-aier-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 91 

fy )- ,.._;.t I (.2 . .J Y. 't/ fn /, i 

8 . 8 { K, Pumping Water, 8 ene M, General Hydrographic Investigations, _7 _ 

9....; 'a.-· .j. 

DEPARTMENT ~F THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

RETURN T6 THE BOOKCASES & FILES OF 

THE HYDRO-CO!VlPUTlNG SECTIO!\f. \.VATeR 

RESOURCES BRANCH. UNiTED STATES 

GEO~~ftYM!i~fi~:n i\'6~iJUi~£1~~jit~ D.C. 

' 

SANDUSKY, MAUMEE, MUSKINGUM, AND MIAMi DRAINAGE 

AREAS IN 0 HIO 

BY 

BENJAMIN H. FLYNN 

AND 

MARGARET S. FLYNN 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1904 

CONTENTS. 

Letter of transmittal ____________________________________________________ _ 

Introduction .. ___________________________________________________ -. -------

General description of drainage areas _________________________________ . __ 

Location ______________________________________________________ ~ ____ _ 

Area _________ - _ ----- ---- ---- ---- --------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ------ Populati<m __ .. _________________________ . ____________________ - ----- . --

Topography and soils ___________ . ____________ . __________ . ___________ _ 

Geology ________ . ________________________________________ . __________ _ 

Drainage _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ ~ ____ _ 

Sandusky River _________________________________________________ _ 

Maumee River ________________________ . _________________________ _ 

Great and Little Miami rivers ______________________________ ~ ____ _ 

Muskingnm River _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________________ ·- _____ _ 

Flow of streams _______________________ . __________________________ . _____ _ 

Sandusky River ____________________________ . ________________________ _ 

Maumee River ___ . _________________ .. ________________________________ _ 

M uskingum River ____ r _________________________ · ________ - ___ -- - - - - - - -

Dams and water power ____________________ . ____________________________ _ 

Sandusky basin ___________________ .. _________________________________ _ 

Maumee basin _____ .. ________________________________________________ _ 

Miami basins ________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ________________ _ 

Muskingum basin. ______________________________ . _____ .. _____________ _ 

Public water supplies __________ . ________________________________________ _ 

N urn ber and extent _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ " . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________ . __ _ 

Classification _ _ _ ______________ . ___ . __________________________ .. _____ _ 

Detailed description of waterworks______ _ __________________________ _ 

Surface supplies· ___________________ . ___ . __________ . _____________ _ 

Ground supplies _____________________ . ____ . _____________________ .. 

Subsurface _________ . ___ . ___________________________________ _ 

Deep-sea ted _______ . _________________________________________ _ 

Subsurface and deep-seated ___________ .. _____________________ _ 

Surface and ground __________________________ -. ____ . ____________ _ 

Surface and subsurface ________________________ . _______ . ____ _ 

Surface and deep-seated _______________________ . _____________ _ 

Surface, subsurface, and deep-seated ________________________ _ 

Discussion of water supplies __________ . ______________ . ______________ _ 

Ownership _______ · __________________________________ . __ . ________ _ 

Date of installation __ .. __________________________________ _ 

Method of supplying water _____________________________________ _ 

Miles of mains and population accessible _______ -,--. ______________ _ 

Population actually supplied ____________ . _______________________ _ 

Use of meters ____________________________________________ ,. ______ _ 

Pumping capacity _______________ . _ _ _ _ _ ____ . ___________________ _ 

Average daily consumption ________ . __ . ________ . ___ . _ _ _ _ _______ _ 

Index ___ ~ __________________________ .. ____________ .. _ _ _ __________________ _ 

3 

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-... ---,....;_ 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

FIG. 1. Map of Ohio, showing drainage basins. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 

2. Map of drainage basin of Sandusky River _____________________ . _ _ _ 15 

3. Map of drainage basin of Maumee River _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 

4. ·Map of drainage basins of Great and Little Miami rivers_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 

5. Map of drainage basin of Muskingum River _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

6. Diagram showing discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico in 1898-99. 22 

7. Diagram showing discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico in 1900. _ _ 22 

8. Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 

1898-99_----------------------- -.------------------------------- 25 

9. Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 1900. 25 

10. Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 190L 31 

11. Diagram showing discharge of Muskingum River at Eagleport in 

1899 __________ ·------------------------------------------------- 32 

5 

LETTER OF TRANS MrrTAL. 

DEPAR1'MENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

Washington, D. C., October 8, 1903. 

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript for a 

Water-Supply paper treating of the four principal drainage areas of 

the State of Ohio and describing the economic development that has 

taken place within each. 

The greater part of this manuscript was written by the late Benjamin H. Flynn, who for some years prior to his death was employed 

by the United States Geological Survey as field assistant in charge of 

stream measurements in the State of Ohio. After the death of Mr. 

Flynn t,he manuscript was completed by his widow, Margaret S. 

Flynn, who for several years had. taken an active part in his professional work, especially in connection with his duties as engineer 

for t.he Ohio State board of health. 

This paper treats of the natural features and development of the 

areas drained by the Maumee, Sandusky, Miami, and Muskingum 

rivers and contains valuable data with reference to the flow of these 

streams and the natural advantages they offer with reference to water 

power and domestic water supply. Of particular interest is that part 

of the paper which deals with the early history of the water powers, 

their general relation to the canal systems of Ohio, and the decline in 

value that has taken place since t.he establishment of modern methods 

of manufacturing, trade, and transportation. 

The chapter dealing with public water supplies comprises unusually 

complete information with reference to the sources, equipment, and 

value of the systems that were installed during the latter part of the 

last century. 

This paper is one of a proposed series dealing with hydrographic 

matters in the several States of the Union and showing the advantages 

that the various river systems offer and the manner in which they 

have been developed, from an economic standpoint. 

Very rP,spectfully, 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 

F. H. NEWELL, 

Chief Engineer. 

Director United States Geological Survey. 

7 

THE NATURAL FEATURES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SANDUSKY, MAUMEE, MUSKINGUM, AND MIAMI DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. 

By BENJAMIN H. FLYNN and MARGARET S. FLYNN. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The data for the following paper were gathered during what might 

be called a sanitary survey of the drainage areas of Ohio rivers, made 

for the State board of health. In the original reports of this work an 

attempt was made to give complete information regarding the sanitary condition of these areas, but little was said concerning the hydrography except in connection ·with public water supplies. This statement applies especially to the Sandusky and Maumee basins, as they 

were taken up first, and data concerning the wat.er resources could 

receive but little attention, owing to the extra time required to plan 

the work. In connection with the work in the Muskingum and Miami 

basins, during the next two years, more attention was paid to the 

gathering of this information, though it was, of necessity, subordinate 

to the sanitary survey. 

The Sandusky and Maumee drainage areas were inspected during 

the latter half of 1898, the Muskingum in 1899, and the Miamis in 1900. 

In the summer of 1903 letters were sent out to various cities and villages asking for information in regard to certain statistics which are 

subject to variation. From the mass of details in the original reports 

and from these letters there have been assembled fairly complete data 

concerning the hydrography of these areas, so far as this is given, 

and the more salient facts concerning their sanitary condition. -

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DRAINAGE AREAS. 

Four separate, drainage areas are described in this report--the 

Sandusky, the Maumee, the Muskingum, and the Great and the Little 

Miami. a Their general locati~ns are shown in fig. 1. 

LOCATION. 

The Sandusky basin is situated in the central part of the northern 

half of the State, and its waters drain to Sandusky Bay, an arm of 

Lake Erie. The Maumee basin occupies the northwest corner of 

a For general purposes the Miami and Little Miami drainage basins may be treated as one area. 

9 
10 FOUR DRAINAGE ARE.AS IN OHIO •. [NO. 91. 

Ohio and small portions of the adjacent States of Indiana and 

Michigan, and its waters empty into Maumee Bay, at the western end 

of Lake Erie. The Muskingum basin occupies a large section of the 

eastern part of the State south of the Lake Erie drainage divide, and 

its run-off is to Ohio River. The Miami basins occupy a large portion 

of the southwestern part of Ohio and a considerable area of the southeastern part of Indiana. · The Little Miami basin lies east and south 

FIG. 1.-Map of Ohio, showing drainage basins. 

of that of the Great Miami and west of the basin of Scioto River. 

The waters from its southern border are carried by short, turbulent 

creeks directly to the Ohio. 

AREA. 

In point of size the Muskingum ranks first, with an area of 7, 797 

square miles, nearly one-fifth of t.he area of the State. The :1\tiaumee 

is next in size, with an area of 6,344 square miles, of which 4, 702 

square miles are in Ohio, 1,303 in Indiana, and 339 in Michigan. The 

total area of the Great Miami basin is 5,247 square miles, of which 

1,355 square miles are in Indiana and the remainder in Ohio. The 

Little. Miami basin has an area of 1, 709 square miles, all of which is 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 11 

in Ohio. The Sandusky basin has an area of 1,581 square miles, 

being almost exactly one-fourth as large as the Maumee. These areas 

were computed with a planimeter from the best available map of the 

State and are fairly accurate. 

POPULATION . 

.According to the Twelfth Census, the population of the Sandusky 

drainage area is 126,591, of which 49,370 may be considered as urban 

and the remainder, 77,221, as rural. In explanation of these terms, 

it may be said that all cities or villages with an estimated population 

of 1,000 or more are classed as urban, while those below this figure 

are included with the rural population. This low figure ia assumed 

in order to bring into the urban classes all the towns that have 

public water supplies or sewerage systems and to keep in the rural 

class all the villages not so provided. 

On a similar basis of classification the Maumee basin is estimated 

·to have a total population of 640,128, of which 339,268 are classed as 

urban and the remainder, 300,860, as rural. Of the above total population, Ohio has 478,078; Indiana, 141,899, and Michigan, 20,151. 

'rhe total population of the Great Miami basin is 520,698, of which 

258,859 are classed as urban and 261,839 as rural. Of the total population, 89,814 are in Indiana, divided as follows: Urban, 32,062, and 

rural, 57,752. The total population of the Little Miami basin is 

12Q,959, of which 39,645 are urban and 81,314 rural. The Muskingum 

basin has a total population of 612,784, of which 229,794 are urban 

and 382,990 rural. 

The following statement shows the population per square mile of 

each district: 

Population per square mile of drainage basins of Ohio streams. 

Rural. Urban. Total. 

Sandusky _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

Maumee __________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

Great Miami _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53. 6 

Little Miami _________ ~ ____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47. 6 

M uskingum _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

Jlverage --------------------------------------- 49 

31 

53 

59.5 

23.2 

29 

39 

80 

100 

113.1 

70.8 

78 

88 

In the small area of 216 square miles lying between the two Miami 

basins and tributary to Mill Creek and to Ohio River there is a total 

population of 375,571, of which 350,894 are urban and 24,677 rural. 

This gives an average population per square mile of 1, 739. .A large 

part of this area is occupied by the city of Cincinnati, which accounts 
12 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

for the unusually large urban population, amounting to 1,625 per 

square mile, against 114 per square mile of rural. 

The slight excess in the average of the rural population of the 

Muskingum basin is due principally to the large number of small mining settlements scattered over the coal regions of that basin. Its 

agricultural population in much of its area is probably below the 

average, but the latter is brought up by the mining communities. 

TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS. 

In general topography the Sandusky and Maumee are much the 

same. Both lie in glaciated areas and have the level plains and rolling elevations characteristic of such districts. The Sandusky basin 

is generally more rolling than the Maumee, eRpecially the Ohio portion 

of that area. The large central area of the Maumee basin is taken up 

by a fertile, level plain, while the outer edges of this fan-shaped district are more hilly, especially to the north and west. 

The Sandusky drainage area consists of ordinary agricultural land 

interspersed with small patches of timber. There is practic~lly no 

waste land in the whole district, except a small marshy area around 

the mouth of the stream. Corn and wheat form the staple crops, with 

the usual admixture of hay and oats. 

In the Maumee basin agriculture is not so far advanced and there 

are large tracts of land still covered with brush and shrubbery, but 

little good timber remaining. The extensive hard-wood forests of this 

region were a profitable field for the operation of stave and heading 

factories, and as a result of the extent to which these industries were 

carried on there is now much waste land here. In the cleared areas 

of the central and southern portions of this area corn is the staple and 

almost the only crop, but farther north the dairy and stock-raising 

interests are large and 1nuch land is kept in pasture, with a good per 

cent under cultivation for feed. 

With reference to surface configuration, the Miami basins oecupy a 

place between the Maumee and Sandusky basins on one hand and the 

Muskingum on the other. In this district there are greater extremes 

of elevation-than in any other portion of the State, but the slopes are 

more uniform and the surface is more rolling than in the J\'Iuskingum 

basin, and there is none of the level prairie that is found in the 

northwestern part of Ohio. 

The northwestern part of the Great Miami basin and the northeastern part of the Little Miami consist of comparatively level elevated areas, marked, however, with rolling glacial moraines. Between 

these two districts and connecting the extremes of elevation-425 feet 

above sea level at the confluence of the Great Miami and Ohio rivers 

and 1,540 feet just east of Bellefontaine-there is a wide strip of hilly 

and heavily rolling land with a rather steep slope to the southwest. 

A narrow strip of high land running lengthwise through this area 

forms the dividing line between the Great and Little Miami basins. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. GENERAL DESORIPTION. 13 

As the entire area of both basins has been glaciated, the surface 

presents the smoothed-over appearance that chara~terizes such districts, and no abrupt changes are to be found except where the 

streams have cut out their valleys in the soft drift. 

The surface is covered with wide areas of heavy limestone son, 

crossed by narrow stretches of loamy and gravelly soil. Some of the 

stream valleys contain extensive alluvial deposits, which form very 

fertile areas. Much of the clay subsoil of the southern part of the 

Little Miami drainage area is covered with loam, forming on the level 

uplands excellent farming districts. 

As the whole district is essentially an agricultural one, the timber 

was rapidly cleared off and but small isolat(td wood lots now remain 

over the tillable portion. AI ong the steep hillsides and the streams 

there are still found stretches of forest, much of which is scrub or 

young growth, all the merchantable timber having been cut out. 

The lower and rougher portions of the Little Miami basin contain 

the most heavily wooded areas to be found in either basin. Here, on 

the steep hills bordering the streams, there are still to be found many 

good tracts of timber, the inaccessibility of which has so far prevented 

their destruction. 

Corn, wheat, and tobacco are the staple crops, the last being important in both districts. In and around Cincinnati extensive dairy 

interests have been built up. Good roads cover nearly all of both 

basins, indicating better than anything else that they are rich districts, inhabited by a prosperous and enlightened people. 

The Muskingum drainage area is entirely different from the others 

under discussion. The terminal moraine passes dial!onally across 

this district from northeast to southwest, leaving the northern and 

western part glaciated and the large central and southern portion 

unglaciated. The glaciated region is level in but few portions, but 

the rising, rolling ground makes an excellent agricultural district. 

The soil is here composed of glacial drift, and is usually deep and 

fertile. It is especially adapted to the raising of wheat, and large 

crops of this cereal are harvested annually. In the lowlands corn is 

also a flourishing crop. At one time, it. might be added, these districts 

supported a large amount of stock, but the decline in prices has 

practically done away with grazing, especially with the raising of 

sheep for wool. It is to be supposed that the present increase in price 

will reestablish this industry . 

. The eastern, central, and southern parts of the Muskingum drainage area, or the unglaciated portions, are very hilly and rough, and 

the streams run in d·eep valleys cut in the bed rock. Here the soil is 

of a poorer quality, as it is formed by the disintegration of the native 

rock, and not as good a field is offered for agriculture except in the 

stream valleys, where there are long strips of alluvial deposit, which 

yield enormous crops of corn. The unglaciated section also corre-
14 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

sponds roughly to the mining district, a fact which has tended to 

decrease the agricultural value of much of the land. 

The fertile fields of the northwestern part of the area and the hills 

of the southeastern part have been stripped of timber, the former to 

make room for agriculture and the latter ft>r use in the mines; and 

as a result nearly all the timber left standing is to be found between 

the agricultural and mining sections. 

GEOLOGY. 

·The Sandusky and Maumee basins lie, respectively, east and west 

of the Cincinnati axis or anticline, so that in the Sandusky basin the 

formations occur successively jn long, narrow strips running nearly . 

north and south. Starting at the east, the ages are as follows: Carboniferous, including only the Miseissippian limestone and the Waverly; 

Devonian, including the Ohio shale, the Black shale, the Hamilton, 

anu the upper Helderberg; finally, Silurian, with only the lower 

Helderberg, Rondout water lime, Niagara, Clinton, and Medina appearing. In the Maumee basin these appear in reverse order, but in less 

regular strips and trending to the northwest instead of due west. 

In a few localities in both basins where the drift was thin it has 

been removed for stone quarrying, but the industry could not be 

called an important one . 

.As stated befo~e, the Great and Little Miami areas have both come 

under the influence of the glacial action which covered the original 

strata with a layer of d·rift that varies in thickness from 5 to more 

than 100 feet. Practically all the bed rock belongs to the Silurian 

system; the Hudson River group, the Utica shale, and the rrrenton 

limestone covering the entire southern portion of both basins, while 

to the north and east there is a wide band of Niagara, Clint.on, and 

Medina, and to the extreme northeast is found the lower Helderberg 

and Rondout waterlime. 

On the high elevation east of Bellefontaine there appear small areas 

of both the Devonian groups, the Hamilton and upper Helderberg, 

and the shales. Near Dayton and in the valleys of the Stillwater at 

Covington and Mad River below Springfield there are extensive 

limestone quarries. At the latter place and at Cedarville, on Massicks Creek, a considerable quantity of limestone is taken out to be 

burned for lime. 

In the Muskingum drainage area sedimentary deposits of only one 

age appear, the Carboniferous, with the following groups: Coal Measures, conglomerate, Mississippian limestone, an~ the Waverly. The 

first two of these occupy the large eastern and central section of the 

watershed, and the last two the western pa:rt. The Coal Measures 

contain many excellent veins of coal, which are extensively mined 

over a considerable area of this watershed. The above-named strata 

also furnish fire clay, limestone, and some building stone. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

DRAINAGE. 

SANDUSKY RIVER. 

15 

The Sandusky basin contains but one important drainage line, 

namely, the Sandusky River proper, ·which rises in the extreme eastern part of its drainage area and flows at first westward then northward to Sandusky Bay. Into this main stream there flow a large 

number of small creeks, among which are Broken Sword, Tymochtee, 

Sycamore, Honey, Wolf, Muskalong, and Green, the latter entering the 

river almost at its mouth. 

Sandusky River is 115 miles long and has an average fall of 6.41 

·feet per mile. Its headwaters 

have an elevation of 1,282 feet 

above sea level, or 709 feet above 

Lake Erie. Near its headwaters 

the fall per mile is about 28 feet, 

but this is reduced to 7 feet between Bucyrus and Upper Sandusky, and thenee the fall decreases gradually to 2.5 feet per 

mile below Fremont. Above Fremont the river has a steady flow, 

but· below that town it becomes 

sluggish, winding in and out 

through low, flat, and in many 

places marshy land, until it 

reaches Sandusky Bay, where it 

spreads out over a broad plain Scale ~.d====s~..,.~-==o ==:::;1smiles 

COVered with grass and lilies. FIG. 2.-Map of drainage basin of Sandusky River. 

Originally the headwaters of this 

river wAre situated at several springs 4! miles east of Crestline, but 

since the water from these has been appropriated for the supply of 

that city little or none of the flow reaches the river. The headwater 

streams are now West Branch and ''Stink " Creek, both of which are 

fed to a small extent by spring water, but to a much larger extent by 

the sewage of Crestline. 

MAUMEE RIVER. 

Maumee River is formed by the junction of St. Joseph and St. Mary 

rivers at Fort Wayne, Ind. Its main drainage line starts at the 

extreme western edge of the drainage area and runs northeastward to 

the bay of Toledo. To t«is main line, Maumee River proper, there are 

four important tributaries, Tiffin and St. Joseph rivers on the north 

and Auglaize and St. Mary on the south. The Tiffin and Auglaize 

join the Maumee at Defiance, and a very symmetrical drainage basin 
16 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAt::~ IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

would be formed were it not for the fact that the Tiffin is much 

smaller than the Auglaize. The last-named stream has itself two 

large tributaries, Blanchard and Ottawa rivers, which enter it from 

the east. 

FIG. 3.-Map of drainage basin of Maumee River. 

Length and fall of MaU1nee River and tributaries. 

Len~th in Total fall Fall per m1les. in feet. mile in feet. Stream. 

·Maumee ________________ ~ _____________________ _ 150 164 1.1 

Tiffin _____ . ___________________ . _ .. _____________ _ 65 293 4.5 

St. Joseph _____________________________________ _ 100 313 3.1 

Auglaize ___________________________ . _________ _ 74 325 4.4 

St. Mary __________________ .. ___________________ _ 100 238 2.4 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN, GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 17 

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS. 

The main drainage line of the Grea·t Miami basin starts in its 

extreme northeastern part and runs southwestward, joining Ohio 

River at the Ohio-Indiana State line. Until Dayton is reached it 

occupies the central portion of the basin, but from that point down it 

lies very close to the eastern edge of its drainage area. Below Dayton 

its tributaries, not considering Whitewater River, consist of Indian, 

. Sevenmile, and Twin creeks, each of which drains a long and narrow 

strip of t~rritory. At Dayton the main stream receives two large 

tributaries-Mad River from the east and the Stillwater from the west. 

In the Little Miami basin the main drainage line rises in the extreme 

northern part of the district and flows southwest, keeping close to the 

western boundary for its whole length, and finally joining the Ohio a 

few miles above Cincinnati. Its principal tributaries, all flowing in 

from the east, are the east branch of the I...~ittle Miami, Todds Fork, 

Cresars Creek, and Massicks Creek, the first named being the most 

important. 

The length, total fall, and fall per mile of t.he main streams and 

tributaries in both basins are shown in the following table: 

Approximate gradient of Miami rivers and tributarie.~. 

Stream. From- To- Distance Total fall F~lfeer in miles. in feet. in feet. ------

Great Miami River ___ Ohio River ___________ Hamilton------------- 33 145 4.4 

Do ---------------- Hamilton------------ Dayton--------------- 44 160 3.6 

E ::::::::::::::::: ES-:::::::::::::: :?.~~~ ::: --::: 33 110 3.3 

27 120 4.4 

26 00 3.5 

Do __ , ___ ---------- Ohio River ________________ do ________________ _ 163 625 3.8 

Stillwater Rlver ______ Dayton ______________ Covington ___________ _ 30 150 5 

Do---------------- Covington----------- Headwaters GreenDo---------------- _____ do ----------------1 H;~~~\;f~r~tiu-1. Do---------------- Dayton ______________ : Headwaters GreenDo---------------- _____ do ________________ i H:~~~:::- Still-

' water River. 1 

36 240 6.7 

32 165 5 

66 390 5.9 

62 315 5.1 

Mad River _________________ do---------------- Springfield -----------1 23 170 7.4 

Do---------------- Springfield---------- Headwaters ----------1 

Do---------------- Dayton--·----------- _____ do ________________ _ 

35 300 8.6 

58 470 8.1 

~;~n~~:kc~~~~~~~~~ -~~~:! ~~~~~-~-i~-~~J~~~~ ~~: ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~ 48 450 9.4 

34 510 15 

Little Miami River ___ Ohio River ___________ Milford ______________ _ 13 66 5.1 

Do ---------------- Milford-------------- Waynesville _________ _ 35 180 5.1 

Do---------------- Waynesville _________ Headwaters _____ ·---- 46 450 9.8 

Do---------------- OhioRiver _____ ' ___________ do ________________ _ 94 696 7.4 

East branch Little Little Miami River __ Batavia ______________ _ 12 105 8.8 

Miami River. 

Do---------------- Batavia-------------- Williamsburg _______ _ 19 200 10.5 

Do ---------------- Williamsburg _______ Headwaters _________ _ 

Do---------------- Little Miami River.-1--~---~-o_--_-_--_--_-_--_-_--_--_---'-----'-----'----

42 300 7.1 

73 605 8.2 

IRR 91-04-2 
18 JfOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91, 

:FIG. 4.-Map of drainage basins of Great and Little Miami rivers. 
FLYNN AND] FLYNN. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 19 

It is evident at once from this table that· all the streams of the 

Miami basin flow at very rapid rater;. Even the lowest average gradient, 3. 3 fee.t per mile, found between Dayton and Piqua, is ~ufficient 

in a large stream· to give a swift current. The gradient of the Great 

Miami is very uniform throughout its entire course, inore so than is 

usual in so long a stream. Mad River also has a very uniform but a 

much steeper gradient. Sev:enmile a'lld Twin creeks, coming down 

from the high land near the Indiana line, have a very high gradient, 

the highest in either of the two basins. The upper part of Little 

Miami River and the east branch of the same stream also have high 

rates of flow, induced by steep gradients. At one time the excellent 

water powers on these streams were utilized by numerous mills, but 

now many of these have been abandoned. A discussion of available 

water powers is given later in connection with the descriptions of 

water powers still in use. 

Owing to the general use of the land for agricultural purposes no 

extensive tracts of swamp land remain unreclaimed. Many large 

areas have been ditched and tiled, and much that was formerly waste 

land has been turned into exceptionally fertile fields. 

The valley of Mad River between Dayton and Springfield, except 

immediately below the latter city, is low and swampy, much of it 

being so low that it can with difficulty be drained for use; .Along 

this stream in Champaign County there are large areas of low, wet, 

peaty land which have not yet been successfully drained. 

MUSKINGUM RIVER. 

The main drainage system of the Muskingum basin consists of 

Muskingum River and its four principal tributaries, namely, Licking 

Creek, Wills Creek, Walhonding Cr~ek, and Tuscarawas River, the 

two last-named streams uniting at Coshocton to form the Muskingum 

proper. ~_rhe three streams designated creeks are large and could 

very properly be called rivers. 

Tuscarawas River and Walhonding Creek drain the eastern and 

western parts of the upper portion of the drainage basin, and Wills 

Creek and Licking Creek, together with Muskingum River, drain the 

eastern, western, and central parts of the lower portion. Tuscarawas 

and Muskingum rivers could very properly be considered as one 

stream, forming the central drainage line of the watershed. 

The pre-Glacial drainage of this area was along lines entirely different from the present ones. It is claimed that Muskingum River 

turned westward at Dresden and flowed through Licking Creek Valley 

to the Scioto. It is also believed that the Seioto flowed eastward 

through this same valley, then northward through the Muskingum, 

Tuscarawas, and Cuyahoga basins into Lake Erie. It seems to be 

established that the Muskingum did not have its present outlet. 

Some of the facts that have led to this opinion are, the traces of a 
20 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

large channel through 'the Licking Valley, the small size and recent 

excavation of the present Muskingum River channel south of Zanesville, an~ the deep channel of the Tuscarawas· to the north, where in 

many places the bed rock is lower than that in the M uskingum Valley 

to the south. 

The following table shows the approximate gradient of the m:'l,in 

streams and their more important tributaries: 

Approximate gradient of principal streams of Muskingum drainage basin. 

Stream. From- To- Distance Total fall Fall per 

in miles. in feet. mile in 

feet. 

------

Muskingum ---------- Mouth----------- Zanesville---------------- 70 106 1.5 

Do ___________ ------ _____ do------ ______ Coshocton ------ _________ _ 99 180 1.8 

Do _____ ------~----- Zanesville ____________ do ____________________ _ 29 74 2.6 

MuskingumandTus- Mouth-----------~ Headwaters--------------! carawas. i 

Tuscarawas ___________ Coshocton _______ Canal Dover --------------1 

Do _______ ---------- _____ do __________ __! Headwaters ______________ I 

Stillwater------------ Mouth ___________ ! Tippecanoe _____________ __! I I 

211 530 2.5 

47 110 2.4 

112 350 3.1 

16 23 1.4 

Do ______________________ do------------ Headwaters-------------- 47 392 8.6 1 

Licking---------------~ Zanesville _______ Newark __________________ _ 

w£:::::::::::::::: [~?~:::: :::: -;::~:z :::::::::::::: 

23 134 5.8 

33 399 12 

56 533 9.5 

46 69 1.5 

Do _________________ Cambridge ______ , Headwaters--------------

Do _________________ Mouth ___________ l _____ do ---------------------

35 201 5. 7 

81 370 4.5 

Walhonding---------- Coshocton------- Headwaters of Killbuck_ 54 230 4.3 

Do ______________________ do------------ Headwaters of Black 92 635 6.9 

Fork. 

Do _____ ------------ _____ do ____________ Headwaters of Kokosing_ 

I I 

62 365 5.9 

:From the above table it is seen that the fall per mile along the 

main drainage line, the Muskingum and Tuscarawas, is very small 

and the flow sluggish. 'rhis is especially true of Muskingum River 

and the lower part of the Tuscarawas. The fall per mile of the lower 

part of both Stillwater and Wills creeks is in keeping with their 

lack of current, but the fall is so great in the hills which form their 

headwaters that the average for the whole stream is brought up to a 

rather high figure. 

This same feature is shown, but in a less marked degree, in all the 

streams, and no doubt it is gradually increasing as the water cuts 

back into the hills at the headwaters and spreads debris out over the 

valleys below. This general silting up of the lower channels is greatly 

prevented by the great number of dams in the streams, each one of 

which holds back from every flood a large amount of sediment that 

would have been distributed along the whole channel. Tiling also has 

decreased the amount of :sediment reaching the streams. In the 

hilly portions of the basin many good farms have been ruined, and in 

some of the abandoned mining districts, where the timber has been 

cut. away and the ground exposed, the hills have been cut into by 
FLYNN .AND] FLYNN. GENER-AL DESCRIPTION. 21 

such enormous gullies that it seems as if it would be impossible ever 

to reclaim them. Nature will require many years to restore these 

waste lands unless she is intelligently assisted by man. 

In the northern and western parts of the drainage basin the fields are 

well tiled and ditched. In fact, nearly all the swamp land has been 

FIG. 5.-Map of drainage basin of Muskingum River. 

reclaimed, the only extensive area still in existence being a strip 

along Killbuck Creek between Wooster and Shreve. -All through 

the drainage basin there are areas that are swampy in wet years, but 

as a rule the drainage of the basin is good-too good, in fact, for the 

preservation of the summer flow of the streams. 
22 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

FLOW OF STREAMS. 

In connection with the United States Geological Survey, the Ohio 

State board of health established gages for reading the daily height 

of the streams at Mexico and Fremont, on the Sandusky, and at 

Waterville, on the Maumee; but owing ·to changes in the stream bed 

and certain obstructions to the flow, it was not possible to work_ up 

the discharge of the Sandusky at Fremont, and the flow of this stream 

at Sandusky and of the Maumee at Waterville only are given. 

SANDUSKY RIVER. 

The daily gage-height readings of Sandusky River at Mexico extend 

from November, 1898, to November, 1900, when the gage was destroyed 

Second feet 

. 5,000 

- ~o 2~ 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

~~E:fo i t~ J~~~ n~ ~· ~~~ ~ 1 

I· 

~~•:•~~ 1,000 

0 

~~!b .II J~ IE J lJl:Y 10 ~0 _1 020 -~~~ ~-~~~ {11;· Joe ;-o_ ~00~-

L lJ 

FIG. 6.-Diagram showing discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico in 1898--99. 

1

o)E-i; 

~.~II. 

3,000 I--++-I-H-HI-I--I-++-I-+--+--I-H-1--+-t-t--t---t--t-lr---t--t--t--lH-t---r-HII 

2,000 I--+-1--+-H-+-H._H++-H--+--I-H-t--+-t-t--t---t--t-r---t--t---t--H----t-T-HII 

FIG. 7.-Diagram showing discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico in 1900. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. SANDUSKY BASIN. 

and the station abandoned. Owing to lack of facilities, it was 

impossible to estimate the rainfall by any means except that of averaging the monthly records of the various stations in and near the 

drainage basin. For the basin above Mexico six stations are used, 

and in the same table there are given two other stations, with a separate average of t.he eight for use at such time as it is possible to get 

the discharge at the Fremont station. ·: 

Monthly discharge of Sandusky Rimer at Mexico, 1898-1900. 

:Month. 

[Drainage area, 776 Square miles.] 

Discharge in second-feet. 

:Maxi- Mini- mum. mum. 

Total in SecondMean. acre-feet. feet per 

square 

mile. 

Run-off. 

inches. inc~es. Ratw. 

Depth inl Rai?fall . 

--------1------1----1-----1----·1---------

1898. 

December ___ .. ________ 4,035 100 727.4 44,726 0.950 1.090 2.65 0.411 

1899. 

January-------------- 5,410 240 1,515.6 93,222 1.953 2.253 3.29 .684 

February------- ____ :_ 2,725 100 636.4 35,344 .820 .854 2.21 .386 

·March _______ ---------- 3,580 795 1,871.1 115,049 2.424 3. 714 4.8-1 . 767 

ApriL _________________ 1,730 100 600.2 35,714 . 773 .856 1.44 .594 

May ___________________ 1,145 45 626.6 13,933 .292 .334 4.55 .073 

June------------------ 935 6 207.5 12,34'1 .267 .297 2.95 .100 

July ____________ .------ 100 4 31.7 1,949 .040 .040 4.82 .008 August ________________ 375 3 43.9 2,699 .056 .066 1.86 .035 

September·------- ____ 6 2 2.9 173 .003 .003 2.34 .001 

October--------------- 30 2 8.9 547 .011 .011 2.22 .005 

November------------ 45 121 23.' 1,42'2 .030 .030 2.28 .013 

December------------ 655 30 170.8 10,502 .220 .230 3.20 .072 

Year-------------·----- 5,410 1-2 496.6 - 322,901 .640 8.688 36 .241 

=j== ~======-

1900. 

January-------------- 2,245] 8 655.5 40,581 .844 .974 2.22 .439 

February------------- 2,380 125 888.9 49,367 1.145 1.19'2 4.18 .285 

:March_------ __________ 4,870 270 1,407 86,513 1.813 2.093 2.64. .793 

ApriL _____ ------------ 1,355 180 686.2 40,832 .884 .984 2.84 .340 May ___________________ 180 20 88.4 5,436 .114 .134 2.57 .521 

June------------------ 445 80 161.5 9,610 .208 .228 3.94 .578 

July--------------- __ · __ 410 6 78.7 4,839 .101 .121 4.72 .256 

August ____ ------------ 1,560 4 242.6 14,917 .312 .362 4.76 .076 

September ____________ 125 4 38.3 2,279 .049 .058 2.04 .028 

October--------------- 270 8 70.1 4,310 .090 .100 2.53 .009 

The mean monthly rainfall shown in the next to la.st column was 

obtained from the following table, the data for which were obtained 

from the reports of the United States Weather Bureau: 
Rainfall in Sandusky drainage basin, 1898-1900. 

1898. 1899. 

--

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. 

Bucyrus-------- 1.25 ----- ----- ----- 1.33 5. 71 2.95 5.01 0.40 3.88 ----- ----- ----- ------ 0.60 2.85 2 ----- Findlay--------- 2.51 3.19 1.50 4.57 1. 77 3.31 2.30 5.08 . 79 1.61 1. 91 1. 71 3.06 30.80 1.70 5.19 1.52 1.99 

Kenton--------- 3.04 3.46 2.11 4.90 1.21 4.65 1.05 3.28 2.25 1.32 2.05 3.04 2.93 32.25 3.11 4.29 2.31 2.30 

Mansfield _______ 4.30 3.61 2.31 5.55 1. 75 4.60 6.42 4. 75 1.60 4.55 3.20 2.40 3.39 44.13 2.89 4.75 4.30 4.85 

Marion __________ 1.65 2.97 1.68 4.71 1.45 3.05 2.42 4.73 3.47 1.39 1. 79 2.·29 3.02 32.97 3.35 3.86 2.74 3.12 

Upper Sandusky--------- 3.14 3.20 2.44 4.48 1.14 5.96 2.55 6.08 2.67 1.30 2.16 1.95 3.60 37.53 2.69 4.14 3.25 2.20 

Mean for Mexico station . ___ 2.65 3.29 2.21 4.84 1.44 4.55 2.95 4.82 1.86 2.34 2.22 2.28 3.20 36.00 2.22 4.18 2.64 2.89 

Tiffin ____________ 3.30 3. 72 2.20,5.06 2.64 5.42 2.10 4.56 .90 1.53 2.15 1.84 3.27 35.39 2.19 4.91 2.14 2.55 

Vickery _________ 2.43 3.23 1.4914.87 .82 5.271 1.96 3.25 1.38 .85 1.98 1. 71 2.18 28.99 1. 74 3.94 1.68 1.72 

Mean for Fremont station._ 2. 70 3.34 1.51 I 2.101 4.88 4. 751 2. 72 4.59 1.68 2.05 2.18 2.13 3.06 34.99 2.16 4.24 2.46 2.68 

- -

May. June. 

3.27 4.64 

2.86 1.60 

1.39 5.04 

3.50 4.15 

1.33 5.64 

3.05 2.57 

2.57 3.94 

1. 21 3.80 

2.36 3.36 

2.36 3.85 

- --

1900. 

July. Aug. Sept. I Oct. Nov. Dec.,Total. --~-

3.40 4.63 2.10 1. 75 1.03 0.73 ------ 5.84 6.27 1.50 3.16 3.10 .08 3.5. 61 

3.67 3.41 1.52 3.67 4.66 1.01 36.38 

7.88 4.65 2.23 2.15 4.63 1.62 47.6) 

3.13 4.52 2.99 1.84 3.45 1.31 37.01 

4.37 5.06 1.98 2.62 2.57 1.35 35.85 

4. 72 4. 76 2.04 2.53 3.24 1.15 36.88 

7.55 4.39 .91 1.91 2.90 .92 35.38 

5.89 2. 72 1.03 1.46 2.58 .57 29.05 

5. 22 ----=-~ ___:'77 __:_- 32 3.12,1. 0:_ 35. 69 

~ 

~ 

1-l:j 

0 

Ll 

to 

t:;j 

to 

~ ~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

t!:J 

I> 

~ I> 

'(fJ 

1-1 

~ 

0 

= ~ 

? 

z 

? 

t=i 
FLYNN AND-J FLYNN, MAUMEE BASIN. 25 

Above Mexico Sandusky River has a drainage area of 776 square 

miles. The country consists of rolling farm land in a high state of 

cultivation. There remain very few tracts of timber of large size, and 

the fields are fairly well drained by ditches and tile. 

There are six small dams in the riv.t'r above the gaging station, but 

they store very little water and seem to have no perceptible influence 

on the flow at Mexico. 

MAUMEE ,RIVER. 

The gaging station on this stream was placed at Waterville, the first 

available place above the influence of backwater from Maumee Bay, 

in November, 1898, and was abandoned early in 1902. The mean 

monthly rainfall in this basin was obtained by averaging the depth 

reported from 21 stations within or neighboring to the basin. 

Secondfeet 

35,000 

38,000 

.25,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

5,000 

0 

35.000 

30.000 

25.0C:> 

FIG. B.-Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 1898-99. 

FIG. 9.__:Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 1900. 
26 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. 

Monthly discharge of Maumee River at Waterville, 1898-1900. 

----------~ ---:[nn:ina~~ areGuare miles.] 

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. 

Month. Total in SecondMaxi- Mini- acre-feet. feet per Depth in Rainfall 

Mean. in mum. mum. square inches. inches. mile. 

-----

1898. 

December_ 32,120 680 8,203.4 504, 407 I 1. 325 1.525 2.41 

1899. 

January __ 33,250 780 10,979 675,072 1. 796 2.070 2.60 

February _ 26,765 1,310 6, 301.2 349,950 1.080 1.070 2.14 

March ____ 32,100 8,700 19,431.4 1,194,790 3.180 3.660 4.39 

April _____ 12,960 1,800 6,027.5 358,661 .986 1.095 1.11 

May ______ 2,J50 1,200 1,990 352,360 .325 .375 3.66 

June ______ 2,450 150 1,057.3 62,814 .173 .203 1.88 

July ______ 1,200 3 285.3 17,536 .046 .046 4.36 

August ___ 4,940 70 1,362.2 43,758 .223 .253 2.09 

September 990 20 259 15,411 .042 .042 2.40 

October ___ 150 5 48.1 2,955 .007 .007 2.51 

November 1,310 40 521 31,001 .085 .085 2. 12 

December_ 9,950 10 2,323.2 142,847 . 380 .450 3.08 

Year ______ 33,250 3 5, 211.7 3,017,155 .689 9. 356 132. 34 

1900. I 

January ___ 10,200 1,200 5,053.9 310,752 .82'7 .947 1.25 

February _ 18,985 2,450 7,943.9 441,180 1.300 1.342 4.50 

March ____ 42,750 2,600 15,609.7 959,803 2.554 2.942 2.13 

April _____ 13,965 2,600 8,149.1 484,904 1.330 1.480 2.40 

May ______ 3,050 200 937.7 57,657 1.530 1. 760 2.65 

June ______ 6,320 680 3,443.6 204,907 .563 .623 4.30 

July ______ 5,120 300 2,093.5 128,724 .342 .392 4.89 

August ___ 1,930 5 562.7 34,598 .092 .104 3.56 

September 250 5 26.8 1,596 .004 .004 1.45 

October ___ 250 5 40.6 2,499 .006 .006 2.80 

November 9,700 10 2,619 155,840 .428 .478 3.89 

December_ 6,320 70 1,508.7 92,766 .246 .28~ .83 

Year ______ 42,750 5 4,665.7 2,275,226 7.635 10.364 34.65 

[NO. 91. 

