DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEKIOK

WATER-SUPPLY

AND

IRRIGATION PAPERS

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

IsTo. 31

LOWER MICHIGAN MINEKAL WATERS. LANK

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1899
IRRIGATION EEPOKTS.

The following list contains titles and brief descriptions of the principal reports 

relating to water supply and irrigation, prepared hy the United States Geological

Survey since 1890:

1890.

First Annual Report of the United States Irrigation Survey, 1890; octavo, 123 pp.

Printed as Part II, Irrigation, of the Tenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1888-89. Contains a statement of the origin of the Irrigation Survey, a preliminary 

report on the organization and prosecution of the survey of the and lands for purposes of irrigation, and report of work done during 1890.

1891.

Second Annual Report of the United States Irrigation Survey, 1891; octavo, 395 pp.

Published as Part II, Irrigation, of the Eleventh Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1889-90. Contains a description of the hydrography of the arid region and of the 

engineering operations carried on by the Irrigation Survey dnring 1890; also the statement of 

the Director of the Survey to the House Committee on Irrigation, and other papers, including a 

bibliography of irrigation literature. Illustrated by 29 plates and 4 figures.

Third Annual Report of the United States Irrigation Survey, 1891; octavo, 576 pp.

Printed as Part II 

1890-91. Contains

Newell; "Irrigation in India,'' by Herbert M. Wilson. Illustrated by 93 plates and' 190 figures.

Bulletins of the Eleventh Census of the United States upon irrigation, prepared by 

F. H. Newell; quarto.

No. 35, Irrigation in Arizona; No. 60, Irrigation in New Mexico; No. 85, Irrigation in Utah; No. 107, Irrigation in Wyoming; No. 153, Irrigation in 

Montana; No. 157, Irrigation in Idaho; No. 163, Irrigation in Nevada; No. 178, 

Irrigation in Oregon; No. 193, Artesian wells for irrigation; No. 198, Irrigation 

in Washington.

1893.

Irrigation of western United States, by F. H. Newell; extra census bulletin No. 23, 

September 9, 1892; quarto, 22 pp.

Contains tabulation showing the total nmnber, average size, etc., of irrigated holdings, the 

total area and average size of irrigated farms in the subhumid regions, the percentage of number of farms irrigated, character of crops, value of irrigated lands, the average cost of irrigation, 

the investment and profits, together with a resume of the water supply and a description of irrigation by artesian wells. Illustrated by colored maps, showing the location and relative extent of 

the Irrigated areas.

1893.

Thirteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1891-92, Part 

III, Irrigation, 1893; octavo, 486 pp.

Consists of three papers: "Water supply for irrigation," by F. H. Newell; "American irrigation engineering" and" Engineering results of the Irrigation Survey, 1 ' by Herbert M. Wilson; 

" Construction of topographic maps and selection and survey of reservoir Bites," by A. H. 

Thompson. Illustrated by 77 plates and 119 figures.

A geological reconnoiasance in central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell, 1893; 

octavo, 108 pp., 15 plates. Bulletin No. 108 of the United States Geological 

Survey; price, 15 cents.

Contains a description of the examination of the geologic structure in and adjacent to the 

drainage basin of Yakima River and the great plains of the Columbia to the east of this area, 

with special reference to the occurrence of artesian waters.

1894.

Report on agriculture by irrigation in the western part of the United States at the 

Eleventh Census, 1890, by F.H. Newell, 1894; quarto, 283 pp.

Consists of a general description of the condition of irrigation in the United States, the area 

irrigated, cost of works their value and profits; also describes the water supply, the value of 

water, of artesian wells, reservoirs, and other details; then takes up each State and Territory in 

order, giving; a general description of the condition of agriculture by irrigation, and discusses 

the physical conditions and local peculiarities in each county.

Fourteeuth Anuual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1892-93, in two 

parts; Part II, Accompanying papers, 1894; octavo, 597 pp.

Contains papers on "Potable waters of the eastern United States," by W J McGee; " Natural mineral waters of the United States," by A. C. Peale; "Results of stream measurements," 

by F. H. Newell. Illustrated by maps and diagrams.

(Continued on third page of cover.) 

IRK 31
DEPABTMENT OF THE INTERIOE

WATER-SUPPLY

IEEIGATION PAPEES

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ISTo. 31

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1899
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS

A STUDY INTO THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEIR CHEMICAL 

COMPOSITION AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE

BY

ALFRED CHURCH LANE

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1899
CONTENTS.

Letter of transinittal....................................................... 9

Introduction................................................................ 11

Economic value of mineral waters........................................... 12

Medicinal properties .................................................... 12

Salt and soda compounds ............................................... 13

Bromine................................................................ 13

Discussion of analytical statements........_............-..--....--...:..-.. 14

Difficulties ............................................................. 14

Eeduction factors......................................... ....-.....--.. 16

Classification of analyses ................... .................. ...... ........ 17

Waters of the Great Lakes system .......................................... 18

Lake Superior .......................................................... 23

Waters of rivers and small lakes ............................................ 27

Waters from wells in unconsolidated deposits and from springs............... 29

Unclassified analyses ....................................................... 36

Analyses by Profs. R. C. and F. S. Kedzie ............................... 39

Sanitary analyses by Prof. V. C. Vaughan ............................... 44

Miscellaneous analyses.......................................... ........ 57

Waters from beds above the Marshall formation............................. 58

Eaton Rapids, Midland, Portsmouth, Bay City, and Saginaw springs and wells.. 60

Waters from the Marshall formation .................................. ...^.. 63

Saginaw River saline wells ........:.............................-.......... 63

Brines of the Marshall sandstone............................................ 67

Brines at Midland .......................................................... 68

Waters from the Berea grit ................................................. 70

Waters from beds below the Berea grit...................................... 71

Waters from Devonian or Silurian limestones................................ 72

R^sum^..................................................... ................ 87

Appendix................................................................... 89

Index ...................................................................... 95

5
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

PLATE I. Map of Lower Michigan, showing locations of waters analyzed .... 11

II. Geological map of Lower Michigan................................ 16

III. Drilling of Petoskey well......................................... 72

IV. Map showing areas of heavily mineralized shallow waters ......... 88

FIG. 1. Cross section at Ypsilanti, showing relations of wells . ^.............. 75

2. Geological column at Alma Sanitarium............................... 83
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

DIVISION OP HYDROGRAPHY,

Washington, May 15,1899.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript on the 

mineral waters of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Dr. Alfred 

Church Lane, now State geologist of Michigan, and to recommend that 

it be printed as one of the series of Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers. 

This is a continuation of Water Supply Paper No. 30, entitled Water 

Eesources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The original plan was 

to have this and related information published as one report or monograph. It has been considered desirable, however, to issue the separate chapters or groups of chapters of the report as originally designed 

in pamphlet form, in order to insure an earlier publication and to facilitate the completion of portions for which an unexpected wealth of 

detail has been found. In this part of the report the water analyses 

have been brought together and discussed, particular attention having 

been paid to the relation which exists between the chemical composition 

and the geological horizons or mode of occurrence of the waters carrying 

mineral matter in solution. 

Yery respectfully,

F. H. NEWELL, 

Hydrographer in Charge.' 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director United, States Geological Survey.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER SUPPLY PAPER No.3I P L. I.

IjOWKR PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN

SHOWING PLACES FROM WHICH REPORTS OFANALYSES OF WATERS HAVEBEEN RECEIVED

THOSE WITH KRKSII WATER ARE MAHKKT) THUS 

THOSK WITH SAI.INK WATKU IN THK NEIGHBORHOOD THl'S X

No.3S MONTCALM 

.- 36 GRATIOT 

« 37 SAGINAW 

,. 38 TUSCOLA 

 39 HURON 

-W SANILAC

41 ST CLAIR

42 LAPEER

43 GENESEE 

4* SHIAWASSEE

4ALPE'NA

5 MONTMORENCV

6 OTSEGO

7 CHARLEVOIX 

6 ANTRIM 

9 LEELANAW 

IOBENZIE

12 KALKASKA

13 GRAWFORD 

I40SCODA

15 ALCONA

16 IOSCO

17 OGEMAW

18 ROSCOMMON

19 MISSAUKEE

20 WEXFORD

21 MANISTEE

22 MASON

23 LAKE 

240SCEOLA

25 CLARE

26 GLADWIN

27 ARENAC 

26 BAY

29 MIDLAND

30 ISABELLA

31 MECOSTA

32 NEWAYGO

33 OCEAN A

34 MUSKEGON

46 IONIA

47 KENT

48 OTTAWA

49 ALLEGAN

50 BARRY

51 EATON

52 INCHAM

53 LIVINGSTON

54 OAKLAND

55 MACOMB

56 WAYNE

57 WASHTENAW

58 JACKSON

59 CALHOUN

60 KALAMAZOO

61 VAN BUREN

62 BERRIEN

63 CASS

64 ST.JOSEPH

65 BRANCH

66 HILLSDALE

67 LENAWEE .

68 MONROE

4UW'"*'"'""<$? *' ape""-'"-" [ _ ' - TA, j 

 I NS^^^/r Lii^T^r^- -isSrnww---!*-*^0*?,.

fi* nJKn-ttfii^v/f/V. ^ &$E#$

K^SfflHtf Lake oSe rffi^\ O^S 46 4,5 (^6vid fowosso I

^f»^,j^

'°OTQ P0rrten^4./ e^'^r-W7v&o- .'.. 0B.y^» < i^^V77^3"rrfOo ^^JSJ^," °TC""'"5-^C'a ''r

i ii^~^^ 4-3s^^2*^-te^ 0/7ov ^% ^evv^^o? p-^

-=^._._,_.__Ta^i4.^^._x ^^^SH:,^l_r^*^0/l otMvisbSrS," , r1"*^ ^y*^8" 1^^'ne Ci K^^f^^^-S

^ vffgr/7^pj;:p^rtiaptf / "( MU it

W VJ >" -A j* r**»fCft-i«/f /we^ / 

>«/Sfc4a)SifJ:^sjJ£^. _. ~_^f- ^H^jSouthff^ o' cf&rimTJunfhon ^P' 'fiVyfij4yiC^K7"o':r~' "^TLoL V£?^%sgi«/*cfK!/£ _.£; i/c-7 <£"/; 

1^$^^

ce'om* &£Lz&>n tP*^/*po / , K4^^^^^^r^^^^^&^ / ^XrtsSf"" £^-f" cl'1± i c^s^^4

w^W^--PawPa^v |; «V/\S_'1 CT\5^ / ^<&£%3$i°l<

ntonHarbofr^ ^ %ca,/ j -P^lWrt,^ S ^r^Bg^^ -

,^^epfc!-,-^a^^^.^^^^^.f-^^-^^^£;^|

FVsr^-^^^ar:"'^^

n*sfc///^j ^« -o l^rfovj^g b f i-3^^f> " >f-1^f xn -^f" 4"^ 0* S?***"? ^^r iAoJ^ 6

"**-' fiP,T?W,n4.r ^¥>M^a%r; U^-fi^u
LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS: A STUDY INTO THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE.

By ALFRED CHURCH LANE.

INTRODUCTION.

This paper is the outcome of certain work in the Lower Peninsula of 

Michigan which I undertook for the State survey in 1895, and was 

originally planned as Chapter Y of a paper of which the first four 

chapters have appeared as Water-Supply Paper No. 30. l The remainder of the material will be published in a later number of this series. 

To these two pamphlets frequent reference must be made, and they 

should be considered supplementary to the present paper.

In the region of the Saginaw Valley the country is exceedingly flat, 

and rock exposures are rare, so that for light on the detailed geology 

of the subsurface rocks of the region we are compelled to rely on well 

records largely the untrustworthy data derived from pulverized drillings and the inferences that can be drawn therefrom concerning the 

rock topography and on the characters of the waters. It was found, 

however, that the waters gave important objective clues, and our party 

carried a testing case of barium chloride, silver nitrate, ammonium 

oxalate, and tannic acid, a urinometer, and a thermometer, instead of 

the geologist's hammer. The work I had previously done in connection 

with the preparation of Volume V of the State reports led me to think 

that in general it was probably true that the various geological horizons 

yielded characteristic waters; therefore during the year 1897, with the 

guidance and support of Mr. F. H. Newell, I attempted, by means of 

circulars and personal visits, to extend my investigations of the waters 

of Michigan. I met with such hearty cooperation from the chemists 

connected with State institutions Profs. E. C. Kedzie and F. S. Kedzie, 

of the State Agricultural College, Prof. A. B. Prescott, of the State 

University, and Prof. V. C. Vaughan that the analytical material 

outgrew the limits of a chapter, and I began to gain a somewhat complete idea of the chemico-geological relations of the waters of the State.

1 Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C. Lane: Water-Supply and 

Irrigation Paper Ho. 30,1899.

11
12 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [wo. 31.

Besides the gentlemen named, who have contributed many analyses, I 

owe acknowledgments to many other chemists who have also contributed or verified analyses for me Messrs. Edgar and Mariner, of Chicago, 

Prof. S. P. Duffield, 0. A. Tonnele, and Geo. L. Heath and to resort 

proprietors, secretaries of water boards, and others, too numerous to 

mention here, who have answered circulars of inquiry.

It is not the purpose of this report to treat the general subject of 

water resources or water supply, which has been discussed in a general 

and somewhat cursory way in Water-Supply Paper No. 3Q, and will be 

taken up for the different localities in a later paper, but to show that 

the chemical composition of water depends on the geological occurrence, 

so that from a given geological stratum at a given depth a certain kind 

of water may be expected; andihat, vice versa, the geological horizon 

can be inferred to a certain extent from the character of the water.

To physicians and others who are interested in the famous mineral 

resources of the State in a practical way, I would recommend, in addition, the pamphlet issued by the State board of health, entitled Michigan, a Summer and Health Eesort, compiled by Roberts P. Hudson, 

Lansing, 1898. That paper is fully illustrated and contains much practical information about railroad fares, etc. At the same time the present paper, since it contains the most complete collection of analyses to 

date, may be of service in pointing out waters of similar character, 

among which a choice can be based on climate or other considerations. 

It will also assist in a study of the drinking-water supply in connection with disease, by giving an idea of the normal percentages of chlorine, organic matter, etc., deviation from which must be regarded with 

suspicion.

ECONOMIC VALUE OF MINERAL WATERS. 

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES.

The various inorganic impurities which unfit water for domestic and 

ordinary uses may be of value from a medicinal point of view. Thus 

the waters of many wells in the western part of Huron and the northwestern part of Tuscola County are laxative to men and cattle not 

accustomed to them, though regular users may not experience such 

effects. Sodium sulphate is a common laxative constituent in Saginaw 

waters.

The mineral table waters are derived from various sources, largely 

sandstones or the surface gravels. The Moorman well at Ypsilanti is 

concentrated to throw down the lime salts and then diluted and charged 

with CO2. Other table waters also seem to be diluted salines. The 

main horizon for bathing purposes developed at Ypsilanti, Mount 

Clemens, Alma, Benton Harbor, etc., is that of limestones immediately 

underlying the Devonian black shales. In the Berea formation just 

above, and again upon entering the Traverse or Hamilton formation, a 

very salty mineral water, with gas or oil, is struck, and in the upper Hel-
LANE.] ECONOMIC VALUE OP MINERAL WATERS. 13

derberg (Dundee limestone) a water strongly mineralized with hydrogen 

sulphide. Unfortunately care is rarely taken to separate the constituents of the different flows. There are distinct indications that the first 

"bitter" water struck in the lower Helderberg contains in concentration 

rarer constituents, the earthy chlorides and H2S, aiid that what is 

added below is mainly salt.

For the Mount Clemens wells it is customary to continue down until 

a satisfactory buoyancy, measured with the salinometer, is obtained, so 

that bathers can feel the strength of the water.

The waters from the upper Dundee (Corniferous, or upper Helderberg) or Mackinac limestone are usually strongly sulphated, and even 

where fresher at their margin, as at Petoskey, they are still characteristically sulphureted.

The Big Eapids well is apparently from a different horizon, the Marshall sandstone, as encountered in Midland, St. Johns, and Alma (upper 

water).

From these waters the salts can be extracted for medicinal purposes, 

as at Ypsilauti, Alma, and Big Eapids, or for their general value.

SALT AND SODA COMPOUNDS.

The production of common salt is a well known industry of Michigan, 

fully treated in recent reports of the United States Geological Survey, 

so that only brief mention is necessary here. The State has produced 

altogether about 75,000,000 barrels (of 284 pounds), and in 1898 produced about 4,171,916 barrels. The production has been dying out in 

the Saginaw Valley, as the supply of lumber waste for fuel disappeared, 

and in Huron County, once lined with salt blocks, only one is left, the 

profit of which comes from local trade j but with the development of 

local coal fields the industry will be revived. On the other hand, the 

industry is increasing around Manistee, and also along the Detroit 

Eiver, from Detroit to Trenton, where the production of salt is closely 

allied with that of soda ash, bleaching powder, etc. This latter district is exceptionally favored in possessing strong pure brines, strong 

and pure limestone, and excellent transportation facilities. Isear 

Alpena the same favorable conditions exist, but that region is not yet 

developed. It has been proposed to mine the salt near Detroit, instead 

of pumping it, as has hitherto been the universal rule, and thus convert 

the deposit from a water resource to a mineral resource. While there is 

no law against pumping the salt out from under a man's property without compensation, it is illegal to mine it, so that pumping has the 

advantage of evading royalties. Newspapers report that the difficulty 

of sinking a shaft in face of heavy flows of water is the chief obstacle.

BROMINE.

Among the most important minor ingredients of the Michigan brines 

is bromine. The analyses from Midland (Nos. 281-284), Alma (Nos. 

327-329), and Big Eapids (No. 278) are noteworthy for this constituent j
14 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.31.

the Sand Beach (Nos. 324-326) and later analyses should also be compared.

The most active manufacture of bromine is at Midland, where the 

brine is treated for this product alone by the Dow process. The bromine seems to be concentrated in the deeper central parts of the basin, 

and to be more abundant in the Marshall than in any other formation.

The analyses also show other ingredients of value, but their exploitation has not gone far yet. The most promising field for further study 

and exploitation appears to be that of potash. Patents have been 

issued for the use of mother liquors of brines as an electric excitant, 

and the use of calcium chloride in preserving fruit, in drying, in refrigerating, and in the manufacture of artificial stone, is well known. The 

utilization of mother liquors has not gone far as yet.

DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL STATEMENTS. 

DIFFICULTIES.

The analyses given in this paper are stated in various ways, according to the practice of the chemist who prepared them. I have tried to 

convert them all into the uniform system of grams per kilogram or 

parts per thousand. But it is at present practically impossible to 

reduce them to absolute uniformity.

In the first place, they are variously stated in grams per liter, grains 

per gallon, and parts per thousand, per hundred thousand, or per 

million. In regard to the former statements there are two uncertainties that arise. First, is the gallon imperial or United States? In 

most cases I have been able to remove this ambiguity. Second, was 

the specific gravity of the water taken into account, or was it neglected, as is customary in potable waters ? 1 In other words, was the 

gallon or liter weighed or measured ? Professor Prescott and T. Tonne!6 state the results of their analyses both in parts per million and in 

grains per United States gallon, allowing for the specific weight of the 

gallon, although often only one statement is published. Professor 

Kedzie uses the imperial gallon of 10 pounds (70,000 grains), which 

is really a weight, not a measure. Professor Duffield also has used 

the imperial gallon, but of late uses the United States gallon of 

231 cubic inches. Both weigh the waters and the specific gravity 

does not enter into the computation. Professor Yaughan reports 

in parts per million. The water is usually measured and the specific 

gravity neglected, as his sanitary analyses are potable waters with 

specific weight usually unity. Occasionally, as at Mount Pleasant, 

this introduces a sensible error. Messrs. Edgar and Mariner, of Dearborn Chemical Works, use the United States gallon of 231 cubic inches. 

In doubtful cases the imperial gallon can often be recognized by 

the fact that the figures of the analysis will be divisible by 7. In

'Missouri Geological Survey, Vol. III., p. 22.
LANE.] DISCUSSION OP ANALYTICAL STATEMENTS. 15

most other cases, but not in all, I have been able to ascertain definitely, by personal inquiry, concerning this matter. The United States 

gallon is commonly used by the mechanical profession (for instance, by 

the Bailway Master Mechanics' Association), and therefore generally 

in analyses of boiler waters. It is much to be desired that all analyses 

should be stated explicitly in grams per kilogram i. e., in parts per 

thousand by weight for even statements in grams per liter are sometimes really in grams per kilogram. If this form of statement is not 

considered so intelligible as some other expression, a note might be 

added calling attention to the fact that?, neglecting the specific gravity, 

one gram per kilogram, or one part per thousand, is practically 1 ounce 

per cubic foot, or 1 pound avoirdupois in 120 gallons. I have restated 

most of the analyses in parts per thousand by weight, but, as a check, 

in the case of newly published analyses, have also given the original 

figures in italics.

But if these difficulties are once surmounted there remains, in the 

second place, an even more serious obstacle in the fact that the partition of acids among bases is largely a matter of choice. For instance, 

the bromine is sometimes given as sodic and sometimes as magnesic 

bromide. This must necessarily be the case so far as real combinations are concerned, and there are no universally adopted conventions. 

Even the few laws more or less made out, such as that CaCO3 is insoluble in a saturated brine, are not always followed (see analysis No. 312). 

When the acids and the bases have also been given separately I have 

given this form also, but such a statement seems less suggestive; perhaps were it more used it would not seem so.

Finally, there is the fact that a min/eral water, especially when 

charged with gas, as most of them are, is exceedingly unstable, and 

when concentrated extremely corrosive, as is witnessed by the rapid 

destruction of casings and bathroom fixtures. This also makes analyses uncertain and hard to compare.

Among the constituents most puzzling in this respect are the carbonates and bicarbonates, especially of iron. It is practically impossible to get the same amount of CO2 from a carbonated water, and it 

is probable that more than three grains to the gallon of CaCO3 (0.04 per 

thousand) can not ordinarily exist in a noncarbonated water, the excess 

of lime shown in so many analyses being in the form of calcium bicarbonate. At the Agricultural College, from the average of the results 

of tests by a class of from seven to ten students, the hydrant water 

from a deep artesian well contains 4.75 degrees of temporary and 4.714 

degrees of permanent hardness, the total hardness being 9.605. After 

aeration and heating in the purifier the hardness was reduced to 1.68 

degrees temporary and 2.554 degrees permanent, or 4.237 degrees in all. 

A series of tests of samples of lake and well water collected by D. J. Hale 

and analyzed for free CO2, CaCO3, and MgCO3 by A. Is. Clark, showed 

free CO2 ranging from 0.0 to 66 parts per million, using phenol phthalein
16 LOWEE MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

as an indicator. The same thing is even more true of iron. According 

to Schweitzer,1 in a chalybeate water with much gypsum one-fourth of 

the iron is present as carbonate and three-fourths as sulphate. Yet 

some analyses show more OaOO3 than can be present except dissolved 

in H2OO3.

On the other hand, field observations about mineral wells have convinced me that in many cases the iron has been precipitated before the 

sample reached the chemist, and therefore escaped analysis. The effect 

of iron in solution is so marked on tea, and in precipitation as boiler 

or teakettle scale it is so conspicuous, that the field observer can hardly 

be mistaken in noticing it. But the question may often arise whether 

the iron is an original and essential constituent of the water or is 

derived from the casing of the well.

Other observations, such as exhalations and deposits, as well as the 

quantity and character of the boiler scale, etc., serve as checks on 

analyses. When, as Professor Sherzer has pointed out, native sulphur 

and celestite are crystallized together, as they are so characteristically 

at Scofield, it can hardly be amiss to assume that a trace of strontia 

was present in the sulphureted water, even though it is but rarely noted 

in the analyses. In this connection the amount of Sr shown in the 

analysis of Lake Superior water is noteworthy. Among the analyses 

those of waters from the Dundee limestone most frequently mention 

SrO.

Again, in Michigan, as elsewhere, certain algse luxuriate and grow 

with remarkable rapidity in the deeper bicarbonated waters.

REDUCTION FACTORS.

Considering all the uncertainties mentioned as inherent in analyses, 

and the fact that by various methods of computation the number of 

grains to the United States gallon varies from 58,418.6092 to 58,372.3, 

the approximate reduction factors cited below are usually sufficiently 

accurate. Reduction of analyses from grains per United States gallon 

have been made by slide rule. For further details see report by Dr. 

A. 0. Peale,2 and references there given.

Table of equivalents.

1 United States liquid gallon =231 cubic inches=8.33888 pounds avoirdupois= 

58,372.3 grains=8 wine pints.

1 imperial gallon 277.274 cubic inches=10 pounds avoirdupois = 70,000 grains. 

1 liter=0.264179 United States liquid gallon = 0.22009 Imperial gallon. 

1 gram = 15.432 grains.

1 part per thousand by weight=1 gram per kilogram, or (neglecting specific 

gravity)=1 gram per literal ounce per cubic foot.

To reduce grains per imperial gallou to grams per liter divide by 70.

To reduce grains per United States gallon to grams per liter multiply by 1.2 and 

divide by 70.

1 Missouri Geological Survey, Vol. IH, p. 19.

2Natural mineral waters of the United States, by A. C. Peale: Fourteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geoi. 

Survey (1892-93), Part II, 1894, pp. 49-88.
U.S.GEO LOGICAL SURVEY WATER SUPPLV PAPER No.31 PL. II.

GMOLOGICAL FOR MATIONS

OF THK

LOWER PKNINSTLA OK MICHIGAN

UKVISKI) FROM MAP IN VOL.V OI'THK STATK REPORTS

BY AI.HRK1) C.LANK.

1898.

Contours ot rock surface above sealevol 

SooJe of miles

/"! '-H /yj^v--<; J y. ^2 a

'Bl ' iLAXSlNGx-J . 5f 'i i PtHiU'^-' ° \HJ.v^X^''nls x

V-1 52 I ' V o / ' "' ; -'?/' -l&:^-"~"~'-V - £\\

^ oll^.j _^nson j How^dl I ^^^^j-'LAKK^d

v Wf^^T5^*; > \- w/>. /P1 ^" ^rf^fe" /'

^^^.j^^i^^,^^

-^x,-t-,^--.^y:iix.^4^T-^
LANE.] CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYSES. 17

To reduce grains per imperial gallon to grains per United States gallon multiply

by£. 

Roughly, to reduce degrees salinometer or urinometer, etc.:

Urinometer reading=excess of specific gravity over 1 in thousandths=2 X

salinometer reading=8 X per cent of salt or the Beaum6 reading. 

In estimating flows:

1 pail is usually 3 gallons.

1 barrel is usually 31£ gallons = 4 bushels=128 quarts; sometimes 3 bushels.

1 cubic foot = l,000 ounces fluid or avoirdupois = 30 quarts, roughly.

1 cubic foot per second=30 quarts per second about 150 3-gallon pails a 

minute=20,000 4-bushel barrels a day= about 650,000 gallons a day.

In the Saginaw Valley the flow of the brine wells was estimated by 

noting the number of seconds required to fill a pail when pumping as 

hard as possible without pounding. Thus, a well might be known as 

an eight-, a ten-, or a twelve-second well, and when all were pumped a 

well of eleven seconds would fall off to twenty seconds.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYSES.

The geological occurrence and the chemical character of water are 

clearly interdependent, so that with some probability one may be 

inferred from the other. It has therefore seemed best to group 

together, for the purposes of comparison and study, analyses from 

geologically similar sources rather than to follow the alphabetical 

order. The analyses are generally arranged also in order of increasing 

concentration i. e., of increase in the total amount of solids. To this 

rule there are, however, some exceptions, for I have grouped together 

analyses of- waters from the same place and from substantially the 

same source, where the presumption is that the variation in concentration is .^accidental. The rather large groups of sanitary analyses of 

unknown geological environment, which I owe to Professor Yaughan 

and to Profs. E. C. and F. S. Kedzie, being fuller in some points and 

not so full in others, have been kept together, so that they may be 

more easily tabulated and compared. I have also grouped in a separate section those analyses the geological relations of which were somewhat uncertain, and which I did not therefore care to make use of in 

drawing deductions as to the character of the waters of the different 

strata.

The alphabetical index at the end of the paper will enable one to 

study the variation of chemical composition in waters from wells of 

varying depths at the same place. Among the places most instructive 

in this respect are Saginaw, Bay City, Midland, Alma, Detroit, and 

Ypsilanti.

The waters may be divided geologically into waters of the Great Lakes 

system, of rivers and smaller lakes, of wells and springs in the unconsolidated deposits, and of wells from beds above the Marshall (which 

are stronger in sulphates), in the Marshall, in the Berea grit (saline), 

and in beds below the Berea (sulphureted). To each group is given a 

section below.

1RE 31 2
18 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

In all analyses the results are in parts per thousand (grams per 

kilogram) unless otherwise stated. Where two sets of figures are 

given, the lower refer to parts per thousand. This is done in the case 

of analyses not, to my knowledge, elsewhere on record, and for which I 

have had to compute the lower figures from other forms of statement. 

Asa check the original figures are given above them in italics.

In all the sanitary analyses by Professor Vaughan the color is clear, 

unless otherwise stated, the reaction neutral, and the water odorless, 

and this is the presumption in the case of other sanitary analyses. 

Profs. F. S. and E. C. Kedzie jointly furnished me with a list of analyses, 

the credit for which belongs sometimes to one and sometimes to the 

other.

Carbonates and bicarbonates are entered in the same place in the 

tables, the latter preceded by bi. It may be useful to say that the 

ratio of carbonate to bicarbonate for a given amount of the base found 

is: For lime, 100:162.02; for magnesia, 84.36:146.38; for iron (FeO), 

116:178.02; for soda, 106.10:168.12. In a rough way, there is half as 

much again when the compound is given as bicarbonate as when it is 

given as carbonate.

WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES SYSTEM.'

Constituent.

A12OS .... ..................

CaCOs. ....................

CaP2O6 ...... ...... .........

CaSO4 .....................

(FeAl)2Os...... ............

FeCOj .....................

MgCOs ....................

K2S04 ...... ................

SiO2 .......................

(NaK)Cl.... ...............

(NaK)2COs...... ...........

Na,SO4 ...... ...............

Total................

1.

Manistee 

Lake.

i B. 898

X .101

Tr.

Tr.

i 2. S45

I .040

i .%9%

i .005

i B. 100

X .087 

( .147

X .0«3

r IS. 18%

X .236

2. 

Muskegon 

Lake.

4.882

.084

, 1. 660

X .028 

f .029

X .001

2.654

.046

.292

.005

1.03

.017 

.309

.004

10. 746

.185

3.

Traverse 

Bay.

3.413

.058

1. 793

.031 

} Tr.

2.013

.034

.SIS

.004 

.680

.012 

.764

.013

t .467

X .008

9.344

M60

4.

Detroit 

River.

3.144

.054

,.664

.011 

Tr.

l.%03

.021

.350

.006 

.900

.015 

.045

.001

I---

6.306

.108

5.

