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Ashland FWCO
 Midwest Region
 MTAN Logo
          *Dedicated To Tribal Aquaculture Programs*http://www.fws.gov/midwest/ashland/mtanhome.html
          December 2006 ~ Volume 58**Coordinator:
Frank G. Stone 
(715-682-6185) Ext. 12
U.S. Fish and
                  Wildlife Service
Email: [email protected]**
                  **Edited
                  By:
Elizabeth W. Greiff 
(715-349-2195) Ext. 5141
St. Croix Tribal Nat. Res. Depart.
Email: ****[email protected]****** *Topics
  Of Interest:* * Radon Gas Removal Made Easy
      * Aquatic Weed Management 
  ~ Control Methods
      * Aquatic Weed Management ~ 
  Herbicides
      *SolarBee 
  Solar-Powered Circulators
      * Installation and use of 
  Axial and Centrifugal Flow Pumps
      * AFS 36th Annual Meeting Radon Gas Removal Made Easy
By:  MTAN If your station is experiencing problems with radon gas, you may want to 
      consider adopting the system developed by William Dryer (Bozeman 
        Fish technology Center) and Wesley Orr (Ennis 
          NFH).  This system is now being used at the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community 
      Fish Hatchery.  A secondary advantage enjoyed by the staff is the incoming water noise reduction that results 
      form this technique.  For more information, please contact Gene Mensch, 
      Fish & Wildlife Biologist, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, 906/524/5757 ext. 12. Cut two holes in a plastic 20 gallon storage container 
            for the main water inlet and air discharge pipes.  Mount the 
            container 4 inches below the water line.
            As the water flows into the tank, the radon gas escapes 
            into the storage container and is then discharged through the vent pipe.The vent pipe is routed in the direction of the nearest 
            wall.
            Venting system leading to the outside.
    
    Aquatic Weed Management ~ Control Methods
      By:  James L. Shelton and Tim R. Murphy Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Many different aquatic plants can be found in, on and around fish culture 
      ponds. These plants range from microscopic organisms known as plankton algae 
      which drift suspended in the water, to larger plants rooted in the pond bottom. 
      Certain types of aquatic plants are essential for fish production. However, 
      aquatic plants that interfere with fish production are considered to be weeds. 
      Intensive fish production often involves adding large amounts of commercial 
      feeds and inorganic fertilizers to ponds. Nutrients introduced into the water 
      through feeds and fertilizers often create an ideal habitat for aquatic weed 
      growth. Submersed aquatic weeds are particularly undesirable because fish 
          harvesting seines will ride up over the weeds and allow fish to escape. Ponds 
          with dense weed infestations can be impossible to harvest since the weight of 
          the weeds accumulating in the seine can become too great to be pulled. 
          Additionally, separating fish from weeds is a slow process and can severely 
          stress the fish. Aquatic weedsAquatic plants that cause weed problems may be placed into four 
      groups: algae
        floating weeds
        immersed weeds (foliage above water) and
        submersed weeds (majority of foliage below water) Algae are the most common group of 
      weeds in aquaculture ponds. Shape and size vary from microscopic single or 
      multiple celled plants to branched plants that resemble submersed aquatic weeds. 
