FILED 

 U.S.COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 12/08/99 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

____________________________

No. 98-2881

____________________________

D.C. Docket No. 4:97-cr-79-RH

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

KRISTOPHER DOUGLAS WARD,

Defendant-Appellee.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

___________________________

(December 8, 1999)

Before BLACK and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

WILSON, Circuit Judge:
2

The United States appeals a judgment of acquittal granted on three counts of a

six-count indictment charging Kristopher Douglas Ward with bankruptcy fraud and

money laundering, after a jury found him guilty on all six counts. For the reasons

discussed below, we affirm Ward’s acquittal on two of the bankruptcy fraud counts

and reverse his acquittal on the money laundering count. We remand this case for

sentencing on that count. 

I. BACKGROUND

Appellant Kristopher Douglas Ward was engaged in the logging business. He

owned Action Industry, a sole proprietorship which provided hydraulics and supplies

and performed hydraulic repairs for other loggers. After financial setbacks, Ward

formed a corporation, Action Industry Trust, Inc., that would take over the sole

proprietorship. Ward executed a bill of sale transferring the assets of the sole

proprietorship to the new corporation. He then filed a personal petition for bankruptcy

under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. The government indicted Ward and charged

him with four counts of bankruptcy fraud for making false statements under oath on

his bankruptcy petition, one count of concealing assets and one count of money

laundering in connection with certain concealed assets. 
1 Defendant has not appealed the district court’s denial of his motion for judgment of

acquittal pertaining to Counts I, II and III. We shall briefly discuss these counts inasmuch as they

are necessary for an understanding of the record on appeal and insofar as they pertain to Count VI

which charges money laundering. Our reasoning regarding Count VI for money laundering is

premised on the sufficiency of evidence for Count III. 

3

A jury found Ward guilty on all six counts charged in the indictment, including

the one count of concealment of assets in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152, four counts of

making a false oath in a bankruptcy proceeding in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152, and

one count of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. Ward moved for a

judgment of acquittal pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29(c). The

district court denied the motion as to the false oath charges in Counts I, II, and III of

the Indictment1

 and granted the motion as to Counts IV, V and VI. In Count IV of the

Indictment, the government alleged that Ward knowingly and fraudulently made a

false oath that he sold Action Industry in 1992. Count V alleged that Ward

knowingly and fraudulently made a false oath that his gross income for 1991 and 1992

was $15,000. Count VI alleged that Ward knowingly and willfully conducted or

attempted to conduct monetary withdrawals involving proceeds of a specified

unlawful activity with the intent to conceal and disguise the location, source,

ownership and control of these proceeds. The government appealed the district

court’s grant of Ward’s motion for judgment of acquittal on Counts IV, V and VI.

II. DISCUSSION
2 All decisions rendered by the former Fifth Circuit prior to October 1, 1981 are

precedent in this Court. See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981). 

4

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court has jurisdiction to review a final decision of a district court. See 28

U.S.C. § 1291. In considering a motion for the entry of judgment of acquittal under

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29(c), a district court should apply the same

standard used in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction. See

United States v. Sellers, 871 F.2d 1019, 1020 (11th Cir. 1989). The district court must

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. See id. (citing

Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942), superceded by rule on other

grounds, Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987)). The court must resolve

any conflicts in the evidence in favor of the government, see United States v. Taylor,

972 F.2d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 1992), and must accept all reasonable inferences that

tend to support the government’s case. See United States v. Burns, 597 F.2d 939, 941

(5th Cir. 1979).2

 The court must ascertain whether a reasonable jury could have found

the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Sellers, 871 F.2d at 1021 (citing

United States v. O’Keefe, 825 F.2d 314, 319 (11th Cir. 1987)). “‘It is not necessary

for the evidence to exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly

inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, provided a reasonable trier of
5

fact could find that the evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Sellers, 871 F.2d at 1021 (quoting United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d 547, 549 (5th Cir.

Unit B 1982) (en banc), aff’d on other grounds, 462 U.S. 356 (1983)). A jury is free

to choose among reasonable constructions of the evidence. See Sellers, 871 F.2d at

1021. The court must accept all of the jury’s “reasonable inferences and credibility

determinations.” See id. (citing United States v. Sanchez, 722 F.2d 1501, 1505 (11th

Cir. 1984)). 

