 

exists.

Moreover, assuming it were proper for the court to weigh the possibility of a 

future emotional bond developing, it would be “only one of many factors to 

be considered by the court when determining what is in the best interest of 

the child[,]” G.M.S., 193 A.3d at 401, and the court would still have to 

consider the “developmental, physical and [other] emotional needs and 

welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b).
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Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in holding that “terminating the parental rights bests serves the 

development, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” Final 

Decree, 2/15/2019, at ¶ 3. The record supports the trial court’s view that 

the involuntary termination of Father’s parental rights will serve the 

developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare of Child pursuant 

to Section 2511(b).

Due Process

Finally, Father contends that his “due process rights under the 

Pennsylvania Constitution and the United States Constitution were violated

when TRAC, as a government sanctioned provider of adoptive services, did 

not advise Father that he would be eligible for a court appointed attorney 

once the Petition to terminate his parental rights was filed.” Father’s Brief at 

27-28. He continues that his due process rights are involved, because “a 

fundamental right - to raise his child - is impacted by the obstacles placed in 

his way by TRAC.” Id. at 35. Father adds that TRAC treated him and 

Mother inequitably, as it provided Mother with assistance but did not help 

him to obtain a paternity test, and he further faults TRAC for failing to 

suggest that he contact the agency again after Child was born. Id. at 31-

32.

The first time that Father raised any due process issue was in his 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. “Issues not raised in 
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the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on 

appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Thus, this issue is waived.

* * *

We are not without a sense of compassion for Father. See S.P., 47 

A.3d at 827. Nonetheless, based on the foregoing, we conclude that none of 

Father’s claims raised on appeal merit relief and that the trial court thereby 

did not abuse its discretion, make an error of law, nor rely upon insufficient 

evidence by terminating Father’s parental rights to Child. See B.J.Z., 207 

A.3d at 921. “If competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we 

will affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” Id. 

Accordingly, we affirm.

Decree affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 8/27/2019