      Unlike other aquatic plants, algae do not produce flowers or seeds. Algae are 
      divided into three groups: plankton algae
        filamentous algae (pond moss) and
        stoneworts Plankton algae produce the majority of dissolved oxygen in the pond 
      and are essential to fish survival. In the presence of sunlight, green plants 
      release oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. At night, plants and other 
      pond organisms consume oxygen. Because of this diurnal cycle, oxygen 
      concentrations are the lowest at dawn and highest in the mid-afternoon. Cycle 
      imbalances can lead to oxygen depletion and subsequent fish death. Excessive plankton algae may result from the high feeding rates necessary to 
      produce large fish yields. In many cases, fish production rates are limited by 
      the amount of feed that can be applied without plankton algae blooms becoming so 
      dense that dissolved oxygen problems cannot be managed. The complexity of this 
      cycle makes attempts to treat ponds with algaecides to “thin out” excess algae 
      growth very risky. Although spot treatments of plankton algae scums are 
      effective, problems with low dissolved oxygen concentrations following algaecide 
      applications limit their use in fish culture primarily for the control of 
      filamentous algae and stoneworts. Certain types of algae produce compounds which 
      cause a musty flavor or odor in fish flesh. These compounds are absorbed by the 
      fish and can cause a highly offensive taste known as “off-flavor.” This 
      condition can be corrected within 3 to 10 days if fish are moved to water that 
      does not contain these “off-flavor”compounds. There is no definitive evidence that thinning the plankton algae bloom with 
      algaecides reduces the incidence of “off-flavor.” Floating weeds float in or on the surface of the water and obtain their 
      nutrients from water rather than soil. Duckweed and watermeal are 
      examples of common floating weeds. Immersed weeds are rooted to the bottom, but 
      have stems, leaves and flowers which extend above the water surface. They 
      primarily occur on the shoreline and in shallow water up to 10feet deep. Common 
      immersed weeds are waterlily and alligatorweed. Submersed aquatic weeds grow under and up to the water surface. Most 
      submersed weeds have flowers and seedheads that extend above the surface of the 
      water. Examples of common submersed weeds include hydrilla and Brazilian elodea. Management methodsAquatic weed control is a management plan that 
      incorporates preventive methods such as proper pond construction and maintenance 
      and the use of labeled aquatic herbicides. The development of an aquatic weed 
      management plan is dependent upon correctly identifying the problem weeds and 
      selecting control methods that are compatible with efficient fish culture 
      procedures. Basic methods used to control weeds include preventive, mechanical and 
      chemical techniques. Determining which of these techniques to use involves 
      consideration of the target weed species, fish production objectives for the 
      pond, secondary water uses and the cost of treatment options. Preventive methodsIt is easier and less costly to prevent weed problems than it is to control 
      them once they develop. Careful pond site selection and proper pond construction practices are the 
      first steps in preventing aquatic weed problems. Rooted aquatic weeds and algae 
      usually begin growing in shallow water ( < 2 feet).  Edges of new and existing ponds should be deepened so shallow water areas are 
      minimized.  The USDA Soil Conservation Service provides technical assistance for pond 
      construction and renovation. Farm ponds are commonly fertilized to increase the fish production capacity 
      of the pond. Fertilization is also an effective and economical way to prevent 
      the growth of many aquatic weeds. Fertilization stimulates the growth of 
      plankton algae. Decreasing the pond water level exposes shallow areas to freezing 
      temperatures and drying can effectively limit certain types of submersed weeds. 
      For a drawdown to be effective, the water level should be lowered in the late 
      fall and not allowed to refill until the early spring. Some weeds, such as 
      hydrilla and cattail, are tolerant to drawdown and cannot be controlled by this 
      method. Mechanical methods Various types of aquatic weed cutters and harvesters have 
      been developed for canals and large reservoirs. Use of these machines is not 
      practical in fish ponds. Early manual removal of weeds by seining or raking can 
      prevent some weed problems. Chemical controlHerbicides may be used to control weeds in commercial fish 
      ponds. The first step in successful chemical control is accurate identification 
      of the problem weed. Weed identification assistance is available through county 
      Extension and Department of Natural Resources offices. After the weed has been 
      identified, an herbicide that is labeled for commercial fish ponds may be 
      selected. The herbicide label must be read and fully understood by the user 
      prior to application to the pond. SRAC Publication No. 361, Aquatic Weed 
      Management -Herbicides, contains information on commercial fish pond herbicides. Integrated weed managementHerbicides should be considered as a temporary 
      control method. Depending upon the herbicide selection and the weed species, 