Detroit 

River.

0. 0105

| .033 .

.0311

}.........

}.........

AAOQO

} .005

}.........

}.........

> 09807

1 Analyses are given in grains per kilogram, or parts per thousand. Numbers in italic are quantities 

expressed in the units in which the analyses were originally published, usually, as in the first table, 

in grains per United States gallon.
LANE.] WATERS OP THE GREAT LAKES SYSTEM. 19

Constituent.

T> n

<2O

MgO...... .......

SiO2 .............

Cl ..............

6. 

Detroit 

Kiver 

(A).

0. 0355

0

.0121

.0066

.1188

7. 

Detroit 

Kiver

(B).

0. 0360

Tr.

.0062

.1184

8. 

Detroit 

Kiver

(C).

0. 0348

.0089

.0075

9.

Bay City 

(A).

0. 079072

10. ] 11. '

Bay City Bay City 

(B). (C).

0. li6928 ' 0. 105952

. 049874 ! . 053333

.265 . 284

1

12.

Saginaw 

Bay.

0. 031136

. 016432

.010

Analyses 1 to 4 were made by commercial chemists of the Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, of Chicago. Their primary purpose 

was to determine quality as boiler waters; they were stated in grains 

per United States gallon; they did not aim at completeness, and no 

summation was given in the original analysis.

No. 1, of water from Manistee Lake, was made for Filer & Sons, 

August 31,1897. The water was probably contaminated by the large 

salt works there.

No. 2, of water from Muskegon Lake, was made for the Electric 

Light Company, November 23, 1897.

No. 3, of water from Traverse Bay, was made for the electric light 

works of H. D. Campbell & Sons, August 31, 1897. Further analyses 

will be found in the Appendix (2 A, 2B, 20). It will be noticed, on 

comparing them with the deep-well water supply, analyses Nos. 56 

and 57, that the bay water is considerably less hard. Of eourse it is 

more liable to typhoid contamination.

No. 4, of water from Detroit Eiver, was made January 22,1897, for 

the Schiller Corset Company.

No. 5 is an old analysis, made by Prof. S. H. Douglass in 1854, and 

cited in the biennial report of the State geologist, A. Winchell, in 1861, 

page 204. The total solids agree with other analyses, but the phosphates and sulphates are quite different, though some phosphorus 

is probably often overlooked.

Nos. 6 to 12 were made by Prof. A. B. Prescott, Nos. 6 to 8, of water 

from Detroit Eiver, in conjunction with T. J. Wrampelmier, for the 

Detroit board of health (First Annual Eeport, 1882, pp. 229-238). 

Further analyses will be found in the Appendix (Nos. 5A, 6A, 7A).

No. 6 is of water from a West Fort street hydrant at Detroit; No. 7 

of water from the pumping well, and No. 8 of water from the river at 

the inlet pipe of the Detroit pumping station.

Nos. 9 to 12 were published in a special report to the board of waterworks of Bay City, October 24, 1885, the waters of Nos. 9 to 11 being 

taken from manholes Nos. 4, 2, and 1, respectively, in the pipe leading 

from the pumping station on the bay shore to Essexville. One object 

of tlie investigation was to see if the water was contaminated in the 

transit by any waste of salt manufacture.
20 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Sample No. 12 was taken about 2 miles north from the mouth of 

Kawkawlin Eiver, and 1J miles from the west shore of the bay, in water 

16 feet deep, September 27. This also contained 0.04 per million parts 

of free ammonia and 0.15 of albuminoid; it reduced permanganate very 

slightly, was colorless and odorless, as were all the samples, but the 

residue blackened slightly on ignition.

Analyses of water from Saginaw Bay near Bay. City.

Ammonia albuminoid 

Permanganate reColor ................

Ammonia albuminoid 

Permanganate reColor ................

13.

. 00011 

2

19.

0 (\(\(\(\1

.00016

.235

14.

0. 00016

. 00012

1

20.

. 00022

Slight.

.226

15.

. 00008 

4

colorless.

21.

. 00007 

6

slight. 

.221

16.

0. 00007

. 00017

7

Slight.

.072

22.

. 00024 

3

Slight.

.200

17.

. 00022

ble.

.072

23.

. 00024

.061

18.

. 00016

.039

24.

. 00012

.010

Besides analyses Nos. 9 to 12 and the Saginaw Elver analysis 

(No. 45) below, Professor Prescott made a number of tests for ammonia, 

free and albuminoid, and chlorine (analyses Nos. 13 to 24). Prescott 

pronounced the waters of analyses Nos. 12, 13, 14, 24, which are all 

taken from Saginaw Bay, more than a mile from the shore and in 

water over 10 feet deep, to be suitable for city use. Analyses Nos. 

19 to 22, of water taken from the waterworks system, are not satisfactory, the organic matter being on the limit of safety, and the 

chlorine, which is probably not, however, of organic origin, far too 

high. These should be compared with analyses Nos. 32 and 33, of 

water from the same system, made by Prof. Y. C. Yaughan. Samples 

Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, and 23, taken from the bay nearer the pumping 

station and the shore, are not quite satisfactory, and though they contain less chlorine the quantity is still abnormally large, while Saginaw 

Eiver water No. 45, West Bay City waterworks, is entirely unfit for 

use. The exact locations from which the waters of these analyses were 

taken are as follows:

No. 13, about 1 mile NNW. from the mouth of the Kawkawlin Eiver, 

in water 11 feet deep, July 23,1885.

No. 14, about 4 miles NB. from the mouth of the Saginaw Eiver, in 

water 21 feet deep, July 24, 1885.
LANE.] WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES SYSTEM. 21

No. 15, about 3^ miles E. from the mouth of the Saginaw Biver and 1 

mile N. from the present inlet works,-in water 10 feet deep, July 23, 

1885.

No. 16, inlet cut of the present works at the outer end of breakwater, 

July 23, 1885.

No. 17, the inlet basin at the bay, at the outer end of the pipe leading 

to the pumping station, July 23, 1885.

No. 18, same point as sample No. 17, August 11, 1885; turned very 

black on ignition.

No. 19, well at pumping station, inner end of pipe leading from the 

bay, August 11, 1885.

No. 20, hydrant near the corner of Fourth and Water streets, August 

14, 1885.

No. 21, hydrant near the corner of McGraw avenue and Harrison 

street, August 14, 1885.

No. 22, same point as sample No. 20, but when there was a large 

quantity of sediment from flushing the pipes; sample taken August 

22, 1885.

No. 23, a poijit 3,000 feet NNE. from the present inlet basin, in water 

7£ feet deep, September 25, 1885.

No. 24, a point 5,500 feet NNE, from the present inlet basin, in water 

10£ feet deep, September 25,1885; blackened slightly on ignition.

Result of inoculaNumber of bacteria in 72 hours - . 

Nitrites ..........

Albuminoid amFree ammonia ....

Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl. 

Organic residue . .

Inorganic residue 

Total residue . .

25. 

Detroit.

26. 

Marine 

City.

 , +

2 ; (a) 

.-......' Ft.tr.

........ Tr.

0.0001020.00112 

.0000161 .0001

. 00115

.020

. 00990

.110

. 030 . 013

.050

.7°

.153

4.°

27. 

Port 

Huron.

+

(a)

Tr.

0. 000120 

. 000009

. 00830

.040

.120

.160

2.°

28. 

Port 

Huron.

+

(«)

Tr.

0. 000132 

. 000007

.0099

.070

.150

.220 

2.1° 

Tr.

29. 

Port 

Huron.

-

(a)

Tr.

0. 000126 

. 000006

. 00825

.030

.040

.070

9. 0

30. 

Alpena.

+

22

0. 00037 

. 00048

. 008104 

.0066

.025

.162

.187 

8.10°

31. 

Wyandotte.

+

1,890 

0. 0000082 

. 000653

. 00052 

. 00008

. 032548 

.0495

.030

.191

.221

7.°

32. 

Bay 

City.

'-

420

0. 00048 

. 00034

. 063832 

.4257

1.210

1. 960.

3.170 

15.°

33. 

Bay 

City.

+

450

0. 00068 

.001

. 106176 

.4653

.980

1.990

2.970 

15.5°

a Liquefaction.

Analyses 25 to 33 are sanitary analyses by Prof. V. C. Vaughan, made 

at Ann Arbor. The dates and the original numbers (in parentheses), 

the results of microscopic examination, etc., are as follows:

No. 25 (259), April 19, 1895, water said to be from the bay, i. e., the 

upper part of the Detroit Eiver (*?); reaction faintly alkalinej this is
22 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

exceptionally low in solids, though it checks in chlorine fairly well 

with analysis No. 4.

No. 26 (230), August 21, 1894; water "musty alkaline, microscope 

shows nematoid worms, ova, vegetable debris, desmids, diatoms, infusoria, bacteria."

No. 27^(255). This and the two following analyses form a set of 

three, dated by Professor Yaughan March 3, 1895. At the waterworks 

I was told that Professor Kedzie made a set of three analyses, which 

had been lost one of the river water above town, one of the river 

water below the town, and one of water 12 miles out on Lake Huron. 

I suspect that these are the analyses referred to, and that No. 27 is of 

water at the town, No. 28 of water from St. Clair Eiver below the 

town, and No. 29, which is much more free from organic matter, is the 

one of water from out on Lake Huron. No. 2.7 (255) was milky colored 

(in 1897 when I visited the plant the water was slightly turbid from 

clay dredging), smelled musty, gave an alkaline reaction, and the 

microscope showed wood fiber, algse, unicellular plants and animals, 

inorganic deposits, and much vegetable debris. On November 3,1892, 

a test (165) showed granular sediment 7.3° hardness, Q.002 chlorides, 

0.00007 free and 0.00012 albuminoid ammonia, 5,840 bacteria in seventytwo hours, and no inoculation effect.

No. 28 (256), also milky colored, musty, alkaline, with algse, wood 

fiber, inorganic deposits, much vegetable debris, unicellular plants and 

animals.

No. 29 (257), also milky, musty, alkaline, with wood fiber, algae, unicellular plants and animals, vegetable debris, inorganic deposits.

No. 30 (81), taken from the hydrant at Alpena (a town using Lake 

Huron water), June 10, 1890; microscope shows fres'h-water algae, 

white amorphous material, red spores of algae, streptococci, oscillators, 

and bacilli; the extreme hardness reminds one that limestone crops 

out abundantly around Alpena.

No. 31 (93) Wyandotte waterworks, November 12,1890. These works 

draw water from the Detroit Eiver below Detroit, and there has been 

considerable complaint as to the prevalence of typhoid fever. At 100 

diameters magnification crystals, algse, and yellow and white amorphous 

matter are visible; at 500 diameters, crystals of NaCl, silica, fibers, 

algse, Yorticellse, yellow and white amorphous matter.'

No. 32 (90) from Bay City hydrant, November 4, 1890; not clear, 

smells slightly fishy. Under 100 diameters the microscope shows diatoms, algse, animalculse, fibers; under 500 diameters, Navicula, Paramecia, Pinnula, Conferva.

No. 33 is a duplicate, same source and time and similar, but also 

shows desmids and Yolvox. These two analyses are directly comparable with Prescott's analyses, Nos. 19 to 22, and show a similar large 

amount of chlorine.

It will be noticed that, while the water of the Great Lakes is not 

so hard as many of the waters described later, it is usually charged
LANE.] WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES SYSTEM. 23

with more CaCO3 than can be taken up without an excess of OO2, viz, 

more than 0.034 ounce per cubic foot. The effect of the salt industry 

in charging the shallow Saginaw Bay with chlorides is well brought 

out, the normal amount of salt being probably 0.010 to 0.007. The 

effect of the salt industry of Manistee seems also to be traceable in 

the chlorides of Manistee Lake.

THE WATER OP LAKE SUPERIOR.

As none of the analyses given above were exhaustive and none were 

made with extreme care, it seems worth while, especially in connection 

with the question of the distribution of the rarer elements, to add 

the following analysis of Lake Superior water (No. 34) made in 1887 

by W. F. Jackmau, then a student in the University of Michigan, 

now professor of pharmaceutical chemistry in Maine State College, 

Orono, Me. 1

The sample for analysis was obtained during the summer of 1886, by Captain 

Mooney, of the steamship India, about 50 miles from Keweenaw Point, at a depth of 

50 feet, and was sent to the university laboratory in a large carboy. There was also 

secured at the same time with this sample a sample from Lake Huron, which it is 

regretted certain considerations compelled to be laid aside unexamined.

The analysis of the sample of Lake Superior water was not made until the latter 

part of December and first of January following its collection. Although the carboy contained over 18 liters of water, yet the small amount of inorganic solids 

(only 57.61 milligrams per liter) rendered this seemingly large amount of water 

really small for all the necessary estimations and duplicates, so that economizing of 

material had to be studied from the very first.

Among the precautionary methods employed was the frequent use of ammonium 

fluoride (in platinum crucible) after the usual final weight taken in gravimetric 

work the whole thing being then reweighed, and this last weight taken as the 

true one the first weight being simply a check.

With the fact of the slight solvent action on glass or porcelain of large quantities 

of boiling liquids even of distilled water all are familiar; but this is generally 

ignored as an insignificant amount. That it really becomes an important factor in 

work such as the present (involving large quantities of water with very small residues) Thorpe, Fresenius, and others have shown by definite experiments. In the 

present work the correction necessary from this cause was generally inconsiderable, 

but not always; e. g., in determinations of magnesium one sample, weighed as 

magnesium pyrophosphate, gave 48.3 milligrams before ignition with ammonium 

fluoride, while after such ignition it weighed only 41.6 milligrams, a loss of 6.7 

milligrams. Another sample of magnesium pyrophosphate lost 5.2 milligrams, in 

both cases from 3 liters of water. Of course care was taken that loss did not occur 

from the crucible being uncovered or from spurting through sudden applications 

of heat, etc. In estimation of sulphuric acid (as barium sulphate) after ignition, to 

expel slight excess of ammonium fluoride and the silicon fluoride formed, the residue was treated with a drop of sulphuric acid and reignited. In the case of alumina 

and ferric oxide estimation there is generally present a small amount of silica which 

has escaped separation in its usual place; hence the silica found here was added to 

the total silica obtained in the regular estimation of that constituent. This silica 

found with alumina and ferric oxide may properly be thus regarded as wholly 

belonging to the total silica of the sample, as very little liquid is operated on after

1 Proc. Mich. Pharmaceutical Association, fifth year, p. 110,
24 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.31.

the regular separation of silica before the separation of alumina and ferric oxide 

take place.

Evaporation was carried on in broad, shallow, ^-liter porcelain dishes, covered 

with a funnel of special design with an incurved rim, made to set snugly (but unfor-i 

tunately not air tight) upon the rim of the evaporating dish.

I say unfortunately not air tight, for Mallet has shown that the flame of the 

Eunsen burner in time produces quite appreciable amounts (when fine work is considered) of (NH4 ) 2SO4 and that unless the evaporating dish is kept tightly covered, 

danger of error from this cause is likely to occur. (See Mallet's Report on Water 

Analysis in the Report of National Board of Health, 1882, p. 194, where he shows 

that nitrogen determinations by Frankland's combustion jprocess, as ordinarily conducted, give too high results from this cause.) Mention of this is made here only 

to indicate that this might possibly somewhat affect the determination of sulphuric 

acid.

To the nozzle of the funnel was attached a rubber tube connected with a water 

section pipe. This served to create a rarefaction above the evaporating water, thereby 

increasing the rate of evaporation and permitting the use of the lower temperature. 

Any stoam failing to pass off through the pump because of condensation on sides of 

the funnel could not run back into the dish, but was caught by the incurved rim 

of the funnel. Extraneous particles of dust, etc., were also thus excluded. When 

total solids were to be estimated evaporation was in no case continued to dryness; 

but the liquid concentrated to about 200 cubic centimeters was carefully transferred 

in portions to a large platinum evaporating dish, with subsequent thorough rinsing 

with distilled water, the whole evaporated to dryness, dried in the air bath at 100° 

C. for three hours, cooled in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and weighed for total 

solids. Five such determinations were made. The fesidue was ignited at low red 

heat for about two hours to constant weight, cooled, and weighed as total inorganic 

solids. In a few cases this latter residue was treated with (NILJa CO3 in solution, 

reheated, and weighed again; but the increase averaging only 0.6 milligrams per 

liter, this operation was subsequently neglected, although account was taken of it 

in final results.

One and one-half liters were concentrated by evaporation, transferred to platinum 

dish and evaporated to dryness, we'ighed, ignited, and weighed again, as described 

above, for total solids and inorganic solids. The residue was then examined qualitatively, by the usual methods, with good tests resulting for Al, Fe, Ca, Sr, and Mg 

(rather fainter test). The flame test showed Na but no K, which occasioned some 

surprise. Through the kindness of Prof. L. W. Langley, the aid of his spectroscope 

and his personal assistance were secured to identify any of the rarer metals that 

might be present it being thought that Li at least might be present; but nothing 

was found that had not been already identified, except that faint, evanescent flashes 

of K were seen.

Thinking that previous estimation of total solids and consequent protracted 

ignition of this sample might possibly have affected the spectroscopic result somewhat, two or three fresh trials were made on concentrated solutions before full 

evaporation, but with no different results.

Pb was tested for in a large 8-inch test tube full of the sample (after acidulation 

with 1 to 2 drops of acetic acid) by addition of a drop of solution of K2Cr3O7 with 

no result. Cu was tested for in a similar manner with 1 to 2 drops of solution of 

KjFeCyt; and allowed to stand over night, when a very faint green or greenish-blue 

tint was apparent, evidently due to Fe only. Mn was tested for by PbO3 and HNO3 

(in concentrated solution), with no result.

Fair tests for HC1 and H3SO4 were obtained. Cl water and CS2 showed scarcely 

definable traces of Br, and (NH4)2MO4 in HNO3 solution gave no distinguishable 

trace of HaPO4 , and no I nor TiO2 was found, all, of course, worked for from concentrated solutions. Most, if not all, nitrates and nitrites would have been destroyed
LANK.] WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES SYSTEM. 25

by ignition in presence of organic matter and were therefore not looked for at this 

point. (See under quantitative work.) In reference to the comparatively few elements found, it is to be remembered that different results might reasonably have 

been expected could larger quantities of the water have been spared for such work. 

For quantitative work in each case 3 liters were taken and evaporated to dryness, 

after acidulation with HC1 and Si02, separated in the usual way, with care against 

high heating and consequent danger of partial reunion of separated SiO2 with the 

bases. Fe2O3 and A1-2OS were precipitated from the nitrate by boiling with fair excess 

of HH4OH (in presence of NH4C1) and the united oxides weighed. The Fe was subsequently subtracted, after volumetric estimation by Oudemans' method (i. e., by

JQ Na-jSaOs in presence of CuSO4^with a drop of KCyS as indicator) and also by the

excellent method described in Professor Cheever's Laboratory Notes (Part I, p. 27, 

and Part II, p. 6), by reducing Fe2Cl6 to FeCl2 in boiling HC1 solution, by means of 

SnCl3 carefully added from burette, and any excess of SnCl2 taken up with HgCl2 and

the FeCl2 titrated with ^A K2Cr2 07 . Al and Fe were also directly separated by

pouring into boiling KOH in excess, after the method of Fresenius.

Ca and Sr were precipitated together from the nitrate from Fe and Al by addition 

of (NH4)2C2O4 and (NHi)3CO3 , the combined precipitates carefully heated in platinum crucible by playing back and forth underneath a small flame and carefully 

noting the change in color of the precipitates. After thus working to constant 

weight, the residue was tested with a bit of moistened turmeric paper to see that 

no reduction to oxides had occurred.

The Ca and Sr were then separated by the method of H. Rose (given by Fresenius) 

by precipitating Avith (NH4)2SO4, filtering hot, and continued washing with concentrated solution of (NH4) 2SO4 until filtrate showed no test with (NH4)2C-jO4. 

This filtrate after concentration was reworked for Ca by reprecipitation with 

(NH4)2C2O4 . The Sr was treated similarly to BaSO4 and weighed as SrSO4. After 

weighing Ca as CaCOg, in addition to the precautions mentioned above, the precipin 

tate was in each case dissolved in excess of boiling y« H2S04, to expel CO2 , and the

n 

excess of H2SO4 neutralized by KOH, with phenol phthalem as indicator, and Ca

recalculated as a check.

Mg was precipitated from the filtrate from Ca and Sr in the usual way, as NH4MgPO4 

and weighed as Mg2P2O7 . Double precipitation of the Ca and Sr was performed in 

each case to insure separation of Mg.

One liter was taken in each casa, and the Na separated and weighed as NaCl, and 

then dissolved in water, and the Cl estimated with standard solution AgNOs, and 

Na recalculated. The method for separation followed is the one used for separation 

of K, recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1886 (Dept. 

Agriculture, Div. Chem., Bull. No. 12). The principle is familiar, i. e., the removal 

of bases and H2 SO4 by boiling with Ba(OH)3 and a little Bads, filtering, and removing Ca by (NH4)2C3O4 and the excess of BaCl2 by (NH4 )2CO3 , the evaporated residue 

ignited, dissolved, filtered, acidulated with a drop of HC1, ignited, and weighed as 

NaCl, and treated as above. Great care and practice seem essential to obtain anything like closely concordant results. In the following table, because of considerable divergence in the gravimetric results, only the volumetric results are considered, 

the average of all being taken. That appreciable quantities of NaCl may be lost by 

several minutes' ignition at red heat is shown by Fresenius's experiments.

H2SO4 . The precipitate in the preceding results for Na (thrown down by Ba(OH).2 

and Bads) was treated with HC1 in excess in hot solution, thoroughly washed and 

treated as usual for BaS04*.

HC1. One-half to one-fourth liter was concentrated to about 100 cubic centimeters 

and the Cl estimated by AgNO:>, with K2CrO4 as indicator. Two strengths of the solu-
26 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.31.

tion of AgNO3 were tried; No. 1, 1 cubic centimeter of the solution = 1 milligram 

Cl; and No. 2, 1 cubic centimeter of the solution = 0.1 milligram Cl.

Comhined COa. 250 cuhic centimeters was concentrated to about 100 cubic centimeters, and moderate excesses of ELSt^ run in from 'burette, and the solution was 

boiled to free it from CO2 . Then excess of acid was neutralized with 5 KOH with

phenol phthalein as indicator. Fresenius recommends HNOs with tincture cochineal 

indicator; but probably through inexperience in its use the results were not thought 

to be so satisfactory as the method mentioned above. I am aware that the method 

adopted is open to very serious objections, not the least of which is the danger of 

loss of HC1 and HNO3 on boiling to expel CO2 . It-was attempted to avoid this and 

the consequent higher results as much as possible by working to get the approximate point with the standard alkali with turmeric indicator before boiling, and 

then finishing in the usual way. It will be observed that if all the HC1 and'HNOs 

were lost it would increase the reading for C02 about 1.7 milligrams per liter. It 

would, on the whole, perhaps have been better to have used the theoretically much 

better method of liberating the COa by acidulation in closed flasks and absorbing 

the COa in KOH bulbs or standard Ba(OH)2 solution by Pettenkofer's method. This 

was not tried, however, from fear of loss in transferring from evaporating dish to 

flask.

The specific gravity of the dish of water was taken by the spherical specificgravity bottle used in this laboratory, and both distilled water and the sample were 

brought to 27° C. before filling the bottle.

In the following table all the results are the average of results obtained and in 

no case the result of a single estimation.

All results are given in parts per million; or, what is the same thing, milligrams 

per liter.

34. Lake Superior water.

Specific gravity (at 27° C)...................--............................................... 1.0004

Total residue ................................................................................. 69.97

Inorganic residue'......................'....................................................... 57.61

Loss on ignition .............................................................................. 12.36

Organic determinations:

Free ammonia ............................................................................ . 061

Albuminoid ammonia..................................................................... .12

Oxygen consumed ........................................................................ 1.77

Hardness:

Temporary................................................................................ a 48.57

Permanent................................................................................ a38.28

Inorganic constituents:

A1203 = 0.80 Al .48

Fe2O3 = 0.99 Fe = .69

CaO =17.98 Ca =12.80

SrO = 1.60 Sr = 1.34

MgO = 4.63 Mg =2.78 *

NaaO = 4.29 Na = 3.18

"K./) Very faint trace. "K Very faint trace.

SO3 =3.11 SO4 =3.73

SiO2 = 6.73 SiO3 = 8. 53

Ba Trace. Bz Trace.

Cl = 2.43 Cl = 2.43

N2O4 0.00 .............

NjOs = 0.67 N2O6 = .77

CO, =16.30 CO, =.

22.23

58.96

The purpose of this second set of figures, with bases reported as free 

elements and the acids as acid radicals, is that the total results thus 

obtained may be compared with the inorganic residue.

a In parts per million, not in degrees.
LANE.] ANALYSES. 

WATERS OF RIVERS AND SMALL LAKES.

27

Constituent.

CaSO4 ...........

(AlFe)2O3 . .......

MgC03 ......-.--

MgSO4 .... .......

(NaK)2CO3 . -----. 

(NaK)Cl. .......

SiO2 .............

P2 05 ...... .......

Ammonia albuOrganic and volatile.

Total ......

35. 

Battle 

Creek.

f 3. 679 

* .063 

f 1. 494 

* .025

Tr.

f S. 85S 

* .049

f 1. 770 

* .030 

f 1. OSO 

* .017 

f .380 

* .007

f .818 

* .014

f IS. 014 

* .205

36. 

Owosso.

6.041 

.103 

1.394 

.024 

f .058 

* .001 

5.015 

.086

1. 30S 

.021 

1.560 

.023 

'.438 

.007

.818 

.014

J6. 352 

.279

37. 

Jackson.

8.652 

.148 

2.490 

.043

}«,.

4.364 

.073

.376 

.006 

' i.200 

.021 

.537 

.009

Tr.

17. 519 

.300

38. 

Ann Arbor.

7.495 

.128 

5.810 

.099

Tr.

4. 866 

.083

1.453 

.025 

.900 

.015 

1.343 

.023

.818 

.014

32. 685 

.387

39. 

Shiawassee.

} 0. 1090 

}.........

)

.0061 

| .1789

n->RQ

}.........

1 . 0231

} .0691 

Tr.

. 00011 

. Q0054

}.........

\a . 423

16.6° 

.0140

40. 

Cass.

0. 1130

. H070

. 03322 

.0309

. 02405 

.0470

. 00015 

.00054

a . 2552

7.5° 

.0146

41. 

Chippewa.

0. 1314 

.0316 

.0094

.0504 

.0140

.2360

alnorganic.

Constituent.

CaCO3 ...... 

CaO .........

CaSO4 .......

(FeAl)2O3 ....

MgCOg...... 

MgO.........

MgS04 .......

Si02 .........

NaCl.. .......

PrfJ. .........

42. 

S'^ginawW.

0.134

.007

. 02968 

.028 

.0814 

Tr.

43. 

SaginawE.

0. 11057

. 01788 

.0611

. 01944 

.078 

.0581 

Tr.

44. 

Tittabawassee.

0.138

.04008 

.0843

.0084 

.1092 

.0444 

Tr.

45. 

Bay

City.

0. 78624

.........

. 36468

.........

Constituent.

Ammonia, 

fre6

Ammonia albuminoid . .

Total inorganic 

Hardness.... 

Chlorine.....

42. 

SaginawW.

0. 00048 

.00043

.32686 

10.5° 

.0494

43. SaginawE.

0. 000104 

. 000350

.34509 

6.4° 

.0372

44. 

Tittaba

wassee.

0. 000256 

. 000440

.42438 

8.0" 

.027

45. 

Bay 

City.

Tr.

0. 00025

.072

Analyses 35A and 35B in the Appendix are of water from Boardman River near Traverse City, the former made by E. C. Kedzie and 

the latter by the Dearborn Drag and Chemical Works, and they agree 

in indicating a relatively soft water.

Analyses Nos. 35 to 38 are boiler-water analyses made by the Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, of Chicago.

No. 35 is of the Battle Creek city water supply, which is usually 

obtained from Lake Gogaac, and was made for the Advance Thresher 

Company on August 6, 1897.
28 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. SI.

No. 36 is of water from the Shiawassee River at Owosso, and was 

made for the Estey Manufacturing Company, factory A, on October 

30, 1897; there is less matter in solution at Owosso than farther down 

the river, as shown by No. 39.

No. 37 is of water from the Grand River at Jackson, and was made 

for the Withington-Cooley Manufacturing Company on February 11, 

1897.

No. 38 is of water from the creek at Ann Arbor ( 1 the Huron River), 

and was made for the Ann Arbor Electric Company.

Analyses Nos. 39, 40, 42, 43, and 44 were made by G. A. Kirchmaier 

for the board of water commissioners of the city of Saginaw, and were 

published in the supplement to the annual report of that board for 1892, 

pages 31-33.

No. 39 is of water from the Shiawassee River.

No. 40 is of water from the Cass River.

No. 41 was made by J. E. Graves, of the Dow Chemical Company; 

the sample was taken from the Midland water supply (Chippewa River) 

on July 27,1896. This analysis is very like analysis No. 44, of water 

from the Tittabawassee River.

No. 42 is of water from the west-side pumping station, Saginaw, and 

its thoroughly unsatisfactory condition will be treated in a later paper. 

The chlorine, 0.0494, is the highest of the set.

No. 43 is of water from the east-side pumping station, Saginaw.

Analyses 43A to 43D, made by H. and W. Heim for S. G. Higgins, 

show the .composition of Saginaw River water at various places and 

the increase in NaCl and organic residue. The impurities in the water 

increase downstream. On the whole the magnesia and lime also 

increase, although quite irregularly.

No. 44 is of water from the Tittabawassee River.

No. 45 is of water from the Saginaw River at Bay City, and was made 

by Prof. A. B. Prescott at the same time as the analyses of the Bay 

City supply (Nos. 13 to 24), namely in July, 1885. The sudden increase 

in CaO and chlorides together is due to contamination by the waste 

bitterns of salt* manufacture. The Marshall sandstone yields brines 

with considerable calcium chloride. The amount of lime carbonate does 

not increase with the general increase in mineral matter, but shows a 

strong tendency to stick at about one-tenth of an ounce per cubic foot, 

which is enough to indicate the presence of bicarbonates. Sulphates 

of lime are almost invariably present, though the sulphate is sometimes 

returned only as sulphate of magnesia. Throughout the coal basin and 

southwest-of it this salt is very prevalent both in wells and streams.

Ten analyses, by college students, of water from a brook near the 

Agricultural College (analysis No. 36A in the Appendix) give, as an 

average result, a much softer water than most of the stream waters 

analyzed. The sample was probably taken after a rain.

