## Im**portation of B**  **anana ,**  **Musa spp.**  **, as Fresh**  **, Hard Green Fruit** 

**from t**  **he Philippines to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana**  **Islands**

**A Qualitative**  **Pathway**

**- Initiated Risk**  **A nalysis** 

**January 29, 2013**

**Version 3** 

**Agency Contact:** Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity

Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 ii 

## Executive Summary

In this assessment we examined the pest risks associated with the importation of mature hard green bananas (

Musa spp.) from the Philippines into Guam, H awaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands. We developed a list of quarantine pests associated with banana in the Philippines that could be introduced into these areas via this pathway

. We considered commercial field production, which includes bagging immature fruit with insecticide

- impregnated plastic bags. In addition, standard post

- harvest processing measures include culling, cleaning (removing foreign matter), and washing with high

-pressure spray and chlorinated water

. All quarantine significant pests were highl y unlikely to follow the pathway because they are targeted for inspection , treatment , or both and will be excluded or removed from the pathway by standard commercial practices and post

- harvest processing measures.Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 iii 

## Table of Contents
**E xecutive Summary** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **ii 1. Introduction** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **1** 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Market access request information

................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Standard production and post

- harvest processing

................................ ................................ 2 **2. Risk Assessment**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ........................**  **3** 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.2. Botanical and Horticultural Background

................................ ................................ ............. 3 2.3. Assessment of the Weediness Potential of Musa spp.

................................ ......................... 5 2.4. Decision History , Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

................................ .................... 6 2.5. Pests reported on banana in the Philippines

................................ ................................ ....... 10 2.6. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 34 **3. Literature Cited**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **35 4. Authors and Reviewers** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...........**  **43 5. Appendices** 

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **44** Appendix A: Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing operations of Philippine bananas intended for export.

................................ ................................ .................... 44 Appendix B: Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry , the Philippin es and Dole Fruit Company , Philippines

................................ .............. 47Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 1 

## 1. Introduction
**1.1. Background** This document was prepared b y the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a reques t to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp.) from the Philippines into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #11). The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary Terms’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #5).

Three s tages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.
This is a qualitative risk anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000) related to the probability

and consequences of importing mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp.) from the Philippines . For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as:
High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: More likely

to not occur than to occur
The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document.
**1.2. Market access request information** This pest risk assessment was originally prepared for Dole Philippines, Inc., Do le Asia Ltd., Makati, Philippines. A request for market access has been submitted previously by the Bureau of Plant Industry

(BPI), Department of Agriculture of the Philippines, to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This risk assessment was submitted by L eal yn A. Ramos, Director/Officer

- in

- Charge, BPI, to APHIS in support of the request for market access.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 2 In this assessment, we examine the risks associated with the importation as mature, green banana fruits of Musa spp., which include Musa acuminata cultivars and Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana hy

brids , from the Philippines into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands

. We use the word “green” herein to mean banana fruit harvested in the mature (hard) green stage, which is Stage 1 in the banana fruit growth cycle, and packed for export within 24 hours of harvesting. Hard or mature green is equivalent to Stage 1 in the following banana industry standard (Kader, 2005) :

 Stage 1 = dark green or green

 Stage 2 = green with a trace of ye llow around the finger stalk, or light green

 Stage 3 = more green than yellow

 Stages 4

- 7 = more yellow than green, to yellow with brown spots.
We did the assessment on the basis of pests and pathogens of the genus M usa with edible fruits, in general, and M

. acuminata and its hy

brids or cultivars in particular (please see Section 2.2 for botanical details). Hereafter, we will refer to the commodity as “ Musa spp.”

**1. 3**  **. Standard production and post**

**- harvest processing**  The BPI of the Philippines has submitted a very thorough description of the pest mitigation measures that are applied to banana fruit from the Philippines intended for export (Appendix A). These mitigation measures were considered during the construction o f this risk assessment. Pests that were expected to be excluded by these mitigation measures from following the pathway of commercial bananas were not anal yz ed in this document any further than listing them in the pest list (Table 6) except for a brief dis cussion and summary of the measures expected to remove each pest from the pathway

. The following processes, as described by the exporters (Appendix A), are standard and completed for all exported products. These processes will be subject to verification a nd compliance checks.
In standard banana operations, growers do the following during production:

 Apply insecticides and fungicides as injections and sprays

 C over developing bunches with plastic bags impregnated with insecticides These measures are meant to exclude or control thrips, scale insects, mealybugs, aphids, fruit flies, and other external insect pests, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases.
Near maturity of the bananas producers do the following:

 In the field

o Inspect banana bunches (inspection 1) one day before harvest and cull infested fruit

 At the packing plant

o S pray fruit bunches with high

-pressure water
o Examine and cull fruit again (inspection 2) for pest infestations or other damage

o S eparate the bunches into “hands”

— smaller individual bunches of bananas

o Thoroughl y clean hands of bananas with soap y, chlorinated water

o Inspect yet again for pest infestation (inspection 3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 3 Packing plant activities all happen within three hours of harvest. Lastly, they p ack fruit into clean boxes , pl ace on pallets, and load pallets into shipping vessels or cold storage

. 

## 2. Risk **Assessment**

**2.1**

**. Initiating Event: Proposed Action** 

This assessment is commodity

-based, and therefore is “pathway

- initiated.” The original assessment was completed by Robert P. Kahn and Philip Lima, Consultants in Plant Protection and Quarantine, in a contract (dated September 20, 2004) with Dole Food Company, represented by James Prideaux, Director, Dole, Philippines, Inc., to assess the potential risk of importing into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands commercial shipments of mature hard green bananas of Musa acuminata cultivars and M

. acuminata x M. balbisiana and other hybrids. The importation of the fresh fruit of species or hyb rids of Musa is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests of quarantine significance. The regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Marianas may

be found in the Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2005).

**2.2**

**. Botanical and Horticultural Background**  Bananas are classified under two genera, Musa and Ensete, in the famil y Musaceae and o rder Zingiberales. In this document we did not assess the genus Ensete , which includes E. ventricosum , an African species known as the Abyssinian banana (Jones, 2000a; Wiersema and León, 1999). The genus Musa contains ornamental, fiber, wild, and edible species. We did not
assess M. textilis , or abaca, which is a species grown commerc iall y in the Philippines as a source of fiber known as Manila hemp.
The edible species of the genus Musa that we assessed here include M. acuminata Colla , M. balbisiana Colla, and M. troglodytarum L. , and hybrids such as Musa x 

### paradisiaca or M. acuminata x 

### M. balbisiana. Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana are characterized further by their genomes, which are designated as “A” for those derived from M. acuminata sources and “B” for M. balbisiana. AA and BB are used to denote diploids, AAA and BBB for triplo ids and AAAA, and BBBB for tetraploids (Simmonds, 1966).
Dole is primarily

interested in exporting Cavendish bananas; cultivars in this subgroup include Dwarf Cavendish, Giant Cavendish, Grand Nain (AAA), and Williams. Stanfilco, a Division of Dole Philippines, mainly

produces the Dwarf Cavendish cultivar, but also produces selections from Giant Cavendish (such as SFC

- 18, also known as Supersweet). Other varieties to be exported in smaller quantities include M. acuminata cultivars Lakatan (AA) and Señorita (AA) , M. acuminata x 

### M. balbisiana cultivar Tindok (AAB) , and M. acuminata cultivars Bungulan and Morado (AAA) (Munez, 2004).
Banana plants are parthenocarpic: fruits develop without pollination (Simmonds, 1966). Triploids and cultivated diploids of M. acuminata are seedless. The plant is a monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial. The plant or mat consists of:

 a fleshy rhizome (sometimes called a corm or head)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 4  a fibrous root s ys tem

 a pseudostem, which arises from the rhizome, consisting of fused petiole bases (i.e., tightly packed leaf sheaths)

 other suckers that arise from the rhizome

 one sucker, retained for continued growth of the mat , referred to as the “maiden” or “maiden plant” when the main pseudostem is known as the “mother” or “mother plant”

 other suckers for propagation, often referred as “followers” or “seed , ” but not seed in the botanical sense

 leaves (also known as sword

- , spear
- , or arrow
- leaves) that emerge from the pseudostem to form a canop y

 a peduncle or stalk upon which bracts, inflorescences, i.e., separate female and male flowers (sometimes called bells), and fruits are borne

 a bunch, which is a collective term for a series of hands (also referred to as tiers) consisting of fruits known as fingers

 crowns, which are the fleshy part o f a hand, and give rise to pedicels that support fingers
We used many

of these terms in the pest list (Table 6). More detailed descriptions of the banana plant morphology

are available (Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Jones, 2000a; Karamura and Karamura, 1995; M orton, 1987; Price, 1995; Robinson, 1993; Simmonds, 1966).
Since thrips are associated with flowers, we present the following description of male and female flowers (Crane and Balerdi, 1998). In Florida, the inflorescence emerges from the center of the ps eudostem 10

- 15 months after planting, when 26

- 32 leaves are present. The flowers are arranged spirall y along the axis of the inflorescence in groups of 10

- 20. A purplish fleshy bract covers each group of flowers and can be shed. The first flowers to emerge are functionally female, and the last are functionally male. In edible cultivars, the ovaries develop parthenocarpically

into clusters of fruits (i.e., hands).
Bananas grow best under humid and uniformly warm to hot conditions. Consequently, bananas
are grown in humid tropical climates within latitudes of 30° N and S of the equator, but are most productive within 20° N and S. Most multinational companies produce bananas within 16° N or S latitudes (Watson, 1997). Robinson (1993) states, “The banana is primarily a crop of the humid tropical lowlands which are areas characterized by less than 10° N and S latitude, less than 100 meters altitude, not less than 19°C mean minimum temperature, and more than 100 mm of rain each month.” In the Philippines, bananas are grown in similar tropical humid climates.
Tropical areas are also characterized b y less fluctuation between high and low temperatures than subtropical areas where there may be an unfavorable range of too high and too low temperatures. In South Africa , bananas are grown under subtropical rather than tropical conditions. During winter months, cold night temperatures between 12° and 5°C are devastating to the banana crop. Temperatures approach the ideal there only during the summer months, when daily minimum temperatures are above 18°C (Robinson, 1993).
In Florida, the influence of temperature on banana plant growth has been described (Crane and Belerdi, 1998) as follows:

 Shoots grow best at 26

- 28 °C and fruits grow best at 29

- 30 °CPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 5  Plant growth slows be low 16 °C and stops at 10°C

 Sy mptoms of chilling injury that occur below 16°C but above 0°C include a failure of flower stalk or fruit bunch to emerge, a dull yellow or greenish gray color to ripening fruit, distorted fruit, and an increase in fruit rotting

 Chilling damage and irreversible freeze damage may occur at or below 0°C. Sy mptoms include water

- soaking appearance of aboveground parts, desiccation, browning, and death of leaves, pseudostems, and fruit

 Temperature below

- 7 ° C usually kill plants to the ground but new growth may sprout when warm weather returns

 Temperatures above 37°C may result in leaf scorch and narrowing of newly emerged leaf blades Banana plant growth is also influenced b y humidity, wind, drought, flooding, soil type and moisture, fertilizer, and shading (Crane and Belerdi, 1998; Simmonds, 1966; Robinson, 1993; and Turner, 1995).