      duration of control can range from a few weeks to several months. Long-term weed 
      control can be achieved by using a combination of recommended aquatic weed 
      methods.  Aquatic Weed Management ~ Herbicides
      By:  Michael P. Masser, Tim R. Murphy and James L. Shelton Managers can quickly and economically control problem weeds in fish ponds with aquatic herbicides. However, herbicides are just one method of 
      managing aquatic weeds. There are also: 1) preventive methods such as proper 
      pond site selection and construction, fertilization and periodic draw-downs; 2) 
      biological methods; and 3) 
      mechanical methods such as cutting, seining and raking. Using a combination of 
      methods, within a comprehensive plan, is the most cost effective and 
      environmentally safe way to manage aquatic weeds. SRAC Publication No. 360, Aquatic Weed Management - Control Methods (pdf), contains additional information on 
      the various methods used to control undesirable weeds in fish ponds. Once 
      undesirable weeds are eliminated, applying fertilizer periodically will 
      stimulate planktonic algal blooms that suppress the growth of submerged weeds. Herbicide selectionThe effectiveness of herbicides varies. The first critical 
      step in selecting an appropriate herbicide is identifying the weed. The herbicide selected must be labeled for use 
      with food fish. It is important to note any water-use restrictions that may 
      prevent the application of an herbicide in a particular situation on a specific 
      body of water. Restrictions on secondary water uses (i.e., swimming, livestock 
      watering, and irrigation) also must be considered before an herbicide is applied. Application timingThe best time to apply herbicide is in the spring when 
      water temperature is between 70 and 80F. At this time of the year, weeds are 
      small and easier to control than during the summer, and levels of dissolved 
      oxygen in the water are usually higher. Aquatic herbicides are not toxic to fish 
      when applied according to label directions. However, after aquatic weeds are 
          killed the decomposition process consumes oxygen and can reduce the amount of 
          dissolved oxygen in the water. If large quantities of aquatic weeds are killed, 
      their decomposition can reduce the dissolved oxygen concentration to such a low 
      level that fish die. It is important to observe fish closely for 1 week after 
      treatment. Have emergency aeration equipment handy and aerate the pond if fish 
      seem stressed. Treating a pond with herbicides during the hot summer months is 
      risky, because at this time of year dissolved oxygen concentrations tend to be 
      lower and weed biomass higher. Treating only one-fourth to one-third of the 
      total surface area of a pond at one time can minimize the risk of depleting 
      dissolved oxygen. However, some herbicides cannot be used for partial pond 
      treatments. During the summer, even partial treatments may be risky in some 
      ponds. Application methodsThe herbicide formulation and the weed species determine 
      the application method. Many herbicides can be applied directly from the 
      container, while others must be diluted with water first. To treat large areas 
      you will need a mechanical sprayer or spreader and a power boat to ensure 
      adequate distribution of the chemical. Sprayable herbicide formulations can be 
      applied with hand-held or mechanical pressurized sprayers or with a boat bailer. 
      Injecting the chemical near the outboard motor propwash will help it disperse. 
      Hand-operated or mechanical rotary spreaders can be used to apply granular or 
      pelleted formulations. Soluble crystals, such as copper sulfate, can be 
      dissolved in water and sprayed over the pond; or, the required amount can be 
      placed in burlap bags and dragged behind a boat, or suspended in the water near 
      an aerator, until the herbicide dissolves. If herbicide will be applied to 
      emergent weed foliage, adding a surfactant to the chemical may help it wet and 
      penetrate the foliage.  Surfactants are not recommended when treating 
      submerged weeds. Use only registered aquatic 
      surfactants and follow product label directions. Herbicide dosageAquatic herbicides must be applied at labeled rates. 
      Application rates were developed from extensive research and provide effective, 
      yet safe, weed control. Applying an excessive rate of an herbicide does not 
      provide better weed control but does increase the cost of the treatment and may 
      increase the risk of injury to fish and other organisms. Applying less than the 
      recommended rate usually results in poor weed control. Some herbicides, such as 
      those for control of emergent plants, are applied on the basis of the area to be 
      treated. Others, such as those used to control certain submerged weeds, are 
      applied on the basis of the volume of water to be treated. Read the label 
      instructions carefully, because mistakes in calculating treatment rates can be 
      costly and dangerous. For information on calculating the area and volume of 
      ponds see SRAC Publication No. 103, Calculating Area and Volume of Ponds and 
        Tanks (pdf). Surface acre treatments: The amount of herbicide needed for a 
      surface acre treatment is determined by the following formula: F = A x R F = 
      Amount of formulated herbicide product. A = Area of the water surface in acres R 