In reviewing the district court’s determination, this Court also applies the

foregoing standards. Our evaluation is comparable to a review for the sufficiency of

the evidence to sustain a conviction. See United States v. Barfield, 999 F.2d 1520,

1522 (11th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). We do not afford any deference to the

district court’s decision. See id.; see also United States v. Greer, 850 F.2d 1447, 1450

(11th Cir. 1988) (district court’s decision that the evidence was insufficient to support

the jury’s verdict is a legal issue entitled to no deference on appeal).
3 Title 11 of the United States Code governs bankruptcy proceedings. See 11 U.S.C.

§ 103. 

6

B. CONCEALMENT OF ASSETS AND FALSE OATHS 

A person can violate 18 U.S.C. § 152 if he "knowingly and fraudulently

conceals from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with

the control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case under title 11, from

creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging to the estate of a

debtor" or if he "knowingly and fraudulently makes a false oath or account in or in

relation to any case under title 11."3

 See 18 U.S.C. § 152(1), (2). The false oath must

pertain to a material matter. See United States v. Key, 859 F.2d 1257, 1261 (7th Cir.

1988) (citations omitted). The government proved beyond a reasonable doubt that

Ward concealed assets and made false oaths regarding material matters as charged in

Counts I, II and III of the Indictment, and the jury so found.

Count I of the Indictment alleged that Ward knowingly and fraudulently failed

to disclose to the bankruptcy court trustee the existence of certain bank accounts that

were part of the bankruptcy estate. The record reflects that as of January 29, 1993, the

date he filed his petition for bankruptcy, Ward had open and active accounts in his

name at Lafayette County State Bank and Citizens Bank that contained some money.

He concealed these accounts from the trustee by failing to disclose them. 
7

Count II alleged that Ward knowingly and fraudulently made a false statement

under oath at a meeting with creditors on March 2, 1993 that he had no connection

with Action Industry except that his wife purchased it. Ward operated Action

Industry, the sole proprietorship, as well as Action Industry Trust, Inc., the new

corporation that acquired the sole proprietorship’s assets. He was substantially

involved in running their day to day affairs with his wife, including paying debts,

signing invoices and checks, and deriving income from both entities. He had a

significant connection with Action Industry and Action Industry Trust, Inc., which

was a perpetuation of the sole proprietorship. Thus, his statement that he had no

connection with Action Industry was false. 

Count III alleged that Ward made a false statement under oath on bankruptcy

Schedule B that he had no checking, savings or other financial accounts nor any

accounts receivable or any inventory. Yet, there is evidence that Ward had open and

active accounts at Lafayette County State Bank and Citizens Bank containing almost

$200 as well as over $14,000 in accounts receivable. Ward collected a relatively small

portion of the accounts receivable but used the accounts as collateral to run the new

corporation. The funds in these accounts were not enormous and were collateralized.

However, according to expert testimony, Ward was still obligated to disclose them to
8

the bankruptcy court. This count is the “specified unlawful activity” upon which the

money laundering count is premised. 

The district court was correct in concluding that sufficient evidence supported

the jury’s guilty verdict on Counts I, II and III and therefore denying Ward’s motion

for judgment of acquittal on those counts. 

Count IV alleges that Ward made a false oath on Schedule I of his bankruptcy

form by stating that he sold Action Industry in 1992. The district court granted

Ward’s motion for acquittal on this charge. We determine that it was correct in so

doing. The record contains insufficient evidence upon which a reasonable jury could

rely to find Ward guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The government’s theory of

Count IV is that the sale of Action Industry was a sham; it did not occur. In support

of this theory, the government contends that Ward made inconsistent statements on

several occasions about the alleged sale. He stated that he sold it to his wife for

$8,000 and he also stated that he sold it to his brother for $8,000. The government

further contends that Ward’s bank accounts and tax returns contained no evidence of

the $8,000 sale. The government failed to prove that the sale did not occur. On

December 23, 1992, before he filed his bankruptcy petition, Ward executed a bill of

sale wherein he conveyed the assets of Action Industry for $8,000 to Action Industry
4 In the corporations’s Articles of Incorporation, Ward’s wife is listed as the president

and secretary/treasurer and his brother is listed as a shareholder. In light of the totality of the

evidence and the government’s burden of proof, the fact that the corporation was formed after the

sale of Action Industry does not render the sale a sham.

9

Trust, a valid Florida corporation.4 The $8,000 was paid to Citizen’s Bank, the

lienholder on the assets and inventory. The district court correctly granted Ward’s

motion for judgment of acquittal on Count IV.