**2.3**

**. Assessment of the Weed**  **iness Potential of**  **Musa spp.** 
In addition to the referen ces listed in the “Guidelines” for the preparation of Table 1, we also consulted A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2002), which is based on over 700 references or databases. This compendium includes Musa x hy brids, M

. acuminata, M. basjoo, M. liukiuensis, M. textilis, M. tikap, an d M. troglodytarum , but no countries considered them to be quarantine, noxious, or sleeper (posing a potential threat) weeds. Where these species are listed as “weeds,” they

are further classified as: [1] weed (economic weeds, i.e. pests of agriculture), [ 2] naturalized (self

- sustaining and spreading without human assistance), [3] introduced (species that have been planted and that may or may not become naturalized; some species are desirable in some locations), [4] casual alien (survive without human assis tance but do not develop persistent populations ) , and [5] cultivation escapes (escaped from cultivated area

–includes some crop or pasture species).
The results of the screening for weediness potential of Musa species did not prompt a pest

initiated risk assessment.

**Table 1.** Assessing the w eediness p otential of Musa spp. **Commodity:** Fresh green banana fruits, Musa spp. (Musaceae).

**Phase 1** : Various species of Musa are grown in Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands (Nelson et al. , 2006).

**Phase 2:**  Is the species listed in: YES A Geographical Atlas of the W orld Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979). Musa acuminata is listed as “present as a weed (defined as: the species is present and behaves as a weed but its economic importance is unknown)” in Malaysia, a s is M. x paradisiaca in Jamaica. The latter hybrid is listed as part of the flora of Israel but needs evidence confirming that it could behave as a weed. NO The W

orld’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1977).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 6 NO 1982 Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982). NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977). NO Composite List of W eeds (WSSA, 1989). NO World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1997). NO A Global Compendium of W eeds (Randall, 2002). NO Do any literature reference s indicate weediness ( e.g ., AGRICOLA , CABI, Biological Abstracts , and AGRIS search on “species name” combined with “weed”) ?

**Phase 3:** Since we found no indication of weediness potential, and because v arious species of Musa are grown in Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands , we have proceeded with the pathway

risk assessment.

**2.4. Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions**

2.4.1. Decision history Below we summarized the decisions made b y a panel of APHI S entomologists and plant pathologists based on assessments of pest data for bananas from the Philippines in “fact sheets” (Table 2).
2.4.2. Current Status of Banana Imports Bananas are currentl y allowed into the United States from numerous countries (Table 3).

2.4.3. Pest Interception Records for Musa spp. Pests are intercepted on imported articles, including commodities, at U.S.

- authorized ports

- of

entry . Such interceptions indicate that the co mmodity can serve as a pathway

for the entry

of the pest. Pest interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry (including Hawaii) on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009) are shown below (Table 4). However, the baggage may not have originated in the country

listed below: passengers may have been in transit from another country

. Because they

are pertinent to the APHI S risk assessments and regulations for bananas exported to the United States, we separately listed interceptions at U. S. ports

- of

- entry (including Hawaii) on bananas in baggage from Pacific Ocean islands that have been approved for exportation of green bananas into the United States (including U.S. Territories) (Table 5).

APHI S regulations permitting green bananas from Hawaii to Guam and to the continental U.S. are found in 7 CFR § 318.13

–4i (2005). Bactrocera dorsalis occurs in Hawaii, but not in Guam or in the Philippines (IIE, 1986). As a result of studies conducted in Hawaii, mature green bananas without precocious ripening and morphological aberrations that are grown under certain horticultural conditions are not likely to be hosts of B. dorsalis in nature (Armstrong 1983, 2001). Miller and Chang (1998) anal yz ed Armstrong’s results and recommended conditions of entry into the continental U.S. and the territories.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 7 **Table 2.** Results from available decision sheets since 1970 concerning recommendations for the entry into the United States of commercial shipments of banana fruit from the Philippines (CPHST, 2008). **Date Ports**  **Requested Decision**  **Rationale** 06/07/70 All Approved North Atlantic ports. Subject to ethylene dibromide (EDB) treatment as a condition of entry with a note that EDB treatment may

affect flavor 04/11/72 Guam Approved Permit entry subject to phy

tosanitary conditions at origin and inspection on arrival 06/20/83 Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus dorsalis 09/22/86 Honolulu Denied A complex of Dacus spp. fruit flies for which there are no known treatments 03/03/88 Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus dorsalis 09/24/93 Hawaii Denied Undetermined species of Bactrocera

**Table 3.** Imports allowed of banana fruit, flowers, or leaves, and the approved ports (APHIS, 2004a). **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports Asia**  **a nd**  **Oceania** American Samoa a 

### Green fruit Allb 

### Cook I slands (Also see Table 2) Green fruit All Japan (from specified areas) Fruit, leaves Alaska, Guam, Northern Marianas Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas Micronesia , Federated States of (from named islands) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas

Samoa Green fruit All Tonga Green fruit All Vanuatu Fruit All **South America** Argentina a 

### Fruit All Bolivia a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Brazil a 

### Fruit, Leaves, Stem All Chile a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Colombia a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Ecuador a 

### Flower, Fruit, Leaves All French Guiana a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Guyana a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Paraguay a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Peru a 

### Fruit, Leaves AllPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 8 **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports** Suriname a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Uruguay a 

### Fruit All Venezuela a 

### Fruit All **North America Including Central America** Aruba a 

### Fruit All Barbados Flowers, Fruit, Leaves All Belize a 

### Flowers In Bracts With Stem, Fruit, Leaves All

Bermuda Fruit, Leaves All Costa Rica a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Dominican Republic Flower, Fruit All El Salvador a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Guatemala a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Honduras a 

### Flower, Fruit, Leaves All Mexico Flower, Fruit, Leaves (Commercial Shipments Only) Fruit (Release Program Protocol) a 

### All

Netherlands Antilles: Curacao Fruit, Leaves All Nicaragua a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Panama a 

### Fruit, Leaves All Trinidad And Tobago a 

### Fruit All West Indies, All Countries a, c 

### Fruit, Leaves All **Africa** Algeria Fruit, Leaves All Angola Fruit North Pacific Benin Fruit, Leaves All Burkina Faso Fruit, Leaves All Cameroon Fruit, Leaves All Congo, Democratic Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All Congo, Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All Côte D’Ivoire Fruit, Leaves All Egy pt Fruit, Leaves All Ghana Fruit, Leaves All Guinea, Republic of Fruit, Leaves All Liberia Fruit, Leaves All Mali Fruit, Leaves All Mauritania Fruit, Leaves All Morocco Fruit, Leaves AllPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 9 **Country Plant Parts**  **Ports** Niger Fruit, Leaves All Nigeria Fruit, Leaves All Senegal Fruit, Leaves All Sierra Leon Fruit, Leaves All Togo Fruit, Leaves All Tunisia Fruit, Leaves All **Europe** Spain: Canary

I slands Fruit, leaves All

a No written permits required (APHIS, 2004a) b “All” means all ports

- of

- entry where PPQ officers are stationed or their areas of coverage, including Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

c West Indies includes (APHIS, 2004a): Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Barthelemy, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Vincent, and British Virgin Islands. (Some of these areas are l isted separately.)