      = Recommended rate of product per surface acre. Acre-foot treatments: An acre-foot of water equals 1 surface acre of water 
      that is 1 foot deep. The number of acre-feet of water can be found by 
      multiplying the number of surface acres times the average water depth. The 
      amount of herbicide needed for an acre-foot treatment is determined by the 
      following formula: F = A x D x R F = Amount of formulated herbicide product A = 
      Area of the water surface in acres D = Average depth of water in feet R = 
      Recommended rate of product per acre-foot. PPMW treatments: Some treatment rates are given as the final concentration of 
      the chemical in the water body on a part per million by weight (ppmw) basis. The 
      amount of herbicide needed for a ppmw treatment is determined by the following 
      formula: F= (A x D x CF x ECC)  I F = Amount of formulated herbicide product A 
      = Area of the water surface in acres D = Average depth of the water in feet CF = 
      2.72 pounds/acre-foot (the conversion factor—CF— when total water volume is 
      expressed on an acre-foot basis; 2.72 pounds of a herbicide per acre-foot of 
      water is equal to 1 ppmw) ECC = Effective chemical concentration of the 
      herbicide’s active ingredient that is needed in the water to control the weed I 
      = The total amount of active ingredient divided by the total amount of active 
      and inert ingredients. For liquid products, I = pounds of active ingredient  1 
      gallon For dry products, I = percent active ingredient  100% Aquatic herbicidesThe herbicides discussed in this section are labeled for 
      use in commercial fish production ponds. Before using any herbicide, read and 
      understand the label. Copper Sulfate (often 
      called Blue Stone), is primarily used to control algae. It is a contact 
      herbicide. However, it does not control algae such as Pithophora. Copper can 
      interfere with gill functions and, if improperly used, can be toxic to fish and 
      zooplankton. Trout and koi are particularly sensitive to copper. However, most 
      fish kills after copper sulfate treatment are related to a massive algae kill 
      and the subsequent depletion of dissolved oxygen. The effectiveness and safety 
      of copper sulfate are determined by pH, alkalinity, hardness, water temperature, 
      and several other environmental factors. In water with an alkalinity ≤ 50 ppm, 
      the rate of copper sulfate needed to control algae can be toxic to fish. Copper 
      treatment at water alkalinities of ≤ 20 ppm is extremely risky and should be 
      avoided. In high alkalinity (≥ 250 ppm) water, copper sulfate quickly 
      precipitates out and is not effective for algae control. The toxicity of copper 
      sulfate to fish increases as water temperature increases. Avoid copper sulfate 
      applications during hot summer months. For additional information on treating 
      with copper, see SRAC Publication No. 410, Calculating Treatments for Ponds and 
      Tanks (pdf). Chelated Copper is used to 
      control planktonic and filamentous algae. Chelated copper formulations do not 
      readily precipitate in high alkalinity waters, but stay in solution and remain 
      active longer than copper sulfate. Chelated coppers are sometimes mixed with 
      other aquatic herbicides (e.g., diquat) to better control algae as well as 
      certain species of submerged plants. Chelated copper is less 
      corrosive to application equipment than copper sulfate. It is also slightly less 
      toxic to fish. However, in water with low alkalinity (≤ 20 ppm), or in water 
      with an alkalinity of ≤ 50 ppm that contains trout, it is extremely risky to use 
      chelated copper, particularly during the hot summer months. Diquat is a contact herbicide that can be 
      sprayed on or injected into water to control submerged weeds and filamentous 
      algae; or, it can be sprayed on duckweed or emergent vegetation. Repeated 
      applications on surface mats of algae may be necessary. An approved non-ionic surfactant is required when diquat is used as a foliar application. Diquat binds tightly to clay particles 
      and is not effective in muddy water or on mud-coated weeds. Diquat quickly kills 
      plants and should be used as a partial pond treatment for dense vegetation. Fluridone controls most submerged and emergent weeds and 
      is available as a liquid or pelleted formulation. Liquid formulations also 
      control duckweed and water-meal. Fluridone is a translocated herbicide that 
      slowly kills plants over a 30- to 90-day period. Its slow action generally 
      prevents the depletion of dissolved oxygen. Fluridone is not effective as a spot 
      treatment. The entire pond must be treated to control the target weed. Glyphosate is a foliar-applied, translocated herbicide 
      used to control most shoreline vegetation and several emergent weeds such as 
      spatterdock and alligatorweed. Glyphosate translocates from the treated foliage to underground storage organs 
      such as rhizomes. It is most effective when applied during the weed’s flowering 
      or fruiting stage. An approved non-ionic surfactant should be used with 
      glyphosate. If rain falls within 6 hours of 
      application, the effectiveness of glyphosate will be reduced. 2,4-D is a translocated herbicide that is 
      available as a granular or liquid formulation. Granular 2,4-D controls submerged 
      weeds such as coontail and emergent weeds such as water lily and water shield. 