Count V alleges that Ward knowingly and fraudulently made a false oath in his

Statement of Financial Affairs by stating that his yearly gross income for 1991 was

$15,000 and his yearly gross income for 1992 was $15,000. The question on the form

asked for gross income. The question also asked for the source. For each year, next

to the term "source," appears the term “earnings.” Additionally, for each year, the

figure "$15,000" appears next to the term "amount." The district court determined

that this was not a false statement but it was clearly nonresponsive. Ward testified

that he knew the difference between gross and net income and the record demonstrates

that his gross income was substantially higher than $15,000. However, there is no

evidence concerning whether his earnings were actually $15,000. Additionally, Ward

only completed the worksheets from which his attorney generated the form at issue.

These worksheets were not in evidence because they were destroyed in the normal

course of business. The record demonstrates that the jury did not have sufficient

evidence from which it could conclude that this statement was false. The government
10

failed to sustain its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Ward acted

knowingly and fraudulently.

C. MONEY LAUNDERING 

Count VI charges Ward with money laundering. It alleges that Ward

knowingly and willfully conducted financial transactions involving proceeds of a

specified unlawful activity with the intent to conceal and disguise the location, source,

ownership and control of the proceeds. 18 U.S.C. § 1956 proscribes the laundering

of monetary instruments. It provides in pertinent part: “Whoever, knowing that the

property involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of

unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which

in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity . . . knowing that the

transaction is designed in whole or in part . . . to conceal or disguise the nature, the

location, the source, the ownership, or the control of the proceeds of specified

unlawful activity . . .” commits a federal offense. 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i); see

also United States v. Suba, 132 F.3d 662, 674-75 (11th Cir. 1998) (discussing statute)

United States v. West, 22 F.3d 586, 590-91 (5th Cir. 1994) (discussing elements of

money laundering). 

“[T]he term ‘knowing that the property involved in a financial transaction

represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity’ means that the person
11

knew the property involved in the transaction represented proceeds from some form,

though not necessarily which form, of activity that constitutes a felony . . . . “ 18

U.S.C. § 1956(c)(1). There is record evidence upon which a reasonable jury could

have relied to conclude that the government proved this element beyond a reasonable

doubt.

“The term ’transaction’ . . . with respect to a financial institution includes a

deposit, withdrawal, transfer between accounts, exchange of currency, loan, extension

of credit, . . . or any other payment, transfer, or delivery by, through, or to a financial

institution, by whatever means effected.” 18 USCA §1956(c)(3). The government

proved that Ward engaged in monetary deposits and withdrawals from the concealed

Lafayette County State Bank account as well as the First Federal Savings Bank which

involved the concealed account receivable and the sole proprietorship. These

constitute “transactions” under this section.

The term "specified unlawful activity" includes bankruptcy fraud in violation

of 11 U.S.C. § 152. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7)(D); see also West, 22 F.3d at 591 n.12

(construing code section). Since there is sufficient evidence to support Count III, the

money laundering count is still viable notwithstanding the lack of evidence for Counts

IV and V. 
12

The language of the district court’s order itself leads to the inescapable

conclusion that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. For instance,

the court concluded that “[t]he record supports the assertion that some comparatively

small amount was collected on those [unlawfully concealed] accounts and deposited

to the accounts from which the withdrawals at issue eventually were made. This

provides some support for the government’s position.” The order goes further to

conclude that Ward was able to continue to use his concealed Lafayette County State

Bank account to:

obtain and use cash derived from accounts receivable of the sole

proprietorship to pay sole proprietorship creditors (and thus keep them

satisfied so that they would continue to deal with the new corporation),

and to funnel into the new corporation a modest amount of cash from

accounts receivable of the sole proprietorship, thus funding the new

corporation’s operations at least to a limited extend with sole

proprietorship assets. The amounts were not large, but they may have

been critical to the ability of the new corporation to get up and running.

The court further reasoned:

the small but not insignificant funds derived from sole proprietorship

accounts receivable and used by the corporation helped it get up and

running and thus contributed to its later operations. Such an infusion of

case into a business might, under some circumstances and for at least

some time, be sufficient to render all the corporation’s revenues

‘proceeds’ of specified unlawful activity, even after the infused cash was

spent.

However, the court’s reasoning is unpersuasive in its conclusion that:
5 The trial court acknowledged this holding but reasoned that “despite this principle,

. . . at some point the connection becomes too attenuated between a small, comparatively nominal

deposit and the balance in the account months later.” 

13

[e]ven in such circumstances, there presumably would be a point at

which the taint would be gone from long continuing and otherwise

lawful operations. Here the very small amount of the improper infusion,

the great predominance of legal capital and revenues, and the passage of

time take this case beyond the point at which the taint was gone. 