### Table 4. Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009). **Organism Interceptions**  **( N**  **o.) Organism**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Aphididae, species of 2 Maconellicoccus hirsutus 1 Aspidiotus sp. 1 Margarodidae, species of 1 Coccidae, species of 3 Phomopsis musicola 1 Coccus sp 1 Phyllosticta musarum 135 Dacus sp. 2 Phyllosticta spp. 2 Diaspididae, species of 2 Pinnaspis musae 1 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 60 Planococcus lilacinus 6 Dysmicoccus spp. 5 Planococcus minor 6 Flatidae, species of 1 Planococcus sp. 1 Gryllidae, species of 1 Pseudococcidae, species of 52 Guignardia musae 45 Pseudococcus cryptus 1 Icerya pulcher 8 Pseudococcus spp. 3 Icerya sp. 4 Py ralidae, species of 2 Imperata sp. (seed) 1 Thripidae, species of 1 Lepidosaphes similis 2 Tineidae, species of 1 Lym antriidae, species of 1 Uxantis siccifolia 1Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 10 **Table 5** . Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from Pacific Ocean islands

. **Island group Organism**  **Interceptions (n o.)**  American Samoa Aphidae, species of 1

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3 Planococcus minor 2 Pseudococcidae, species of 2 Guam Diaspididae, species of 2

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3 Hesperidae, species of (leaf) 1 Phyllosticta musarum 1 Pseudaulacaspis sp. 1 Pseudococcidae, species of 3 Samoa Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 1

Pseudococcidae, species of 3 Tonga Planococcus minor 3

Pseudococcus sp. 1 Tephritidae, species of 1

**2. 5**  **. Pests reported on banana in the Philippines**  Below we list pests reported in the scientific and regulatory literature to occur on Musa species and cultivars in the Philippines (Table 6). We also include information on the presence of these pests in the Guam, Haw aii, and the Northern Mariana Islands , as well as the quarantine status of the pest, and the parts of the host that are infested or infected by the pest

. Inthe table below, the “pathway” is defined as commercial hard green mature banana fruits.
The BPI of the Philippines submitted a thorough description of the pest mitigation measures that are applied to banana fruit from the Philippines intended for export ( Section 1. 3 ; Appendix A). We considered these mitigation measures explicitly while developing this risk assessment. We did not further anal yz e pests likely to be excluded from following the pathway of commercial bananas b y these mitigation measures.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 11 **Table 6.** Pests associated with Musa spp. (in any country) and present in the Philippines (on any host). **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **PLANT PATHOGENS Fungi**  **Mastigomycotina** Pythium debaryanum Auct. non R. Hesse (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) PH, WW R, Rh No No No N/A CABI, 2004

**Ascomycotina** Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Telemorph. Syn = Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (Pyrenomycetes: Ophiostomatales) Anamorph = Charlara paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc. Syn = Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Honn. (Hyphomycetes) PH, HI, WW F, L, P, Rh No No No N/A Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., no date; Muirhead and Jones, 2000 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC, 2005

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R.Nelson & Haasis (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales). Anamorph

= Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) PH, WW L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Meredith, 1963

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito & K.Kimura (Pyrenomycetes: Hypocreales). Anamorph

= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (Hyphomycetes) Also see F. moniliforme PH, GU , HI, MP B, C, F, L,

Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ploetz, 1994 ; UGA, 2011

1 PH = Philippines; GU = Guam; HI = Hawaii; MP = Northern Mariana Islands; WW = reported in the literature as world

wide or cosmopolitan. 2 B = bracts, C = crow

n, F = fruit, Fl = reported as flowers or inflorescences, L = leaves, N/A = not applicable, P = peduncle, Ps = pseudostem (sometimes reported as “stem”), R = roots, Rh = rhizome (sometimes reported as “corm”), S = sucker, and W = w

hole plant. When reported as such, S (sucker) is equivalent to Ps. Please see Section 2.2 for a more detailed explanation of these terms. 3 The “pathway” is defined as commercial hard green mature banana fruits (see Section 1.1). They are subjected to the growing

- season pest

- management procedures and also phytosanitary safeguards during harvesting, packing, and shipping, which are applied within 24 hours of harvest, as described in Section 1.3

. For non

- quarantine pests, specifying whether or not they would foll ow

the pathway is irrelevant. We indicated this using “N/A” = ‘Not applicable’.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 12 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H.Schrenk (Pyrenomycetes: Phyllachorales). Anamorph = Collectotricium gloeo

sporiodes (Penz.) Penz. in Sacc. (C oelomycetes) PH, GU , HI, MP B, F, L, P,

S No No No N/A ARS, 1970; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., no date; G askal a, 2004 ; UGA, 2011

Guignardia musae Racib. 4 (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) van der Aa. Syn: Phyllosticina musarum (Cooke) Petr. PH, GU, HI , MP B, F, L No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b ; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004: Jones, 2000e; Jones and Stover, 2000; Nandwani et al., 2010; PCARRD, 1988 ; UGA, 2011 Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) PH, GU F No Yes Yes Yes 5 APHIS, 2004b
Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet [black leaf streak or black Sigatoka disease] (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton (Hyphomycetes) PH, GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carlier et al ., 2000; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Farr et al ., no date; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al ., 1995; Marin et al ., 2003; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz, 2001; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972 Mycosphaerella musicola J.L.Mulder in J.L.Mulder & Stover [Yellow sigatoka disease] (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Pseudocercospora musae Speg. (Hyphomycetes) PH, GU L No Yes Yes No Alfieri et al
., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Farr et al ., no date; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Jones, 2000a; PCARRD, 1988; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972

4 Guignardia musae (teleomorph) and Phyllosticta musarum ( anamorph) are widespread in South and East Asia and the Pacific islands (including Hawaii), and have been reported in the Caribbean area and Africa (CABI, 2004; Jones, 2000c, Jones and Stover, 2000). These two forms or morphs exhibit different symptoms; therefore, some confusion exists about the taxonomy of the causal agent. 5 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating diseases, spraying bunches with fungicide, deflowering to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, debudding by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 13 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **Basidiomycotina** Corticium rolfsii Curzi Syn = Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kim brough. (Aphyllophorales ) Anamorph = (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (Agronomycetes) PH , GU , HI, MP R, Rh No No No N/A CABI, 2004 ; UGA, 2011

Marasmiellus inoderma (Berkeley) Singer. Syn = M. semiustus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Singer; Marasmius semiustus Berkeley & Curtis (Agaricales) PH , GU L, Ps, R No Yes Yes No Jones and Lomerio, 2000

Uredo musae Cummins (Uredinales) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones, 2000f Uromyces musae P. Henn (Uredinales) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones, 2000f; Weber, 1973 **Deuter o**  **mycotina: Hyphomycetes**  Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 6 PH , WW F, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004 Bipolaris saccharri (E.J. Butler) Shoemaker PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004
Cercospora ha

yi Calpouzos PH , WW C, F, P No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones and Stover, 2000; Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965, 1966; PCARRD, 1988 Cordana musae (

Zimm.) Höhne. PH L, P, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al ., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones, 2000b; PCARRD, 1988 Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) M. B. Ellis PH , HI, MP F, L, Ps Yes No No No 7 Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CMI, 1983; Farr et al ., 19 89; Gaskal la, 2004; Jones, 2000c; Jones and Stover, 2000 ; UGA, 2011

6 Aspergillus niger is a storage pathogen found on many hosts including tropical fruits. The fungus has a worldwide distribution. Like other storage pathogens, it causes a watery rot of banana (CABI, 2004). 7 Deightoniella torulosa is a saprophyte on dead banana leaves and flowers and causes spots or speckles on leaves and fruit (Jones and Stover, 2000). Because it does not sporulate on fruit (Jones and Stover, 2000), it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial grade green banana.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 14 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Fusarium moniliforme J

. Sheldon (Also see Gibberella fujikuroi) 8 PH , GU , HI , MP B, C, F , R,

Rh No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones, and Lomeri o, 2000a; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 ; Raabe et al., 1981 Fusarium oxysporium Schlecht. f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) W. C. Synder & N. H. Hans. PH, GU, HI, MP L, P, Ps,

Rh No No No N/A Alfieri et al
., 1994; Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger, et al .,1995, PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz et al

. , 1990; Ploetz and Pegg, 2000 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC, 2005 Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. PH C, F, P, R, Rh No 9 No 9 No 9 N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al ., 1989; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Fusarium roseum Link: Fr. PH , WW C, F, Rh No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al ., 1989; PCARRD, 1988 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC, 2005 Periconiella musae Stahel ex Ellis. 10 Syn = Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex. E. B. Ellis) De Hoog P H, WW F, L, P No No No N/A Jeger et al ., 1995; Jones, 2000d; PCARRD, 1988

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. Teleomoph = Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert) Barr. (Pyrenomycetes: Phyllachorales ) PH, WW L, F, P, Ps No No No N/A Alfieri et al
., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et al ., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al ., 1995; Jones and Stover, 2000; Stover, 1972

8 Distribution considered c osmopolitan but rare in cooler regions ; the name is not proposed for conservation due to imprecise species concept. Synonym pro parte, also includes F. proliferatum , F. subglutinans , and mating populations A

- H in Gibberella fujikuroi complex (teleomorph) . (Farr et al., 2011) 9 Fusarium pallidoroseum is listed as a non

-reportable species in PestID (2011). Fusarium spp. are often isolated from fruit spots caused by Cercospora hayi (Jones and Stover, 2000) (see C. hayi in this pest list) and from dead leaves or banana plantation trash. These fungi are fo und in association with other fungi as crown rots (PCARRD, 1988; Jones and Stover, 2000). F usarium pallidoroseum is not considered a quarantine species of concern. 10 Periconiella musae and Veronaea musae are causal agents of the “Tropical Speckle Disease. ” Tropical Speckle is the name of a disease given to two types of leaf symptoms in which these fungi are involved. In the Umlalog variety (AAA , Cavendish subgroup), the fungus affects the ends of fingers , making the fruit unacceptable for export (Jones, 2 000d). The species have a worldwide distribution.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 15 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **Deuter o**  **mycotina: Coelomycetes**  Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curt. von Arx. Syn = Gloeosporium

musarum Cooke and Massee PH, GU, HI C, F, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes No 11 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., no date; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988; 

### USGS

- PIERC, 2005; Weber, 1973 Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. Syn= Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. PH, GU , HI, MP C, F, P,

Ps, Rh No No No No 1 1 Alfieri et al
., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; CABI/EPPO, 2010; Farr et al ., no date; Jones, 2000; PCARRD, 1988; UGA, 2011; Weber, 1973 **BACTERIA B**  **urkholderiales: Burkholdericeae**  Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al
., Race 1, bacterial wilt disease. Syn = Pseudomonas solanacearum ; Bulkholderia solanacearum (Infects diploid bananas) PH, GU , HI B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes No 12 Alfieri et al
., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; CABI, 2011; CABI/EPPO, 1999a; BPI/Dole, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al
., Race 2 Biovar 1 (moko disease). 13 (Infects triploid bananas) PH, GU, HI B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes Yes 14 BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; CABI/EPPO, 1999b; Jeger et al

. , 1995; PCARRD, 1988; Thwaites et al ., 2000; Wardlaw, 1972; Weber, 1973

11 Colletotrichum musae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae are commonly saprophytic, and are often associated with rotting parts of the banana plant (CABI, 2004). Like other storage pathogens, they may cause a watery rot of banana. The hard, green bananas exported would not be hosts of these pathogens. 12 Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1 is not reported to infect edible banana cultivars (only wild diploids) (Jones, 2000). Inedible banana cultivars are not proposed or anticipated to be a part of the shipments. Also the following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating disea ses, deflowering to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage, debudding by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

. 13 Bugtok and Moko diseases are considered to be caused by the same bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum (Thwaites et al ., 2000). “Although the causal agent Ralstonia solanacearum appears to be identical to that of Moko disease, they are treated here separately as the disease is distinct in terms of symptoms and host range . Bugtok is not recognized in commercially grown dessert bananas, although in many areas of the southern Philippines the disease has become a limiting factor in thePest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 16 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al
., 1 3 Race 2 Biovar 1 (bugtok disease of cooking bananas) (Infects triploid bananas) PH B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 4 BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Soguilon, et al ., 1995; Thwaites et al ., 2000; Wardlaw, 1972 **Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae** Erwinia carotovora subsp.

a troseptica (van Hall) Dye PH , HI P, Rh Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; UGA, 2011b

Erwinia caro tovora subsp.

caro tovora (Jones) Bergey et al

. PH , HI P, Ps, Rh Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Thwaites et al ., 2000; UGA, 2011b; Weber, 1973 Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder et al

. PH , HI P, Rh Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995 ; UGA, 2011b Erwinia chrysanthemi pv.
zeae (Saet) Victoria et al

. PH P, Rh Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004

**VIRUSES** Abacá mosaic potyvirus 15 [Also known as the Abacá mosaic strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus] PH W Yes Yes Yes No 16 Baj et and Magnaye, 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Thomas and Magnaye, 2000 Banana bract mosaic potyvirus PH W Yes Yes Yes No 1 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Thomas et al ., 2000

cultivation of cooking bananas. Bugtok and Moko can be controlled by bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage (Soguilon et al

. , 1995 ; Jones, 2000; Hayward, 2006 ), which is included in the planned mitigations. 14 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating diseases, deflowering to lessen visits fro m the vectors of disease, bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage, debudding by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

. 15 Abacá mosaic potyvirus (AbMV) is a strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus (SCMV

-- Ab ) (CABI, 2004; Gambley et al ., 2004). Ab MV has been experimentally transmitted from abacá to banana using aphid vectors (Gambley et al ., 2004). 16 Because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, viruses are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced fresh mature hard green banana fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 17 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Banana bunchy top nanovirus PH, GU, HI, MP W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Jeger, et al ., 1995; PPS, 2008 ; Thomas and Iskra

Carauna, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Banana streak badnavirus PH W Yes Yes Yes No 1 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Lockhart and Jones, 2000a Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (banana mosaic) PH , GU , HI W No No Yes No 1 6 Alfieri et al
., 1 994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Lockhart and Jones, 2000b ; PCARRD, 1988 **NEMATODA Criconematidae**  Criconemella sp

. PH R Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004 Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004 **Heteroderidae** Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; PCARRD, 1988 Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000 **Hoplolaimidea** Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden PH R Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi,1998; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz

, 1994 Hopolaimus seinhorsti Luc PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira PH , GU R No Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000 **Longidoridae** Longidorus sp. PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 18 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **Pratylenchidae** Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz, 1994 Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000
Pratylenchus zeae Graham PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000 Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne ) PH, GU, HI R, Rh No No Yes No Anon., 1982; Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz, 1994; Sarah, 2000 **WEEDS** Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. PH N/A Yes Yes Yes No 17 CABI, 2004; CFR, 2005; 

### NRCS , 2005 Imperata sp. PH N/A Yes Yes Yes No 1 7 APHIS, 2004b ; CFR, 2005 **ARTHROPODS Acari:**  **Acaridae** Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) PH , HI Stored products Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Acari: Tenuipalpidae**  Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) PH , HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 18 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) PH , HI L, Ps, W Yes No Yes Yes 1 8 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Acari: Tetranychidae**  Eutetranychus orientalis Klein PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Oligonychus orthius Rimando) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004

17 Imperata sp . was intercepted once with banana fruit from the Philippines. The true origin of any baggage is unclear since it may have originated in a country previously visited by the passenger. Two species of Imperata

— I. brasiliens is Trin. and I. cylindrica (L.) Raeusch

—are listed and regulated as Federal Noxious Weeds. Bananas carried by passengers usually have been produced for local consumption and not for export. In baggage, the banana skin or any associated plant material (leaf debris, bracts, etc.) could have been contaminated with Imperata seeds. Because of production procedures (e.g., bagging of banana fruit during the growing season) and post

- harvest processing measures ( e.g

. , high

-pressured wash) , commercially produced banana fruit is highly unlikely to be a pathway for weed seed

. 18 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: covering bunches with Chlorpyrifos

- im

pregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 19 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Cayme and Gapasin, 1987 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) PH , GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 20004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002 Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre PH, GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Tetranychus urticae (Koch) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Coleoptera: Anthribidae**  Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) = A. fasciculatus (De Geer) PH , GU , HI F, Ps, R No No Yes No 19 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004
**Coleoptera: Cerambycidae**  Sybra alternans Wiedemann PH, HI F, Ps No No No N/A Chen et al ., 2000; HTAC, 2002; Thomas, 1999 **Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae**  Hispodonta sp. PH Fl, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Cayabyab et al ., 2000 **Coleoptera: Curculionidae**  Cosmopolites sordidus (Gemar) PH, GU, HI, MP C, R, Rh,

Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004; Gold and Messiaen, 2000; Gold et al ., 2002; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Smith, 1995 ; UGCES, 2008 Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus PH L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 18 CABI, 2004; Gold et al., 2002 Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Gold et al ., 2002 Philicoptus demissus (Heller) PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) PH F l , L, R Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Stephens, 1984

19 Though this pest attacks coffee berries on the plant, Araecerus coffeae is primarily a pest of stored products and is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced bananas (CABI, 2004).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 20 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Philicoptus sp. 20 PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus stringifons (Heller) PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984 Philicoptus waltoni (Boheman) PH F Yes Yes Yes No 21 El

- Sayed and Suckling, 2004; Hill, 1983 **Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae**  Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Scapanes australis Boisduval PH F, L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 22 CABI, 2004
Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Diptera: Muscidae**  Atherigona orientalis Schiner PH , GU, HI F, L, Ps, R, W No No Yes Yes 2 2 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Diptera: Tephritidae**  Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) 23 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al ., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994a; Pacifly, 2002b ; Sengebau, 2001; White and Elson

-Harris, 1992 Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock 2 2 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al ., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994b; Pacifly, 2002c ; Sengebau, 2001; White and Elson

-Harris, 1992

20 Stephens (1984) discussed two undescribed species within the genus. These species feed on the flowers and leaves of banana in the Philippines, but we did not further analyze them because they have not been identified to the species level. 21 Philicoptus wa ltoni has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). We found no other data on its feeding habits, but think it will behave similarly to others in the same genus (e.g., P. demissus , P. iliganus , and P. stringifons ). These weevils drop from fruit when disturbed, and are all relatively large in size (6

- 8 mm) and mobile (Stephens, 1984). Thus, the basic biology of P. waltoni makes it highly unlikely to follow the pathway of banana fruit. 22 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove these pest s from the pathway: spraying with insecticides, covering bunches with c hlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays

. 23 Bactrocera dors alis com plex contains 75 species (Clarke et al ., 2004). Fifty

- two species were described by Drew and Hancock (1994)

—forty of these were new species, of which eight are economically important. As a result, Bactrocera dorsalis was redescribed and its distrib ution redefined. B actrocera dorsalis does not occur in the Philippines (Clarke et al ., 2004; IIE, 1986) , but two other me mbers of the complex and significant economic pest occur in the Philippines

. Bactrocera occipitalis and B. philippinensis cause 30 percent damage to bananas in Palau (Anon., 2002).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 21 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Bactrocera musae (Tryon) 24 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carroll et al ., 2002; Drew et al
., 1982; Pacif ly, 2002 a ; Smith, 1977; White and Elson

Harris, 1992 **Diptera: Stratiomyidae**  Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) PH, HI F Yes No Yes No 25 BPI/Dole, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Stephens, 1975; Tomberlin and Sheppard, 2001; Woodley, 1989 **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae**  Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby PH, GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 Aleurodicus dispersus Russell PH, GU, HI, MP L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 **Hemiptera: Aphididae**  Aphis gossypii Glover PH , GU, HI, MP Fl, L, Ps,

W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 ; UGCES, 2008 Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel) PH, GU, HI, MP L, Ps, W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gold et al ., 2002; HTAC, 2002; Mau, et al ., 1994; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 ; UGCES, 2008 Rhopalosiphum (

Aphis) maidis (Fitch) PH , GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus) PH , HI L, Ps Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956 ; HTAC, 2002 Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus PH , HI Fl, L, Ps, W Yes No Yes Yes 26 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002

24 The banana fruit fly, Bactrocera musae , will lay eggs in green, immature , and ripe bananas and will sting young fruit (Drew et al ., 1982). However, Gold et al . (2002) state that commercial bananas colle cted in the “hard green” stage, (preclimacteric), are not hosts for B. musae and emphasize that harvesting before the fruit becomes susceptible (climacteric) will result in “damage

- free” fruit. There is some question as to the potential for this fruit fly to lay eggs in immature bananas, but even if eggs are deposited and survive the hard, green banana host, the mitigation measures during production and post