A series of twenty-two analyses of waters from marl-depositing and 

other lakes, wells, and outlet streams, collected by D. J. Hale, near
LANE.] WELLS IN UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS. 29

Cloverdale, Barry County, were made by A. N. Clark. The MgCO3 is 

usually between 0.065 and 0.085 parts per thousand, the extremes being 

0.203 and trace. The amount of CaCO3 is more variable, being as high 

as 0.217 and never less than 0.030. As much as 0.066 of free CO2 was 

sometimes found, supposed to be in addition to that present as bicarbonate.

Number of bacteria in 24

46. 

Cadillac.

100

Tr.

0. 0000528

Tr.

040

.060

.100

47. 

Battle 

Creek.

. 00015

.100

48. 

Mancelona.

76

Tr.

9fi

.246

.534

49. 

St. Louis.

14.4°

50. 

Wayne.

51. 

Wayne.

0. 000026

. 000016

.033

Analyses Nos. 46 to 51 are sanitary analyses by Prof. V. C. Vaughan, 

of Ann Arbor,, and are in general subject to the same remarks and 

interpretation as the others (see p. 44).

No. 46 (193), water from Clam Lake near Cadillac, July 29, 1893; 

brownish, musty; microscope shows vegetable fibers and a few forms 

of animal life.

No 47 (294), water from a Battle Creek hydrant; reacts alkaline, and 

under the microscope shows diatoms and inorganic matter.

No. 48 (345), water from a lake in Mancelona, T. 29 N., E. 6 W., November 17, 1896. The water is reddish brown in color, has a marked 

odor and acid relation, and under the microscope shows the presence 

of considerable vegetable matter.

No. 49 (35), water from the Pine River at St. Louis; contained no 

pathogenic germs.

No. 50 (372), water described as "cloudy, stinking," and No. 51 (373), 

were tests of Huron Eiver water and the overflow of the settling 

basins, of the Wayne County poorhouse, October 25, 1897.

WATERS FROM WELLS IN THE UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS 

(PLEISTOCENE) AND FROM SPRINGS.

This group includes those waters which have penetrated in their 

circulation but a little way under ground. A*ll the common dug wells 

belong to this class, and probably a very large portion of the waters of 

the unclassified analyses given in a later section.

The Michigan board of health has issued a plate showing the relation that the depth of water in wells bears to the prevalence of typhoid
30 LOWEE MICHIGAN MINEEAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

fever during the different months of the year. From April to June the 

water in the wells is, on an average, within 200 inches of the surface 

of the ground, and typhoid fever is least common. By October the 

average water level has fallen over 30 inches, and typhoid fever is 

most prevalent.

I begin with analyses which show only a small proportion of mineral 

matter considerably less than 1 ounce to the cubic foot and which 

may be classed as pure drinking waters, soft or slightly hard. Some 

of these waters are reputed to have curative powers, but none have 

any mineral taste, and it is probable, as the proprietor of the Ponce de 

Leon spring remarks, that their virtue lies mainly in their purity.

As the percentage of mineral matter increases the waters, almost 

without exception, become hard, and are comparable to the river waters 

in lime (one-tenth to two-tenths of an ounce per cubic foot), but contain 

more iron and silica than the latter. In these more mineralized waters 

some of the apparent variety in the chemical combinations seems to 

be due to the fancy of the chemist for instance, the presence of sulphate of potash in some and of carbonate of potash in others of the 

Benton Harbor Eastman springs. Analyses by Duffield are particularly unusual in the combinations assumed.

It will be noticed on comparing the deeper and shallower wells at 

Traverse City (Nos. 56 and 57), at Holland (Nos. 1'47 and 159), and at 

Ypsilanti (Kos. 70 and 71), that no tendency is seen toward a greater 

mineralization with depth the rule which prevails among wells in the 

rock. It is probable that a careful study would show a zone close to 

the surface, a foot to a few feet down, from which the lime had been 

removed by leaching, for at Mecosta and other places I have found very 

shallow, easily exhausted wells used for laundry purposes. Then just 

below this would be a belt in which the lime and iron had been deposited as a cement in extra richness, while lower down would be found 

waters of the unaltered drift.

Finally, there is a group of waters (analyses Nos. 73 to 80) which are 

strongly sulphated, and, with the exception of the Detroit well, come 

from the same region, a region in which gypsum bowlders have, been 

found scattered in the drift. The exception (No. 76) has more salt than 

the others, and is more like a weak brine. Near Marine City, on the 

farm of Mrs. E. Gardner, there is a well of which no complete analysis 

of the water is available, but which is said to contain, out of a thousand 

grains per gallon solids, more than half MgSO4 (Epsom salts). Such 

sulphated waters may be due either to the solution of gypsum or to 

the production of sulphuric acid or sulphates by the decomposition 

of pyrite, which is abundant in the drift and in the rock, and their 

subsequent reaction upon carbonates or chlorides.

The wholesomeness of these sulphated waters depends largely on the 

individual constitution. Professor Kedzie condemned waters from 

Mount Pleasant as too high in sulphates (and I should agree with him) 

which Professor Vaughan passed as good because free from dangerous
LANE.] WELLS IN UNCONSOLIDATEB DEPOSITS. 31

organic contamination. I find, however, that in such regions some 

doctors complain of the prevalence of indigestion, constipation, and 

calculi.

Belonging to the group of highly sulphated mineralized waters from 

the drift of the center of the State are probably some of the analyses 

by Kedzie of waters around Sagiuaw (Nos. 108 to 110), but as some of 

those wells penetrate a few feet into the top sandstone, and as others 

draw their water from a bed immediately overlying it, I have deemed it 

better to treat them in the next section, since it is not certain how far 

wells in the drift only are mineralized under that city. For example, the 

well at 905 Court street, Bast Saginaw, about 80 feet deep, gave in the 

analysis of Dr. Small only 6.5 grains to 1 liter, or 0.421 part to a thousand solids, with a faint 01 reaction. The two Midland waters (analyses Nos. 75 and 77) .re in practically the same class.

Constituent.

Al^Os. ............

CaC03 .. .............

CaSO*. ..............

Fe-jOg. ...............

FeC03 . ....... .......

Li2G03 ....... ........

MgCO3 ..............

KC1 .................

KjSO4 ...............

SiOj .................

NaCl ................

 NasOO....... ........

NasSO* ..............

Total..........

52. 

Ponce de 

Leon 

spring.

|7.f

I .1U312 

Tr.

Tr.

el. 76

I .030

r8. 959

I . 153564 

7.20

53.

Harbor

Springs.

8.50

.121

{ - 50

I .007

i 1.50

I .021

e 1.00

I .014 

e .50

\ .007

1.50

.021

13.00

.183 

11.°

5.o

54.

Greenville.

9.63

.136

}.........

3.175

.045

}.........

} «

ty(\*t

.003

} 

13.25

.189

flAAfiKO

55. 

Ann Arbor (University).

JO. 178

} .06058

.0073

.00448

. 00152

. 00507

.0023

\ . 28963

56. 

Traverse 

City High 

School.

0.128

.002

.003

.034

.006

.006

.014

.193

12.o

6.0

.00008

57. 

Traverse 

City 

(Asylum).

e 9.758

I .167 

e 1. S28

I .026 

< .298

\ .005

i 4.004

I .068

e 1. 997

I .034 

Tr.

i a .60S

I .010

e 17. 987

I .307

58. 

Pontiac.

, 0. 0806

\ . 0014 

9. 6807

.1660

}..........

.5025

.0086

, . 0200

\ . 0003 

3. 9159

*. 0672 

e . 06990

I .0012

.4082

.0070 

< .3090

I . 0053 

.2916

.0050 

e . 2799

\ .0048

t e.9244

\ .0158

16.4827

.2826

aCNaorK. J Oxygen reduced by permanganate. cLoss.
32 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL -WATERS. [NO. 31.

Constituent.

AljOg.... ............

CaCOg...... .........

TTo r*r\

MgC03 ..............

T> r\

Mn...... ............

TT c*r\

MgSO4 ..............

T7" CJ/"\

SiOs .................

NaCl ................

NaCOg. ..............

Constituent.

A10

CaCO3 ...............

T iPl

MgCO. ..............

K ctri

59.

"King David," 

Benton 

Harbor.

r 0. 117

X . 0020 

M.S. 124

X . 1390

/ bi. 1. 298

X . 0223 

fii.3.532

X . 0605 

Wellmarked

traces.

...Do....

i .145

X . 00244 

r .583

X . 0100 

f .119

X . 00205 

<-bi. . 676

X . 01168

,

f 14.592

* . 2502

Oft OQ

66.

Ann Arbor (S. 

Mann).

. 08936

. 0053t

60.

"Silver Queen," 

Benton 

Harbor.

,

b'i. 6. 800

.1165

x ;

bi. 3. 225

.0553

bi. 1. 074

.0184

\ Tr

.117

.0020 

.096

bi. 1. 364

.0234

12. 676

.2004

67.

"Wayland 

(spring).

f 7. 50

I .107 

< 3.20

X .046

t .520

X .074

61.

"Saul," 

Benton 

Harbor.

bi. 7. 797

.1336

bi. 1.049

.018 

bi. 6. 144

.1052

1 ;

1

t . 083

\ . 00145 

.350

.006

.095

bi. 1.021

.0176 

, .110

X . 00199

16. 649

.2854

07 91

68. 

Otsego.

bi.

0.244

.036

bi.

.026 

.020

62. 

"Colonel's Own," 

Benton 

Harbor.

bi.8.835

.1520 

.334

(a). 00402

bi. 6. 296

.1078

bi. I. 559

. 0267

I

J

.117

.0020 

.119

.0020 

bi. . $35

.0188

18. 035

.3096

00 Qf»

69. 

Albion 

(Warner's 

spring).

0.004

bi.

.290

. 058

rbi.

X .029

bi.

.080

63.

Springs, 

Petoskey.

J.*}* 3®

.176 

.14

.002

2. 80

.040

,

.70

.01

.49

.007

, 3.10

X .03

18. 55

.265

70.

Ypsilanti 

(waterworks) .

}

fi 9QQ

.021

Tr.

| '.100

64.

"Park," 

Alma.

} 0. 188

.106

X 041

'

.020

} .017

} .007

,

'

\ 070

.027

71.

Ypsilanti 

(well).

Tr.

f 9. 109

\ .156

{ la- 948

I .223 

Tr.

i 6. 370

X .109

65.

"Kochemo,"Keed 

City.

0.001

X . 203

.003

,bi.

X .110

.0003

Tr.

.014

.014

X .033

070

'

72. 

Hubbardston (magnetic 

spring).

bi.

0.400

}..........

.005

bi.

.187

a + A12O3 .
LANE.] WELLS IN UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS, 33

Constituent.

SiO2 .................

NaCl ................

NajjCOg. ...... --..--.

Na2SO4 ..............

Nal

Volatile at red heat..

CO2 ...... ............

Ammonia albuminoid

Constituent.

Al^OgPzOs ...........

CaSiOg.. .............

CaCOg. ..............

CaSo4 . ...... ........

FeCOg.. .............

MgC03 ..............

MgCl.... ............

MgS04 -..--........-.

 KC1. ................

K2SO4 ...............

HjiSiOg. ..............

SiO2 .................

MaCl.. ...............

NaCOg. ..............

NaSO4 .. .............

Loss at red heat .....

Nitrites .............

Temporaryhardness - 

Permanent hardnesa. 

CO» .................

Ammonia album iH2S...... ............

66.

Ann Arbor (S. 

Mann).

. 00488 

. 00042

(IOQ71

Tr.

.025

. 37936

.285

67.

Wayland 

(spring).

/ 0.65 

I .009 

t 1.50 

\ .021

t 8.00 

I .114

i 27.000 

1 .386

68. 

Otsego.

0.048

} .028

}.........

}.........

\ .449

73. 

Mount 

Pleasant 

(waterworks).

(?)

0.620

.120

.018

.100

1.130 

Strong.

8.° 

30.°

. 00008 

. 00002

74. 

Mount 

Pleasant 

(waterworks) .

0.173

1.044

.067

.086

.024

1.580 

Distinct. 

Strong.

.003 

. 00015

69 

Albion 

(Warner's 

spring).

0.003

.021

.036

rLoss. 

I .017

.546

75.

Midland 

(Reardon).

bi. 0. 038

.0443

.0560

.054

1.155

1.416

70.

Tpsilanti 

(waterworks).

0.014

.035

Tr.

} .071

.570 

.00003

. 00002

76.

Detroit 

(Amos T. 

Hall).

0. 3919

.2826 

.0102

.3476

.1100

.1045

.0237 

.7252

1. 9957

71.

Ypsilanti 

(well).

i 1. 139 

\ .018

i 3.600 

I .062 

t 1.056. 

I .017

i .818 

I .014

r 35.04 

\ .599

77.

Midland 

(magnetic 

spring).

0.025

.089

.064

.031

1.174

.042 

.467

.315

.046 

035

2.288

72. 

HubbardsTon (magnetic 

spring).

} 0.004

}..........

}..........

}..........

} .596

78. 

St. Louis.

0.096 

bi. . 991

.950 

bi. . 017 

bi. . 250

.041 

Tr. 

bi. 1. 520

.029

3.895

.089

Tr.

IRR 31 3
34 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia.... ..........

Permanganate re79. 

Mount 

Pleasant 

(test well) .

425 

Large.

Tr.

0. 0000213 

. 00012

0.002

80. 

Mount 

Pleasant 

(test well).

120

Very slight 

trace.

Tr.

0. 000072 

. 000043

0.002

Chlorine as NaCl .....

Inorganic residue ..... 

Total residue . . .

79. 

Mount 

Pleasant

(test well).

.1815

, .470 

1.676

2.146

2. 4°(?) 

Large.

80. 

Mount 

Pleasant

(test well).

.198

.440 

1.852

2.292 

2.60(9) 

Large.

No. 52 is of water from the Ponce de Leon spring, Grand Rapids, 

John DeBoe, analyst; bottled and used commercially since 1848; has 

no color, taste, odor, or sediment; specific weight at 59° F., 1.00465; 

found under 22 feet of clay; contains no nitrites; 0.000422 (0.0246) 

nitrates; 0.000015 (0.00087) free ammonia; and 0.000022 (0.00128) albuminoid ammonia. (For further notes and record of temperatures for 

different months in the year, see a later paper.)

No. 53, F. S. Kedzie, analyst for E. Shay & Son; water from 320-foot 

well at Harbor Springs. (See description in a later paper.)

No. 54 is of water from Greenville, February, 1888; furnished by city 

clerk. Oxygen reduced by permanganate 0.0003.

No. 55, Ann Arbor, water from well on north side of campus, 70 feet 

8 inches deep; T. C. McNeill, analyst; temperature 50°; biennial report 

of State geologist (Michigan), 1861, page 203.

No. 56, F. S. Kedzie, analyst; nitrates, a slight trace; nitrites, none; 

water colorless, odorless, tasteless, of excellent quality; compare with 

analysis No. 3. This analysis is cited in Rafter's report to the city 

council of Traverse City as from Park Place Hotel. A full description 

of the numerous deep-flowing wells of Traverse City, of which this is 

an example, will be found in a later paper.

No. 57, Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, analysts; primarily a 

boiler-water analysis; Na and K, Fe^ and A12 included together. Well 

deepened since analysis was made. (See description in later paper.) 

The city is not supplied from these wells, the water being too hard, but 

from the bay (Nos. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3).

No. 58, J. B. Clark, analyst; Welcome Island lithia water, 3 miles 

north of Pontiac, in the center of Lake Angelus.

No. 58A, an analysis of water from the Mount Clemens Pagoda 

springs; analysis of a much-used similar water will be found in the 

Appendix; C. G. Wheeler, analyst; temperature, 52°.

Nos. 59 to 62 are of waters from four out of the thirty or more springs 

of H. E. Eastman, 1 and 2 miles southeast of Benton Harbor; Professor 

Haines, analyst. The more mineralized waters, with the greater spe-
LANE.] WELLS IN UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS. 35

cific weight, seem to have a higher temperature and perhaps draw from 

a deeper layer, as follows:

No. 59, water.from King David spring, Benton Harbor; temperature, 50° F.; specific weight, 1.000.

No. 60, water from Silver Queen spring, Benton Harbor; temperature, 50° F.; specific weight, 1.000125.

No. 61, water from Saul spring, Benton Harbor; temperature, 51° F.; 

specific weight, 1.00025.

No. 62, water from Colonel's Own spring, Benton Harbor; temperature, 51° F.; specific weight, 1.00025.

No. 63, water from Petoskey springs, F. S. Kedzie, analyst; 12° total 

hardness, 2° permanent hardness. Compare the analysis of water from 

the deep well (No. 294) in the Dundee limestone.

No. 64, water from Alma, C. A. Davis, analyst; originally stated in 

grains per United States gallon for the Alma Sanitarium. (See fig. 3, 

and compare descriptions and tests of waters from Alma wells in a later 

paper.) Temperature,48.2° F.; reaction neutral or slightly alkaline.

No. 65, water from Nochemo spring; E. Fischer and A. B. Prescott, 

analysts; original statement in grains per United States gallon. Water 

bottled and sold is from flowing driven wells in a river bottom; the yellow of a chalybeate water is very apparent about them. The region is 

said to be an old deer-lick. (Compare analysis No. 83.)

No. 66, water from spring on land of Solomon Mann; T. C. McNeill, 

analyst; temperature, 50° F.; specific gravity, 1.001. Basis of sanitarium for several years. Biennial report of the State geologist (Michigan), 1861, page 204; Winchell, Geology of Washtenaw County 

(History of Washtenaw County), 1881, page 14. The CO2 is partially 

free and partially combined acid. The water from Mount Clemens 

Pagoda springs (No. 58A) is similar.

No. 67, F. S. Kedzie, analyst; Wayland spring water. There are 

many flowing wells in Wayland, but only one is a rock well.

No. 68, cited by A. C. Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32; 

E. S. Kedzie, analyst. Water contains a. trace of H^S and 8 cubic 

inches CO2 per gallon, and is from a rock well; the amount of potash 

is abnormal and reminds one of the Midland analyses.

No. 69, Warner's spring, Albion; D. Fall, analyst; cited by Peale, 

Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, from Eeport State Board of 

Health, 1875, page 89; from flowing springs south of Lake Shore and 

Michigan Southern Eailroad.

No. 70, F. S. Kedzie, analyst; water from Ypsilanti city waterworks; 

quality excellent. (See fig. 2.)

No. 71, 18-foot well; Dearborn Drug and Chemical Company, analysts for the Ypsilanti Electric Company; a boiler-water analysis, 

originally stated in grains per United States gallon.

No. 72, P. (I S.) H. Douglass, analyst; cited by Peale, Bulletin U. S. 

Geological Survey No. 32.
36 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATEES. [NO. 31.

No. 73, July, 18, 1896; No. 74, Aug. 17, 1893. Nos. 73 and 74 are of 

water from the Mount Pleasant waterworks' 40-foot well; F. S. Kedzie, 

analyst. . Note the apparent leaching out of sulphates in course of time. 

This water is not used for boilers, but river water is used instead. (See 

analysis No. 49.) It leaves a red coating in a porcelain dish.

No. 75, J. E. Graves (Dow Chemical Company), analyst. Water 

clear, neutral, odorless; tested by A. C. Lane November 2, 1897; SO4 

moderate, Ca low, Cl low; specific gravity, 1.001; 50° F.

No. 76, water from well of Amos T. Hall, Woodward avenue, Detroit; 

S. H. Douglass, analyst, 1854, for board of water commissioners; cited 

from Winchell's biennial report of the State geologist, 1861, page 203.

No. 77, water from Midland magnetic spring; cited by Peale, op. cit. 

(Compare Nos. 75,248, and 249.) The amount of potash seems incredible, and suggests an error in transcription. It agrees in indicating a 

sulphated water. I believe that it and No. 248 are perverted versions 

of No. 249.

No. 78, water from St. Louis, S. P. Duffield, analyst; cited, slightly 

differently, by Peale, op. cit.; temperature, 50° F. This should be compared with the analysis of a water from St. Louis (No. 113), made by 

Kedzie December 1,1893.

No. 79 (361), water from Mount Pleasant test well, Y. C. Yaughan, 

analyst; July 13, 1897. Water yellowish opalescent. Microscope 

showed organic matter.

No. 80 (365), water from Mount Pleasant test well, Y. C. Yaughan, 

analyst; Aug. 17, 1897. Water yellowish opalescent. Microscope 

showed a considerable amount of amorphous matter. The last two 

analyses are from the 205-foot test well. (See later paper.)

UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES.

Among the analyses furnished me through the kindness of Pro-. 

fessors Kedzie and Prescott there were a large number the records 

of which were not so exact as to make the geological source of the 

waters certain. It is true that, judging from the analyses, I can in 

each case give the probable source of the water, yet it would obviously 

be reasoning in a circle to thus doubtfully assign them to geological 

sections and then proceed to draw, from analyses so grouped, deductions as to the character of the water from a given formation. At the 

same time it seemed to involve too much burden on the time and kindness of the gentlemen mentioned, as well as delay in publication, to 

enter upon the search and correspondence necessary to ascertain with 

certainty the geological conditions in all cases. In a few instances the 

geological conditions have been determined with certainty, but too late 

to be available without a complete rearrangement of all the analyses.

As most of the waters sent in, especially those sent to Professor 

Yaughan, have been the subject of suspicion, and as most of the water 

sources in the State are wells in the drift, which are more open to sus-
LANS.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 37

picion than rock wells, it is obvious that most of these analyzed waters 

of uncertain origin belong to the group of the preceding section, waters 

more or less from the drift; this is the excuse for introducing these 

analyses here rather than later. Whenever one of these analyses seems 

to indicate a water not from the Pleistocene, attention is called to the 

fact.

Peale, in Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, does not give the 

geological source of the waters analyzed. Most of them, however, I 

have been able to classify by determining their geological source in 

such ways as the following examples will indicate: The Alpena magnetic well is certainly one of the deep borings into the so-called Dundee 

limestone, as the temperature (52° F.) of the water, which is 10° Mgher 

than the mean annual temperature of Alpena (42°), and its sulphureted 

character indicate, and I have placed it accordingly. (Analysis No. 

297.) The Berrien springs are uncertain, and no analysis is given. 

Butterworth's magnetic spring, or Grand Eapids magnetic, as I learn 

from Mr. Powers, 1 is a well into the Marshall, with mineral additions 

from the Michigan series; or, as Mr. Powers says, his own well (the 

Arcade) draws from the lower 18 feet of the Marshall sandstone, which 

is about 100 feet thick, and has less CaCl2 than Butterworth's, which 

draws from the upper part. The waters of the Cascade springs are not 

analyzed. The chalybeate springs near Ann Arbor, although no analysis of the water is given, are in all probability wells in the drift (see 

analyses Nos. 55 and 66, from WinchelFs biennial report, 1861, page 

203, and Geology of Washtenaw County, 1881), and those of Wayne 

County may be from the drift, and are likely to be wells just above the 

rock. As Peale remarks, wells are often called springs, especially 

when the water rises markedly when struck. The Springville well is 

probably from the drift, but the water is not analyzed. The Eaton 

Eapids springs and well are flowing wells from the Coal Measures and 

the Parma. (Analyses Nos. 243 to 247.) The proportions of CaCO3 

and potash in these analyses are characteristically large.

The Erie sulphur springs are only examples of a great number of 

sulphur springs in the same region, flowing wells to or into the Dundee 

(upper Helderberg or Corniferous) limestone, of the same class as the 

Wyandotte or Eiverside wells (analyses Nos. 296 and 300). Flint's magnetic springs at Three Eivers, in St. Joseph County, being saline are 

probably in the rock, as the drift well waters in that part of the State 

are not usually saline; while on the other hand the Berea or other saline 

beds of the Coldwater shales may readily be struck. The Fruitport 

artesian and magnetic well shows by its record and its temperature (48° 

F.) that it draws water from the Marshall. The water of the Grand 

Haven mineral spring is similar in analysis, and also comes from the 

Marshall (see analyses Nos. 264 to 266). The Grand Ledge water is 

probably from the Coal Measures. The Hubbardston magnetic spring

1 See also Winchell's biennial report, 1861, p. 168.
38 LOWER MICHIGAN MENEEAL WATEES. [NO. 31.

(well), if it is the one of which Mr. Lincoln has furnished a record, is 

in the Pleistocene, but if not, as the drift is thick over all the region 

and as I am informed that rock has not been struck, it is probably a 

drift water, although it should perhaps have been included here in 

the unclassified section, rather than as analysis No. 72. The Lansing 

magnetic (Michigan Congress) well shows by its depth that it goes 

through the Marshall. It is plugged part way down. The temperature 

(53.5° F.) being not more than 7° above the mean annual temperature 

of the place, indicates that the main flow is from the same horizon as 

the deep Agricultural College well, i. e., from the Marshall, and the 

analyses (Nos. 241 and 242) show, as I have likewise been informed, 

that the upper calcic waters are not cased out. The Leslie magnetic 

well is almost certainly from the Coal Measures, though we have placed 

the analysis near those furnished by Prof. F. S. Kedzie below (No. 228). 

The Midland magnetic well (analysis No. 77) has been placed for comparison beside No. 78. Its temperature indicates that its depth is no 

greater than that of No. 78, but the analysis needs verification, and it 

may be merely an erroneous form of analysis 249, which water is from 

the Coal Measures. We have no analysis of the water from the Arcade 

Building mineral well at Grand Rapids, unless some of the uncertain 

analyses of Yaughan or Kedzie refer to it. The Moorman well (analyses 

Nos. 304 and 305) is, as is obvious from the description below, from the 

temperature (57.5° F.) of the water, and from the section shown in fig. 

2, chiefly from the JBelderberg limestone. Owen's mineral well (56.6° 

F.) and the Ypsilanti mineral well (58.1° F.) are similar. The Mount 

Clemens springs are from the same horizons. The Ogemaw mineral 

springs are in all probability from the drift and similar to those around 

Eose City. The Otsego mineral springs (analysis No. 68) appear to be 

from the drift. The Owosso spring analysis is most likely of water 

from one of the wells into the upper Coal Measures. Its source is, however, so uncertain that it is given below in this section (analysis No. 

227). The Riverside magnetic mineral springs (Springwell's Fort) in 

Detroit are from the Dundee and the upper Monroe, as the temperature (50° F.) shows, and are described in the appropriate place. The 

St. Glair spring belongs to the same family. (See pp. 77, 78.) The St. 

Louis magnetic spring analysis (No. 78) is of water from a deep drift 

well within the coal basin. The Springlake magnetic well analysis 

(No. 265) belongs with the analyses of water from the Fruitport and 

Grand Haven wells, as all draw from the Marshall (Nos. 264 to 266). 

The Shawnee mineral springs probably derive their supply from the 

Helderberg or the immediately overlying drift, but the waters are 

not analyzed. The temperature (47° to 49°) is practically the mean 

annual temperature of the place, which shows that the wells are not 

deep.

Sulphur springs are very abundant in that region and apparently 

derive their water from the Dundee limestones, in some cases, perhaps, 

from the Monroe. (Compare analyses Nos. 294 to 302.)
UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 39 

ANALYSES BY PKOFS. K. C. AND F. S. KEDZIE.

Constituent.

CaCOg ...............

CaSO4 ...............

MgCOg ..............

TT drk

SiOz .................

NaCl.. ...............

Volatile at red heat. . 

Total ..........

Permanent hardness . 

Nitrates .............

Albuminoid ammonia

Constituent.

CaCO3 ...............

CaSO4 ...............

TCV f\

MgCOg...... .........

T7- QA

SiO2 .. ................

NaCl................

Na2SO4 ..............

Volatile at red heat. .

Total hardness ...... 

Permanent hardness.

Albuminoid ammonia 

O from permanganate

81. 

Grand 

Haven 

(hydrant).

, 4.20 

X .06 

r .56 

X .008

, .296 

( .042

I .002 

r 3.15 

X .045

r 10. 99 

X .157

. 00007 

. 00010

87. 

Soldiers' 

Home, 

Grand 

Rapids.

t 8.50 

X .122 

( 1.20 

X .017

r 2.60 

X .037

X .006

r 3.00 

X .043

(15. 75 

X .225 

14.o 

6.0 

fift.9

. 00005 

. 00008

82.

Grand 

Haven.

7.0 

.100

0

3.0 

.042

0

0

.87 

.012 

5.0 

.071

16.6 

.237

3.o

. 000324

. 000105 

. 000008

88.

Grand 

Rapids 

No. 1.

8.80 

.126 

.28 

.004

3.96 

.057

.50 

.007

6.46 

.092

20.00 

.286

15.°

. 00015 

. 00025

83. 

Reed City.

.075

( ,.u

X .002

x .001

3.52 

.050

X .012

1.38 

.020 

2.10 

.030

13.30 

.190

89.

Grand 

Rapids 

No. 2.

8. 70 

.124 

.SO 

.004

4.00 

.057

.50 

.007

7.00 

.10

20.50 

.293

15.5° 

8.5°

. 00008 

.0001

84. 

Cold-water.

8.10 

.130 

.35 

.005 

.07 

.001 

3.50 

.050 

, .56 

X .008 

.14 

.002 

.70 

.010

'

14.42 

.206

90.

Dowagiac.

10.00 

.143 

1.50 

.021 

e .50 

X .007 

2.00 

.029

f 1.00 

X .014 

2.00 

.029

4.20 

.06

21.20 

.303

2.o

..........

85. 

Ludington.

6.10 

.087

.20 

.003 

5.20 

.074

1.00 

.014 

2.50 

.036 

r 2.00 -> X .029 /

17.00 

.243 

14.o 

7.o 

.0005

. 00007

. 00001

91.

Niles.

8.86 

.127

.56 

.008 

5.29 

.076 

, 0.70 

X .01 

.96 

.014 

.20 

.003

X .015

3.50 

0.050

21. S3 

.303

. 00014

.0002 

. 00003

92.

ICalamazoo.

10.50 

.150 

r 1.51 

X .022

7.04 

.101

.61 

.009 

.47 

.007

2.27 

.03

22.40 

.320

..........

86. 

Pontiac.

10.50 

1.50 

t .14 

.002 

.28 

.004 

5.32 

.076

1.40 

.02 

.63 

.009

0

18.27 

.261

93.

Ealamazoo 

No. 1.

12.60 

.18 

1.50 

.021 

+SiO2 3.67 

.052 

4.36 

.062

1.3 

.020

2.50 

.036

26.00 

.371 

16.o 

5.o 

.001 

. 00002 

. 00002 

. 000028
40 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. tuo.31.

Constituent.

CaCO3 .. .... .........

CaSO4 ......... ......

FejO3 ...... ........ --

MgC03 . .............

17" f*l

SiOz .................

NaCl ................

Volatile at red heat. .

Constituent.

CaCOa-.... ..........

CaSO4 ...............

Fe203 . ............

MgCOa ...... ........

SiO2 . ................

NaCl..... ............

Na2SO4 ... ...........

Volatile at red heat. .

Total..........

Nitrites..............

Albuminoid ammonia

ganate reduced.