Ratio. 

--

0.632 

.796 

.500 

.833 

.986 

.102 

.108 

.011 

.121 

.018 

.003 

.040 

.146 --

.227 

.757 

.298 

1.381 

.617 

.664 

.145 

-

.080 

.029 

.003 

.002 

.123 

.344 

--

.299 

28 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

Ra,lnfall in Maumee 

1898. 1899. 

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. I June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ---------- -------- Angola ____________ 2.17 3 3.17 4.17 0.65 4.43 1.02 4.04 2. 77 3.21 3.32 2.27 

Auburn ___________ 1.77 2.03 2.01 3.02 .69 3.62 2.02 4. 73 3.73 2.17 3.27 1.80 

Bluffton ___________ 2.12 2.60 1.99 4.96 .97 3.31 2.02 4.61 2.12 1.59 2.60 3.28 

Fm-t Wayne ______ 2.33 2.34 2.35 5.01 .70 2.83 2.29 4.28 6.06 3.49 2.30 2. 75 

Adrian ________ .... 1.8.5 1.91 2.06 3.87 .59 5.57 3.35 6.08 2.10 3.24 2. 74 1.85 

Hillsdale .... ______ 1.89 2.44 2.02 4.01 .87 6.65 3.02 3.81 1.26 3.13 3.24 2.01 

Benton Ridge. ____ 3.51 3.70 1.31 5.18 1.48 2.44 1.97 4.21 .66 .96 1. 74 1.91 

Bowling Green ___ 1.57 2.17 2.39 4.59 1.21 3.24 2.33 4.33 . 75 2.01 2.47 1.84 

Celina. ____________ l.l'5 2.76 1.88 3.67 . 70 2.92 1.67 4.06 ------ ------ 2.01 2.03 

Defiance __________ 2.40 2.08 2.21 3.99 2.49 3.05 1.64 4.22 1. 77 3. 71 2.63 2.06 

Findlay----------- 2.51 I 3.19 1.50 4.57 1. 77 3.31 2.30 5.08 . 79 1.61 1.91 1.71 

Hedges ____ .. ______ 2.50 2.88 1.54 ------- ------- 2.37 ------- --......... ------ ------ ------ ------ Kenton----------- 3.04 3.46 2.11 4.90 1.21 4.65 1.0.5 3.28 2.25 1.32 2.();) 3.04 

Leipsic ____________ 2.58 2.57 1.82 4.62 .56 ............. 2.50 1.50 2.80 1.63 

Montpelier _______ 2.55 2.09 2.01 3.41 1.92 3.65 2.05 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Napoleon _________ 3 1.25 2.52 4.39 1.56 2.68 1.51 5.19 .85 3.60 2.24 1.63 

New Bremen _____ .................. ------- ------- ............... ____ .. _- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ............... 

Ottawa----------- 2.48 2.84 1.58 4.52 1.45 2.94 1.65 3.25 2.85 1.86 2.36 1.88 

Swanton __________ ------- _______ ------- ______________ ------- ____________________________________ _ 

VanWert _________ 2.25 2.25 1.70 4.76 .44 _______ 1.80 6 ______ 2.35 ___________ _ 

Wauseon--------- 3.28 3.90 4.52 5.47 1.19 4.53 1.11 4.52 .84 2.70 2.50 2.17 

TotaL ...... 45.71 49.46 40.69 79.11 19.95 62.21 33.80 71.69 31.30 38.45 40.19 33.86 

Mean ________ 2.41 2.60 2.14 4.39 1.11 3.66 1.88 4.36 2.09 2.40 2.51 2.12 • 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. MAUMEE BASIN. 

basin, 1898-1900, in inches. 

1899. 1900. 

Dec. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar./ Apr. May./June. July. --------

3.31 35.65 1.37 5.23 2.88-1 2.21 2.23 4.60 8.02 

1. 92 31.01 . 76 5.05 1.8;! . 1.98 2.44 5.61 5.29 

2.92 32.47 .83 3. 95 1. 9'Z 2.92 3.34 5.01 3.03 

3.16 37.56 .86 5.11 1.87 2.26 3.40 6.05 3.52 

2.39 35.75 . 72 3.26 2.91 1.85 3.38 3.15 7.04 

2. 77 85.23 .79 4.09 2.5.'1 2.22 2.85 4.49 8.42 

3.39 28.95 1.67 5.50 2.81 2. 72 2.42 2.54 4.45 

2.70 00.08 .97 8.86 1.83 2.45 2.95 3.80 8. 76 

4.01 1.58 4.99 2.21 2.05 2.17 4.07 2.83 

3.50 33.85 1.20 4.41 1.81 8.17 8.21 5.36 6.03 

3.06 30.80 1. 70 5.19 1.52 1.99 2.86 1.60 5.84 

36.26 8.11 1.14 2.85 2.89 4.22 4. 75 

. --~~~~-~-~~~~- 3.11 4.29 2.31 2.00 1.39 5.04 3.67 

-------------- -------------- ------------- 4.80 

. 00 4. « 2.39 2.23 2.09 6.61 6.35 

~~~-~~J~-~~~~ . 65 4.83 2. 79 2.50 2.00 5.47 3.48 

1.12 ------- ------- 1. 74 2. 28 I 3. 91 2.37 

3.261 00.44 1.42 4.5.'1 1. 67 2.21 2 2.89 3.88 

-------------- -------~------- ------ ------ -------------- --------------

3.36 36.81 1. 50 5.57 2.17 4.04 4.12 3.01 5. 71 

29 

Aug. Sept. Oet./ Nov. Dec. Total. 

3.68 1.50 4.35 5.58 0.65 42.48 

3. 87 1. 39 2.44 4.45 . 45 35.62 

4.15 1.87 2. 74 3.88 .93 34.57 

1.84 2.83 ------ ------ ------- 2.50 2.12 2.88 3.90 .27 83.88 

1.80 1.5.'} 2.99 4.80 .48 36.48 

4.69 1.66 3.05 3.66 1.18 36.85 

4.24 .85 2.9513.82 1 00.98 

4.18 1.51 1.87 2. 48 1.33 00.72 

2.58 1.07 3.07 3. 76 .59 36.26 

6.27 1.50 3.16 2.10 .88 85.61 

2.85 .92 2. 78 4.10 . 72 

3.41 1.52 3.67 4.66 1.01 36.38 

2.45 . 70 1.5.'} . 75 

2.16 1.63 3.62 3.92 .57 36.97 

2.80 1.34 2.62 3.61 .95 82.84 

4.09 1.84 2.19 4.22 1.09 

8.10 1.11 2.03 3.37 1.05 29.34 

------------ ------ 3.82 1.03 

5. 74 1.5.'} 2.12 3.37 ------ ------- 2.97 1.61 8.09 4.48 .93 39.38 ------------·---·---.----- 46.16 _ ----- _ 21.21 76.43 36.17 43.19 47.77177.48 92.74 67.71 29.08 M. 95 73.93 15.81 __ -----

3.08 32.34 . 1. 25 4. 50 2.13 2.4o I 2. 65 4. oo 4. 89 3.56 1.45 2. 80 3.89 . 83 34.65 
80 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

The rainfall table for 1901 gives the mean annual rainfall for 

the basin as 30.89 inches, which is 1. 45 inches less than the rainfall 

for 1899 and 3. 76 less than for 1900. This lower rainfall is accqmpanied by a falling off in the run-off, the figure being 19.9 per cent, 

as against 22.7 per cent and 29.9 per cent for 1899 and 1900, 

respectively. 

To prevent overvaluation of these results, it must be noted that the 

canal system takes a small amount of water from above the gaging 

stat.ion and returns some of it below this station. On the extremely 

low flows this may have some influence, but it is not believed that it 

is extensive. 

Monthly discharge of Maurnee River at Waterville in 1901. 

[Drainage area, 6,111 square miles.] 

Discharge in second-feet. I Run-off. 

I 

Month. i 

Total in acre-I Second- I . Maxi- Mini- Mean. feet. feet per Depth in I Ra!nfall Per mum. mum. square inches. iu~~es. cent. 

I 

mile. 

-- January ___ 6,110 480 2,389.7 146,937 0.391 o.451 I 1. 90 23.7 

February __ 9,450 580 3,716.8 206,421 .608 .633 • 1.45 43.6 

March _____ 27,600 2,240 11,207.9 689,147 1.834 2.114 2.58 81.9 

April ______ 8,160 1,020 3,646.3 216,970 .596 . 658 2.18 30.2 

May _______ 22,750 530 3,147.9 193,557 . 515 .594 3.90 15.3 

June- __ -_ -- 15,220 660 3,599 214,155 . 589 I .657 3.84 17.1 

July _______ 14,215 80 2,503.1 153,910 .410 .473 3.06 15.5 

August ____ 140 5 47.7 2,935 .008 .009 2.74 .3 -

September _ 80 10 42 2,499 .007 .008 1. 35 .6 

October ___ . 1,020 10 246.1 15,132 .040 .046 2.73 1.7 

November __ 180 60 98 5,831 .016 .018 1. 53 1.2 

December __ 11,200 110 2,585.8 158,995 .423 .488 3.63 13.5 

--

Year ___ 27,600 5 2, 771.2 2,006,489 .453 6.149 30.89 19.9 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. 

25,000 

22,500 

20,000 

17,500 

15,000 

12,500 

10,000 

7,500 

5,000 • 

.2,.500 

0 

MAUMEE BASIN. 31 

I 

FIG. 10.-Diagram showing discharge of Maumee River at Waterville in 1901. 

, Rainfall in Maumee basin in 1901, in inches. 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.IJune.IJuly. Aug. Sept.IOct. Nov. Dec. I Total. 

--------

1.93 3.26 2.54 2. 75 4.10 5. 95 4. 58 0. 87 6. 15 1. 81 3.47 40.60 

Station. 

Angola ____________ 3.19 

Auburn ___________ 1.58 1.44 1.15 1.94 2.45 2.87 1.38 3. 71 1.30 3. 71 1.15 1.57 24.25 

Bluffton ---------- 1.17 .93 2. 76 2.34 4.16 3.29 1.23 4. 79 1.12 3.40 1.50 4.01 30.70 

Fort Wayne------ 1.49 1. 74 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ --........... Adrian ____________ 2.12 1.31 2.37 1.33 2.53 2.23 1. 75 2.05 .97 3.46 1.89 2.91 24.92 

Coldwater·------- 2. 79 1. 75 2. 71 2.18 1. 78 4.96 4.67 4.10 . 73 6.56 1.82 3.25 37.00 

Hillsdale---· ______ 2.53 2.63 2.95 1.98 2.64 3.55 2.68 2.20 .93 5.63 2 3.12 32.84 

Benton Ridge _____ 1.42 2.10 3.15 2.03 3.70 3.59 2.66 2.02 1.82 .24 3.59 

Bowling Green ___ 2.57 1.00 2.86 2.23 4.91 3.98 4.42 4.38 1.32 1.15 2.33 4.21 35.66 

Celina ________ c ____ 1.74 .80 3.14 2.27 4. 79 3.98 3.24 1.86 1.95 .94 .95 '.3.58 29.24 

De14tnce __________ 1.10 1.07 2.35 1. 87 3.93 3.47 6.08 2.16 1.54 2.63 .1.41 4.14 31.75 

Findlay----------- 1.46 1.45 3.30 2.46 4:65 2. 79 1.36 2.93 1.85 .86 .94 3.87 37.95 

Hedges ____________ 1.12 1.03 3.02 2.19 5.28 3.26 1.89 2.25 1. 76 2.27 1.35 4.03 29.45 

Kenton ____________ 2.61 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- Leipsic ____________ 1.33 1.70 2.20 1.81 3.95 3.95 3.20 2.14 1.22 1.01 4.43 

Montpelier_------ 3.00 1. 70 2.44 2.82 3.52 4.01 5.07 2.45 .82 4.09 1.71 3.10 35.03 

Napoleon--------- 1.58 2.51 2.01 4.03 5.10 2.98 .64 1.73 1.27 3.02 28.65 

New Bremen _____ 1.28 1.26 2.11 4.67 5.14 1.68 1.44 1.09 1.25 3.75 26.55 

Ottawa ------·---- 1.64 2.60 2.34 4.32 2.46 3.32 1.61 .59 1.64 2.25 27.64 
32 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

MUSKINGUM RIVER. 

No gaging station was established on. Muskingum River, but a 

metl;tod by which the discharge could be approximately determined 

was found and used for one year. In fact, an accurate gaging of this 

stream with a reasonable expenditure of time and money would be 

very difficult. Below Zanesville slack-water navigation is maintained 

by ten fixed dams. Boats are locked through these from pool to pool 

or from level to level, as in a canal system. This effectually prevents 

the use of a current meter on the main portion of the river and makes 

it necessary to go to the tributaries for such work. To do this would 

involve the maintenance of a large number of gages and the making 

of innumerable meter measurements. This plan not being practicable, it was determined to approximate the flow by computations of 

M~~~~;-~~+-r4-+4-~-+~+-~~+-~~~~-+~~~~+-~~ 

~.~ri~;-~-r+-~-+4-~-+~+-~~+-~-~~~-+~~~~+-~~ 

~.~~~;-~-H~~-+4-+4-+~+-~~+-~~~~-+~~~~+-~~ 

24,~ H-.--;-~-HI+-t-11-+4-+4-+-~-+-~~+-t-+-+~-1-----l-+~+---l~----1-+-~~ 

22,~ 1--t-•--+-+-+-HI+-f+l-+-!-+----l-~-f-+-f-..f-----1--l-W--l--1-W--I---+-W-+-I-+-W~ 

20,~ Ht.-;-H-Hit-t-UII--+-+-+4-+-+-+-f--+--+--+-l---l--+-+-+-l--+--+--l-l-+--+---l-lf----+~ 

18,~ Ht-.---+-H-Hit-~l-+-!-+----l-~-f-+-,i-1--J--l-l---l--+++-l--+--+--1---I--1--~-I-IW~ 

16,~ 1-11----1-+-1-WII---

14,~ Hf----1--+-t ..... ._ 

12,~ ~---1---+-

10,~ H-1--t---1--

8,~ 

6,000 

4,~ 

2,~ 

0 

FIG. 11.-Diagram showing discharge of Muskingum River at Eagleport in 1899. 

the discharge over one of the dams. Owing to the irregularity in the 

crest of these dams, to leakage, waste through locks, and other causes, 

it was found impossible with the time at hand to do as good work as 

the method would warrant. 

Dam No. 8, at Eagleport, was selected as affording the best opportunity for success. The P.ool levels both above and below this dam, 

together with plans and other valuable information, were obtained 

through the courtesy of Mr. Edmund Moeser, United States resident engineer, Zanesville, Ohio. From the pool levels, which ·were 

read from one to six times daily, the daily etverage height of the water 

above the dam was computed. A formula for the flow over this dam 

was obtained from the Rafter experiments at Cornell University. 

Owing to the high water, it was impossible to survey a low place in 

the crest, and the effect of this lowered portion was estimated from 

the water powers both above and below this dam. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. MUSKING UM BASIN. 33 

Estimated monthly d-ischarge of the Muskingurn River at Eagleport, Ohio. 

Month. 

1899. 

January ____ _ 

February ___ _ 

March ______ _ 

April _______ .1 

May - - __ -----

June _________ -

July ________ _ 

August _____ _ 

September __ _ 

October _____ _ 

November ___ _ 

December ___ _ 

The year_ 

[Drainage area, 6,849 square miles.] 

Discharge in second-feet. 

---------~-------.-------1 

I

I__ Total in 

acre-feet. 

Maximum. Minimum. 

31,590 

14,970 

26,530 

22,570 

12,020 

12,370 

3,520 

3,500 

194 

348 

476 

11,120 

31,590 

2,670 

720 

5,640 

2,530 

1,060 

7~0 

251 

171 

171 

171 

194 

220 

171 

Mean. 

11,466 

5,137 

1.5,898 

7,146 

2,'789 

3,945 

960 

709 

175 

'705,008 

341,368 

978,546 

425,213 

17f, 501 I 

234,742 I 

59,007 

43,612 

10,483 

181 11,141 

322 19,183 

2,711 166,724 

4, 286 13, 166, fi28 

Run-off. 

1-------c----------1 Mean 

Second- rainfall 

Depth in feet per in inches. 

inches. square 

1. 981 

. 78 

2.68 

1.16 

.47 

.64 

.16 

.12 

. 03 

.03 

.05 

.46 

8.51 

mile. 

1. 67 

. 75 

2.32 

1.04 

.41 

.-58 

.14 

. 10 

.03 

.03 

.05 

.40 

. 627 

2.61 

1. 83 

4.52 

1.81 

4.76 

4.00 

4.35 

1.47 

3.30 

2.12 

1.60 

3.05 

35.42 

The mean monthly rainfall as shown in the last column was obtained 

from the following table, the data for which were obtained from the 

reports of the United States Weather Bureau: 

Rainfall on Muskingmn basin in 1899, in Hwhes. 

Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.IJune. July.jAug. . I 

Sept.! Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 

------,-- ------

Ashland __________ 2.16 1.24 2. 71 0.69 4.50 3.67 3.92 1.13 3.13 2.63 1.71 3.10 30.59 

Bangorville. ______ 3.€8 1.64 4.38 1.01 4.38 6.33 5.<15 2.43 3.24 2.59 1.98 2.98 40.09 

Canton ______ ------ 2.12 1. 72 4.86 4.45 5.52 2.85 4.69 1.14 3.26 1.83 2.14 3.56 38.15 

Green HilL _______ 1. 88 1. 72 3.58 2.4-1 6.04 3.20 5.19 1.38 3.43 1.88 1.51 3.36 35.58 

Wooster---------- 3.29 1. C4 3.95 1.28 4.42 1.95 3.731.&' 5.56 2.21 1.59 2. 78 32.93 

Cambridge _______ 2.17 2.05 4.59 1.36 4.55 4.76 4.65 1.05 2.60 2.21 1.44 3.17 34.61 

Canal Dover ______ 3.28 2.18 4.53 2.17 6.84 2.89 3.53 1.28 3.61 1.65 1.90 3.59 37.45 

Carrollton ________ 2.13 2.54 4.17 2.69 5.92 3.92 4.15 1.03 --- ~-- ------ ------ ------ -------

Granville _________ 2. 41 1. S4 5. 60 2.44 3.15 4. 7215.47 1. !!5 2.62 1. 99 3.19 

Gratiot----------- 2.53 2.21 5.48 1.67 3.53 4.12 3.64 1.16 2.59 1. 74 1.41 3.03 33.16 

~Iilfordton. _______ 2.93 1.98 4.52 1.25 3. 74 2.55 3.87 1.45 2.5-! 2.44 1.37 2. 78 31.42 

Killbuck __________ 3.15 .89 4.51 1.35 4. 74 2. 82 1 3.::o .82 3.23 1. 81 1.25 2.38 30.15 

Pataskala _________ 2.39 1.97 5.38 2.15 3.40 7.68 4.83 1.16 2.43 2.44 1.68 3.10 38.61 

Philo ______________ 2.03 2.16 4.M .96 4.45 5.08 4. 71 1.39 4.37 2.40 1.10 2.86 36.06 

Warsaw __________ 3.06 1. 70 5.01 1.22 6.17 3.<14 4.27 4.08 3.58 1.76 1.26 2. 70 38.25 

Total.. ...... 39.21 I"'· .S ------------------------- 67.82 27.10 71.35 59.98 65.31 22.01 46.19 27.59 22.33 42.63 

Mean ________ 2.61 1.83 4.52 1.81 4. 76 4.00 4.35 1.47 3.30 2.12 1.60 3.05 35.42 

--------

IRR 91--04--3 
34 FOUR DR.AINAGE AR.EAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

The fifteen 'stations given here are scattered over the whole drainage area above Eagleport, and the mean of the rainfall at these stations 

will give a fair average for the basin. 

Even if the computations for the discharge of this stream were 

accurate, it would be impossible to make a proper study of the run-off 

of this drainage basin, as the canal system diverts a portion of the 

flow of the northern tributaries to the Cuyahoga River and of the 

southwestern tributaries to the Scioto River. From the data at hand 

it is impossible to state the extent of this diversion and the effect it 

should have on the run-off, but it should be more noticeable in the 

low flows than in the higher ones, as a larger per cent of the former 

is used. 

From the above causes the figures in the preceding table showing 

the run-off are of secondary value. It is shown that 8.51 inches of 

rainfall, or 21.2 per cent, constituted the run-off. In the survey of the 

canals of the State by the United States Engineering Department, in 

1895, estimates were made of the run-off of this river at Zanesville. 

The average per cent of run-off for eight years (1888-1895) was 33, or 

11.8 per cent above the estimate for 1899. The average for three dry 

years, 1889, 1894, and 1895, was 22 per cent, or 0. 8 per cent above that 

for 1899. These comparisons show that the figure for 1899 is probably 

too low. 

From the middle of August until the last of October the water never 

rose above the true crest of the dam, and the constant flow shown in 

the chart is d~e to the flow over the depressed crest, leakage, locking 

of boats, etc. The methods used in the work would not admit of 

great refinement in the estimate of these low flows, so an average 

figure was obtained for them from the water-power ratings, as mentioned above. 

DAMS .AND W .ATER POWER. 

The traveler through the older portions of Ohio has his attention 

arrested by the desolateness of the old water-power mills. On every 

hand there are to be found the ruins of some once busy mill, its dam 

broken and its race clogged and overgrown with weeds. At no very 

distant time these small mills entered very largely into the daily life 

of a good portion of the people, not from the importance of the mills 

themselves, but from the fact that they supplied the daily necessities 

of life, especially in the more isolated districts. The usual grist and 

saw mill was here supplemented by small woolen inills, cooper shops, 

a:q. occasional machine or wagon shop, and rather numerous cider 

presses and cane mills. 

As would be expected, this method of obtaining power was of more 

importance in the hilly eastern section of the State than in the more 

level district of the north and west. At one time in the Muskingum 

basin water powers were to be found on many small streams, the back-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 35 

water of one dam reaching to the tailrace of the power above. These 

numerous dams made the flow of the stream more uniform than ever, 

and frequently gave steady power throughout the year. Evidence 

of the general use of water power is not to be found in any of the 

other three drainage areas, though the flow of Sandusky River proper 

was formerly well utilized. In the Muskingum, Maumee, and Miami 

drainage basins the canal system furnished considerable water power. 

Within the last few decades there has been a decline in the amount 

of water power, for several reasons. The most. important of all, of 

course, has been the increasing lack of uniformity in the run-off of 

the streams, due to the rapid deforesting of the tributary areas and 

the ever-increasing amount of tiling and ditching of agricultural land. 

]"'rom this cause alone many mills that formerly gave full power for 

twelve months in the year can be used now for but six or eight 

months. 

In this state of affairs it has become unprofitable to tie up capital 

in a plant from which no certain return can be expected, and many 

owners were led either to abandon their water powers altogether and 

put in steam plants or, if the power were still good for short periods, 

to put in an auxiliary steam plant to tide over seasons of low water. 

The gradual reduction in price of coal made this scheme more and 

more economical. Another cause of the disuse of water power is 

probably to be found in the decline of water transportation, which 

deprived many of the mills of their raw material and of a market for 

their produce. This applies especially to the canal powers of the 

Muskingum a~d Maumee basins. Just as a decline in water transportation was inimical to these mills, so was the increase in rail transportation. The cheapening of this latter method of transportation 

made it possible for large concerns to underbid in the local markets 

the products of the local mills. 

The many unfavorable features to be contended wjth in tbe operation of a water-power mill have tended to prevent the expenditure of 

money for the repairs needed, and these properties have gradually 

run down to such an extent that they can no longer be operated. 

The silting up of the pond areas has also worked against the successful operation of many of the mills. 

On the other hand, there have appeared in the last few years conditions which will in time increase tbe amount of water power developed, probably not at numerous small plants, but at large central 

stations. rrhe transmission of power by electricity, in connection 

with a general rise in the price of coal, will tend more and more to 

bring about the larger use of water power. Even now there are four 

plants in these drainage areas installed for the development of electrical power, one each in the Sandusky and Muskingum and two in 

the Maumee drainage basin. 
06 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

SANDUSKY BASIN. 

All the water power in this drainage area is to he found on Sandusky 

River proper. Its tributaries are too small to furnish profitable 

power. 

Following is a list of the dams on this stream, with notes as to their 

use. No information is at hand as to the amount of power furnished: 

0 

z 

Name. 

1 I McMickles ...... . 

2 I Waterworks ____ _ 

3 , ..... do ____________ , 

4: Gas works _______ 

1 

51 Waterworks _____ _ 

6 Indian Mill _____ _ 

7 St. Johns ________ 

1 8 Waterworks ____ _ 

9 Pioneer Mills ___ _ 

10 Spec------------- 11 Beckley _________ _ 

12 Bakers __________ _ 

13 Umsted _________ _ 

14: Fort Seneca ___ __I 

15 Ballville _____ ----, 

16 First dam _______ _ 

Table showing darns on Sandusky River·. 

~ ::l 

0 

s 

s..: 

0~ .t:·~ Approximate location. Use. 

(])'4-< 

<:,)0 

-= .s 

r:IJ 

i:S 

96 l.j- miles above Bucyrus __ Watering stock__ 60 95 Just above Bucyrus ______ Water supply____ 50 

9H In Bucyrus--------------- _____ do------------ 70 

94 ____ .do _____________________ Gas works_______ 70 

70 In Upper Sandusky ______ Water supply____ 70 

68 Below Upper Sandusky __ Grist mill ________ l60 

45 9 miles above Tiffin ____________ do------------ 175 

38 JustaboveTiffin _________ Watersupply ____ 175 

37 In Tiffin ___________________ Grist milL _______ 250 

36~ _____ do __________________________ do ____________ l225 

36 Just below Tiffin--------- ____ .do------------ 250 

3H 2 miles below Tiffin ________________ --.. _ __ __ _ 250 

32t 3t miles below Tiffin _ __ __ Grist mill __ __ __ __ 200 

28 8 miles below Tiffin ______ Tile mill _________ 200 

...; 

(]) 

~ 

.s 

_.., 

,Q 

b/.) 

"al 

~ --

2.5 

1.5 

2.5 

.4 

2.5 

.7 

.3 

5.5 

8 

4 

6 

5 

18 2t miles above li~remont.. Grist mill.-----.. 

1

300 14 

17 1t miles above Fremont .. Electric power __ 300 14 

I 

a Broken out. 

$ '"' 

o;l rJi ~ (]) 

~ '"' <:.J orli o;l o;l<D 

..c:::: .s ....s o;l 0-= (]) 

..c:-·.-< '"' o;l _.., 

b/.) 'd 

(]) -= 0 -= ..:I lll ----

3 2:) 

8 

.5 4 

.25 3 

.1 .6 

1 6 

1 20 

4 80 

1 45 

.3 14 

.5 15 

(a) 

1 25 

] 25 

1.1 30 

.5 15 

The St. Johns; Pioneer Mills, Spec, and Ball ville dams furnish power 

for feed and flour mills. Enough power is furnished to run nearly 

the year round, especially for the lower mills. 

The Tiffin waterworks dam supplies power enough to run a 1,500,000-

gallon pump, working against about 115 feet head, for eight or ten 

hours each day. 

The "First dam," above Fremont, furnishes an extensive and reliable power for practically the_whole year. 

MAUMEE BASIN. 

The dams in this basin are confined to two on Maumee River, for 

the supply of the Miami and Erie Canal; one on Blanchard River, to 

impound water for Findlay, and a few on St. Joseph River, in Indiana, 

for water power. The first State dam is at Grand Rapids. It is 1,610 

feet long, 5-k feet high, and backs up the water to Napoleon, 19 miles 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 

above. The Recond is below Defiance. It is 400 feet long, 7 feet high, 

with flashboards 1 foot high, and backs the water up into Defiance, 5 

miles above. 

The dam at Findlay is 200 feet long, 8 feet 3 inches high, and backs 

up the water 3 miles. It is used to divert the water of Blanchard 

River to a filtering basin, from which it is ppmped by Rteam for public • 

supply. 

The Miami and Erie Uanal furnishes power to run a flour mill and 

sawmill at Waterville, and a flour mill, paper mill, and two electricpower houses at Maumee. The fall is obtained between the canal and 

Maumee River. 

MIAMI BASINS. 

The decline in t,he dams jn the Little Miami drainage basin is only 

apparent in the smaller number of mills, as the horsepower in use has 

diminished but little owing to the more complete development of some 

of the larger powers, especially the one at Kings Mills. 

The data concerning the Miami dams and water powers were obtained by personal inspection and from reports of the owners and 

operators. The estimates on the po"Q.d areas are crude and are given 

only as a guide to the amount of storage available. The areas of 

tributary drainage basins were obtained by planimeter measurements 

from the State board of health maps of Ohio. 
38 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

Stream. 

1 Great Miami River ___ _ 

2 Fourmile Creek ______ _ 

3 Sevenmile Creek _____ _ 

Approximate loeation. 

Dam. 

Character. 

Darns and wate1· power 

I 

New Baltimore ______ --------------------~~--------------.-------------- Oxford _______________ Logandslabs ____ 2~ 100 Poor_ ± 3 

Sevenmile ___________ Pile and frame__ 8 140 Fair.. :l 4. 

! 4 GreatMiamiRiver ____ Hamilton ____________ Brush, stone, 4 2,000 Fair __ 1200 

and timber. 

5 _____ do ______ ------------ Woodsdale ___________ Timber frame___ 6 600 I Good_ 70 

6 _____ do. _________________ Middletown--------- _____ do ____________ 11 450 Fair _ _ 2 100 

7 Twin Creek ____________ South of West Alex- Log and timber_ 2t 150 Good. 2 

andria. 

8 _____ do _________________ West Alexandria ____ Timber frame ___ 5 225 Fair .. 6 

9 _____ do.·----------------- Lewisburg_ ... _______ Log and stone in 3 342 Good. t 5 

3 section. 

10 Great Miami River ____ Franklin _____________ Timber---------- 6 600 Fair .. 1~ 75 

11 ..... do __________________ West Carrollton _____ Timber frame ___ 10 300 Good. 1t 50 

Miamisburg---------------------------------------------------------

..... do ________________ ------------------------------------------------

..... do ................ -----------------------------------------···----

12 Mad River .•••••••••... Dayton ....••••.•...• Pileandframe .. 4 ·250 Poor. t 6 
FJ,YNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 39 

of G1·eat 11-Iiami basin. 

Useofdam; ifwaterpower, kind of mill. 

Water power. 

Kind of wheelf-1. 

Remarks. 

Mos. 

3, 734 FlourmilL ___ -------- 4 ---------------------------- 30 -------- -------------------- 1 

70 Feed and saw milL __ 10 2 turbines________________ 20 

14 One 25-inch Victor tur- 30 

bine. 

Little used ______ . 2 

1391 Planingmill ________ _ 8. -------------------- 3 

3,5211 Papermill __________ _ 

Foundry-------------

Marble works ____ : __ 

Agricultural imple-

:r..ent5. 

Bending works------

Planing mill ________ . 

Turning shop _______ _ 

Printing shop ______ _ 

Planing mill ________ _ 

Machine shop _______ _ 

_____ do ...... ----------

_____ do----------------

3,508 SawmilL ____________ _ 

Flour milL __________ _ 

3,060 Canalfeederandhy- · draulic water- works. 

Paper mill. _________ _ 

_____ do----------------

Flour milL __________ _ 

Machine shop _______ _ 

Paper mill.------ ___ _ 

160 Flour milL __________ _ 

155 _____ do----------------

90 _____ do ____________ . ___ _ 

26 ---------------------------- 200 

26 1 turbine ... : .. -----------1 

26 Overshot----------------~ 

18 Turbine _________________ _ 

18 _____ do ___________________ _ 

18 _____ do ___________________ _ 

13 Overshot _______________ _ 

18 Turbine _________________ _ 

18 ____ .do ___________________ _ 

18 _____ do--------------------

13 _____ do ___________________ _ 

13 _____ do ___________________ _ 

25 

25 

12 

12 

12 

50 

50 

12 

12 

12 

12 

9 50 and 37 inch turbines._ 75 

9 Two 42 and 50 inch tur- bines. 

17t One 56-inch American 

turbine. 

17t Two 36-inch Hercules 

turbines. 

17 One 36-inch Leffel tur- bine. 

17 ·One 28-inch American 

turbine. 

17 One 28-inch turbine ____ _ 

18 One 32-inch Victor tur- bine. 

8 One 26t and one 35 inch 

turbine. 

8~ Two 36 and one 40 inch 

turbine. 

9 2 turbines ______ ----------

100 

85 

112 

50 

21 

90 

11 Auxiliary steam. 4 

11 -------------------- 11 -------------------- 11 Auxiliary steam. 

11 _____ do ____________ 

11 -------------------- 11 Auxiliary steam. 

11 --------------------

11 --------------------

11 Auxiliary steam. 

11 _____ do ____________ 

11 _____ do ____________ 

10 Little used _______ 5 

10 _____ do ____________ 

12 Auxiliary steam. 6 

11 _____ do ____________ 

11 _____ do. ___________ 

11 _____ do ____________ 

11 _____ do ____________ 

11 _____ do.· ___________ 

8 _ ____ do ____________ 

8 -------------------- 8 

6 Auxiliary steam. 9 

2,677 Paper milL__________ 14t 5 turbines ______ ---------- 100 11 _____ do------------ 10 

Planing mill.________ 14 2 turbines ____ ------______ 25 11 ______________ ------

2,610 Canalfeederandhy- ______ -----------------'~---------- ______________ -------------------- 11 

draulic. · 

Paper milL__________ 17t 36 and 17 inch Victor 160 10 Auxiliary steam. turbines . 

...... do---------------- 17 One 35-inch Victor tur- 150 10 _____ do------------

bine. 

Planing milL........ 17 One 20-inch turbine-·-·- 20 10 ...... --·- •....••..• 

640 Ca.nalfeeder ••••.•.•.•...•• --······················--·- ••..•...••.... Supplies some 12 r:at:fia:or hy· 
40 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS lN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Dams and 1Ntfer powc1· of 

---.--------------c------------------------

Dam. 

::.. 'd. i § P" p. r!; 

~ ~ ~~<Db ~ ~ 2r.::~ce 

.

a .s ~o· 1 

...... S s.s ~ ~ o ~ ..... ce 

(!) ..., ,.q +l I-:!·~ ~ 9! ~ ~ i ;g ~ a@ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ -'---1---1--1---~---

13 Mad Rive''. _________ ---1 Dayton _ _____ ____ ____ Stone fill_________ 6 L'ID Fair __ 1 4 

Stream. Approximate location. Character. 

I 

14 _____ do------------------ Harshmanville ------ Stone fill, 3 sec- 5 350 Fair__ t 30 

tions. 

15 Spring Run ____________ , Fairfield _____________ Earth ____________ ---- -------- -------- ---- 2 

16 Mad River _____________ Osborn _______________ Timber---------- 5 170 Fair__ t 10 

17 _____ do------------------ Durbin _______________ Brush and stone_ 3 100 Poor 2 

18 _____ do __________________ Springfield ----------1 Stone filL ________ 4 75 Poor ] 8 

19 Buck Creek ____________ _____ do ________________ Cut stone ________ 7 150 Fair __ t 8 

20 _____ do __________________ _____ do ________________ _ ____ do ____________ 4 75 Fair __ t 3 

21 _____ do __________________ New Moorefield _____ Stone filL ________ 30 Poor_ 1 

l!o ----

22 Mad River _____________ Springfield ______ ·--- _____ do ____________ 6 70 Fair __ 4 

23 _____ do __________________ "Below Tremont _____ _ ____ do ____________ 1t 150 Fair __ i 6 

24 Chapman Creek _______ Tremont. ____________ Brush, stone, and 3 60 Poor_ t 2 plank. 

25 _____ do ______________ · ____ West of Tremont_---[ Plank------------ 3 50 Fair __ t 2 

26 Mad River _____________ South of Urbana ____ 

1 

Log and stone 3 125 Poor_ t 4 

27 Kings Creek ___________ Kings Creek _____ ·--- Creek diverted -------- -------- ---- ----

_, ________ j 

three - fourths 

I 

mile above. 

28 Great Miami River ____ 

1 

Dayton Log and stone 8 630 Poor_ 1 70 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. _ DAMS AND WATER POWER. 41 

Great Miarni basin-Continued. 

Use of dam; if water power, kind of mill. 

Water power. 

Kind of wheels. 

Remarks. 

I 

I 

I Mos. 

633 Paper milL _________ _ 16 Overshot ____________ ----, 130 I 10 Auxiliary steam_ 13 

Cereal milL _________ _ 

Linseed-oil mill _____ _ 

Flour milL ___________ ' 

Plow works __________ ' 

Flour milL __________ _ 

Flax milL ____________ I 

Plow works __________ 

Flour milL ___________ 1 . 

Tag works ___________ ! 

Scale works _________ ' 

Flour milL ___________ ' 

Linseed-oil mill _____ .

1 

Brewery ____________ . 

Foundry and ma- chine shop. 

~~ ~~~~~~: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~-_::[ 16 1 turbine _________________ ! 

~~ -~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::~ 16 _____ do ________ ---------·--

16 _____ do--------------------

10 One 22-inch turbine ____ _ 

10 

10 ----------------------------

10 3 overshots, 1()-foot di- ameter. 

10 ------------------ ----------

10 ------ ---.. '------ ------ ----

8 One 45-inch American 

turbine. 

30 

25 

15 

61 I 

9 

9 

6 

6 

30 

35 

30 

Hi 

12 

25 

10 _____ do ___________ _ 

10 _____ do ___________ _ 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 Auxiliary steam_ 

10 

10 Auxiliary steam_ 

10 _____ do ___________ _ 

~~ -~~~i;i~~;~t~~~l 10 Auxiliary steam I 

(eanaltoriver).i 

625 Corn shelter _________ · One 48 and one 36 inch 

turbine. 

50 Little used_ ------,14 

Grain elevator ______ _ 

_____ do _______________ _ 

Shoe factory ________ _ 

Sawmill _____________ _ 

8 One 48-inch turbine _____ _ 

8 One 8-foot reaction _____ _ 

Three 48 and 30 inch tur- bines. 

8 Four 36-inch turbines. ___ 1 

25 ___ -----1 ____ .do ___________ _ 

20 -------- _____ do ___________ _ 

130 12 Only 40 horsepower used. 

75 Little used ______ _ 

8 Feed mill ___________ _ 12 One 30-inch turbine _____ _ 15 i ________ ----_do ____ --------, 15 

575 Flour mill _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 One '72-inch Leffel tur- 76 11 2 short stone sec- 16 

bine. tions to dam. 

_____ do---------------- 8 One 35-inch Leffel tur- 35 Auxiliary steam_ 

bin e. 

483. Not used ___________________ ---------------------------- ______________ -------------------- 17 

447 Flour mill___________ 8 Turbines_________________ 40 I 8 Little used _______ 18 

150 _____ do________________ 24 One 42-inch Leffel tur- 100 9 Auxiliary steam_ 19 

bine. 

Machine shop________ 22 _____ do ____________ -------- 80 12 _____ do------------

Not used for power _________________________________________ -------- -------------------- 120 

82 Feedandfl.ourmilL_ 10! One 32-inch Leffel tur- 23 6 _____ --------------'21 hl~ I 

290 Feed mill____________ 8 Two 6-foot reaction _____ , 20 1 10 -------------------- 22 

Flour mill ____ ·_______ 8 Two24and 32 inchtur- 40 1 10 -------------------- bines. 

276 _____ do________________ 7 One 48 and one 40 inch 50 9 -------------------- 23 

turbine. 

24 _____ do ________________ 16 Overshot; 16-foot diame- 30 6 Little used _______ 24 

I ter, 5~ breast. 

18 Feed mill ____________ 14 Overshot; 14-footdiame- 25 6 _____ do ____________ 

1

25 

i ter, 8-foot breast. I 

1u5 _____ do ________________ ; 2 turbines ________ ------ __ 20 6 _____ do ____________ 26 

27 Feed and flour milL_ 14 Overshot and 20-inch tur- 50 9 -------------------- 27 

bin e. 

1,811 Machine oo[ shop. _______ 8 i 3 Stillwell-Bierce tur- 9 Auxiliary steam. 28 

bines. 
FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Dam.s and water power of 

Dam. ----"------~- -~-"-- ·--"."----"--

Stream. Approximate location. Character. 

--------

~I Stillwater Creek ______ • 3t miles south of Stonefillandtim- 1 5 150 Poor. 1 15!·1 

30 WeimerBranch ....... 13 miles south of Eart~------------ 5~-------- Fair .. ----

West Milton. ber I _" 

" I West Milton. 

31 CedarBranch _________ 

1

1i miles south of _____ do ____________ 10 75 Fair .. ---- 41 

West Milton. I 

32 Vore Branch __________ , One-half mile south Timberandstonel 4 140 Fair.. 2 

1 

of West Milton. 

33 Rutledge Branch.-----. West Milton. ________ Earth ______ ------~---- --------~---- ---- ----

34 Stillwater River ______ Above West Milton_ Stone fill_________ 3 15D Poor. t 4 

35 _____ do __________________ North of Ludlow Timber __________ I 5 100 Fair __ l tl 6 

36 ..... do------------------. S:g~~s~rove ... ---~--~ Timber frame... 5 125 Fair .. 

37 Painter Creek ---------,-----do---------------- _____ do ____________ 12 50 Fair.. 1 4 

12 

38 StillwaterRiver _______ Covington ___________ Sto-ne fill and 3 100 Good. 1 9 

concrete. 

39 1 Greenville Creek ______ ..... do---------------- Timber frame ... 12 

40 l ..... do __________________ West of Covington ....... do____________ 6 

I 

41 1----.do---- __ ---- ____ ----' Gettysburg__________ Stone fill.________ 4 

421 _____ clo ------------------ New Harris __________ Timber frame... 6 

Frameandstone. ___ _ 

43 ..... do------------------ Above Greenville ___ Log and stone___ 5 

44 StillwaterRiver _______ Covington ___________ Timber __________ 1;\ 

125 Good. 12 

120 Fair .. 6 

125 Poor_ 3 

200 Good. 8 

180 Fair _________ _ 

100 Fair _ _ t 40 

100 Fair.. t 2 

45 Spring Branch ________ 2mileseastof Troy.------------------------------------.-----------

46 Great Miami River .... Troy-------------.---- Timber frame... 5 200 Good. 1 15 

: ::;~ :::::::: ::::: ::

1 

E~~E -: :_ :~iE:::_:::J :l : EE.:: : : 

~: :o';:'itoCr~k : --1 :~:Y·::: :·_::: --"~::fi~.: ::· -: : :::: l : 

52 Great Miami River .... Port Jefferson _______ Timber frame ... 8t 240 Good.l4 100 

53 ..... do ....... -----------1 Quincy _______________ Stonefill. ________ 41 150 Fair .. 2.}

1

35 

------------------------------------~------------~----------~~-----
FJ~YNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 43 

Great M-iarni basin-Continued. 

~ Water power. ill • -+"rn ceo; 

""' Q) It:;:: .d (1) hs s I> ~ '"'Q) d 0 -+" ce'-' p, ai -+"d Use of dam; if water '0 (1) 

::l::l d • rn.O $~ Remarks. .00' power, kind of mill . a;~ '-'a> .,..rn ,.:::l.O Kind of whe~1R. ..2s cece 

b;:: Q) ce ·o; s~ ,..; .......... ..... > 0'0 00 r;o ~ce (1) 

ce ..a ceQ) ~ -+" Q)..:::l Q) ""' p, s '-'rn I> 0 p, p 

~ ~ E-1 ~ z 

2i<fos. 

613 Flour mill _____ . _____ 8 2 turbines .... ____________ 40 9 Little used. ______ 29 

4 ..... do ________________ 10 1 turbine _________________ 12 8 -------------------- RO 

6 ..... do ________________ 56 One 10-inch Leffel tur- 20 :::-----------1: bine . 

3 ...... do ________________ 20 Overshot; 20-foot diame- 12 8 

ter, 3-foot breast. -----------------

2 Woolen mill _________ 18 One 6-inch turbine. ______ 10 8 Little used. ______ 133 

573 Flour mill------- ____ I 

4 One 48-inch turbine ______ 21 9 

471 Plaster mill ...... ____ 6 ~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~j: 1 

Obln~~-inch Victor tur- ! 25 10 

456 Flour mill ___________ 6 One 30-inch and one 25- 35 12 -------------------- 36 

inch turbine. 

SawmilL _____ . _______ 12 Two 35-inch turbines .... 70 8 Little used._ ..... 37 

433 Saw and feed mill ... 6 One 40-inch and one 35- 45 12 ___ .do ____________ 38 

inch turbine. 

197 Electric-light plant . 28 Two 21-inch Victor tur- bines. 80 12 -------------------· 39 

192 Feed mill ____________ 6 One 48-inch Leffel tur- 20 10 -------------------- 40 

bin e. 

173 ..... do ________________ 6 One 23-inch and one 48- 25 10 Little used _______ 41 

inch Leffel turbine. 

---~~~- -~~~~~-~~~1- ~~~~~ ~~:::: 1- ---~- -~-~~- ~~~~~-~~:-~~~~- ~ ::::: ---~~- :::: ~~~~ :~:::::~ :~:::: :::::: 42 

110 Flour mill----------- 5 One 40-inch turbine_____ 20 6_1 Auxiliary steam. 43 

233 ..... do________________ 16 2Victorturbines________ 50 8 :-------------------- 44 

Corn sheller--------- 16 1 turbine_________________ 25 8 i 

91~ ::~~i1~-~~::~:~:::: ~ ~::~~~=~~-E~~;;~-~~~~- ~: 1~ ~-~i-t~~~-~~-~~:~:~~~: : bine. 

876 Not used ___________________ ---------------------------- ______ --------'-------------------- 47 

578 Canal feeder--------- ____________________ ------ ____ ---= ______ .... ____ ------ ____ ---------- 48 

5.'>0 FlourandfeedmilL. 11 2Leffelturbines _________ 50 9 Auxiliary steam_ 49 

60 Electric-light plant_ 41 One 20-inch Leffel tur- 61 

bin e. 

10 Auxiliary gas ____ 50 

56 Flourmill.__________ 25 Four15-inchturbines___ 60 8 --------------------51 

452 Canal feeder. ______________________________ ---------- ________ -------- ------ __________ ---- 52 

397 Flour mill___________ 5t One 45 and one 35 inch 45 12 -------------------- 53 

Leffel turbine. 
44 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Stream. 

CANAL WATER POWER. 

Approximate loeation. 

Dam. 

Character. 

Darns m~d water power of 

~ 'd 

$ >:l 

~ ~~ ~u.i <l)t "'~....,"' .: e·s s.s 0 0 >:l ..... "' 

~ ~ ~-.... 2f >:l ~ ~- o."' <J) 0 <lJ I 0. ~ 0 ~ <11 -------~-

2 -~~~:i -~~-~ ~~~~-~~~~~~ :::~~:0~- ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~:~I~~~~~~~~~~~~:::~~~~ J ~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~:: ~~J:::J ~:~ 3 _____ do__________________ I I I 

4 _____ do _________________ _ 

5 _____ do _________________ _ 

6 _____ do _________________ _ 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 Hyd<anlic from canaL ~~~~~do~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~I~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~ ~1 ~ ~~-[.-~~ 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 

Great Miarni basin-Continued. 

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

Use of dam; if water power, kind of mill. 

Knitting milL ______ 

Paper milL __________ 

_____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

Flour mill. __________ 

Paper mill ___________ 

Flour milL ___________ 

_____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

Elevator-------------

Flour mill -----------

Waterworks _________ 

CANAL WATER POWER. 

Water power. 

Kind of wheels. 

4 1 turbine _________________ 

8t 2 Hercules turbines _____ 

4~ TwoM and one 36 inch 

American turbines. 

9 2 turbines .. ____ ------ ____ 

12 One 48-inch American 

turbine. 

One36 and one 42 inch 

American turbine. 

8 One 32 and one 30 inch 

Victor turbine. 

6 One 36 and one 4-2inch 

Victor turbine. 

1 turbine _________________ 

9 50-inch and 21-inch tur- bines. 

9 1 turbine. ________________ 

11 Overshot, 9 feet diameter, 12 feet breast. 

9! One 36-inch Victor 

bin e. tur20 25-inch and 30-inch Vic- tor turbines. 

20 

100 

75 

20 

50 

40 

70 

50 

25 

40 

25 

20 

60 

210 

45 

Remarks. 

Mos. 

11 Auxiliary steam_ 1 

11 _____ do ____________ 2 

11 _____ do ____________ 3 

10 _____ do ____________ 4 

10 _____ do ____________ 5 

10 _____ do ____________ 6 

11 _____ do ____________ 7 

11 -------------------- 8 

11 -------------------- 9 

11 -------------------- 10 

11 -------------------- 11 

11 Little used _______ 12 

10 Auxiliary gas ____ 13 

12 -------------------- 14 
46 JWUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Dctms and water power 

;..; 

C) 

.D 

s 

::::! 

z 

Stream. Approximate location. 

Dam. 

Character. 

-!----------!----~----!--------!- -------- I 

Little Miami River ____ l Plainville~----------- Timber__________ ~ 2 East Branch, Little AboveBatavia _______ Logandstonefill 4~ 

Miami. 

300 Poor_ 

75 Fair .. 

!25 

! 6 

3 _____ do .. ----------------1 Williamsburg _______ Natural riffie ____ ------------ ----------------

Little M;ami River ____ [ Symme• ------------- _____ do ____________ ---- ________ -------- ---- ----

5 _____ do __________________ 

1 

Loveland------------ Log-------------- 4 300 Poor_ 1 30 

6 _____ do------------------ Fosters-------------- Timber---------- 5 300 Fair__ 1 30 

7 _____ do __________________ Kings Mill ________________ do ____________ 6 900 Good. 1 100 

8 _____ do __________________ Morrow. _____________ Brush and stone. 6 300 Fair .. £ 20 

9 _____ do __________________ Hammel _____________ _____ do ____________ I , 4 260 Poor _ i 10 

10 _____ do------------------ Freeport _____________ Timber frame ___ 4 310 Good_ 1t 40 

11 _____ do __________________ Above Freeport _____ Brush and stone. 2 150 Poor _ t 6 

12 Cresars Creek __________ Harveysburg ________ Plank and log .. -~ 4 100 Poor_ t 4 

13 Little Miami River ____ Waynesville _________ Timber and stone 3t 150 Fair .. i 15 

I 

14 Gladys Run ____________ Spring Valley------- Timber __________ 4 I 35 Fair .. 1 

15 Little Miami River ____ Bellbrook_ .... _______ Log-------------- 3 150 Poor_ 1 15 

16 Beaver Creek .......... Alpha ___ . ____________ Stone filL ________ 6 150 Fair .. t 2 

17 Little Miami River ____ Trebeins ___ ·_. ________ Timber frame ___ 9 230 Fair .. 1 25 

18 _____ do __________________ Old Town ____________ ..... do ____________ 6 80 Good_ t 5 

19 Massicks Creek ___ .. _._ Cedarville_---------- Cut stone-------- 24 30 Good_ 1 4 

20 Little Miami River ____ Goes----------------- Timber frame ... 6 !lO Good_ t 5 

21 _____ do------------------ Above Goes __________ Timber and stone 4 75 Fair .. 4 

22 _____ do __________________ South of Yellow Timber __________ 80 Fair .. 3 

Springs. 

23 Branch of Little Miami Yellow Springs ______ Cut stone ________ 10 50 Fair .. t 3 

River. 

24 Little Miami River ____ Clifton _______________ ..... do ____________ 15 100 Good_ ! 10 

I 

I 

I 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 

of Little llfiarni basin. 

Use of dam, if water power; kind of mill. 

Water power. 

Kind of wheels. 

1,665 Flourmill ____________ 7 1reaction,2turbines ____ 

1

1 25 

31)3 Flour and feed milL_ 8 One 36-inch Leffel tur- 25 

j bine. 

2451 Flourmill ____________ l 20 Overshot, 20 feet diam- 25 

47 

Remarks. 

11Ios. 

10 Little used _____ __ 

Auxiliary steam. 2 

6 Little used .. _____ 3 

! eter, 4 feet breast. 

1,114 ____ ._do ________________ l

1 

81. Two48and one 40 inch 40 10 _____ do ____________ 4 

turbines. , 

1,106 Not used-------------1------~---------------------------- ______ I ____ --- Mill burnt ___ , ___ 5 

798 FlourmilL ___________ j 8 2turbine_________________ 80 I 10 -------------·------ 6 

Sawmill ........ ------~ 8 One 20-inch turbine _____ 

1

, 30 1 

10 ______ --------------

792 PowdermilL ... ______ 20 One 50 and two 56 inch 700 9 Auxiliary steam_ 7 Leffel turbines. 

1 

682 FlourmilL ___________ I 9 Two 48-inch Leffel and 60 9 -------------------- 8 one 44-inch Victortur1 

hines. 

675 Feed milL___________ 1Tt11 ·rebei n6-e_-n·c·h--V--l_-c·t·o-I~t_l_ _r_~~~ 20 9 Little used _______ 9 658 FlourmilL_ __________ ! 100 i 8 ______ -------------- 10 

I 

hines. 

SawmilL_____________ 0~in~-inch Victor tur- j 30 '1 8 ___________________ _ 

653 FlourmilL ___________ i 40, 50, 60inch turbines ... ! 35- -------- Little used _______ 11 

201 Feed mill____________ 8 One 40 and one 28 inch 40 8 _____ do ____________ 12 

410 Flour milL __ . ________ 

SawmilL _____________ 

22 Flour milL ___________ 

306 SawmilL _____________ 

Flour milL ___________ 

3.') Feed mill ------------

246 Flour milL _________ -.-

224 ..... do ____________ ----

62 _____ do----------------

120 PowdermilL _____ .... 

113 Flour and feed milL_ 

109 Feed mill-----------· 

I 

8 

8 

24 

11 

12 

24 

turbine. 

2 turbines ____________ ----1 1 reaction _______________ _ 

1 American turbine 

One 36-inch Victor tur- bine. 

One 40-inch Victor tur- bine. 

Overshot, 8 feet diameter, 15 feet breast. 

One 48-inch American 

turbine. 

One 3()-inch Victor tur- bine. 

2 new American tur- bines, two 36-inch 

American turbines. 

75 

20 

17 

40 

50 

2.') 

40 

6.') 

.')0 

8! One 30-inch Leffel tur- 40 

bine. I 

! -c;~~-~~i~~l:-L"~fi~1-~~~~- ~~, bin e. 

8 -------------------- 13 

8 --------------------

6 Auxiliary steam, 14 140horsepower. 

8 Little used. __ .. __ 15 

8 ..... do ............ 

6 , ..... do ........... .l16 

Auxiliary gas_ ... 17 

10 Auxiliary steam_ 18 

9 ..... do ............ 19 

_____ do ____________ 20 

9 Little used .. _____ 21 

9 -------------------- 22 

4 Notused _______________________________ ---------------- ------,---- __________ -------------- 23 

: 1. : ~itt::"~".. . .. i 24 

971 Flour milL_ .... ___ ... ! 26 2 Leffel turbines, 26 and I 

15 inches. 

SawmilL .. _____ ------j 20 1Leffelturbine,26inches 

--~--------------~--~--------
48 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

In the Great Miami basin there are 53 dams, only 2 of which are not 

in nse. Ji,ive divert water for the supply of the Miami and Erie Canal, 

and ±S furnish water power, 2 dams supplying both the canal and 

water power. rrhe 48 dams furnish about 89 mills with a total horsepower of 4,158, or an average of 47 horsepower per mill. In 1880, 

according to the United States census, there were in the Great :Miami 

basin 218 mills, using about 7,191 horsepower, or 33 horsepower per 

mill. In twenty years there was a decline of 59 per cent in the number of mills, but only of 42 per cent in the total horsepower in use. 

In the Little Miami basin the table gives 24 clams, 2 of which are 

not in use, and the 22 remaining supply power for 28 mills, using 1,803 

horsepower, or 64 horsepower per mill. In 1880 there were 59 mills, 

using 1, \!56 horsepower, which is 33 per mill. This is a decline of 52 

per cent in the number of mills, but only 8 per cent in the total 

horsepower in use. 

0!1 the Miami and Erie Canal, within the Great Miami drainagE:, 

basin, there are given 14 mills using 860 horsepower, or; 61 per mill. 

In 1880 there were 48 mills using 2, 011 horsepower from the canal. 

If the above figures are correct, there was a decline in twenty yearf 

of 70 per cent in the number of separate powers and of 57 per cent 

in the total horsepower in use. • 

The cledine in the use of water power on the canal is no doubt Plainly clue to 

the falling off of navigation, which left many of the mills without sufficient means 

of obtaining supplies or of disposing of their product. The general tendency to 

use the mora reliable steam power in preference to water power and the increase 

of competition were also factors in the abandonment of the small water powers 

In the water powers supplied from the streams direct the principal and almost 

only cause in a number of places was the decrease in run-off from the tributary 

drainage basin and the increase in the variation of this flow. This is a cause 

which has been expounded at such length that there is no further need for dis· 

cussion here. It is altogether too true that the rapid deforesting of the State has 

seriously affected the regularity of the flow of the streams. Where there was 

formerly a fairly constant stream of water flowing there is now a variable one, 

dry in summer and with frequent floods ion the spring. 

The other factors which enter into the question of the decline in the use of wate~ 

power are the filling up of the reservoirs and impounding areas and the natural 

deterioration of the plants. 

The first of the above is one which can not be avoided and one which requirefl 

radical treatment to remedy the evil effects. With the greater variation in the 

flow of the streams and with a rapidly decreasing storage capacity the wate:--

power available was most seriously a.,ffectecl. Instead of being able to store the 

night flow for use during the day, it is necessary to depend upon the average daily 

flow of the stream. 

The natural wearing out of the plants from long use, coupled with lack of mean"l 

for repair and renewal,~ causing many of the smaller plants to be abandoned. 

The old-school millers are dying off and the younger men, failing to find the operation of a small isolated mill remunerative enough, abandon it and seek othe~ 

fields for employment. 

The water power is employed in both these drainage areas for a much greate'7 

variety of work than in the other drainage areas. The isolated powers are still 

mainly used in flour, feed, and saw mills, hut the power developed by the 

''hydraulics" in Dayton, Middletown, and Hamilton is used in a number o-!! 

different industries. The large paper mills of the two last-named places derive 
Fr.YNN AND] FLYNN, DAMS AND WATER POWER. 49 

at least some of their power from this source. In a few cases where the water 

power is not sufficient, steam has been substituted and the water of the privilege 

used for boiler supply, washing purposes, etc. 

The Hamilton "hydraulic" supplies some 12 mills and factories with 434 

horsepower. The water is brought from the river by a race 5 miles long and is· 

distributed to the various powers in such a way that some have the full head of 

26 feet from race direct to the river, a few have a 13-foot head between the race 

and a tailrace, emptying into the old river bed, the remainder having 18 feet head 

from a second level to the river. The full head of this last group is not used at 

present, there being 7t feet fall between the first and second levels. a 

The next important power is found at Middletown, where the State 

dam sends a part of the flow of the river to a "hydraulic" or .waterway, which now supplies 658 horsepower to 6 plants, including the 

city waterworks. The fall is obtained directly between the waterway 

and the river, and varies from 17 to 18 feet, according to the location 

of the power. This power is good for from ten to twelve months in 

the year and is one of the best in the district. 

At Miamisburg about 330 horsepower is furnished to 3 mills by a 

dam in the Great Miami River at West Carrollton. In consideration 

of supplying a certain amount of water to the canal the waterway is 

used as a race for a portion of its length. 

At Dayton a waterway from Mad River supplies 15 manufacturing 

establishments with 384 horsepower, not all of whieh is in use, however. The fall is obtained between different levels of the waterway, 

between these and the canal, and between .the latter -and the river. 

The water is not sufficient at all times for the power rented, and all 

of the latter is not used. 

Above Dayton, at Harshmanville, Mad River furnishes about 300 

horsepower to a number of small mills, but at the present time only 

40 horsepower is used. 

At Piqua a waterway, supplied principally from the canal, at one 

time furnished power to a large number of mills. At the present 

time, however, it furnishes only about 210 horsepower to the city 

waterworks. 

In the Little :Miami drainage basin by far the most· important 

power is that developed at . Kings Mills by the King Powder Company. At first the water was conducted through a long race to a 

number of isolated mills scattered along the river bank for 2 miles or 

more. Now it is conveyed to a central power plant, where it is used 

to generate electricity, which is in turn conveyed to the isolated mills 

necessary in the manufacture of powder. 

MUSKINGUM BASIN. 

As would be expected from its topography, this district was much 

more favorable to the development of water power t;han either of the 

other two. 

The following table has been prepared to show the numbm: and 

charact.er of the· dams still standing and the nature and amount of 

water power derived from them and also from the canal system: 

a From Fifteenth Report Ohio State Board of Health, p. 569. 

IRR 91-04--4 
50 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

Watershed and wa- ter course. 

MUSKINGUM RIVER. 

Muskingum River ___ _____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

Wolf Creek __________ 

_____ do ________________ 

_____ do ________________ 

Muskingum River ___ 

_____ do---------------- _____ do ________________ 

_____ do----------------

_____ do ________________ 

Salt Creek ___________ 

Muskingum River __ 

Jonathan Creek _____ 

_____ do ________________ 

Muskingum River --

Dresden Side Cut 

Canal. 

Waka tomika Creek _ _____ do ________________ 

Ohio CanaL __________ 

LICKING CREEK. 

Licking Creek . ______ 

South Fork Licking Creek. 

North Fork Licking Creek. 

WILLS CHEEK. 

Wills Creek ____ ------ _____ do ________________ . 

I 

I 

-;;;~~·;~.~i;:::::: :: :: ' 

Wills Creek __________ 

_____ do----------------

Approximate location of dam or wa- ter power. 

Marietta ----------- Devols ______________ 

LowelL _____________ 

Watertown ________ 

Wolf Creek ________ 

Pattons Mills ------ Beverly ------------

Luke Chute--------

Stockport----------

McConnelsville ___ . 

Eagleport ----------

Near Sundale ______ 

Taylorsville or Philo. 

Powells _______ ------

White Cottage _ .... 

Zanesville------ ____ 

Character. 

Timber frame_ 

~~~~~~: ~~~~~--~~J 

_____ do ___________ 

_____ do __________ 

_____ do __________ 

_____ do __________ 

_____ do __________ 

~ ~~ ~ ~~: ~~~~~~~~~~I _____ do __________ 

_____ do __________ 

_ ____ do __________ 

_ ____ do __________ 

Cut stone ______ 

Timber frame. 

Darns and water power 

Dam. " I~ '>-<"0 

$ ~ OQl 

<:6 0 <:6~ ~ p..oo Ol~-t. 

_.;:i _.;:i ~00 t:: ~$$ <:6· .... Q) Q) <;60l Q)<:.l 

Q) <l) ,.c;.::: ~<:6 .s~s ..... ..... ·g ..... s s·s s t'~ .s .s 0 ~ ..... <:6 

-~~ ~ E ..., ,q ,q· .... ~ Q) 

,q ..., ..., 01-t 

"d ~ ~ ~ 1-t<:\:! 2:9 ~ ~ ·a:: ~ >=I p.. p..'"'~ 0 Q) Q) p.. ~.....,.,.., Q ~ H H <11 ---- -----

Good. 12 480 5-j- 250 7, 797 

Good_ 10 588 8 500 7, 783 

Good_! 11 848 10 900 7, 736 

Fair __ l 9~ 90 1t 20 69 

Poor -1 4 75 1 15 125 

Poor I 4 60 1 10 119 

Good_· 10 

I 

705 600 7,473 

Good_ 11 546 6 350 6,931 

Good. 11 482 9 500 6,915 

Good_ 11 472 400 6,S89 

Good. 11 515 10 600 6,849 

Poor. 8 75 2 4 

Good. 736 9 700 6,646 

Poor_ 8 296 1 40 183 

Good. 9 108 20 158 

Good. 8 514 10 600 5,850 

Dreoden ------------ ------------ _ ----- ________________ -1---- ______ ------

Below Bladensburg Log and stone_ Poor_ 3 100 t 2 28 

AboveBladensburg Log------------ Poor_ 5 75 t 2 27 

AdamsMills ________ ------------------ _________________ ---.- ___________ _ 

Zanesville---------- Timber frame . Good. 325 3 120 753 

Kirkersville ________ _____ do __________ Fair .. 1-j- 75 48 

UtiCf!.--------------- _____ do __________ Good. 4-l- 170 20 117 

Plainfield ___________ Timber frame_ Poor_ 135 3 50 735 

Linton Mills. ___ .... Timber and Poor_ 8 150 4 70 706 stone. 

Kimbolton ___ ._ _____ Timber ________ Fair __ 8 50 5 25 648 

Clio _________________ Log and stone . Poor. 8 50 4 20 83 

Below Cam bridge __ Log ------------ Fair .. 7 60 4 20 464 

Senecaville _________ Timber-------- Fair .. 5t 50 2 10 128 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND W .A.TER POWER. 51 

of Muskingum basin. 

Use of dam or water power. 

Navigation, flour milL .. 12 _____ do ____________________ 10 

Navigation, planing mill I3 

Water power. 

Number and kind of water wheels. 

Three 50, 52, and 66 inches __ 

Three 48-inch turbines ...... / 

One 42-inch turbine ________ _ 

Flour mill--------------- 13 One48-inch turbine,one54- inch reaction. 

180 

80 

8i) 

50 

Remarks. 

12 ---------------------

12 ---------------------

12 ---------------------

12 

Flour and feed mill_____ 9t One 30-inch turbine--------- 45 9 ---------------------

Not used _____________________ -----------------------------"---------------- Mill abandoned ... 

Feed mill ________________ 4 Turbine______________________ 10 ________ Very little used __ 

Navigation, flour mill.. 10 Two 60-inch reaction .... ____ 50 12 ---------------------

_____ do ____________ -------- 10 42 and 54 inch turbine_______ 45 12 ------------- _______ _ 

SawmilL.------ __________ 10 One 48-ineh turbine--------- 55 

Planing mill _____________ 10 One58-inchreaction ________ 35 

12 ---------------------

12 ---------------------

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Navigation __________________ -------------------------------- ----·- ________ ------------- ________ 8 

Navigation, flour milL .. 11 72, 72, and 60inch reaction.. 50 12 --------------------- 9 

~~~~:~;,~~-::::_::::::: -11- -~~:=~~ti:,two-~:- 1~- ----~"-[::::::::::::::::::::: :: 

:::~:::o:~:::l~i~~~~~ : o~:c:o~:~ch turbine.:::5:~ 1: 

1

1 1: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :: inch turbines, three 48-

inch turbines. 

Feed and flour mill _____ _ 8 6 reaction ___________________ _ 20 ________ Little used ________ 14 

_____ do ___________________ _ 9 One 42-inch turbine, three 40 9 --------------------- 15 

48-inch reaction. 

8 I Two 60-inch turbines ________ ~ 50 

~! -~~~d~~i~~~-~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~:~' : 

Navigation, flour milL .. 

Coffin factory ___________ _ 

Furniture factory ____ . __ 

Ice factory. _____________ _ 

Woolen mill. ____________ _ 16 ..... do------------------------[ 

2'.<1 One 22-foot overshot, 6-foot 

breast. 

Feed mill ____ ------------ 12 Turbines _____ ----------------

_____ do ____________ -------- 6 ..... do _______________________ _ 

Flour mill ________________ 22 One36-ineh turbine _________ _ 

50 

25 

15 

10 

96 

Flour milL ___________ ----1 7 Two 40-inch turbines ________ : 100 

Canal feeder, saw and Ill 

feed mill. 

Flour milL ..... __________ 9t 

Turbine .... ---------- ________ i 30 

Two 35-inch turbines _______ _ 30 

12 --------------------- 16 

12 ---------------------

12 

Little used .... ___ _ 

7 1 Canal to river. ____ 17 

i 

81 Little used ________ l 18 

8 ..... d0.------------119 

12 Canal lock ________ 20 

1211 ___ ------ --- - --11 ________ Little used ________ , 2 

61 ____________________ _ 3 

I 

Not used-----------··----- ________________________________________________ __I Mill abandoned .. _ 1 

Feed mill ------ ____ ______ 8 :! 

1 

1 turbine, 1 reaction_________ 30 --------1 Little used _______ _ 

Flour and saw milL.____ 8 I Turbines_____________________ 25 ________ I ______ ---------- ____ _ 

Notused _____________________ i __________________________________________ .... [ Mill standing. ___ . 

Saw anc: flour mill______ 7148-inch _turbine _ _----- ______ .. 

1 

37 8 I ______________ .-----. 

FlourmllL _______ . ___ ____ 5t One 48-mch turbme _ ________ 20 6 i ____ ------ __ ---------

3 

4 

5 

6 
52 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Watershed and wa- ter course. 

WALHONDING CREEK. 

Approximate location of dam or wa- terpower. 

Dams and water power of 

Dam. 

Walhonding Feeder_ Roscoe ______________ ------------------------------ _________ ------------

Walhonding Creek __ Above Coshocton __ Timber --------1 Good_ 4 275 15 2,148 

Deughty Fork _______ Below Clarks _______ Log------------ Fair __ 5 80 J. 1 46 _____ do ________________ Above Clark• ------~ Stone and tim- Fair __ 6t 150 t 15 :n ber frame. 

_____ do ________________ Becks Mills _________ Timber frame_ Fair __ 9 100 1 15 

_____ do _________________ East of Saltillo _____ _____ do __________ Fair __ 14 100 10 12 _____ do ________________ Northeast of Sal- Stone and Fair __ 11 80 -r'o 10 tillo. timber. _____ do ________________ 3miles south of Timber frame_ Poor_ 14 100 t 8 8 Berlin. 

Killbuck Creek ______ Killbuck ____________ Timber-------- Fair __ 6 50 2 10 421 

PointCreek __________ Point Valley _______ _____ do __________ Poor_ 5 25 t 1 16 

Salt Creek ___________ Fredericksburg ____ _____ do __________ Fair __ 3 25 t 3 11 

Run to Killbuck _____ Near Mill Brook ___ Earthen ________ Poor_ ---- ----- t 1 

Apple Creek _________ East of Wooster ___ Timber frame _ Fair __ 6 30 t 1 29 

Apple Creek, North Northeast of Woos- _____ do __________ Fair __ 4 30 t 2 12 Branch. ter. 

Killbuck Creek ______ Burbank ____________ ! ____ .do __________ Poor_ 18 100 3 42 

Beaver Run __________ Shannon ____________ Earthen ________ Fair __ 7 360 lu 3 2 

Kokosing River ______ Millwood ___________ Log------------ Fair __ 4t 200 i 7 449 

Big Schench Creek __ Monroeville-------- Timber-------- Fair __ 5 75 t 26 

Kokosing River ______ Gambier ____________ Timber frame_ Good. 5 233 t 20 304 

_____ do---------------- Mount Vernon _____ _____ do __________ Good_ 6 150 1 12 188 

_____ do ________________ 

1 

Fredericktown _____ Log and gravel Poor_ 7 75 2 71 

_____ d0----------------1 Above Frederick- Timber frame _ Fair __ 4t 115 3 39 

town. 

_____ do---------------- I Ankenytown ____ --- i Timber-------- Poor_ 3 65 t 1 2tl 

Mohican River ______ Brinkhaven ________ , _____ do---------- Good. 5t 270 It 50 949 

Run to Jerome Fork_ fo.bove McZena. ____ Earthen ________ Poor_ ---- ----- ---- ----- _____ do ________________ Mohicanville _______ 1 Timber frame_ Fair __ 11 30 t 1 '3 

_____ do_ .• _____________ Southeast of I _____ do __________ Fair __ 10 20 t 2 Springville. 

_____ do __ .·------------ Springville _________ Earthen ________ Poor_ ---- ----- ---- 1 1 

Jerome }:i'ork ________ Jeromeville ________ Timber-------- Fair __ 8 45 t 1 123 

Clear Forie._ .. _______ Below Butler _______ Stone---------- Poor_ 2 50 ru 1 150 _____ do ___ ----------- Above Butler------! Timber frame _ Fair __ 3t 75 t 2 133 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 53 

Muskingum basin-Continued. 

Use of dam or water power. 

Water power. 

~ Number and kind of water ClJ wheels. '<-< 

.s 

'0 

o:! 

(J) 

lil 

FlourmilL ... ____________ 14 One 36-inch turbine .... ______ 50 

Remarks. 

12 Canal to creek.... 1 

SawmilL ______ ----------_ 12 Turbine .... __________________ 25 12 ]-----do ____________ _ 

Flour milL_______________ 22 One 22-foot overshot, one 26t-inch turbine. 

93 12 ' Feeder to canaL __ 

Woolen mill _____________ 18 One 32t-inch turbine ____ .... 25 .12 ..... do ____________ _ 

~=:=i~~er:::: ::::::::: -·g;-0~~ ;o_;;;~;;~~bi,;~:::::: :::: ~-- -"'- --- --;- :_:: :· ::::::: ::::: 

SawmilL ....... __________ 7 One30-~nch turb.~ne .......... 

1

. 12 7 Little used ..... : ... 1 4 

3 

2 

Woolen mill_____________ 9 One 18-~nch turb~ne ...... ---· 8 7 ..... do-------------~ 

SawmilL................. 8 One30-mch turbme.......... 20 6

1 

..... do ------------- 5 

Flour and feed mill ..... 14 14-foot overshot, 4-foot 10 6 ..... do _____________ I 

Woolen mill _____________ 16 o::~~~~ch turbine.......... 6 ________ l _____ do ------------- 6 

Sawmill _________________ 12 One48-inchturbine --------- 25 ________ ..... do ......... ~---

Flour and feed mill _____ 15 One 22-inch turbine--------- 37 6 ________ ; __________ ,_ 8 

Flour and saw milL..... 6 3 turbines, 3 reaction .... ___ _ 80 9 ------------------- -~ 9 

Saw, cider, and feed milL 20 One 13-inch turbine .. _____ .. 10 6 --------------------- 10 

Woolenmill ............. 14 14-foot overshot, 3-foot 12 -------- --------------------- 11 

breast. 

Feed andcidermill ...... ____ ------ ____ ---------------------- 12 -------- Very little used -- 12 

Flour and feed milL ..... 12 Turbine ........ -------------- 25 10 --------------------- 13 

Cider milL-----_ ....... -~ 8 . _________________ ............. _ 10 Very little used -- 14 

Not used ............. ________ -------------- .... __________ ··:· -.----- _______ . Mill burned. ______ 15 

Feed, cider,andsaw mill 18! 1st-foot overshot, 4-foot 12 6 _ ..... ____ ------- ____ 16 

breast. 

Flour milL ...... _________ 5 2 turbines, 35 and 48 inches__ 25 12 --------------------- 17 ..... do------------ ________ 18 One 18-inch turbine ________ _ 35 ________ Little used ______ .. 18 

..... do------------ __ ------ 12 2 turbines, 40 and 26t inches. 80 12 --------------------- 19 

..... do-------------------- 12 Turbines .......... _________ __ 115 8 50 horsepower 20 

year around. _____ do_-----. ____________ _ 7! One 32-inch turbine ........ . 

Sawmill and cider press 15 Turbine ........ ____________ .. 8 ------.---------------1 21 Little used ........ ; 22 

32 

20 

Feed mill ________________ 12 One 20-inch turbine_________ 10 4 ................... ..123 

FlourmilL_______________ 8 3 turbines, 40, 44, and 50 

inches. 

Saw and cider mill ...... 10 

Flour and feed milL_.... 22 22-foot overshot, 4t-foot 

breast. 

Saw and cider mill ...... 20 20-foot overshot, lt-foot 

breast. 

Feed mill ________________ 10 

1 

Turbine. _______ --------------

:~:::~~::d~~~l::~~~: 1~ -~~~~~i~~~-~:i ~~~~i~~-~~~~:~~ FlourandfeedmilL ..... 10 [10-foot overshot, 16-foot I breast. 

130 

6 

20 

12 Only 80 horse- 24 

power used. 

Little llsed ........ 25 

8 --------------------- 26 

24 12 --------------------- 27 

10 ........ Little used ........ 28 

: ::::::::w~;~:~~~:::::::: : 
54 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Dmns and 'water power of 

Dam. 

Watershed and wa- ter course. 

WALHONDING CREEK 

----{)Ontinued. 

Approximate location of dam or wa- ter power. Character. 

32 Clear Fork ___________ Bellville ____________ Stone and Poor_ 2 70 

brush. 

33 _____ do ________________ 3miles above Bell- Logandframe_ Poor_ 

ville. . 

34 Black Fork __________ Above Loudonville_ I Timber frame_ Good_ 

35 _____ do ________________ Perrysville _________ Log and stone_ Poor_ 

36 Ru11toRockyFork .. Lucas _______________ Earth and Poor_ 

frame. 

37 Rocky Fork __________ Below Mansfield ___ Timber ________ Poor_ 

TUSCARAWAS RIVER. 

2 75 

5 330 

8 150 

3 100 

8 60 

1 

2 50 

3 10 

2 

t 2 

112 

60 

340 

305 

4 

42 

White Eyes Creek. --1 Avondale ___________ Stone fill _______ Poor_ 6 42 36 

2 Ohio CanaL __________ i NewComerstown-~--~--------------- ________ ---- ______________ -------

: :~21~;~::~;~~~:::1 r:;:,~:~~~;::~;~~~:;~~~: :i~;~:- ::;: :~~ ::;. ::;~ ~:;::: 6 Big Stillwater _______ Above Uhrichsville Log------------ Poor_ 2 100 1 ]0 355 

7 __ -_ __ do------------~--- Tippecanoe _________ Cut stone ______ Good_ 10 125 

8 Tuscarawas River ___ South of Midvale __ Loose stone ____ Poo1· _ 2 300 

9 Ohio CanaL __________ Blakes Mills ________ , _____ . _____________ --------____ ... 

lO Tuscarawas Rh·er ___ l New Philadelphia_[ Stone filL ______ Fair__ 6 250 

I 

11 Sugar Creek _________ CanalDover ________ ! Timber frame_ Poor_ 5 250 I 

I 

12 _____ do---------------. Strasburg:---------~ Loose stone ____ Poor _I 

13 South Fork Sugar i Dundee _____________ , _____ do ---------- Fair __ 

Creek. 

14 _____ do ________________ ' Barrs Mills ___ ------ _____ do ____ ------1 Fair __ 

I 

3t 175 

70 

6 40 

15 OneLegCreek ------ Sherodsville _______ Log------------' Poor_ 7 

16 Tuscarawas River ___ Zoar ---------------- Timber --------1 Poor -I 

75 

5 150 

17 Nimishillen Creek __ Sparta ___________________ do __________ l Fair __ l 6 

18· _____ do---------------- Howenstine ________ Log------------ Poor_ 4 150 

19 _____ do---------------- Below Canton ______ Timber frame_ Fair .... 1 5 100 

20 Nimishillen Creek, : Above Canton ___________ do---------- Good .. ' 1t 30 

West Branch. I . 

21 Sandy Creek _________ ; Magnolia----------- _____ do---------- Good_ 5 203 

75 

22 _____ do ________________ Malvern ____________ _____ do __________ Good_ 8 400 

23 _____ do ________________ Oneida ______________ Log ~----------- Good_ 6 100 

24 Wolf Creek---------- North of Loyal Oak _____ do---------- Poor_ 6 20 

25 Tuscarawas River ___ Millheim ___________ Earth and Fair __ 7 35 

frame. 

5 

t 

2 

t 

2 

2 

1 

1t 

70 193 

10 1,760 

50 1,656 

10 345 

5 313 

2 66 

59 

10 142 

15 1,005 

6 166 

2 158 

5 134 

1 43 

30 251 

40 135 

133 

30 

5 15 
FLYNN AND] 

~'LY~N. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 55 

1~1uskingum basin-Continued. 

Use of dam or water power. 

Water power. 

I 

I 

I 

Number and kind of water wheels. 

Flour and feed mill_____ 7! Turbine______________________ 2.1") 

Remarks. 

8 --------------------- 32 

Feed mill---------------- 6 ..... do________________________ 10 -------- Little used ________ 33 

Flour milL_______________ 8 , _____ do------------------------ 75 6 ----'----------------- 34: 

_ ~ ~~ d:s~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : 

Feed mill----------~----- 8 [ Turbine ______________________ j 15 ________ Little used ________ 37 

Feed mill ___________ -----1 6 One «J-;nch turbine_________ 15 -------- Utt1e used________ 1 

FlourmilL _______________ 

1 

7! 2turbines,36and40inches.. 50 12 Canallock. _______ l 2 

do 

1

6! One48-inchturbine _________ 30 12 _____ do _____________ 3 

: ~~~~ £~~~;,:~~~,:~;;;:: 1

_ •_' _ ()n"_ "':in~h-tu-rb;ne_:::: :::: __ <; __ --- _12 _! ::: :"o_:::::::: ::::: : 

:,~~;=;::::: :::::::::1 ;o-1 ;~~;.:;~.:b;~;;,;;~;d-;~;b;~~~ ---;,;- ------~- 1 ~~!~ :~::~::~~~ ~ Not used ______ --------· ______ ------------ ______ . ___________________________ Mill abandoned___ 8 • I I I FlourmilL _______________ 11 2turbines____________________ 70 I 12 Canallock ________ 

1 

9 

Electric power house ___ 10 Tfn~t6-f;::;~i~~~·bines,one 4.')- 300 1 8 ,--------------------- 10 

Canal ! I I feeder, flour milL 14 Turbines____________________ 75 ! ________ 

1 

Feeder to canaL __ 

1

n 

:~:~i-l~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ 1~ 1-o~~d~~i~~h-;~~bi~~~~:~~~ ~~~~ : I ____ -~;-~~-~~~~~-~~-~~~~~-~~~~ 112 

Flour and feed mill_____ 7 Turbine______________________ 11 6 _____________________ 113 

::~~:·::::: c;~er : 1:::::::: ::::::::::::::-::::::: : --- SL;:~- ~:::::::::: :: 

Canal feeder, saw and 5j5turbines____________________ 80 12 ·------~-------------' 16 

flour mill. ! ' · 

Flour milL _______________ 19 13 turbines ____________ ------__ 50 10 ' ______ -~-------------i 17 

SawmilL _____________ ,--- 4 ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ 10 ________ Little used ________ [18 

Flour mill________________ 9 , 5 turbines____________________ 40 ________ : ____ -----------------' 19 

Canton water supply ________ , __________________ ------ _____________________ _: ____ ··---------------- 20 

Flour mill ________________ 10!1 Turbine, two 10!-foot over- 80 10 1---------- __ c ________ 21 

_____ do __ :·---------_------- 151 T:~~::~~-~~~~-f~~~-----------1 25, 12 ------------·-------- 22 

Flourm11l and railroad ____ -------------------------------- ______ --------~Under construe- 23 

F::t:~l---------------~ 6~-------------------------------- 10 ~~~-------- L::~:·used ________ : 24 

_____ do---------- __________ 10 I Overshot ______ ______ ____ ____ 15 ! ________ ! _____ do------ -------~25 
56 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

The information contained in the above ta.ble was secured in nearly 

every case from t,he mill owners. The data in reference t@ the backwater could be obtained by actual measurement in but few cases, and 

much of it is therefore only approximate. The areas given for the 

tributary watersheds were obtained by planimeter measurements. 

'I'he table shows 90 water powers, as against 253 reported by Prof. 

Dwight Porter in the Tenth Census repo~t as in existence in 1880. 

Owing to the large area covered it is probable that a few unimportant 

powers have been overlooked, but their number can not be great, as 

s;:ecial inquiry was made on this subject. Considering the large 

number of powers that have been abandoned in the last ten years, 

this reduction of 65 per cent is not hard to believe. Throughout this 

district there are streams which only a few years ago supported seven 

or eight powers and which now have but one or two. 'I,his decline in 

the number of water powers is brought out in another light by the 

following: In 1880 the total horsepower given was 7,066, while in the 

above table there is listed· 3,960, a reduction of 44 per cent. This is 

due to some extent to the fact that the small powers escaped notice. 

rrhese powers, located on small creeks, have been first to suffer from 

the lack of uniformity in the flow of the streams. Many of the creeks 

that forme:r;ly maintained a good flow throughout the year are now 

dry in summer and fall, and at flood height during short periods in 

winter and spring, thus leaving but a few months in the latter seasons 

during which power could be obtained. 

There are 84 dams described, 8 of which are not in use at all; 10 

were built for the slack-water navigation of the Muskingum, 4 for 

canal feeders, and the remaining 62 were put in for power purposes 

alone. There is a small dam in Tuscarawas River near its headwaters which diverts water to the canal reservoirs and feeders, and 

there is a waste dam in the same stream where the canal crosses it · 

above Clinton, which, together wit1J, several small temporary dams, 

have not been given in the table. 

All the dams given in the table as in poor condition and the mills 

marked as· being little used have not been repaired for years, and 

the next decade will probably see them abandoned if present conditions hold. 

The greatest power in the drainage area is obtained from the canal 

system and from the slack-water navigation system in Muskingum · 

River. Those at Adams Mills, NewComerstown, Port Washington, 

Lock Sevel!teen, and Blakes Mills are on the Ohio Canal proper and 

utilize the fall at a lock, or, in the case of Adams Mills, at a double 

lock. The water supply for these mills is usually sufficient to operate 

the wheels at full gate. In fact, the decline of navigation has in a 

way increased the amount of water available at the mills, as a smaller 

quantity is requi!ed in the operation of locks. At times during the 

winter ice blocks the canal.and cuts off the supply for a short time, 

but the water seldom fails in dry seasons. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. DAMS AND WATER POWER. 57 

The mill at Dresden is located on the "Dresden side cut," and 

- obtains its head from the fall between the canal and Muskingum 

River. This side cut carries off much of the surplus water of the 

canal between the Licking and the Portage summits, and an excellent 

power is available for development. 

Two of the mills at Roscoe use tqe water from the 'Valhonding 

feeder as it passes to the canal proper, and two take water from the 

canal and conduct it to the creek.· These powers are of great value, 

and much more could be obtained from them by a modern installation. The power on the Kirkersville feeder is of ·but slight importance 

and can be developed but little;· as the tributary drainage area is too 

small to secure a steady supply. 

Sugar Creek at Canal Dover should furnish an excellent water 

power, but the works have been neglected and are now in poor condition. The water is used both as it goes from the feeder to the canal 

anil from the canal to the river. These water privileges were granted 

to the owners in payment for the diversion of Sugar Creek for canal 

purposes. 

At the old town of Zoar there is a combination of water powers, 

listed as one in the table, which use water from the Zoar feeder dam 

and conduct it back to the river. These were also granted in payment to former riparian owners for the diversion of part of the flow 

of the Tuscarawas to the canal. 

The fourteen water powers now in use at the eight Government 

dams, as shown in the table, were grant.ed when the supply of water 

was plentiful, for the purpose of promoting industries along the river. 

Thus the amount of navigat.ion on the slack-water system, which was 

then not under Government control, was increased. Now the amount 

of water is not sufficient .for both navigation and power, and the latter 

has become subordinate to the former. Many of the leases were 

granted for long periods and at low rates and have become very valuable. The one at McConnellsville, given in perpetuity as payment 

for a diverted water right, guarantees to the present owners, free of 

cost, a supply of about 17,000 cubic feet of water per minute at a 

head of 11 feet. The lease provides for "enough water for 10 run of 

4-foot 5-inch stones." 

Of the powers derived from t,he dams built for this purpose alone 

the best are those at Zanesville, on Licking Creek; at Killbuck, on 

Killbuck Creek; at Gambier and Mount Vernon, on Kokosing River; 

at Brinkhaven, on the Mohican; at Magnolia, on Sandy Creek, and 

at New Philadelphia, on Tuscarawas River. The last-named plant is 

provided with modern wheels, well installed, and is a good though 

variable power. Au important cause of interruption at this power 

site is backwater during freshets and floods. The dry-season flow is 

usually sufficient. 

A.s an indication of the generally low estimate of the value of these 

water powers, it may be well to state that by conversation with a 
58 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

large majority of the mill owners it was found that the powers were 

for sale at a low figure. The future may find many of these plants 

offering a profitable field for the investment of capital. 

PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLiES. 

NUMBER AND EXTENT. 

Within the drainage areas here described 104 cities and villages, 

having a total populat,ion of 771,128, are provided with public watersupply systems. In tl~e Sandusky basin are 8, comprising a population 

of 35,988; in the Maumee are 5, with a population of 287,633; in the 

Miami are 34, with a population of 246,499, and in the Muskingum 37, 

with 201,008 inhabitants. Eighteen of these towns, with a population 

of 11,627, are each below 1,000 and are not classed as urban, thus 

leaving 86 citie3 and urban towns, with a total population of 759,501, 

having public water-supply systems. These towns represent 61 per 

cent of the total number of urban towns and 91 per cent of the urban 

population. 

In the Sandusky drainage area there are no urban towns without 

water supplies, while the Maumee has 22, with a total population of 

35,5!32. In the Great Miami basin there are 10, with a population of 

16,314, and in the Little Miami 8, with a total population of 28,199. 

In the Muskingum are 6, with a population of 8,169, only 6,969 of 

which, however, is within the drainage area, the corporate limits of 

some extending over into other basins. 

In a few communities, by prohibiting the construction of vaults and 

requiring the use of boxes or dry earth closets, and especially by 

compelling these to be properly cleaned, the soil and subsoil have 

been kept clean, and potabie water is provided from wells. 

In a few instanees it has been found that the private well supply 

is obtained from a stratum whose water is but little influenced by 

surface pollution. That these cases are not more numerous is probably due to the great expense usually attached to obtaining the deepseated water. Nearly every village has one or more wells which reach 

desirable water, but only a favored few can afford these, and the 

majority must use the more easily obtained but less potable subsurface supply. 

Five of the public wat.er-supply systems of the Maumee basin are 

in Indiana and Michigan, which leaves for that area in Ohio 20 waterworks in towns having a total population of 224,260. No recent 

information is available except for the Ohio water supplies, and the 

details of these only will be given . 

. ,Following is a list of the water-supply systems, grouped according 

to the drainage areas, showing the name of the city or town, its estimated population, and the source of supply. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 59 

Source of 'Wate1· supply of cities and towns in Sandusky, 11Iamnee, lJiimni, and 

Mnskingmn dntina,ge basins. 

SANDUSKY BASIN. 

City or town. Population. I Source of supply. 

A-tt_i_c_a __ -__ -_-_-_-_-_ -__ -_-_-_-_ -__ - __ -_-_-_-_ -_ 1 ___ 6_9_4 I Wells and gallerieR. 

Bucyrus____________________ 6,560 I Sandusky River. 

Carey______________________ 1,816 1 Wells. 

Crestline _______ . __________ . 3, 282 : Wells and springs. 

Fremont __________________ . 8, 439 Sandusky River, wells, and galleries. 

Sycamore _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 853 Wells. 

Tiffin _________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10, 989 Sandusky River and wells. 

Upper Sandusky____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3, 355 Sandusky River. 

TotaL _______________ _ 35,988 

MAUMEE BASIN. 

Ada ______________________ .. 2,576 Wells. 

Bluffton ___________________ _ 1,783 Do. 

Bryan __________ . _ . _ _ . __ . 3,131 Do. 

Columbus Grove_ .. ______ _ 1,935 Do. 

Continental _______ . ___ . __ _ 1,104 Do. 

Defiance __ .. ______________ _ 7,579 Maumee River. 

Delphos . _________________ . 4,517 Wells. 

Findlay ____________ . ______ _ 17,613 Blanchard River. 

Hicksville _________________ _ 2,520 Wells. 

Lima ______ . ___ -- - _ -- -- - - 21,723 Lost Creek and wells. 

Montpelier _______________ _ 1,869 Wells. 

Napoleon _______________ _ 3,639 Maumee River. 

New Bremen ____ . __________ _ 1,318 Wells. 

Paulding __ . _______________ _ 2,080 I Do. 

Rockford __________ . ______ _ 1,207 Do. 

St. Marys _________________ . 5,359 Do. 

Toledo ____ . __________ .. ___ _ 131,822 Maumee River. 

Van Wert _________ . __ . ____ . 6,422 Wells. 

Wapakoneta _________ , ____ _ 3,915 Do. 

Wauseon._ .. _______________ _ 

Total 

2,148 Do. 

224,260 1 
60 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Source of 'wate1· supply of cities and towns in Sandusky, Maunwe, Mami, and 

llfuskingum, drahtage basins-Continued. 

MIAMI BASIN. 

City or town. 

Batavia _________ ·-- _______ _ 

Bellefontaine _____ . ____ ~ ___ _ 

Blanchester _______________ _ 

Dayton ___________________ _ 

Eaton _____________________ _ 

Evanston _______ .. _________ _ 

Franklin __________________ _ 

Greenville ______________ · __ _ 

Hamilton _________________ _ 

Harrison ______ . ___________ _ 

Hyde Park ________________ _ 

Lebanon ___________________ 

1 

Lynchburg ________________ _ 

Madisonville ______________ _ 

Middletown _______________ _ 

New Vienna ______________ _ 

Norwood __________________ _ 

Oakley ____________________ _ 

Oakwood _______ . __________ _ 

Osborn_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ 

Oxford ____________ .. _______ _ 

Piqua _____________________ _ 

Pleasant Ridge ____________ _ 

Sidney ____________________ _ 

Springfield ________________ _ 

Tippecanoe City ___________ _ 

Trotwood __________ · .. _____ _ 

Troy ______________________ _ 

Urbana ___________________ _ 

Versailles _________________ _ 

Waynesville _______________ _ 

West Alexandria __________ _ 

West Carrollton ___________ _ 

Xenia _____________________ _ 

Population. 

1,029 

6,649 

1,788 

85,333 

3,155 

1,716 

2,724 

5,501 

23,914 

1,456 

1,691 

2,867 

907 

3,140 

9,215 

805 

6,480 

528 

342 

948 

2,009 

12,172 

953 

5,.688 

38,253 

1,703 

220 

5,881 

"6,808 

1,478 

723 

740 

987 

8,696 

Total---------------- 246,499 

Source of supply. 

East branch of Little Miami. 

Wells. 

Impounding reservoir and wells. 

Wells. 

Gallery and wells. 

Ohio River. 

Wells. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ohio River. 

Wells. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ohio River. 

Do. 

Wells. 

Do. 

Miami and Erie Canal. 

Ohio River. 

Wells. 

Gallery and Buck Creek. 

Wells. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Impounding reservoir, springs, surface 

water, and wells. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLIES. 61 

Source o.f water supply o.f cities and towns in Sandusky, Maumee, Miami, and 

Muskingum drainage basins-Continued. 

City or town. 

Ashland ______ . ___ .. ______ . _ 

Barberton _________________ _ 

· Canal Dover_ . _____ . _______ _ 

Canton _____ . ______________ _ 

Cambridge ________________ _ 

Carrollton ________________ _ 

Coshocton _________________ _ 

Dalton ______________ .. _____ _ 

Dennison. ___ . _____________ _ 

Freeport __________________ _ 

Granville _________________ _ 

Lewisville _______ .. _________ _ 

Loudon ville .. ______ . _______ _ 

Mansfield _______ . _________ _ 

Massillon _________________ _ 

Marietta __________________ _ 

McConnelsville ____________ _ 

Millersburg ______________ . _ 

Minerva __________________ _ 

Mount Vern on ____________ _ 

Mineral City ______________ _ 

Mineral Point _____________ _ 

Newark ___________________ _ 

New Comerstown _________ _ 

New Philadelphia _________ _ 

Orrville ___________________ _ 

Perrysville ________________ _ 

Piedmont __________________ -

Scio ______________________ _ 

~hreve ____________________ _ 

Shelby ____________________ _ 

Uhrichsville ______________ _ 

Wadsworth ________ ~ ______ _ 

Waynesburg ______________ _ 

Wooster ________ ~ _________ _ 

Zanesville _______________ · __ _ 

MUSKINGUM BASIN. 

Population. Source of supply. 

4,087 Wells. 

4,354 Do. 

5,422 Do. 

30.,667 Nimishillen Creek and wells. 

8,241 Wills Creek. 

1,271 Wells.· 

6,473 Do. 

666 Well. 

3,763 Big Stillwater Creek. 

690 Wells. 

1,425 Do. 

170 Do. 

1,581 Do. 

17,640 Do. 

11,944 Slipper Creek and wells. 

13,348 Ohio River. 

1,825 Wells. 

1,998 Do. 

1,200 Do. 

6,633 Do. 

1,899 Springs. 

1,220 Do. 

18,157 Licking Creek and wells. 

2,659 Wells. 

6,213 Do. 

1,901 Do. 

513 Do. 

2i5 Springs. 

1, 2141 Wells. 

1,043 Well. 

4, 685 Wells. 

4, 582 Big Stillwater Creek. 

1, 764 Springs and wells. 

613 Springs. 

6, 063 Christmas Run, Apple Creek, and wells. 

23, 538 Muskingum River. 

Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 201, 008 

Grand total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 771, 128 
62 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

Dennison and Uhrichsville have the same supply, furnished by a 

private water company, so that in the Muskingum drainage basin 36 

waterworks supply 37 cities and villages. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

For convenience in discussing the v~rious supplies, t,hey have been 

divided, according to the source from which the water is obtained. 

The divisions made are based upon the origin of the w.ater, whether 

from surface or ground. A second division classifies the ground water 

as subsurface or deep-seated. The subsurface class include all 

ground waters found in pqrons beds near the surface and of recent 

surface origin, while the deep-seated class includes those waters found 

in deeper strata and of a more remote surface origin; in other words, 

in the first class are put all waters the purity of which is easily 

affected by surface pollution, and in the second class those waterf 

which are so far removed from direct connection with the surfac~ 

that they are not easily influenced by surface pollution. 

All the large towns are supplied either entirely m·.in part with surface water. It has seemed almost impossible, with a reasonable 

expenditure, to procure in these drainage areas sufficient grounc 

water for even the larger villages. The only city of any size in the 

"ground" division is Mansfield, which, by the expenditure of an 

enormous amount of money, has been able to procure enough ground 

water for the supply of the city. Mansfield has the second most 

expensive plant of the 104 named, being surpassed by Toledo only, f, 

city with six times the population. 

None of the surface-water supplies are fit for do~nestic use unlesr 

they are artificially purified, as in the case of the supply for Dennison. 

and Uhrichsville. Ten towns of the 16 supplied with surface water 

are provided with water that is so objectionable that only for short 

periods can it be considered at all fit for drinking purposes. Thir 

condition is generally recognized by the inhabitants of these towns, 

and better water is being sought for in several of these places. 

Bucyrus is now impounding a new surface supply from a small 

drainage area, Cambridge is seeking ground water, Findlay and 

Toledo are agitating the question of better supplies, and Zanesville 

is investigating the relative cost of filtering the water it now gets o·~ 

of obt,aining a ground water. 

In the last main division, "Surface and ground supplies," there are 

10 towns-Blanchester, Lima, Springfield, Wooster, Xenia, Canton, 

Massillon, Tiffin, Fremont, and Crestline-which were originally 

supplied with surface water. Owing to the objectionable character 

of the water, they have tried to procure ground water, but failed to 

obtain enough to allow them to abandon their surface supplies. In 

justice to. Massillon it n1ust be stated that all the water for domestic 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 63 

use is obtained from wells and is of excellent quality, and that the 

surface 'Yater is retained for industrial use only. 

Newark started with ground water, but, owing to the insufficiency 

of the supply, was compellPd to use some ~urface water, and with 

little detriment, as the water is of good quality. 

The small villages located in the glaciated area of the State usually 

ha\-e no difficulty in obtaining plenty of water either from the drift or 

from the rock under it. This rock water is of course available in the 

unglaciated ·portion also, but, unfortunately, in this section it is 

frequently so highly impregnated with mineral matter as to be 

objectionable. 

In many localities in the Maumee drainage basin flowing wells can 

be obtained, which usually furnish water that is excellent for domestic 

us·e, but not so desirable for industrial purposes, because of dissolved 

incrusting salts. This region of flowing wells, or ''fountains," as they 

are locally called, extends up into Michigan., where several towns 

obtain public supplies from wells of this kind. 

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF WATERWORKS.a 

Following are detailed descriptions of the public water supplies of 

the four jrainage areas. 

SURF ACE SUPPLIES. 

Batcwia.-A public water-supply system was inst.alled in 1900 by 

-Batavia (population, 1,029), and has cost to date $38,000, including 

the electric-light plant. The supply is obtained from the East Branch 

of Little Miami River, ~t a point just above the village and above all 

local pollution. As may be seen from the description of the drainage 

basin, the East Branch drains a hilly farming country, and receives no 

notable pollution until Lynchburg, 42 miles above, is reached, at which 

place a large distillery winters some 1,000 head of cattle, the filt.h 

from which directly enters the stream. Before this source was 

approved filtration was required by the State board of health. The 

village first presented plans for a rather crude system of slow sand 

filtration, which were here hardly satisfactory, and finally plans for 

mechanical filtration by the Wefugo process, which were approved. 

The water is pumped from the river by a low-service pump to two 

sedimentation tanks situated on the side hill :back of the filter house 

and pumping .~tation. From these tanks the water flows by gravity 

onto the filter, and through it to a clear-water well, from which it is 

pumped to a supply r~servoir situated on the high ground north of 

the village. 

The filtration process involves the use of a coagulant-sulphate of 

aluminum in this case-which is admitted to the water as the latter 

passes to the sedimentation basins. The coagulant solution is pumped ----------~-------------------- -

a Many of the facts reported under this head have been published by the Ohio State board of 

health. 
64 .FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. 

from the coagulant tanks by a small piston pump actuated by the lowservice pumps, so that a constant ratio is maint,ained between the 

amount ·of solution and the amount of water pumped. The actual 

amount of coagulant used must be varied by changing the strength 

of the solution; it is usually 1 grain per gallon. At times of high 

turbidity in the stream it is necessary to increase this amount in order 

to get perfect clarification. 

The sedimentation tanks are two in number and consist of open 

wooden tubs, each 20 feet in diameter and 13t feet high, with an effective height of 10 feet, giving a capacity of 23,660 gallons each, or 47,320 

gallons for both. These tanks are exposed to the weather, with no 

protection whatever. As the water enters the tanks it falls over the 

sides of a pan secured to the discharge pipe of the pump, and receives 

more or less aeration. The tanks are used alternately? an automatic 

device admitting the water to first one and t~hen the other, thus securing a longer period of quiet sedimentation. The outlet from these 

tanks is supplied with a skimmer float, so as to procure at all times 

the clearest water for the filters. The tanks are supplied with snitable pipes for flushing out the collected sediment. 

The filter consists of an 8-foot cypress tank, 8 feet deep, fitted with 

a double bot,tom, the upper bottom being fitted with brass strainers 

supplied with phosphor-bronze screens. The openings in the screens 

are approximately three-fourths by one one-hundredth of an inch. 

In the bottom of the strainer is placed a brass ball, so arranged as to 

throttle the downward flow but to allow a free upward flow of the wash 

water. On the screens rests a 2-foot £l-inch bed of sand, composed of 

crushed quartz. The compartment between the bottoms is for the 

collection of the clear water, and to this is connected the discharge 

pipe of the filter, which is fitted with a regulator, so that the rate of 

filtration is kept uniform, irrespective of the condition of the bed. 

The inlet pipe is controlled by means of a float, so that a uniform level 

is maintained on the bed. A positive head of 4: feet is maintained on 

the filter and ·a suction head of 7 feet, making a total of 11 feet. 

The filter is washed by reversing the flow through the sand and at 

the same time stirring it, with a revolving mechanical agitator. The 

wash water is carried off by an annular ttough fastened inside of the 

filter tank. 

The total filtering area is 50 square feet, or 0.0012 of an acre, giving, 

at the standard capacity of 120,000,000 gallons a day, a rate of filtration of 100,000,000 gallons a clay per acre. 

~rhe clear well is 42 feet in diameter and 16 feet deep, with.~ capacity of 165,000 gallons. 

The low-service pump is of the horizontal duplex McGowan type, 

of 500,000 gallons capacity. The water is drawn from the clear well 

to the reservoir by two horizontal duplex :McGowan pumps of 750,000 

gallons capacity each. ~rhe pressure at the station is 95 pounds per 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 65 

square inch, and the average on the mains is somewhat less. than this. 

The reservoir is 30 feet in diameter and 17 feet deep, its capacity being 

84,000 gallons. Both this reservoir and the clear well have brick walls . 

laid in cement and concrete bottoms, but neither is covered. There 

are 3i miles of mains, which serve about 95 per cent of the people. 

There are 140 service taps, all of which are in use and none metered. 

The average daily consumption is 25,000 gallons for the total population, equal to 24 gallons per capHa of the population, or 25 gallons 

per consumer. The water after filtration is clear and seems to be of 

excellent quality, and should displace the private wells, inany of 

which are badly contaminated. 

Btwyrus.-The public water-supply system of Bucyrus (population, 

6)560) was established by a private company in 1883 and has cost to 

date about $125,000. The supply is taken from Sandusky River and 

forced through mechanical filters directly to the mains. Owing to 

the small amount of water flowing in the river in the summer, it is 

necessary to impound some to tide over this season. This is done by 

three small dams across the river, one It miles above Bucy:r:us, one 

just above the city, and one at the pumping station. The dam at the 

station is constructed of timber and is 70 feet long, 2t feet high, and 

impounds about 2,000,000 gallons of water. The one above this is a 

temporary structure of brush and stone, but is so favorably located 

as to hold back nearly 2,000,000 gallons of water. The third dam is 

construct,ed of timber, is 30 feet long, 2t feet high, and impounds a 

large expanse of water, as the river has but little fall above. This 

dam flooded so much land that the water company has been compelled 

by the courts to abandon it. 

The water flows from the backwater of the dam at the station into 

a large covered well, which serves as a pump well, but which was first 

put in as an infiltration basin in a vain attempt to furnish ground 

water to the city. This well is constructed of brick, is 30 feet deep, 

and 50 feet in diameter. 

The water is pumped from this by a compound duplex Holly pump 

of 1,500,000 gallons capacity and a compound duplex Walker pump 

having a capacity of 1,000,000 gallons. Before reaching the consumers the water goes through two Hyatt pressure filters, which were 

erected in 1886: They are the old-style vertical filter, 10 feet in diameter, and contain 2f feet of crushed granite and It feet of coke. They 

are washed by reversing the flow thro"Qgh them once or twice a day, 

as the condition of the water may require. Alum is used as a coagulant when the water is very niuddy, but not continuously enough or 

in quantities large enough to be constantly effective. The filters serve 

merely as strainers and give no protection from the dangerous ingredients of the water. 

Sandusky River is badly polluted with the sewage of Crestline, 

only 16 miles above Bucyrus. rrhis fact has led the company to seek 

IRR 91-04-5 
66 FOUR DRAIN AG B AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

a new supply. A large impounding reservoir 2t miles up the river, 

east of the city, has just been constructed, which holds the run-off of 

a small tributary to the river. This tributary has a drainage area of 

only about 3 square miles, so that a large reservoir was necessary in 

order to impound sufficient water. This reservoir was formed by 

building across the lower end of the run an earthen embankment with 

a masonry waste weir, the embankment being made of clay and soil 

stripped from the area to be flooded. The reservoir has an area of 

about 60 acres and holds 166,000,000 gallons of water, which stands 

at an average depth of 8 feet, though over much of the area it is 

very shallow. The water flows by gravity through a 16-inch pipe 

to the present pumping station and is forced directly tu thP- mains, . 

the filters being abandoned. 

About 12 miles of mains have been laid, which supply water to about 

70 per cent of the people. There are 500 service taps connected, of 

which 325 are in use and 175 are metered. · The average daily quantity of water pumped is 622,000 gallons, but owing to the waste at the 

filters not more than 550,000 gallons is sent to the mains. This is 65 

gallons per capita for the total population, or 280 gallons for each 

consumer. 

Cambridge.-A system of public water supply was established by 

Cambridge (population, 8,241) in 1896 and has cost to date about 

$63,000. The supply is taken direct.ly from Wills Creek, which is a 

very sluggish, muddy stream, draining a hilly mining country. Its 

waters are polluted by filthy surface drainage f1:om mining communities and by the drainage from the mines themselves. The water is so 

objectionable that it is not employed for domestic purposes, for which 

private wells are used. A ground-water supply is now being developed, which, if sufficient in amount, will be preferable. 

The water is pumped from the creek to a standpipe by two horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,500,000 

gallons capacity each. The standpipe is located on a hill between 

the pumping station and the city, and when full gives an average 

pressure of 70 pounds per square inch in the mains. It is 60 feet 

high, 25 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 200,000 gallons. 

There are 12 miles of mains, to which 70 per cent of the people have 

access. There are 400 services connected, of which 140 are in use and 

130 are metered. The large number of idle services is due to the fact 

that a number of streets have just been paved, and all the services 

have been put in to the curb line t,o avoid tearing up the new pavement. The average daily consumption is claimed to be 400,000 gallons, which is 57 gallons per capita of the city and 440 gallons per 

capita of the population actually supplied. This large figure is due 

t.o the general waste of the water and to its extensive use for industrial purposes. 

Defiance.-A system of public water supply was installed at 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 67 

Defiance (population, 7,579) by a private company in 1887 and had 

cost to August, 1898, about $200,000. 

The supply is taken directly from the Maumee River at a point 

above all local contamination from sewage, but within the influence 

of that of :E'ort Wayne, only 54 miles above. The water is pumped 

from the river to a standpipe by two horizontal compound duplex 

Blake pumps, each of 2,000,000 gallons capacity. The standpipe is 

140 feet high and 20 feet in diameter and has a capacity of ·329,000 

gallons. It furnishes an average pressure on the mains of 55 pounds 

per square inch. Eighteen miles of mains have been laid, which 

supply about 75 per cent of .the population with water. Seven hundred services have been connected, of which 500 are in use, 40 of 

which are met,ered. The average daily consumption is about 1,100,000 

gallons, or 145 gallons per capita of the total population and 193 

gallons per capita of the population actually supplied. 

The water is not used for domestic purposes because of its muddiness during six months of the year. 

Dennison, Uhrichsville.-~he twin cities of Dennison (population, 

3, 763) and Uhrichsville (population, 4,582) are supplied with water 

from a plant put in by the Dennison Water Supply Company in 1888. 

The cost to October 31, 1902, was $312,121.45. 

Until recently the supply was taken directly from Big Stillwater 

Creek and with but a slight preliminary sedimentation was pumped 

to a small distributing reservoir. Big Stillwater Creek is an exceedingly sluggish and turbid stream, carrying much objectionable surface 

and mine drainage, and the water taken from it was almost unusable 

for domestic purposes. In January, 1900, the water company put in 

a mechanical filter plant,, and an excellent supply has since been 

furnished the city. The raw water is admitted from Stillwater Creek 

to a settling basin of about 400,000 gallons capacity, flows from here 

to a small suction well, where the coagulant ·is applied, and is then 

pumped onto the filters by a horizontal duplex Worthington pump 

of 1,000,000 gallons nominal capacity, but of greater capacity now 

on account of the low head. There are four standard 16-foot Jewell 

gravity filters, each of which has a filter bed 15 feet in diameter and 

4-! feet deep, composed of natural sand from Red Wing, Minn. The 

area of each filter is 176.7 square feet, making 706.8 square feet, or 

0.016 acre for the four filters, which will give them a combined 

capacity of 1,920,000 gallons per day. The coagulant used is crushed 

block alum or aluminum sulphate. The average amount used is 0. 75 

grain per gallon, which amount is sufficient to produce clear effluent. 

From the filters the water flows through a concrete flume to a clearwater well, from which it is pumped to the distributing reservoir by a 

horizontal compound duplex Holly pump of 2,000,000 gallons capacity. 

The reservoir is located on a hill bet,ween the pumping station and 

Dennison and gives an average pressure of 100 pounds. It is an open 
68 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

reservoir, its sides being lined with brick and its bottom puddled with 

clay, and has a capacity of 3,000,000 gallons. 

There are about 17 miles of mains in both cities, supplying with 

water 95 per cent of the inhabitants of Dennison and 75 per cent of 

·those of Uhrichsville. Altogether there are 1,235 service taps in use, 

only one of which is metered. The average daily consumption is 

1, 700,000 gallons, or 170 gallons per capita of the total population, 

and 422 gallons per capita of the population actually supplied. Railroad shops and tanks consume 50 per cent of this, other manufacturing and cmnmercial plants about 10 per cent, leaving for domestic 

use about 68 gallons per capita daily. 

Et'a.nston, Hycle Pa.rh~, Oakley:-Cincinnati supplies with Ohio 

River water the suburbs of Evanston (population, 1, 716), Hyde Park 

(population, 1,691), and Oakley (population, 528). They are supplied 

as a portion of the city proper, with a slight modificatio11 of rates, 

compensation for fire protection, etc. No separate data are available at this time as to the extent of the system in each village or the 

number of services in use in each. 

Finclla.y.-The public water-supply system of Findlay (population, 

1 7,613) was installed by the city in 1889 and has cost to date $440,250. 

The supply is derived from a basin located at the side of Blanchard 

River and filled from that stream by seepage through a wall of filtering material. Just below the basin a dam has been built across the 

river in order .to keep up its level in times of low water. This dam is 

constructed of stone and is 200 feet long, 8 feet 3 inches high, and 

backs the water up about 3 miles. The filtering material consists of 

10 feet of gravel and charcoal placed in openings between the arches 

of a masonry bridge or dam built across the end of the reservoir. 

This wall is 295 feet long, and the supports for the arches take up 

116t feet, leaving 178t feet for the length of the filter proper. As the 

filter is 6 feet deep its area is 1,071 square feet. The gravel is kept 

in place by screens extending across the openings of the arches, and 

a mass of charcoal forming a V-shaped wedge is placed between the 

banks of gravel. Thus but a small amount of charcoal lies at the 

bottom of the filter and the resistance to the flow of water is therefore 

less here, so that most of the water passes through gravel only and 

receives but little purification. The filter is cleaned three times a 

year by pumping water through it. The rate of filtration is controlled 

by gates that can be raised or lowered over the openings. The filter 

was designed to free the water from mud, and it does this to some 

extent, but the filtering media become so thoroughly impregnated 

with filth that, in the absence of any adequate method of cleaning, the 

whole operation must be looked upon with distrust. The water in 

the basin never appears to be muddy, but during low water a scum 

gathers on its surface, and it has a disagreeable odor. The reservoir 

is cleaned biennially by draining out the water and flushing and 

scraping out the mud. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 69 

The present source of supply is very much polluted by waste from 

the oil fieldR and glycerine factories that abound along tlie banks of 

the river. At present a new conduit is being built to a ridge 9 miles 

east of town, where an abundance of good water is found. 

The water is pumped from the reservoir directly to the mains by 

two horizontal compound duplex Gordon pumps, each of 2,500,000 

gallons capacity. There are 29 miles of mains laid, which supply 80 

per cent of the population with water. There ,ar.e 2,137 service taps 

installed, of which 1,262 are in use, and 314 of these are metered. 

The average daily consumption is 900,000 gallons, or 45 gallons per 

capita of the total population, and 140 gallons for each consumer. 

During the summer, when the reservoir is low, the public water supply is not generally used for domestic purposes, resort being then 

had to private wells. 

Marietta.-rrhe public water-supply system of Marietta (population, 

13,348) was established by the city in 1890, and has cost to date 

$267,145.67. The supply is taken directly from Ohio River, above 

the town, through three intake pipes, each 275 feet long, and 8, 16, 

and 18 inches in diameter, respectively. When the plant was first 

put in it was intended to obtain a ground water from a large well 

near the river, but the quantity thus obtained was too small and was 

also objectionable owing to an excess of iron. The lower portion of 

this large well was :fiJ.led and in the remaining portion was set a horizontal pump, so as to bring it within reach of the low stages of the 

river. 

The nearest serious sewage pollution of Ohio River above the 

intake is received from the eities of Bellaire, Wheeling, Martins 

Fer1~y, and Bridgeport, about 75 miles above. A number of villages 

below these send some sewage to the river, but the amount is small. 

The water is pumped from the river to two tanks by a 750,000-gallon 

horizontal duplex Gordon pump, a 1,000,000-gallon vertical co~npound 

duplex Gordon pump, and a new 3,000,000-gallon vertical compound 

duplex Snider-Hughes pump. The tanks are located on a hill back of 

the city at such an elevation as to give a pressure of 85 pounds at the 

pumping station. They consist of two open steel tanks, each 66 feet 

in diameter and 30 feet high, having a combined capacity of 1,500,000 

gallons. There have been 28-! miles of mains laid, to which 95 per 

cent of the total population have access; 2,340 service taps have been 

connected, of which 2,2150 are in use, and 75 of these are metered. 

The great quantity of s~nd suspended in the water cuts out the meters 

in a short time and they become inaccurate. 

The average daily co~sumption is estimated at 2, 700,000 gallons, or 

202 gallons per capita 1 of the total population, and 213 gallons per 

capita of the population actually supplied. The public water supply 

is in general use, but there is a great deal of complaint on account of 

its muddy condition during the greater part of the year. Very little 

relief in this respect can be expected with the present reser,;oir, owing 
70 IfOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

to its small storage capacity, for it requires a long time to enable the 

mud to settle. A new reservoir, with a capacity of 20,000,000 gallons, 

is being constructed, which will afford about 125 pounds pressure. 

Napoleon.-The public wat,er-supply system of Napoleon (population, 3,639) was installed by the village in 1895, which, with an 

electric-light plant, put in at the same time, cost $MJ,589. The cost 

to date has amounted to $103,000. 

The supply is taken from Maumee River at a point opposite the 

upper end of the town and the backwater of the Grand Rapids dam. 

r:rhe water is jn danger of contamination from sewage emptying just 

below the intake, especially when the wind is upstream, and it is 

always polluted by the sewage of Defiance, only 18 miles above. 

~I'he water is pumped to a standpipe by two vertical compound 

Smith-Vaile pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. 'I'he standpipe 

is 125 feet high and 20 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 290,000 

gallons. The mains are 8 miles long and supply 85 per cent of the 

population with water. There are 494 service taps connected, 454 of 

whieh are in use, and 111 of which are metered. The average daily 

consumption is 282,191 gallons, or 77 gallons per capita of the total 

population, and 91 gallons for each consumer. The water o~ the 

public supply is not used to any extent for domestic purposes. 

Piqua.-The waterworks at Piqua (population, 12,172) were put in · 

by the city in 1876. The waterworks proper have cost the city to 

date $131,838.59, and the hydraulic canal $269,000. 

The supply is from the ''hydraulic," a branch and feeder of the 

Miami and Erie Canal. This branch leaves the main canal at I"'ockington and joins it again below Piqua, gathering up much surface 

drainage on the way anq furnishing a supply of water to Piqua; also 

the power to pump it and to run several manufacturing plants. Just 

above the waterworks the canal broadens into three reservoirs, in all 

about 100 acres in area. The reservoirs and the canal are badly overgrown with weeds and moss, as the sides and bot,tom are not paved 

in any manner. The water is pumped from the branch directly to 

the mains by two power pumps. One of these is a Flanders pump of 

2,000,000 gallons capacity and the other a Gordon-Maxwell pump of 

1,500,000 gallons capacity. 

Though the waterworks trustees have developed a ground supply 

which secured the approval of the Ohio State board of health, owing 

to local jealousies and difficulties this water has not been substituted 

for that of the "hydraulic." 

The trustees put down twenty-three 4-inch wells in t.he bed of Great 

Miami River north of the city and in the valley of Ross Creek adjoining. These wells were from 48 to 134 feet deep, driven through various 

strata of soil, clay, gravel, and sand. A good flow of water was 

found in fourteen of the wells, and these were reserved for the public 

supply. While there are certain local conditions which might inter-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 71 

fere with the continued purity of the water, they are so unimportant and so easily overcome that the well supply should be utilized 

at once, for it is vastly superior to the water from the "hydraulic." 

The secretary of the waterworks, Mr. W. B. Mitchell, in his last 

report gives figures on the original cost of the plant and "hydraulic" 

and the cost of additions: 

Original cost of "hydraulic" ______________________________________ $268, 911. 64 

Original cost of waterworks________________________________________ 56,896. 84 

Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 325, 808. 48 

Additional cost of waterworks_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 63, 896. 84 

Total cost of plant complete to May 1, 1900_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 389,705.32 

In addition to the above the new wells cost $2,861. 71, all of which 

came from the revenue of the plant. The total cost of operating the 

plant, maintenance of ''hydraulic," etc., exclusive of interest, was 

$5,144.32 for the last year. 

There have been 24.5 miles of mains laid, giving about 90 per cent 

of the people access to the water. There are 1,400 services connected, 

of which 1,320 are in use and none metered. The average daily consumpt.ion is estimated at 1,500,000 gallons, which is 1,136 gallons per 

service, 227 per consumer, and 123 per capita of the total population. 

This large consumption is due to the general industrial use of the 

water and to excessive wastage, brought on by the absence of meters 

and the poor quality of the water. 

The city water is not used for domestic purposes to any extent, the 

main dependence being placed on private wells. About two-thirds of 

these are shallow dug ones, from 15 to 30 feet deep, getting their water 

in a bed of gravel. The others are drilled and go 10 to 12 feet into 

the limestone, which is about 25 feet below the surface. 

Toleclo.-The public water-supply system of Toledo (population, 

131,822) was put in by the city in 1872, and it is estimated t.hat the 

plant has cost to date $1,979,408. 78. 

The supply is now, and always has been, taken from Maumee 

River at a point opposite the upper end of t.he city. Owing to the 

objectionable character of this water, from mud and sewage, it bas 

been proposed a number of times to obtain a new supply or filter the 

present one. One of the most feasible schemes presented is to collect 

the underflow of the river in a number of galleries or wells placed in 

a large sandy bar or island opposite the present works. 

At the present time I the water is led directly from the river through 

a 5-foot steel conduit to a pump well, and from there is raised to a 

regulating standpipe by four Worthington and one Knowles pumps, 

having in all a total pumping capacity of 45,000,000 gallons. Two 

horizontal compound duplex Worthington pumps of 5,000,000 gallons 

capacity were put in in 1873. The Knowles is a horizontal compound 

duplex pump of 5,000;000 gallons capacity, and was installed in 1886. 
72 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

The other Worthington pumps are vertical compound duplex highduty pumps of 15,000,000 gallons capacity each, one of which was 

erected in 1893 and the other in 1898. The standpipe consists of a 

steel tank inclosed in a brick tower. The former is 225 feet high, 5 

feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 42,000 gallons. 

About 183 miles of mains have been laid, which give 75 per cent of 

the total population access to the water. There are 13,961 service 

taps in use, of which 7,200 are metered. The average daily consumption is 9,074,900 gallons, or 70 gallons per capita of the total population, and 92 gallons per capita of the population actually supplied. 

The public water supply is not used so extensively as it should be 

in a city of this size, and it probably will not be until water of a 

better quality is supplied. Many use the small house filters, but these 

afford but little relief from the objectionable features of the water. 

Upper SandtLsky.·--The public water-supply system of Upper Sandusky (population, 3,355) was put in by a private company in 1889, 

and to July, 1898, had cost about $70,000. 

The supply is taken directly from Sandusky River at a point just 

above the village. When it reaches here the river has received the 

combined sewage of Bucyrus and Crestline, 24 and 40 miles above, 

respectively. This long flow has caused all visible traces of sewage 

to disappear, but it has by no means completely purified the water. 

At the waterworks the river is intercepted by a small dam, which 

forms an impounding reservoir having a capacity of about 500,000 

gallons. From this backwater the intake pipe leads to a small sand 

filter that is connected by a bypass directly with a pump well, which 

furnishes by far the most of the water used. It is claimed that the 

direct connection to the river is used only when the stream is at a good 

stage, and that when the water is muddy it is pumped to a reservoir, 

allowed to stand a certain length of time, then passed to the filter, and 

then to the pump well. 

The storage reservoir was built in 1895, and is 325 feet long, 180 

feet wide, and will hold 2,288,000 gallons. It is formed by throwing 

up earthen embankments around a piece of low ground and is not 

lined or paved in any way. All the surface drainage, except that 

from the immediate vicinity of the basin, is diverted by a ditch dug 

along the hill above. 

The filter box is 11 by 20 feet and contains 3 feet of fine gravel. It 

is cleaned monthly by scraping off the top layer, and twice a year by 

washing all the gravel. It acts as a strainer only, and can improve the 

water but little, .except as regards appearance. 

The pump well, which is walled up with rough stone, is 85 feet in 

diameter and 12 feet deep. At first this well supplied the village with 

ground water, but the supply soon fell short and it was necessary to 

use river water. Now the river water is used almost entirely, this 

well supplyin·g a small proportion only. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLI W .A TER SUPPLIES. 73 

The water is pumped to a ele-vated tank by two horizontal duplex 

Blake pumps, each of 1,500 000 gallons capacity. This tank is constructed of wood, and is 24 eet high and 28 feet in diameter, with a 

capacity of 95,000 gallons,. It is supported on a brick tower 75 feet 

high. 

There ha-ve been 11 miles f mains laid, which supply practically the 

whole:village with water. ~ here are 500 ser-vice taps connected, of 

which only 350 are in use, a d 30 of these are metered. The a-verage 

daily consumption is about 350,000 gallons, amounting to 70 gallons 

per capita, or 104 gallons pe consumer. The water is not used to any 

exten:t for domestic purpose , wells and springs supplying the drinking 

water. 

Zanesville.-A public wat r supply was put in by Zanes-ville (population, 23,538) in 1840, and as cost to date $800,000. The first supply 

was taken direct from Mu. kingum River at a point which is now 

within the limits of the ity. As most of the city's growth was 

upstream, the water enteri g the old intake became contaminated, 

and in 1873 t_he pumping st tion was moved to the present site above 

the eity. 

The water is pumped dir ctly from the river to a reservoir and 

standpipe, and a second res rvoir is filled from the first by gra-vity, 

thus gi-ving three le-vels, whi hare nece~sary on account of the extreme 

range in the le-vel of the cit . The first reser-voir built is now abandoned; the second, built b the side of it on Harvey Hill, is still in 

use, supplying the lowest s rvice in the city. It has a capacity of 

2,000,000 gallons, and is fill d by gravity from the new reser-voir on 

Blandy Hill, which supplies the middle ser-vice and has a capacity of 

2,500,000 gallons. The high service is supplied by a standpipe built 

in 1894 on the same hill. T e standpipe is 100 feet high, 25 feet in 

diameter, and has a capaci y of 367,000 gallons. It is now filled 

directly from the river, but as formerly supplied from the new reservoir by a 1,000,000-gallon K owles pump. 

The reser-voirs are comple ely lined with brick laid in cement, and 

are carefully protected for surface drainage. Owing to the large 

amount of sediment carried y Muskingum Ri-ver, the reservoirs have 

to be cleaned at least twice year. 

The pumping station con ains three pumps-an old-style singleacting Worthington, ins~alle in 1873, but since remodeled and compounded, now gi-ving a d~ily capacity of 3,500,000 gallons; a horizontal 

compound duplex Holly pump of 5,000,000 gallons capacity, put in 

in 1873; and a horizontal compound duplex Gordon pump of 4,000,000 

gallons capacity, installed in 1895. 

There are 66.5 miles of mains, which supply 90 per cent of the population with water. There are 6,500 service taps recorded in the books 

of the water department, the high number being due to a peculiar 

method of numbering, some families having several services. Of this 
74 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

number 125 are metered. The average daily consumption is 4,500,000 

gallons, or 191 gallons per capita of the population of the city and 216 

gallons for each consumer. The water is in general use for domestic 

purposes, except irr times of high water, when the large amount of 

mud makes it undesirable. The use of a large amount of water for 

industrial purposes accounts for the extraordinary consumption. 

GROUND SUPPLIES. 

SUBSURFACE. 

Ashland.-The public water-supply system of Ashland (population, 

4,087) was installed by the village in 1895, and has cost to date 

$70,000. The supply is derived from two wells situated in low land 

lying between the branches of Jerome Fork, about one-half mile east 

of the corporation limits. One of the wells is 30 feet in diameter and 

16 feet deep; the other is 36 feet in diameter and 18 feet deep. Both 

are constructed of brick, roofed over, and fully protected from surface drainage. The smaller well was dug in 1895, when the works 

were first put in, but it soon failed to furnish enough water, and the 

larger well was dug the next year. 

The water is obtained from a bed of gravel which is found just 

below the surface soil. During wet seasons the water rises to the 

surface, but in dry seasons it falls to within a few feet of the bottom 

of the wells. The water is pumped from the wells through the village 

to a staildpipe beyond by two horizontal compound duplex SmithVane pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. 

The standpipe is 20 feet in diameter and 75 feet high, and has a 

capacity of 176,000 gallons. The average pressure on the street main 

is 75 pounds and at the station 122 pounds. 

There have been 15 miles of mains laid, giving 80 per cent of the 

inhabitants access to the water. 

There are 600 service taps connected, of which 500 are in use, and 

250 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 204,350 

gallons, or 50 gallons per capita of the population of the village, and 

62-! gallons per capita of the persons actually supplied. 

Attica.-The public water-supply system of Attica (population, 694) 

was installed by the village in 1895, and has cost to date $17,147. 

The supply is from a well 28 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, fed 

by an 8-inch tile collecting gallery 300 feet long and laid in an extensive bed of gravel. The well is lined with brick and covered with a 

board roof. The well and gallery are removed from local pollution 

and seem to furnish an excellent and abundant water supply. 

The water is pumped to an elevated tank by a Gordon pump of 

500,000 gallons capacity, operated by a Hicks gasolii1e engine. The 

tank, which stands on a brick tower 40 feet high, is 20 feet in diameter 

and 25 feet high, and has a capacity of 59,000 gallons. 

There are 2f miles of mains laid, which supply water to about 95 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 75 

per cent of the population. There are 100 service taps connected, all 

of which are in use, and 67 of these are metered. The average daily 

consumption is 10,000 gallons; the average consumption per capita of 

the village is 14 gallons, and the average per consumer is 15 gallons. 

Barberton.-The p1,.1blic water-supply system of Barberton (population, 4,354) was put in by the village in 1S92, and has cost to date 

$45,000. The cost represents mains and hydrants only, as the water 

is purchased by the city from three large manufacturing establishments, which not only furnish the water but also supply the pressure. 

These plants have one well each, all of which are about 14 feet deep 

and 16 feet in diameter. They are located in beds of gravel near 

the canal. 

The water is pumped directly to the mains by four pumps located in 

U1e various factories, one of which maintains the pressure, the others 

being held for use in emergency. The pumps consist of a horizontal 

compound Worthington of 640,000 gallons capacity, a Hooker pump 

of 320,000 gallons capacity, and two others of 512,000 gallons each, 

making a total daily capacity of 1,9S4,000 gallons. 

There have been 9 miles of mains laid, to which 60 per cent of the 

people have access. There are 425 services connected, all of which 

are in use and none metered. It is impossible to estimate the average 

daily consumption, but it is not important, as this supply is not used 

at all for domestic purposes. A potable water supply is projected, 

and it is highly desirable that such a supply be obtained. 

Bellefontaine.-A system of public water supply was put in by 

Bellefontaine (populati~n, 6,649) in1SS2, and has cost to date $140,000. 

The water is obtained from four S-inch wells located just south of the 

village, in the valley of a small stream. The wells are 160 feet deep 

and go through SO feet of gravel and clay and 80 feet into limestone. 

The supply has always been sufficient, but it is intended to put down 

a number of shallow wells in the gravel for an additional supply. 

There is no local pollution of the ground, and even if there were it 

is a question whether it would affect the deep wells. 

The water is pumped direct from the wells to a reservoir by two 

horizontal compound duplex Gordon pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. A new vertical compound duplex Snow pump of 2,500,000 

gallons capacity is to be installed soon for reserve in case of accident 

to the present pumps. The reservoir is located on high ground to the 

east of the village, and gives a pressure of SO pounds at the station 

and an average of 60 pounds oYer town. It is an open basin, 206 by 

106 by 20 feet, holding 2,000,000 gallons, with sloping sides built of 

brick laid in cement. The whole is surrounded by a high barbed-wire 

fence for protection from contamination. 

There are 17 miles of mains in, to which about 95 per cent. of the 

people have access. There are 956 services, of which 900 are in use 

and only 18 are metered. It is intended to increase the number of 
76 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

meters very soon, so as to cut down waste, as the consumption is very 

large for a village of this size. The average daily consumption is 

642,000 gallons, which is 714 gallons per service, 143 per consumer, 

and 94 per capita of the total population. 

Canal Dover.-A public water-supply system was installed by Canal 

Dover (population, 5,422) in 1895, and has cost to date $40,152.10. 

The water is obtained from six 6-inch driven wells, ranging from 51 

to 61 feet deep, penetrating a large bed of sand and gravel, located 

in the southern part of the village on the bank of Tuscarawas River. 

Four of the wells were dug when the plant was installed, in 1895, and 

two more were added in 1897. The water rises to within 10 feet of 

the surface when the wells are not being pumped, and it is lowered 

but little by pumping. 

The water is pumped to a standpipe by two horizontal compound 

duple~ Worthington pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. The 

standpipe is 100 feet high and 16 feet in diameter, giving a capacity 

of 150,000 gallons and a pressure, when full, of 60 pounds per square 

inch at the station. 

There a-r:e 10 miles of mains laid, to which 87f per cent of the people 

have· access. rrhere are 742 service taps connected, of which 700 are 

in use and 8 are metered. The average daily consumption per capita 

of the village is 27 gallons and per consumer 31 gallons. This supply 

is of good quality, but is not in general use. 

Columb,us Grove.-A. public waterworks has been installed at 

Columbus Grove (population, 1, 935). Th-e supply is obtained from 

wells drilled into the limestone found a short distance below the surface. The water is pumped from the wells to a reservoir of 60,000 

gallons capacity by a McGowan compound duplex pump of 75,000 

gallons capacity. About 4! miles of mains have been laid, to which 

85 per cent of the population have access. Thirty service taps have 

been connected, all of which are in use and metered. As the plant 

has just been installed, it is impossible at this time to estimate the 

daily consumption. 

Coshocton.-A public water-supply system was put in by Coshocton (population, 6,473) in 1892, and has cost to date $100,000. The 

supply is from twenty-two 6-inch wells, driven f1·om 31 to 32 feet into 

the sandy point between Walhonding Creek and Tuscarawas River. 

The level of tl;le water in the wells is the same as that in the streams, 

usually about 8 feet below the surface, and it is lowered but little 

during pumping. The water is pumped directly from the wells to a 

covered brick reservoir of 324,000 gallons capacity, which is located 

on a hill east of the town, of such height as to give a pressure of 115 

pounds. The pumps in use are a vertical compound duplex Hughes 

of 1,250,000 gallons capacity and a horizontal compound duplex 

Hughes of 600,000 gallons capacity. 

There are 16 miles of mains laid, giving 90 per cent of the people 

access to the water. There are 1,000 service taps connected, all of 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 77 

which are in use, and 25 are metered. The average daily consumption 

is 1,500,000 gallons, or 232 gallons per capita of the village and 257 

gallons per consumer. 

Dayton.-In 1869 a public water-supply system was installed by 

Dayton (population, 85,333), which has cost to date $1,811,618.47 for 

construction alone. The total expendfture of the waterworks department for thirty years was $2,108,721, of which $745,429 was for 

maintenance. The total income for the same period was $1,248,638, 

showing the net cost of the plant to be $860,083, a figure much below 

the present value of the works. The construction account for 1900 

wa,s heavy, as a new suction was put down, also new wells, and a 

large pump is to be put in, which will require extensive changes in 

the pumping station. 

The first supply was directly from Mad River, but this was abandoned in 1887, when the first of the present extensive system of wells 

were put down. There are now eighty-seven 8-inch wells, driven 30 

to 60 feet in the bed of Mad River in the upper portion of the city. 

During the last year twenty-four of the old wells were replaced by 

twenty additional new ones, bringing the total to the figure named 

above. 

The bed of Mad River consists of a porous gravel which carries a 

large amount of water, the subsurface flow of the stream. The normal level of the water in the wells coincides with the river level except 

when the stream is at very low stages, when it rises above the surface 

water level. On a test one well gave 400 gallons per minute, the level 

being lowered only 5 feet. At this same test a well 50 feet away was 

lowered only 4 inches. 'rhe wells extend up and down the river 2,000 

feet each way from the pumping station, and until this year were 

reached by a 30-inch suction line going down the river and by a 20-

inch and 30-inch going up. A new 5-foot suction line is being put in 

up the river to replace the small lines, and also, in time, to extend 

above them as new wells are added. 

While the site of the wells is above all sewage pollution, the water 

does not escape all manufacturing refuse, especially that from a strawboard works. Except in times of extreme low water it is doubtful 

whether any of this refuse would influence the subsurface water, but 

at such dry times some of it would soak into the gravel bed, where, if 

the filtration were not perfect, it would pollute the water of the wells. 

The water is pumped directly to the mains by a 4,000,000-gallon 

quadruplex Holly pump, installed in 1873; a 10,000,000-gallon horizontal compound duplex Holly pump, erected in 1899, and a 15,000,000-

gallon pump of the same pattern, installed in 1895. A new 10,000,000-

gallon vertical triple-expansion Holly is now being put in. 

The domestic pressure averages 60 pounds. About 130 miles of 

mains have been laid, giving about 90 per cent of the total population 

access to the water. There a_re 14,800 service taps connected, and 

12,500 in use, and 8,800 of these are metered, about 60 of which are 
78 FOUR DRAlNAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

for hydraulic elevators. The average daily consumption is 7,000,000 

gallons, which is 91 gallons per consumer, and 82 gallons per capita 

of the total populati0n. The water is of excellent quality, and has 

come into general use, to the gradual exclusion of local wells. 

Eaton.-Waterworks were put in by Eaton (populat.ion, 3,155) in 

1891, and have cost to January, 1903, $91,200.47. The supply is from 

wells and spring:s near Sevenmile Creek. The well water is furnished 

by ten driven wells, ranging in depth from 74 to 89 feet and a~l6 inches 

in diameter. They go through 55 feet of hardpan into a bed of gravel, 

which furnishes the water. The wells flow when not pumped, and 

the water can be lowered 35 feet during dry weather. The springs are 

one-fourth mile west of the waterworks, at the foot of a hill just across 

Sevenmile Creek. The water is collected by a sewer-pipe gallery and 

is brought by gravity through a tile pipe to the station. Near the 

works this pipe line empties into a silt well, 13 feet in diameter and 

15 feet deep, which frees the water from the heavier sediment before 

it reaches the pumps. It is estimated that the wells can supply 150,000 

gallons per twenty-four hours and the springs 200,000 gallons. A 

covered reservoir of 100,000 gallons capacity is just being built, into 

which the water of the wells and springs may flow when the pumps 

are not running. The reservoir is 110 feet long, 12 feet wide, 12 feet 

deep, and will be built of brick laid in cement. Direct connection 

can be made to the creek for use in case of fire. The water is pumped 

to a standpipe by three pumps-two horizontal compound Gorclons of 

1,000,000 gallons capacity each and one small Hughes pump of 500,000 

gallons capacity. The first pumps were put in with the works, and t.be 

latter in 1598. The standpipe consists of a tank 20 feet in diameter 

and 80 feet high, placed on top of a stone tower 50 feet high. It has 

a capacity of 185,000 gallons. 

Frankl,in.-The public water-supply system for Franklin (population, 2, 724) was put in by the village in 1887, and has cost to elate 

$57,000. The supply is obtained from six 6-inch wells driven 65 feet 

into a clay, sand, and gravel bed, bordering the Miami and Erie Canal 

in the lower part of the village. The water stands normally 22 feet 

below the surface and is lowered but little by ordinary consumption. 

There is direct connection with the canal for use in cases of emergency. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to the mains by two 

horizontal compound duplex Holly pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity 

each. The pumps are set 18 feet below the surface, so as to keep the 

water well within the suction limit. The station pressure carried is 

60 pounds and the average on the mains is 55 pounds. 

There are 8 miles of mains laid, giving about 90 per cent of the people access to the water. There are 410 services connected, of which 

340 are in use, and 24 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is estimated at 300,000 gallons, which is 882 gallons per 

service, 172 per consumer, and 110 per capita of the total population. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 79 

The large consumpt,ion is due chiefly to the extensive use of the water 

by the various paper mills, but in some measure to the large amount 

of leakage claimed to be caused by the deteriorat,ion of the pipes from 

electrolysis. 

Granville.-A public water-supply system was installed by Granville (population, 1,425) in 1884, and has cost to date $15,000. The 

supply is from three 4-inch wells driven 45, 50, and 55 feet into a bed 

of gravel located south of the village, in the valley of Raccoon Creek. 

':rhe water is pumped directly from these wells to an elevated tank by 

a horizontal compound duplex Knowles pump of 350,000 gallons 

capacity. 

The tank is 32 feet in diameter, 20 feet high, and has a capacUy of 

100,000 gallons. · It is constructed of wood and is placed on a frame 

trestle located on a hill just northwest of the village. The domestic 

pressure is 80 pounds. 

There have been 6! miles of mains laid, giving 80 per cent of the 

people access to the water. There are 206 services connected, all of 

which are in use, and 6 are metered. The average daily consumption 

is 50,000 gallons, which is 28 gallons per capita of the village and 40 

gallons for each consumer. The water is in general use throughout 

the village. 

Greenv·ille.-In 1893 waterworks were put in by Greenville (population, 5,501), and have cost to date $110,000. The original supply was 

derived from nine wells 6 inches in diameter and from 50 to 57 feet in 

depth; but lately six new 8-inch wells, averaging in depth from 46 to 

54 feet, were added as a safeguard against the failure of the first set. 

The wells go through gravel and clay into a bed of gravel. The water 

rises nearly to the surface when the wells are not being pumped, and 

during a test it was lowered 18 feet, at which depth pumping at the 

rate of 900,000 gallons per day failed to lower the water farther. The 

waterworks are west of town, on Greenville Creek, to which direct con-

. nection can be made in case of fire, but this connection has not been 

used since August, 1895. There is a milldam on Greenville Creek, 1 i 

miles above the waterworks, which controls the amount of water in 

the creek during dry weather. It is 6 feet high, 40 feet long, and 

backs the water up about It miles. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe by two 

horizontal compound duplex condensing Hughes pumps of 1,500,000 

gallons capacity. The standpipe consists of a tank 60 feet high and 20 

feet in diameter, placed on a brick tower 70 feet high. It has a capacity of 141,000 gallons. 

Thirteen miles of mains have been laid, which supply 80 per cent 

of the population with water. There have been 961 services connected, 811 of which are in use, and 540 of these are metered. The 

average daily consumption is 400,000 gallons, which is 91 per consumer 

and 73 per capita of the whole population. 
80 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Hamilton.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1884 b~r 

Hamilton (population, 23,919), and has cost to date $365,000. The first. 

supply was derived from a large well or basin situated in the low land 

north of the city, lying between the Great Miami River and an abandoned channel of the same stream. The basin was 500 feet long, 100 

feet wide, and 15 feet deep, dug into a large bed of gravel. 

The supply from this source was unsatisfactory, and in 1889 anumber of deep wells were driven in the basin, and these, with additions. 

have furnished the supply since that time. Now there are nineteer 

6-inch and three 8-inch wells, driven from 75 to 135 feet into. the bee. 

of gravel. 

The water flows from the wells at the river level and is conductec1 

about 1,000 feet to a receiving basin set 13 feet below mean low water 

in the river. 'rhe receiving well is a closed brick chamber 28 by 13 by 

33 feet deep, with a capacity of 90,000 gallons. 

The water is pumped from this basin to a supply reservoir by avertical compound duplex Gordon-Maxwell pump of 3,000,000 gallonf' 

capacity. The average domestic pressure is go· pounds. The reservoir is situated on the high ground west of Great Miami River, and if' 

reached by two mains, a 20-inch main laid in the bed of the river and 

a 10-inch main crossing on a bridge .. It is an open basin, with sidef' 

paved with brick in cement, and is 200 by 270 by 24 feet deep, with ~L 

capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. As first constructed the reservoir waf 

not cemented and there was trouble frequently with vegetable growthf 

of various kinds. Since the sides were cemented, however, no troubl€, 

has been reported. 

There are 40 miles of mains laid, giving about 95 per cent of the 

population access to the water. The mains even extend outside of the 

corporation in order to supply several manufacturing plants. There 

are 3,295 services in use, and 827 of these are metered. The average 

daily consumption is 1,818,000 gallons, which is 569 gallons per 

service, 103 per consumer, and 76 per capita of the total population. 

It will be noted here that the pumping capacity is less than twice the 

average daily consumption, a rather perilous condition for a pumping 

plant, notwithstanding the very fairreservoir capacity. · 

Lynchburg.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1896 by 

Lynchburg (population, 907), and had cost to January, 1901, $18,000. 

The first supply was obt.ained from a dug w~ll16 feet in diameter and 

20 feet deep, which enters a bed of gravel just above the rock. · This 

well soon failed to supply enough water, and a 4-inch suction line was 

run to a large basin from which a distillery obtains its water supply. 

This basin consists of a trench 120 feet long by 15 feet wide, with an 

·18-foot well at each end, all excavated 15 feet deep in a bed of sand 

and gravel. The sides of this basin are planked, and the whole is 

covered with a fiat plank roof at the ground level. It occupies a low 

swale and is easily accessible to surface drainage, as the well is situ-
"'"LYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 81 

;::tted nearly in the center of the village. In 1900 the 4-inch suction 

'.ine to the distillery basin ·was replaced by a 5-inch line. 

As the distillery required the entire yield of this basin, the village 

"'Vas compelled to seek a new supply. Application was made to the 

State board of healtlt for the approval. of three springs, only one of 

which could be approved, namely, the "sulphur" spring, located It 

miles northeast of the village, in low land near a small run. With 

proper care this spring ought to be able to provide at least 20,000 

gallons of potable water a day. It is at such a heigbt that the water 

could be conducted by grarvity to a pump well at the present station. 

The water is pumped from the well and basin to an elevated tank 

by a horizontal duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 250,000 gallons capacity. The tank is 16 feet in diameter, 20 feet high, with a 

capacity of 30,000 gallons, and is placed on a trestle 89 feet high. 

The average pressure on the mains is 40 pounds. 

There are 4t miles of mains in use, to which all the people have 

access. There are 135 services in, of which 122 are in use, and none is 

metered. The average daily consumption is estimated at 25,000 gallons, which is 53 gallons per consumer. The water is not in. general 

use for domestic purposes. 

McConnels,ville.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1899 

by McConnelsville (population, 1,825), and has cost to date $30,000. 

The supply is from four 6-inch wells, 42 feet deep, located in the river 

bottom just above the village. The wells go through 18 feet of loam, 

sand, and gravel and a thin layer of hardpan, then into the waterbearing gravel. The normal level of the water in the wells is 17.feet 

below the surface, and it is lowered but little by pumping. The water 

is pumped directly from the wells to an open brick reservoir by horizontal duplex Stillwell-Bierce Smith-Vaile pumps of 750,000 gallons 

capacity. The reservoir is placed on a hill back of the village, where 

it gives a pressure of 100 pounds. 

There are 3! miles of mains laid, to which 80 per cent of the people 

have access. There are 200 services connected, of which 175 are in 

use, and none is metered. 

Middletown.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1874 

by Middletown (population, 9,215), and has cost to date $450,000. The 

supply is obtained from a large well 20 feet in diameter and 35 feet 

deep, dug in a gravel bed in the upper part of the city, near Great 

Miami River. The normal level of the water is 16 feet below the surface, and it is lower~d about 11 feet by ordinary consumption in the 

dry season. The supply has always been sufficient except in 1893, 

when it failed during a period of exceptionally dry weather. 

The water is pumped directly from the well to the mains by a quadruplex Holly power pump, installed in 1874. The pump has a capacity of 1,250,000 gallons per day and is operated by a 56-inch American 

IRR 91-04-6 
82 J:t'OUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

turbine, operating under a 17-foot head of water, secured from the 

Middletown ditch or ''hydraulic." 

In 1885 two horizontal compound duplex Smith-Vaile steam pumpf' 

of 1,500,000 gallons capacity each were installed. These are for 

reserve and for use in case of fire, steam being kept at low pressure 

in one boiler all the time. In cases of emergency the water from the 

"hydraulic" can be admitt,ed to the well. 

Enough water power to supply the domestic pressure is obtained 

from the'' hydraulic" at an annual rental of $260, certainly a very eco .. 

nomical method of pumping. A pressure of 45 pounds is maintained 

. at the station, and the average on the mains is 40 pounds. 

There have been 20 miles of mains laid, to which about 87 per cent 

of the people have access. There are 1,337 services in, of which 1,300 

are in us~, and 62 of these are metered. The average daily consump .. 

tion is 1,500,000 gallons, 187.5 per consumer, and 163 per capita of the 

total population. The large consumption is due to some extent to the 

general use of the water for industrial purposes, also to an extensive 

waste, induced by cheapness of the water. 

Millersburg.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1895 

by Millersburg (population, 1, 998), and has cost to elate $27,000. The 

water is obtained from a well 30 feet in diameter and 28 feet deep, 

located just west of the village, in bottom land, 50 feet from Killbuck 

Creek. The well is walled up with brick and is covered with a conical board roof. It goes through loam and muck into a bed of gravel, 

where the water is found. The normal level of the water is above that 

in the creek, varying from 15 to 24 feet from the surface, and is seldom lowered below the latter figure. The water is pumped directly 

from the well to a covered reservoir by two horizontal compound duplm~ 

Stillwell-Bierce pumps, each of 750,000 gallons eapacity. The reservoir is eonstructed of brick and covered with a tin roof, and has r, 

capacity of 150,000 gallons. It is located on a hill just east of the village, and gives an average pressure of 80 pounds. 

There are 6 miles of mains laid, to which 95 per cent of the people 

have acceRs. There are 400 services connected, all of which are ir 

use, and 5 are metered. The average daily consumption is 500,000 

gallons, whieh is 250 gallons per capita of the total population anc1 

263 gallons for each consumer. 

Mineral Point.-A public water-supply system was installed ir 

1899 by Mineral Point (population, 1,200), and has cost to date $12,000. 

The water is obtained from four springs, is impounded in a reservoir 

of 169,000 gallons capacity, and is supplied to the village by gravity 

at a pressure of 80 pounds. The reservoir is 60 feet in diameter, r 

feet deep, and is built of brick and covered with a slate roof. The 

springs are l9cated under steep hills rising in a thinly settled farming district about 1 mile northeast of the village. For fire purposef' 

a reserve supply is stored in an open reservoir of 88,000 gallonf' 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 83 

capacity, which is located in the village. The yressure is obtained 

by a horizontal duplex Battle Creek pump of 720,000 gallons capacity. 

There are 3 miles of mains installed, giving 90 per cent of the people access to the water. There are 100 service taps, all of which are 

in use, and none is metered. It is impossible to estimate the amount 

of water used. 

Minerua.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1886 by 

Minerva (population, 1,200), and has cost to date $16,000. The supply was first obtained entirely from Clear Fork of Sandy Creek; then 

from an infiltration well placed at the side of this creek in the upper 

part of the village; then this supply was supplemented by driving a 

6-inch well 55 feet deep into sand and gravel. The infiltration well 

is 9 feet square, boarded up with plank, and 10 feet deep. r_rhe water 

enters it through quicksand at the bottom. At times the creek covers 

this well and the deep well is used entirely. Normally each well supplies about half of the water. When not pumped, the water stands 6 

feet from the surface, or a little above the creek level, and by pumping 

is easily lowered to the suction limit. The water is pumped directly 

from these wells to an elevated tank by a horizontal duplex SmithVaile pump of 250,000 gallons capacity and by a horizontal compound 

duplex Worthington pump of 600,000 gallons capacity. The tank is 

20 feet high and 24 feet in diameter, giving a capacity of 65,000 gallons, and is placed on a frame trestle located on a hill north of the 

village, where it gives a pressure of 50 pounds. 

There are 5t miles of mains laid, giving 90 per cent of the population access to the water. There are 250 services connected, ~ll of 

which are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption is 201,000 gallons, which is 167i gallons per capita of the village 

and 170 for each consumer. The public supply is in general use and 

seems to be of good quality. 

JYiownt Vernon.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1882 

by Mount Vernon (population, 6,633), and has cost t,o date $115,000. 

The original supply was from two large wells-one 20 feet in diameter 

and the other 7 feet, and both 21 feet deep. ':rhe larger of these wells 

has been filled up until it is now only 10 feet deep and is used as a 

receiving well. The smaller is u:!;ed as a puwp well, the water flowing 

from the receiving well to it by gravity. 

The supply is now obtained from 21 driven wells, which have been 

put in from time to time as the consumption increased. These consist of nine G-inch, four 4-inch, eleven 2-inch, and two 3.:.inch wells, 

which are from 60 to 90 feet in depth, the average being 73 feet. The 

wells go through a surface layer of sand and gravel, ·then through a 

layer of hardpan and into water-bearing gravel. The wells were all 

artesian and t,he natural flow only is utilized; five, however, have 

now ceased to flow. The sand found through the gravel stops the 

flow in a comparatively short time and the wells have to be blown out 
84 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

to keep the flow const'ant. The supply is now just about equal to the 

demand, and it is intended to sink more weHR. 

The water is pumped to a standpipe by a horizontal compound 

duplex Worthington pump of 750,000 gallons capacity and a horizontal compound duplex McGowan pump of 1,000,000 gallons capacity. The standpipe is 25 feet in diameter and 57 feet high, has a 

capacity of 209,290 gallons, and furnishes an average press11-re of 100 

pounds. 

There are 20 miles of mains laid, giving 80 per cent of the people 

access to the water. There are 1,100 services connected, of which 

1,025 are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption 

is 1,000,000 gallons, which is 151 gallons per capita of the village and 

188 for each consumer. The wells are located in the western part of 

the village, in the bottom land of the Kokosing River, a large area of 

which is under the control of the village and is laid out for a public 

park, so as to protect the water.supply. 

New Philadelphia.-The public water-supply system of New Philadelphia (populat.ion, 6,213) was put in by a private company, the 

New Philadelphia Water Company, in 1886, and has cost to date 

about $100,000. 

The supply was fi.rst taken from an infiltration well at the edge of 

Tuscarawas River, just south of the town. In 1892 eight 6-inch wells, 

30 feet deep, were put down in a large gravel deposit in the lowland 

along the river and near the old infiltration well. In 1896 six 6-inch 

wells, 80 feet deep, were put down in the same vicinity, and in 1898 

two ~nore of the same kind were put in. The normal level of the 

water is 11 feet below the surface, and it is lowered 15 to 18 feet by 

pumping. 

The old infiltration well is now connected directly with the river, 

and can be drawn upon in case of fire. The water is pumped directly 

from the driven wells to a reservoir by two horizontal duplex Blake 

pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each and by one horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 2,000,000 gallons capacity. The reservoir is located on a hill east of the village, at such a 

height as to give a pressure of 100 pounds. · It is oval in shape, 200 

by 100 feet, is 13 feet deep, and has a capacityof about 1,250,000 gallons. The bottom of the reservoir is lined with a mixture of cement 

and clay, the sides are riprapped, and the whole is covered with a 

board roof. 

rr~here have been 15 miles of mains laid, to which 90 per cent of the 

people have access. There are 600 service taps, 575 of which are in 

use, and 8 are metered. The average daily consumption is 600,000 gallons, which is 9t3 gallons per capita of the village and 175 gallons per 

consumer. The wells are removed from any local pollution and furnish good water. 

Osborn.-A public water-supply system was established in 1895 by 

Osborn (population, 948), and has cost to date, including the electric-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 85 

light plant, $30,000. The supply is obtained from four 6-inch wells 

in the northern part of the village. Th_e wells are driven 50 feet 

through a thin stratum of clay and into a large bed of gravel. The normal level of the water is from 15 to 18 feet below the surface, and_ it 

is lowered but little ty pumping. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe by a 

horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 500,000 

gallons capacity. The standpipe is 10 feet in diameter, 125 feet high, 

and has a capacity of 70,000 gallons. The station pressure is 60 pounds 

and the average on the mains is 50. 

There are 3 miles of mains in use, to which about 80 per cent of 

the people have access. There are 100 services connected, of which 

97 are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption 

could not be obtained. 

The water seems to be of good quality, but it is not yet in general 

use for domestic purposes. 

Oxford.-A public water-supply system was installed by Oxford 

(population, 2,009) in 1896, and has cost about $45,000. The supply is 

obtained from a large well dug in the sand and gravel bed near Fourmile Creek, some distance northeast of the village. The well is 20 

feet in diameter and 35 feet deep. It is walled up with brick laid in 

cement and arched over so as to prevent flooding during high water, 

which overflows the well site. The top of the well is provided with a 

ventilator above high water. The normal level of the water is 9 feet 

from the surface, but it is frequently lowered to 24 feet by pumping. 

The water is pumped directly from the well to the mains by two 

horizontal compound duplex Smith-Vaile and Stillwell-Bierce pumps 

of 750,000 gallons capacity each. The pressure on the mains varies 

from 45 to 65 pounds. 

There are 7 miles of mains laid, which give about 95 per cent of the 

people access to the water. There are 234 services connected, of 

which 211 are in use, and 9 are metered. The daily average consumption is 30,000 gallons, which is 142 gallons per service and 15 gallons 

per capita of the village. The total number of consumers is hard to 

estimate, owing to the fact that three large institutions are supplied, 

but the consumption per consumer can not be far from 25 gallons. 

Piedrnont.-A public water-supply system was put in at Piedmont 

(population, 275) by a private company, the Piedmont Water Supply 

Company, in 1894, and has cost to date $1,450. The supply is obtained 

from two springs located on the neighboring hills, the water from 

which is impounded in a reservoir and conducted to the village by 

gravity. The reservoir consists of a vaulted stone cistern, with a 

capacity of 12,500 gallons, and is at such a height as to give a pressure 

of 55 pounds on the streets. 

There are 2 miles of mains in, which give about 60 per cent of the 

village access to the water. There are 45 services, of which 40 are in 

use, and none is metered. Owing to the nature of the supply, it was 
86 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

impossible to estimate the consumption. The springs emerge from a 

bed of shaly sandstone in the side of the hills, and the water appears 

to be of good quality. 

Shelby.-The public water-supply system of Shelby (population, 

4,685) was put in by a private company, the Shelby 'Vater Company, 

in 1897, and has cost to date $14:0,000. The supply is from twelve 

6-inch wells, 46 feet deep, located in lowland lying northwest of the 

village and bordering Black Fork. The wells go through clay and 

sand, gravel, and blue clay, into a stratum of gravel, in which the 

water is found. The normal level of the water in the wells is 5 feet 

from the surface, and the supply has been so abundant that the level 

is seldom lowered more than a foot by the pumps. The creek at 

times overflows the land occupied by the wells, but it is claimed the 

turbidity of the well water does not increase during such times, 

showing no intimate connection between the surface water and that 

obtained from the wells. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe by two 

horizont,al compound duplex McGowan pumps of 2,000,000 gallons 

capacity each. The standpipe is 16 feet in diameter and 145 feet 

high, giving a capacity of 218,000 gallons and an average pressure of 

1,000 pounds. 

There are 15 miles of mains in use, giving 95 per cent of the people 

access to the water. There are 710 services connected, 640 of which 

are in use, and 4 are metered. The average daily consumption is 

750,000 gallons, or 160 gallons per capita, or 170 gallons per consumer. The water is rather highly impregnated with iron, and on 

this account is objectionable to many for domestic use. 

Tippecanoe Oity.-A public water-supply system was put in by Tippecanoe City (population, 1, 703) in 1897, and has cost to date, together 

with the electric-light plant, $28,000. The supply is obtained from 

driven wells located in the eastern part of the village, near the Miami 

and Erie Canal. There are five 8-inch wells, driven 80 feet deep into 

a bed of sand and gravel. Only three of the wells are in use. The 

normal level of the water is 10 feet below the surface, and this is lowered by pumping to a depth of from 17 to 35 feet, according to the 

season. 

The wells are surrounded by scattered houses, and will in time 

suffer pollution unless steps are taken to drain off all objectionable 

refuse. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to the mains by two 

horizontal duplex Smith-Vaile pumps of 500,000 ·gallons capacity 

each, and at a pressure of 60 pounds, which is decreased to 55 on most 

of the mains. 

There are 6 miles of mains, which supply about 95 per cent of the 

population with water. There are 345 services, 310 of which are in 

use, and 18 are metered. The average daily consumption is 75,000 gal-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 87 

Ions, which is 281 gallons per service, 56 per consumer, and 44 per 

capita of the total population. 

Trotwood.-The smallest village-or rather community, as it is not 

incorporated-in the State that has a public water supply is rrrotwood 

(population, 214). The plant was put in in 1899 by a stock company, 

formed of nearly all the citizens, to provide primarily for fire protection only, and has cost to date $4:,000. The installation of the system 

was occasioned by a very disastrous fire the year previous. 

The water supply is procured from two ~-inch wells, driven 26 feet 

through clay and hardpan and into a bed of gravel. rrhe water 

stands in the wells 12 feet below the surface, and the level was lowered but little by pumping at the rate of 120 gallons per minute. The 

water is pumped directly from the wells to a horizontal steel tank by 

a vertical duplex power pump run by a gasoline eJlgine. The t,ank, 

engine, pump, and wells are all within the confines of a neat stone 

building situated at the edge of the village. 

The pump was made by C. 0. Lucas,_ of Greenville, Ohio, and is 

fitted with a device by which a certain amount of air can be pumped 

with the water to the tank, and there, under pressure, force the water 

through the mains when the pump is not running. The pump is a 

double-acting one, with a capacity of 175,000 gallons in twenty-four 

hours, working under a pressure of from 40 to 80 pounds, the limits 

allowed in the tank. This tank is 24 feet long, 5 feet in diameter, 

and holds 5,000 gallons. It is fitted with a blow-off coek for the regulation of the pressure and the amount of air above the water. 

There are 3,900 feet of mains, to which about 90 per cent of the people have access. There are 38 services connected, 30 of which are in 

use, and none is metered. 

The water is of good quality, but it is not yet in general use for 

domestic purposes. On account of the few services and the wide 

range of pressure allowed in the tank-from 40 to 80 pounds-the 

pump is run for a short time only each day, and the water in the 

tank is not so fresh as it would be wit,h a larger consumption. 

Troy.-The public water-supply system of Troy (population, 5,881) 

was installed in 1884, and has cost to date $125,000. The first supply 

was obtained from a large well, 25 feet in diameter and 31 feet deep, 

dug in the sand· and gravel that underlies this whole section. This 

failed to supply the increasing consumption, and in 1891 another large 

well was dug, which was later filled by a flood and not reopened. As 

the consumption increased, five 8-inch wells were driven 20 feet in the 

bottom of the first large well, and the flow considerably increased for 

a time, but the water soon ran low and they are not of much use now. 

In 1898 three wells were driven near the old large wells, but they were 

of no value. In the same year five 8-inch wells were driven along t,he 

street south of the plant, and considerable water was found at from 

38 to 51 feet below the surface. In 1899 eight 8-inch wells were 
88 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

driven just east of the plant to a depth of from 38 to 54 feet. The 

last two sets of wells, 13 in all, furnish the bulk of the water. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells by two hori~ontal 

compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,700,000 gallons 

capacity each. Until March, 1898, nearly all of the water was pumped 

by two Smith-Vaile power pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each, 

actuated by a 15-inch and 28-inch Victor turbine supplied with water 

under 16 feet 8 inch head from the "hydraulic," a ditch fed from the 

Miami and Erie Canal and a little local territory, which furnished 

satisfactory power until March, 1898, when a flood washed out the 

embankment, damaged the power house, and filled up one of the wells, 

as noted above. The average domestic pressure carried is 60 pounds. 

There are 14 miles of mains in use, to which about 90 per cent of 

the people have access. There are 1,002 services connected, of which 

994 are in use, and 78 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 503,000 gallons, which is 506 gallons per service, 101 gallons 

per consumer, and 86 gallons per capita of the total population. 

The waterworks is located in the northern part of the city, where 

the wells are subject to but little local pollution, and t~he water seems 

to be of good quality. 

Urbana.-The waterworks at Urbana (population, 6,808) wereputin 

by a private company in 1878. The supply is from one large well20 

feet in diameter and 23 feet deep, walled up with rough stone and covered with a conical board roof, -and from eight 6-inch wells averaging 

40 feet in depth. The large well goes through about 4 feet of soil, 2 

feet of blue clay, and then through layers of gravel and sand, finding 

water in a layer of fine gravel 23 feet down. The small wells go 

through the same strata and obtain their water in an extensive bed of 

gravel, which continues downward for 150 feet, when bed rock is 

struck. 

A reservoir 175 by 80 by 13 feet deep, with a capacity of 140,000 

gallons, is used to store water in case of emergency. It is claimed it 

has not been used for a year at least. The sides and bottom of the 

reservoir are carefully cemented, and practically no snrface drainage 

has access to it. The reservoir is cleaned three or four times a year 

to remove moss and other vegetable growths. 

The water is pumped from the large well directly to the mains by a 

quadruplex Holly pump of 1,500,000 gallons capacity, installed in 1878, 

and a horizontal compound duplex Holly pump of 2,000,000 gallons 

capacity, put in about 1889. There are 8.4 miles of mains in, giving 

nearly all the city access to the water. There are 900 services in use, 

of which 40 are metered. The average daily consumption is about 

1,000,000 gallons, and the average per consumer is 185 gallons. 

The private water supply is from dug and driven wells ranging from 

a few feet to 60 feet in depth. These wells obtain their water from a 

large bed of gravel whieh underlies the whole city. This bed is com· 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 89 

posed of alternate layers of gravel, sand, and blue clay. The clay is 

not- continuous, but is very much broken, especially in the western 

part of the city. In the eastern half the layers of hardpan and clay 

are more extensive, making several water-bearing strata, one above 

each layer of hardpan. rrhis large gravel bed supplies an abundance 

of water, and would furnish a water of good quality if it were protected from pollution. Urbana has no sewers whatever. The surface 

drainage is to Dugan Creek and its branches, through surface drains 

and gutters. Dugan Creek is a tributary of Mad River. Many houses 

have water-closets that drain to cesspools, which are put down into 

the gravel, so that the water will drain off and not fill up the cesspool 

so quickly. As soon as they become full, new ones are dug and the 

old ones are covered over. Vaults are-also dug down into the gravel, 

so as t,o require less frequent cleaning, or in this case renewal, as very 

few vaults are ever cleaned. This practice has loaded the ground 

water with filth, and would make well water absolutely unfit for use 

if it were not for the filtering action of the gravel and sand. The 

water is at the present time a potable one. 

There are now 20 miles of mains laid, giving about 85 per cent of 

the people access to the water. There are 1,137 services connected, of 

which 1,000 are in use, and 60 of these are metered. The average daily 

consumption is 1,170,000 gallons, which is 1,286 gallons per service, 

257 gallons per consumer, and 186 gallons per capita of the total 

population. 

Versailles.-On November 1, 1900, Versailles (population, 1,478) 

obtained the approval of the State board of health for a public water 

supply to be obtained from three 8-inch wells located on the banks of 

Swamp Creek, near the center of the village, though not in the- immediate i1eighborhood of many houses. The wells are driven 30 feet 

deep through a bed of clay and into gravel, and could furnish an 

excellent water but for contamination from the surrounding population. The water is not of the best, but as it is all that can be had, 

and is so much better than the private well water, its use was permitted. The plant has just been put in, and has cost to date $38,000. 

r_l_1hree and one-half miles of mains have been laid, 90 per cent of the 

population having access to them, and 126 services have been connected, all of which are in use, and none is metered. The average 

daily consumption is 200,000 gallons, which is 135 gallons per capita 

of the total population, or 150 gallons per consumer. 

Wadsworth.-A public water-supply sysyem was put in at Wadsworth (population, 1, 764) by a private company in 1881, and has cost 

to date about $12,000. The supply was firs~ obtained by gravity from 

three springs, two situated on the high grou.d just north of the village 

and one on a hill to the east, the average el~vation of the three being 

about 80 feet above the village streets. The springs are walled up 

and roofed over, and fairly well protected from surface washings, 
90 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

though not so well as their surroundings require. Analyses have 

shown that these springs are not yet seriously polluted. 

These springs failed in time to give enough water, and in 1898 three 

6-inch wells were drilled 40 feet deep, going 28 feet into sandstone. 

These wells are in the valley of a small run northwest of the village 

and are removed from serious contamination. The water rises practically to the surface when the wells are not being pumped, and it is 

lowered about 15 feet by the pumps. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to the main by a 

150,000-gallon horizontal duplex Worthington pump, the surplus going 

to the spring basins. 

There are 6t miles of mains laid, to which 80 per cent of the population of the village have access. There are 350 services connected, 

of which 340 are in use, and none is metered. It was impossible to 

estimate the consumption, as no record has ever been kept either of 

the flow of the springs or of the amount pumped from the wells. 

Waynesbu1·g.-'l.,he public water-supply system at Waynesburg 

(population, 613) was put in by a private company, the Waynesburg 

Water Company, in 1857, and has cost to date $1,300. The water is 

obtained by impounding the run-off of two springs located in the 

upper part of the village, and the supply is carried to the mains by 

gravity. The reservoir consists of a basin 16 by 33 feet and 5 feet 

deep, built of brick and covered with a board roof. It has a capacity 

of about 16,000 gallons and is located at such a height as to give an 

average pressure of about 20 pounds. The springs emerge from the 

side of a hill which is used as a pasture. One of them comes from an 

abandoned coal bank. There has been 0. 75 mile of mains laid, giving 40 per cent of the people access to the water; 55 services have been 

connected, all of which are in use, and none is metered. The daily 

com~umption could not be even estimated. 

lVayneS'1)ille.-On November 1,1900, Waynesville (population, 723) 

obtained the approyal of the State board of health for a public water 

supply to be obtained from a number of 6-inch drilled wells located 

south of the village and near the Little Miami River. The wells are 

from 40 to 50 feet deep, are drilled through various strata of sand 

and gravel and into limestone, just above which the water is found. 

The wells are practically free from focal pollution, and the small 

amount existing can easily be removed, so that they should furnish 

an excellent water-much better than the private well supply. 

Bonds for $30,000 were sold, and a combined electric-light and water 

plant has just been put in. 

'l'he water is pumped to a standpipe having a capacity of 92,000 

gallons by two duplex McGowan pumps of 750,000 gallons pumping 

capacity each. About 3! miles of mains have been laid, and 125 services are connected, 123 of which are in use, and none is metered. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLIES. 91 

West Carrollton.-The public water-supply system of "\Vest-Carrollton (population, 987) was put in by the village in 1895, and has cost to 

date $8,500. The supply is obtained from two 8-inch wells drilled in the 

lowland along the Miami and Erie Canal. The wells are 65 feet deep 

and g·o through gravel, hardpan, and into a deep bed of sand, in which 

the water is found. The normal level of the water is about 10 feet 

from the surface, and it is lowered to about 30 feet by the highest 

consumption. 

The water is pumped directly to the mains by a horizontal duplex 

McGowan pump of 750,000 gallons capacity. The average pressure 

is 60 pounds. The pump is located in the mill of the G. H. Friend 

Paper and Tablet Company, which has a ten-year contract with the 

village, under which the company furnishes steam for the pump and 

keeps it in repair for its use and for the use of the water from the wells. 

The consumption of water in the village is small, but a large amount 

is used by the paper mill. 

There are 4 miles of mains in, giving about 90 per cent of the 

people access to the water. There are 128 services connected, of 

which 120 are in use, and 3 are metered. The well water seems to be 

of good quality and is used for domestic purpo~es. 

DEEP-SEATED. 

Acla.-Thevillage of Ada (population, 2,576) is furnished with water 

by the Ada Water, Heat and Light Company, which derives its supply 

from four 8-h1ch wells, drilled 152 feet deep through 25 feet of clay and 

soil, 5 to G feet of gravel, and the remaining distance in limestone. 

The wells are located in the eastern part of the village, fairly well' 

removed from local influences. The water is pumped directly to the 

mains by two horizontal compound duplex Deane pumps of 750,000 

gallons capacity each and one Dunn-Gordon of 75,000 gallons capacity. 

The heating plant has, also, two horizontal compound duplex LaidlawDunn-Gordon pumps of the same capacity; which can also be used on 

the water supply if necessary. There have been 3 miles of mains laid, 

to which 75 per cent of the population have access; 150 services have 

been co~nected, of which 100 are in use, and 15 are metered. The 

average daily consumption is 300,000 gallons, which is 116 gallons per 

capita of the entire population, or 155 gallons per consumer. The 

s;upply has just been installed, and the above estimates are therefore 

not very reliable. 

Blnffion.-A public water-supply system was put in by Bluffton 

(population, 1, 783) in 1896 at a cost of $17,000, and has cost to date 

$24,000. The supply is derived from 8 wells, 8 inches in diameter 

and from 35 to 50 feet in depth. Only 6 of these wells, however, are 

now connected with pumps. 

The limestone lies within a few feet of the surface, and the water is 
92 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

obtained in this rock. It rises nearly to the surface when it is not 

pumped, but can easily be lowered to the suction limit of the pumps. 

The supply of water has always been sufficient so far, but for .use in 

cases of emergency an 8-inch intake pipe has been run to an old stone 

quarry near the waterworks. r:rhis quarry contains about 3-! acres, 

and the water is from 3 to 20 feet deep, only the upper 5 feet of which, 

or 4,000,000 gallons, can l._)e drawn off by the pumps. This emergency 

intake is infrequently used. 

The well water is pumped to an elevated tank by a horiziontal 

simple duplex Stillwell-Bierce-Smith-Vaile pump of 750,000 gallons 

capacity. The tank is 20 feet in diameter, 30 feet high, with a capacity of 70,000 gallons, and is placed on a steel-frame tower 82 feet in 

height, which gives an average pressure of 35 pounds on the main 

streets. 

There have been 4 miles of mains laid, giving SO per cent of the 

populat,ion access to the water. There are 300 services connected, of 

which 250 are in use, and only 1 is metered. 

The average daily consumption is about 120,000 gallons, or 68 gallons per capita of the population of the village and 81 gallons for each 

consumer. 

Bryan.-A public water-supply system was put in by Bryan (population, 3,131) in 1893-94, and had cost to January, 1899, $45,000. The 

supply is derived from thirteen wells, eight of which were put down 

in 1893, and, in the fear that these might not furnish enough water, 

five more were sunk later. The wells are 4k inches in diameter, from 

95 to 112 feet deep, and go through hardpan, cement, gravel, quicksand, and into loose gravel, where the water is found. When not 

pumped all the wells flow, and they have always furnished enough 

water, the level never going below the suction limit of the pumps. 

The water flows from the wells to a common main, to which the suction pipe is attached, and to which it is directly pumped by two horizontal compound duplex Hughes pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity 

each. 

There have been 6 miles of mains laid, which give 75 per cent of 

the people access to the water. There are· 436 services connected, of 

which only about one-half are in use the year round, the rest being 

used in summer only for sprinkling. Of these services 55 are metered. 

The average daily consumption is 176,000 gallons, or 56 gallons per 

capita of the total population, and 74 gallons per 0onsumer. 

Carey.-A public water-supply system was put in by Carey (population, 1,816) in 1894, and has cost to date $30,000. The supply is 

from a group of five wells west of the village, where the limestone is 

only 14 feet below the surface. The wells are 5§- inches in diameter, 

from 50 to 60 feet deep, and the water stands normally only 13 feet 

from the surface, and its level is lowered but 1 foot by ordinary 

pumping. 
FJ,YNN AND] 

l<'LYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 93 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe by two 

horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 500,000 

gallons capacity each. The standpipe is 16 feet in diameter, 115 feet 

high, and has a capacity of 173,000 gallons. There are 7 miles of 

mains laid, which give 80 per cent of the population access .to the 

water. 

There are 250 services connected, all of which are in use, and 6 are 

metered. The average daily consumption is estimated to be 160,000 

gallons, or 88 gallons per capita of the t~otal population, and 110 gallons for each consumer. 

Garrollton.-A public water-supply system was put in by Carrollton (population, 1,271) in 1895, and has cost to date $66,000. The 

water is taken from five 8-inch drilled wells, which are 100 feet deep 

and go through 17 feet of loam and shale and 83 feet into sandstone. 

The normal level of the water is 8 feet below the surface, and .it is 

lowered to 27 or 28 feet during pumping. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe which 

is 16 feet in diameter and 73 feet high, giving a capacity of 103,000 

gallons and a domestic pressure of 60 pounds. The pumps consist of 

two horizontal compound duplex Worthingtons, of 750,000 gallons 

capacity each. 

There are .4t miles of mains, giving 85 per cent of the people access 

to the water. There are 255 services connected, all of which are in 

use, and 2 are metered. The average daily consumpti~n is 85,000 gallons, which is 67 gallons per capita, and 78 gallons per capita of the 

population actually supplied. This supply is in general use for domestic purposes. 

Continental.-A public water-supply system was put in by Continental (population, 1,104) in 1894, and has cost to date about $10,000. 

The supply is from three 8-inch wells 75 feet deep, which strike the 

limestone at a depth of 48 feet. The water is pumped to a standpipe 

by a deep-well pump of 100,000 gallons capacity. The water rises in 

the well to within 13 feet of the surface, but the pump cylinder is 

placed 20 feet down, so that if necessary the water can be lowered 

about 45 feet; out it has never reached this limit yet, as the well has 

always supplied enough at a higher level. 

The standpipe is 10 feet in diameter, 100 feet high, and has a capacity of 40,000 gallons. For ordinary service the deep-well pump keeps 

the standpipe full, but in. case of fire a 100,000-gallon duplex StillwellBierce pump draws from the standpipe and pumps directly to the 

main. 

'fhere are 2± miles of mains in use, which give about 75 per cent of 

the population access to the water. There are 110 services connected, 

of which 84 are in use, and 4 of these are metered. The average 

daily consumption is 45,000 gallons, or 41 gallons per capita of the 

population of the village, and 154 gallons for each consumer. 
94 FOUR DRAINAGE ARE:AS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

Dulton.-A public water-supply system was put in by Dalton (population, 666) in 18fl5, and has cost to date $8,000. 'rhe water is obtained 

from a well 200 feet deep, drilled in sandstone all the way. The well 

was drilled 6 inches in diameter for a part of the way, then sent down 

to the ~bove depth only 4 inches in diameter. The water is pumped 

by a deep-well pump operated by wind power to a reservoir located 

at the side of the well, and then flows by gravity to the town to the 

east. The pump cylinder is 150 feet below the surface, and the water 

can be lowered to the suction limit below this. The normal level of 

the water is 40 feet below the surface. The deep-well pump was formerly operat,ed by steam, but owing to the fact that the well is on a 

high hill, where good wind power can be developed, the change was 

made. The wind wheel is of the self-adjusting compound pattern, 

and requires no attention beyond occasional setting and oiling. 'Vith 

this power the pump can handle about 10,000 gallons daily. The 

reservoir is a circular brick well, covered with a tin roof, and holding 

140,000 gallons. In addition to the well supply, the run-off of a spring 

located in the town has been impounded in a reservoir of 36,000 gallons capacity, which is used only when the well supply is shut off for 

repairs or for lack of wind. 

'l.,here are 2t miles of mains laid, which give 85 per cent of the people access to the water. There are 4:2 service taps connected, of which 

36 are in use, and 8 are metered. Only 3 of the taps are for house 

use, the others being for sprinkling and stable use only. The average daily consumption is about 3,900 gallons, which is 5 gallons for 

each person in the village, and 20 for each consumer. 'fhis supply is 

not used at all for domestic purposes. 

Delphos.-A public water-supply system was put in by Delphos 

(population, 4,517) in 1896, and has cost to date $82,000. 

The supply is from seven 8-inch wells, ranging from 191 to 300 feet 

deep, which obtain water from the Onondaga limestone, the top of 

which is only 20 feet below the surface. Six of the wells flow to a 

receiving well, and one of thein is pumped to this by a Stillwell-Bierce 

air lift. This one well furnishes nearly all the water, which flows 

naturally at the rate of 56,000 gallons a day and can be pumped at 

a rate of 185,000 gallons. 

The receiving well is 40 feet in diameter, 37t feet deep, and has a 

capacity of 235,000 gallons. It is excavated partly in 1'\)Ck, its sides 

are lined with brick, and it is roofed over, so that it furnishes an 

excellent receptacle for a reserve supply of water. 

Before the air lift was installed the water was almost unusable 

from the amount of sulphur present, but the aeration afforded by the 

lift has overcome this objection, and by the time the water reaches 

the mains it is free from the taste and smell of sulphur. A. strong 

odor of sulphur is noticeable, however, in the receiving well. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLIES. 95 

The water is pumped from this well t,o a standpipe by two horizontal 

compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps, each of 1,000,000 

gallons eapacity. The standpipe is 20 feet in diameter, 130 feet high, 

and has a capacity of 305,000 gallons, which, with the receiving well, 

gives an ample reserve supply of water. 

There are 15.38 miles of mains in use, giving HOper cent of the population access to the water. There are 615 service taps, of which 600 

are in use, and 52 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 300,000 gallons, which is 66 gallons per capita of the total 

population, or 7 4 gallons per consumer. 

Lebanon.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1896 by 

Lebanon (population, 2,867), and has cost to date $52,000. A light 

plant has recently been established in the same building at a cost of 

$20,000. The supply is obtained from six 6-inch wells driven from £16 

to 10-± feet through alternating strata of clay, sand, .. and gravel. The 

wells are located a short distance west of the village, in the low ground 

bordering a small tributary of Turtle Creek. 

The water from the wells is siphoned to a receiving well, from which 

it is pum-ped to a standpipe by two horizontal compound duplex Stillwell-Bierce and Smith-Vaile pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. 

The supply from the wells is such that t,he water in the receiving well 

can be lowered only 10 feet by the present pumping capacity. 

The receiving well consists of a brick cistern covered with a tin roof, 

and is 40 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, with a capacity of 235,000 

gallons. The standpipe is 80 feet high and 25 feet in diameter, with 

a capacity of 300,000 gallons. The average pressure on the mains is 

70 pounds. 

There are 12 miles of mains in use, to which at least 95 per cent of 

the people have access. There are 538 services connected, of which 

512 are in use, and 15 of these are metered. Two of the meters are on 

the lines to the County Infirmary and Children's Home, respectively. 

The average daily consumption is 103,000 gallons, or 40 gallons per 

consumer and 36 gallons per capita of the total population. The 

water seems to be of excellent quality and is in general use for domestic purposes. 

Lewis,ville.-A water-supply system was installed in 1894 by Lewisville (population, 1,374), and has cost to date $18,000. The supply is 

obtained from two 8-inch wells, which were drilled 110 feet deep, going 

through soil and shale into a bed of gravel. The normal level of the 

water is from 8 to 10 feet below the surface, and it has never been 

lowered to the suction limit. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe by two 

horizontal duplex Boisard pumps of 500,000 gallons capacity each. 

The standpipe is 16 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, and has a 

capacity of 150,000 gallons. The domestic pressure varies from 45 to 
96 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [No. 91. 

50 pounds in the main streets. There are 3f miles of mains, which 

give 90 per cent of the people access to the water. There are 165 

services connected, of which 159 are in use, and none is metered. The 

average daily consumption is 40,000 gallons, which is 25 gallons per 

capita for the village and 42 gallons per capita of the population 

actually supplied. The· water is of good quality, and is used for 

domestic purposes by those who have access to it. 

Madisonville.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1892 

by Madisonville (population, 3,140), and has cost to date, together 

with an electric-light plant, $80,000. The waterworks alone cost 

about $35,000. The supply is from one 6-inch well and two 8-inch 

wells, each 150 feet deep and drilled through various strata of clay, 

quicksand, an<l gravel down to the rock. The wells are located just 

west of the village, in the low valley of a branch of Duck Creek. 

The normal level ot the water is 21 feet from the surface. 

At first the wells were pumped by direct suction, but this method 

failed to supply enough water, and in 1895 three deep-well pumps were 

put in. The wells are only 12 feet apart and within t,he walls of the 

. pumping station, conditions favorable to the installation of deep-well 

pumps. All the pumps are the double-acting Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon 

type, two having a capacity of 500,000 gallons each and the third 

350,000 gallons. The pump cylinders are placed 120 feet from the 

surface. 

The water is pumped by the deep-well pumps to a receiving tank 

and from this directly to the mains by two horizontal compound 

duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity 

each. The receiving chamber consists of a covered steel tank 20 feet 

in diameter and 15 feet high, with a capacity of 55,000 gallons. The 

pressure at the station is 80 pounds and the average on the mains is 

50 pounds. 

There are 10 miles of mains laid, giving 90 per cent of the people 

access to the water. There are '350 services connected, of which 340 

are in use, and 2 are metered. The average daily consumption is 

estimated to be 110,000 gallons, or 160 gallons per consumer and 35 

gallons per capita of the total population. The water seems to be of 

excellent quality and is in general use for domestic purposes where it 

is available. 

Mansfield.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1870 by 

Mansfield (population, 17,640), and has cost to date $566,000. The 

supply is from three groups of wells-one near the pumping station 

in the northern part of the city, near Rocky Fork; another one-fourth 

of a mile above this, near the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the third 

on Bloom street, near the central part of the city. 

The station wells were the original supply and were drawn upon 

until the water in this section was exhausted; then, in 1889 and 1896, 

the gang one-fourth of a mile above was put in, and in 1896 the 

Bloom street wells were drilled. In the group near the station there 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIO WATER SUPPLIES. 97 

are ten 4-inch wells and one 10-inch well, which range in depth from 

150 to 210 feet and are all in a bed of quicksand. This gang is 

pumped to a receiving well by a horizontal duplex Blake pump of 

750,000 gallons capacity, and supplies about 375,000 gallons daily. 

The group one-fourth mile above the station consists of five 5-inch 

wells an<t one 10-inch well, all180 feet deep. These wells penetrate 

soil and gravel and 60 feet into sandstone rock. rrhe water from them 

flows to the receiving well by gravity. A centrifugal pumping plant 

will shortly be installed here, which, it is claimed, will increase the 

capacity of the group to 2,000,000 gallons daily. 

There are two wells in the Bloom street group, each 10 inches in 

diameter and 180 feet deep. They go through the surface soil, gravel, 

and clay into a bed of quicksand. The w.ater flows by gravity from 

these wells directly to the station. The pump well is 35 feet in diameter. and 30 feet deep and is walled up with stone and housed over. 

The water is pumped from this well directly to the mains by two horizontal compound duplex Gordon pumps of 2,000,000 and 1, 750,000 

gallons capacity> respectively. By closing down the valve in one suppiy main two preRsures are maintained, one of 125 pounds and the 

other cf 80. 

There are 60 miles of mains in use, which supply about 70 per cent 

of the population with water. There are 3,000 services connected, all 

of which are in use, and 43 are metered. The average daily consumption is about 3,000,000 gallons, which is 170 gallons per capita of the 

city and 243 for each consumer. The water is in general use by all 

those able t,o obtain it. 

Montpelier.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1895 

by Montpelier (population, 1,869), and had cost to January} 1899, about 

$44,000. The supply is from three 8~inch drilled wells 113 feet deep, 

only two of which are now in use. 'The wells go through clay, fine 

sand, and into gravel, in which the water is found. The water rises 

to within 28 feet of the surface; and as the wells were to be pumped \ 

by direct suction, the pumps had to be placed 20 feet below·the surface, from which place they can lower the water about- 45 feet below 

tlie surface. 

The water is pumped to a standpipe by two horizontal compound 

duplex Worthington pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. The 

s~ction pipe is 6 inches in diameter and goes down 36 feet into the 

well casing. 

The· standpipe is 12 feet in diameter, 110 feet high, and has a 

capacity of 93,000 gallons. 

There are 4-! miles of mains, which supply about 80 per cent of the 

people with water. There are 420 services connected, all of which 

are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption is 

390,000 gallons, or _209 gallons per capita of the total population and 

261 gallons per consumer. 

IRR 91-04-7 
98 . FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Neto B·remen.--The village of New Br.emen (population, 1,318) will 

be supplied with water from three 6-inch wells drilled about 100 feet 

deep through 76 feet of clay and gravel into limestone. 

New Comerstown.-On July 22, 1901, a franchise was granted to 

the NewComerstown Water Company for ·furnishing a public supply 

to this village (population, 2,659). The plant was put in operation in 

the summer of 1902, the supply being obtained from six 6-inch wells 

driven from 35 to 37 feet deep through clay and loam into a bed of 

sand and gravel lying along the Tuscarawas River, three-quarters of 

a mile east of the village. 

The water is pumped directly to the mains and reservoir by two horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,000,000 

gallons capacity each. The reservoir is constructed of concrete or 

puddle, not covered, and has a capacity of 1,125,000 gallons. It is 

located on a hill east of the village, at such an elevation as to give a 

pressure of 107 pounds on the streets. There have been about 6! miles 

of mains laid, giving practically the entire population access to t.he 

water. It is reported that there are 137 services in use, 6 of which 

are metered. The average daily consumption is 250,000 gallons, or 85 

gallons per capit.a and 366 gallons per consumer. The industrial use 

of the water is very large. It is reported that the plant complete cost 

$149,000, a per capita cost of $56.41. It is hard- to see where the 

money was placed, as this is certainly a large sum to spend for a plant 

of this character. 

New Vienna.-This village (population, 805) has just complet.ed a 

new waterworks at a cost of $20,000. The supply is obtained from four 

wells driven 60 feet through gravel and Niagara limestone into the 

shale that lies below this rock. This water was struck in the southeastern portion of the city by an old gas well. When not pumped the 

water flows with a small head. A compound duplex John McGowan 

pump raises the water to the reservoir, which has a capacity of 60,000 

gallons. 

Four miles of mains have been laid, to which 90 per cent of the 

population have access. There are 25 services connected, and it is 

reported that the daily consumption is 2,500 gallons, but the plant is 

so new that it is impossible to estimate it accurately. 

Norwood.-This village (population, 6,480) is on the divide between 

D'uck Creek and Mill Creek, and only about half of its population is 

tributary-to the former, or the Little Miami drainage area. 

A public water-supply system was put in by the village in 1894, and 

has cost to date $154,138. A light plant was iustalled in the same 

building, costing, completed, $34,501. The supply was originally 

derived from six drilled wells, 235 feet deep and 6 and 8 inches in 

diameter. These wells began to fail and two 10-inch wells were drilled 

260 feet deep through clay, gravel, and sand and .into the limestone 

rock a few feet. These have furnished the whole supply since Sep-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. 

I 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 99 

tember 1, 1900. The normal level of the water is 110 feet from the 

surface,_ and it is lowered but little by pumping. ~rhe wells are located 

in the eastern part of the village, but the water will not be greatly 

liable to pollution, on account of the depth at which it is found, 240 

feet, and the general introduction of sewers, which has prevented the 

construction of vaults. A. third well is being put down so as to 

insure an ample supply. 

The water is pumped to a receiving basin by air lifts and th~nce to 

a standpipe by two horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-DunnGordon pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. Compressed air is 

supplied by a Rand Drill Company's compressor and by a new Ingersoll-Sergeant compressor, the former being held in reserve. A. 3-inch 

air line is carried down 240 feet in the well, and the water is forced up 

between this and the casing. 

'rhe receiving basin is an open oval-Hhaped cistern, 15 by 20 by 8 

feet deep, with a capacity of 14,000 gallons. The standpipe is 60 feet 

high, 40 feet in diameter, with a capacity of 537,000 gallons, and is 

placed on a hill of such height that the station pressure is 112 pounds, 

standpipe full, and the pressure on the mains varies from 104 to 142 

pounds. 

There are 35 miles of mains laid, giving about 95 per cent of the 

people access to the water. There are 974 services connected, of 

which 874 are in use, and 140 of these are metered. Owing to the 

changes in the plant the consumption eould not even be estimated. 

Oakwood.-During 1902 the citizens of Oakwood (population. 342) 

installed a complete water-supply .system at a cost of $10,000, or a 

per capita cost of $40. The supply is obtained from one 6-inch well 

driven 50 feet into drift, the water being obtained from a stratum of 

sand and gravel. 

The water is pumped to an elevated tank holding 50,000 gallons by 

a power pump of 350,000 gallons capacity, operated by a gasoline 

engine; 1.61 miles of mains have been laid and 26 services have been 

connected, 24 of which are in use, and none is metered. The average 

daily consumption is 10,000 gallons, or 40 gallons per capita and 91 

gallons per consumer. 

01Tv·ille.-A. public wat,er-supply system was installed in 1894 by 

Orrville (population, 1,901), and has cost to date $25,000. The supply is derived from four 8-inch wells, which vary from 114 to 121 feet 

in depth. The wells went through from 10 to 16 feet of soil, then 

struck the rock, which is a conglomerate of the Waverly group. The 

water rises above the surface when the wells are not being pumped, 

and it is lowered only from 10 to 12 feet during the hardest pumping. 

The supply is pumped di_rectly from the wells to the mains, and a 

domestic pressure of 70 pouucls is maintained by two horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,500,000 gallons 

capacity each. There are 6 miles of mains laid, which furnish 90 per 
100 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

cent of the people with water. There are 268 services connected, 260 

of which are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption is 141,858 gallons, which is 71 gallons per capita of thl3 'total 

population and 91 gallons per capita of the population actually supplied. The water is in general use and is of good quality, both for 

domestic and manufacturing uses. A good deal of water is used by 

the railroads that pass through the town. 

Paulding.-A public water-supply system has just been installed 

at Paulding (population, 2,080) at a cost of $38,000 .. The supply is 

taken from three 8-inch wells from 320 to 616 feet deep. The water 

is obtained from the limestone found just below the drift. The wells 

are located in the northern part of the village, at a point free from 

local pollution, and the rock is well prot,ected by about 25 feet of clay. 

The water is pumped from the wells to a reservoir by two horizontal 

compound duplex McGowan pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each. 

Four miles of mains have been laid, to which 70 per cent of the 

population have access. There are 95 services connected, all of which 

are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption is 

80,000 gallons, or 38 gallons per capita of the total population, or 55 

gallons per consumer. 

Perrysv~7le.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1894 

by Perrysville (population, 513), and has cost to date $8,000. The 

supply is derived from one 6-inch ~ell 93 feet deep, 53 feet of which 

is sandstone rock. The well is located just north of the village, far 

away from all source of pollution. The water is pumped to a small 

reservoir by a Smith-Vaile deep-well pump of 112,000 gallons capacity. 

The normal level of the water is· 25 feet below the surface, and the 

well can be pumped dry, as the water cylinder is 75 feet down. 

The reservoir, which is of 54,000 gallons capacity, consists of a brick 

cistern covered with a shingle roof, and is located on a hill back of 

the pumping station at such height as to give a pressure of 75 pounds 

in the village. 

There are 3 miles of mains 'in use, supplying 75 per cent of the 

pe.ople with water. There are 60 services connected, 45 of which are 

in use, and 25 are metered. The average daily consumption is 12,600 

gallons, which is 25 gallons per capita of the village and 35 per consumer. The water is in very general use in the village, to the 

exclusion of private wells. The absence of baths and water-closets 

keeps the consumption very low. 

Rockfor·d.--The public water-supply system of Rockford (population, 1,207) was put in by the village in 1897, and has cost to date 

about $17,000, which is a per capita cost of $14.08. 

A private company owns and operates an electric-light plant in the 

waterworks pumping station and obtains its power from the waterworks boilers. This arrangement, it is said, pays the waterworks 

enough annually to cover the cost of pumping the entire supply for the 

village. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIO WATER SUPPLIES. 101 

The supply is obtained from two 6-inch wells, drilled 109 and 111 

feet, respectively, into an extensive bed of gravel. The normal level 

of the water· is from 11 to 16 feet from the surface, and it is lowered 

but little in one and some 50 feet in the other by ordinary pumping. 

These wells are pumped by two Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon deep-well 

pumps of 150,000 gallons capacity each, which discharge into a receiving well, from which the water is pumped to a standpipe by a horizontal compound duplex Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 500,000 

gallons capacity. 

The receiving well is 24 feet in diameter and 14 feet deep and has 

a capacity of 50,000 gallons. It is constructed of brick and covered 

with a tin roof. The standpipe is 107 feet high and 12 feet in diameter, has a capacit.y of 94,000 gallons, and furnishes an_average pressure on the mains of 40 pounds. 

There are 3f miles of mains laid, which give about 90 per cent of 

the people access to the water. There are 52 services connected, all 

of which are in use, and 10 are metered. The average daily consumption is about 23,000 gallons, which is 442 per service, 38 per consumer, 

and 19 per capita of the village's population. 

The wells are located in the northwestern part of the village, far 

away from any source of serious pollution, and the water seems to be 

of good quality. 

There are a number of private wells still in use. These are usually 

dug about 35 feet deep, going through clay and hardpan into the 

gravel below. 

St. Marys.-In 1895 a public water-supply system was put in by St. 

Marys (population, 5,359), and had cost to December, 1898, about 

$57,500. The SlJpply is derived from four 8-inch drilled wells, which 

range from 262 to 272 feet in depth. The wells strike the limestone 

at 125 feet, and from this stratum obtain a very hard water, which 

contains some sulphur and iron. 

The wells flow to a covered receiving well, 38 feet in diameter and 

28 feet deep, that holds 237,000 gallons. From this well the water is 

pumped directly iiO the mains by two horizontal compound d1iplex 

Smith-Vaile pumps, each of 750,000 gallons capacity. 

There are 12f miles of mains laid, which give 75 per cent of the population access to the water. There are 280 services connected, of 

which 275 are in use, and 7 of these are metered. The average daily 

consumption is about 100,000 gallons, or 28 gallons per capita of the 

population of the village and 60 gallons per consumer. 

Scio.-The water-supply system at Scio (population, 1,214) was put 

in by a private company, the Scio Water Supply Company, in 1899, 

and has cost to dateabout $35,000. The plantwasoriginallydesigned 

to protect the village against the great danger from fire on account of 

the oil industry. The water is obtained from five 8-inch wells 105 

feet deep. Four of the wells go through quicksand into sandstone 

rock, and one goes through rock into a broken stratum of rock and 
102 FOUR DRAINAGE ARE.AS tN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

clay. The normal level of the water is 2 feet below the surface, and 

it is lowered but little by pumping. rrhe wells are located in the valley of Conotton Creek, just below the village, and would be badly polluted by drainage if they were not carefully cased in.- rrhe water is 

pumped directly from the wells to two elevated tanks by a Smith-Vaile 

triplex double-action pump of 1,000,000 gallons capacity. r_rhe tanks 

are constructed of steel, each 18 feet in diameter and 25 feet high, 

and have a combined capacity of 95,000 gallons. They are placed on 

a hill back of the pumping station and at such height as to give an 

average pressure of 100 pounds. 

There are 4 miles of mains, which give 95 per cent of the people 

access to the water. There are 120 services connected, and 110 are in 

use, of which 1 is metered. The average daily consumption is 31,500 

gallons, which is 17 gallons per capita of the village and 150 gallons 

per consumer. 

Shreve.-Thepnblicwater-suply system of Shreve (population, 1,043) 

was put in by the village in 1893, and has cost to date $11,000. The 

water is obtained from an 8-inch well142 feet deep, located in the upper 

part of the village. The rock is very near the surface at this point, 

and the well required but little casing. The water is pumped by a 

Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon deep-well pump, of 100,000 gallons capacity, 

to a small brick cistern, from which it is pumped to a reservoir by a 

horizontal duplex Miller pump of 150,000 gallons capacity. The cistern holds 3,300 gallons and the reservoir 88,200 gallons. The reservoir, which is constructed of brick and is covered over, is 30 feet in 

diameter and 16 feet deep. It is located on a hill north of the village, 

at such height as to give a pressure of 80 pounds. It is cleaned every 

year, and no trouble has been given by vegetable growths. 

There are 2f miles of mains laid, which supply 90 per cent of the 

people with water. There are 122 services connected, all of which are 

in use, and all are metered. The average daily consumption is about 

54,000 gallons, which is 51gallons per capita of the total population 

and 106 gallons for each consumer. The water is of good quality and 

is used for domestic purposes by everyone having access to it. 

Sidney.-Waterworks were first established by Sidney (population, 

5,688) in 1874. The old plant cost $50,000 and the new one, put in in 

1889, has cost to date $107,500. The first source of supply was Mosquito Creek. This was abandoned in 1889, and water was then taken 

from Miami River. The water was filtered through two American 

pressure filters of 225,000 gallons capacity each, and later a New York 

horizontal pressure filter of 500,000 gallons capacity was put in. In 

1895 wells were drilled and water enough to supply the town was 

found. Now these form the sole source of supply, and the creek water 

is not used at all, though the intake is intact and the water could be 

'drawn on in case of emergency. The filters were also put out of use 

as soon as the well supply was developed. The present supply is 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 103 

derived from six wells, 120 feet deep and 8 inches in diameter, located 

near the pumping station. The wells are all artesian; they flow at the 

rate of 1,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours during favorable seasons, 

and are lowered only 10 feet by the pumps. They go through a bed of 

gravel 20 feet thick and then strike the Niagara limestone, in which they 

find water which is of excellent quality except for its hardness. The 

water is pumped directly from the wells to a standpipe situated on a 

hill back of town. The two pumps in use, put in in 1889, are vertical 

compound duplex Gordon pumps of 1,500,000 gallons capacity. The 

standpipe is 25 feet in diameter, 86 feet high, and has a capacity of 

300,000 gallons. It gives a pressure of 70 pounds at the station. 

rrhere are 13 miles of mains laid, giving about 90 per cent of the 

population access to the water. There are 700 services connected, of 

which 685 are in use, and 60 of these are metered. The average daily 

consumption is 639,000 gallons and the average per consumer is 183 

gallons, or 112 per capita. 

Sycamore.-rrhe public water-supply system of Sycamore (population, 853) was put in by the village in 1898-99, and has cost to date, 

together with t,he electric-light plant, $25,000. 

The supply is obtained from two 6:.-inch wells, one 204 and one 198 

feet deep, located at the eastern edge of the village. The wells go 

through 100 feet of drift and then strike the limestone bed rock, in 

which the water is found. The normal level of the water is about 23 

feet below the surface· of the ground, and it is lowered but little by 

the severest pumping. 

At first the whole supply was obtained from these wells by a SniderHughes air lift, but in June, 1900, a Hill deep-well pump of 75,000 

gallons c~pacity was installed in one well for fear of the failure of 

the air lift. Both the air lift and the deep-well pump discharge to a 

covered brick cistern of 40,000 gallons capacity, from which the 

water is pumped to an elevated tank by a horizontal compound 

duplex Snider-Hughes pump of 500,000 gallons capacity. The \Yater 

tower consists of a 40, 000-gallon steel tank on a steel tower 80 feet 

high, giving a total height of 100 feet. 

About 7 miles of mains have been laid, giv~ng about 80 per cent of 

the people access to the water. There are 250 services connected, of 

which 140 are in use, and one of these is metered fol' the supply of a 

local railroad. The average daily consumption is 90,000 gallons, 

which is 105 gallons per capita, or 132 gallons per consumer. 

Van Wert.-The public water-supply system of Van Wert (population, 6,422) was put in by the village in 1891, and has cost to date 

$130,000. The supply is from nine 6-inch wells 200 feet deep, which 

strike the limestone in which the water is found at 40 feet. The 

water rises to within from 12 to 18 feet of the surface and is pumped 

down about 40 feet, the pumps being set 20 feet below the surface. 

The water is pumped directly from the wells to the mains by two 
104 FOUR DRAIN A.GE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

horizontal compound duplex Holly pumps of 1,500,000 gallons capacity each. An open reservoir, 165 feet square and 18 feet deep, holding 3,000,000 gallons, is used to store water for an emergency. It is 

kept full all the· time and is drawn on by the pumps only in case of 

fire, when the wells would be exhausted by so sudden an increase in · 

consumption. 

There· are -19 miles of mains in use, which give about 75 per cent 

of the population access to the water. There are 1,035 services connected, of which 650 ure :ln use, and 205 of these are metered. The 

average daily consumption is 300,000 gallons, or 47 gallons per capita 

of the total population, or 62 gallons per consumer. 

Wauseon.-The public water-supply system of Wauseon (population, 2,148) was installed by the village in 1897, was first operated in 

April, 1898, and had cost to January, 1899,$25,000. The supply is from 

one of two 8-inch wells 185 feet deep, which are sunk through shale and 

fine gravel into coarse gravel, in which the water is found. The water 

comes to within 30 feet of the surface, and is pumped to a receiving 

well by a 400,000-gallon Downey deep-well pump, so set up as to be 

able t9lower the water to 75 feet from the surface if necessary. During 

ordinary pumping the well not in use, which is 150 feet away, is lowered 6 feet. r:rhe receiving well, which is covered with a tin roof, is 

19 feet deep, 30 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 100,000 gallons. The water is pumped from this basin to a standpipe by a horizontal compound duplex Smith-Vaile pump of 750,000 gallons capacity. The standpipe is 12 feet in diameter, 120 feet high, and has a 

capacity of 100,000 gallons. 

There are 7! miles of mains laid, giving 90 per cent of the population access to the water. There are 301 services in use, of which 275 

are metered. The average daily consumption is 45,000 gallons, or 20 

gallons per capita of the total populatim~., or 60 gallons per consumer. 

West Alexandria,.-The public water-supply system of West Alexandria (population, 740) was installed in 1897, and has cost to date 

$25,643.65. ':rhe supply is obtained from four artesian wells located 

in the southwestern part of the village. ':rhe wells are 6 inches in 

diameter; two of them are 132 feet deep, one is 95 feet deep, and one 

is 65 feet deep, and all go through alternate layers of clay, gravel, 

and hardpan. It is claimed that the wells will flow with a head of 

16 feet above the surface. 

Only the natur&l flow of the wells is utilized, the water being conducted to a receiving basin, from which i~ is pumped to t.he standpipe 

by two horizont.al duplex Smith-Vaile pumps of 1,000,000 gallons 

capacity each. The basin consists of a covered brick wel.l, 20 feet in 

diameter, 24 feet deep, having a capacity of 7,500 gallons. The standpipe consists of a steel tank 40 feet high and 10 feet in diameter, 

holding 60,000 gallons, placed on a brick tower 60 feet high. The 

average pressure on the mains is 40 pounds. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIO WATER SUPPLIES. 105 

There are 3 miles of mains in, to which all of the people have access. 

There are 131 services in, all of which are in use, and all are metered. 

The average daily consumption is estimated to be 26,767 gallons, or 

36 gallons per consumer, and 36 gallons per capita of the villag~'s 

population. SUBSURF A.CE .AND DEEP-SEA. TED. 

Hicksville.-The public water-supply system of Hicksville (population, 2,520) was put in by the village in 1890, and has cost to date 

about $25,000. The supply is obtained from seven wells, four of 

which are 32 feet deep and 6 inches in diameter, two are 132 feetdeep and 6 inches in diameter, and one is 132 feet deep and 3 inches 

in diameter. 

The wells go through a mixture of clay and sand, the deeper ones 

reaching a layer of sand and gravel found just above the Ohio black 

shale, 130 feet down. All the wells flow with a head of 4 feet when 

not pumped, but do not supply enough water in dry ~eason without 

pumping. The water from six of the wells is pumped directly to .the 

mains by two horizontal duplex Hughes pumps of 750,000 gallons 

capacity each. The flow of the seventh well goes to a small reservoir, 

100 feet square, ~olding 387,000 gallons, which is kept on hand as a 

reserve in case of fire. 

There are 4.5 miles of mains in use, which give about 75 per cent ofthe population access to the water. There are 290servicesconnected, 

of which 260 are in use, and none is metered. The average daily consumption is 90,000 gallons, or 36 gallons per capita of the total population and 47 gallons for each consumer. 

Wapakoneta.-A public water-supply system was put in by Wapakoneta (population, 3,915) in November, 1895, and had cost to April 

1, 1903, $6a,109. 76. The supply is from nine 6-inch drilled wells, eight 

35 feet deep and one 142 feet deep, and from a large dug well30 feet 

deep and 20 feet in diameter. Only one of the spallow wells is pumped. 

The water collected by the other shallow wells now flows through tile 

directly to the large well, which acts as a collecting well and also as a 

pumping well. The shallow wells obtain their water from a bed of 

gravel found at the level of Auglaize River. The deep well goes 

through clay and gravel into limestone, which is found at a depth of 

135 feet. '.rhe water is pumped directly to the mains in summer and to 

a standpipe in winter by two horizontal compound duplex McGowan 

pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. The standpipe is 125 feet 

high and 25 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 459,000 gallons. 

There are 12.75 miles of mains in, giving about 90 per cent of the 

population access to the water. There are 475 services connected, of 

whiclJL 469 are in use, and only 15 are metered. The average daily consum~ion is 198,000 gallons, which is 51 gallons per capita uf the total 

poputation, or 56 gallons per consumer. . 

• 
106 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

SURFACE AND GROUND. 

SURF .A.CE AND SUBSURFACE. 

Blanchester.-The public water-supply system of Blanchester (population 1, 788) was put in by the village in 1896, and has cost to date 

$34,000. An electric-light plant costing $10,000 is in the same building. The supply was to be obtained from three wells 6 feet in diameter 

and 50 feet deep, but they soon failed, and the village was without 

water, as there were no funds available for a new supply. In 1899 a 

private company was formed among the citizens of the village for the 

purpose of securing a supply of water for fire protection at least. A 

franchise was obtained from the village, under which the company 

was to supply the water, the village to provide pumps and pay the 

cost of pumping, and the company to have the privilege of collecting 

the private water rents. 

As ground water was not available and there were no streams nearby 

of sufficient size .to afford a supply, a reservoir was excavated in the 

valley of a small run having a drainage area of 1,400 acres, and a 

surface supply was thus impounded. 'rhe reservoir has an area of 

about 3 acres and an average depth of 6 feet, giving a capacity, when 

full, of about 5,000,000 gallons. The sides and bottom of the reservoir 

are not paved or protected in any way, and the water is very muddy 

for a long period after each rain. In the spring of 1900 a heavy rain 

caused a flood, too large for the wasteway, and the reservoir banks 

were overflowed and a portion was broken out. The wasteway is 10 

feet long and can carry a flow 5 feet deep before the reservoir banks 

will overflow. This would require a rainfall of t inch per hour over 

the entire watershed of such duration as would allow the water from 

the most remote section to reach the river; it would also have to fall 

on a soil that would be impervious from continual rain or freezing. 

The reservoir, with connections, cost $6,000. 

The water from the reservoir flows by gravity through an 8-inchpipe 

to the old wells, in which the suction of the pumps is placed. The 

· water in the wells will rise to within 7 feet of the surface when pumping is suspended for some time, and the reservoir line will not flow 

until the wells have been lowered to 12 feet, so that a small amount 

of well water is supplied, but it is a very small proportion of the total 

consumption and can hardly be considered. 

The water is pumped directly from the suction wells to an elevated 

tank by two horizontal compound duplex McGowan pumps of 750,000 

gallons capacity each. The pressure is 50 pounds at the station and 

averages 45 pounds on the mains. 

There are 11 miles of mains laid, to which 90 per cent of the people 

have access. There are 150 services connected, 140 of which are in use, 

and 12 are metered. The average daily consumpt.ion is about 15,000 

• 
FLYNN'" AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 107 

gallons, which is 333l gallons per service, 35 gallons per consumer, 

and 28 gallons per capita of the village. 

The water is not used for domestic purposes at all, and is not fit for 

such use without filtration. 

Lima.-The public water-supply system of Lima (population, 21, 723) 

was put in by the city in 1885-1887, at a cost of $387,000. Many extensions and additions have been made since that time, and the cost to 

date is much more than the sum stated. The original supply was 

from an impounding reservoir on Lost Creek, a small stream that 

enters the Ottawa River just east of I...~ima. A timber dam, 10 feet 

high and 30 feet long, was built across the creek, forming a reservoir 

6 acres in area and having a capacity of about 10,000,000 gallons. 

This reservoir is dirty, overgrown with weeds, very shallow in many 

places, and is dry all summer except for a few stagnant pools. 

The winter and spring rains fill the reservoir and the water is run 

to a receiving well, from which it flows by gravity to two storage reservoirs, situated side by side, and having a combined area of 21 acres, 

a depth of 17 feet, and a capacity of 120,000,000 gallons. The sides and 

bottom of these basins are of natural clay, but no trouble has been experienced from vegetable growths, except during one year, though they 

have been cleaned but once. Formerly these reservoirs had to be 

filled during freshets or hard rains, and the water was then supplied 

to the city until another rain came. If the water was low, the first 

part of the rain had to be caught and used, and the first washings of 

the small drainage area were especially foul, as they brought in the 

waste from a number of oil wells within t,he area. There was soon 

considerable complaint about the water, and in 1894 eight wells were 

put down at the head of the impounding reservoir in an endeavor to 

. find ground water enough to supply the city. 

The wells are all 8 inches in diameter and are from 150 to 200 feet 

deep. They are pumped to the receiving well by a 1,000,000-gallon 

pump operated by an electric motor furnished with power from the 

central station. The water in the wells is lowered below the suction limit in a short time by pumping, as they are· placed too close 

together. 

In 1897 a 10-inch well was put down north of this group and an 

abandoned oil well also was appropriated. These are pumped to the 

receiving well by machinery similar to that used on the first group. 

It is estimated that all the wells supply 1,250,000 gallons a day, which 

allows better water to be obtained from the surface source. 

The water is pumped from the storage reservoir directly to the 

mains by two horizontal compound duplex Holly pumps of 3,000,000 

gallons capacity each. There are 45 miles of mains laid, giving 

about 80 per cent of the population access to the water. There are 

3, 705 ·connections in use, of which 300 are metered. The average 
108 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS IN OHIO. [:No. 91. 

daily consumption is 1,624,805 gallons, which is 61 gallons per capita 

of the total population, or 120 gallons for each consumer. 

Since the above information was obtained Lima has had more 

trouble from shortage of water and further additions will probably 

be made to the ground supply. 

Newark.-The public water-supply system of Newark (population, 

18,157) was put in by a private company, the Newark Water Com_. 

pany, in 1886, and has cost to date about $250,000. The water was 

first ·obtained from two brick-lined wells, 21 feet deep and 20 feet 

in diameter, dug in a gravel bed about a mile north of the city, near 

the north branch of Licking Creek. J..Jater these wells were supplemented by twenty-four 4-inch Cooke driven wells located at the same 

place. The supply still being short, a small brush-and-stone dam 

was put in the creek and the water was thus diverted to one of the 

large wells, which serves as a pump well. All the wells are in sand 

and gravel, the deeper ones just reaching a layer of hardpan below 

this bed. The normal level of the water is about 10 feet below the 

surface and it is lowered 4 or 5 feet by pumping. 

The pumps are attached directly to the Cooke wells and to one of 

the large wells, the other flowing to. this one through a siphon. The 

water is pumped to an open reservoir by two horizontal compound 

duplex Gordon-Maxwell pumps of 2,500,000 gallons capacity each. 

The reservoir is about 250 by 60 feet, and 12 feet deep, with an available capacity of 850,000 gallons. It is located on a hill across the 

creek from the pumping station, at such a height as to give a· pressure of 114 pounds. It is excavated in the top of the hill, and the 

sides are formed of earthen embankments, puddled and roughly 

paved. No trouble has been experienced from vegetable growths. 

There are 27 miles of mains laid, to which 80 per cent of the people 

have access. There are 1,900 services connected, of which 1,600 are 

in use, and 450 are metered. The average daily consumption is 

1,545,000 gallons, which is 85 gallons per capita of the city and 105 

gallons for each consumer. The water is not in general use in the city, 

but its quality is good, much better than that. of private well water. 

The surface water is used only when the water of the creek is clear. 

and in this way is not very objectionable, though the run-off is derived 

from a thickly settled farming district and is rather impure. The 

large average daily consumption per consumer is due to the use of 

the water by one of the railroads. 

Springfield.-Waterworks were put in by Springfield (population, 

38,253) in 1881, and have cost to date $666,402. The first supply was 

from a filter gallery. This soon failed, and two years later a reservoir 

was built just above the junction of Beaver and Buck creeks, at the 

site of the present pumping station. This reservoir is 350 feet long, 

200 feet wide, and 18 feet deep, giving a capacity of about 8,000,000 

gallons. The bottom and sides are only graveled and are badly 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN, PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 109 

covered with weeds and moss. The reservoir is filled by the seeping 

in of ground water. In order to raise the level of the ground water 

and keep the reservoir full, a dam was built about 300 feet below the 

junction of the creeks. This dam is 50 feet long and 4 feet high, and 

backs the water up past the reservoir. This reservoir and the old 

gallery supplied the city until1894-95, when the new station and gallery were put in and the old station was abandoned. The new gallery is 200 feet -long, 32 inches wide, and 48 inches high, and lies 20 

feet below the surface, in an extensive gravel bed, which is situated 

under and between the two creeks at their junct,ion. The gallery 

leads to a covered pump well 30 feet in diameter and 21 feet deep. 

This gallery supplies a,n excellent water and, so far, plenty of it. The 

reservoir is connected to the pump well by a 36-inch main, to be used 

in cases of emergency only. 

The old station contains a 2,500,000-gallon Cope and Maxwell pump 

that can be usP.d to pump the water from the old gallery to the new 

pump well in case of failure of the new supply due to continued 

drought. The new station contains a horizontal compound duplex 

Holly pump of 5,000,000 gallons capacity and a vertical triple-expansion Allis pump of 7,000,000 gallons capacity. The Holly pump was 

brought from the old station, but has been remodeled, and is in good 

condition now. The Allis pump is a new one, put in in 1895. The 

water is pumped to a standpipe 30 feet in diameter and 112 feet high, 

having a capacity of 592,000 gallons. 

On account of the extremely dry weather of 1899 it was necessary 

to use water from the wells and galleries of the old station, the former 

source of the total supply. The water from this source was pumped 

by the engine left at the old station to the reservoir near the new station and allowed to flow from there to the pump well. Even th1s 

increase in the supply was not sufficient for all purposes, and Springfield was left without adequate protectipn from fire. 

To overcome this danger the trustees, in the early part of the summer of 1900, tapped the old 20-inch main leading from the old station 

to the reservoir at Buck Creek and put in a 12-inch pipe, so that the 

creek water can flow directly to the reservoir. rrhe intention was to 

keep the reservoir full in this way and to . allow the water to seep 

through into the gallery and pump well ~nd only use the water 

~irectly in case of fire. This reservoir is 250 by 500 by 15 feet deep, 

and as it is excavat.ed in a rather porous gravel bed, normally its 

water level is equal to and varies with the height of the ground water. 

It was thus tlie intention to reenforce the ground water with seepage 

from this reservoir supplied from the creek, and such use would not 

be objectionable; but as the reservoir puddled very soon with turbid 

creek water, this seepage was slow, and it was necessary on a few occasions to run the creek water directly to the pump well by way of 

the reservoir and a 36-inch pipe from the reservoir to the pump well. 
110 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

There are local as well as sanitary difficulties regarding the use of 

Buck Creek water, in the nature of suits for diverting the water from 

the mills below, etc. 

There are now 66 miles of mains in use, giving some 90 per cent of 

the people access to the water. There are 5,000 services in, of which 

5,000 are in use, and 280 of these are metered. The average daily <:>onsumptiou is 3,250,000 gallons, which is 194 per consumer, and 85 per 

capita of the total population. 

Wooster.-A public water-supply system was installed in 1875 by 

Wooster (population, 6,063), and has cost to date about $280,000. The 

first water was supplied by gravity from the Redick reservoir, which 

is formed by a dam across Christmas Run, just north of Wooster. 

The 1·un above the dam has a drainage area of 8 ·square miles, on 

which are located a number of farm houses and the County Children's 

Home, au institution with 64 inmates and officers, part of whom use 

closets sewered direct to the run, at a point only three-fourths of a 

mile above the reservoir. This reservoir will hold 8,000,000 gallons, 

with an average depth of 18 feet. Its sides are roughly paved, but 

no provision is made to prevent soil and clay f1·om washing in from 

its slopes. On account of the small drainage area, it is necessary to 

fill the reservoir during freshets, ~hen the water is at its worst stage. 

A few springs send a small quantity of excellent water to this reservoir. 

Need was soon felt for a better and more abundant supply and 

also greater pressure, for the reservoir is only 114 feet above the 

streets. In 1881 a well47 feet deep and 33 feet in diameter was dug 

northeast of t.he village and a quantity of good water was obtained; 

not enough, however, to allow the Redick reservoir to be abandoned; 

so about one-half of the people must still use the old supply. 

The water from the well is pumped by a 750,000-gallon horizontal 

duplex Worthington pump directly to a new reservoir located on high 

land to the north. When not being pumped the well contains 13 feet 

of water, which is pumped out in about five hours, and then t.he well 

is allowed to fill again. 

The reservoir is circular, 1 acre in area, and holds 4,000,000 gallons when filled to a depth of 13 feet. Its sides are carefully paved 

and no surface drainage can enter it. It is 160 feet above the pumping station and 248 feet above the main streets, and so furnishes ample 

pressure. This part of the supply would be without objection if the 

ground water were not exposed in an open reservoir where growths are 

developed which give it a very bad odor and taste. 

Combined, these supplies have failed during dry seasons, and it has 

been necessary to use water from Apple Creek. A horizontal duplex 

Worthington pump, with a capacity of 500,000 gallons an hour, is used 

to pump the creek water directly to the mains in the dry summer 

months. 

There are 11.75 miles of mains laid, to which 80 per cent of the 

people have access. There are 487 services connected, of which 390 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 111 

are in use, and 47 are metered. The average daily consumption is about 

700,000 gallons, half of which is supplied from each reservoir. The 

average daily consumption per capita of the total population is 115 

gallons, and the per capita of the population actually supplied is 142 

gallons. Very little water is used for domestic purposes, most of the 

above quantit.y being used for sprinkling, water-closets, and industrial purposes. 

Xenia.-The public water-supply system of Xenia (population, 

8,696) was put in by a private company in 1887 and has cost to date, 

as claimed, $203,000. The company now operates under the name of 

The Xenia Water Company. 

The first supply was obtained by impounding the run-off of a number 

of springs located 1~ miles north of the city. The flow from these is collected in an open reservoir, formed by an earthen embankment, with 

sheet-piling core wall, thrown across a small valley and forming a 

basin It acres in area. Through the center of the reservoir there is a 

dividing wall for convenience in cleaning. This, as well as the inner 

side of the dam, is roughly paved. Much of the surface drainage to 

the reservoir is diverted, but some of it is used. Later, near this 

reservoir, a large well, 75 feet square, was dug 25 feet deep through a 

bed of clay and hardpan into gravel. The water from this is pumped 

by a 1,000,000-gallon horizontal duplex Worthington pump to a large 

stone pump well, 40 feet in diameter, built in the dividing wall of the 

reservoir. The combined water of the well and reservoir is then 

pumped through the mains to a standpipe by two horizontal compound 

duplex Gordon-Maxwell pumps of 1,500,000 gallons capacity each. It 

is estimated that t.he springs will supply 300,000 gallons daily and the 

welllOO,OOO. 

In 1896 these sources were supplemented by an additional ground 

supply secured from six 6-inch wells and three 8-inch, located southwest of the city, just out of the corporation limits. These wells are 

from 28 to 40 feet deep, and go through a bed of clay and into gravel. 

The normal level of the water is 6 to 8 feet from the surface, and it can 

easily be lowered to the suction limit, indicating a rather weak vein 

at the above depths. A test well is now being put down into the rock, 

which is found at 60 feet, in the hope of securing a more abundant 

supply. 

The water from this last set of wells is pumped by a 1,000,000- · 

gallon horizontal compound duplex Deane pump directly to the mains 

and standpipe. This station supplies about 175,000 gallons a day for 

a few days each week in summer and fall, and is not used in winter. 

The standpipe is 115 feet high by 20 feet in diameter, with a capacity of 270,000 gallons, and furnishes, when full, an average pressure 

on the mains of 55 pounds. 

There are 20 miles of mains laid, to which almost all of the people 

have access. There are 1,200 services in, of which 1,100 are in use, 
112 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

and 50 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 

500,000 gallons, which is 57.7 wc~,llons per consumer, or 57.5 gallons per 

capita of the total population. 

SURFACE AND DEEP-SEATED. 

Canton.-The- public water supply of Canton (population, 30,667) 

was put in by the city in 1869, and has cost to date about $800,000. 

The first supply was taken from the west branch of th.e Nimishillen 

Creek, which was the sole source until 18H8, when the supply was 

increased and improved by the addition of waterfrom a number of 

wells. 

The water from the creek is diverted to a race by a small dam 35 

feet long and 1 foot high, located 1.3 miles above t.he pumping station. 

The western branch has above the dam a drainage basin 48 s_quare 

miles in area, on which there are several small villages and one public institution. This last, the Stark County Infirmary, is located just 

above Canton, and sends its sewage to a gravel swale, from which 

some of it may be washed into the creek by heavy rains. A public 

ford just above the dam is also the source of some objectionable pollution. This surface water is one of the few in Ohio that is highly 

colored at times from organic matter. 

In 1888 26 wells were put down in the park adjoining the pumping 

station, and these have been added t.o until there are now 36 in all. 

These wells vary from 4 to 8 inches in diameter and from 225 to 365 

feet in depth. The water is possibly obtained from a bed of sandstone, 

into which most of the wel1s go after passing through an irregular 

stratum of limestone. The normal level of the water is near the surface, but is easily lowered from 25 to 30 feet by direct pumping. 

The wells are pumped by a 2,000,000-gallon Gordon pump to an 

open well, into which the water from the race flows by gravity. rrhe 

mixed waters are then pumped directly to the mains by two horizontal 

compound duplex Worthington pumps of 2,000,000 gallons capacity 

each, and one horizontal compound duplex Holly pump of 8,000,000 

gallons capacity. 

The average domestic pressure maintained is 80 pounds. There are 

65 miles of mains in use, giving 60 per cent of the people access to the 

water. There are 5,200 services connected, of which 4, 700 are in use, 

· and 198 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 

4,000,000 gallons, of which about 1,200,000 gallons is supplied by the 

wens !1nd the remainder directly from the creek. A number of new 

wells are now being put in and the amount of surface water used will 

probably soon be decreased. The average daily consumption per 

capita of the population is 130 gallons and the per capita of those 

actually supplied 217 gallons. 

Mas8illon.-This city (population, 11,944) has been supplied with 

water from various sources since 1854, and always by private com-
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN, PUBLIC W .ATEH SUPPLIES. 113 

panies. In 1881 the run-off of Sippo Lake and Sippo Creek was impounded and the city was supplied entirely with this water. The 

quality was not satisfactory, and in 1893 a new supply for domestic 

use was procured from six drilled wells. The old surface supply is 

used for industrial purposes and street sprinkling. It is furnished 

by gravity from a reservoir having a capacity of about 30,000,000 gal-

·lons. 

The wells from which the domestic supply is procured are located 

in the river valley, in the upper part of the city. They are 6 inches 

in diameter and average 200 feet in depth, going through clay and 

gravel into sandstone. Four of the wells flow when not pumped, and 

in the other two the water rises very near the surface; average pumping lowers the level about 15 feet. The water is pumped directly from 

the wells to a standpipe by three pumps-a horizontal com pound duplex 

Blake of 2,000,000 gallons capacity, installed in 1887 at the old station 

and removed in 1893 to the present one; a horizontal compound duplex 

Deane pump of 1,500,000 gallons capacity, and a horizontal compound 

duplex Worthington pump of 500,000 gallons capacity, the last two 

installed in 1893. 

A small covered reservoir 18 feet deep, 30 feet in diameter, and 

holding 100,000 gallons is used as a reserve supply for the wells. The 

standpipe was erected in 1883 for use on the surface supply. It is 150 

feet high, 25 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 550,000 gallons. 

A horizontal compound duplex Blake pump of 2,000,000 gallons 

capacity stands in the old pumping station at the reservoir and can be 

used to pump this water to the standpipe in cases of emergency. 

The average pressure for the gravity supply is 26 pounds; that for 

the domestic supply is 90 pounds. There are 2 miles of mains laid 

for the surface water and 24 miles laid for the well water. About 90 

per cent of the total population are within reach of the domestic service. There are 1,300 services in, all of which are in use, and 75 are 

metered. The average daily consumption for the domestic supply is 

only 650,000 gallons, or 54 gallons per capita of the total populat,ion 

and 60 gallons per capita of the population actually supplied. These 

figures are of special interest, as they represent the amount of water 

actually used for the domestic supply of a city. The amount of water 

used on the gravity supply could not be obtained. 

Tijfin.-The waterworks at Tiffin (population, 10,989) were put in 

by a private company in 1879. The cost of_ the plant could not be 

learned. The supply was originally taken entirely from Sandusky 

River, but this source was supplemented later with water from a 

number of wells. The river water is badly polluted with the sewage 

of Crestline, Bucyrus, and Upper Sandusky, the latter village being 

34 miles above. 

The waterworks are at the upper end of the village, and 400 yards 

above this is a dam that diverts the water to a small reservoir, from 

IRR 91-04-8 
114 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91, 

which it is pumped, and to a race which furnishes power for a portion 

of the time. The dam is constructed of timber, is 175 feet long and 

5! feet high, and backs the water 4 miles up the river. 

There are seven drilled wells, each 10 inches in diameter and from 

200 to 268 feet deep, all in the Onondaga limestone, which outcrops 

in this locality. The wells extend in a line up and down the river 

valley and are from 200 to 300 feet apart. The pump suction is con- · 

nected directly to the well casing, and the water is lowered about 24 

feet by ordinary pumping. It is claimed that these wells Rupply all 

the water except in cases of emergency, and that a better method of 

pumping will be put in, so that no river water will be needed. These 

claims are hardly realized, however, as the river water is used daily. 

Direct pressure is furnished by three Holly pumps. One, put in 

in1879, is run by water power and has a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons; 

the other two are steam pumps, put in in 1882 and 18D5, and have 

capacities of 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 gallons. 

There are 26 miles of mains, which give about 90 per cent of the 

people access to the water. rrhere are 1,300 services connected, of 

which only 900 are in use, and 175 are metered. The average daily 

consumption is estimated at 1,000,000 gallons, being 91 gallons per 

capita of the total population, or 101 gallons for each consumer. The 

supply is not satisfactory owing to the constant use of the river water. 

SURFACE, SUBSURFACE, AND DEEP-SEATED. . 

Frernont.-A public water-supply system was put in by Fremont 

(population 8,409) in 1883, and had cost to July, 1898, $203,766.96. 

The supply is obtained from Sandusky River at a point above the 

city, from wells, and from galleries. Above the place where the water 

is taken from the river it receives the sewage of Crestline, Bucyrus, 

Upper Sandusky, and Tiffin, the latter only 21 miles above. 

The river water is admitted through three 10-inch pipes to a reservoir excavated in the solid rock below the river level. This basin is 

also supplied to some extent by three lines of vitrified tile, 6 to 9 

inches in diameter, having a total length of 1! miles, which are laid 

in gravel beds along the river bottom. The reservoir is 200 feet long 

by 150 feet wide, and the water stands from 6 to 8 feet deep in it, or 

at the river level, giving a capacity of from 1,400,000 t,o 1,800,000 gallons. Large quantities of sand and mud collect in the reservoir, 

which have to be removed by buckets, as the bottom is too low for 

flushing. 

Five 10-inch wells, 300 feet deep, were drilled in 1897. These are 

pumped by airlifts and supply about 230,000 gallons daily._ The machinery for pumping these wells is inadequate and it is intended to 

install better, so as to increase the Rnpply, though at present the 

water is lowered from 40 to 125 feet in the wells. 

The water is pumped to a standpipe by two Knowles pumps, one a 

3,000,000-gallon compound duplex, and the other a 1,000,000-gallon 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIO WATER SUPPLIES. 115 

duplex. The standpipe is located in the center of the village and is 

100 feet high, 25 feet in diameter, and has a capacity of 365,000 gallons. There are 23 miles of mains in use, which give 75 per cent of 

the total population access to the water. There are 1,115 services 

.connected, of which '905 are in use, and 428 of these are metered. 

The average daily con·sumption is 942,516 gallons, or 112 gallons per 

eapita of the total population of the village and 149 gallons of the · 

population actually supplied. This large consumption can be· explained only by the extravagant use of water in public fountains, watering troughs, and for flushing sewers, and by the habit of allowing 

the water to run constantly when it is muddy. 

Crestline.-The public water-supply system of Crestline (population, 

3,282) was put in by the village in 1871, and had cost to July, 1898, 

$225,000. The supply was first obtained from springs 4! miles east 

of the village, but these failed to furnish enough water, and in 1895 

three wells were drilled to help out. Two reservoirs have been built 

near the springs to impound the flow from them and from a small 

area around them. This tributary area is about 3i square miles in 

extent, hut some of the drainage is diverted from the reservoirs by 

ditches. One reservoir was built in 1871 and a second in 1888, both 

having been formed by throwing up earthen embankments across and 

around the valley of a small run. Only the first reservoir, with a capacity of 1,295,000 gallons, is in use, the second still being very foul 

from vegetable growths of various kinds, due, no doubt, to an improper stripping of the flooded area. The first reservoir is full of 

growths also, but here they are due to the exposure of ground water 

in an unlined ope.n basin. These growths nearly fill the reservoir to · 

the top of the water, and below the living part is a foot ormoreofthick 

black mud, formed by the decomposition of moss. The authorities 

are trying to hav~ this reservoir cleaned, paved, and covered over, so 

as to do away with the only objectionable feature of the supply. 

The wells are 6 inches in diameter and 140, 170, and 180 feet deep. 

The water flows from them at a rate of 150,000 gallons a day, and it is 

necessary to pump forty-eight hours a week to keep up the supply. 

This pumping is done ·by a 750,000-gallon duplex Worthington pump, 

installed in 1896. The wells flow and are pumped to the first reservoir, 

which is 127 feet above the streets of Crestline, and supplies the mains 

by gravity through an 8-inch wooden-pipe line 4! miles long. This 

pipe furnishes an inadequate supply, especially in case of fire, and it 

is intended to put in a 16-inch cast-iron line. The water seems to 

reach the consumers clear and tasteless, but it must sooner or later be 

, affected by the bad condition of the reservoir. 

There are 10 miles of mains laid, giving about 90 per cent of the 

people access to the water. There are 445 services connected, of 

which 400 are in use, and 68 of these are metered. The average daily 

consumption is 200,000 gallons, or 61 per inhabitant, and 70 per 

consumer. 
116 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

DISCUSSION OF WATER SUPPLIES. 

From the mass of details contained in the above descriptions of the 

public water supplies there can be gathered a few interesting facts. 

OWNERSHIP. 

Of the 104: waterworks 82 are owned and controlled by the city or 

village, 21 by private corporations, and 1 is under joint private and 

municipal ownership and direction. Five of the public water supplies are of such poor quality that unless steps are taken for their 

betterment by the corporations in control the citizens of the towns 

interested will probably endeavor to purchase the plants and franchises of the companies and procure- a good supply under their own 

management. Even a carelessly conducted municipal plant will usually give better service than most of those under private direction. 

Under municipal ownership it is much easier to make the changes 

necessary to the improvement of the quality of the water, though some 

private companies are far-sighted enough to see that it pays to furnish 

a potable water. Also, as a rule, the water rates are higher under pri· 

vate than under municipal ownership. 

Following are brief outlines of the franchises and contracts under 

which the private companies operate: 

Ada.-The waterworks were put in by the Ada Water, Heat and 

Light Company, operating under a franchise granted in 1902 and 

running for twenty-five years. The city may purchase the plant at 

the end of fifteen years if it so desires. The contract does not specify 

the kind of water to be furnished. 

Blanchester.-The first waterworks were put in by the village, but 

the supply of water from wells failed almost immediately and the 

village was without water for nearly two years, as there were no more 

funds available to seek a new supply. 

In order to get fire protection a private company was formed and a 

franchise secured from the village, according to which the company 

agreed to furnish a supply of water for the pumps, in return for which 

they were to collect all the private water rents·. This company, the 

Blanchester Water and Light Company, put in the impounding reservoir at a cost of $6,000. The franchise is to run for fifteen years from 

1"899, and the village can purchase at the expiration of t,he franchise 

only. The water rates are fixed by the franchise,·which also specifies 

that the water shall be taken from the reservoir. 

Bucyrus.-The waterworks were put in by the Bucyrus Water Company, operating under a franchise granted in 1883, but it now operates under a new one, granted March 11, 1895, to run fourteen years. 

Nothing is stated concerning the method by which the city may secure 

control of the plant before the expiration of the franchise. The contract specifies that the "running" water of the Sandusky River shall 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLIES. 117 

be impounded in a reservoir of 60,000,000 gallons capacity, and "filtered" before it is admitted to the mains. Until this year the water 

was passed through two pressure filters without previous impounding, 

but now the supply will be the impounded waters of a small stream 

tributary to Sandusky River. The water will not be filtered unless 

filtration is required by the State board of health. 

Canal Fulton.-Waterworks were installed in 1902 un~er a franchise 

granted March 3 of that year, to run for twenty years. Nothing is 

stated concerning the method by which the city may secure control 

of the plant before the expiration of the franchise, and the water 

company is the sole arbiter as to the kind of water to be furnished and 

the price to be charged for it. 

Defiance.--Waterworks were put in by the Defiance Water Company, operating under a franchise granted in 1887, to run for thirty 

years. The city may purchase the plant at the end of ten years, or 

at the end of each five-year period thereafter. The rates are subject 

to regulation by the city. The franchise provides that "the water 

shall be taken from such point as is free from all sewage contamination, and shall at all times be a good, wholesome water, fit for all 

purposes of domestic and manufacturing use." The sewage of a city 

of 50,000 inhabitants enters Maumee River 54 miles above the point 

where the water is taken. 

Dennison.-Waterworks were put in by the Dennison Water Supply Company, operating under a franchise granted September 5, 1887, 

to run for twenty years. The village may purchase the plant complete at any time after fifteen years. Rates are fixed by franchise. 

The franchise provides that the water shall be taken from filter galleries and wells adjacent to Big Stillwater Creek, and that there· 

shall be a direct connection with the creek, to be used in case of emergency. The water was used directly from the creek until January, 

1900, at which time mechanical filters were put into operation. 

Uhrichsville.-The same company that furnishes Dennison with 

water supplies Uhrichsville. Here it works under a twenty-year 

franchise, granted March 6, 1887. Tlie village may purchase at the 

end of fifteen years such part of the plant as is within t,he corporate limits of Uhrichsville. The rates are fixed by the franchise, 

which also provides that the company furnish a good, wholesome 

water, suitable for domestic use, to be taken from Big Stillwater 

Creek, or the Tuscara~as River, through wells or galleries, with an 

auxiliary pipe to the creek or river, for use in cases of emergency. 

The same water has been furnished that is supplied to Dennison, as 

noted above. 

Massillon.-The first waterworks were put in by a private company 

in 1854, but the present works are operated by the Massillon Water 

Supply Company, working under a franchise granted June 7, 1886, and 

running for twenty years. The city might have purchased the works 
118 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

at the end of ten or fifteen years. The rates are subject to regulation 

by the city. The franchise states that the water is to be taken from 

Sippo Lake, led to an impounding reservoir, filtered, and pumped to 

a standpipe. A well water is now furnished for domestic use. 

Harrison.-A franchise was granted in 1891, to run twenty years, 

to the Harrison Water and J ... ight Company. It contains no provision 

for purchase py the city, and the kind of water to be supplied is not 

stated. 

Newark.-'rhe waterworks were put in by the Newark Water Company, working under a franchise granted May 4, 1885, and extending 

for twenty years. The city may purchase at anytime after ten years. 

Rates are fixed by the franchise. "The water shall be obtained from 

Berkham Spring, or such other source as may be approved by city 

council. It shall be clear water, suitable for culinary and· drinking 

purposes, and not detrimental to the health of those who use it." 

Well water, supplemented by surface water, is now used. 

New Come,rstown.-The waterworks were pt1t in in 1902 under a 

franchise granted to the NewComerstown 'Vater Company on July 

22, 1901, the franchisf' to run for twenty years. 

The company is to provide "a sufficient supply of good, wholesome 

water, suitable for domestic, manufaeturing, and fire purposes, the 

same to be obtained from open or driven wells, as long as a sufficient 

quantity can be obtained." 

'rhe water rates are fixed in the franchise, and the city can purchase the plant at the end of ten years, and every five years thereafter, 

from the dat,e of the passage of the ordinance. 

New Philadelphia.-Waterworks were put in by the New Philadelphia Water Uompany, working under a franchise granted June 3, 

1886, to extend for fifteen years. The village may purchase the plant 

at the end of ten years. The rates are required to be as low as the 

average for Ohio companies. The franchise requires that the water 

shall be taken from filtering galleries or wells adjacent to Tuscarawas 

River. 

Pieclrnont.-As this village is not incorporated, the Piedmont Water 

Company secured in 1894 a 99-year lease on the springs and the right 

of way. The lease contains no requirements concerning purchasing 

rates or kind of water to be supplied. 

Oakwoocl.-The waterworks were put in in 1902 under a franchise 

granted March 27, 1902, to the Oakwood Water and Light Company, 

the franchise to run for twenty-five years. 

The company is to furnish a "sufficient supply of good water for 

domestic purposes." This water is obtained from wells. 

There is no purchasing clause included in the franchise, and the 

rates are fixed by the company. 

Scio.-The plant was put in by the Scio Water Supply Company, 

operating under a franchise granted February 18, 1899, to extend for 
FLYNN. AND] 

FLY.I!:N. PUBLIC W .ATER SUPPLIES. 119 

ninety-nine years. The village may purchase the plant at the end of 

each five-year period after the completion of the works. The rates 

are required to be the same as those at Bridgeport, Ohio. The franchise specifies that the water shall be the best obtainable from driven 

wells. 

Shelby.-Waterworks were put in by the Shelby Water Company, 

overating under a franchise granted IJ'ebruary 5, 1896; and extending 

for twenty years. The village may purchase at the end of ten or fifteen years. The rates are fixed by the franchise, which also requires 

that the water shall be a good, potable water, free from all obnoxious 

and injurious elements, and that it be promlred from such suitable 

place as will guarantee its purity, and that the source shall be protected from future encroachments and pollution. Surface water shall 

not be used. 

Tiffin.-Waterworks were put in by the Tiffin Waterworks, operating under a franchise granted December 1,1879, to run for twentyfive years. The franchise does not regulate the rates or provide for 

purchase by the city. It states that the water can be taken from 

such points as ·best subserve the object and purposes of the company. 

Trotwoocl.-Waterworks were put in by a stock company formed of 

citizens of the village. This company has no franchise, as the village 

is not incorporated and none could be granted. rrhe plant was put 

in by sufterance alone. The mains are in the county and township 

roads, the verbal permit of the commissioners and trustees having 

been obtained. 

Upper Sandttsky.-,Vaterworks were put in by the Upper Sandusky Waterworks Company, operating under a twenty-year fran-· 

chise granted April 23, 1889. The village may purcha,se the plant at 

the end of ten or fifteen years. Rates are not regulated in any way. 

The franchise states that the water shall be taken from wells sunk in 

the gravel banks of Sandusky River or it_.shall be "river water dispossessed of earthy matter by settling pools." The well water shall 

be carefully protected from pollution and shall be increased from time 

to time as the commmption warrants. A separate suction pipe may 