      Liquid formulations of 2,4-D are used to control floating weeds such as water 
      hyacinth and several emergent weeds. 2,4-D is available as an ester or amine 
      formulation. Amine formulations are slightly better for aquatic applications 
      because they are less toxic to fish, although the granular ester form is safe to 
      use. Only those formulations of 2,4-D that are labeled for aquaculture are legal 
      to use in culture situations. The information and suggestions included in this 
        publication reflect the opinions of Extension fisheries specialists based on 
        field tests and treatment experience. Management suggestions are based on 
        research and are generally effective. Conditions or circumstances which are 
        unforeseen or unexpected may lead to less than satisfactory results even when 
        best management practices are used. Neither the Cooperative Extension Service 
        nor the Southern Regional Aquaculture Center assumes responsibility for such 
        occurrences.
        All risk shall be assumed by the applicator. SolarBee Solar-Powered CirculatorsProvide Water Quality 
      Improvements
      By:  SolarBee - Pump Systems, Inc.   The SolarBee is an excellent solution for solving 
      mixing problems in water reservoirs and lakes. Most reservoirs 
      have mixing problems that lead to stagnant water conditions. The SolarBee is a long distance impact circulator that can be 
      installed inside the reservoir with the solar panels mounted on the 
      outside.  The units require no regular maintenance.  Although "NOT" 
      applicable to aquaculture demands for increasing oxygen levels for "extensive" 
      fish production, this system can improve oxygen levels and reduce blue-green 
      algae in lakes.  A Potable Water (3 minute) video, photos and other potable water information are 
      available at: http://www.solarbee.com/video.shtml  SolarBeeIn 
        freshwater lakes and reservoirs, SolarBee solves problems of blue-green algae, taste 
        and odor, and release of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide from bottom 
        sediments.
      
        In freshwater lakes and reservoirs for fishery improvement,  In recreational lakes and ponds, the 
          SolarBee can provide blue-green algae control, increase oxygen levels, prevent 
          fish kills, improve fish habitats and enhance the recreational and environmental 
        value.
      In stormwater ponds, the SolarBee 
        provides blue-green algae control, odor control and eliminates aesthetic issues.  Please call or email us at SolarBee to request a system evaluation, quotation 
      or feel free to call with any questions or comments.  Harvey Hibl, Regional Manager, Westminster, CO, 303-469-4001, 
      877-469-4001 (Toll Free).  Installation and use of Axial and Centrifugal Flow Pumps
  By:  David R. Wood and Gary C. Luisi, Fish Farming News, 2006 Choosing a water pump for recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) based on 
      proper sizing and price is standard practice throughout the aquaculture 
      industry. The need for choosing a pump 
            that can provide the proper power to overcome head loss while being easy 
            to maintain and cost effective is crucial for aquatic animal culture. However, other considerations exist for choosing pumps that are independent 
      of price or size.  A comprehensive system design can aid in pump selection and 
      will include planning for the rigorous use encountered in a RAS.  Ideally a 
      thorough system design will include not only issues of cost such as a 
      comparative cost analysis of several market varieties of pumps, cost of labor 
      involved in installation and maintenance, and any warranty issues, but also the 
      electrical requirements of the pump, material the pump is made out of, the 
      salinity of the system, and placement of the pump in the system.  This will not 
      only insure proper pump choice for the system design but increase cost savings 
      for the life of the pump. Axial or centrifugal?
  Two types of pumps are commonly used in RAS's, axial and centrifugal flow. 
      These pumps differ primarily in the way the water goes through the pump. In an axial pump, the inflow and the outflow go in the same direction as 
        the rotation of the blades. Axial pumps increase water velocity without 
        increasing its pressure.
        In a centrifugal pump, the direction of water discharge is at a right 
          angle to the direction of the incoming water. The water moves into the pump to 
          an impeller that spins, causing the water to whirl away from the impeller.  