-harvest make B. musae highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 25 Females of Hermetia illucens will sometimes oviposit between young banana fingers in Panama, but hatching larvae fall to the ground without penetrating the fruit (Stephen, 1975).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 22 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus PH , GU, HI, MP L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008 Coccus longulus ( Douglas) PH , GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Coccus sp. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b Coccus viridis (Green) PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002; Moore and Tudela, 1999; Nafus, 2000; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008; USDA, 2000a Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) PH , GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) PH , GU, HI, MP L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008 Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) PH, HI L, Ps Yes No No No HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; Thomas, 1999 **Hemiptera: Coreidae**  Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius)=

L

. australis (Fabricius) PH , GU F, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Baranowski and Slater, 1986; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Hemiptera: Diaspididae**  Abgrallaspis (Hemiberlesia ) cynaophylli (Signoret) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Abgrallaspis (Hemiberlesia ) palmae (Cockerell) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No HTAC, 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 2005 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) PH , GU, MP F, L, Ps, W No Yes No Yes 27 CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971

26 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove the s e pest s from the pathway: spraying pseudostem and bunches with insecticides, covering bunches with c hlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays

. 27 Diaspididae , armored scale s , may enter on c ommercial fruit for consumption , but they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see discussion below for a detailed explanation

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 23 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Aonidiella comperei McKenzie PH , GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Aonidiella inornata McKenzie PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971 Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell and Robinson PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 200 5 ; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus excisus Green PH, MP F, L, Ps Yes Yes No Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971 Aspidiotus sp. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004b Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)= C. ficus Ashmead PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) PH , GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) PH , GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008 Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Lepidosaphes similis Beardsley PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004bPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 24 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Pinnaspis buxi (BouchT) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2004 Pinnaspis musae Takagi PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004b; BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005 Pinnsaspis strachani (Cooley) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps, W No No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps, W No No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Unaspis citri (Comstock) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 **Hemiptera: Flatidae**  Uxantis siccifolia (Stal) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No APHIS, 2004b **Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas PH, GU, MP F, L, Ps, W No Yes No Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; UGCES, 2008; USDA, 2000a Icerya pulcher (Leonardi) PH F, L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b
Icerya seychella rum (Westwood) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps, W No No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002 Icerya sp. PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b **Hemiptera: Pentatomidae**  Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) PH F, Fl, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004
**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps,

R, W No No No N/A Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Mar tin Kessing and Mau, 1992; Scalenet, 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 25 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b ; Ben

Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Miller and Miller, 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008 Dysmicoccus sp

. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI, MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008 Geococcus coffeae Green PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

-Dov, 1994; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L, R, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; Ben

Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Planococcus citri (Risso) PH, GU, HI, MP F, FL, L No No No N/A Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008 Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L, Ps, W No No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Planococcus minor (Maskell) = P. pacificus Cox PH, GU F, L, Ps No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005 Planococcus sp. PH F, L Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel PH, HI F Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller = P. elisae Borchsenius PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; Thomas, 1999 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) PH , Hi F, Fl, L. Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Muiniappan and Bjork, 1984Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 26 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Pseudococcus sp. PH F, Fl, L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; Ben

Dov, 1994; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005 Rastrococcus invadens Williams PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005 Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

-Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002 **Hemiptera: Tingidae**  Stephanitis typicus (Distant) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Lepidoptera: Hesperidae**  Erionota torus Evans PH L Yes Yes Yes No Jong, de and Treadaway, 1993 Erionota (Pilopidas) thrax (Linnaeus) PH, GU, HI, MP L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Monty, 1970; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Jong, de and Treadaway, 1993 ; UGCES, 2008 Erionota thrax mindana Evans PH L Yes Yes Yes No Sands et al ., 1991
**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae**  Darna diducta Snellen PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004 Parasa lepida (Cramer) PH F, L Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993 Thosea sinensis Walker= Hindothosea cervina Moore PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae**  Olene mendosa Hubner= Dasychira mendosa (Hubner) PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993
**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) PH , HI F, L, Ps, W Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Zhang, 1994Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 27 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  Eudocima ( Othreis ) fullonia (Clerck) PH, GU, HI, MP F No No No N/A CABI, 2004; Denton et al ., 1989, 1999; HT AC, 2002; Martin Kessing and Mau, 1993; Muniappan et al ., 1995; UGCES, 2008; Zhang, 1994 Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) PH , HI F, Fl, L Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Spodoptera (Prodena ) litura (Fabricius) PH, GU, HI, MP L No No No N/A CABI, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002 Tiracola plagiata (Walker) PH , GU, MP L, Ps No Yes No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 **Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae**  Melanitis leda ismene Cramer PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 **Lepidoptera: Psychidae**  Cryptothelea (Eumeta ) fuscescens (Snellen) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Capco, 1956; PCARRD, 1988 **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Diaphania indica (Saunders) PH, GU, MP F, L No Yes No Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Pyralidae sp. PH L Yes Yes Yes No APHIS, 2004b Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) PH Fl Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Thyrididae**  Rodenura intimalis (Moore) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Capco, 1956 **Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae**  Artona catoxantha (Hampson) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 **Orthoptera: Acrididae**  Chondracris rosea (DeGeer) PH F, Fl, L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) PH F, Fl, L, Ps W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004 Melicodes tenebrosa Walker PH F, Fl, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 Capco, 1956
Valanga nigricornis Burmeister PH, GU, MP F, Fl, L, Ps No Yes No Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; UGCES, 2008Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 28 **Scientific name (taxonomy)**  **Geographic distribution**  **1 Plant part** 

**affected 2**  **Quarantine pest Follow**  **pathway 3**  **References GU**  **HI MP**  **Thysanoptera: Thripidae**  Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bangnall) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 28 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hara et al
., 2002; HTAC, 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Elixothrips brevisetis (Bangnall) PH, GU, HI Fl, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1993; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Thomas, 1999 Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) PH, HI F, L Yes No Yes Yes 2 8 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Thrips florum Schmutz PH F, Fl Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 8 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) = T

. albipes Bangnall PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L No No Yes Yes 2 8 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HT AC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984 **MOLLUSCA Achitinidae**  Achatina fulica Bowdich

= Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich) PH , GU, MP F, L, Ps, R, W No Yes No Yes 29 CABI, 2004

28 Thrips spp. feed on developing fruit and cause a corky sc ab that decreases fruit quality; these bananas would be culled during the harvesting and post

-harvesting procedures (Gold et al., 2002) . Bananas for export receive insecticidal bud injections, which kill flower thrips during production . T herefore, thrips are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced bananas. 29 Achatina fulica is a large, normally 5 to 10 cm, external feeder that attacks the entire plant, but prefers cuttings or seedlings (CABI, 2004). Additionally, the following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: covering bunches with bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 29 2. 5 .2. Discussion of pests not further analyzed We found numerous pests of quarantine significance associated with banana fruit in the Philippines (Table 7)

. Standard production and post

- harvest processing measures used b y the Philippines for exported bananas are highl y likel y to kill or remove these pests, as summarized below by the measures and the pests against which they are effective (Table 8)

**Diseases** . Mitigations that will be effective for fungi include planting clean tissue culture, surveying and eradicating diseases during production, spraying bunches with fungicide, inspecting and culling in packing house, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks.

Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1 (both Bugtok and Moko disease) are bacteria of quarantine concern for parts of the import area , however these pathogens are removed from the pathway due to the use of clean tissue culture, surveying and eradicating diseases during production, inspecting and culling in the packing house as well as eliminating alternate hosts (Heliconia for Moko disease (E yres et al., 2005) ) , disinfesting tools, deflowering to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, bagging the inflorescence with chlorp yrifos

- impregnated polyethyl ene (PE) bags at the bending stage, and debudding b y hand instead of knife. Both B ugtok and M oko are reported to be insect transmitted; bagging of the inflorescence is a standard control measure for these disease s (Hay ward, 2006 ; Jones, 2000). Male debudding is also shown to be effective for Moko disease control (Jones, 2000). There is no concern of seed transmission, as bananas are seedless.
Some other fungi are highly unlikel y to follow the pathway of commercial banana due to their basic biology

. Aspergillus niger is a storage pathogen found on many hosts. Deightoniella torulosa is a saprophy

te on dead banana leaves and flowers and does not sporulate on fruit. Colletotrichum musae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae are commonly saprophy tic, and are often associated with rotting parts of the banana plant.

Viruses are removed from the pathway because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, making it highl y unlikely that viruses wil l follow the pathway of commercially produced banana.

**Weeds**

. Seeds of the weed Imperata cylindrical are removed from the pathway because of production procedures (e.g., bagging of banana fruit during the growing season) and post

- harvest processing measure s (e.g., high

-pressured wash).
**Arthropods** . The mites Brevipalpus californicus and B. phoenicis are highly likel y to be removed from the pathway by the following mitigation measures: covering bunches with Chlorpy rifos

- impregnated polyethyl ene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays. The following insects are removed from the pathway of commercial banana due to their basic biology

. Araecerus coffeae **(** Coleoptera: Anthribidae) is primaril y a pest of stored products. Philicoptus waltoni (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is large and mobile , and drops from fruit when disturbed. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyi dae) sometimes oviposit s between young banana fingers in Panama, but hatching larvae fall to the ground without penetrating the fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 30 Mitigation measures such as spraying bunches with insecticides, covering bunches with chlorp yrifos

- impregnated polyethyl ene (PE) bags, and inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations are highl y likely to remove the following internal pests from the pathway : Bactrocera occipitalis, B

. philippinensis, and B. musae (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Mitigation measures such as spraying with insecticides, covering bunches with chlorpy rifos

impregnated pol yethyl ene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays are highl y likely to remove the following external pests from the pathway : Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); Scapanes australis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); Atherigona orientalis (Diptera: Muscidae); Rhopalosiphum padi **(**Hemiptera: Aphididae); Ceroplastes cirripediformis, C

. rubens, Coccus longulus (Hemiptera: Coccidae); Leptoglossus gonagra **(**Hemiptera: Coreidae), Icerya aegyptiaca , I. pulcher, I. seychellarum (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) ; Tessaratoma papillosa **(**Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ; Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, P. jackbeardsleyi, P. longispinus, Rastrococcus invadens, R. spinosus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); Parasa lepida **(**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) ; Agrotis ipsilon **,** Spodoptera exigua **(**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ; Diaphania indica **(**Lepidoptera: Py ralidae) ; Chondracris rosea, Locusta migratoria, Melicodes tenebrosa, and Valanga nigricornis ( Orthoptera: Acrididae ); Chaetanaphothrips signipennis, Hercinothrips femoralis, Th rips florum, and T. hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

. We did not further anal yze any of the 21 armored scales ( Diaspididae) identified (Table 6), because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highl y unlikely to establish via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL , 2007). A recent critical review of the literature, APHI S

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highl y fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commerciall y produced fruit shipped without leaves , stems, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL , 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability

of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, b y their low probability

of establishment. The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capability :

 Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearb y females.

 Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed b y wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approximately

24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they

lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deepl y inserted in the host, anchoring them firml y to the substrate.

 Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers b y walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 31 Processing, culling, and inspection of fruit infested with armored scales can further reduce the prevalence and survival of this group of pests.

**Molluscs.** Achatina fulica is a large; normall y 5 to 10 cm, external feeding snail that attacks the entire plant, but prefers cuttings or seedlings. Additionally, the following mitigation measures are highl y likely to remove this pest from the pathway : covering bunches with bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

-pressure water sprays.

**Table 7** . Summary

list of quarantine pests associated with banana fruit from the Philippines. **Type Taxonomy**  **Pest** Arthropods Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus Philicoptus waltoni (Boheman) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Scapanes australis Boisduval Diptera: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis Schiner Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock Bactrocera musae (Tryon) Diptera: Stratiomyidae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) Hemiptera: Aphididae Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus longulus (Douglas) Hemiptera: Coreidae Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius)

Arthropods (contd.) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Aonidiella comperei McKenzie Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell and Robinson Aspidiotus excisus Green Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Lepidosaphes similis Beardsley Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) Pinnasp is buxi (BouchT) Pinnaspis musae Takagi Pinnsaspis strachani (Cooley)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 32 **Type Taxonomy**  **Pest** Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Unaspis citri (Comstock) Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas Icerya pulcher (Leonardi) Icerya seychellanum (Westwood) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Geococcus coffeae Green Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Rastrococcus invadens Williams Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Parasa lepida (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) Lepidoptera: P yralidae Diaphania indica (Saunders) Orthoptera: Acrididae Chondracris rosea (DeGeer) Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) Melicodes tenebrosa Walker Valanga nigricornis Burmeister Thysanoptera: Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bangnall) Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) Thrips florum Schmutz Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) Mollusca Achitinidae Achatina fulica Bowdich Weed Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Bacteria Burkholdericeae Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al
., Race 2, Biovar 1 (Moko and Bugtok)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 33 **Table 9** 

**.** Summary

of pest mitigation practices and corresponding targeted pests. **Measures Pests**  Plantations

– Insects 1. Use insect

- free tissue culture plantlets (TCPs) in new plantings and all replantings All insects 30
2. Weed management by manual, mechanical, and chemical methods All insects, mollusk 3. Removal of senescent pseudostem All insects, mollusk 4. Removal of developing suckers All insects, mollusk 5. Insecticide injection of male buds Thysanoptera: Thripidae 6. Insecticide spraying of the pseudostem and foliage All insects 7. Disbudding of the male bud after the fruit developed, and removal of female flowers on tip of each fruit at least twice Thysanoptera: Thripidae
8. Spraying in secticide before bagging of bunches All insects 9. Covering bunches with chlorpyrifos

- im pregnated polyethylene (PE) bags All insects
10. Wrapping chlorpyrifos

- impregnated PE “strips” around the fruit stalk and folding PE “squares” at the distal end of the last hand All insects
11. Inspecting fruit one day before harvest for faults (including fruits that are precociously ripened, damag ed, have compromised skin integrity, have tip rot or fused fingers) All insects, mollusk

Plantations

– Pathogens 12. Use disease

- free tissue culture plantlets (TCPs) in new plantings and all replantings Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 31
13. Weed management by manual, mechanical and chemical methods Viruses 14. Disinfecting/disinfesting of tools Bacteria, Fungi 15. Surveying for disease presence in plantation Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 16. Deflowering of each developing bunch twice before bagging Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 17. Fungicide treatment Fungi 18. Spraying fungicide twice before bagging Fungi 19. Bagging bunches with chlorpyrifos

- im pregnated PE bags Bacteria, Viruses (controls insect vectors) 20. Disbudding by hand and not with a knife Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 21. Inspection of bunches ready for harvest for presence of diseases Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 22. Inspection of bunch during harvest Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses Packing House

**–** Insects 23. Spraying bunches with high

-pressure water External feeders 32 24. Inspection of bunches before de

-handing All insects 25. Inspection of bunches during de

-handing All insects

30 “All insects” includes Arthropod pests except for Acari : Tenuipalpidae (mites). This includes the orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Thysanoptera. 31 Because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, viruses are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially pro duced banana fruit. However, these mitigation measures are still in place to control the potential yield loss of banana due to virus infestations. 32 “External feeders” includes Acari (Tenuipalpidae), Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae), H emiptera (Aphididae, Coccidae, Coreidae, Diaspididae, Margarodidae, Pentatomidae, Pseudococcidae), Lepidoptera (Limacodidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae), Orthoptera (Acrididae), Thysanoptera (Thripidae), and Mollusca (Achitinidae).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 34 **Measures Pests**  26. Washing bunches with soap and water after de

-handing, and sprayed again with high

-pressure water External feeders
27. Inspecting individual hands All insects Packing House

**–** Pathogens 28. Treating fruits with a mixture of chlorine and aluminum sulphate in de

-handing and floatation tanks during processing Bacteria, Fungi
Storage and Shipping 29. Utilizing new pallets or those that are cleaned, dried and freed from trash, soil, weed seeds, and other contaminants Weed
30. Eliminating any sources of contamination at the wharf areas Weed, Fungi, Bacteria 31. Loading palletized fruits in boxes into cold storage within three hours Diptera: Tephritidae
32. Disinfecting vessels before loadings Weed, Fungi, Bacteria



### 2.6

**. Conclusion** 

Organisms identified to the genus or higher taxonomic level are not anal yz ed further, even though individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only

by genus name (IPPC, 200 9 : I SPM #2 ). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often, there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for identification. L ack of identification at the species level does not rule out the possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent
comm odity , for example, on the surface of or within the stem or fruit, on the flowers, etc ., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests, and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. Lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with a low risk.
Other plant pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be detrimental to U.S. ecos ys tems, but were not subjected to further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were ass ociated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity during processing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.
All pests are highly

likely to be excluded by

one or more of the risk mitigation measures planned by the Philippines (Appendix A). We found no quarantine pests of Musa sp p. in the Philippines that are likel y to follow the pathway of commercial banana fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 35 

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/Species_profiles/B_philippinensis.htm

. PCARRD. 1988. The Philippines Recommends for Banana. Tech. Bull. Series No. 66. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. Dept. Sci. Tech. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. PERAL . 2007. Phy

tosanitary Risks associated with Armored Scales in Commercial shipments of fruit for consumption to the United States, Revision Original. M. Zlotina, and M.K. Hennessey

, USDA

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- CPHST, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

(PERAL), Raleigh, NC. PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspecti on Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Ploetz, R. C. 1994. Part 1. Banana. Pages 2

- 22 In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases

**.** Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrbach, K. G., and Ohr, H. D. (eds). APS Press, St. Paul. Ploetz, R. C. 2001. Banana Black Sigatoka. APSnet Education Center. http://apsnet.org/education/feature/banana

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 41 Ploetz, R. C., Herbert, J., Sebasigari, K., Hernandez, Pegg, K. G., Ventura, J. A. , and Mayato, L. S. 1990. Importance of Fusarium wilt in different banana

- growing regions. Pages 9

- 26 In Fusarium wilt of Bananas, Ploetz, R. C. (ed). APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Ploetz, R. C. and Pe gg, K. G. 2000. Fusarium wilt. Pages 143

- 159 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK

. PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for pathway

- initiated pest risk assessments (Version 5.02). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 30 pp. PPS. 2008. Pacific I slands Pest List Database. Plant Protection Service (PPS), Secretariat of the Pacific Community , Suva, Fiji Islands

. http://wwwx.spc.int:8088/pld/index.jsp Price, N. S. 1995. Banana morphology

– Part I : roots and rhizomes. Pages 179

- 189 In : Bananas and Plantains, Gowen, S, (ed.). Chapman & Hall, London. Raabe, R. D., I. L. Conners, and A. P. Martinez. 1981. Checklist of plant diseases in Hawai i: In cluding records of microoranisms, principally fungi, found in the state . Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Information Text Series 022

. 313 pp. Randall, R. P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. R. G. and F. J. Richardson (Publishers) Melbourne. 905 pp. Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Agriculture H andbook No. 498. United States Dept. Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, DC. 746 pp. Robinson, J. C. (compiler). 1993. Handbook of banana growing in South Africa. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. Nelspruit, South Africa. Pp 1

- 17

. Sands, D. P. A., Sands, M. C., and Arura, M. 1991. Banana skipper, Erionota thrax (L .) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a new pest in the South Pacific Region. Micronesica Supp. 3:93

- 98. Sarah, J. L

. 2000. Burrowing Nematode. Pages 295

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. Scalenet. 2005. Systematic Entomology L ab, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD. www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm

. Sengebau, F. M. 2001. Bactrocera philippinensis and Bactrocera occipitalis recorded in Palau. Pest Alert No. 23. Plant Protection Service, Sec. Pacific Community , Suva, Fiji. Silva, S. de O. and Fancelli, M. 1998. Banana Insect Pests. In Sauco, V. G. (Ed.) Proc. Int. Sy mp. Banana in Subtropics. Acta Hort. 490. IS HS, Tenerife, Spain. Simmonds, N. E. 1966. Bananas. 2 nd 

### edition. Lo ngman, London. 512 pp. Smith, E. 1995. Banana weevil borer control in Southeastern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp.Agric. 35(8):1154

- 1172. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organizatio. East Melbourne, Australia . Smith, E., S., C. 1977. Studies on the biology and commodity

control of the banana fruit fly, Dacus musae (Tryon), in Papua New Guinea. Papua

-New Guinea Agricultural Journal,28(2

- 4):47

- 56. Soguilon, C. E., Magnaye, L . V., and Natural, M. P. 1995. Bugto k Disease of Banana. Musa Disease Fact Sheet N o 

### 6. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Montpellier, France. Stephens, C. S. 1975. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as a banana pest in Panama. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 52(2):173

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 42 Stephens, C. S. 1984. Bionomics of three Philicoptus banana pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and notes on other weevils in Mindanao, Philippines. Phil. Agr. 67:243

- 253. Stover, R. H. 1972. Banana, Plantain and Abaca and Diseases. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surry , Oxon, Wallingford, UK. 316 pp. Thomas, J. E. and I skra

- Caruana, M. L. 2000. Bunchy top. Pages 241

- 253 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Thomas, J. E., I skara

- Caruana, M. L. Magnaye, L. V., and Jones, D. R. 2000. Bract Mosaic. Pages 253

- 263 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Thomas, J. E. and Magnaye, J. V. 2000. Abacá mosaic. Pages 279

- 283 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Ens et, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Thomas, M. C. 1999. The exotic invasion of Florida. A report on arthropod immigration into the sunshine state. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/exoticsinflorida.htm

. Thwaites, R., Eden

- Green, S. J., and Black, R. 2000. Diseases caused b y bacteria. Pages 213

- 239 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, O xon, UK. Tomberlin J. K, and Sheppard, C, D. 2001. Lekking behavior of the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Florida Entomologist 84(4). http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe84p729.html

. Turner, D. W. 1995. The Response of the Plant to the Environment. Pages 206

- 229 In : Bananas and Plantains, Gowen, S., (ed.). Chapman & Hall, London. UGA. 2011. Widely

Prevalent Fungi of the United States. University of Georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosys tem Health. Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.prevalentfungi.org/index.html

. UGA, 2011b. Widely

Prevalent Bacteria of the United States. University of Georiga, Center for Invasive Species and Eco system Health. Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.prevalentbacteria.org/index.html UGCES, 2008. University of Guam Cooperative Extension Service Knowledgebase Wiki. List was originally

compiled by

Donald Nafus & Ilse Schreiner, University of Guam ; Converted to HTML b y Aubrey Moore & Anthony

Tudela, Northern Marianas College, Saipan. http://www.guaminsects.net/uogces/kbwiki/index.php?title=List_of_Insects_and_Mites_ Attacking_Crops_in_Micronesia USDA, 2003. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. http://www.ahs.org/publications/usda_hardiness_zone.map.htm

. USGS

- PIERC. 2005. Pathogens of Plants in Hawaii. United States Geological Society- Pacific Island Ecos ys tem Research Center. http://www.hear.org/pph/index.html Velasquez, F. J. 1971. Some Philippine armored scale insects of the tribe Aspidiotini (Diapididae , Homoptera). Philippine Entomologist 2(2):89

- 154. Wardlaw, C. W. 1972. Banana Diseases including Plantains and Abaca. Lo ngman Group Ltd., London. 878 pp. Waterhouse , D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast As ia. ACIAR, Canberra. 141 p. Watson, Brian. 1997. Agronomy /Agroclimatology Notes for the Production of Banana. MAAFFA, Australia. Weber, G. F. 1973. Bacterial and Fungal Diseases of Plants in the Tropics. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. Pp. 2 4

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 43 White, I . M. and Elson

- Harris, M. M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance; Their Id entification and Bionomics. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Wiersema. J. H. and León, B. 1999. World Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 7 47 pp. Woodley , N. E., 1989. Family Stratiomyidae, No. 33. Australiasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog

Web Version. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/strat.html

. WSSA. 1989, Composite List of Weeds. Weed Society of America, Champaign, Illinois. Zhang, B

- C. 1994. Index of Economicall y Important Lepidoptera. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 599 pp.



## 4 **. Authors and Reviewers**

**Authors:** Robert P. Kahn, Plant Pathologist and Consultant, Columbia, MD 21045 Philip Lima, Entomologist and Consultant, Rockville, MD 20853 Christie Bertone, Entomologist, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPH ST

- PERAL
**Reviewers of Draft by R. P. Kahn and P. Lima:** Jorge Peña, Entom ologist, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) , University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 R. C. Ploetz, Plant Pathologist, IFAS , University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 John Lightfield, Middletown, MD 21769

**PERAL Reviewers**  Nicanor Liquido, Risk Analyst Lawrence Brown, Plant Pathologist Thomas Culliney , Entomologist/Risk AnalystPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 44 

## 5 **. Appendices**
**Appendix A: Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing operations of Philippine bananas intended for export.**  The following measures are standard farm operations and packing station practices that are aimed at preventing or reducing the likelihood of pests such as meal ybugs, scale insects, fruit flies, freckle pathogens, or bunchy top disease being present in the exported banana fruits.
**A1. Insect Pest Management** : a) Use of tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Weed control to eliminate alternate hosts, thus reducing resident insect pest populations in plantations. c) Pseudostem sanitation to eliminate insect breeding sites. d) Fruit obstruction removal to prevent fruit damage as well as to eliminate bridges that may be utilized by

insects to infest fruits. e) Insecticidal bud injection to control the banana flower thrips. f) Insecticidal sprays on the p seudostem to eliminate insect pests, e.g., scale insects, meal ybugs, aphids, and other external pests. g) Regular bunch sprays with insecticide(s) to prevent mealy bugs, scale insects, and other pests from colonizing the developing fruit bunch. These sprays also kill foraging fruit flies, if present. h) Chlorpy

rifos

- impregnated polyethyl ene (PE) bags are used to cover the fruit bunches after the bunch spray

to further prevent infestation by mealy bugs, scales, other external pests, and fruit flies, if present. i) Additional chlorpy

rifos

- impregnated PE material (in a form of “strip” or “square”) is installed on the fruit as additional control against insect pests when needed. j) Bunches for harvest are identified/tagged one day before harvest in a procedure c alled “pre

calibration.” In the process, bunches are inspected for the presence of insect pests. Bunches with mealy

bugs, scales , and other insect infestations are discarded during harvest. k) Upon arrival at the packing plant, fruit bunches are sprayed with high

-pressure water to eliminate any

possible, although highly improbable, meal ybug or other external pest infestation. l) While bunches are waiting to be de

- handed, the “fruit inspector” in the packing plant will check for insect damage, particularl y m eal ybug infestation, on individual bunches. m) During de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly inspected by

the “de

- hander” for possible mealy

bug and other surface insect infestations and for any other evidence of insect damage. To remove fruit that m ay have a fruit fl y infestation, hands with “faults” are culled during de

- handing. “Faults” include fruits that are precociousl y ripened, damaged and/or with compromised skin integrity, and with tip rot and fused fingers. n) After de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly cleaned with soap and water by the fruit selectors and further brushed with high

-pressure water to eliminate possible surface insect infestation. o) The individual hands are again inspected to confirm freedom from meal yb ugs and other
surface insects during weighing and immediatel y before packing inside the shipping box.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 45 p) Only new pallets and those that are clean, dry , and free from any trash, soil, weed seeds , and other contaminants are utilized by the industry

. q) Fruits in boxes packed in pallets are brought to the wharf, and are loaded into the shipping vessel or into cold storage facility within three hours . Wharf areas are kept clean and situated away from houses and farms. The wharf is cleaned regularl y to remove any source of
co ntamination. r) Vessels are cleaned with the recommended disinfectant before loading. Some vessels use ozone for disinfection between loads.

**A2. Diseases** a) Use of disease

- free tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Application of weed management practices to eliminate alternate hosts of diseases and/or their vectors. c) Strict tools disinfection to prevent spread of diseases like moko (R. solanacearum ) and fruit rot ( E. carotovora pv . carotovora ). d) Disease surveys (i.e., sigatoka, moko and bunchy top) are done regularl y. All plants infected with moko or bunchy

top are eradicated within 24 hours from detection. e) Each fruit bunch receives at least two cycles of bunch spray containing fungicide to control fruit fungal diseases. f) Each developing bunch is deflowered two times before bagging , thereb y m aking it less likel y that insects carry

pathogens such as the ones causing moko and bugtok ( Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1) will visit the plant

. g) Each developing bunch is treated with insecticide

- fungicide sprays; such insecticide prevents/deters insect vectors from being attracted to the developing bunch and subsequently transmitting diseases. h) Bunches are bagged with chlorpy rifos

- impregnated poly

bag s that prevents further ins ect vector incursions after bagging. At the time of bagging, bunches have already received at least two fungicidal bunch sprays. i) Debudding is b y hand, not with a knife. Therefore, further fruit infection due to inoculum transmission by

insects would be negligible after debudding. Debudding has long been demonstrated b y Buddenhagen and Elsasser (1962) and Buddenhagen and Kelman (1964) as an effective measure to prevent occurrence of insect transmission of moko disease ( Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1)

. j) Bunches for harvest are identified one day before harvest in a procedure “pre

- calibration.” In the process, bunches are inspected for the presence of diseases. In the case of moko infection, the sy mptoms clearly

manifest in terms of premature ripening, rupture , and fruit malformation. The whole mat on which moko