be run to the river, to be used in cases of great emergency only. The 

river water is used practically direct nearly all the time. 

Urbana.-The franchise of the Urbana Waterworks Company expired in 189D, and no new one has been secured -since that time. 

There has been considerable friction between the city and the company, and the terms of the settlement are uncertain. The company 

still supplies water for the citizens and collects the water rent, and 

this condition may hold for some time. 

Wadsworth.-Waterworks were put in by the "\Vadsworth Waterworks Company, operating under an unlimited franchise granted 

September 20, 1881. Under the first grant the village could purchase 

at the end of ten years, but this grant was amended July 6, 1892, and 
120 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

the right of purchase given up. It is practically a perpetual franchise. Rates are fixed by the franchise. 

Waynesburg.-In 1857 the Waynesburg Water Company was 

granted the use of the village streets for a free water trough and one 

fire plug. The grant states nothing regarding the purchasing of 

works, regulation of rates, or kind of water to be supplied. 

Xenia.-'l'his city is supplied with water by the Xenia Water Company, operating under a twenty ye&rs' franchise granted July 19, 1886. 

The city may purchase the plant at any time after the expiration of 

the first ten years. Rates are fixed by the franchise. 'rhe water is 

to be taken from wells or filtering galleries near Little Miami River 

or Cresars Creek, with direct connection to either stream for fire protection only. As a matter of fact neither st.ream is used, but the 

water is procured from another source. 

Lack of potable water.-It is unfortunate that in many cases a nonpotable water is supplied, even when the franchise specifically requires 

a water that is of good quality, or that is derived from a source that 

would furnish a potable water. In so many communities the desirability of a good water has not been so realized by those in authority 

as to impel them to take the steps necessary to enforce the provisions 

of the waterworks franchises. When the present franchises expire, 

if it is not possible to purchase the works outright, it would be well 

for the interested towns to see that the new franchises contain a very 

definite clause in reference to the kind of water to be supplied. 

DATE OF INSTALLATION OF WATERWORKS. 

The following table shows the decades in which water supplies were 

introduced in the various towns: 

Baffin. ~1Jl4ll-1Jl50. 1800-1860. lB00-1870. ll\10-1860.11880-1890. 1800-1000. 19111>-1003. 

Sandusky _________ . '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 , 3 3 

Maumee ____ . ________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ 1 3 11 5 

:::::~~:::::::·-~·--; ~ :1 ~ ~: ! 

--1----------,-----------

Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 I 2 2 9 I 19 48 18 

This shows that 66i per cent of the plants have been put in since 

1890 and that about 86 per cent have been put in since 1880, confirming 

the general fact that public sentiment requiring better water than that 

furnished by a private well is of very recent growth. In many cases, 

however, a demand for fire protection has been almost the sole reason 

for the introduction of a public supply. The number of old plants in 

the Muskingum drainage basin accords very well with the fact that 

it is a portion of the State that was developed at a very early period. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN, PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 

METHOD OF SUPPLYING WATER. 

121 

A study of the methods used in the various drainage basins to supply the water shows the general nature of the country as to levelness almost as well as a topographic map. In the Sandusky basin 

there is 1 gravity supply, 2 direct pumping, and 5 pumping to standpipes or elevated tanks. The Maumee basin, with its broad, level 

plains, has not developed a single supply that does not involve pumping; 8 direct and 12 by pumping to standpipes or elevated tanks. 

'"rhe Miami basins also have no gravity supplies, but in 13 cases the 

pressure is obtained by direct pumping, in 16 cases by pumping to 

standpipes and tanks, and in 3 cases only by pumping to reservoirs. 

On the other hand, the rather hilly Muskingum district has 4 gravity 

supplies, 4 in which the water is furnished by gravity and pumping 

to reservoirs, 1 by gravity and pumping to a standpipe, 11 by pumping to reservoirs, 1 by pumping to reservoirs and a standpipe, 13 by 

pumping to standpipes, and only 4 supplied by direct pumping. 

The safety and convenience of a gravity supply from a reservoir, or 

a supply from a reservoir filled by pumping, are generally recognized, 

and wherever the topography will·permit these methods are used. 

The 5 gravity supplies of the basins are small and unimportantin fact, all the surface supplies that depend upon impounding reservoirs are not large. In general, Ohio cities are content to seek a 

ground water, if they are not near a large river whose water may be 

used directly, rather than to go to the expense of impounding the runoff of the smaller streams and protecting the basin from pollution. 

The excessive turbidity of these small streams is also an important 

factor which works against the use of this water, and it is turbidity 

that makes all the surfac~ supplies objectionable for a good part of 

the year. 

The present industrial supply for Massillon is obtained, as was 

the old supply, from an impounding reservoir which has an estimated 

capacity of 30,000,000 gallons. 

Bellefontaine has an impounding reservoir of about 2, 000,000 gallons 

capacity, Blanchester one of 5,000,000gallons, Hamiltononeof7,000,000 

gallons; Wooster has one of about 8,000,000 gallons, and Crestline two 

of about 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. These, together with 21 storage and distributing basins, constitute the reservoirs of the four drainage areas. Uhrichsville and Dennison, Lebanon, New Philadelphia, 

Springfield, and Zanesville have good storage reservoirs of large 

capacity for this class of work. 

MILES OF MAINS AND POPULATION ACCESSIBLE. 

In the 104 towns there are 1,601.6 miles of mains, or an average of 

15.4 miles for each place. On an average, 85 per cent of the total 

population of each town has access to the ·water; the various percent-
122 FOUR DRAINAGE .AREAS ·IN OHIO. (NO. 91. 

ages range from 50 to 95. Considering the towns as a whole, 601,480 

people have access to the public water supplies; this is 78 per cent of 

the total population (771 ,128) of the towns supplied. rrhe remaining 

169,648 p~ople, or 22 per cent, must still depend upon private wells 

until such time as the officials in charge shall see fit to extend the mains. 

POPULATION ACTUALLY SUPPLIED. 

The number of people actually using the water has been estimated. 

from the number of services in use at 393,275 for the f0ur drainage 

areas, divided as follows: Sandusky, 18,280; Maumee, 102,695; Miamis, 138, 740; Muskingum, 132,560. Of the total population the 

above number who use the water constitute only 51 per cent, and but 

66 per cent of the population accessible to the water. Thus, while 22 

per cent of the populat,ion of towns with public water supplieR do not 

use the water from lack of access, 34 per cent of those who can use it· 

do not do so, some of these from lack of means, but many from false. 

ideas as to the purity and potability of the water obtained from private wells. Unfortunately, it is necessary to add that, iii too many 

cases the public supply is of no better quality than the water from 

the private wells. 

USE OF METERS. 

Of the 80,467 services in use, only 12,875, or 1H per cent, are metered. 

Leaving out Toledo, with its 13,961 services and 7,200 meters, only 8.5 

per cent of the services in use are metered. Of the 104 public supplies, 25 have not a single meter in use and 27 others have 10 or fewer. 

Shreve has all of its 85 services metered, West Alexandria all of its 

131, and Cambridge 130 of its 14:0 services. Attica, Bucyrus, Dayton, 

Eaton, Greenville, Hamilton, Norwood, Toledo, and Wooster have 

more than one-fourth of their services metered. These towns, with 

Shreve, West Alexandria, and Cambridge, comprise all the towns 

where meters are used to any extent for domestic services. In the 

remaining places meters are used, as a rule, only for manufacturing 

establishments, livery stables, etc. 

PUMPING CAPACITY. 

It mig~t be well to call attention to the large reserve pumping 

capacity at hand, as so many of the towns are supplied directly or by 

small reservoirs and standpipes. This excess is found to vary from 

2 to 23 times the aYerage daily consumption. The high figures occur 

in new plants, where the consumption is not yet great and a large 

allowance has been made for future growth. There is only one supply in the four basins where water power is used in public waterworks. Tiffin utilizes the water of the Sandusky River to run a 

1,500,000-gallon Holly pump, which usually supplies the pressure during the night only. 
FLYNN AND] 

FLYNN. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 

AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION. 

123 

In 84 of the 104 supplies it was possible to estimate the average 

daily co'nsumption. In a number of cases accurate daily records of the 

pumps are kept and the results have some weight, but in others merely 

the crudest. estimate can be made. 

Considering the 84 towns in which the consumption could be estimated, the average daily consumption per capita of the total population is 70 gallons, and per consumer, or per capita of t~he population 

actually supplied, it is 125 gallons. In individual towns these figures 

run from 150 gallons as the average daily consumption per consumer 

and 17 gallons per capita of the total population to 106 and 100 

gallons, respectively. The minimum average daily consumption is 

found in the small places, especially in those where there are no 

sewers. There are not enough metered supplies to show the effect of 

meters on the consumption. The maximum normal consumption is 

found in those towns where the supply is of poor quality, especially 

if it is turbid; for example: Cambridge, 442 gallons; Dennison and 

Uhrichsville, 442; "\Vaynesville, 218; Wooster, 210; Zanesville, 259; 

Defiance, 300; Bucyrus, 280, and Fremont, 350. Shelby had an 

average daily consumption per consumer of 330 gallons, but this was 

due to the construction and flushing of a complete new sewer system. 

'rhe variation of the consumption throughout the year was carefully determined from the monthly pumping records of ten supplies 

iu the Muskingum basin-Ashland, Canal Dover, Canton, Carrollton, Dennison and Uhrichsville, Massillon, Mount Vernon, Newark, 

Orrville, and Zanesville-in all, about 450 monthly records. With 

the average monthly consumption equaling 100, the following gives 

the variation: 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

-------------------------

104,8 99.0 95.2 88.7 91.3 102.9 102.6 113.4 104.1 103.9 95.9 98.0 

rrhe increase in the consumption in the cold months is due to the 

fact that hydrants are permitted t.o run t~o prevent freezing, and the 

increase in the summer is due to the sprinkling and general free use 

of water. The increase in consumption from year to year is well 

shown in the following 18-year record for Mount Vernon: 
• 124 FOUR DRAINAGE AREAS IN OHIO. [NO. 91. 

Yearly variat-ion in consumption at Mount Vernon. 

Average Estimated Estimated Average Average 

popula- daily con- daily con- Year. daily popula- tion using sumption sumptionper eonsumption. twn. water. per capita. consumer. 

1884 ____________________ 213,774 5,540 3,270 39 65 

1885- ----- -------------- 280,346 5,620 3,300 50 85 

1886- --- -- -------------- 281,271 5,680 3,360 50 84 

1887------ --- ------- ---- 346,622 5,780 3,420 60 101 

1888------ ------ ---- ---- 361,247 5,860 3,480 62 104 

1889 ____________________ 339,676 5,940 3,780 57 90 

1890 ____________________ 354,672 6,027 3,960 59 90 

1891 ____________________ 399,386 6,088 4,200 66 95 

1892--,-- ------ ---- ------ 500,091 6,149 4,550 81 ito 

1893-------- ------------ 598,066 6,209 4,800 96 125 

1894 ____________________ 636,662 6,270 5,100 101 125 

1895 ____________________ 732,932 6,331 5,400 116 136 

1896 ____________________ 688,311 6,392 5,580 108 123 

1897-.. ---- --- ----------- 794,898 6,452 5,820 123 137 

1898--- --- ------ -------- 814,567 6,513 6,000 125 136 

1899 ____________________ 858,510 6,574 6,150 130 140 

1900 ______ -------------- 926,157 6,663 6,335 139 146 

1901_--- --- - --- --- --- --- 1,000,000 6,694 6,500 149 154 

Where this increase will stop is a problem hard to solve. That a 

great deal of the increase is due to waste is undoubted, but it is difficult 

to determine just how much is due to legitimate increase of use. In 

a few places, by the general introduction of meters, and by carefully 

watching for leaks, the consumption per capita has been greatly 

decreased and then held to a low rate of increase. As the population increases it becomes difficult to supply an abundance of potable 

water, and no doubt it will soon be necessary in many places to take 

stringent steps to check waste. 
INDEX. 

Page. 

Ada, populatio~ of. ........................ 59, !?1 

water supply of. ........................ 59, 91 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 116 

Adams Mills, water power used at ...... 50-51, 56 

Adrian, rainfall at .......................... 28,31 

Alpha, water power used at ................ 46-47 

Amanda, water power UHed at ............. 44-45 

Angola, rainfall at ........................ 28,31 

Ankeytown, water power used at..... . . . . . 52-53 

Apple Creek, dams and water power on .... 52-53 

water supply obtained from............ 61 

Ashland, population of ..................... 61,74 

rainfall at .......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

water supply of ........................ 61, 74 

Attica, population of ....................... 59, 74 

water meters used in................... 122 

water supply of ..................... 59, 74-75 

Auburn, rainfall at ......................... 28, 31 

Auglaize River, length and fall of......... 16 

Avondale, water power used at ............ 54-55 

Bangorville, rainfall at . .. ... . ... . . ........ 33 

Barberton, population of ................... 61,75 

water supply of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 75 

Barrs Mills, water power used at ........... 54-55 

Batavia, population of ..................... 60, 63 

water power used near.: ............... 46-47 

water supply of. ..................... 60, 63-65 

Beaver Run, dams and water power on .... 52-53 

Becks Mills, water power used at .......... 52-53 

Bellbrook, water power used at ............ 46-47 

Bellefontaine, population of ............... 60, 75 

water supply of ................. 60, 75-76, 121 

Bellville, water power used at and near ... 54-55 

Benton Ridge, rainfall at .................. 28,31 

Berlin, water power used near ............. 52-53 

Beverly, water power used at .............. 50-51 

Big Schench Creek, dams and water.power 

on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53 

Big Stillwater Creek, dams and water power 

· on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55 

water supply obtained from ....... _ .... 61,67 

Black Fork, dams and water power on ..... 54-55 

Black shale, occurrence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Bladensburg, water power used near ...... 50-51 

Blakes Mills, water power used at ....... 54-55, 56 

Blanchard River, dams on................. 36 

water supplies obtained from .......... 59, 68 

Blanchester, population of ................ 6fJ, JOO 

water supply of. ........•... 60, 62, 106-107, 121 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 116 

Bluffton, population of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 91 

rainfall at .............................. 28,31 

water supply of .• , ...• , •..•...•.... ,. 59,91-92 

Bowling G'een, miJ ll•t ................ p:.':i1 

Brinkhaven, water p~wer used at. ...... 52-53,57 

Bryan, population of j ...................... 59, 92 

water supply of. ·f,· ..................... 59,92 

Buck Creek, dams an water power on .... 40-41 

Bucyrus, population f ..................... 59, 65 

water consumptiqn in.................. 12a 

water meters use4 in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122 

water power used I at and near.......... 36 

water supply of.. . ............... 59, 62, 65-66 

waterworks in, o nership of. ........ 116-117 

Burbank, water pow r used near .......... 52-53 

Butler, water power sed near ..•.......... 52-53 

Coosars Creek, dams a d water power on ... 46-47 

Cambridge, populati of . . . . . .. • . . . . . . . . . . 61, 66 

water consumpt( n in.................. 123 

water meters use in................... 122 

water power used near ................. 50-51 

water supply of.. . ..................... 61,66 

Canal Dover, populat on of ................. 61,76 

rainfa11 at . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

water power used at ................. 54-55,57 

water supply of.. . ..................... 61, 76 

Canal Fulton, water rks in, ownership of. 117 

Canton, population o ...................... 61,62 

rainfall at . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

water power use near ................. 54-55 

water supply of.. . ................. 61, 62, 112" 

Carboniferous forniat ons, occurrence of... 14 

Carey, population of ....................... 59,92 

water supply of. -f-.................. 59,92-93 

Carrollton, populatiof of ................... 61, 93 

rainfall at....... ...................... 33 

water supply of.~-- ..... ------- ........ 61,93 

Cedar Branch, dams nd water .Power on .. 42-43 

Cedarville, limeston quarries near........ 14 

water poweruse~at .................... 46-47 

Celina, rainfall at ......................... 28,31 

Chapman Creek, dam and water power on. 40-41 

ChristmasRun,water upplyobtainedfrom. 61 

Clarks, water power *sed near ... _ .. _ ...... 52-53 

Clear Fork, dams anq waterpower on 52-53,54-55 

Clifton, water power sed at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47 

Clinton formation, o currence of . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Clio, water power us d at .................. 50-51 

Coal Measures, coal veins in, workable 

charaeter of.................... 14 

oceurrence of........................... 14 

coldwater, rainfall a . ... .. .... .. . .. ... .... .:a 

Columbus Grove, po ulation of ............ 59, 76 

water supply of. ....................... 59, 76 

Contine.ntal, populat on of ................. 59,93 

water supply of ......................... 59,93 

125 
126 INDEX. 

Page. 

Coshocton, population of ................... 61, 76 

water power used near ................. 52-53 

water supply of. ..................... 61,76-77 

Covington, limestone quarries near . . . . . . . . 14 

· wa.ter power used at and near .......... 42-43 

Crestline, population of ................... 59, 115 

water supply of. ................ 59, 62,115, 121 

Dalton, water supply of .................... 61,94 

Dams and water power, Great Miami 

basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38-45, 48, 49 

Little Miami basin ............ 37,46-47,48,49 

Maumee basin .......................... 36-37 

Muskingum basin ...................... 49-58 

Sandusky basin . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 36 

Dayton, limestone quarries near . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

population of ........................... 60,77 

water meters used in................... 122 

water power used at ................. 40-41,49 

water supply of. ..................... 60, 77-78 

Defiance, dam at........................... 37 

population of. .......................... 59,66 

rainfall at .............................. 28,31 

water consumption in.................. 123 

water supply of. ..................... 59, 66-67 

water works in, ownership of.......... 117 

Delphos, population of ..................... 59,94 

water supply of. ..................... 59,94-95 

Dennison, population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 67 

water consumption in.................. 123 

water supply of .................. 62, 67-68, 121 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 117 

Devols, water power used at ............... 50-51 

Devonian formations, occurrence of . . . . . . . 14 

Doughty Fork, dams and waterpower on ... 52-53 

Dresden, water power used at ............ 50-51,57 

Dresden Side Cut Canal, dams and water 

power on ........ · ............... 50-51 

Dundee, water power used at .............. 54-55 

Durbin, water power used at ............... 40-41 

Eagleport, discharge of Muskingum River 

at, diagram showing . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

discharge of Muskingum River at, table 

showing........................ 33 

water power used at. ................... 50-51 

East Branch Little Miami River, dams and 

water power on ................ 46-47 

length and fall of....................... 17 

water supply obtained from . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

Eaton, population of ....................... 60, 78 

water meters used in ........ -:.......... 122 

water supply of. ........................ 60,78 

Evanston, population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 68 

water supply of ......................... 60,68 

Excello, water power used at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-45 

Fairfield, water power used at .............. 40-41 

Findlay, d!!-m at ............................ 36,37 

population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 68 

rainfall at .............................. 28,31 

water supply of. .................. 37, 59,68-69 

Fort Wayne, rainfall at ..................... 28,31 

Fosters, water power used at ............... 46-47 

Fourmile Creek, damsand waterpower on. 38-39 

Franklin, population of. ................... 60,78 

waterpower used at .............. 38-39,44-45 

water supply of. ..................... 60,78-79 

Fredericksburg, water power used at ...... 52-53 

Page. 

Fredericktown, water power used at and 

near ............................ 52-53 

Freeport, population of . . . .. . ..... .. ... . .. .. 61 

water power used at and near .......... 46-47 

water supply of......................... 61 

Fremont, population of ................... 59, 114 

water consumption in.................. 123 

water power used near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

water supply of. ................ 59, 62,114-115 

Gambier, water power used at .......... 52-53,57 

Gettysburg, water power used at ........... 42-43 

Gladys Run, dams and water power on . . . . 46 

Goes, water power used at and near ....... 46-47 

Grand Rapids, State dam at................ 36 

Granville, population of. ................... 61, 79 

rainfall at.............................. 33 

water supply of. ........................ 61,79 

Gratiot, rainfall at.......................... 33 

Great Miami basin, area and location of... 10 

dams and water power of ........... 37-45,48 

dateofworkin......................... -9 

drainage of............................. 17 

geological formations in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

glaciation in............................ 14 

mapof.................................. 18 

population of. ....... :.................. 11 

topography and soils of . -... --.- .. -.--. 12-13 

water-supply systems in ................ 58, 60 

date of installation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

methods of suppiying water to . . . . . 121 

number of people using............ 122 

Great Miami River, dams and water power 

on ............... 38-39,40-41,42-43,49 

features of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 

lengthandfallof ...................... 17,19 

Green Hill, rainfall at...................... 33 

Greenville, population of .................. 60,79 

water meters used in................... 122 

water power used· near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 

water supply of. ........................ 60,79 

Greenville Creek, dams and water power 

on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 

Hamilton, population of ................... 60, 80 

water meters used in................... 122 

water power used at .............. 38-39, 44-45 

water supply of .................... 60, 80,121 

Hamilton formation, occurrence of........ 14 

Hammel, water power used at ............. 46-47 

Harrison, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

water supply of ..................... ·.... 60 

waterworks in, ownership of.. . . . . . . . . . 118 

Harshman ville, water power used at. ...... 40-41 

Harveysburg, water power used at ......... 46-47 

Hedges, rainfall at ......................... 28,31 

Helderberg (upper and lower) formations, 

occurrence of................... 14 

Hicksville, population of. ................. 59, 105 

water supply of ........................ 59,105 

Hillsdale, rainfall at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 31 

Howenstine, water power used at . . . . . . . . . . 54-55 

Hudson River group, occurrence of........ 14 

Hyde Park, population of .................. 60, 68 

water supply of ......................... 60,68 

Jerome Fork, dams and water power on ... 52-53 

J eromeville, water power used at .......... 52-53 

Jonathan Creek, dams and water power on 50-51 
INDEX. 127 

Page. 

Kenton, rainfall at .•••..................... 28,31 

Killbuck, rainfall at........................ 33 

water power used at ................. 52-53, 57 

Killbuck Creek, dams and water power on 52-53, 57 

Kimbolton, water power used at ........... 50-51 

Kings Creek, dams. and water power on. . . . 40-41 

water power used at .................... 40-41 

Kings Mill, water power used at ........ 46--47,49 

Kirkersville, water power used at ....... 50-5\,57 

Kokosing River, dams and water power 

on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53, 57 

Lebanon, population of. .................... 60,95 

water supply of. .................... 60, 95, 121 

Leipsic, rainfall at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 31 

Lewisburg, water power used at ............ 38-39 

Lewisville, population of ................... 61,95 

water supply of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 95-96 

Licking Creek, dams and water power on .. 50-51 

water supply obtained from............ 61 

Licking River, length and fall of........... 20 

Lima, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 107 

water supply of ................ 59,62,107-108 

Linton Mills, water power used at .......... 50-51 

Little Miami basin, area and location of . . . 10 

dams and water power of ..... 37,46--47,48,49 

date of work in......................... 9 

drainage of............................. 17 

geological formations in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

glaciation.in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

map of.................................. 18 

population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

timber in............................... 13 

topography and soils of ................ 12-13 

water-supply systems in ................ 58,60 

date of installation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

methods of supplying water to..... 121 

number of people using . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

Little Miami River, dams and water power 

on .............................. 46-47 

features of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 

length and fall of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 19 

East Branch of. See East Branch. . . . . . 62 

Lock Seventeen, water power used at ... 54-55,56 

Lost Creek, water supply obtained from.... 59 

Loudonville, population of.................. 61 

water power used at ................... 54-55 

water supply of......................... 61 

Loveland, water power used at ............ 46--47 

Lowell, water power used at ............... 50-51 

Lower Helderberg formation, occurrence 

of............................... 14 

Loyal Oak, water power used near ......... 54-55 

Lucas, water power used at ................ 54-55 

Ludlow Falls, water power used near... . . . 42-43 

Luke Chute, water power used at .......... 50-51 

Lynchburg, population of. ................. 60, 80 

water supply of. ..................... f>O, 80-81 

McConnelsville, population of ............. 61, 81 

water power used at ................. 50-51, 57 

water supply of .................. , ..... 61, 81 

McZena, water power used at .............. 52-53 

Mad River, dams and water power on .. 38-40,49 

length and fall of ...................... 17,19 

limestone quarries in valley of......... 14 

valley of, character of.... . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 19 

water I'Upply obtained from wells in 

bed of.......................... 77 

Page. 

Madisonville, population of. ............... 60,96 

water supply of. ........................ 60,96 

Magnolia, water power used at ......... 54-55, 57 

Malvern, water power used at .............. 54-55 

Mansfield, population of ................... 61, 96 

water power used near....... . . . . . . . . . . 54-55 

water supply of. .................. 61, 62,96-97 

Marietta, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 69 

water power used at. ................... 50-51 

water supply of. ..................... 61,69-70 

Massicks Creek, limestone quarries near... 14 

Massillon, -population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 112 

water supply of.. . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62, 112-113, 121 

waterworks in, own.ership of. ........ 117-118 

Maumee, water power used at . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

Maumee basin, agriculture in.............. 12 

area and location of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10, 31 

date of work in ......... :............... 9 

geological formations in . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . 14 

mapof.................................. 16 

population of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

rainfall in, tables showing .......... 28-29,31 

topography and soils of ................ 12, 31 

water power in ......................... 36-37 

water-<mpply systems in ................ 58,59 

date of installation of . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 120 

methods of furnishing water to . . . . 121 

number of people using . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

Maumee River, dams and water power of.. 36-37 

discharge of, at Waterville, diagrams 

s bowing .................... , . . . 25, 31 

tables showing ..................... 26, 30 

fall and length of....................... 16 

features of. ............................. 15-16 

measurements of ....................... 25-26 

pollution of............................ 70 

water supplies obtained from .... 59, 67, 70,71 

Medina formation, occurrence of . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Meters for water, use of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

Mexico, discharge of Sandusky River at, 

diagrams showing.............. 22 

discharge of Sandusky River at, table 

showing........................ 23 

Miami and Erie Canal, dams and water 

power on .............. 37,44-45,48-49 

water supplies obtained from .......... 60,70 

Miami basin. See Great Miami; Little Miami. 

Miami River_ See Great Miami; Little Miami. 

Miamisburg, water power used at. 38-39,44-45,49 

Middletown, population of. ......... · ....... 60,81 

water power used at ........... 38-39, 44-45, 49 

water supply of. ... · .................. 60,81-82 

Midvale, water power uAed near ........... 54-55 

Milford ton, rainfall at...................... 33 

Mill Brook, water power used near ........ 52-53 

Millersburg, population of ................. 61,82 

water supply of ......................... 61,82 

Millheim, water power used at ............. 54-55 

Mlllwood, water power used at ............ 52-53 

Mineral City, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

water supply of......................... 61 

Mineral Point, population of. .............. 61,82 

water supply of. ....................• 61,82-83 

Minerva, population of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 61, 83 

water supply of......................... 61, 83 
128 INDEX. 

Page. 

Mitchell, W. B., cited on cost of water 

works at Piqua................. 71 

Mississippian limestone, occurrence of..... 14 

Moeser, Edmund, acknowledgment to..... 32 

Mohican River, dams and water power on . 52-53 

Mohican ville, water power used at ......... 52-53 

Monroeville, water power used at .......... 52-53 

Montpelier, population of .................. 59, 97 

rainfall at ............................... 28, 31 

water supply of ......................... 59,97 

Morrow, water power used at .............. 46-47 

Mosquito Creek, dams and waterpower-on. 42-43 

Mount Vernon, population of .............. 61,83 

water consumption ip, table showing 

variation in....... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 124 

water power used at ................. 52-53, 57 

water supply of ...................... 61,83-84 

Muskingum basin, agriculture in ........ 13,20-21 

area and location of...... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 10 

dams and water power of. ............. 49-58 

drainage of. ............................ 19-21 

pre-Glacial ......................... 19-20 

geological formations in................ 14 

glaciation in ............................ 13-14 

map of.................................. 21 

mining settlements in.................. 12 

population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12 

rainfall in, table showing.............. 33 

run-off in, table showing ............ -... 33 

topography and soils of ................. 13-14 

water powers in, decrease in number of. 56 

water-supply systems in ................ 58,61 

date of installation of.............. 120 

method of furnishing water to . . . . . 121 

number of people using............ 122 

work in, date of........................ 9 

Muskingum River, dams and water power 

on ....... -.................... 50-51,56 

discharge of, at Eagleport, diagram 

showing........................ 32 

table showing .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . 33 

features of. ............................. 19-21 

length and fall of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

measurements of ....................... 32-34 

water supply obtained from ............ 61,73 

Napoleon, population of ................... 59,70 

-rainfall at .............................. 28,31 

water supply of. ........................ 59, 70 

New Baltimore, water power U8ed at ...... 38-39 

New Bremen, population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 98 

rainfall at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 31 

water supply of ........................ 59,98 

New Comerstown, population of ............ 61, 98 

water power used at ................. 54-55,56 

water supply of ........................ 61, 98 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 118 

New Harris, water power used at ........... 42-43 

New Moorefield, water power used at ...... 40-41 

New Philadelphia, population of .......... 61,84 

water power used at ................. 54-55,57 

water supply of ..................... 61, 84, 121 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 118 

New Vienna, population of. ................ 60,98 

water supply of. ........................ 60, 98 

Newark, population of .................... 61,108 

water supplyof ........................ 61,108 

Page. 

Newark, waterworks in, ownership of..... 118 

Niagara formation, occurrence of.......... 14 

Nimishillen Creek, da!fiS and water power 

on ..................... , ........ 54-55 

water supply from ..................... 61, 112 

Norwood, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 98 

water meters used in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

water supply of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 98-99 

Oakley, population of ...................... 60, 68 

water supply of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 68 

Oakwood, population of. ................... 60, 99 

water supply of. ........................ 60, 99 

waterworks in, ownership of.. . . . . . . . . . 118 

Ohio, drainage basins of, map of........... 10 

Ohio Canal, dams and water power on ..... 50-51, 

54-55,56 

Ohio River, pollution of.................... 69 

water supplies obtained from .... 60, 61, 68, 69 

Ohio shale, occurrence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Old Town, water power used at ......... ·'. 46-47 

One Leg Creek, dams and water power on.. 54-55 

Orrville, population of ..................... 61, 99 

water supply of. .................... 61,99-100 

Osborn, population of ...................... 60, 84 

water power used at .................... 40-41 

water supply of. ..................... 60,84-85 

Ottawa, rainfall at ......................... 28,31 

Oxford, population of ...................... 60, 85 

water power used at .................... 38-39 

water supply of.. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. 60, 85 

Painter Creek, dams and water power on .. 42-43 

Pasco, water power used at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 

Pataskala, rainfall at....................... 33 

Pattons Mills, water power used at ......... 50-51 

Paulding, population of. .................. 59,100 

water supply of. ....................... 59, 100 

Perrysville, population of ................. 61,100 

water power used at .................... 54-55 

water supply of. ....................... 61, 100 

Philo, rainfall at........................... 33 

water power used at .................... 50-51 

Piedmont, population of ................... 61, 85 

water supply of ...................... 61, 85-86 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 118 

Piqua, population of. ....................... 60, 70 

water power used at and near ...... 42-45,49 

water supply of ...................... 60,70-71 

Plainfield, water power used at ............ 50-.)1 

Plainville, water power used at ............ 46-47 

Pleasant Ridge, water supply of............ 60 

Point Creek, dams and water power on .... 52-53 

Point Valley, water power used at ......... 52-53 

Port Jefferson, water power used at ........ 42-43 

Port Washington, water power used at .. 54-55,56 

Porter, Dwight, cited on water powers in 

Muskingum basin in 1880....... 56 

Powells, water power used at.... . . . . . . . . . . . 50-51 

Quincy, water power used at ............... 42-43 

Rainfall in Maumee basin, tables showing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28-29, 31 

Rainfall in Muskingum basin, table showing............................. 33 

Rainfall in Sandusky basin, table showing. 23,24 

Rockford, population of. .................. 59, 100 

water supp,Iy of. ................... 59,100-101 

Rocky Fork, dams and water power on .... 54-55 
IFDEX. 129 

Page 

Rondout water-lime formation, occurrence 

of............................... 14 

Roscoe, water power used at ............ 52-53, 57 

Run-off in Maumee basin, table showing... 26 

Run-off in Muskingum basin, table showing............................. 33 

Run-off in Sandusky basin, table showing. 23 

Rutledge Branch, dams and water power 

on .............................. 42-43 

St. Joseph River, length and fall of.:...... 16 

St. Mary River, length and fall of.......... 16 

St. Marys, population of............. . . . . . . 59, 101 

water supply of ........................ 59,101 

Salt Creek, dams and waterpower on. 50-51,52-53 

Salt Fork (Wills Creek), dams and water 

power on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-51 

Saltillo, water power used near ............ 52-53 

Sandusky basin, agriculture in............. 12 

area and location of.................... 9,11 

drainage of. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

geological formations in .. ... . ... . . . ... 14 

location of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

map of.................................. 15 

population of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

rainfall in, table showing .............. 23, 24 

run-off in, table showing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

topography and soils of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

water power in .... ."... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

water-supply systems in ................ 58, 59 

date of installation of.............. 120 

methods of supplying water to..... 12l. 

number of people using . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

work in, date of........................ 9 

Sandusky River, dams and water power on. 36 

discharge of, at Mexico, diagrams showing............................... 22 

table showing............ . . . . . . . . . . 23 

fall of................................... 15 

features of.............................. 15 

measurements of............. . . . . . . . . . • 23 

pollution of.... . ....................... 65-66 

tributaries of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

water supplies obtained from........... 59, 

65, 72, 113, 114 

Sandy Creek, dams and water power on. 54-55,57 

Scio, population of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,101 

water supply of. ................... 61,101-102 

waterworks in, ownership of ......... 118-119 

Senecaville, water power used at ........... 50-51 

Sevenmile Creek, dams and water power 

on .............................. 38-39 

length and fall of ....................... 17, 19 

water supply obtained from wells and 

springs near. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

Sevenmile, water power used at. ........... 38-39 

Shannon, water power used at ............. 52-53 

Shelby, population of. ...................... 61, 86 

water consumption in.................. 123 

water supply of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 61, 86 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 119 

Sherodsville, water power used at .......... 54-55 

Shreve, population of ..................... 61, 102 

water meters used in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

water supply of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 102 

Sidney, population of ..................... 60, 102 

water power used at and near.. . . . . . . . . 42-43 

IRR 91-04--9 

Page 

Sidney, water supply of. .............. 60, 102-103 

Silurian formations, occurrence of......... 14 

Slipper Creek, water supply obtained from. 61 

Sparta, water power used at ................ 54-55 

Spring Branch, dams and water power on .. 42-43 

Spring Run, dams and water power on ..... 40-41 

Spring Valley, water power used at ........ 46-47 

Springfield, limestone quarries near........ 14 

population of. ......................... 60, 108 

water power used at................... 40-41 

water supply of. ............ 60, 62, 108-110, 121 

Springville, water power used at and near. 52-53 

StillwaterCreek,damsand water poweron. 42-43 

Stillwater River, dams and water power on. 42-43 

length and fall of. ...................... 17,20 

valley of, limestone quarries in......... 14 

Stockport, water power used at ............. 50-51 

Strasburg, water power used at ......... ~ .. 54-55 

Sugar Creek, dams and water power on. 54-55, 57 

Sugar Grove, water power used at .......... 42-43 

Sundale, water power used near ............ 50-51 

Swanton, rainfall at ........................ 28, 31 

Sycamore, population of. .................. 59,103 

water supply of ........................ 59, 103 

Symmes, water power used at .............. 46-47 

Taylorsville, water power used at. ......... 50-51 

Tiffin, population of ....................... 59,113 

water supply of ............. 59, 62,113-114,122 

water power used at and near.......... 36 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 119 

Tiffin River, length and fall of.............. 16 

Tippecanoe, Harrison County, water power 

used at..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55 

Tippecanoe City, Miami County, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 86 

water power used at .................... 44-45 

water supply of. ..................... 60,86-87 

Toledo, population of. ...................... 59,71 

water meters used in................... 122 

water supply of. .................. 59, 62,71-72 

Trebeins, water power used at ............. 46-47 

Tremont, water power used at and near ... 40-41 

Trenton limestone, occurrence of . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Trotwood, population. of .................... 60,87 

water supply of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 87 

Troy, water power used at and near ....... 42-43 

water supply of. ..................... 60,87-88 

Tuscarawas River, dams and water power 

on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-oo, 56, 57 

features of. .............................. 19,20 

:ength and fall of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Twin Creek, dams and water power on ... 38-39 

length and fall of ............... · ....... 17,19 

Uhrichsville, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 67 

water consumption in.................. 1'23 

water power used near ................. 54-55 

water supply of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62, 67-68, 121 

waterworks in, ownership of . . . . . . . . . . 117 

Upper Helderberg formation, occurrence 

of............................... 14 

Upper Sandusky, population of ............ 59,72 

water supply of. ..................... 59, 72-73 

water power used at and near.......... 36 

waterworks in, ownership of . . . . . . . . . . 119 

Urbana, population of. ..................... 60,88 

water power used near ................. 40-41 
130 INDEX. 

Page. 

Urbana, water supply of ................ 60, 88-89 

waterworks in, ownership of.......... 119 

Utica, waterpower used at ................. 53-51 

Utica shale, occurrence of.................. 14 

Van Wert, population of .................. 59,103 

rainfall at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 31 

water supply of. ................... 59,103-104 

Versailles, population of ................... 60,89 

water supply of ......................... 60,89 

Vore Branch, dams and water power on ... 42-43 

Wadsworth, population of. ................. 61,89 

water supply of ...................... 61,89-90 

waterworks in, owner:ship of ........ 119-120 

Wakatomika Creek, dams and water power 

on .............................. 50-51 

Walhonding Creek, dams and water power 

on .............................. 52-53 

length ami fall of. ........ .". . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Walhonding feeder, dams and water 

power on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53, 57 

Wapakoneta, population of. ............... 59,105 

water supply of. ....................... 59, 105 

Warsaw, rainfall at......................... 33 

Water, average consumption of. ......... 123-124 

ground supplies of. .................... 74-105 

method of supplying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

population supplied with............... U2 

surface and ground supplies of. ...... 106-116 

surface supplies of. ..................... 63-74 

Water power. See Dams and water power. 

Water supplies, classification of. ........... 62-63 

detailed description of. ................ 63-124 

number and extent of. ................. 58-61 

ownership of ......................... 116-120 

Watertown, waterpower used at ........... 50-51 

Waterville, discharge of Maumee River at, 

diagrams showing... . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 31 

discharge of Maumee River at, tables 

showing ............................ , . 26, 30 

water power used at.................... 37 

waterworks in, date of installation of.. 120 

ownership of ...................... 116-120 

pumping capacity of................ 122 

Wauseon, population of ................... 59,104 

rainfall at ......................•....... 28,31 

water supply of. ....................... 59, 104 

0 

Page. 

Waverly formation, occurrence of......... 14 

Waynesburg, population of. ................ 61,90 

water supply of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61; 90 

waterworks in, ownership of........... 120 

Waynesville, population of. ................ 60,90 

water consumption in.................. 123 

water power used at .............. · ...... 46-47 

water supply of ......................... 60, 90 

Weimer Branch, dams and water power on. 42-43 

West Alexandria, population of ........... 60,104 

water meters used in ....... _........... 122 

water power used near ................• 38-39 

water supply of .................... 60; 104-105 

West Carrollton, population of ............. 60,91 

water power used at and near ... ~ 38-39, 44-45 

water supply of ......................... 60, 91 

West Milton, water power used at and near. 42-43 

White Cottage, water power used at ........ 50-51 

White Eyes Creek, dams and water power 

on .............................. 54-55 

Williamsburg, water power used at ......... 46-47 

Wills Creek, dams and water power on.. . . . 50-51 

water supply obtained from. . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 66 

Wills River, length and fall of. .... ~........ 20 

Wolf Creek, dams and water power on .... 50-51, 

54-55 

water power used at .................... 50-51 

Woodsdale, water power used at ........... 38-39 

Wooster, population of .................... 61,110 

rainfall at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

water consumption in ..... .-............ 123 

· water meterR used in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

water power used near......... . . . . . . . . 52-53 

water supply of ............ 61, 62, 110-111, 121 

Xenia, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 11! 

water supply of ................ 60, 62,111-112 

waterworks in, ownership of . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

Yellow Springs, water power used at and 

near ............................ 46-47 

Zanesville, population of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 73 

run-off of Muskingum River at, estimates of........................ 34 

water power used at ................. 50-51,57 

water supply of ............ · .. 61, 62,73-74,121 

Zoar, water power used at .•............. 54-55,57