          The water is then channeled out of the pump via a circular casing around the 
          impeller. Since the water is cast out equally in all directions, there is no 
        net increase in the velocity, but the water is discharged with more pressure. Because of these mechanical differences, each pump has its own unique uses 
      that should be carefully considered.  A typical RAS consists of water being 
      pumped from a sump to a higher elevation point from which it flows by gravity, 
      through the system.  Depending on the types of biofiltration, solid removal, 
      ozonation, and oxygenation components the water is being pumped through, the 
      system can be classified as either a "low-head" or a "high-head" system. Low-head systems
  Systems categorized as low-head are usually large, such as growout systems, 
      which do not have high pressure components and work primarily by gravity.  Axial 
      flow pumps are very efficient at head ranges of 8' to 20' and are designed for 
      pumping high volumes of water.  For this reason, properly sized axial flow pumps 
      submerged in the sump will provide plenty of flow for low-head systems. Because 
      they are submerged in the sump, these pumps also have reduced sound and heat 
      generation.  A downside of submerged axial pumps is they are exposed to water 
      and can corrode over time especially if used in a saltwater system. A way to prevent the level of corrosion that will damage a pump is to 
      disassemble the pump for a thorough cleaning and degreasing. Then use a two-part 
      epoxy metal primer to coat all parts that come in contact with water.  Allow the 
      primer to dry for a minimum of 24 hours then use a two-part finishing coat on 
      the pump taking care to use a thin coat around the impellers. The impellers 
      should spin freely after the pump is dry.  When reassembling, it is 
      advisable to use an aqueous lubricant on all hardware. Let the pump dry for at least 48 
          hours after coating, then the pump is soaked in water for 
          another 48 hours, making sure to change the water two to three times. The 
          pump is then ready to be submerged in the sump and electrically connected. High-head systems
  In contrast to a low-head system, a high-head system has several components 
      that add to the dynamic head of the system, such as pressurized biofilters or 
      oxygenation cones.  Although somewhat less efficient than axial pumps, 
      centrifugal pumps are widely used in aquaculture and have the ability to add 
      water pressure to the system. This makes them an excellent choice for high-head 
      systems. One of the downsides to centrifugal pumps is that they generate a large 
      amount of heat and noise. One solution to this is to position the pumps outside 
      the facility.  However, this solution increases the pump's exposure to the 
      elements and will decrease the life of the pump unless precautions are made.  
      Keeping the pump out of direct sunlight and pre-treating it will increase its 
      operating life. Plan ahead for repair
      Whether using an axial or centrifugal pump, be sure to plumb-in check valves 
      and water shunting valves to enable the efficient removal of the pump in case of 
      needed repair. This is especially true for electrical maintenance. In general, all pumps and motor controls with electrical hookups should be 
      accessible with clear access (no obstruction) in front of the electrical 
      devices. Depending on the voltage of the component there is a height and width 
      requirement.  The national electrical code states the requirements for all space 
      allocation for electrical devices. There are several factors to consider when using any electrical device in an 
      aquaculture facility and pumps are no different: Ensure that the pump is properly grounded and bonded to reduce the chance of 
        it becoming a sacrificial anode. This condition speeds up the effect of 
        electrolysis reducing the pump life.
        When wiring a pump care must be taken to ensure the proper rotation of the 
          pump. If the phasing is not correct the equipment (mainly a motor) will rotate 
          counterclockwise and will not function as designed and cause damage the pump.  
          Use a phase rotation meter to identify the correct phasing of the supply 
          conductors to ensure that the pump is wired correctly.  If the motor is 
          running counterclockwise all that is needed is to swap any two of the 
        three-phase supply conductors.
        All motors have a wiring diagram on them as to which wires to connect to the 
          supply conductors (LI, L2 & L3), and which motor wires to interconnect for the 
        required voltage.
        When installing a submersible pump, always use a ground fault circuit 
          interrupter (GFCI). They are designed to protect people from electrical shock 
          by interrupting a circuit if there is a difference in potential in the 
        currents flowing between the hot and neutral conductor.
        Fuses and circuit breakers are not adequate protection from electrocution and 
          are only designed to protect wiring and equipment. The national electrical 
          code specifies the locations where GFCI's are to be installed.  Generally a 
          GFCI should be placed where the use of portable electrical devices are used 
          near damp or wet locations. GFCI's are available for specific voltages, and 
        for single-phase and three-phase applications. Know your voltage
  When purchasing equipment for your facility, know the supply voltage of the 
      facility. Under-voltage and over-voltage can damage a motor and shorten its life 
      span.  Electrical equipment is manufactured with a +/- 5% voltage tolerance.  
      Most motors are dual voltage such as 115/230 volt. To change the motor voltage 
      from 230 to 115 volt operation, refer to the schematic (wiring diagram) on the 
      motor casing or on the motor junction box.  Rewire the internal motor leads for 
      115 volt operation. This will also increase the amperage draw for that motor. For a three-phase motor, a boosting transformer or auto-transformer must be 
      installed to provide the correct voltage.  If the incoming supply voltage 
      is different from the motor voltage, and the system uses a large number of motors, 
      install a distribution system to deliver the correct voltage to the motors. All electrical equipment should 
          be properly grounded thru an equipment grounding conductor.  If a 
          ground connection looks corroded disconnect it and clean the surface. Use a 
          wire brush on the surface and on the wire.  Reconnect the ground wire 
          and coat with an electrical sealant. Power concerns
      There are also many variables to address when considering the use of 
      emergency power devices: The 
        kilowatt (kw) rating of the generator being used,
        The 
        load connected to the generator,
        The 
        emergency power distribution, and
        The use 
        of magnetic contactors and manual motor starters should all be factored in. In general, an emergency generator should be sequentially connected to its 
      load and must be sized based on the connected load.  Avoid connecting an 
      instantaneous load on the generator. This creates an inrush current once power 
      is restored after a power outage event. Depending on the size of the inrush 
      current it might trip the generators main breaker. There are two methods that can be used to avoid a significant inrush current.  
      For small loads (without a transfer switch) turn off all the equipment. Start 
      the generator, and then turn on equipment one at a time.  For generators with a 
      transfer switch, the installation of timers ahead of the motors is a solution. 
      Select time frames and then select groups of equipment to be energized for those 
      time frames.  An additional concern in using emergency power supply devices 
      is the use of magnetic contactors and magnetic starters. These devices are 
      designed to require equipment to be started manually once power is disrupted. 
      This is a safety design so the equipment will not restart automatically thereby 
      damaging it. A pump starting automatically after a power outage without proper water flow 
      is an example. The use of a magnetic contactors and starters would not be 
      recommended for use on equipment that needs to start automatically after a power 
      outage - such as an air supply blower. In this case use a manual 
      starter. Selection of equipment based upon this application is important.  Taking time 
      to consider all factors involved in pump selection will save time and money, and 
      increase confidence in the performance of a system.  Understanding individual 
      and group contributions of the pump will enable an aquaculture manager to make 
      appropriate system design and operation decisions.  AFS 36th Annual Meeting
      Milwaukee, Wisconsin -where Great Lakes and inland fisheries 
      converge-is the venue for the 36th Annual Meeting of the Wisconsin Chapter of the American Fisheries Society to be held January 9-11, 2007. This conference explores the relationship between fisheries, management, and 
      people, recognizing that each affects, and has an effect on, the other. An array 
      of relevant topics will be explored in depth with this complexity in mind. The 
      conference will have something for everyone - from specialized fisheries 
      scientists and professionals to researchers to managers and budding 
      Young-of-Year students. Experts in their respective fields will gather to share 
      their knowledge, network, as well as learn. This conference will continue to offer an opportunity to learn about cutting 
      edge biological, genetic, and ecological research and management currently going 
      on throughout the State of Wisconsin. This conference will also feature social 
      aspects of fisheries management such as: perception and impact of bag limits and 
      signage regulations on fisheries (Do they work?), tournament fishing issues, 
      successful private-public partnerships that lead to protection and enhancement 
      of fisheries, relationship between fisheries and economies of local communities. Join us at downtown Milwaukee's high-class 
          Hyatt Regency, in the heart of downtown Milwaukee. Reservations for the 
          conference should be made no later than Dec, 11, 2006, to take advantage of 
          the special conference rate.  Hotel Reservation Department phone 
          414-276-1234, 
          800-233-1234. For more information contact: Tom Slawski President Elect, Wt-AFS W239 N1812 
      Rockwood Dr. P.O. Box 1607 Waukesha, Wl 53187-1607 Email: [email protected] Phone: 262-547-6721 Fax:262-547-1103.   **Return
            to MTAN selection pageReturn to Ashland FRO home pageReturn to Region 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service**  Product and company
            names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only.
            It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government.
 
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