- infected fruit was detected is eradicated immediately

following standard eradication procedures, while bunches with fruit rot disease are discarded outright. k) During harvest, the stalk of the bunch is inspected for the presence of internal disease sy mptoms (discolored vascular bundles) of moko and discolored vascular bundles at the cut surface of the peduncle. Infected bunches including the whole mat are eradicated immediately

. l) During processing in the packing plant, fruits are treated with a mixture of chlorine and aluminum sulphate in the dehanding and floatation tanks. The aluminum sulphate binds andPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 46 removes the sap from the solution to keep the desired concentration and efficacy of chlorine. Chlorine is lethal to bacterial and fungal pathogens that adhere on the surface of the fruits.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 4 7 **Appendix B: Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, the Philippines and Dole Fruit Company, Philippines**  Source: Munez, 2004

**Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 1 Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) Cyanophyllum

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez , 1971

2 Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Citrus whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Martin, 1999; Mound & Halsey, 1978 3 Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Spiraling

whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Lit & Calilung, 1994; Waterhouse, 1993 4 Aphis gossypili Glover Cotton aphid; melon aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Waterhouse, 1993

5 Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) Syn = Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) Coffee bean

weevil Coleoptera Anthribidae Mphuru, 1974; Waterhouse, 1993

6 Artona catoxantha (Ham pson) Syn = Brachartona catoxantha (Ham pson Coconut leaf

mo th Lepidoptera Zygaenidae Merino, 1938

7 Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell & Robinson Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971

8 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Transparent

scale; coconut scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971; Waterhouse, 1993 9 Aspidiotus excisus Green Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez , 1971 10 Atherigona orientalis Pepper fruit fly Diptera Muscidae CABI, 2002 11 Bactrocera musae Banana fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae CABI, 2002 12 Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994

13 Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock Philippine fruit

fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994

14 Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) Banana rust

thrips; red rust thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae PCARRD, 1988

15 Chondracris rosea Citrus locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002 16 Chrysomphalus aonidum Circular ecale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

17 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Spanish red scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

18 Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus Soft brown scale Hemiptera Coccidae Sugimoto, 1994; Swirski et al., 1997Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 48 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 19 Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) Banana weevil

borer; banana root weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Deang et al., 1971; PCARRD, 1988

20 Cryptothelea fuscescens (Snellen) Bag worm Lepidoptera Psychidae Kalshoven, 1981; PCARRD, 1988 21 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Pineapple

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Sugimoto, 1994;

22 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Grey pineapple mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov, 1994; PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994 23 Elixothrips brevisetis Bagnall Banana rind

thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Mau & Kessing, 1993a

24 Erionota thrax (Linnaeus) Syn = Pelopidas thrax (Linnaeus) Banana skipper;

banana leaf roller Lepidoptera Hesperiidae De Jong & Treadaway 1993; Hoffmann, 1935; PCARRD, 1988

25 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Striped

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993

26 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Latania scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002; Velasquez, 1971 27 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Citrus black

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971 28 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Greedy scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;

29 Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) American soldier

fly Rueda et al., 1990

30 Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) Seychelles scale Hemiptera Margarodidae Sugimoto, 1994;

31 Locusta migratoria Migratory locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002 32 Melanitis leda ismene Rice butterfly Lepidoptera Nymphalidae CABI, 2002 33 Odoiporus longicollis Olivier Banana stem

weevil; banana stem borer Coleoptera Curculionidae Uichanco, 1936

34 Oryctes rhinoceros Rhinoceros beetle Coleoptera Scarabaeidae CABI, 2002

35 Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel Banana aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Lo merio & Calilung, 1993; PCARRD, 1988

36 Philicoptus demissus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

37 Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae PCARRD, 1988; Stephens, 1984 38 Philicoptus sp. 1 Peel

- scarring weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

39 Philicoptus sp. 2 Peel

- scarring weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

40 Philicoptus stringifrons (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

41 Pinnapsis musae Takagi Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 49 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 42 Pinnaspis strachani Lesser snow scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

43 Planococcus citri (Risso) Citrus mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993

44 Planococcus minor (Maskell) Syn = P. pacificus Cox Passionvine

mealybug; Pacific mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994

45 Pseudaulacapsis cockerelli (Cooley) Mango scale;

Oleander scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;

46 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gim pel & Miller Syn = P. elisae Borchsenius Banana

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994; Lit & Calilung, 1994

47 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Longtail

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Lit & Calilung, 1994

48 Rastrococcus spinosus Robinson Mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994; Williams, 1989 49 Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Syn = Aphis maidis (Fitch Corn aphid;

maize aphid Hemiptera Ap hidae Waterhouse, 1993

50 Spodoptera exigua Beet armyworm Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002 51 Stephanitis typica (Distant) Banana lacewing

bug Hoffmann, 1935; Waterhouse, 1993 52 Thosea sinensis (Walker) Cup moth;

Assam nettle; saddle

-back nettle Lepidoptera Limacodidae Waterhouse, 1993

53 Thrips florum Schmutz Banana flower thrips; scab thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Palmer & Wetton, 1987; PCARRD, 1988

54 Thrips hawaiiensis Hawaiian flower thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae CABI, 2002

55 Tiracola plagiata Plague caterpillar Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002

56 Tirathaba rufivena Coconut spike
mo th Lepidoptera Py ralidae CABI, 2002

57 Valanga nigricornis Burmeister Grasshopper Orthoptera Acrididae Waterhouse, 1993

58 Eutetranychus orientalis Citus brown mite CABI, 2002

59 Oligonychus orthius (Rimando) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962 60 Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) Coconut spider

mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962 61 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 50 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 62 Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;

63 Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) Red spider mite McGregor, 1950

64 Tetranychus urticae (Koch) Two
- spotted

spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;

**Bacteria:** 65 Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergy, Harrison, Breed, Hammer & Huntoon Corm rot Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; San Juan, 1980

66 Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith, 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1995 Race 2 Syn = Pseudomonas solanacearum Moko/Bugtok Burkholderiales Burkholderiaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; Jones, 2000a

**Fungi:** 67 Aspergillus niger Tiegh Collar rot, fruit rot Mitosporic Fungi Hy phomycetes CABI, 2002

68 Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Anamorph = Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.) Crown rot,

finger rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes PCARRD, 1988; CABI, 2002

69 Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Anamorph = Charlara paradoxa (DeSeynes) Sac. Syn =Thielaviopsis paradoxa (Der Syanes) Honn. Corm rot , black end, fingertip rot Ophiostomatales Ophiostomataceae CABI, 2002

Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (teleomorph); Ophiostoma paradoxa (Dade) Nannf. (teleomorph); Sporoschisma paradoxum De Seynes (teleomorph) 70 Cercospora hayi Calpouzos Brown spot,

diamond spot Mitosporic fungi Hy phomycetes PCARRD, 1988; CABI,

2002 71 Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) von Arx Anthracnose,

crow n rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes BPI, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 51 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** Gloeosporium

musarum Cooke & Massee PCARRD, 1988

72 Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Hasis. Anamorph = Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Biedjin Loculoascomycetes Dothideales CABI, 2002

73 Cordana musae (Zimm) Hohnel Cordana leaf

spot Mitosporic Fungi Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;

74 Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) Ellis Speckle Mitosporic fungi Hy phomycetes Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;

75 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. c ubense (Smith) Sny. & Han. Fusarium wilt,

Panama Disease Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales Hy

pocreaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;

Jones, 2000a

76 Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon Teleomorph

= Gibberella fujikuroi (J. Sawada) Wollenw .) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales Hy

pocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

77 Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes Hy pocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

Sacc. F. semitectum auct. non Hy pocreales

78 Fusarium roseum Link:Fr. Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hy pocreales Hy

pocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

79 Guignardia musae Racib. Freckle Dothideales Mycosphaerellaceae Jones, 2000a; Conde, 2001

80 Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka, Ascomycetes Mycosphaerellaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001; Jones, 2000a M. fijiensis var. difformis Mulder & Stover; Paracercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton; black leaf streak Dothideales

Cercospora fijiensis Morelet Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet0 81 Mycosphaerella musicola J.L.Mulder & Stover Yellow sigatoka Ascomycetes Mycosphaerellaceae Jones, 2000a

Pseudocercospora

musae (A. Zimmerm.) Deighton Dothideales

82 Py ricularia grisea (Cooke ) Sacc. Syn = Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr.) Pitmark, fruit

pitting disease, Johnson spot Ascomycetes Magnaporthaceae Jones, 2000a; Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 52 **Scientific Name Comm** **on Name Order**  **Fam ily**  **Reference** 83 Remichloridium musae (Stahel ex E.B. Ellis) De Hoog Speckle PCARRD, 1988

Chloridium musae Stahel nom. Inval; Periconiella musae Stahel ex M.B. Ellis; Veronaea musae Stahel ex M. B. Ellis 84 Uredo musae Cummins Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae CIE, 1971 85 Uromyces musae Henn. Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae Teodoro, 1937; PCARRD, 1988 **Nem atodes:**  86 Helicotylenchus multicinctus Banana spiral

nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002

87 Hopolaimus seinhorsti Luc Lance nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002

88 Meliodogyne arenaria Neal Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynidae Taylor et al., 1982

89 Meliodogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynidae Timm, 1965

90 Radopholus similes (Cobb) Thorne Burrowing

nematode Tylenchida Pratylenchidae Booth & Stover , 1974

91 Rotylenchus reniformis Linford & Oliveira Reniform

nematode Tylenchida Heteroderidae CABI, 2002

**Viruses:** 92 Abaca mosaic polyvirus Abaca mosaic,

sugarcane mo saic Jones, 2000a

93 Banana bract mosaic potyvirus Banana bract

mo saic virus Jones, 2000a

94 Banana bunchy top nanavirus Banana bunchy

top Jones, 2000a

95 Banana streak badnavirus Banana streak Jones, 2000a

96 Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus Mosaic,

infectious chlorosis, heart

rot, virus sheath rot Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001