94. Ealamazoo No. 2.

, 9.80

\ .140 

f 1.60

\ .023 

, .30

\a . 004 

f 4.66

\ .067

f 1.64

\ .023 

f 3.00 

I .043

(21.00

I .30 

14.°

6.0

.0005

. 00005

.00002

. 00025

101.

Port Hu 

ron.

f 8.40 .

\ .12 

f 5.35

I .077 

Tr.

; 3.15

\ .045

< .58

I .008

i!0.5 

\ .15

<28.00

\ .40

17.°

9.o

. 00005

. 00009

95. 

Dimondale.

IS. 95

.185

.27

.004 

.05

.001

5.25

.075

r .28

I .004 

r .SO

I .003

.70

.01

2.70 

.039

22.40

.32

. 00001

102. 

Howell.

14.10

.201 

IS. 00

.029 

i 1.00

V .014 

5.00

.071 

(1.40

\ .20 

1.00

.014

3.60 

.051

28.10

.401

20.°

lO.o

. 00006

. 00005

96. 

Adrian.

8.75

.125 

} Tr.

}.........

6.62

.095

}.........

}.........

.33

.005 

7.00 

.100

22.70

.324

15.5°

10.°

. 00015

. 00020

103.

Tecumseh.

14.28

.204 

4.50

.064 

.10

.001 

6.62

.095 

}.........

.50

.007

6.00 

.086

32.00

.457

6.0

97. 

Stanton.

13.25

.189 

( 1.54

I .022

5.81

.083

, 1.00

I .014 

.40

.006 

2.00 

.029

2S.OO

.329

10.°

0.0

104. 

Moline.

11.20

.160 

1.35

.019 

.50

.007 

12.25

.175 

r 1.00

\ .014 

.80.

.011

5.8 

.083

32.9

.470

. 98. Eochester.

14.50

.207

2.00

.029 

, 1.00

\ .014

2.25

.032

}.........

.75

.011 

3.00 

.043

24.50

.35

8.0

Tr.

. 00005

. 00001

105. 

Belding.

<3Q

.557 

2.80

.04

.20

.003 

.50

.007

}.........

5.00

.071

3.50 

.05

51.

.729

nftnnn^i

. 000001

99. 

Battle 

Creek.

}.........

}.........

}.........

}.........

2.00

.029 

16.00 

.229

25.00

.357

9.o

.00003

. 00025

106. 

Lapeer 

(Home of PeebleMinded).

}.........

9.90

.141 

.08

.001 

3.42

.049 

f .30

\ .004 

5.40

.077 

< 20. 10

\ .287 

4.20 

.60

43.40

.620

7.o

Tr.

Tr.

00001

100. 

Owosso.

, 10. 78

\ .154 

f 2.10

\ .03

r 9.53

I .136

{ '"

X .001 

2.10

.03 

1.68 

.024

26.25

.375

107. 

Lapeer.

}..........

}..........

}..........

}..........

b!6. 33

6.233 

}..........

20. 

.286

80.

1.143

14.°

lO.o

nn*>

0

00001

. 000004

a + SiO2 . b All chlorides.
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 41

Constituent.

CaCO3 ....... ........

CaSO. ...............

M CO

MgSO,. .. .........

KC1...... ............

Si02 .......... ..... ..

NaCl ................

SOs-...- .............

Volatile at red heat. .

Total..........

Nitrates.............

Nitrites..............

Constituent.

CaC03 ...... .........

CaSO4 ..............

FegOs ................

MgC03 .. .............

KC1...... ............

 FT Cif\

108.

Saginaw 

(Brand & 

Hardin).

r 3.00

X .043 

t 5.40

X .077

t .35

X .005 

r 3.92

( .056

r 1.00

X .014 

, 28.83

X .412 

i 19.00

I .271

r- 5. 50

X .079

, 67.0

X .957 

14.Q

115. 

Flushing 

No. 1.

i 9.00

X .129

r 2.00

X .029

r 1. IS

X .016

109. 

Saginaw (Washington 

ave.).

6.40

.091

9.20

.131

.50

.007

5.50

.079

1.00

.014

oQ* %8

.433 

20. 12

.287

6.00

.086

79.

1.129

13.o

0.0

.00050

116. 

Flushing 

No. 2.

,

'

}

1.00

.014

110.

Saginaw 

(Tower 

Block).

11.55

.165

, 23. 10

X .330

,

J

^

2.00

.029

J

3.00

.043

50.10

.716

117. 

Flushing

No. 3.

2.00

.029

111.

St. 

Charles.

8.40

.120 

r 9.80

X .140

1

, 8.50

X .121

32.90

.470

8.40

.120-

68.00

.971

118. 

Flushing

No. 4.

i 2. 80

X .04

1.00

.14

112. 

Bay City.

14.70

.210 

31.99

.457

5.47

.121

,a.l4

X .002

53.20

.760

f

10.50

.150

119.

1.700

14.°

. 00013

119. 

Frost.

20.60

.294

r

.OO

.286 

r .25

I .003 

IS. SO

.19

113. 

St. Louis.

,

39.90

.570

.35

X .005 

26.81

.383

r 13. 65

X .195

.28

.004 

100.31

1.433

$00.30

2.861

'

1

'

. 00003

.00002

120. 

Vassar.

,

105.7

1.51

1.0

.014 

17.5

.25

r 10.5

X .15

114.

Saginaw 

(William 

Hicks).

28.

.400

Tr

(

< 15.3

X .219

.5

.007 

118.7

1.696

2.1

X .003

r 17.5

X .25

r «J0.

X 3. 000

19.°

18.o

121. 

Caro.

t 21.00

X .30

185. 50

2.65

.70

.01

19.60

.28

, 3.50

X .05

'

a + Fe2O3.
42 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Constituent.

SiOz .................

"NT-iPl

NagCOg...... ........

Na2SO4 ..............

Total mineral ........

Volatile at red heat. .

Total..........

Permanent hardness.

Albuminoid ammonia

115. 

Flushing

No.l.

f 5.00 

I .071 

, 158.69 

\ 2. 267 

t 17.08 

I .244 

t 89.00 

I 1. 271 

t 289. 90 

\ 4. 156

.........{

Constituent.

Cad,..-... .....................

CaSO4 .~- .......................

FegOg..... ......................

Mgd ...........................

116. 

Mushing

No. 2.

}.........

141.27 \ 

2.018 /

22.00

.314

3.50 

.05

}.........

( 4.90 

t .07

181. 10 

2.573 

2.° 

1.° 

. 00012 

. 00002

117. 

Flushing 

No. 3.

Not. determined. 

42.50 

.671 

7.80 

.111

9. 80 

.140

KB. 80 

3.340 

4.° 

1.5° 

. 00015 

. 00002

118. 

Flushing 

No. 4.

t 12%. 

I 1. 743 

41.00 

.586 

5.40 

.077

7.00 

.10

179. 20 

2.56

119. 

Frost.

, 1.15 

\ .016 

168. 70 

2.41

}.........

}.........

14. 

.2

2S8. 

3.400

.00015

120. 

Vassar.

1.5 

.021

277.2 

3.96

}.........

418.4 

5.906

1 oo

Wales. Constituent.

t 59. 64

I .85 

r 1.00

\ .01

.{ « 

\ .01

r S6. 54

KC1

2

NaC 

4

1

................ ....... .....H

i

Total mineral residue ........

\ .522

121. 

Caro.

}..........

466.90 

6.67

*

697. 20 

9.96

122. 

Wales.

( 5.00 

.071 

f 1153. 88 

. 16. 47

( 1255.8 

. 17. 94

Of the foregoing analyses No. 110, and doubtless others, should be 

credited to Prof. E. C. Kedzie alone. It should not be forgotten that 

these are not all the analyses furnished me by the Professors Kedzie, 

but only those which I preferred not to class geologically.

The first analysis of this list, being doubtless of water from the Grand 

Haven waterworks, which obtain their supply from driven wells, might 

perhaps have been included among those in the Pleistocene if the very 

low percentage of mineral matter did not suggest that the source is 

practically Lake Michigan, filtered through sand. The analysis is suggestively similar to that of Muskegon Lake (No. 2).

There is next a series of analyses, "Nbs. 82 to 105, in every respect 

comparable to the series Nos. 55 to 89. As arranged, the solids 

increase from one-fifth to one-half of an ounce per cubic foot of water, 

which is the normal range. The carbonates invariably form by far the 

largest proportion of the solid matter. The amount of gypsum is 

usually barely a tenth as great, and there is a small but variable 

amount of salt, which does not increase regularly with the amount of 

mineral matter, and when high may be assigned in part to sewage con-
LANE-] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 43

tamination. The wells furnishing these waters occur all over the State 

except in the central region around Midland. It is noteworthy that 

the percentage of solids is most commonly near 0.30 per thousand, and 

the hardness correspondingly near 15°. There is no reason why any of 

these analyses may not be of waters from common wells in surficial 

deposits, and most of them are undoubtedly such. No. 83, from Eeed 

City, is of water from a region where I could find no wells which had 

reached bed rock, even when 100 feet deep. The same statement holds 

true at Ludington. On the other hand, in cases like Owosso the well 

may pierce bed rock a little, though near Owosso plenty of water and 

even flows are found in the drift. Taken as a whole, the analyses 

belong to a fairly well-defined type of water from the drift.

With only two transitional analyses, those at Lapeer (Nos. 106 and 

107), we pass, with an increasing proportion of solid matter, to an 

entirely different type of analysis. The total solids quickly double in 

amount, reaching about an ounce per cubic foot. But the lime and magnesia, or at any rate the carbonates, fall off, and instead there are sulphates and salt. Frequently there is more chlorine and sulphuric acid 

than can be satisfied by their usual bases, sodium and calcium, and we 

have sodic sulphate, potassic chloride, and other salts.

All the places from which analyses of this type come are well within 

the basin of the Marshall sandstone, except Wales and Yassar, and 

may be supposed to derive their percentage of sulphates from the gypsum of the Michigan series and the decomposing sulphide of iron that 

occurs with the coal.

Some of these analyses e. g., those from Saginaw (Nos. 108 to 110), 

from St. Charles (No. Ill), from Bay City (No. 112), and from St. Louis 

(No. 113, compare No. 78) show a considerable amount of lime and no 

more mineral matter than often occurs in waters from drift wells of this 

region, and may either be from such wells or from wells that go a short 

distance into the rock. On the other hand, wells like the Flushing 

wells, with water containing so low a percentage of lime, yield waters 

so extremely soft that one can hardly believe them to be derived from 

the drift, when he considers how much limestone and gypsum are disseminated through them. From the evidence of the analyses alone, 

therefore, one could say that the water must come from some of the 

Coal-Measure sandstones below the drift, like the water of the Bancroft House, Saginaw (the prominent hotels in Saginaw have their own 

artesian wells down into the sandstone), tests of which indicate water 

of this character with Na2SO4. The Saginaw analyses are intermediate in character, as would be natural in waters from wells just from 

the base of the drift, but the generally sulphated type is confirmed by 

the analyses of Heim Brothers. The water of analysis No. 108 is 

reported by Kedzie as "colorless, odorless, nearly tasteless, and good 

for domestic use." The water of No. 109 is only "fair, having too much 

sulphates." Both blacken very slightly on ignition. The water of No.
44 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

110 is "clear, bright, tasteless, and odorless; would be excellent but 

for the large amount of sulphates." The Brand & Hardiii well (analysis 

No. 108) gave Heim Brothers 0.879 solids (61.5 grains per gallon), and 

the Washington avenue well (analysis No. 109) 1.043 solids (73 grains 

per gallon). Our inference that the waters of the Flushing analyses 

come from wells in the Coal Measures is confirmed by the fact that there 

are many such rock-drilled wells there. The well of W. Wartzel (analysis No. 119) was said to have been bored in 1896 to a depth of only 40 

feet. The water flows naturally, with several feet head; temperature 

about 45°; specific weight in 1899, 1.007. Analyzed March 5, 1896. 

The last three analyses show more mineral matter than the water from 

any drift well known. The Yassar and Caro wells would naturally tap 

the gypsiferous Michigan series, and the Wales well the Berea grit. 

In confirmation of this supposition the Yassar and Caro analyses are 

strong in sulphates, while the Wales analysis is strong in salt and the 

earthy chlorides and low in sulphates a thoroughly characteristic 

Berea grit analysis. Accordingly, analyses Nos. 82 to 104 are most 

probably of water from wells in the drift; analyses Nos. 108 to 121 of 

water from the Carboniferous above the Marshall, while No. 122, from 

Wales, is of water from the Berea, and may be compared with analyses 

at Birmingham (No. 285) and Utica (No. 225), towns which are similarly 

situated.

SANITARY ANALYSES BY PROF. V. 0. V AUGEAN.

In the large and interesting list of sanitary analyses which have 

been furnished by Prof. Y. C. Yaughan some are not complete, and 

frequently the total solids are not given. It seemed impracticable, 

therefore, to arrange them in the usual way, and hence they have been 

given a special tabulation of their own. The gaps in his numbering 

(given in parentheses) are in general due to the omission of analyses 

from other States or from the northern peninsula of Michigan.

There is a general parallelism between this series of analyses and 

those of Professor Kedzie,and many cross references have been inserted. 

It will be found that many of the analyses showing especially small 

amounts of solids belong in one of three classes. (1) Like the Petoskey 

(analyses Nos. 130 to 132), they are probably surface waters, or from 

lakes; or (2) there is good independent evidence that they are strictly 

surficial, largely from rain-water wells; or (3) they come from the sands 

of the modified drift or glacial drainage, like that at Lowell (analyses 

Nos. 123 and 124). It is noteworthy that inoculation is nearly as likely 

to produce bad results in these as in more highly mineralized watersIn other words, exceptionally low mineralization often means dilution 

with rain water, and that implies exposure to surface contamination. 

As in the Kedzie analyses, the vast bulk of these samples contain from 

one-fifth to one-half of an ounce of solid matter per cubic foot. The analyses are rather widely distributed, though of course the more populated
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 45

part of the Lower Peninsula has the greater number. Most of these 

analyses are doubtless of water from wells in the drift (i. e., Pleistocene), 

although some, e. g., Eastlake and Manistee (analyses Nos. 146 and 

153), may be of water from the lakes, and others, like some of the 

Lansing analyses, may be of waters from rock wells and belong to the 

following section.

There is a somewhat larger number of transition analyses than in 

the case of the Kedzie analyses, having from 0.500 to 0.650 parts per 

thousand (ounces per cubic foot) of solids. Some of these evidently 

belong to the previous group, however, and merely have more organic 

matter than usual. (See analyses Nos. 205 to 211.) Other analyses 

are of waters from wells which in all probability draw their supplies 

from bed rock, e. g., the Saginaw well (analysis No. 214), with its comparatively soft water, is probably of the sodic-sulphate type. It is 

worth noting that all such wells, except No. 209 at Kalamazoo, are 

within the area covered by rocks above the Marshall, and should probably be included among the analyses of the next section. The remaining 

analyses, with the exception of one or two (No. 217 water presumably 

contaminated with the waste bittern of salt manufacture and No. 218), 

are most probably of waters from rock, and usually there is corroboratory evidence which renders it possible to fix also the stratum from 

which the water comes.

The Holt well (analysis No. 221) probably draws water from the 

Grand Rapids limestone or from a horizon near.

The Holland (analysis No. 219), low in sulphates and strong in chlorides, is an analysis characteristic of water from the Marshall. A 

similar analysis of water within the coal basin would suggest strong 

contamination. The Wyandotte water (analysis No. 220) would seem 

to be from the Dundee limestones. The Adrian waters (analyses No. 

222, etc.) are peculiar. It may be that they are contaminated with sulphate of iron from the sulphides in the Ohio black shale.

The two Imlay City wells (analyses Nos. 223 and 224) almost certainly 

draw water from the Coldwater shales or the lower Marshall. Under 

Iinlay City water from the Berea would be much salter, as the Wales 

and other analyses show, and that from the Napoleon sandstone would 

contain less salt.

The Utica well (analysis No. 225) is shown to be in the Berea, by the 

same line of argument which applies to the Wales well (analysis No. 

122), which is similarly situated and connects the Utica well with the 

Birmingham wells. The latter are certainly in the Berea.

No. 299, water from Alpena, is classed solely on the basis of its 

analysis, which resembles the tests of waters from the rock wells of 

Alpena in the Traverse or deeper limestones.

The analyses of waters from around Bay City are very puzzling, 

owing to the leakage from deep salt wells, and Prescott's paper tends 

to warn against rashness in diagnoses.
46 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

In the analyses reported by Vaughan the number, according to 

Vaughan's list, follows in parentheses after the serial number (the numbers omitted representing analyses outside our purview). Next follows 

the identification the name of the place, the date of the analysis, and, 

when stated, the origin of the water. The water is understood to be 

colorless, odorless, and neutral, if nothing to the contrary is stated. 

The hardness is given on the usual (Clark's) scale i. e., the number of 

grains of OaCO3 per gallon which would be required to make a water 

equally hard. The total residue (obtained by evaporation at 110° C.) 

and total inorganic residue are self-explanatory. As remarked, the 

specific gravity of the water is neglected, which makes a perceptible 

error only in the analyses from No. 217 on. The quantities are in parts 

per thousand. The row of figures after "organic" (i. e., loss on ignition) obviously represents the differences between the two residues. 

The chlorine is computed as salt (NaCl). The next row of figures 

above gives the parts of potassium permanganate reduced by organic 

matter, and, in the rows above, the free and albuminoid ammonia, and 

the nitrates (N2O5 ) and nitrites (N2O3 ) in parts per thousand. The sulphates when given are computed as SO3 . It will be noticed that the 

ammonia is quite prominent even in the waters from such wells as the 

Mount Pleasant of the previous section, which is deep and free from 

possible surface contamination (analyses Nos. 79 and 80). The first two 

rows of figures give the biological examination, viz, the result of inoculation of cultures on the health of animals (no effect on the health being 

indicated by a ) and the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter 

after standing 72 hours.

Professor Vaughan gives the following explanatory notes:

While no absolute standard for the chemical purity of drinking water can be 

given, the following conclusions may be regarded as approximately correct:

(1) The total residue should not exceed 500 parts per million.

(2) The inorganic residue may constitute the total residue.

(3) The smaller the amount of organic residue the better the water.

(4) The amount of earthy bases should not exceed 200 parts per million.

(5) The amount of sodium chloride should not exceed 10 parts per million. A 

larger amount may be expected, however, in certain salt-producing districts.

(6) The amount of sulphates should not exceed 100 parts per million.

(7) The organic matter in 1,000,000 parts of the water should not reduce more 

than 8 parts of potassium permanganate.

(8) The amount of free ammonia should not exceed 0.05 parts per million.

(9) The amount of albuminoid ammonia should not exceed 0.15 parts per million.

(10) The amount of nitric acid should not exceed 0.5 parts per million.

(11) The best waters contain no nitrous acid, and any water which contains it in 

quantity sufficient to be estimated should not be regarded as a safe drinking water.

The word trace ("tr.") whenever used indicates the existence of the substance in 

quantity sufficient to be recognized by the test, but too small to be determined 

quantitatively.

Explanation of microscopical examination, i. e., description of deposit, if any, 

magnified 100 diameters and 500 diameters:

Six ounces of water are placed in a conical glass, and the deposit, if any, is examined after from 12 to 24 hours. The presence of any appreciable deposit, especially
LANK.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 47

if it be of animal or vegetable nature, would detract from the suitability of the 

water.

The bacteriological examination consists in counting the number of germs developed on a gelatine plate inoculated with one drop of water:

(1) After 24 hours, (2) after 48 hours, (3) after 72 hours. Then follow remarks on 

the kinds of germs observed.

Inoculation experiments are conducted as follows:

The animals inoculated with germs are white rats, guinea pigs, or rabbits; the 

method of inoculation, into abdominal cavity. The kind, amount, and age of culture used is noted, the effect on the animal's health, and eventually its post-mortem 

appearance. One drop of the water is added to 1 dram of some culture medium, 

such as beef tea, and this, after it has been kept at the temperature of the body for 

24 hours or longer, is used for inoculating the animals.

Result of inoculation. 

Number of bacteria

Nitrites .............

Albuminoid ammonia

K Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue . . .

123 (190). 

Lowell, 

T.6N.,K. 

9 W.

25

0. 0004 

Tr.

.0015

.0003

.005 

.023

.028

8.°

124 (192). 

Lowoll, 

T.6N.,R. 

9W.

+

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0005 

Tr.

.0005

.007 

.023

.030

8.°

125 (169). 

Pontiac.

4874

0. 00006 

. 00002

AAO

.002

.011 

.024

.035

2.5°

126 (168).

Sand 

Beach.

812

0. 00008 

.00002

ftAO

.002

.020 

.035

.055

5.5°

Tr.

127 (369). 

Lansing.

230

0. 000021 

. 000013

.002

. 00825

.017 

.041

.058

4.°

128 (257).

Port 

Huron.

tion.

Tr.

0. 000126 

. 000006

. 00825

.030 

.040

.070

2.o

Ft. tr.

129 (320). 

Pontiac.

+ 

400

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000174 

. 000044

. 00148

.012 

.0584

.0704

6.0

No. 123 (190). Lowell, T. 6 N.,E.9 W. July 17, 1893. Microscope shows molds. The hardness 

assigned to this and the following analysis is not consistent with the low amount of total solids.

No. 124 (192). Lowell, T. 6 N., R. 9 W. July 7, 1893. Microscope shows a few vegetable fibers.

No. 125 (169). Pontiac. December 16, 1892. Microscope shows indeterminate granules. This is so 

much softer than any of the other Pontiac analyses (Nos. 129, 133, 139, 150,175, 190-192, 211, and 218) 

that, as is in the previous analysis, rain-water contamination is indicated.

No. 126(168). Sand Beach. December 6,1892. From a well which must be shallow, as deeper wells 

soon pass into the Coldwater series and are saline. Microscope shows indeterminate granules.

No. 127 (369). Lansing. September 6,1897. From the waterworks, which draw their supply chiefly 

from wells in gravel beneath clay; but deep rock wells have also been bored. Very small amount of 

organic matter.

No. 128 (257). Port Huron. March 9, 1895. Microscope shows wood fiber, algte, unicellular plants 

and animals, vegetable debris, inorganic deposits. Color, milky; odor, musty; reaction, alkaline.

No. 129 (320). Pontiac. July 10, 1896. From a well which is almost certainly a shallow one in the 

drift. Microscope shows a small amount of vegetable and inorganic debris.
48 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl ....

Inorganic residue. . . .

130 (205). 

Petoskey.

0

0. 000008

. 00082

.040

.050

.090

7.°

131 (206). 

Petoskey.

0

0. 000006 

. 000002

. 00082

.050

7.°

132 (207). 

Petoskey,

0

Tr.

0. 000006 

. 000002

. 00082

.040

.070

.110

7.°

133 (95). 

Pontiac.

190

Very

slight tr. 

0. 000574

.02212

.0099

.070

.124

12.°

134 (245). 

Grand 

Bapids.

2,600

0. 000113 

. 000014

.0165

.040

.100

.140

4.5°

Tr.

135 (157). 

Bay City.

570

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000125 

. 000344

.0158

.0145

.133

.148

11.3"

136 (136). 

Ithaca.

0

' 0. 00024 

. 000302

. 05114

.028

060

.089

10.2°

Tr.

No. 130 (205). Petoskey. February 9, 1894. Microscope showed small amount of algae and plant 

detritus, reaction alkaline.

No. 131 (206). Petoskey. February 9, 1894. Microscope showed small deposit of unicellular plants 

and plant detritus, reaction alkaline.

No. 132 (207). Petoskey. February 9, 1894. Microscope showed inorganic matter, algae, and plant 

detritus, reaction alkaline.

No. 133 (95). Pontiac. August 21, 1890. Town water supply; slightly turbid. Microscope (100 

diameters) showed organic material, yellow, red, and black, animalculfe; (500 diameters) several 

species of diatoms, green algae, blue algae, amoabae, violet spores, yellow reticulated organic material, 

fibers, Entomostracese.

No. 134 (245). Grand Rapids. December 20, 1894. Slightly milky, alkaline. Microscope showed 

inorganic matter, vegetable debris, a few unicellular plants.

No. 135 (157). Bay City. October 1, 1892. Microscope showed carbonate of lime, pigment grannies, 

bits of woody fiber, floculent matter. It is a well, and judging by analysis is shallow.

No. 136(136). Ithaca. February 12,1892. Microscope showed crystals of calcium carbonate; cloudy.

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Nitrites .............

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate r e -

Chlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue ...... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

137 (305).

East 

Tawas.

27

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000062

.0099

.090 

".060

.150

7 9°

138(79).

Bastlake.

-

. 000058 

. 000067

AAA/£ftO

. 04474

.0630 

.101

164

0485

139(97). 

Pontiac 

water 

supply.

18

slight tr. 

Very

slight tr. 

0. 00035

AAA1Q

AOQA7

.0099

.064 

.101

.165

11.5°

140 (133). 

Hastings.

850

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00011 

.0002

.1311

.018

.065 

.105

.170

11.6°

Tr.

141 (178).

Northville.

+ 

4,300

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00005 

.00001

.0075

.0035

.047 

.140

.187

15.°

Tr.

142 (239). 

Petoskey.

400

Tr.

0. 00012

.00165

.040 

.150

.190

9.°

143 (132). 

Ithaca.

+ 

500

0. 00016

.04318

.025

.072 

.118

1QA

Tr.
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 49

No. 137(305). Bast Ta was. March?, 1896. Alkaline. Microscope shows inorganic matter and vegetable debris.

No. 138 (79). Eastlake. May 13, 1890. From a well. Microscope (100 diameters) shows slight 

traces of fresh-water algss; (500 diameters) a few threadlike Vibrios.

No. 139 (97). Pontiac. August 21, 1890. Town water supply. Microscope (100 diameters) shows 

yellow organic material, fibers; (500 diameters) many short, rod-shaped germs, several species of 

diatoms, fibers, Palmellacess, Entomostracess.

"No. 140 (133). Hastings. Februarys, 1892. From a well and smells musty. Microscope shows vegetable fibers, molds, Paramecia.

No. 141 (178). Nortbville. September 30, 1893. From a well. Microscope shows some vegetable 

debris.

No. 142(239). Petoskey. September 20,1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows algae, infusoria, bacteria, 

plant detritus, inorganic matter.

No. 143(132). Ithaca. February 3, 1892. Microscope shows dust and dirt, cloudy in color, with a 

slight odor.

Result of inoculation. 

Number of bacteria

Nitrites .............

A Ibuminoid ammonia

Permanganate r e -

Chlorine as NaCl. . . .

Organic residue ...... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

144 (363). 

Battle 

Creek.

14, 020 

Tr.

0. 0000293 

. 000005

.002 

.0132

.062 

.137

.199 

7.6°

145 (246). 

Grand 

Rapids.

1,300

Tri

0. 000136 

. 000009

.0099

.09 

.110

.20 

8.° 

0

146 (364). 

Eastlake.

263

Tr. 

0. 00005

. 00014 

. 000065

.002 

.002

.091 

.111

.202 

11.°

147 (138). 

Holland.

340

Tr. 

Tr.

0. 000166 

. 000514

.02212 

. 015675

.090 

.120

.210 

9.o 

Tr.

148 (341). 

Traverse 

City.

Liquefied.

Tr.

0. 0000346 

. 0000026

.002 

.00825

.096 

.123

.219 

13.2°

149 (256). 

Port 

Huron.

+

Liquefaction.

Tr.

0. 000132 

.000007

.0099

.07 

.150

.220 

2.1° 

Tr.

150 (96). 

Pontiac.

48

.0109

Very 

slight tr.

0. 000302 

. 000266

. 018644 

. 009075

.124 

.096

.220 

11.5°

No. 144 (363). Battle Creek. August 10, 1897. Microscope shows small amount of organic debris.

No. 145 (246). Grand Rapids. December 20, 1894. Colorless and odorless; alkaline. Microscope 

shows small deposit of no significance. This is one of a long series. (See index.)

No. 146 (364). Eastlake. August ] 1,1897. Microscope shows a small amount of amorphous matter.

No. 147 (138). Holland. March 2,1892. From a deep well. Cloudy. Microscope (100 diameters) 

shows indeterminate granules; (500 diameters) vegetable detritus. This is probably from the Marshall 

sandstone, as rock is not far from surface at Holland, but the expression "deep" may mean only 

beneath the clay.

No. 148 (341). Traverse City. November 4, 1896, at the same time as No. 163. Microscope shows 

very small amount of vegetable debris. (See index for other analyses.)

No. 149(256). Port Huron. March 29, 1895. Milky, musty, alkaline. Microscope shows algae, 

wood fiber, inorganic deposits, much vegetable debris, unicellular plants and animals.

No. 150 (96). Pontiac. August 2, 1890. Town water supply. Microscope (100 diameters) shows 

yellow organic material, colorless fibers; (500 diameters) many short, rod-shaped germs, several species 

of diatoms, yellow algse, orange algae, Cymbella ehrenbergii, fibers, Entomostraceae.

IRE, 31 4
50 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Nitrites .............

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate r e -

Chlorine as Nad....

Inorganic residue. . . .

151 (167). 

Eastlake.

+

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00071

.10902

. 01419

.110

.114

.224

16.5°

152 (279). 

Caro.

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00002 

. 00019

.005

.006

.029

.201

5.6°

Tr.

153 (270). 

Mauistee.

tion.

Tr.

0. 000075 

nnnnflQ

. 00165

.050

.180

S

CO

Tr.

154 (241). 

Grand 

Rapids.

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00004 

Tr.

.0165

.140

.230

9.o

Tr.

155 (176). 

Kalamazoo.

350

0. 0003

Tr.

. 00012 

. 00004

.0012

. 00247

.090

.160

.250

Tr.

156 (237). 

Grand 

Rapids.

160

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00008

. 00713

.070

.180

.250

8.°

157 (235). 

Grand 

Rapids.

+

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000056

. 00713

.080

.170

.250

8.°

No. 151(167). Eastlake. November 21,1892. From town supply pipes. Clear after filtering; putrid 

odor on standing. Microscope shows vegetable debris. (Compare with No. 138; the deep-rock well 

character of this water is plain.)

No. 152 (279) Caro. July 27,1895. Microscope shown vegetable debris. Cloudy, alkaline.

No. 153 (270). Manistee. June 29, 1895. Probably from lake. Slight milkiness, alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable debris and inorganic matter, algae, infusoria. Agrees quite closely with Nos. 

1 and 146.

No. 154 (241). Grand Rapids. November 5, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows algae, desmids, 

diatoms, bacteria, infusoria, vegetable debris, inorganic matter.

No. 155 (176). Kalamazoo. October 31, 1893. Odor stale; alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable 

debris, with vegetable and animal microorganisms.

No. 156(237). Grand Rapids. September 4, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows algae, infusoria, 

inorganic matter, vegetable debris.

No. 157 (235). Grand Rapids. September 4, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows inorganic matter, 

vegetable debris, infusoria, algae.

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl .....

Organic residue ...... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

158 (227). 

Grand 

Rapids.

+

Liquefaction.

Tr. 

0. 00003 

. 000016

.0165

.090 

.160

.250 

11.°

159 (139). 

Holland.

120 

Tr.

Tr. 

O.»000134 

. 000088

. 00948 

. 00693

.070 

.180

.250 

10.° 

Tr,

160 (224). 

Grand 

Rapids.

+

Liquefaction.

0. 0002 

. 00008

. 01485

.057 

.202

.259 

12.°

161 (271). 

Manistee.

Liquefaction.

Tr.

0. 000082 

. 000006

. 00247

.07 

.190

.260 

9.1° 

Tr.

162 (225). 

Grand 

Rapids.

+

Liquefaction.

0. 000215 

. 000055

. 01485

.167 

.113

.280 

12.°

163 (342). 

Traverse

City.

+ 

Liquefied.

Tr.

0. 0000346 

. 0000026

.002 

. 00825

.120 

.160

.280 

13.2°

164 (367). 

Traverse 

City.

12

0. 00006 

. 000005

.002 

.0033

.100 

.185

.285 

11.° 

Slight tr.
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 51

No. 158 (227). Grand Rapids. August 9,1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable debris, 

diatoms, infusoria, bacteria.

No. 159 (139). Holland. March 3,1892. From shallow well. Microscope (100 diameters) shows indeterminate granules; (500 diameters) vegetable cells, a few green algse. (Compare with No. 147 and 

note that the water from the shallow well is more highly mineralized.)

No. 160 (224). Grand Bapids. August 3, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable debris, 

algse, diatoms, infusoria. (See index for other analyses.)

No. 161 (271). Manistee. June 29,1895. Alkaline. Microscope shows a few unicellular plants and 

animals.

No. 162 (225). Grand Eapids. August 3, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable d6bris, 

algae, diatoms, infusoria.

No. 163 (342). Traverse City. November &, 1896. Microscope shows small amount of vegetable 

debris. (See No. 148.)

No. 164 (367). Traverse City. August 27, 1897. From lake or well. Slight opalescence. Microscope shows small amount of vegetable debris.

Kesult of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

165 (226). 

Grand 

Eapids.

- +

Liquefaction.

Tr. 

0. 000052 

. 000026

. 01465

.110 

.190

.300 

11.°

166 (268). 

Grand 

Eapids.

50

Veryft.tr. 

0. 000208 

. 0000132

.0198

.070 

.220

.290 

8.3° 

Ft. tr.

167 (242). 

Grand 

Eapids.

2,000 

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000043 

Tr.

.0165

.0750 

.215

.290 

9.o 

Tr.

168 (292). 

Dowagiac.

+ 

50

Tr»

0. 000013 

. 000015

. 00181

.050 

.240

.290 

13.o 

Tr.

169 (329). 

Grand 

Eapids.

40

0. 0000133 

. 0001286

.001 

. 002475

.160 

.132

.292 

17.°

170 (78). 

Three 

Elvers.

8 

0. 000043

. 000019 

. 000015

.0005 

. 006288

.130 

.163

.293 

14.20

171 (]04). 

Three 

Eivers.

248 

Veryft.tr.

0. 000212 

. 000198

. 005372 

.0099

.0760 

.220

.296 

14.o

No. 165 (226). Grand Eapide. August 9, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable d6bris, 

algse, diatoms, bacteria, infusoria.

No. 166 (268). Grand Eapids. Jnne 19, 1895. Yellowish, alkaline. Microscope shows algse, diatoms, inorganic deposits, unicellular plants and animals.

No. 167 (242). Grand Eapids. November 5, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows algse, desmids, 

diatoms, bacteria, infusoria, vegetable debris, inorganic matter.

No. 168(292). Dowagiac. November 19, 1895. Alkaline. Microscope shows inorganie matter.

No. 169 (329). Grand Eapids. August 22,1896. From Grand Eiver; filtered. Opalescent. Microscope shows small amount of amorphous sediment.

No. 170 (78). Three Eivers. May 5, 1890. From a well. Microscope (100 diameters) shows inorganic salts; (500 diameters) hexagonal crystals, a few algse, yellowish amorphous organic matter in 

small amount.

No. 171 (104). Three Eivers. December 23, 1890. Microscope shows algse, crystals, amorphous 

material, diatoms, Draparnaldia, crystals of NaCl, yellowish amorphous matter.
52 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Besult of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reChlorine as Nad ....

Inorganic residue. . . .

172 (376). 

Lansing.

97

0. 0000133 

. 0000053

.002 

.0033

.110 

.189

.299 

9.8°

173 (276). 

Flint.

+ 

Liquefied. 

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00004 

. 00001

.006 

.005

.020 

.280

.300 

lO.o

174 (265). 

Grand 

Rapids.

+

Liquefaction.

0. 000047 

. 000016

. 01897

.030 

.270

.300 

7. 7° 

Ft. tr.

175 (291). 

Pontiac.

31

Tr.

0. 0001 

. 00009

.0066

.060 

.240

.300 

12.° 

Ft. tr.

176 (269). 

Grand 

Rapids.

75

0. 000044 

. 00002

. 007425

.07 

.230

.300 

7.5° 

Ft. tr.

177 (127). 

Adrian.

+ 

44 

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0003 

. 00003

.010

.0474 

.257

.3044 

12.10 

Tr.

178 (248). 

Grand 

Rapids.

50

Tr.

0. 00008 

. 00001

.0132

.120 

.190

.310 

10.° 

Ft. tr.

"No. 172 (376). Lansing. November 19, 1897. From wells in drift. Microscope shows considerable 

amount of amorphous debris, probably iron rust. (See index for other analyses.)

No. 173(276). Flint. July 20, 1895. Microscope shows only indeterminate granules.

No. 174 (265). Grand Rapids. June 19,1895. Yellowish, alkaline. Microscope shows algse, diatoms, unicellular plants and animals, inorganic deposit. (See index.)

No. 175 (291). Pontiac. October 25, 1895. Slight milkiness, alkaline. Microscope shows inorganic 

matter, unicellular plants and animals. (Compare No. 218.)

No. 176 (239). Grand Rapids. June 29, 1895. Yellowish, alkaline. Microscope shows diatoms, 

algse, inorganic matter, unicellular plants and animals.

No. 177 (127). Adrian. November 23, 1891. Slightly turbid.

No. 178 (248). Grand Rapids. December 20, 1894. Alkaline. (See index.)

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reChlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue ....

179(266). 

Grand 

Rapids.

tion.

0. 000046

. 013875

.120 

.200

390

7.7°

Tr.

180 (349). 

Union 

City.

tion. 

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0000266 

. 000008

.002+

.0099

.120 

.200

OQrt

11.°

Tr.

181 (273). 

Ann 

Arbor.

Tr.

0. 00004 

. 00002

.006

.012

.130 

.200

.330

Tr.

182 (370). 

Lansing.

235

0. 000018

000091 33

.004

. 01485

.100 

.232

o*>o

4.8°

183(175). 

Ann 

Arbor.

30

0. 000018

.007

. 00075

.030 

.310

16.°

Tr.

184 (105). 

St. Johns.

+'

0. 00000416

. 00013 

. 000472

. 01815

.148 

.201

.349

16.5°

185 (197). 

Merrill.

10

Tr.

Tr.

.0043

.055 

.295

DKrt

8.1°

No. 179 (266). Grand Rapids. June 19, 1895. Yellowish, alkaline. Microscope shows algae, inorganic deposits, diatoms, large number of unicellular organisms. (See index.)

No. 180 (349). Union City. January 22, 1897. City water supply, probably from driven wells, and 

is notably weaker than the well water (No. 200). Microscope shows small amount of organic matter.
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 53

No. 181 (273). Ann Arbor. July 15, 1895. Probably from wells. Microscope shows inorganic 

deposit. (See index for other analyses.)

No. 182(370). Lansing. September 30,1897. City water supply. Probably principally from wells to 

the base of the drift. Kedzie gives .271 total solids, of which .157 is organic, .0008 free, and .0001 

albuminoid ammonia, with a hardness of 13\ There is probably an error in the hardness given. 

Opalescent. Microscope shows small amount of organic matter.

No. 183(175). Ann Arbor. December 1,1893. From well. Slight milkiness, alkaline. Microscope 

shows vegetable debris, inorganic matter. (Compare No. 38.)

No. 184(105). St. Johns. January 17,1897. Microscope shows crystals of NaCl, bacilli, Draparnaldia, Conferva, Paramecia, diatoms.

No. 185(197). Merrill. June 22,1893. Microscope shows a few vegetable fibers. The low degree of 

hardness of the water from this well for the degree of mineralization is noteworthy and points to 

the presence of sodic sulphate.

Result of inoculation 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate reduced

Chlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

186 (293). 

Dowagiac.

45

0. 00001

. 00181

.130 

.220

.350

13.o

Tr.

187 (247). 

Grand 

Rapids.

700

Tr.

0. 0001

AAAA1O

.0165

.070 

.280

OKA

11.°

188(236). 

Grand 

Rapids.

150

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000052 

00001

nnnni

.00713

.080 

.280

.360

8.°

189 (106). 

St. Johns.

3 A.RJ.

0. 000122 

. 000094

. 11534

. 01815

.132 

.242

.374

20.1°

.1455

190 (129). 

Pontiac.

30

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0001 

. 00018

.003

.012

.130

.250

.380

1 c CO

191 (272). 

Pontiac.

+

faction.

0. 000036 

.000024

. 05775

.050 

.330

OQA

9

P»O

192 (359). 

Pontiac.

63

0. 000018 

. 000028

.004

. 05675

.140 

.240

.380

6.7°

No. 186 (293). Dowagiac. November 19,1895. Alkaline. Microscope shows deposit of inorganic 

matter. This differs from No. 168 mainly in organic matter.

No. 187(247). Grand Rapids. December 20, 1894. Microscope shows inorganic matter, a few unicellular plants. Alkaline. (See index.)

No. 188. Grand Rapids. September 4.1894. Microscope shows algae, infusoria, vegetable fibers, 

and inorganic matter. Alkaline. (See index.)

No. 189 (106). St. Johns. November 7, 1891. Microscope shows crystals, colorless amorphous 

matter, diatoms, desmids, germs, navicnla, NaCl crystals, fibers.

No. 190 (129). Pontiac. January 16,1892. From a well, slightly turbid. Microscope shows freshwater algae. This and the following analyses have a relatively large amount of organic matter.

No. 191 (272). Pontiac. July 1,1895. Slightly milky, strongly alkaline. Microscope shows unicellular plants and animals, inorganic matter.

No. 192 (359). Pontiac. May 28, 1897. Microscope shows small amount of amorphous matter.
54 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Result of inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

"XTi+TntAffl

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate re

Cl. as NaCl. .........

Inorganic residue. . . .

193 (274). 

Sherwood.

+

0. 00004

amount. 

0. 00005 

. 00006

.008

.011

.210

.380

12.9°

194(208). 

Petoskey.

0

0. 000012 

. 000006

. 00246

.240

.380

11.°

195 (334). 

Union 

City.

+

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000024 

. 0000026

. 01485

.276

.112

.388

13.o

Tr.

196 (137). 

Holland.

20

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00009 

. 000068

. 01385

.217

.173

.390

10.5°

Tr.

197 (264). 

Adrian.

tion.

0. 000022 

. 00001066

. 012375

.080

.320

.400

10.4°

.460

198 (371). 

Battle 

Creek.

85

Tr.

Tr.

0. 000014 

. 00001

.002+

.330 '

.056

.402

.458

5.9°

Tr.

199 (240). 

Ann Arbor.

-

Tr.

0. 00003 

Tr.

. 00098

.100

.320

.420

14.°

Tr.

No. 193 (274). Sherwood. July 15,1895. On June 20,1893, a test (198) gave no inoculation effect and 

but 464 bacteria in 72 hours. This water has an undue amount of organic matter.

No. 194 (208). Petoskey. February 9, 1894. Slight yellowish brown color; reaction alkaline. 

Microscope shows small deposit of inorganic matter and plant detritus.

No. 195(334). Union City. September 8, 1896. Opalescent. Microscope shows small amount of 

organic debris.

No. 196 (137). Holland waterworks, i. e., possibly from driven wells. March 2,1892. Microscope 

(100 diameters) shows indeterminate granules; (500 diameters) vegetable fibers, molds.

No. 197 (264). Adrian. June 3, 1895. Yellowish, musty, alkaline. Microscope shows small inor 

ganic deposit. "Weakest of Adrian analyses.

No. 198 (371). Battle Creek, city pump. October 5, 1897. Microscope shows very small amount of 

organic matter.

No. 199 (240). Ann Arbor. Novembers, 1894. Alkaline.

Besultof inoculation . 

Number of bacteria

Permangan ate r e -

Chlorine as Nad ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

200 (348).

Union 

City.

tion. 

Tr.

Tr.

.0299

.177 

.253

.430

14. o

Tr.

201 (195). 

Howell.

less.

Tr.

Very ft.

Tr.

. 000891

.200 

.250

.450

6.0

202 (343). 

Mancelona, 

T.29N., 

B.6W.

tion. 

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0000453+

nnnnnQQ j_

018

. 00825

.231 

.231

.462-

15.o

203 (263). 

Adrian.

+

tion.

Pt.tr.

. 01815

.150 

.330

.480

10.5°

. 68978

204 (288). 

Adrian.

+ 

150

Ft. tr.

Tr.

.0165

.196 

.284

.480

12.o

Tr.

205 (267).

Grand 

Kapids.

tion.

tinct tr. 

0. 000058

.0312

.180 

.340

.520

7.8°

Ft. tr.

206 (213). 

Saginaw.

tion. 

Tr.

0. 00196

.030 

.500

.530

7.o
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES 55

No. 200 (348). "Union City. January 22,1897. From well. Microscope shows small amount of 

organic matter. (Compare Nos. 180 and 195.)

No. 201 (195). Howell. June 26,1893. Prom proposed water supply. Microscope shows a few 

vegetable fibers, diatoms, etc. Agrees well with Kedzie's analysis.

No. 202(343). Mancelona. November 14,1896. From a well. Water similar to the lake water 

(analysis No. 48). Inorganic, hut with less organic matter. Light yellow, opalescent; odor marked. 

Microscope shows considerable amount of vegetable matter.

No. 203 (263). Adrian. June 3, 1895. Yellowish, musty, alkaline; diatoms, a few unicellular organisms, inorganic matter. There is some error in the amount of sulphates in these Adrian analyses 

(Nos. 203, 204, 219); charged with decomposing sulphides.

No. 204(288). Adrian. September 23,1895. Dirty, yellow, stale, alkaline. Microscope shows large 

amount of inorganic matter, unicellular plants and animals.

No. 205 (267). Grand Rapids. June 19, 1895. Alkaline. Microscope shows small deposit of inorganic matter.

No. 206 (213). Saginaw. May 26, 1894. Alkaline. Microscope shows small deposit. (Compare No. 

213; rather stronger than Saginaw Eiver and yet much less mineralized than Nos. 108-110 and 214.)

Result of inoculation 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate r e -

Chlorine as NaCl ....

Organic residue. ..... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

207 (166). 

Okemos.

Liquefied 

0. 00055 

Heavy tr.

0. 00036 

. 000158

.1106 

.0049

.270 

.270

.540 

14.5° 

-.00582

208 (85). 

Glad win.

+

Liquefied 

0. 000271

0. 000102 

. 00026

. 0003614 

. 00132

.211 

.334

.545 

16.5° 

. 002425

209 (177). 

Kalamazoo.

' 200 

Tr.

0. 000004 

. 000002

. 00316 

. 000825

.030 

.52

.550 

11.°

..........

i

210 (275). 

Sherwood.

+

Liquefied 

0. 00003

Large 

amount.

0. 00004 

. 00003

.006 

.035

.350 

.220

.570 

12.°

211 (103).

Pontiac

(well).

265

0. 000368 

. 000366

. 04834 

.04455

.280 

.310

.590 

7.5° 

. 03497

212 (87). 

Glad win.

12

0. 000116 

. 000526

.04424 

. 02145

.125

.473

.598 

17.°

213 (80). 

Glad win.

315 

Faint tr. 

0. 0000192

0. 000044 

. 000374

.0008 

.0118

.153

.489

.642 

7.2° 

.0388

No. 207 (166). Okemos. November 18, 1892. From well. Microscope shows pigment granules 

vegetable debris, woody fiber.

No. 208 (85). Gladwin. June 10, 1890. From well with much organic matter. Microscope shows 

three varieties of'crystals, yellow and green amorphous matter, a few germs. (See Nos. 212, 213.)

No. 209 (177). Kalamazoo. October 21, 1893. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable debris. 

(See index.)

No. 210 (275). Sherwood. July 15, 1895.

No. 211 (103). Pontiac. November 15, 1890. Microscope shows organic debris, brownish yellow 

amorphous matter, algse; colorless, odorless amorphous matter and yellow amorphous matter; spherical germs, Oscillatorise, Draparnaldia, crystals of NaCl. The large amount of organic matter points 

to a surface water.

No. 212 (87). Gladwin. July 28, 1890. Microscope (100 diameters) shows vegetable fiber, yellow 

amorphous matter, crystals; (500 diameters) red amorphous material, yellow amorphous material, 

many bacilli, crystals, probably NaCl.

No. 2J3 (80). Gladwin. May 17, 1890. Turbid. Microscope (100 diameters) shows vegetable 

fiber and reddish amorphous matter; (500 diameters) 4 species of bacteria, a few diatoms, colorless 

crystals. (See No. 208.)
56 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Result of inoculation. 

Number of bacteria

TCii-T*ntaa

Albuminoid ammonia

Permanganate r e -

Chlorine as Nad .....

Organic residue ..... 

Inorganic residue. . . .

214 (228). 

Saginaw.

+ 

100

Tr.

. 00026 

00004

.0099

.040 

.600

.640

2.o

Tr.

215 (99). 

Parma.

1 340

0. 000234

. 01143

.000124 

00224

.10065

.247 

.452

.699

10.5°

.3753

216 (17)0. 

Bay City.

0. 0023

nnR

. 0000288 

nnnft

.120

.340 

.510

Qan

7.5°

217 (102). 

Bay City.

7ftn

0. 000617

. 00038 

. 000176

. 05523

. 33995

.312 

.578

16.o

01848

218 (290). 

Pontiac.

73

Tr.

Tr.

0. 0002

.037

. 014025

.42 

.53

QC

6.0

Tr.

219 (316). 

Holland.

+ 

900

Tr.

Tr.

0. 00006

.08250

.100 

.970

IS. 0

Tr.

220 (92). 

Wyandotte.

+ 

2,580

0. 000247

. 01306

. 00056

.04108

.2664

.240 

.850

1.090

IS. 0

tr.

No. 214 (228). Saginaw. August 11,1894. From deep well. Note the relatively low hardness and 

compare with No. 116; probably a rock well. Alkaline. Microscope shows vegetable debris, algae.

No. 215 (99). Parma. November 28,1890. The amount of sulphates would be appropriate for a rock 

well. Microscope (100 diameters) shows fibers, yellow amorphous matter, white amorphous matter, 

algae, animalctllse; (500 diameters) fibers, yellow amorphoas matter, white amorphous matter, blue 

spores, short thick bacilli, paramecia, oscillatoriae.

No. 216(170). Bay City. March 7, 1893. Granular sediment, alkaline. Microscope shows fungus, 

spores, and monads. '

No. 217 (102). Bay City. November 20,1890. Microscope (100 diameters) shows fibers, yellow amorphous matter, colorless amorphous' matter, germs; (500 diameters) algae, diatoms, bacilli. Slightly 

cloudy, slightly musty. The organic matter and sulphates suggest contamination by salt wastes.

No. 218 (290). Pontiac. October 25, 1895. Prom well. Alkaline; slightly milky. Microscope 

shows vegetable debris.

No. 219 (316). Holland. May 15,1896. Milky, alkaline. Microscope shows large amount of inorganic matter. (See index.) This well is probably in the Marshall sandstone, improperly cased.

No. 220 (92). "Wyandotte. November 12,1890. From well. Color, dirty. Microscope (100 diameters) shows crystals, yellow amorphous matter, white amorphous matter; (500 diameters) NaCl crystals, algae. Yellow and white amorphous matter, precipitated sulphur.

No. 221(209). Holt. February 9, 1894. Microscope shows deposit of inorganic matter, algae, and 

plant detritus in small amount. (Compare Lansing analyses.) This is probably a rock well.

AlhnTniTmid nnvmonfo--.. -> 

Potassium permanganate re221 (209). 

Holt.

OAAA

no/l 7 K

.430

.740

1.170

2.5°

Tr.

222 (262). 

Adrian.

+

tion.

Ft. tr.

0. 00011

.0528

.510

1.070

1.580

1. 01784

223 (88). 

Imlay City.

0

Ft. tr.

0. 000102

. 000462

.0082

1. 32825

.240

1.436

1. 676 ~

12.o

224 (86). 

Imlay City.

+

120

0. 000052

. 00052

. 000234

1.321

.037

1.648

1.685

12.o

. 21828

225 (357). 

Utica.

0. 0000133H

. 000016

.006+

1.815

.280

1.946

2.226

10.°
LANE.] UNCLASSIFIED ANALYSES. 57

No. 221 (262). Adrian. June 3, 1895. Very yellow, foul, alkaline. Microscope shows small inorganic deposit. (See Nos. 203,204.)

No. 223 (88). ImlayCity. July 28,1890. Microscope (100 diameters) shows red amorphous material, 

crystals; (500 diameters) cubic crystals, feathery algae.

Ho. 224 (86). Imlay City. June 24,1890. Microscope (100 diameters) shows considerable sediment, 

yellow amorphous matter; (500 diameters) colorless triangular prisms. A few red spots in the yellow 

organic matter. Note the large amount of salt in these two analyses; almost certainly from a rock 

well, perhaps 708 feet deep. (See Geol. Survey Mich., Vol. V, Pt. II, PL XXII.)

No. 225 (357). Utica. May 3,1897. From well. Slightly opalescent. Microscope shows very small 

amorphous deposit. (Compare with Birmingham analyses.)

MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES.

Constituent.

A 1 f\

CaCO3 . ...... ........

CaSO4 ...............

Fe2O3 ...... ..........

FeCO3 !.. ............

MgCOg ..............

MgCl,. ..............

K^COg. ............ ..

SiO2 . ................

"Wo PI

NaCOj..... ..........

SOg. .................

Cl ...................

T> n

Total solids.... 

C08 ...... ............

226. 

Owosso.

Tr.

t 0. 160

\ 9. 395

t 2.988

\ .051 

Tr.

r 7. 123

\ .121

i . 584

\ .010

e (e) . 680

I .016

i (e) . 838

I .014

t SI. 608 

\ .372

227. 

Owosso.

(«)

jbi. 0. 440

}...........

bi 97Q

}

"hi Q97

} (6). Oil

| (e) . 036

} ----

} 1. 087

228. 

Leslie.

bi. 0. 525

.121

bi. . 180

.036

bi. . 090

.011

1.079

229. 

Chesterfield.

0.14

10

.15

.01

Q7

5.49

6.29

230. 

Sanford.

0.15

.93

.76

1.25

16.16

19.26

231. 

Hudson.

0.00043

jCaO

I . 09747

. 00382

Tr.

fMgO

\ . 0592

fK*0

1 . 00421 

. 01972

rNasO

I .02784 

. 02077

.024

.00073

.4081 

.36635

a Included with SiO8. 6 Including A12O3 . e Including the corresponding potash salt.

No. 226. Owosso, city supply wells. Dearborn Drug and Chemical "Works, analyst, for E. ~F. Dudley. 

This analysis checks quite closely with No. 100 by Kedzie; No. 227 is somewhat stronger, more like 

the Eaton Kapids waters, and very like the Leslie magnetic, No. 228, and is, therefore, probably from 

a well in the Coal Measures.

No. 227. Owosso, chalybeate. Given by A. C. Peale, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 32, p. 149.

No. 228. Leslie magnetic wells. Given by Peale, op. cit., K. C. Kedzie, analyst. There are a 

number of flowing wells in the Coal Measures, both at Owosso and Leslie, from which the two analyses just mentioned probably come.

No. 229. Section line between sections 2 and 11, Chesterfield Township (T. 3 N., K. 14 E.). From 

report of Douglas Houghton, State geologist, 1838, p. 29, and Winchell, 1861, p. 186. Sp. gr. 1.0057. 

(Compare the Salutaris (No. 310), Wales (No. 122), Utica (No.225), and Birmingham (No. 285) analyses, 

waters of the Berea grit.)

No. 230. Sanford. Sec. 25, T. 15 N., K. 1 W. This very old analysis is probably of water from the 

State salt well, and the amount of earthy chlorides seems likely to be erroneous. Sp. gr. 1.0132. 

(Same references as No. 229.)

No. 231. Hudson " Zauberwasser." Analyzed for Dr. George Chapman by A. B. Prescott in 1881.

The total of the bases and acids amounts to 0.62454; this excess over the total solids as given, which 

is the residue found constant at 220° F., is mainly accounted for by the free C0a (0.20795 parts per 

thousand).
58 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31. 

WATERS FROM BEDS ABOVE THE MARSHALL FORMATION.

Constituent.

CaCOj. ..............

CaSO4 ...............

TJlrt f\

TFtt^n

MgC03 ..............

MgCl...... ..........

KC1-... ..............

NaCl... ..............

NaCO3 . ...... ........

Total..........

Constituent

CaCO3 ..... ..........

CaSO4 ...............

FeaOs-.... ...........

FeCOg...............

LiCl. ...... ..........

MgCOs ..............

Mtrttes. ...... .......

K2S04 ...... ..........

SiO2 .................

NaCl....... ..........

NaCOj..-.- ..........

Na,SO4 ...... ........

NaBr.... ............

Total solids....

Temporary hardness .

Permanent hardness .

Free ammonia .......

Albuminoid ammonia

0 from permanganate

232. 

Bayport.

t 10. 36

X .148 

0

t 3.14

\ .031

t .50

X .007

t 1.00

X .014

t 14. 00

X .200 

12.°

6.5°

233. 

Bayport.

}...........

.016

1 ft99

bi. . 078

} .499

238. 

Lansing.

r 10.80

I .154 

0

f .25

X .004

r 5.95

X .085

0

Tr.

r 1.00

X .014 

r 1.00

X .014

r 4.00

X .057

33.00

13.°

7.°

. 00008

.0001

r .50

X .007

234.

Agricultural 

College.

t 10. 60

X .151

i .40

X .006

, 4.97

{ .071

( 

, 15. 970

X .228

239.

Lansing 

(artesian 

well).

11.00

.157

.50

.007

2/70

.039

.50

.007 

.300

.004

2.920

.042

r 17. 92

X .256

235.

Agricultural 

College.

} 0. 206

}...........

.022

| .078

Tr.

Tr.

} .325

240. 

Lansing 

(condensed 

milk 

factory) .

22.00

.314 

0

.50

.007

4.00

.057

.50

.007

}........... 

t 3.00

\ a .043

25.00

.357

55.00

.786 

1.°

4.°

236. 

Agricultural 

College 

hydrant.

7.09

.101

t SS. 756

X - .321

3.32°

3. 30°

241. 

Lansing 

(Americanus 

spring.)

} 10S.'086

}...........

3.681

.101

14.94

\ 3.96

SO. 065

}...........

237.

Agricultural 

College 

purifier.

2.727

.390

*

- 7. 729

.110 

1.17°

1.78°

242. ,

Lansing 

(magnetic 

spring).

bi. 1. 537

bi. .027

bi. .329

.057

4.575

bi. 1. 601

.429

S Tftfl

aPlnsKCl.
LANE.] WATERS FROM BEDS ABOVE THE MARSHALL. 59

Analyses Nos. 232 to 240 were all prepared by E. C. and F. S. Kedzie, except Nos. 236 and 237, the averages of partial analyses by a class 

of ten of their students, and No. 233, which was made by A. B. Prescott. 

No. 232 was given incorrectly in Geological Survey Michigan, Vol. V, 

Part II, 1895, page 32. The sample is from a well near the Bayport 

Hotel, and the analysis is given inaccurately on ifcs circulars. The well 

goes down 15 feet into a bed said to be sandstone, which must be one 

of the sandstones associated with the Bayport limestone of the upper 

Grand Eapids series, since theoutcrops on the bluff near by are limestone.

No. 233 is of water from the Bayport station, September 19,1891. 

Analyst, A. B. Prescott, for W. L. Webber. Eeaction faintly alkaline. 

The residue of half a liter was tested for K, Li, and Br. Saline solids 

determined directly were 0.5006 per thousand.

These two analyses resemble each other in the small amount of magnesia. The Bayport limestones are usually quite low in magnesia.

No. 234 is of water from the Agricultural College well, October 9,1891. 

Furnished by Professor F. S. Kedzie.

No. 235 is an analysis of water from the same well, cited in an article 

on boiler water purification by Prof. E. C. Carpenter (Transactions Am. 

Soc. Mech. Engineers, Vol. XI, p. 939), in which the well is said to be 

260 feet deep. As a matter of fact, Professor Weil assures me that 

but one well, 470 feet deep, has been used. Another well, just sunk 

(1899) to 325 feet, found flowing water at a less depth. Professor Carpenter probably refers to depth of chief stream. L. J. Lincoln's record 

of the well and a full history of it are left to a later paper. It probably 

draws water both from the Marshall and beds above.

No. 236 is of the same water drawn from the hydrant, and is the 

average of analyses by ten students. ,

No. 237 is of water taken from the purifier, and shows the effect of 

aeration and heating nearly to boiling in precipitating the lime and 

reducing the hardness.

Nos. 235 and 236 agree well in total solids, and the variation in No. 

234 is probably due partly to different conditions of pumping and 

partly to different points of sampling. Analyses 172A and 172B in 

the Appendix show that such variations make appreciable differences.

No. 238 is of the Lansing city supply, which is obtained from wells 

of various depths, 40 to 150 and more feet deep. It is one of a series of 

analyses made every year by Professor K>. C. Kedzie. The analyses are 

all similar, though the total solids may be as low as 19 grains per gallon. 

This analysis was made July 3J1893, and indicates very 'good water. It 

is hard, however, and was so heavily bicarbonated that toward the end 

of tfte system dead ends of the pipes became highly charged with iron.

No. 239 is of water from, an artesian (i. e., flowing) well in Lansing, 

which is not specified. There are a number of wells, generally about 

200 feet deep, which have flowed. (See records in a later paper.)

No. 240 is of water from the deep well of the condensed-milk factory 

at Lansing, the record of which is known, so that it is certain that none of
60 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

the Marshall water is included (as may be the case in other wells). The 

water is probably almost entirely from the Parma sandstone Bayport 

limestone horizons as the relatively high percentage of lime shows.

No. 241 is an analysis made in Chicago in 1893, of water from the 

old mineral well of Lansing. It is still advertised as 1,402 feet deep, 

which was the original depth of the well; I am informed, however, that 

the water was originally quite salt; that the well is plugged about 500 

feet down, and cased probably only 57 feet just to bed rock. Before 1 

had learned these facts, however, this analysis and Isfo. 242 were sufficient to show such a state of affairs, for waters so strong in lime, 

relatively to salt, point to the limestones as partially their source. The 

OO2 (235.55) is added artificially.

No. 242 is an older analysis by Dr. Jennings, taken from Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, page 148. It is from the same well 

as the water of analysis No. 241, which has been variously known as 

Lansing magnetic, Michigan Congress, and Americanus. The casing 

and plugging may, however, have varied.

EATON RAPIDS, MIDLAND, PORTSMOUTH, BAY CITY, AND SAGINAW SPRINGS AND WELLS.

Constituent.

A12 (P208)3 ........ ...

CaCl, ................

CaSO4 ..............

MgCOs---.. .........

MgCl. ....... ........

MgSO4 . ...... ........

K2SO4 ...............

KC1 .................

KaCOs-. .............

SiO2 .................

NaCl ................

NasCOg.-....*.......

Na-jSOi. .............

Total solids.... 

CO2 ...... ............

243.

Frost 

well.

0.661

.066

.034

.130

.225

.132

m Q

1.260

99 99

244.

Mosh.er 

spring.

0

000

77K

.044

nln

A-IK

1.388 

15.38

245.

Sterling 

spring.

n QJ.II

.048

.161

nao

.216

1.460

246.

Shaw 

spring.

.827

bi. .038

.066

.022

.024

n-lK

1.559

"IK Q7

247.

Bodine 

spring.

bi. 0. 692

.983

bi. .039

bi. .144

bi. .052

.034

.026

bi. .087

2.057 

17.35

248. 

Midland 

magnetic 

spring.

.089

.064

.031

1.174

Tr.

 .042

467

.315

.046

2.288

249. 

Midland 

minfiral 

spring.

f 1. 73

\ . 0247

t 6.22

\ .089 

t 4.46

\ .0637

t $.19

I .031

f 3$. 190

I .460

t 3.96

\ .042

, 33. 70

I .467

,- 27. 07

\ .315 

f 3.21.

\ .046

r 2.47

\ .035

tllO. 30 

\ 1.574
LANE.] EATON RAPIDS AND OTHER SPRINGS AND WELLS. 61

Constituent.

CaCOg. ..............

CaCl2 ...... ..........

CaS04 . ..............

Pe203 +Al203 .......

MgC03 ........ ......

MgCl.... ............

MgBr...... ..........

KC1 .................

SiO, .................

"WaPl

250. 

Midland.

0. 8924

.5832

.320

Tr.

.19

251. 

Portsmouth 

(664-foot

well).

3.472

4 884

A ODD

125. 315

252. 

Bay City 

(Grillmore 

505-foot 

well).

5.302

3.961

4.115

152. 674

166. 052

253. 

East 

Saginaw 

(575-foot 

well).

158.2

254.

East 

Saginaw 

(617-foot 

well).

4.41

194.4

255. 

East 

Saginaw 

(617-foot 

well).

5.37

2 OK/ a\

12.41

ton ss

210. 91

Analyses Nos. 243 to 247 are of waters from a group of wells in Baton 

Rapids. A record of the strata met in one is on file and will be given 

in a later paper, bnt the chemical variation in the waters indicates that 

there must have been some differences in casing or depth at the time 

the analyses were made. These are taken from Peale (op. cit., page 

147).

No. 243 is of water from the Frost well; S. P. Duffield, analyst.

No. 244 is of water from the Mosher spring (i. e., flowing well?); 

E. 0. Kedzie, analyst.

.No. 245 is of water from the Sterling spring or flowing well; C. T. 

Jackson, analyst.

No. 246 is of water from the Shaw spring or flowing well; E. C. Kedzie, 

analyst. 9

No. 247 is of water from the Bodine spring or flowing well; E. C. 

Kedzie, analyst.

The large amounts of carbonate of lime and iron .are characteristic of 

the waters of these wells. Nos." 227 and 228, waters from Owosso and 

Leslie, will be recognized as belonging to the same group, although 

objective evidence of the fact is weak. The Lansing and Midland 

analyses (Nos. 241, 242,248, and 249) all have the same character. The 

presence of potash is less uniformly noted, bub this may be due to 

defective analyses. The fire clays of the Coal Measures are, however, 

very low in potash, so that one could not expect to find this element 

prevalent in the mineral waters. Perhaps it has been leached out 

into the mineral waters, and the concentration previous to the formation of the Coal Measures which deposited the gypsum of the Grand 

Eapids series may have left the potash more than usually abundant 

afterwards.

No. 248 is an analysis of the Midland magnetic water, cited by 

Peale (op. cit.), and is probably from the same well, possibly differently 

cased, as the water of the following analysis, but most likely is merely
62 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

a different version of the same analysis, as only the K2SO4 differs materially in the two analyses.

No. 249 is an analysis by Dr. S. P. Duffleld of water from the Midland 

mineral springs. Well said to be 400 feet deep and probably cased 200 

feet deep, i. e., to bed rock. These should be compared with other 

analyses of wells of various depths at Midland. The discussion of the 

rock records and varying salinity of the waters at Midland must be 

left to a later paper.

No. 250 is of the overflow water of the casing of the Midland Chemical 

Company's well No. 3, January 20, 1895. Analyst, J. E. Graves. The 

stream of water which has forced itself up outside the casing and, over^ 

flowing, yielded the sample analyzed, is supposed to come mainly from 

between 300 and 600 feet in depth, i. e., from the upper Coal Measures at 

about the level from which samples Nos. 248 and 249 were taken. The 

temperature as given, 55° F., agrees with this. On November 2,1897, 

qualitative tests of this water showed a specific gravity of 1.030. Tests 

of water flowing from abandoned salt wells gave from Foster's Block 

specific gravity 1.012; and from If miles west of town 1.014, all overflowing with a strong current, and strong in salt and sulphates. 

Presumably, therefore, No. 250 is very largely but variably from lower 

levels than Nos. 248 and 249.

No. 251 is of water from a Portsmouth (part of Bay City) 664-foot 

well, with a 54° salinometer brine. Analyst, C. A. Goessmann. This 

and the following analysis are commercial analyses taken from Geological Survey Michigan, Vol. Ill, Pt. I, page 182. They serve to show 

that the tendency to a high percentage of sulphates continues to be 

characteristic of the waters above the Marshall, even in the deeper 

brines which have been used for salt manufacture.

This fact, so far as I know, was first remarlfed by Garrigues, from 

whose report the analyses are cited, and is entirely natural in view of 

the prevalence of gypsum in the Grand Eapids series, and of pyrite in 

the coal. 

No. 252 is of water from the Gillmore well, 505 feet deep, at Bay City. 

Analyst and authority, same as for No. 251. Strength, 65° salinometer.

Nos. 253 to 255 are cited from A. Winchell's report of the State 

geologist, 1861, and are of water from the first salt well sunk by the 

East Saginaw Salt Company.

No. 253 is of the water when the well was 575 feet deep. Specific 

gravity, 1.110; 64° salinometer. Analyst, Dr. Chilton. 1,155 grains 

of solids and 1,014.57 grains of NaCl in a wine pint. (Op. cit., p. 170.)

No. 254 is of the water when the well was 617 feet deep. Specific 

gravity, 1.172 grains; 86° salinometer. Analyst, Dr. I. G-. Webb. 1,416 

grains of NaCl and 32 grains of other chlorides in a wine pint.

No. 255 is of the same water as No. 254, and by the same analyst.

It is hardly worth while to reproduce all Dr. Houghton's analyses of
WATEKS FKOM THE MAKSHALL FORMATION. 63

brine spring waters in his report of 1838, because of their early date. In 

Huron County the boundary of the sulphated waters above the Marshall is very sharp, the change from waters giving a strong reaction 

for sulphates to those giving no reaction coming within a mile. In the 

southern part of the coal basin gypsum deposits are not struck in the 

wells and the waters are less sulphated, being chalybeate carbonated 

waters low in magnesia, not unlike those from the drift.

WATERS FROM THE MARSHALL FORMATION.

Constituent.

A120S ...........................

CaCOg ..........................

CaCl,.... .......................

CaSO4 ..........................

FejOj ...........................

"fivpn

Lid ............................

MgCOj .........................

MgCl...... .....................

MgS04 . .........................

KC1 ............................

SiO2 ............................

Nad ...........................

NaCOj .........................

256.

Badaxe 

No. 1.

t 16.45 

X .235 

t 7. 000 

\ .100

t 33.45 

X .335 

5°. 9 

. 0000024 

. 000072

257.

Badaxe 

No. 2.

0.0

14.30 

.204 

6.300 

.090

20. 650 

.295 

5.2° 

Slight tr. 

. 000048

258.

Grasmere.

.171 

Pi nn9i

}- -

}.......

} .......

lO.o

259.

Oak 

Grove.

t bi. 14. 053 

X .241

e IS. 70S 

X .234 

rA.}2OB .B8S 

X .01

Tr.

, bi. IS. 145 

X .208

r 1. 253

X .021

t 2.973 

I .051'

Tr.

t 98. S6S 

X 1. 685

...........{

t 143. 075 

\ 2. 506

260.

Bayport. 

328-foot 

well.

1)1.2.2141 

.038

2S.6405 

.440

}---

t .2570 

X .044

loi.5.8245 

.100

I---

} --

t . 8412 

X(a).144 

53. 9743 

.925 

11. 7249 

bi. .201

110. 4764 

1.892

261.

Old Bayport well.

26.S262 

.454

20. 9813 

.360

}.........

}.........

( 11.S6SO 

< .198

 *

.8598 

(a) . 015 

138. 7109 

2.379

}.........

198. 6412 

3.403

a Silicic acid.

It is not at all certain that water above the Marshall is not admitted 

to many of the wells represented in these analyses. Even where the
64 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.3L

upper water is supposed to be cased off there may be leaks in the 

casing. As a whole, however, the analyses show very well the characteristics of the formation. One feature which deserves special attention is the freshness of these waters i. e., low amount of mineral matter 

for a given depth compared with those of other horizons.

No. 256 is of the Badaxe water supply, which comes from artesian 

wells, whose record is known, over 200 feet deep in the Marshall. Partial analysis by F. S. Kedzie in 1897. This and the following analysis 

were made because of complaint regarding the excessive growth of algse. 

This sample was taken at the pump, while sample No. 257 was taken 

from the dead end of a pipe. In this respect they correspond to 172A 

and 172B. In both cases, the sample taken farthest from the pump contains the greater amount of matter, both organic and inorganic. Suggested remedies are frequent flushing and covering the standpipe so 

as to exclude light. F. S. Kedzie also suggested that the reaction of 

CaSO4 with organic matter might produce H2S and add to the disagreeable character of the water, but it is doubtful if CaSO4 exists appreciably in the Badaxe water. Qualitative tests failed to reveal it.

No. 258, Grasmere, is of water "from a coarse-grained gray sand 

rock reached at 40 feet and extending 138 feet, rising to 8 feet above 

the surface." Analyst, A. B. Prescott, for W. L. Webber. Qualitative 

tests showed Ca, Mg, Na, Al, SO3, CO2, Fe not more than a trace.

No. 259 is of water from the Oak Grove mineral well at Flint, 265 feet 

deep, flowing about 9 gallons per minute. Analyst, J. E. Clark. Original statement in grains per United States gallon. There are only 39 feet 

of casing, and water comes in above the Marshall, as the amount of 

CaSO4 shows.

No. 260 is of water from a well 328 feet deep near the Bayport House, 

Bayport. A. B. Prescott, analyst for W. L. Webber. The water said 

to be found in a coarse gray sand rock (upper Marshall) at the bottom 

(below 250 feet), but the analysis indicates that the upper waters are 

not altogether excluded. This is the flowing well just north of, but 

quite a little below, the hotel. The temperature of 47° F. is said to be 

the same throughout the year. Specific gravity, 1.0017. Eeaction 

faintly alkaline. Analysis, as given in table, as combined from CaO 

0.1933, MgO 0.0421, NaO 0.5583, FeO 0.0027, SO3 0.2582, 01 0.6389, 

CO2 0.1264, SiO2 0.0111, total 1.8310. A similar well lies close to the 

bay and just west of the railroad track.

No. 261 is of water from the Old Bayport well. This was a well 

for salt, 1,900 or more feet deep; when plugged at 750 feet the water 

was still salt, but when plugged at 550 feet it was a potable water, presumably the one analyzed. Analyst, A. B. Prescott, for W. L. Webber. 

Eeaction faintly alkaline. Specific gravity, 1.0029. The constituents 

are combined from CaO 0.2978, MgO 0.0835, NaO 1.2900,- SO3 0.2110, 

Cl 1.5850, CO2 0.2358, SiO2 0.0113, total 3.7144.
LANE.] WATERS PEOM THE MARSHALL FORMATION. 65

No. 262 is of wafer from Butterworth's magnetic spring, Grand 

Eapids. S. P. Duffield, analyst. Mr. Powers says that this well draws 

mainly from the upper 18 feet of the Marshall sandstone i. e., 261-274 

feet of the record given by Winchell and that the water contains more 

CaCl2 than the water of his well the Arcade which draws from the 

lower 18 feet of the Marshall i. e., 295 to 300 feet from the surface. 

This would apply better if we took No. 262 to be the analysis of the 

Arcade well water, low in CaCl2, and No. 263 to be the analysis of water 

from the top of the Marshall, from which, indeed, it is derived. The 

constituents other than the NaCl and the CaCl2 are remarkably similar.

No. 263 is of water from the original test well, Scribner's, at Grand 

Eapids, October 14,1859. Analyst, Prof. L. E. Fisk. Specific gravity, 

1.01752. Biennial report of State geologist, 1861, pages 146, 167, 186, 

and Geological Survey Michigan, Yol. Ill, Part I, page 180. The water 

at 248 feet depth is reported as fresh, but there are saline streaks at 82 

feet and at 140 feet, so that probably most of the salt, etc., comes from 

that section.

Nos. 264 to 266 are of waters from wells within a few miles of each 

other, analyzed by the same chemist, and, as the record of one and the 

flate concerning the others show, drawing chiefly on the Marshall 

sandstone at 179 to 250 feet depth.

No. 264 is from Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, page 

148.

No. 265 is from Peale, loc. cit. I also have an independent version of 

the analysis, giving 0.1808 bicarbonate of lime; trade name, " Attapah;" 

specific gravity, 1.0064. Temperature, 52° (Peale), or 50° F.

No. 266 is also taken from Peale, or from Geological Survey Michigan, 

Yol. Y, Part II, 1895, page 60. Temperature, 48°.

I would not lay too much stress upon the presence of Br, Li, etc., in 

the foregoing group of analyses, for much depends on whether the 

chemist looked for them. Yet the presence of bromine is interesting 

in connection with its undoubted presence in abundance in the Marshall brines of the center of the basin. The absence of CaSO4 is noteworthy, also the prevalence of chlorides and bromides of calcium and 

magnesium over other salts.

Constituent.

A12O3 . ............. ...............

yrBtCi.. .........................

CaCO3 . ..........................

CaCla ............ .................

CaSO4 ...... ......................

FeCOg.. .........................

LijCOg.. .........................

262. 

Grand Rapids (Butterworth) . .

0.007

.143

.010

1.288

.017

263. 

Grand Rapids 

(original>.

0. 0473

2.764

1.312

.0145

264.

Grand 

Haven.

0.009

.035

2.557

.001

4

265.

Springlake 

(Attapah).

Tr.

O fiAfiQ

M. .002

1.944

bi. .017

Tr.

266. 

Fruitport 

(iron 

magnetic).

Tr.

ti. 0.087

1.903

bi. . 129

1KB 31-
66 LOWER MICHIGAN MINEEAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Constituent.

MgCO....... .....................

MgCl. ...........................

Mgl. ........ .............. ......

MnH^COj),. .......... ..........

KC1............. .................

IT c*r\

SiOj....... .......................

NaCL... .........................

NaC03 ..- ........................

NaS04 . ..........................

C02 . .............................

262. 

Grand Rapids (Butterworth).

0.100 

.718

.168

.009 

.218 

.086

2.871

.011

263. 

Grand Rapids 

(original).

0. 0084 

.7196

.1561

.0025 

17. 3696

a . 8841

23. 3385 

b . 0603

264.

Grand 

Haven.-

0.027 

1.065 

.005 

.001

.033 

.049 

.018 

5.311 

.038* 

1.190

10. 431

265.

Springlake 

(Attapah).

Tr. 0. 001 

.619 

.037

Tr. .001 

.073

.009 

6.950 

bi. .003 

.799 

.314

10. 766

266. 

Frnitport 

(iron 

magnetic) .

Tr. 0. 071 

.803 

.013

Tr. .002 

.007

.182 

7.950 

bi. . 113 

.789

12. 048 

7 cu. in.

&Free.

SAGINAW RIVER SALINE WELLS.

Constituent.

CaCOs-.... ..........

CaS04 ...............

FeCOs-. ...... .......

!FeCl2 . ...............

MgCOs--.. ..........

MgCl. ...............

KC1...... ............

Al2 03+Si02 .. ........

NaCl ................

NaBr.. ..............

Specific gravity . ..... 

C02 . .................

267. 

East Saginaw Salt 

Mfg. Co., 

(Oct., 

1862).

22. 665

1.516

9.629

a 202. 446

80.o

268.

Swift 

& Lockwood.

QfiQ

10. 685

175. 103

a 213. 201

86.0

269. 

East Saginaw 

(Apr. 10, 

11,1860).

21 42

1.16

1.05

15.22

2.20

a 220. 17

90° 1. 179

270.

T.N. 

Whittier.

92°

271.

East 

Saginaw.

32. 873

.982

.116

17. 743

.245

168. 710

.65

& 221. 570

90° 1. 177

272. 

Oneida 

Salt Co., Zilwankee.

Tr.

26.23

.80

.054

.032

Tr.

13.43

Tr.

193. 04

Tr.

3.724

b 237. 31

1. 1864 

Tr.

273.

Bangor 

Salt Mfg. 

Co.

29. 611

.722

12. 612

'

198. 595

a 241. 54

1. 1771

a By addition. & Direct determination.

Analyses No. 267 et seq. show much stronger waters. Such a sharp 

line does not exist in nature, but is due merely to the fact that man. 

wants waters either weak enough to be drinkable or as strong as possible.

No. 267 is of water from the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company's well when 806 feet deep. Analyst, C. A. Goessmann. October, 

1862. Geological Survey of Michigau,Yol. Ill, 1876, Part I, page 183. 

Total obtained by addition.
LANE.] SAGINAW RIVEE SALINE WELLS. 67

No. 268 is of water from Swift & Lockwood's well, 860 feet deep, at 

Saginaw. Same analyst and date as No. 267. Total obtained by 

addition.

No. 269 is of water from the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company's well when 636 feet deep. Prof. S. H. Douglass, analyst. April 

11,1860. Same reference as No. 267, and also biennial report of the 

State geologist, 1861, pages 171 and 186. Total obtained by addition. 

April 16, specific gravity, 1.170. As No. 269 is stronger than No. 267, 

which is of a water with deeper source, an admixture of the upper 

waters that is, leaky casing when the water for No. 267 was drawn 

is suggested, ©specially since the weaker water is stronger in sulphates.

Sample No. 270, from Saginaw Eiver, specific gravity 92°, was left 

for an analysis, not yet reported, by T. N. Whittier.

No. 271 is an analysis of the same water as Nos. 267 and 269, the 

well being 649 feet deep. Analyst, Dr. Chilton. May, 1860. Eeported 

by W. L. Webber in the biennial report of the State geologist, 1861, 

pages 171 and 186. It agrees quite well with previous analyses and 

reports, the bromides probably overlooked by the others. Total directly 

observed.

No. 272 is of water from the well of the Oneida Salt Company, Crow 

Island, Zilwaukee. Analyst, H. C. Hahn. Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. Ill, Part I, page 185. Total directly observed.

No. 273 is of water from the Bangor Salt Manufacturing Company's 

well at Banks, Bay City. Well 774 feet deep. Analyst and references 

the same as No. 267.

BRINES OF THE MARSHALL SANDSTONE.

Constituent.

CaCO3 . ...... ..........

C»C1....... ..........

CaS04 ...... ..........

PeCOg. ..............

MgCO3 ..............

MgCl. ...............

NaBr

TT KSn

NaCl ................

Total solids.... 

Degrees salinoreeter,

CO2 ... ...............

274. 

Michigan 

Solar . 

Salt Co., Zilwaukee.

0.030

29.16

.82

.123

.015

13.81

196. 71

242.85

1 IQftfi

275. 

Buffalo 

Salt Mfg. 

Co., East 

Saginaw 

No. 1.

24. 106

1.028

.119

10. 803

Tr.

187. 764

21. 104

a 244. 924 

1 1771

276. 

Buffalo 

Salt Mfg. 

Co., East 

Saginaw 

No. 2.

24. 321

1.038

.123

8.744

Tr.

189. 472

(6)

277. 

New 

York Solar Salt 

Co., Zilwankee.

0.010

30.40

.73

.058

.038

.006

14.19

1. 2374

189. 14

5.02

c 249. 58

278.

A. L.

Clark's 

well, Big 

Rapids.

46.40938

.47316

. 06354

19. 79204

1. 2374

185. 69219

^253.66878 

1.205

279. 

BN«y

33. 878

.689

.856

13.783

202. 945

14. 518

a 266. 669 

1. 1989

280. 

Bay City

32. 556

.691

1.292

13. 779

204. 204

14. 147

(6)

a Average of No. 1 and No. 2. b See No. 1. e Direct determination. d By addition.
68 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL "WATERS. [NO. 81.

No. 274. Michigan Solar Salt Company, Zilwaukee. Analyst and 

references the same as No. 272.

No. 275 and No. 276 are duplicate analyses, cited from the unpublished thesis "Saginaw Salines: a short sketch of their history and 

source; of the methods of obtaining them; of the processes used in 

the manufacture of salt from them; together with analyses of representative specimens," by John Ayres, Ann Arbor, June, 1880, of which 

an abstract from the copy in the general library of the University of 

Michigan was made for me through the kindness of Professor Prescott. For this analysis and probably the others by Mr. Ayres the 

specific gravity was taken at 20° C., the total residue by drying at 

110° to 115° C. In No. 275 the total Ol in 25 cubic centimeters brine 

was 4.043.

No. 277 is of water from the well of the New York Solar Salt Company at Zilwaukee. Analyst and reference the same as No. 272.

No. 278 is of water from the Red Cross well at Big Rapids, A. L. 

Clark original owner. Depth, 1,400 feet. Analyst, A. B. Prescott. 

The published statement is in grains per United States gallon at 62° 

F. -i. e., United States gallon=70,277.19 grains. The following is the 

statement of bases and acids: NaO 98.95923, MgO 8.35636, CaO 3.66594, 

FeO 0.03944, SiO2 0.00073, Cl 156.97050, Br2 0.96057, SO3 0.27833, CO2 

0.02415=289.23289, which, less oxygen not in the salts and plus the 

water of silicic acid 35.56590, gives the tabulated footing.

A sample from a drug-store gave specific gravity 1.156 with 0.75 Br. 

When I tested it, December, 1895, the specific gravity was 1.202. The 

water is said to haye been struck at 1,300 feet and to have had at first 

the specific gravity 1.229. The mineral strength is thus lasting very 

well.

Nos. 279 and 280 are duplicate analyses of representative Bay City 

brine, obtained through S. S. Garrigues. Analyst and reference the 

same as No. 275. In 25 cubic centimeters brine was 4.6496 Cl.

BRINES AT MIDLAND.

Constituent.

CaCls-. ......................................

CaS04 - ...................................

FeC03 -...--. ................................

MgCl. .......................................

Xa,Gl............:..... ......................

281.

Midland 

No. 1.

86. 666

.199

1.144

8 771

148. 984

304. 750

34. 321

282.

Midland 

No. 2.

88.760

.220

.954

24. 109

8 771

147. 599

366. 059

34. 337

283. 

Midland 

bittern 

No. 1.

143. 574

 .160

39.263

48.356

56. 754

77. 952

284. 

Midland 

bittern 

No. 2.

145. 859

.160

34. 019

48.356

60. 801

76.864
BRINES AT MIDLAND. 69

Nos. 281 and 282 are duplicate analyses of Midland brine, Harris 

Brothers' well, 1,300 feet deep, flowing 30 gallons a minute. Analyst 

and reference the same as No. 275. In 25 cubic centimeters brine was 

0.2340 Br and 5.0414 01. See also Geological Survey Michigan, Vol. 

V, Part II, page 69. The specific gravity and total solids do not seem 

accordant, since the total solids would imply a higher specific gravity. 

The Larkin & Patrick well at the same depth is said to have had 

strength of 115° salinometer (1.239 specific gravity), and the Dow 

(Midland Chemical Company) well has 1.235 specific gravity.

Nos. 283 and 284 are of bittern left after the crystallization of salt 

from the same well as Nos. 281 and 282. Same analyst and reference. 

Published also by Eowland, Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. 

II, p. 22. See also Geological Survey Michigan, Vol. V, Part II, page 35, 

and note corrected NaCl. In 25 cubic centimeters was 1.32 Br and 

4.8869 CI. "In the estimation of Br by Mr. Ayers, this element was 

expelled by treatment with excess of chlorine during evaporation to 

dryness, then obtaining the total of silver chloride in ratio of the 

weight of mixed silver chloride and bromide from the brine" not a 

very accurate method. Note the large amount of loss when total solids 

are independently and directly determined. This shows that ammonium and potassium chlorides and other constituents have not been 

determined. Potassic chloride is made from the Marshall brines by 

the North American Chemical Company at Bay City. Mr. Ayres's 

chemical work was done under Prof. H. W. Cheever about three years 

before the writing of " Select methods of qualitative analysis."

An analysis of the water from the Alma Sanitarium Company's well 

was made by Prof. C. A. Davis, May 5,1889. Said to be almost a pure 

Marshall sandstone water. The published form was inaccurate, and I 

am not able to give corrected figu'res. The analyses given in a later 

section (Nos. 325 to 327) show the lower water and the two waters 

mixed.

In the above group of analyses the characteristics of the Marshall 

waters are well defined i. e., the excess of 01 so as to be far more than 

to satisfy the soda; or, as Garrigues says, a "decrease in percentage of 

gypsum, an increased percentage of the earth chlorides, and an increased 

quantity of salt."

Numerous qualitative tests have convinced me that the sulphates are 

often from higher beds, and for a given depth the Marshall is less mineralized than the beds above or below. It is not charged with gases to 

any marked extent.

As soon as we leave the porous upper Marshall and get down to the 

boundary between it and the Coldwater that is, the lower Marshall 

the beds are likely to become saline again. For instance, S. O. Hickok, 

of Alien, Hillsdale County, Michigan, has a well 221 feet deep, which 

yields 277.04 grains NaCl and 33 of CaSO4 per gallon. I have numer-
70 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

ous other qualitative tests that show the same thing. But on the whole, 

between the Marshall and the Berea grit the strata are dry and the 

waters do not merit a separate section.

WATERS FROM THE BEREA GRIT.

Constituent.

CaCO3 .... ...........

CaSO4 ...............

FeCO3 .. .............

MgC03 ..............

MgCl... .............

KC1 .................

SiO2 .................

NaCl. ................

Na,C03 . .............

NaNOg.. ...... ......

285. 

Birmingham.

0. 10205

.0049

.0645

. 03156

2. 27256

. 15558

2. 70453

286. 

Ann 

Arbor.

24.53

a 4. 381

6.95

138. 96

1 71 R

68.°

287. 

White 

Kock.

5

070

2 ftoq

4.106

189. 102

78.5°

288. 

East 

Tawas.

34 843

OCA

12.433

156. 141

203. 767

289. 

Port 

Austin.

31. 274

19Q

15. 675

176. 161

223. 239

88.°

290. 

Sand 

Beach.

3.000

2.539

1.591

225. 673

232. 803

284.°

291. 

Oscoda.

Tr.

Tr.

19.3

179. 300

241.9

90.°

a As oxide? 6FeO.

The well at Utica, with 2.226 ounces per cubic foot solids, probably 

obtains water from the Berea; the only sample of potable water, however, of whose geological horizon we are certain, independent of the 

analyses, is No. 285. Kedzie's analysis of the Wales water comes next. 

Some idea of the composition of the Berea brine at Tpsilanti may be 

obtained by comparing the analyses of the Ypsilanti wells (Nos. 304 

and 305), in the first of which the higher water is cased out and in the 

second admitted. We see that the water from the Berea is extra strong 

in NaCl and is a very pure brine.

No. 285 is of water from the new well on the farm of J. E. Cooper, 

Birmingham. No. 2, about 1,500 feet southwest of the first well, which 

was about 20 feet above the swamp, the water rising to about 16 feet 

from the top; No. 1 also contained more chlorides and less carbonates.

There is an excess of CO2, probably in the form of bicarbonates, present in the water, and the organic matter and loss does not include 

this, but does include the CO2 with the iron. Analyst and informant, 

George L. Heath.

No. 286 is of water from the Ann Arbor deep well, of which there are 

two accounts. According to Eominger (Geol. Survey Michigan, Vol. 

Ill, 1876, Part I, p. 92), the brine from the sandstone 333 feet down i. e., 

from the Berea grit has a specific gravity of 1.142, and 19 per cent residue by evaporation," almost pure chloride of sodium." Winchell, in his 

Geology of Washtenaw County (Chicago, 1881, p. 26), gives the strength 

as (58° salinometer, corresponding to a specific gravity of 1.131 and 17.48 

per cent salt; he also gives an analysis of the residue, and putting the
LANE.] WATERS FROM THE BEREA GRIT. ' 71

two together we obtain the figures of the tabulated analysis. Illuminating gas also escapes, and is also reported from a well at Blackmar 

which reaches this horizon.

No. 286A of the Appendix is a recent analysis, by J. E. Clark, of 

water from the Ypsilanti Sanitarium, and is so pure a solution of sodic 

chloride that the lower water must now be almost entirely eliminated.

No. 287 is of brine from Thompson Bros.' 566-foot well at White Eock, 

Huron County, and is cited from Vols. Ill and V of the Geological 

Survey Michigan, as are also the remaining analyses of the section. 

The analysis, however, is corrected and the iron added from a statement 

in the report of the Commissioners to the Centennial Exposition of 1876 

at Philadelphia. The specific gravity is there given as 1.155.

No. 288 is of brine from Grant & Co.'s 908-foot well, East Tawas. 

References as for No. 287.

No. 289 is of brine from Ayres & Co.'s 1,198-foot well at Port Austin, 

Huron County. References as for No. 287, and also Hunt in Geological Survey of Canada, 1866-1869, p. 220.

No. 290 is of the brine from Jenks & Co.'s well, Sand Beach. S. P. 

Duffield, analyst. G. W. Jenks reports that 98.7 per cent of the solids 

was NaCl.

