NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 23-1246

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

MICHAEL KRAMER,

 Appellant

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On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Crim. No. 2-11-00207-001)

District Judge: Honorable David S. Cercone

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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

on November 7, 2023

Before: RESTREPO, BIBAS, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

(Filed: January 26, 2024)

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OPINION*

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* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
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SCIRICA, Circuit Judge.

Michael Kramer, proceeding pro se, appeals the District Court’s order denying his

motion for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). The District Court

determined Kramer failed to establish an extraordinary and compelling reason to warrant 

granting the motion. On appeal, Kramer contends the District Court improperly 

considered his medical issues and the nature of his underlying offenses. We find the 

District Court did not abuse its discretion and will affirm. 

I.1

In 2014, Kramer was sentenced to 240 months’ imprisonment upon pleading 

guilty to armed bank robbery, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and using and 

carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence. In 2020, Kramer filed the 

instant motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). Kramer 

contended his medical conditions, along with increased health risks posed by the 

COVID-19 pandemic, constituted “extraordinary and compelling reasons” warranting a 

sentence reduction. App. 90. Specifically, Kramer pointed to his hypertension and obesity 

as factors putting him at an increased risk of health complications were he to contract 

COVID-19. Moreover, Kramer contended his institutional behavior and plan for 

reintegration supported a finding that a sentence reduction was warranted under the 

sentencing factors laid out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

The District Court denied Kramer’s motion. It determined Kramer’s medical 

1 We write solely for the parties and so only briefly recite the essential facts.
3

condition did not constitute an extraordinary and compelling reason to warrant a sentence 

reduction, particularly given the Bureau of Prisons’ (“BOP”) ongoing COVID-19 

response and the availability of vaccines. The District Court also weighed the 18 U.S.C. § 

3553(a) sentencing factors and found a sentence reduction was not warranted given the 

nature of Kramer’s underlying offenses. Upon denial of this motion, Kramer timely 

appealed.

II.2

As amended by the First Step Act of 2018, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) permits 

inmates, as well as the BOP, to initiate motions requesting sentence reductions. Pub. L. 

No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194. In order to prevail on such a motion, an inmate must 

demonstrate an extraordinary and compelling reason justifying a sentence reduction. 

United States v. Andrews, 12 F.4th 255, 258 (3d Cir. 2021). In determining what 

constitutes an extraordinary and compelling reason, the District Court may consider 

policy statements generated by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. See id. at 259–60. But a 

court is not bound by the Commission’s policy statements, and the policy statement

applicable to Kramer’s case only applies to BOP-initiated motions for compassionate 

release.3 The Commission’s policy statement includes, among others, medical conditions 

2 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under 

28 U.S.C. § 1291.

3 The Sentencing Commission has adopted an amendment to USSG §1B1.13, with an 

effective date of November 1, 2023, to include defendant-initiated motions for 

compassionate release. See Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts, 88 Fed. Reg.

28254 (May 3, 2023). The amendment also expands extraordinary and compelling 

reasons to include medical conditions that subject an inmate to increased risk of exposure 

to an infectious disease (like COVID-19). Id. However, this amendment does not apply 
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that “substantially diminish[] the ability of the defendant to provide self-care” in the list 

of extraordinary and compelling reasons to grant compassionate release. See USSG 

§1B1.13.

In addition to establishing an extraordinary and compelling reason, the inmate 

must show that a reduction is “supported by the traditional sentencing factors under 18 

U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Andrews, 12 F.4th at 258. These factors include, among others, “the 

nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the 

defendant,” the need for the sentence “to reflect seriousness of the offense, . . . to afford 

adequate deterrence to criminal conduct [and] to protect the public from further crimes of 

the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)–(2). 

We review the District Court’s decision to deny Kramer’s motion for 

compassionate release for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Pawlowski, 967 

F.3d 327, 330 (3d Cir. 2020). Accordingly, we will uphold the court’s order “unless there 

is a definite and firm conviction that [it] committed a clear error of judgment in the 

conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.” Id. (alteration in original) 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 146 

(3d Cir. 2000)). To prevail on appeal, Kramer must demonstrate the court abused its 

discretion both in declining to find an extraordinary and compelling reason as well as in 

its application of the § 3553(a) factors. 

retroactively. See U.S. Sentencing Commission, Rules of Practice & Procedure §4.1A

(2016) (“Generally, promulgated amendments will be given prospective application 

only.”). 
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A.

The District Court did not abuse its discretion in finding no extraordinary and 

compelling reason to warrant a sentence reduction for Kramer. The court acknowledged 

Kramer’s medical conditions and the related risks of potential complications if he were to 

contract COVID-19 but ultimately determined these conditions did not rise to the level of 

an extraordinary and compelling reason. We have previously noted that the “mere 

existence of COVID-19 in society” does not constitute an extraordinary and compelling 

reason, especially when viewed in the light of BOP’s “extensive and professional efforts 

to curtail the virus’s spread.” United States v. Raia, 954 F.3d 594, 597 (3d Cir. 2020).

The court balanced Kramer’s medical needs against BOP’s ongoing COVID-19 response 

and found Kramer did not meet his burden to demonstrate an extraordinary and 

compelling reason for sentence reduction. Accordingly, given the “considerable 

discretion in compassionate-release cases,” the District Court did not abuse its discretion,

having appropriately considered Kramer’s medical conditions alongside BOP’s ongoing 

COVID-19 response. See Andrews, 12 F.4th at 262. 

B.

Nor did the District Court abuse its discretion when it determined the § 3553(a) 

sentencing factors did not weigh in favor of a sentence reduction. Kramer robbed a bank 

at gunpoint and accordingly, the District Court described the nature of Kramer’s offense

having “a distinct aura of violence.” App. 29. The District Court also considered 

Kramer’s criminal history and noted substance abuse. It stressed the seriousness of 

Kramer’s offense and the need to deter others from committing similar crimes, as well as 
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a continuing need to protect the public from Kramer. We find no “clear error of 

judgment” in the District Court’s reasonable consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. See 

Pawlowski, 967 F.3d at 330. 

Moreover, the District Court observed Kramer’s 240 months’ sentence was 

already “meaningfully below the guideline range” of 272 to 319 months. App. 30. We 

have previously observed it is not unreasonable for a district court to consider whether 

granting compassionate release would result in a substantial reduction in sentence. 

Pawlowski, 967 F.3d at 331.

Relying on the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Borden v. United States, 597 

U.S. 481 (2021), and Concepcion v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 2389 (2022), Kramer 

contends the District Court erred when it failed to consider intervening changes in law in 

its analysis of the § 3553(a) factors. But Kramer’s reliance on Borden and Concepcion is 

misplaced. Kramer contends Borden changes his status as a career offender and argues

the District Court should have considered this change in law in weighing the § 3553(a) 

factors. But even if Kramer is correct in asserting a change in career offender status under 

Borden, Concepcion does not compel courts to consider intervening changes of law but 

rather allows courts to exercise their discretion to reduce a sentence under the First Step 

Act. See Concepcion, 597 U.S. at 501–02. Moreover, we have recently reaffirmed that 

nonretroactive changes in sentencing laws are not, by themselves, extraordinary and 

compelling reasons warranting sentence reduction. United States v. Stewart, 86 F.4th 532, 

535 (3d Cir. 2023) (“[O]ur holding in Andrews remains undisturbed.”).

III.
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Courts have “considerable discretion in compassionate-release cases.” Andrews, 

12 F.4th at 262. For the foregoing reasons, we find the District Court did not abuse its 

discretion when it determined Kramer was not entitled to a sentence reduction. 

Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.