No legal authority supports the district court’s notion that the value of the proceeds

is particularly significant to this analysis, or its theory that funds from unlawful

activities can lose their taint under these certain circumstances. Although the district

court’s rationale may be logically persuasive, it is without a legal basis.

 To obtain a conviction under § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), the government must prove

beyond a reasonable doubt “that the party engaged in the transaction knew that the

funds used represented, in whole or in part, proceeds of a specified unlawful activity.”

United States v. Cancelliere, 69 F.3d 1116, 1119 (11th Cir. 1995)5

. Section

1956(a)(1)(B)(i) permits convictions “where the funds involved in the transaction are

derived from a commingled account of which only a part comes from ‘specified

unlawful activities.’" Id. at 1120. For example, when proceeds from a specified

unlawful activity are deposited into an account “at some indefinite point,” the

government need not trace the origin of all funds in the account to ascertain “exactly

which funds were used for what transaction.” Id. 1119-20. The district court’s
14

analysis of the nominal nature of the funds at issue and the possibility that they could

become untainted necessarily compels the government to trace the origins of the funds

and ascertain “exactly which funds were used for what transaction.” This is contrary

to Cancelliere. See id. at 1120. Moreover, the district court’s rationale belies

Congressional intent. Congress did not intend for participants in unlawful activities

to escape conviction for money laundering “simply by commingling funds derived

from both ‘specified unlawful activities’ and other activities.” Commingling of funds

“is itself suggestive of a design to hide the source of ill-gotten gains . . . .” Id.

(quoting United States v. Jackson, 935 F.2d 832, 840 (7th Cir. 1991)). 

The district court’s theory that the passage of time and the large infusion of

legal proceeds remove the taint from the illegal proceeds defeats the purpose of the

money laundering statute and promotes money laundering schemes. Because money

is fungible, the government must prove only that the tainted proceeds were

commingled with other funds. See United States v. Garcia, 37 F.3d 1359, 1365 (9th

Cir. 1994) (since money is fungible, segregation of proceeds defeats statutory

purpose). There is evidence that Ward commingled proceeds from the concealed

Lafayette County State Bank account and proceeds collected from Action Industry’s

concealed accounts receivable with legally derived funds from the new corporation.

The district court attempted to segregate the tainted funds in the commingled account
15

and in so doing, determined that their taint was lost at some point. However, the

tainted funds could not be easily divided from legal funds as the district court

suggests. When money is commingled, “the illicitly-acquired funds and the

legitimately-acquired funds . . . cannot be distinguished from each other . . . . ” United

States v. Moore, 27 F.3d 969, 976-77 (4th Cir. 1994) (interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1957).

The illicit funds cannot, in the words of the district court, become “too attenuated” or

“turn over too many times” so that no part of the funds in the accounts can be said to

be derived from amounts collected on the sole proprietorship. Once proceeds become

tainted, they cannot become untainted. 

The value of the concealed property is not an essential element of 18 U.S.C. §

152. See United States v. Grant, 971 F.2d 799, 808 (1st Cir. 1992); Kanner v. United

States, 21 F.2d 285, 286 (2d Cir. 1927). The district court erroneously focused on the

nominal value of the concealed assets in concluding that the funds at issue were not

laundered. The value of the funds at issue should not be confused with the

government’s burden of proving that the funds involved were proceeds of a crime.

This implicates the design element of the money laundering statute which requires

proof “that the funds used in the charged transaction were derived in substantial

measure from ‘specified unlawful activities’ rather than from other legal or illegal

conduct.” Jackson, 935 F.2d at 840; United States v. Garcia-Emanuel, 14 F.3d 1469,
16

1474 (10th Cir. 1994) (discussing design element). However, there is no requirement

that a “substantial portion” of the funds be derived from a specified unlawful activity

as implied by the district court. See United States v. Jackson, 983 F.2d 757, 768 (7th

Cir. 1993) (discussing Jackson, 935 F.2d at 840). The government met its burden of

proving that the funds used in several of the transactions listed in Count VI of the

Indictment were derived in “substantial measure” from bankruptcy fraud. 

III. CONCLUSION

The evidence was insufficient for a reasonable jury to have found Ward guilty

of making false oaths when stating that he sold Action Industry or when stating that

his gross income for the years 1991 and 1992 was $15,000 respectively. However,

there was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found Ward

guilty of making a false oath that he had no bank accounts or accounts receivable and

engaging in financial transactions involving those concealed accounts in violation of

the money laundering statute. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court on Counts

IV and V and REVERSE and REMAND for sentencing on Count VI.

AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART.