1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 96-31161

Summary Calendar.

Hugh T. DREHER, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES of America, on Behalf of UNITED STATES BUREAU OF

ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS, Defendant-Appellee.

June 19, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western

District of Louisiana.

Before SMITH, DUHÉ and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

Hugh Dreher appeals a summary judgment in which the district

court refused to declare that he has not been convicted of a crime

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year for

purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) (West Supp.1997). Finding no

error, we affirm.

I.

Dreher entered a plea of nolo contendere in August 1987 to two

counts involving mail fraud: conspiracy to commit mail fraud in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and mail fraud and aiding and abetting

in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 & 1342. The charges arose from

a scheme by which Dreher, an independent contractor under a

construction contract with International Paper Company and PAPCO,

Inc., sought reimbursement for work and materials that he claimed

to have supplied, when in fact they had been supplied by
 

1Section 922(g)(1) provides in pertinent part, "It shall be

unlawful for any person—(1) who has been convicted in any court of,

a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year

... to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or

possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to

receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or

transported in interstate or foreign commerce." 

 

2Dreher acknowledged in the district court that the ATF had

informed him that it could not act on his request for relief under

§ 925(c) because Congress had ceased to provide funding for this

purpose. See Treasury, Postal Service and General Government

Appropriations Act, 1993, Pub.L. No. 102-393, 106 Stat. 1729

(1992). Since 1992, Congress has continued to deny funds for this

purpose. 

2

International Paper and PAPCO.

In September 1995, after having completed his prison and

probation sentences, Dreher sought restoration of his firearm

privileges that had been revoked pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)

(West Supp.1997).1 Although Dreher petitioned the Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 925(c), for

relief from § 922(g)(1), he received no response.2 Thereafter,

Dreher filed the instant declaratory judgment action asking the

district court to declare that he is not a convicted felon under §

921(a)(20) because he falls into the "business offenses" exception

of § 921(a)(20)(A) or, in the alternative, to enter a judgment

restoring his firearm privileges pursuant to § 925(c).

The district court denied relief, concluding that the criminal

statutes under which Dreher was convicted do not seek to preserve

competition in the marketplace, the focus of the "business

offenses" exception. The court dismissed Dreher's § 925(c) claim

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, holding that the language

of § 925(c) permits the court to review ATF denials of firearms
3

disabilities applications only.

II.

Because Dreher has abandoned on appeal his § 925(c) claim, we

address his § 921(a)(20) claim only. Dreher submits that, because

his criminal activities—billing for services not rendered—permitted

him to submit lower bids to International Paper and PAPCO than

otherwise possible and thereby to destroy the competitive bidding

process and injure its (Dreher's) competitors, his "offenses

pertain[ ] to antitrust violations, unfair trade practices,

restraints of trade, or other similar offenses relating to the

regulation of business practices." 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20)(A).

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. See Hanks v.

Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., 953 F.2d 996, 997 (5th

Cir.1992). Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).

The starting point for statutory interpretation is the

language of the statute. See Kellogg v. United States (In re West

Texas Marketing Corp.), 54 F.3d 1194, 1200 (5th Cir.), cert.

denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 523, 133 L.Ed.2d 430 (1995).

Absent congressional direction to the contrary, words in statutes

are to be construed according to their "ordinary, contemporary,

common meaning[s]." Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs.

Ltd. Partnership, 507 U.S. 380, 388, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 1495, 123
4

L.Ed.2d 74 (1993). Where the statute's language is plain, " "the

sole function of the courts is to enforce it according to its

terms.' " United States v. Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241,

109 S.Ct. 1026, 1030, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989) (citation omitted).

"If the language of a provision ... is sufficiently clear in its

context and not at odds with the legislative history, it is

unnecessary to examine the additional considerations of policy ...

that may have influenced the lawmakers in their formulation of the

statute." Randall v. Loftsgaarden, 478 U.S. 647, 656, 106 S.Ct.

3143, 3149, 92 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986) (citations and internal

quotations omitted).

Section 921(a)(20) states in pertinent part, "The term "crime

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year' does not

include—(A) any Federal or State offenses pertaining to antitrust

violations, unfair trade practices, restraints of trade, or other

similar offense relating to the regulation of business practices."

Dreher urges that the focus of this section is on the actions

perpetrated by the defendant that comprise the punishable crime.

Thus, according to Dreher, the term "offenses" in § 921(a)(20)(A)

refers to the facts underlying the charged crime—here, Dreher's

unlawful billing of International Paper and PAPCO for services not

rendered. Dreher continues that, because his underlying activities

destroyed the competitive bidding process and injured its

competitors, his "offenses" (i.e., his actions that comprise the

charged offense) "pertain[ ] to antitrust violations, unfair trade

practices, restraints of trade, or other similar offenses relating
 

3For example, the statute would read as follows: "[C]rimes

punishable" excludes "(A) any Federal or State [sets of facts

underlying a charged crime] pertaining to antitrust violations ...

or other similar [sets of facts underlying a charged crime]

relating to the regulation of business practices, or (B) any State

[set of facts underlying a charged crime] classified by the laws of

the State as a misdemeanor punishable by a term of imprisonment of

two years or less." 

5

to the regulation of business practices." 18 U.S.C. §

921(a)(20)(A).

We agree with the government that the plain meaning of the

term "offenses" in the context of the statute is the charged

violation of law, not the facts underlying the violation of law.

Cf. WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1566 (1986). Thus, the

statute excludes from the applicable crimes "(A) any Federal or

State [violations of law] pertaining to antitrust violations ... or

other similar [violations of law] relating to the regulation of

business, or (B) any State [violation of law] classified by the

laws of the State as a misdemeanor and punishable by a term of

imprisonment of two years or less." Id. To define the term

"offenses" as Dreher has suggested makes little sense within the

context of the statutory scheme.3 See, e.g., United States v.

Meldish, 722 F.2d 26, 28 (2d Cir.1983) (looking to the elements of

the conviction only to determine whether the "offense" has an

anti-competitive effect); United States v. McLemore, 792 F.Supp.

96, 98 (S.D.Ala.1992) (noting that "[t]he government must live with

its decision to prosecute Mr. McLemore's odometer rollback activity

as a Title 15 trade offense [which is defined as an unfair trade

practice], rather than as Title 18 mail fraud or wire fraud offense
6

[which is not an unfair trade practice].").

The "offenses" (or violations of law) of which Dreher was

convicted are conspiracy to commit mail fraud and mail fraud,

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1341. To prove conspiracy under §

371, the government must show: (1) an agreement between two or

more persons to commit an unlawful act and (2) an overt act by one

of the conspirators in furtherance of the agreement. See United

States v. Schmick, 904 F.2d 936, 941 (5th Cir.1990). To convict

under § 1341, the government must prove (1) a scheme to defraud;

(2) intent to defraud; and (3) use of the mails in furtherance of

the scheme. See United States v. Nguyen, 28 F.3d 477, 481 (5th

Cir.1994).

Because violations of §§ 371 & 1341 in no way depend on

whether they have an effect upon competition, they are not

"offenses" that are excluded from the § 921(a)(20) definition of

"crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year."

Thus, we agree with the district court that, pursuant to §

922(g)(1), Dreher has been convicted of a "crime punishable by

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year."

AFFIRMED.