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R K ER , I I I J ERRY M . M A RTI N Et ow a h, Te nne s s e e K noxvi l l e , Te nne s s e e



### O P I N I O N

AFFI R M ED AND R

EM ANDED Sus a no, J .2 Thi s i s a de c l a r a t or y j udgm e nt a c t i on. I n t he c o m p l a i nt , W

e ndySe t t e r s ( M

r s . Se t t e r s ) s eeks a decl a r a t i o nt h a t a n e xc l us i on i n he r a ut om obi l e i ns ur a nc e pol i c y i s i nva l i d a s a g a i n s t pub lic p o lic y ; a n d , a lte r n a tiv e l y , th a t the e x c l u s i o n , due t o a n a m

bi gui t y i n t he i ns ur a nc e pol i c y, i s une nf or c e a bl e a ga i ns t he r . The s ubj e c t pr ovi s i on e xc l ude s t he e xt e ns i on of l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge t o a n i ns ur e d w he n t ha t pe r s on’ s ne gl i ge nc e c a us e s i nj ur y t o a f a m i l y m e m be r . R

e l yi ng on t hi s e xc l us i on, t he de f e nd a nt , Pe r m

a ne nt G

e ne r a l A

s s ur a nce C

or p or a t i o n( Pe r m

a ne nt G e ne r a l ) , de ni e dco v e r a g e w i t hr e s p ect t ocl a i m s as s e r t e db yM

r s . Se t t e r s i ndi vi dua l l y a nd on be ha l f of he r c hi l dr e n a r i s i ng s ol e l y out of i nj ur i e s s us t a i ne d by t he c hi l dr e n i n a n a ut om obi l e acci de nt . The acci de nt w a s cau s e d , i np a r t , b yt he ne g l i g e nt dr i vi ng of he r hus ba nd. The t r i a l c our t gr a nt e d Pe r m a ne nt G e ne r a l ’ s m

ot i on f or j udgm

e nt on t he pl e a di ngs , f i ndi ng t he e xc l us i on t o be “ va l i d, e nf or c e a bl e a nd not vi ol a t i ve of t he publ i c pol i c y” of Te nne s s e e . Pl a i nt i f f a ppe a l s , r a i s i ng t w o i s s ue s t ha t pr e s e nt t he f ol l ow i ng que s t i ons : 1. I s a pr ovi s i on i n a n a ut om obi l e i ns ur a nc e pol i c y e xc l udi ng c ove r a ge f or l i a bi l i t y t o a “ f a m i l y m e m be r ” vi ol a t i ve of t he publ i c pol i c y of Te nne s s e e ? 2. I s t he l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge i n t he s ubj e c t pol i c y a m

bi guous s o a s t o w a r r a nt a s t r i c t c ons t r uc t i on a ga i ns t Pe r m a ne nt G

e ne r a l ?3 I

O ur r e vi e w

i n t hi s c a s e i s gove r ne d by w e l l

- e s t a bl i s he d r ul e s : [ W

] e ar e b o un dt ot r eat as f a l s e al l a l l e ga t i ons of . . . t he m ovi ng pa r t y, w

hi c h a r e de ni e d , andas t r u e al l w e l l

- p l eade d a l l e ga t i ons c ont a i ne d i n t he pl e a di ngs of . . . t he oppone nt of t he m ot i on. Se e Tr i gg v . M i ddl e T

e nn. E l ec. M e m b e r s hi p C

o rp . , 533 S . W . 2d 730, 732- 33 ( Te nn. A pp. 1975) . I n ot he r w

or ds , on a n a ppe a l f r om a n or de r a l l ow i ng a j udgm

e nt on t he pl e a di ngs . . . a l l w e l l

- p l eade df act s andal l r eas o n a b l e i nf e r e nces dr a w

nt he r e f r o m

m u s t b e accept e d a s t r u e . Tr i gga t 733 ( c i t i ng D ar w i nv . T

o w n of C ooke v i l l e , 170 Te nn. 508, 97 S . W . 2d 838 ( 1936) ; R

odge r s v . R

odge r s , 53 Te nn. 489 ( 1871) ) . C

onc l us i ons of l a w a r e not a dm

i t t e d nor s houl d j udgm

e nt on t he pl e a di ngs be gr a nt e d unl e s s t he m ovi ng pa r t y i s c l e a r l y e nt i t l e dtojudg m e nt. Tr i gga t 733.

M c C l e nahanv . C

ool ey , 806 S . W

. 2d 767, 769 ( Te nn. 1991) . Thus , i n t he i n s t a nt cas e w e accept as t r u e al l w e l l

- p l eade df act s i nt he c om pl a i nt . W

e m us t t he n de t e r m

i ne w he t he r , on t he f a c e of t ha t p l e a di n g , th e p l a i ntif f is e ntitle dtom o v e f or w

a r d . A

g a i n s t t hi s ba c kgr ound, w e be gi n our a na l ys i s .

I I

Pe r m a ne nt G

e ne r a l i s s u e dt oM r s . Se t t e r s andhe r hus ba nd, W

i l l i a m Se t t e r s , a n a ut om obi l e i ns ur a nc e pol i c y. The pol i c y i nc l ude s l i a bi l i t y i ns ur a nc e c ove r a ge f or “ ‘ bodi l y i nj ur y’4

or ‘ pr ope r t y da m

a ge ’ f or w

hi c h a ny ‘ i ns ur e d’ be c om e s l e ga l l y r e s pons i bl e . ” The pol i c y de f i ne s “ i ns ur e d” i n pa r t a s “ you or a ny ‘ f a m

i l y m e m be r . ’ ” I t f ur t he r pr ovi de s t ha t Pe r m a ne nt G

e ne r a l ha s “ no dut y t o de f e nd a ny s ui t or s e t t l e a ny c l a i m f or ‘ bodi l y i nj ur y’ or ‘ pr ope r t y da m a ge ’ not c ove r e d unde r t hi s pol i c y. ” The pol i c y c ont a i ns a num be r of e xc l us i ons . O ne of t he s e e xc l us i ons i s s t a t e da s f o llo w s :

A . W e do not pr ovi de Li a bi l i t y C ove r a ge f or a ny pe r s on: * * * 10. For bodi l y i nj ur y t o you or a ny “ f a m i l y me mb e r . ”

The t e r m

“f a m i l ym e m b e r ” i s de f i n e di nt he p o l i c yas

a pe r s on r e l a t e d t o you by bl ood, m a r r i a ge or a dopt i on w

ho i s a r e s i de nt of your hous e hol d. Thi s i nc l ude s a w a r d or f os t e r c hi l d.

So o na f t e r the p o lic yw e nt int oe f f e c t, M r . S e tte r s w

a s dr i vi ng a n a ut om

obi l e w

he n he w

a s i nvol ve d i n a c ol l i s i on w i t h a n o t he r v e hi c l e . The acci de nt w a s cau s e d , at l eas t i np a r t , b y hi s ne gl i ge nc e . The Se t t e r s ’ m i nor c hi l dr e n, M

e l a ni e A

nn Se t t e r s a ndN i c o l e K

r y s t a l Se t t e r s , w e r e p a s s e n g e r s i nM r . Se t t e r s ’ car a nd w e r e i nj ur e d i n t he a c c i de nt . M r s . Se t t e r s s ubs e que nt l y m a de de m a nd upon Pe r m

a ne nt G

e ne r a l f or pa ym

e nt of da m

a ge s s us t a i ne d a s a r e s ul t of t he c hi l dr e n’ s i nj ur i e s . Ba s e d upon t he “ f a m i l y5

m e m b e r ” exc l u s i o ni nt he p o l i c y , Pe r m a ne nt G

e ne r a l r e f u s e dt o honor he r c l a i m

s a nd t hi s l i t i ga t i on r e s ul t e d.

III

The f i r s t is s u e r a i s e db yM r s . S e tte r s is w

he t he r e nf or c e m

e nt of t he pol i c y’ s e xc l us i on of l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge f or i nj ur i e s t o a f a m i l y m e m be r vi ol a t e s t he publ i c pol i c y of Te nne s s e e . She a r gue s t ha t by e xc l udi ng “ i nnoc e nt vi c t i m s f r om c ove r a ge ” a nd “ unf a i r l y e xpos i ng t he i ns ur e d t o l i a bi l i t y w i t hout c ove r a ge , ” t hi s e xc l us i on c ont r a ve ne s t he publ i c pol i c y of Te nne s s e e , a s e xpr e s s e d i n t he Fi na nc i a l R e s pons i bi l i t y La w of 1977, a s a m

e nde d ( t he A

c t ) , T. C. A

. § 55- 12- 101 e t s e q . I n he r br i e f , s he pr i m

a r i l y r e l i e s upon a c a s e f r om W a s hi ngt on, M

ut ua l o f E num c l a w I ns . C

o . v . W

i s c o m b , 634 P. 2d 441 ( W a s h. 1982) . I n t ha t c a s e , t he Supr e m e C our t of W

a s hi ngt on de c l a r e d t ha t t he s e t ype s of f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i ons w

e r e voi d a s a ga i ns t t he publ i c p o lic yo f th a t s t a t e . W itha ll du e de f e r e n c e toth a t c o ur t a n d its r e a s o ni n g , w

e f i n dth a t the la w o f thi s jur i s di c tio nis ot he r w i s e . Te nne s s e e c our t s ha ve c ons i s t e nt l y he l d t ha t f a m i l y m e m b e r e x c l u s i on s inli a b i l i t yins ur a n c e p o l i c i e s a r e v a l i d . Se e e . g . , H

o l t v . St at e F

ar m M ut. A ut o. I ns . C

o . , 486 S . W

. 2d 734, 735 ( Te nn. 1972) ; O

m aha P r ope r t y &

C as ual t y I ns . C

o. V . Johns on , 866 S . W . 2d 539, 541 ( Te nn. A pp. 1993) ; B

eef N ’ B i r do f A m e r i c a, I nc . v . C o ntine nt a l C

as ua lty C

o . , 803 S . W

. 2d 234, 237 ( Te nn. A pp.6

1990) ; a nd D

r e s s l e r v . St at e F ar m M ut. A ut o. I ns . C

o . , 376 S . W

. 2d 700, 702 ( Te nn. A pp. 1963) . I n Ho l t , t he Supr e m e C our t r e a f f i r m

e d t he hol di ng of D r e ssl e r th a t [ c ] l a u s e s i ni n s ur a nce cont r act s ex c l u di n g f r om c ove r a ge m

e m be r s of t he i ns ur e d’ s f a m i l y or hous e hol d a r e va l i d a nd bi ndi ng. Ho l t , 486 S . W

. 2d a t 735 ( quot i ng D r e ssl e r , 376 S . W

. 2d a t 702) . I n m or e ge ne r a l t e r m

s , t he c our t s of t hi s s t a t e ha ve he l d t ha t

“ c l e a r l y w

or de d e xc l us i on[ s ] ” t ha t l i m i t , but do not c om pl e t e l y ne ga t e , ot he r ge ne r a l pr ovi s i ons w i t hi n a pol i c y, a r e not c ont r a r y t o publ i c pol i c y. B eef N ’ B i r do f A m e r i c a , 803 S . W

. 2d a t 237.

Thi s cour t addr e s s e da case s i m i l a r t ot he i n s t a nt cas e i n t he unr e por t e d c a s e of J. C . P e nney C

as ua l t y I ns . C

o . v . D ougl as , C

/ A N o. 01A 01- 9010- C

H - 00338, 1991 W

L3311 ( Te nn. A

pp. , M . S . , f ile dJ a nu a r y1 8 , 1 9 9 1 , Ca nt r e ll, J .). Th a t c a s e inv o l v e d t w o que s t i ons : w

he t he r t he i ns ur e d’ s s t e ps on f e l l w i t hi n a f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i on s i m i l a r t o t he one a t i s s ue he r e , a nd w he t he r s uc h a c l a us e w

a s vi ol a t i ve of publ i c pol i c y. A s i s t he c a s e he r e , t he f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i on w

a s a l l e ge d t o be i n c onf l i c t w i t h t he pol i c y unde r l yi ng t he A c t . The c our t i n J. C . P e nney he l d t ha t t he s t e ps on f e l l w i t hi n t he e xc l us i on; a nd t ha t t he p o lic yw

a s c o n s i s t e nt w

iththe A

c t ’ s m a n d a t e s w

ithr e s p e c t to pr oof of f i na nc i a l r e s pons i bi l i t y. I d . 1991 W L3311 a t *4. The c our t a l s o not e d t ha t a c our t ’ s a ut hor i t y t o de c l a r e publ i c7

p o l i c yi s cl ear l yci r c um s c r i b e d . I d. 1991 W L3311 a t *3. A

s s t a t e d by t he Supr e m e C our t i n Sm

i t hv . G

o r e , 728 S . W

. 2d 738 ( Te nn. 1987) ,

[ t ] he C

o ur t is n o t f r e e toe s t a b lis hw h a t its m e m be r s be l i e ve t o be t he be s t pol i c y f or t he St a t e ; r a t he r , w

e m u s t de t e r m

i n e w he r e pub l i c pol i c y i s t o be f ound, w ha t t he s pe c i f i c publ i c pol i c y i s , a nd how i t i s a ppl i c a bl e t o t he c a s e a t ha nd. O r di na r i l y, t he C

our t i s n o t the in s titutio nth a t is c a lle dup o nto di vi ne t he na t ur e of publ i c pol i c y i n i t s m o s t g e n e r a l te r m

s ; thi s C

o ur t u s u a lly de c i de s w

he t he r or not a ny c ont r ol l i ng publ i c pol i c y ha s be e n e s t a bl i s he d or de c l a r e d a nd t he n de t e r m

i ne s how

i t a ppl i e s t o a p a r t i c ul a r cas e . I d. a t 746. The s e pr i nc i pl e s w e r e f ol l ow

e d by t he c our t i n J. C . P e nney , a nd w

e be l i e ve t he y c ont r ol he r e . The l e gi s l a t i ve br a nc h i s ve s t e d w i t h t he pr i m

a r y a ut hor i t y t o e s t a bl i s h publ i c pol i c y. C r aw f or d v . B

uc kne r , 839 S . W . 2d 754, 759 ( Te nn. 1992) ( c i t i ng H y de v. H

y de , 562 S . W

. 2d 194, 196 ( Te nn. 1978) ) . W e be l i e ve t ha t a ny de t e r m i na t i on t ha t f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i ons a r e vi ol a t i ve of publ i c pol i c y m us t be l e f t t o t he G e ne r a l A

s s e m bl y. W

e not e t ha t body ha s ha d a m pl e oppor t uni t y t o a ddr e s s t hi s i s s ue i n t he A c t a nd e l s e w

he r e , ye t ha s f a i l e d t o do s o.

The r ecent cas e o f B r oadw e l l by B

r oadw e l l v . H

ol m e s , 871 S . W

. 2d 471 ( Te nn. 1994) , doe s not c om pe l a c ont r a r y8

c onc l us i on. The r e t he Supr e m e C our t l i m

i t e d pa r e nt a l i m

m uni t y, hol di ng t ha t

[ p ] a r e nt a l im

m unityinTe nn e s s e e is lim ite d t o c onduc t t ha t c ons t i t ut e s t he e xe r c i s e of pa r e nt a l a ut hor i t y, t he pe r f or m a nc e of pa r e nt a l s upe r vi s i on, a nd t he pr ovi s i on of p a r e nt a l car e andcu s t o dy . I d . a t 476- 77. The B r oadw e l l cas e f o l l o w

e do nt he “heel s ” o f t he a bol i t i on of t he doc t r i ne of s pous a l i m m uni t y i n t he Supr e m e C o ur t cas e o f D

a v i s v. D

a v i s , 657 S . W

. 2d 753 ( Te nn. 1983) . M r s . Se t t e r s a r gue s t ha t t he s e de c i s i ons s houl d be “ l ogi c a l l y” e xt e nde d t o i nva l i da t e a ny c l a us e i n a n i ns ur a nc e pol i c y t ha t e xc l ude s l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge f or i nj ur i e s t o a s pous e or ot he r f a m i l ym e m b e r . W

e di s a gr ee.

The case of E

l am v . P r o t e c t i v e I ns . C

o . a ndP

e r m a ne nt G e ne r a l A

ssur anc e C

o r p . , 1987 W

L13829 ( Te nn. A

pp. , W . S . , f i l e d J ul y 16, 1987, N

e a r n, J . ) , r e v ’ d on ot he r gr ounds , 1990 W L458 ( Te nn. , f i l e d J a nua r y 8, 1990, not de s i gna t e d f or publ i c a t i on, O ’ Br i e n , J . ) , addr e s s e dt he ef f ect o f Da v i s ’ a bol i t i on of s pous a l i m m uni t y on a f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i on i n a n i ns ur a nc e pol i c y t ha t ope r a t e d t o de ny l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge t o a w i f e w hos e hus ba nd w

a s i nj ur e d a s a r e s ul t of t he f or m e r ’ s ne gl i ge nc e . The c our t f ound t h a t the Da v i s de c i s i on, w hi c h a ddr e s s e d w

he t he r one s pous e c oul d br i ng a n a c t i on a ga i ns t t he ot he r i n t or t , ha d no be a r i ng on t ha t c a s e , w

hi c h, a s he r e , i nvol ve d t he i nt e r pr e t a t i on of a c ont r a c t of i ns ur a nc e . El am , 1987 W

L13829 a t *2. The c our t w e nt on t o9

s t a t e t ha t “ s pous a l e xc l us i on pr ovi s i ons i n a l i a bi l i t y pol i c y a r e not vi ol a t i ve of publ i c pol i c y. ” I d. ( c iting D r e ssl e r v . St at e F

ar m M ut. A ut o. I ns . C

o . , 376 S . W

. 2d 700 ( Te nn. A

pp. 1963) ) . El am

i s a na l ogous t o t he c a s e a t ha nd. I n our j udgm e nt , t he de c i s i ons i n B r oadw e l l a nd Da v i s , w

hi c hM r s . Se t t e r s as k s t h a t w e ext e ndt oi nv a l i d a t e t he f a m i l ym e m b e r e xc l us i on he r e , do not ha ve t he “ e l a s t i c i t y” s ugge s t e d by he r . W e do not r e a d B

r oadw e l l t o r e qui r e i nva l i da t i on of t hi s e xc l us i ona r y pr ovi s i on on publ i c pol i c y gr ounds . Fur t he r m or e , c a s e s de c i de d s ubs e que nt t o B r oadw e l l ha ve uphe l d s i m i l a r f a m

i l y m e m be r e xc l us i ons , w i t hout e xpr e s s i ng a ny r e s e r va t i ons ba s e d on publ i c pol i c y gr ounds . See, e. g . , St at e F ar m M ut. A ut o. I ns . C

o . v . D o t s o n , C

/ A N o. 02A 01- 9407- C

V - 00166, 1995 W

L548784 ( Te nn. A pp. , W . S . , f i l e d Se pt e m be r 18, 1995, H

i ghe r s , J . ) a nd Alls t at e I ns . C o . V . Sum m e r s , C / A N o. 01A 01- 9407- C

V - 00361, 1994 W

L719839 ( Te nn . A

pp ., M . S ., f i l e dD

e c e m b e r 3 0 , 1 9 9 4 , Le w i s , J . ) . The c our t i n D

ot s ona f f i r m

a tiv e l ys t a t e dth a t “ e x c l u s i o n a r y pr ovi s i ons i n a ut om obi l e i ns ur a nc e pol i c i e s a r e not i nc ons i s t e nt w i t hthe p ub l i c p o l i c yo f thi s s t a t e . ” D ot s on , 1995 W

L548784 a t *3.

A

n i ns ur a nc e pol i c y m us t be c ons t r ue d i n a r e a s ona bl e , l ogi c a l m

a nne r , s o a s t o e f f e c t ua t e t he i nt e nt i on of t he pa r t i e s . J. C . P e nney , 1991 W

L3311 a t *2. Pa r t i e s t o a n i ns ur a nc e c o nt r act ar e f r ee t oco nt r act as t he ys ee f i t s ol o n gas t he y10

r e m a i n w i t hi n t he bounds of l a w , i nc l udi ng publ i c pol i c y. El am , 1987 W L 13829 a t *2. G i ve n t he s e c ons i de r a t i ons , a nd t he a ut hor i t y i n t hi s s t a t e hol di ng t ha t f a m i l y m e m be r e xc l us i ons i n lia b ilityp o lic i e s a r e c o n s i s t e nt w iththe p ub lic p o lic yo f Te nne s s e e , w

e hol d t ha t t he e xc l us i on a t i s s ue i n t hi s c a s e i s not c ont r a r y t o publ i c pol i c y.

I V

M r s . Se t t e r s ’ s e c ond i s s ue r a i s e s t he que s t i on of w he t he r t he t e r m

s of t he pol i c y c r e a t e s uc h a n a m bi gui t y a s t o r e qui r e a s t r i c t c ons t r uc t i on i n he r f a vor . W e do not f i nd a ny a m bi gui t y i n t he r e l e va nt pr ovi s i ons of t he pol i c y.

I t i s t r ue t ha t a m bi guous pr ovi s i ons i n a n i ns ur a nc e pol i c y a r e t o be c ons t r ue d a ga i ns t t he i ns ur e r ; how e ve r , i n t he a bs e nc e of a ny a m bi gui t y, it is the dut yo f the C o ur t.. . to ta ke the or di na r y m

e a ni ng of t he w

or ds us e d, f a vor i ng n e i t he r p a r t yinthe i r c o n s t r u c t i o n ... The c our t s c a nnot c r e a t e a n a m bi gui t y w

he r e none e xi s t s . O m aha P r ope r t y &

C as ual t y I ns . C

o. , 866 S . W

. 2d a t 541 ( quot i ng W i ne c o f f v . N at i o nw i de M ut. I ns . C

o . , 444 S . W

. 2d 84, 87 ( Te nn. 1969) a nd I nre C l e m e nt ’ s E

s t at e , 414 S . W

. 2d 644, 646 ( Te nn. 1967) ) . I n a ddi t i on, a s s t a t e d by t hi s c our t ,11 [ s ] o l ong a s a n e xc l us i ona r y c l a us e m e r e l y l i m i t s c ove r a ge a nd doe s not t ot a l l y e m a s c ul a t e a pr e vi o u s l ys t a t e dco v e r a g e , t hi s C our t doe s not c onc e i ve a c l e a r l y w or de d e xc l us i on t o be r e pugna nt t o a pr e vi ous g e ne r a l s t a t e m

e nt o f co v e r a g e .

B eef N ’ B i r d , 803 S . W

. 2d a t 237. Tha t i s t he s i t ua t i on now be f or e us . The pol i c y c ont a i ns a s t a t e m e nt of c ove r a ge , f ol l ow e d by a pr ovi s i on r e l i e vi ng Pe r m a ne nt G

e ne r a l of t he obl i ga t i on t o de f e ndor s e t t l e cl a i m s t h a t ar e n o t co v e r e d . I t l a t e r e num e r a t e s cer t a i nex c l u s i o n s , or s p eci f i c ci r c um s t a nces un de r w hi c h t he pol i c y’ s l i a bi l i t y c ove r a ge doe s not a ppl y. W e do not f i nd t he s e va r i ous pr ovi s i ons , w he n r e a d t oge t he r , t o be a m bi guous . The r e i s c ove r a ge e xc e pt w he n t ha t c ove r a ge i s e xpr e s s l y e xc l ude d.

W e a r e w

itho ut a ut h or ityto“ r e w r ite p o lic i e s o f i ns ur a nc e t o pr ovi de c ove r a ge w he r e no c ove r a ge w a s i nt e nde d. ” S pe ar s v . C

om m e r c i al I ns . C

o. O f N e w ar k, N . J. , 866 S . W

. 2d 544, 548 ( Te nn. A

pp. 1993) . Si nc e w e f i nd no a m

bi gui t y i n t he r e l e va nt l a ngua ge of t he pol i c y he r e , w e hol d t ha t M

r s . Se t t e r s ’ s e c ond i s s ue i s a l s o w i t hout m

e r i t . The j udgm

e nt of t he t r i a l c our t i s a f f i r m e d. C os t s on a pp eal ar e as s e s s e dt ot he app e l l a nt andhe r s ur e t y . Thi s cas e i s r e m a nde d t o t he t r i a l c our t f or c ol l e c t i on of c os t s a s s e s s e d t he r e , pur s ua nt t o a ppl i c a bl e l a w .12 _________________________ C h a r l e s D

. Su s a n o , J r ., J . CONC UR:

_________________________ H ous t on M

. G odda r d, P. J .

_________________________ H e r s c he l P. Fr a nk s , J .