No. 291 is of brine from Smith, Kelley & Dwight's 1,070-foot well at 

Oscoda. Same references as No. 287.

No. 291A of the Appendix is an analysis of the Berea brine where it 

is struck, at a depth of 2,200 feet, at Bay City, near the center of the 

basin,, and even at this depth it has no more CaCl2 than the much less 

deep-seated brines of Midland and Mount Clemens.

That this Berea brine is a purer solution of NaCl than the brines 

immediately above or below is shown not merely by comparing the 

Ypsilanti analyses and the analyses in general, but by such facts as 

when Frank Crawford's well at Caseville, which had been drawing from 

the Berea at 1,760 feet, was deepened to 2,270 feet it became necessary 

to clean the pans twice as often.

WATERS FROM BEDS BELOW THE BEREA GRIT.

When wells pass through the Berea and go through the Devonian 

black shales they usually encounter no water until near the bottom of 

the Devonian. It would be interesting, if possible, to sort out those 

wells which draw merely from the limestone of the Traverse (Hamilton),' 

those which tap the upper Helderberg or Corniferous, a very wellmarked horizon, and those which go deeper into the lower Helderberg 

and Salina; but this does not seem practicable at present, for in the 

southern part of the State the Traverse formation is less than 100 feet 

thick, and there has been little attempt, so far as I have record, to 

isolate the various brines. I suspect, however, that such determination 

might lead to important economic results, as in some of them rare elements, like K, Br, and Sr, may be richly contained. At the outcrop of
72 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [so. 31.

the lower Devonian limestones are the various sulphur springs mentioned by Peale and widely distributed in Monroe and Wayne counties 

(Erie, Shawnee, Wyandotte). For the northern part of the State the 

Harbor Springs' analysis (No. 53) may show what kind of water is 

taken into the rock. We have analyses showing very lightly mineralized waters from Charlevoix, Bay View, and Petoskey (Nos. 292, 293, 

294). The Charlevoix waterworks well has probably not pierced through 

the (Marcellus?) shale at the bottom of the Traverse series, according 

to the record of the strata. On the other hand, the Petoskey well 

probably draws from the Dundee limestones. This well is located 

near the Chicago and West Michigan Railway station, and the surroundings are now somewhat changed. The view shows how they 

looked at the time of well drilling (PI. III).

WATERS FROM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES.

Constituent.

. CaCOg ...............

CaS04 ...............

Fe20g.-...-.... ......

FaPA

MgC03 ...........

MgS04 ............

KC1-... ..............

Si02 .................

NaCl ................

NajCOg. .............

Na2SO4 ..............

jr....................

CO2 ...... ............

H2S...... ............

Total solids....

292. Charlevoix.

, 3.27

\ .056

r 4. 331

\ 6 . 074

r .85

I . .015

t .54

\ .008 

t 1.30

\ .023

, %.OZ

I .035

t IS. 31 

\ .212

293. 

Bay 

View.

11.00

.157 

r 4.00

\ .057 

.50

.007

4.70

.067

.60

.009 

4.20

.060

6.00

.086

r 6.00

\ .086

31.00 

.442 

15.°

8.°

. 00001

294. 

Petoskey.

}.........

11. 200

.160 

.20

.003

}.........

r 8.50

\ .121

( .57

I .008 

.97

.014

7.70

.110

}.........

Tr.

6.16

.088

43. 88 

.629

. 00006

295. Frankfort.

} 1. 220

1 .018

.090

} 1. 100

Tr.

}.........

} .017

} .409

..........

.580

C44.5 }..:......

} 3. 433

296. 

Wvandotte.

0.633

1.274

004

.691

Tr.

.327

.434

.369

.436

c 20. 00

4.191

297. 

Alpena 

No. 1.

0.788

.429

.026

.899

(c) "

.975

.225

c.240

c8.4

C35.36

.013

3.399

298. 

Alpena 

No. 2.

a . 109125

. 00464

19.02

7Q1

3.060

OCWV79

. 00174

. 004102

a All sulphates together. +A1203 . c In cubic inches per gallon.
U. B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 31 PL. Ill

DRILLING OF PETOSKEY WELL.
LAHB.] WATERS FKOM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 73

Constituent.

A12O3 ......... .......

CaCOg...... .........

CaS04 ...............

FeCOg...... .........

MgCOg. .............

Mg012 . ..............

~\JftrT>-n

MgSO4 .;.--. .........

KC1... ...............

KBr...... ...........

KjS04 .............

TStaCl...... ...........

NajCOg ..............

NaS ../..............

SiO2 .................

Total ..........

H2S..... .............

299.

Alpena 

No. 3.

3. 1314

1. 3417

4. 1835

.0283

. . 4812

9. 1677

.1267

300. 

Detroit 

(Riverside 

No. 1).

0.281

1.968

445

.759

.554

Tr.

3.997

&19.02

301. 

Detroit 

(Riverside 

No. 2).

0.191

.728

2.756

.004

1.882

5.320

.048

.003

10. 941

&14.77

302. 

Detroit 

(Riverside 

No. 3).

O oofl

2.556

14. 743

30. 702

1QO

18.549

.003

58. 460

.060

a 132. 442

6.946

303.

Tpsilanti 

No. 1.

0. 6322

3. 0802

SI. tr.

.9911

.0610

1. 1659

.2330

14.241

. 2087

.0240

20. 6362

& 21. 0786

304.

Ypsilanti 

No. 2.

0.98181

2. 45765

3. 01121

Tr.

2. 19596

.188

1.774

.6053

26. 97644

.1445

.3398

38. 6788

&32. 216

305.

Tpsilanti 

No. 3.

0. 99712

2. 87328

2. 98794

. 02856

2. 63344

1. 94260

.26764

36. 94436

.43910

49. 11404

&35. 84

a Sum including H2S. 6 In cubic inches per gallon.

No. 292 is of water from the Charlevoix waterworks well No. 2. 

Analysis obtained through H. P. Parmelee. Depth, 400 feet.

No. 293 is of water from the Bay View well. Depth, 498£ feet. Flow, 

200 barrels an hour. Water likely to be roily. F. S. Kedzie, analyst. 

August 20,1895. Well completed in July, 1895.

No. 294 is of water from the Petoskey well, 555 feet deep. Analyst, 

E. 0. Kedzie. The two wells (analysesNos. 293 and 294) are close together, 

but, as will be noticed on comparing their records, No. 294 has passed 

through and is drawing its water beneath a bed of shale, probably the 

base of the Traverse or the Hamilton, in which the Bay View well 

stopped. The Petoskey is apparently, therefore, a water from the 

Dundee (upper Helderberg), with the characteristic presence of H3S, 

while the Bay View water is in the Hamilton.

No. 295 is of water from Butler's welj at Frankfort. E. 0. Kedzie, 

analyst. See Geological Survey Michigan, Vol. V, Part II, page 59, also 

plate. The temperature of 58° F., compared with the well record and 

statement that the main flow is at 1,400 feet, indicates that this water 

also is from the top of the Dundee limestone, with which its sulphated 

and sulphureted character is in entire accord.

No. 296,.Wyandotte white sulphur springs, is of a similar water from 

the other end of the State. Analyst, Courtis. Of. Peale, Bulletin U. S. 

Geological Survey No. 32, page 150. Generally the CO3 is computed as 

bicarbonate.

No. 297, Alpena No. 1 (I), 1,164 feet deep, with chief flow at 600+ 

feet (?). Analyst, S. P. Duffield. Given by Peale as in grains per
74 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.31.

"United States gallon, but really per imperial gallon. The records of 

the first and second wells put down at Alpena seem to have been confused somewhat. See later paper; also Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological 

Survey No. 32, pages 145,147, Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. Ill, 

Part I, page 39, and Vol. V, Part II, page 46. The temperature given 

by Peale, 52° F., nearly agreeing with my own observations, indicates 

a water about 500 feet nearer the surface than at Frankfort (900 feet), 

and Eominger says it is an "upper sulphur water," contaminated with 

a little salt from lower down. With this description both Nos. 297 and 

and 298 agree, and I found, by qualitative test at the well in 1897, 

markedly sulphated and sulphureted waters, with extremely little 

chlorine. The waters were then flowing naturally and not pumped, and 

this might give the upper water greater purity.

No. 298 is Yaughan's partial sanitary analysis of water from Alpena 

spring, so called because it is customary to speak of flowing wells as 

springs. The analysis doubtless refers to one of these wells. At any 

rate, in its strength in sulphates and extremely low Cl, it agrees with 

my qualitative tests of the wells. Brownish in color, with amoebae, diatoms, algae, zooglcea, several varieties of germs, and amorphous matter.

No. 299 is of water from Alpena well No. 3. Analyst, W. F. Edwards, 

of the Michigan University School of Pharmacy. Analysis probably 

made in 1892.

J. J. Mason & Co. report drilling wells 625 feet deep for the Northern 

Extract Company water struck at 400 feet which flow 450 gallons 

a minute and eat out the casing in about six years. These waters are 

merely "alkaline," whereas rock salt was struck at 1,200 feet in the 

Sanitarium well in 1893.

We next introduce a series of analyses of waters from wells bored in 

or near the Eiverside bath house, corner West Fort street and South 

Clarke avenue, Detroit. There are said to be two wells, one more salt 

than the other. No. 302 is said to be of water from the two wells mixed; 

this can not refer to Nos. 300 and 301, but probably to No. 301 and 

another well put down later and still deeper. The temperature of 50° 

F. indicates no great depth for the wells from which samples Nos. 300 

and 301 were taken, and they are not strong. No. 300 is like No. 297.

No. 300, Eiverside magnetic mineral springs, Springwell's Fort, No. 1, 

is taken from Peale, Bulletin TJ. S. Geological Survey No. 32, pages 

146-7, and is much like No. 296.

No. 301 is taken from Peale, Bulletin TJ. S. Geological Survey No. 32, 

pages 146-7, and is much like No. 296.

No. 302, dark's Eiverside bath house, Detroit. Depth of wells 

unknown. Analyst, S. P. Duffield. November 3, 1889. Cited from a 

pamphlet, where the analysis is given both in grains per imperial gallon 

and in parts per liter, the former figures being 700 times the latter. I 

give the latter figures multiplied by 10.

No. 303,Ypsilanti mineral springs. Depth 550 feet. Analyst, A. B. 

Prescott. Water drawn by his assistant March 31, 1883. Tempera-
t 

WATERS FEOM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 75

ture, 58° F. (14,5° C.). Specific gravity at 15° C., 1.0163. Keaction 

alkaline. Total H2S in volume at 58° F., 91.233 cubic centimeters. The" 

analysis, dated May. 5, 1883, is given in grains per United States gallon, not imperial gallon, as the same figures are given by Peale (p. 150), 

and grams per liter, the former figures being 58.37 times the latter. I 

give the latter figures, but, taking the specific gravity into account, the 

figures should be diminished by dividing by 1.063 in order to reduce 

to grams per kilogram, or parts per thousand. As has been noticed in 

connection with the Big Rapids analysis, Professor Prescott allowed 

for the specific gravity in stating the result in grains per gallon from 

parts per thousand, and has apparently done so here. But it is sometimes neglected, and I do not know how Shepherd, the analyst of No. 

304, worked. I have preferred, therefore, to leave the Tpsilanti analyses 

as stated rather than to introduce a small and dubious correction.

This analysis (No. 303) is probably from the Cornwall mineral well or 

the original well (see fig. 1).

1 « 

^ I I 4$

NW

Fresh- water -

Upper salt water 

)/Js Sas^loner I

* -OOO SF

Fia. 1. Section showing the relations of the deep wells at Tpsilanti to each other, to the wells of 

the city water supply, and to the several water-bearing strata.

The following is Prescott's statement of constituent acids and bases:

Total solids determined in grains............................................................ 1205.6905

Hydrosulphuric acid, total in volume at 58.1° F. (14.5° C.).................................. 91.2330

Total solids hy evaporation............................ .................................. 20.5800

Constituent hases and acids: . Grains per liter.

1. Potassa ................................................................................ 0.1260

2. Soda ................................................................................... 7.7120

3. Lithia.................................................................................. Tr.

4. Magnesia .............................................................................. 0.8190

5. Lime................................................................................... 1.4865

6. Strontia................................................................................ Tr.

7. Baryta............................................................................... Slight tr.

8. Iron (ferrous oxide) ................................................................. Slight tr.

9. Carbonic anhydride.................................................................... 0.3435

10. Sulphuric anhydride................................................................... 2.6950

11. Hydrosulphuric acid.. ................................................................ 0.1321

12. Chlorine................................................................................ 9.3828

13. Bromine ............................................................................... 0.0530

14. Fluorine............................................................................. Slight tr.

15. Boric anhydride ....................................................... ............... Tr.

16. Phosphoric anhydride ............................................................... Slight tr.

17. Silicic anhydride....................................................................... 0.0240

22. 7739

Deduction of hydrosulphuric acid and of oxygen displaced in the bromide, chlorides, and sulphide in excess over addition of sulphur in the sulphide and of water in the bicarbonate... 2.1377 

Total salts determined......................................................................... 20.6362

Total bases and acids determined........................................................ 22.7739
76 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATER§. [NO. 31.

No. 304, Ypsilanti Mineral Bath Company, Moorman mineral well. 

'(See fig. 1.) Analyst, James H. Shepherd. Water drawn September 

5, 1884. Temperature of water, 14.2° C. (57.5°. P.); of air, 26.3° C. 

(79.3° P.). Specific gravity, 1.0280. Reaction, alkaline. The results 

cited are said to be in grams per liter, and are also stated in grains 

per imperial gallon, the latter figures being 70 times greater than those 

given (by which I have detected one or two misprints in the analysis 

as published in the pamphlet of the company; in Peale's paper also, 

op. cit., it should read 124.42 MgSO4 ), and accordingly, though grams 

per liter are stated, parts per thousand may be meant, the imperial 

gallon being taken as 10 pounds. At the time this sample was taken 

the well was cased to 550 feet, to shut off all higher waters, and practically this is pure Dundee limestone water.

No. 305, water from same well as No. 304. Analyst, De Forest JRoss, 

September 13, 1897. Temperature of water, 16.5° C. (?). Eeaction, 

alkaline. Specific gravity, 1.0358. The pamphlet statement is in grains 

per imperial gallon. Before this analysis was made the casing was 

pulled back to 185 feet, so as to admit the upper stronger water of the 

Berea grit which is more predominant in No. 286A.

No. 306, T. C. Owen's well Atlantis, on the hill near the normal 

school at Ypsilanti. (See fig. 1.) Analysts, J. H. Shepherd and W. F. 

Pett* 1884. Peale, op. cit., page 150.

It will be noticed that No. 305 is the strongest water of the four, 'and 

that the addition of the Berea water has increased mainly the NaCl, 

while the sulphates have not increased in the same proportion. The 

relations of the three wells are shown in fig. 1.

The remaining analyses are for many reasons difficult to group. In 

the first place, the specific gravity is so great that parts per thousand 

i. e., grams per kilogram and grams per liter are by no means equivalent expressions. Yet chemists accustomed to analyzing waters whose 

specific gravity is practically unity, speak of grains per Imperial gallon, 

when grains per unit of 70,000 grains or 10 pounds is meant. Others, 

like A. B. Prescott, are careful to apply the volume correction. Then, 

again, the specific gravity of a brine varies, at different temperatures, to 

a measurable, though trifling, extent (cf. analysis No. 323). Thus the 

reduction of the analyses to strictly comparable units is not easy. 

Again, one can not be sure in such analyses as are issued in advertising pamphlets whether care has been taken in proof reading, or even 

whether they have not been altered. A number of minor errors seem 

thus to have crept into Peale's list. Often the kind of gallon is 

not specified, and Peale's rule to assume the United States gallon 

unless otherwise stated is not safe. In fact, when most figures for 

different constituents are multiples of 7 the imperial gallon is probably 

used. Finally, as will be easily seen, the analyses vary considerably, 

and imperfections of analysis, though they may be considerable, are 

unimportant beside the larger ones due to variation, from time to time,
WAFERS FROM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 77

in the quality of the water itself. A most important factor in this 

connection is the character and depth of the casing, as is seen in the 

Ypsilanti wells just described (analyses Nos. 304 and 305). The same 

thing is seen in the Alma analyses (Nos. 327 to 329), in all of which 

cases the withdrawal of the casing admitted a different water. We do 

not know the condition of the casing in many instances, and, moreover, 

casing supposed to shut off an upper water does not always succeed in 

effectually doing so. How far the great variations, for example at 

Mount Clemens, are due to the casings remains to be proved. Then, 

again, variations have been found which seem to be connected with 

the rate of pumping. There are very few waters on the list below that 

are not composite made up of waters from various levels, and, as they 

come from beds of varying porosity as well as varying head, a, well 

pumped nearly to its capacity will draw more largely from the more 

porous beds than when it is more gently pumped. In fact, a very 

porous bed with low head might, under heavy pumping, yield a large 

proportion of the water, which would yield none in the normal flow. 

Such are some of the considerations which we must especially keep 

in mind in studying the analyses from No. 232 on. There is still 

another consideration which is forced upon us by the first analysis to 

be described.

No. 307 is supposed to be of water from the well of the Port Huron 

Mineral Bath Company. I am informed by Mr. W. L. Jenks, who is 

now interested in the well, that illuminating gas comes at 400 feet and 

this mineral water at about 800 feet. Compare, in Geological Survey 

of Michigan, Vol. V, the water at 772 feet in the Junction well, PI. LIV. 

I have included this analysis rather against the wishes of Prof. A. B. 

Prescott, the analyist, for he does not consider it a natural water. The 

element which has evidently been tampered with is the bromine, which 

is so out of harmony with the proportions of other constituents that the 

discrepancy is apparent at once. Professor Prescott had the Ypsilanti 

mineral water drawn by his own assistant, and in that water the Br was 

barely a twentieth part of what if is in this analysis. The potash and 

iodine may also have been altered in No. 307. But I have thought it best 

to include the analysis first, to show how recognizable an altered analysis is likely to be to a student of natural ones. The analysis was 

recognized as not natural by Professor Prescott and myself quite independently. Again, I think the real mineral water was used as a base, 

and in some respects the analysis is quite comparable with and an interesting link to the other Dundee limestone water analyses. The sample 

gave Professor Prescott a specific gravity, at 15.05° C, of 1.070, and the 

oxides and acids were K2O 3.537, Na2O 37.502, MgO 3.116, CaO 4.203, 

SO3 2.312, Cl 49.408, Br 5.380, 10.319, CO2 0.035, SiO2 0.010, H2S 0.649.

It must be recognized that we are dealing with a group of waters 

which are unquestionably of high healing value and economically of 

great importance, in which there is lively competition, and where there
78 LOWEE MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

is a temptation for an owner to add to his well, before analysis, 

elements considered desirable, just as the famous Apollinaris water is 

said to have a little salt continually added to it. It is legitimate if there 

is no deception about it and if the water is kept true to its quality. 

The above statement may apply also to No. 310, though reported to 

me as coming from a well 340 feet deep. The CO2 is certainly added, 

and the analysis could be nearly reproduced by diluting No. 311 with 

pure water one-hundred fold. I do not say that this is not an excellent 

table water. Strong brines must also be diluted to be drinkable, and so 

the St. Clair mineral water, analyzed by Professor Prescott in December, 

1894, and the analysis published by the owner, was a dilution of a very 

strongly saline water, artificially charged with carbon dioxide, and did 

not represent a natural water. Most waters are artifically charged for 

the market.

No. 308 is of water from a well 1,400 feet deep at Benton Harbor (see 

Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. Y, Part II, PI. YII). The water is 

known as Benton Harbor Excelsior mineral water. Prof. John H. 

Long, of Northwestern University, analyst. The H2S is cubic inches 

per gallon at 70° F. Specific gravity .of water at 70° F., 1.1058; allowed 

for in the reduction.

No. 309 is of water from Coldwater, sent by C. B. Randall. Professor Prescott, analyst, 1893. Compare also Geological Survey of 

Michigan, Yol. Y, Part II, PI. X. The bases and acids determined 

were as follows:

Specific gravity, at 20° C., 1.159.

Parts per thousand. 

Alumimim oxide.......................................................................... 0.1910

Ferrous oxide............................................................................. 0.0249

Ferric oxide .............................................................................. 0.0649

Manganese............................................................................... Tr.

Magnesium oxide......................................................................... 5. 2517

Calcium oxide............................................................................. 11.5650

Sodium oxide............................................................................. 82.9500

Chlorine.................................................................................. 321.1360

Bromine.............................................................................!.... 1.3040

Sulphur of sulphides ..................................................................... 0.0012

Sulphuric anhydride ..................................................................... 0.5650

Silicon dioxide ........................................................................... 0.0109

Estimation of Br as described in an article by Prescott and Dunn, Jour. Anal. Chem., 

3.375(1889)............................................................................. 223.0646

No. 310 is of Salutaris water, bottled and put on the market. 

Analyst, C. F. Chandler. Reduced from grains per United States 

gallon to grains per liter or kilogram. Chandler's No. 2779, June 10, 

1890. This water is said to be from a well 340 feet deep, and cased 

down to rock. Compare above under No. 276; see also Geological 

Survey of Michigan, Yol. Y, Part II, PI. LXII. It is barely possible 

that by an unexpected fold or fault the Berea grit comes in here, for 

the water resembles very much that of Wales (No. 122) and Birmingham (No. 285).
LANE.] WATEES FEOM DEVONIAN OR SILUEIAN LIMESTONES. 79

«*»

No. 311 is of water from the St. Clair mineral springs. Cited by 

Peale, op. cit., page 149; no analyst is given. The analysis is not complete, and I have doubts as to whether it is in grains per United States 

or imperial gallon, and also as to the specific weight.

No. 312 is of water from the St. Clair spring, Oakland House well. 

Depth, 1,250 feet, cased 1,000 feet. Statement published in pamphlet 

is in grains per United States imperial gallon (really imperial gallon). 

Analyst, S. P. Duffield. "I think you would find more salt if you went 

deeper." "Tour water shows a large proportion of calcic chloride." 

This analysis is remarkable for the largest proportional amount of 

earth chlorides, and yet only traces of bromides, etc. It would be 

interesting to know how much potash the water contains. (Compare 

No. 313.)

No. 313 is of Somerville spring mineral water, St. Clair, Michigan. 

Statement in published pamphlet in grains per imperial gallon (as the 

figures are multiples of 7). Analyst, S. P. Duffield. This well is very 

close to that from which sample No. 312 was taken, and yet the waters 

are markedly different; the analyses were made by the same chemist. 

Do the potash and bromide belong to an upper flow which is cased out 

of No. 312? In other cases also the KC1 and the CaCl2 are inversely 

proportional.

No. 314 is of water from the Mount Clemens original well, which has 

also at times been known as the A very and the Soolbad. Analyst, 

H. F. Meier; cited in grains per gallon without specific weight, by Peale, 

op. cit., page 148. This water is the least mineralized of all the Mount 

Clemens waters analyzed, having as much or more NaCI, but being 

deficient in earthy chlorides, elsewhere so marked a feature of the 

waters. As the Mount Clemens resort, like most Michigan resorts of 

this class, started in an abandoned salt industry, this may represent 

more nearly the original brine, the casing being afterwards withdrawn 

to let In brine stronger in other constituents.

No. 315 is of water from the same well as No. 314 the Avery. 

Analyst, S. P. DuffieJd. As given by Peale this is in grains per United 

States gallon, and the CaSO4 is stated as 100.56. In pamphlets I find 

the <UaSO4 100.335 and the gallon stated as the imperial, the same 

figures, which are mostly multiples of 7, being used. This is the 

analysis of Mount Clemens water most often cited in other reports-for 

comparison. The presence of nitrogen ip interesting. Perhaps some 

of the rare gases recently discovered which have masqueraded behind 

N are also present.

No. 316 is of water from the same well as Nos. 314 and 315 the 

Soolbad. Analyst, S. P. Duffield, 1884. Only a partial analysis. Cited 

by Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, page 148.

No. 317 is of water from the Clementine well, 1,060 feet deep, at 

Mount Clemens, B. B. Coursin, proprietor. Cf. Geological Survey of 

Michigan, Vol. V, Part II, PI. XLII. Fenton Hotel. Analyst, Theo.
80 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

**»

Tonnele, MoKeesport, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1893. Specific gravity1.1313. Given on advertising card as in grains per United States 

gallon; specific gravity allowed for, the units for gas not given. Total 

solids by evaporation, at 20.5° C., 10,780.3 grains per gallon. By sum, 

mation, including S 10,874.526 hydrosulphate and hydrosulphite of 

sodium lumped together, but not the clay and sulphide of iron, as insoluble matter. The sulphide of iron and free S indicate decomposition of 

the H2S and precipitation on the long journey to Pennsylvania.

No. 318 is of water from the Mount Clemens Medea well. Depth 

1,244 feet. Second well put down. See Geological Survey of Michigan, 

Vol. V, Part II, page 71. Analyst, S. P. Duffield, 1884. Cited by 

Peale, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey No. 32, page 148, as in grains 

per United States gallon. This analysis is so similar to No. 319 as to 

appear like an incomplete version of the same; but the latter is given 

in grains per imperial gallon.

No. 319 is of water from the same well as No. 318. Analyst, S. P. 

Duffield, cited from pamphlet in grains per imperial gallon. In NaCl, 

MgCl2 , and in total solids this checks well with the Clementine analysis, 

No. 317; but No. 319 has CaCl2 where No. 317 has fche sahne amount 

approximately divided between potassic and calcic chloride.

No. 320 is of the water of the Mount Clemens Sanitarium Company, 

Limited. This is from the most recent well, 1,000 feet deep, with, it is 

believed, only 70 feet casing. Analyst, John E. Clark. Water taken 

July, 1896. Analysis dated August 5, 1896. Gas in cubic inches; 

other constituents in grains per imperial gallon. I have not been able 

to find by inquiry whether or not the specific gravity was taken into 

account, but I have assumed for the reduction that the imperial gallon 

was taken as 10 pounds. In this sample and in No. 319 CO2 was 

present, but was not estimated, and the iron sulphide precipitate is 

included in the summation.

No. 321 is of water from the well of the Windsor Salt Works, 

Windsor, Ontario (directly opposite Detroit). Analyst, F. E. Englehart. Specific gravity 1.1817. I have taken this analysis, in default of 

any analysis of water on the Michigan side of the river, to show the 

nature of the lower salt brine.

The foregoing analyses show clearly the nature of the waters from a 

geological point of view. Passing through the impervious cap of black 

shale, at first comparatively weak water strongly charged with gas, 

especially H2S, is struck (analyses Nos. 296, 300, 301, and 303 to 307). 

Penetrating deeper we come to a set of strata saturated with bitterns 

or mother liquors (cf. Nos. 283 and 284 with Nos. 318 and 319) deposited 

from the sea which was left after the great beds of rock salt, which 

have been and are now actively exploited through still deeper wells 

(analyses Nos. 320 and 321), had been laid down. Organic matter, as 

already mentioned, may have decomposed CaSO4 and produced the H2S.

The records of various wells, as given by Mr. Wright in Vol. V of the
LANE.] WATERS FROM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 81

reports of the geological survey of Michigan, contain a mass of data as 

to the specific gravity of the brines at the various depths, illustrative 

of these points.

No. 322 is of water from the Oanfield & Wheeler well at Manistee; 

Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. V, Part II, PI. XXXI. A. B. 

Prescott, analyst. Analyzed between 1883 and 1890. Specific gravity 

at 60° F., 1.20054.

No. 323 is of water from the same well as No. 322, and by the same 

analyst; 1893. Evidently the brine had deteriorated in purity. Specific 

gravity at 16° C., 1.26; at 25° C., 1.255. The analysis was only partial, 

as follows:

Cl................................................................................... 184.477

Br ......................... ...................................................... 9.730

CaO................................................................................ 65.352

MgO............................................................................... 24.280

Fe................................................................................ Tr.

S03 ................................................................................ Sl.tr.

K.................................................................................. Tr.

Li.................................................................................. Tr.

A provisional estimate of the potassium was obtained (weighing 

potassic platinic chloride) giving 0.0169 per cent of K2O. An estimate 

of the lithium weighed as sulphate gave duplicates for 0.0111 LiO^, 

which "is surely far too high."

The estimate of the bromine was made by the indirect method 

described in Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Ill, page 375, 1889, 

but with a solution of silver nitrate of known strength for precipitation and estimating the excess of this solution used, so that the consumption of silver nitrate in precipitating can be held as a control for 

the weight of metallic silver obtained through reduction of a known 

amount of silver chloride bromide.

No. 324 is of brine from Sand Beach mineral well. Depth, 1,920 

feet. See Geological Survey of Michigan, Yol. Y, Part II, pages 80-83. 

E. 0. Kedzie, analyst, August, 1890. Original figures are in grains per 

imperial gallon of 10 pounds. This and the two following analyses have 

an interesting history. The well whose record is given, loc. cit., was 

originally a salt well. When Dr. Kedzie's analysis showed the astounding and unsuspected proportions of K and Br given, Mr. George W. 

Jenks had the sample sent to S. P. Duffield for verification. The 

analysis returned, No. 325, shows an even stronger water, and, curiously enough, all the constituents increased in exactly the same proportion. Finally, a sample sent in 1896 to Hetherington & Basher, 

an English firm of commercial chemists, with a view to testing 

before exploiting such remarkable richness, gave analysis No. 325, in 

which the Br and K have dropped to more usual proportions. Some 

comments may be made later on this whole subject. Suffice it to say 

now, that a considerable sample of the original water still exists at the 

Agricultural College, and there is every reason to believe that the 

IRR 31 6
82 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

original analysis is a correct one of the original water at 1,860 feet. 

The sample analyzed in 1896 was mixed with a deeper water, for the 

well was then deeper.

No. 325 is of brine from Sand Beach. S. P. Duffield, analyst. Reference as above. Specific gravity at 60° F., 1.180. Statement given in 

grams per liter (really per kilogram). H2S is 0.2271 gram or 10.745 

cubic inches. Total solids directly estimated per liter, 311.6 grams.

No. 326 is of brine from Sand Beach, taken in 1896. Analysts, Hetheringtou & Rasher, England. Specific gravity, 1.187. Probably in 

this analysis the imperial gallon is really a volume, and not as in the 

two previous analyses 10 pounds; in such a case the total solids would 

agree closely. The reduction is, however, made by dividing by 70.

The next group of analyses are all from the same well that of the 

Alma Sanitarium, Dr. J. H. Lancashire, president. The well record is 

illustrated in fig, 2, which, being of a deep well in the center of the 

basin, illustrates also the general relations of the strata for most of 

the other wells mentioned. The Berea grit, however, was not reported 

in this well; this is quite strange, as the formation is well developed 

at Bay City. These wells do not give off H2S perceptibly, but a small 

amount of illuminating gas is discharged which the analysis does not 

mention. The effect of pulling back the casing so as to let in the Marshall waters seems to increase the bromine and decrease the total solid 

constituents. The relative increase of salt and diminution of chlorides 

of lime and magnesia agree in indicating that thereby a more purely 

salty brine like No. 281 is admitted. A similar experience was had at 

Ypsilanti. In other words, the Alma water is a mixture of the upper 

bitterns of Mount Clemens with a brominiferous Marshall water. The 

analyses are stated in grains per United States gallon, and I have not 

been able to obtain the original figures nor the specific gravity, but they 

should be reduced to parts per thousand, for comparison, by dividing 

by about 70; this implies a specific gravity of about 1.2, which must be 

nearly correct.

No. 327 is dated August 17, 1894. Analysts, C. F. Chandler and 

C. E. Pellew, of Columbia University. See Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. V, Part II, page 46.

No. 328 is dated May 24,1894. Same analysts and references as No. 

327. The casing had been pulled back for the above analyses, I am 

informed.

No. 329 is dated January 15, 1890. The well struck this water in 

March, 1889. This I understand to be purely the bottom water. 

Another account of the casing is as follows:

This well was cased with 8-inch casing 500 feet, then a 5f-inch casing 615 feet. 

At 1,053 feet the hole was reduced to admit a 44-inch casing, which was eventually 

carried down to the 1,500-foot level. From this point there is no casing and we are 

using a pump that extends down 1,500 feet.
WATERS FROM DEVONIAN OE SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 83

CORBELATION,

Michigan .

Upper Marshall..

Lower Marshall.......

Coldwatershales ......I

Berea shales......

(Bereagrit not rec

DESCKIFTION. 

60 feet to qnicksand and water; less Ca and more Fe than surface wells; Al, Mg, Na, trace K,

157 feet to bottom of second sand and water, through 3 feet gravel; analysis, C. A. Davis, Dec. T, 

226 feet; ana'lysis/S. P. Duffleld, May 6, 1889.

Clay and gravel to 475 feet.

At St. Louis bed rock was struck at 335 feet; the rock thence to 690 feet being at first red sand 

-ock, then mainly white sand rock.

476 to 600, sand and gravel.

600, 8-inch drive pipe.

600-550, white feldspathic sandstone.

650-615, black shale with FeC03. At 616 feet, 6% Inch casing cuts off fresh water. 

Light shale.

-675, white conglomerate sandstone; salt water.

675-750, blue and black shale, sandstone, and coal.

750-790, ferruginous sandstone; salt water with FeCO4. 

790-850, sandy shales.

850-900, shale and gypsum.

900-1,015, dark bituminous dolomites.

1,015-1,100, yellow to white sandstone; brine; analysis, C. A. Davis, May 6, 1889.

1,100-1,300, red sandy shales.

1,300-1,500, red or blue shales.

(Cased at first to this point.) 

1,500-1,676, blue shale.

1,675-1,605, brownish, very fine-grained grit. 

1,605-1,640, dark calcareous shale. 

Fine light-yellow sand. 

1,645-1,675, darkshale.

1,675-3,000, dark-blue shale, with some sand and FeCOg ; drilling 35 feet a day.

2,000-2,275, blue shale.

2,275-2,300, black shale.

2,300-2,360, blue shale (Bedford shale).

2,360-2,640, black shale.

Gray limestone.

2,660-2,710, black shale.

2,710-2,760, dark-blue shale.

2.760--2,780, buff dolomite.

2,780-2,800, blue shale.

2,800-2,825, hard brown dolomite; drilling 3 feet a dav.

At 2,825, white sandy limestone with water, T. 98O F.; analyses: C. F. Chandler, Jan. 15, 189C,

May 22, 1894, Aug. 17, 1894. 

Well begun July, 1888; reached 2,600 feet Feb., 1888; finished June, 1889.

FIG. 2. Geological column at the Alma Sanitarium.
84 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Constituent.

AlaOa..... .......

CaSO4 ...........

FeClgOH ........

Feaz .. ..........

LiCl...... .......

Barium ..........

MgC03 ..........

MgCl,. ..........

MgS04..... ......

KC1 .............

K2SO4 ...........

Silicates.........

Si02 .............

NaCl.. ..........

Nal. ............

NaS .............

NaHCO3 ... ....--

Total by evapoH2S|.... ..........

CO2 ...... ........

306. Tpsilanti (Atlantis 

well).

O fi97

3.000

.666

dTr.

Tr.

1 Q|1

.193

1.320

Tr.

Tr.

.527

.015

34. 457

Tr.

42. 916

/15.527

307.

Port 

Huron.

.......{

5. 118 j

3 QQH/

1.012J

19 Q7J./

5.511

.080

7ft fi71/

Q*77

QQ 9(2^1

RAQ

308.

Benton 

Harbor 

(Excelsior 

well).

0.035

.005 

Tr.

1, 378. 34

21. 350

85.449

1.324

Tr.

605. 90

9.386

46.72

.725

Tr.

. &3S

.004

6, 831. 12

105. 680

Q QOQ AftO

f 97 fi

1. 1058

309. 

Cold water.

1, 535. 786

22. 717 

13.901

.205 

t 11.279

I .167 

, 3. 672

I .054

79 1. 42

11.70 

101. 193

1.497

1 d . 0109

10, 911. S5

161. 39

t . 1346

\ .002

f 13,412.831

\ 198. 3601 

Tr.

310.

St. Clair 

(Salutaris 

water).

b 5. 1337

bi. . 0879

}.............

}.............

}-; ---

, e 3. 8814

Ibi. . 0665

}.............

}.............

e 1. 6979

\ . 0293 

Tr.

( . 5717

I . 0098 

81. 3344

1.388

\

}.............

r 4. 8754

Ibi. . 08135 

Tr.NH3

97.4943

1.671

465. 325

311.

St. Clair mineral spring.

0.15

} 2, 437. 49

140.19

} 1.10

Tr.

}.............

} 29. 41

\ e9. 56501

Mgl tr.

}.............

i<p xyiyz

}.............

/16.43

312.

St. Clair 

spring.

f 840.00

Tr. 

,7, 382. 2

( 105.46 

f 144. 2

t 2.06

Tr.

f 1,012. 2

( 144.6

r 406.00

I 5.800 

(8, 120

t 116.00 

Mgl tr.

n

QAj R

OKC 7Q

/OK CQ7

a Aluminum sulphates. cMgH2 (CO3) 2 . 

d And borates.

e +KC1.

/ Cubic inches.
LANE.] WATERS FROM DEVONIAN OR SILURIAN LIMESTONES. 85

Constituent.

A12O3 .... ........

CaCO

CaCl2 . ...........

CaSO4 ...........

Fe2O3 .... ........

FeH2 (CO3) 2 .....

T3W1

FeS..............

LiCl. ............

MgCO3 ..........

MgCl2 .. ......... 

MgBr2 . ..........

MgI2 . ...........

KC1....... .......

NaCl ............

Sr ...............

S ................

Total solids.. 

HjS...... ........

313.

St. Clair 

(Somerville 

spring).

( 2, 803. 78 

X 40. 054 

( 87. 78 

X 1. 254 

( 30.100 

X .430

r 242. 90 

\ 3. 470 

, 68. 60 

\ .980

e 1,680.00 

X 24. 00 

, 119.00 

X 1. 700 

r 8, 983. 94 

X 128. 342 

I fH.9 

X .170

(14,028.00 

X 200. 4

314. 

Monnt 

Clemens 

(original 

well).

Tr.

3.98 

| 172. 41 

| 35. 20

Tr.

Tr.

} 129. 60

bO.32 

} Tr.

} c 8. 97

1 8,637.44 

} 77. 25

Tr.

9, 065. 17 

155. 00 

h 27. 52 

Tr.

315.

Monnt 

Clemens

(A very).

( *9' 47 

X .421

, 0.98 

X .014 

j 934. 5 

X 13. 35 

r 100.335 

X 1. 433

, .560 

X .080

( 0.70 

X .01 

, 648. 48 

X 9.264 

, 6.37 

X .091 

r 0.07 

\ .001

, 27. 60 

X .394 

til, 900. 00 

X 170. 00

13, 654. 105 

195. 062 

h 40. 00 

ft 5. 85

316.

Mount 

Clemens 

(Soolbad).

Tr.

| 44.00 

Tr.

Tr.

| b 0.05 

Tr.

\dll,181.00

11,236.26 

192. 00 

h 33. 00

317. 

Mount 

Clemens 

(Clementine).

, 2. 920 

X .044

2,827.606

42. 820 

, 69. 970 

X 11.060

( 1.924 

X .029

(0433.536 

X 6. 5626

1, 228^002

18. 596

(1,057.889 

X 116.020

(5,684.255 

I 86. 080 

( g 1.960 

X .0 

Tr.

Tr.

10,874.526 

164. 678 

h 9. 910 

h 3. 457

318.

Monnt 

Clemens 

(Media).

| 29.00 

Tr.

91.00

| 14. SO 

8.500

^

1

0.70

Br. 8.50 

b.07

28.00

11,741.00 

(e)

11,921.07 

 170.301 

h 40. 00

319.

Monnt 

Clemens 

(Media).

, 42.07 

X .601

( 0.91 

X .013 

4,128.53 

58. 979 

e 143.43 

\ 2. 049

( 8.54 

X .122

t 0.07 

\ .001 

i, 656. 2 

23.66 

t 8.54 

\ .122 

( ,07 

\ .001

e 28. 09 

\ .401 

(5,957.35 

\ 85. 105

11,973.80 

171. 054 

h 38. 00

a Insoluble and not included in summation. 

b Iodine.

eNa+Ca+Mg.

/ Hydrous.

a Hydrosulphate and hydrosulphite of sodium.

h Cubic inches.
86 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

Constituent.

CaClj...............

CaSO4 . .............

FeH2 (COg)g........

FeCOg.. ............

LiCl. ...............

MgCl2 ..............

MgBr2 .............

MgI2 . ..............

KC1.... ............

K,O.......... ......

NaCl. ....... .......

Total solids ....

Grams per liter .... 

H,S .............

320. 

Mount 

Clemens 

Sanitarium.

f 10, 166. 356

I 145. 234 

< 75. 909

\ 1. 0844 

< 2. 149

\ .031 

e in. 998

\ a 1.757

, 843. 493

I 12. 050 

Tr.

Tr.

i 2.943

I .042

r 2. 113

I .030 

e8, 709. 306

\ 124.4187

19, 947. 277

284. 9611 

c 38. 00

321.

"Windsor, 

Ontario.

| .3643

| 5.443

}.........

}.........

| 1.6652

}.........

}.........

}.........

| 227. 0157

234. 4872

' 322.

Manistee 

No.l.

rCaMg C12

I 3. 449 

4.395

(6)

262. 00

323.

Manistee

No. 2.

| 129.54

Li2O.lll?

46.11

11.19

.169?

111. 14

297. 98

324. 

Sand 

Beach

No.l.

56.89

.90

Tr.

4.85

22. 500

34.22

162.64

282. 00 

elO.5

325. 

Sand 

Beach 

No. 2.

62. 6636

.9936

5. 3542

24.84

37. 7788

.7303

179. 2391

SI. 81%

311. 60 

e 10. 745

326.

Sand Beach 

No. 3.

, 2,876.00

\ 41. 07 

i 40.6

\ .58

i 1,571.00

\ 22. 44 

r 58.5

V .836

, 215.00

\ 3.07

rU, 230. 00

t 1,079.00

\ 15.414

20. 0691

288. 13

aFeS. 6 Kest of solids are mainly NaCl. e In cubic inches.

Constituent.

A12 03 ...-

NH4C1 ....

CaCl2 .....

FeClz .....

LiCl ...... 

MgCU.....

KC1. ......

K2SO4 .....

327. 

AlmaNo. 1.

6, 514. 2006

Tr.

2,465.4775

15. 8466

328. 

AlmaNo. 2.

43. OS59

6, 304. 2741 

15. 4101

Tr.

2. S56. 9909

63. 7845

58. 1949

329. 

AlmaNo. 3.

4. 0823

7, S24. 0548

Tr.

2, 215. 8903

13. 6849

Constituent.

SiO2 . ......

NaCl......

NaBr...... 

Nal. ......

Sodium 

phosphate

327. 

AlmaNo. 1.

1. 4883

84. 9091 

Tr.

Tr.

328. 

AlmaNo. 2.

.8324

80.8238 

Tr.

Tr.

329. 

AlmaNo. 3.

4 6654

154,026.00 

Tr.

Tr.
LANE.] LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. 87

In spite of the difficulties, upon which I have enlarged perhaps too 

much, I am able to make some generalizations of interest and I trust 

of practical value.

If we take any one stratum yielding water, we find that the deeper 

it is the more strongly mineralized it is. At the margin the salts are 

more often carbonates and sulphates, and are replaced below by chlorides, and the earthy chlorides and bromides, etc., appear to be richer 

in the deeper or central parts. But the rate of mineralization is far 

from the same in different beds. The freshest horizons for a given 

depth appear to be the Dundee and the Marshall. The former appears 

to be characteristically sulphureted, far more so than any other horizon. The latter is the chief horizon for potable water, and is capable 

of supplying a large part of the State, but must be shielded in many 

cases from overlying waters. Above the Marshall the waters are likely 

to be mineralized even if quite shallow, and generally strong in sulphates, with or without salt. Below the Marshall is the Berea grit, 

which is somewhat saline even in shallow wells, yields excellent brine 

in the deeper wells, illuminating gas and oil rather than H28, and is 

marked by the predominance of sodium and the relative freedom from 

earthy chlorides. Has this any connection with its isolation in a shale 

series away from any limestone? Below the Dundee the predominance 

of these earthy chlorides is characteristic, and also probably the concentration of K and some of the rarer elements from the great salt 

depositing process, the results of which we find still farther down.

So far as the rarer elements and less sought for compounds are concerned, it must be said, however, that analytical methods are not yet 

satisfactory for brines. The Midland Chemical Company is a large 

manufacturer of bromine, practically dominating the industry, and is 

said to have improved methods of analysis. But these are commercial 

considerations. I have had complaints that efforts had been made in 

vain to get from the Bast Tawas brines the bromine that was said to 

be there. Again, the presence of celestite associated with sulphur at 

Scofleld and other points in the Helderberg series, suggest that Sr must 

be a constant constituent of the sulphureted waters. But its presence, 

even in traces, is rarely noted in the analyses. Doubtless, if especially 

looked for, it would be found more widely diffused. On the other hand, 

I have been assured by a competent chemist that the Michigan brines 

differ from those of Ohio and Pennsylvania in the absence of iodine 

and lithium. Ammonic chloride, reported from Alma, is probably 

widespread and generally overlooked.

From the Dundee and the limestone series below are a number of 

interesting brines which we are not yet able to differentiate. The first 

analysis of the Sand Beach brine was, I believe, correct, and the brominiferous pocket was either exhausted or diluted with a lower water,
88 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO.31.

for even the English analysis shows a notable amount of K and Br. 

The general criticism may be made, on the exploitation of the undoubtedly valuable medicinal bitterns of Michigan, that too little attention 

and study has been given to the precise effects of the various components in particular classes of diseases. Although both a sulphureted 

water and a saline water have medicinal values, they are not exactly 

the same. Yet the usual custom is to let them flow together and to 

continue boring until the salinometer shows considerable strength, so 

that ''the bathers may feel the buoyancy and feel that they are getting 

their money's worth," and it is desired that the analysis may show as 

strong a water as a neighboring establishment, or a similarity to some 

famous water. No attempt to separate the various waters and use 

them according to the circumstances of the case seems to have been 

made, further than to have one well for drinking and another for bathing. And yet anywhere along the Detroit and St. Olair rivers it would 

be easy enough to have, even from one well, a sulphureted water, a calcium chloride water, and a strong salt water, and perhaps other varieties, to be used as each case required.

I have been told that hygienic living and drinking plenty of water 

are essentially the most important curative agents, and next to them is 

salt. So far, however, as particular mineral and gaseous ingredients 

are really of importance, the plan above suggested would certainly be 

a step in advance. Again, in view of the evidence of gradual changes 

in analysis, perhaps from deterioriation of casing, it would be well to 

keep weekly records of salinometer strength and temperature and also 

of the quantity of water pumped, which would quickly indicate any leak 

in the casing, and if any notable difference was thus detected it might 

be well to analyze the water again.

In studying the sanitary analyses of potable waters I am brought to 

the conclusion that, so far as typhoid and kindred diseases are concerned, direct microscopic investigation and bacteriological study are 

more important than consideration of chemical constituents as indicators of sewage contamination. It is easy to see that chlorine in particular is no guide, unless one knows accurately the normal percentage 

for uncontaminated water'Under the same geological conditions. Prof. 

Delos Fall, of the State board of health, is pursuing researches along 

this line. In many cases even an abnormally low percentage of mineral matter or salt is suspicious, as indicating dilution with rain and 

other surface water. This is especially true of abnormally soft waters. 

' I have given the dates of the analyses, because the State board of 

health has shown that the prevalence of typhoid fever increases with 

the lowering of the water in the wells, the curves of their diagram 

showing the prevalence of typhoid from month to month and the parallel lines the height of water in the wells. The lowest water (231 

inches below ground on the average) and the greatest number of cases 

of typhoid occur in October, the highest water (197 inches- below 

ground) and the fewest cases of typhoid in the spring.
MAP SHOWING AREAS OF HEAVILY MINERALIZED SHALLOW WATERS.
LANE.] APPENDIX. ^ 89

Not only does ammonia occur in peaty waters, which are not necessarily dangerous, though likely to be malarial, but in the Alma well, 

at a depth of 2,860 feet we find it playing the same rdle as magnesium 

or calcium. Hence it is not a reliable indication of contamination. It 

does not, however, by any means follow that a chemical examination of 

ordinary waters is valueless. With due regard to all conditions, such 

analyses may furnish valuable indication as to sewage contamination, 

and it is one of the objects of this paper to enable the chemist to study 

and judge what the normal analysis should be. But germ diseases are 

not the only ailments of man, and extremely hard waters, like those 

around Mount Pleasant, are by no means wholesome simply because 

there is no possible surface contamination. The relation between the 

percentage of various mineral constituents and certain chronic diseases, 

and the uric acid diathesis has not, to my knowledge, been carefully 

studied. The map (PI. IV) shows by shaded areas those parts of the 

State where the waters commonly drunk are most likely to be highly 

charged with mineral matter, and it would be interesting to see if these 

areas correspond in any significant way to disease distribution. Of 

course in these shaded areas there are many surface wells of nonmineral waters. Yet the waters of many wells are strongly cathartic or 

otherwise unpleasant to those unused to them, as strangers coming 

temporarily to help in harvest and threshing soon discover. It seems 

natural to suppose that a water which will favorably affect some sick 

people will unfavorably affect others, and that some waters may be 

permanently too strong for some constitutions, while other systems 

which may be at first decidedly unsettled by them in time become 

perfectly accustomed to them. Throughout the central or shaded area, 

in chronic diseases like rheumatism and constipation it might be worth 

while to experiment with pure filtered rain water (flavored if necessary 

with a little salt or lithium carbonate) as a beverage.

In regard to brine for salt making, rock salt and very pure brines 

occur in the Salina, north of a line from Trenton to Muskegon. Next 

ranks the brine of the Berea, and then that of the Marshall.

Just above the Salina the rocks seem to be saturated with bitterns. 

That would seem to be a most hopeful field to develop for potash salts. 

September 29,1899, newspapers report that explorations, particularly 

for potash, will begin in October. Some of the Coal-Measure waters 

seem also to run relatively high in potash. At considerable depths 

both this horizon and the Marshall seem to possess bromides in valuable quantities.

APPENDIX.

The Appendix contains some analyses which were received too late 

for insertion in their proper places without entirely renumbering the 

analyses. Eeferences to these later analyses have, however, been
90 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. fro. 81.

inserted in the proper place in the body of the text, and the place in 

which each should come is indicated by the number given it.

The first fourteen are cited from the Eeport of the Special Water 

Supply Committee of the City Council of Traverse City the report 

of Engineers H. F. Northrop and George W. Eafter.

No. 2A, of water from the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay, was 

made November 24,1884. Analyst, E. C. Kedzie. (Op. cit., p. 10.)

No. 2B was of water from the same arm, collected April 18,1897, 

from the surface at a point a little north of Carter's dock and about 

1,200 to 1,500 feet out from the west shore. Analyst, E. C. Kedzie. 

(Op. cit., table No. 2.) Some blackening on heating; nitrites none, 

nitrates a trace.

No. 20, of water from the east arm of Grand Traverse Bay, was 

made in April, 1897. Analyst, E. C. Kedzie. (Op. cit., table No. 2.)

No. 2D is of Lake Michigan water at Chicago. (Op. cit., p. 20.) 

" No. 5A is of Detroit city water. April, 1896. (Op. cit., p. 14.) Microscope shows fine sand, mad, diatoms, and algae. Oxygen absorbed in 

fifteen minutes, 0.0003; in four hours, 0.0006. Turbid; reaction neutral.

No. 6A is of Detroit city water. July, 1896. (Op. cit., p. 14.) Oxygen absorbed, 0.00034 and 0.00062, respectively.

No. 7A is of Detroit city water. February 15 to 22,1897. (Op. cit, 

pp.14,15.) No nitrites. Oxygen absorbed in fifteen minutes, 0.00036; 

in four hours, 0.00070.

No. 7B is of Lake Michigan water, 5 miles off shore at Milwaukee 

and 44 feet beneath the surface, where the lake is 118 feet deep. (Op. 

cit., pp. 18 and 19, where a number of other analyses are also given.) 

Nitrites none.

No. 7C is of Lake Michigan water, near Chicago, 12 miles out. October 23,1896, on which date the city water contained 0.0091 NaCl. (Op. 

cit., p. 19, where other analyses are also given.) No nitrites or nitrates.

No. 35A is of water from Boardman Eiver, which empties into Grand 

Traverse Bay at Traverse City. April 19,1897. Analyst, E. C. Kedzie. 

(Op. cit., table No. 2.)

No. 35B is a boiler-water analysis of Boardman Eiver water. March, 

1896. Analyst, the Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, of Chicago. 

(Op. cit., p. 29.)

No. 35C is of water from a brook on the insane asylum grounds, 

Traverse City. November, 1881. Analyst, E. C. Kedzie. (Op. cit., 

p. 48.)

No. 35D is of water from a large spring on the land of Hannah, Lay 

& Co., to the south of the asylum at Traverse City. Analyst, E. C. 

Kedzie. (Op. cit., p. 49; also report of commissioners appointed to 

select a location and site for the Northern Michigan Asylum for the 

Insane, September 30,1882.) In analyses Nos. 35C and 35D some misprints have been corrected. Both samples were free from odor, faintly 

alkaline, and contained a small amount of suspended sand and humus.
LANB.] APPENDIX. 91

No. 36A is of water from a brook near the Agricultural College; 

average of the results of ten students.

Eos. 43A, 43B, 430, and 43D are all analyses, made by Messrs. H. and 

W. Heim for S. G-. Higgins, of Saginaw Eiver water. Sample No. 43A 

was taken opposite the mouth of the Tittabawassee; No. 43B, in front 

of the East Side waterworks, i. c., about a quarter of a mile downstream; No. 430, at the Mackinaw street bridge, about a mile and a half 

farther north and a little below the West Side waterworks; No. 43D, at 

the Genesee avenue bridge, about 2 miles farther northwest. The 

organic residue was determined as the difference between the total 

and the inorganic residues. Neither was determined by summation of 

constituents.

No. 58A is of the water of the Pagoda Springs, Mount Clemens. 

Analyst, 0. Gilbert Wheeler. Temperature, 52° F.

No. 172A. September 30,1897. From Lansing waterworks pumping station. Light straw color. No sulphates. Can not produce disease. Chemically somewhat better than 172B. Analyst, Prof. Y. C. 

Yaughan.

No. 172B. September 30, 1897. From the Lansing waterworks, 

remote from pumping station (No. 216 West Main street). Opalescent. 

Microscope magnifying 100 and 500 diameters shows a small amount of 

organic matter; bacteria developed are nontoxicogenic. Analyst, 

Prof. Y. C. Yaughan.

These two analyses were made on account of a typhoid-fever scare, 

but it was discovered that although city water had been introduced 

into the house where the disease existed, it had been cut off and well 

water had been used.

Constituent.

A 1 f\

CaCOg ..................................

CaSO4 ................................. .

IW- .................................

PeCOg..................................

MgC03 .................................

SiOg ....................................

NaCl ...................................

NagCOg.. ....... .........................

2A. 

Grand 

Traverse 

Bay.

0. 0930

AflQ

.0086

ftft7

.0170

.1286

2B. 

Grand

Traverse 

Bay.

CaO. 0. 0392

0.

Tr.

MgO. . 0146

.0064

.1500

8.°

5.o

. 00001

.00001

.0005

20. 

Grands 

Traverse 

Bay.

CaO. 0. 0393

Tr.

MgO. . 0145

.0071

.0470

.1100

8.°

5.°

.00002

. 00002

.0005

2D. 

Lake 

Michigan, 

Chicago.

Tr.

0.0601

.0273

Tr.

.0200

.006

CNaK).0177

(NaK).0027

t Mineral,

1 . 1338

1.00002

1. 00008

1. 00167
92 LOWER MICHIGAN MINERAL WATERS. [NO. 31.

5A. 6A. 

Detroit. Detroit.

I" 9 95 

Number of bacteria per cu. cm - . . 140 <. 15 110 

( 18 80 

Loss on ignition, organic matter.. 0.0420 0.0412

Organic suspended matter 

Inorganic suspended matt 

Total solids ......................

er ..... .01

....- ' . 12<

Constituent.

CaCO3 ...................

CaSO4 ...... ..............

F^Os ....................

MgC03 -. ............ ....

NaCl. ...................

Total solids at 212° F . . . . 

Albuminoid ammonia....

Temporary hardness ..... 

Permanent hardness ..... 

O 'from permanganate

 

Constituent.

CaO ......................

Fe2O3 + A.l2O3 . ...........

MgO.....................

SiO2 ...... ...... ..........

NaCl... ..................

so3...... .................

35 A.

Boardman 

River.

CaO 0. 0588 

0.0 

Much.

MgO . 0147

.0077 

.060 

.190 

. 00002 

.00007 

9.° 

6.°

.02

43A. 

Saginaw River.

r 5.95 

I .085 

r '3.15 

I .045 

t .63 

I .009 

i .315 

\ . 0045 

r 2.76 

I .039 

( 2.60 

\ .037 

r 5.25 

I .075 

t 22. 75 

I .325

)08 . 00007 

)07 . 00006 

12 .0043

" }...........

57 / 

10 . 1100

35B.

Boardman 

River.

CaCO3 0.0744 

.0455

.0001 

.0400 

.0078 

.0167

.1964

7A. 

Detroit.

I 80 to 800

0. 0320 

. 00013 

. 00008 

. 00006 

.0045

.1144

35C.

Asylum 

brook.

0.122 

.007

.003 

.015 

.005 

.002 

.09 

.2440 

.0005 

.001

43B. 

Saginaw River.

4. 83 

.069 

3.43 

.049 

2.02 

.029 

.35 

.005 

2.76 

.039 

2.39 

.034 

4.20 

.060 

24. 15 

.345

7B. 

Lake 

Michigan, 

Milwaukee.

0.080 

0. 

. 0000005 

. 0000075 

.0092

.2000

35D.

Spring near 

Asylum.

0.135 

.003

.002 

.060 

.003 

.001 

.064 

.268 

.002 

.0015

43C. 

Saginaw River.

6.80 

.077 

4.72 

.067 

.50 

.007 

1.19 

.017 

4.84 

.069 

1.04 

.015 

7. SB 

.105 

23. 80 

.340

70. 

Lake 

Michigan, 

Chicago.

520. 

.0024

.00008 

1. 00000

.0180 

.13

36A. 

Brook near 

Agricultural 

College.

.1083 

.2695

2.5° 

6.0

43D. 

Saginaw River.

5.60 

.080 

4.20 

.060 

1.50 

.021 

.35 

.005 

5.07 

.072 

2.4S 

.036 

9.10 

.130 

28.35 

.405
LINE.] APPENDIX. 93

Constituent.

A1A ............................

CaCOg............. ..............

CaSO4 ...........................

MgC03 ...... ....................

KjSOi ...........................

SiOa .............................

Result of inoculation - 

Number of bacteria

Albuminoid ammoConstituent.

AljOg. ...............

CaCOg. ..............

CaCl2 ...... ..........

CaSO«... ............

Fe-jOg.. ..............

Mgcia....... .....

KCl .................

SiOj. ...... ..........

172A. 

Lansing.

0 

0

0. 000021 

. 000013

No. 286A. 

Ypsilanti.

f 10.5 

\ .15 

t 194. 71 

\ 2.78

t 161.84 

\ 2.312 

t 0,17.50 

\ .25 

t 255. 76 

\ 3.65 

t 42. 70 

\ .61

58A. "Pagoda," 

Mount

Clemens.

Tr.

t 10.273 

\ . 1468 

t .859 

\ . 0051 

t .067 

I .0009 

t 5. 47S 

I . 0782 

t .306 

\ . 0044

{ '«« 

I . 0075

172B.

Lansing.

235 

0 

0

0. 000019 

. 000021

No. 291A. 

Bay City.

.18

87.85

.04

.31

10.67

Constituent.

"NTaPl

NajSOi....... ...................

 p f\

C02 . .............................

Potassium permanganate reduced ....

ClasNaCl.- .........

Organic residue ...... 

Inorganic residue ....

Constituent.

NaCl ................

NaBr................

Kal .................

HgS ...............

P.6........ ..........

Total solids by evapTotal solids by calcn172A. 

Lansing.

0.002 

. 00825

.017 

.041

.058

4.°

No. 286A. 

Ypsilanti.

I 137. 61 

r 1%. 60 

\ .18 

, 5.60 

\ .08 

t 144. 10 

\ 2.06 

Tr. 

f 10, 476. 60 

\ 149. 67 

f 10, 478. 30 

\ 149. 69

58A. "Pagoda," 

Mount 

Clemens.

e 1. 959 

\ .0280 

, 1. Z34 

\ .0176 

SI. tr. 

SI. tr.

r SO. 195 

\ .2885 

19.2cn.in.

172B. 

Lansing.

0.004 

. 01485

.100 

.232

.332

4.8o

No.291A. 

Bay City.

162. 86

6.17

262.1 

262. 08

a Carbonate. 6 MgBr.

No. 286A is a recent analysis of water from the Ypsilanti Sanitarium. 

Analyst, Prof. John B. Clark, of Detroit. Specific gravity, 1.038; 

reaction slightly alkaline; analysis in grains per imperial gallon. Note 

that the H2S appears to be included in the total solids by calculation.

No. 291A is of the brine encountered in the Bay City deep well at 

2,200 feet, which rose to the surface, notwithstanding a specific gravity 

of 1,2223, Analyst, Prof. F. S. Kedzie.
INDEX.

Adrian, geologic horizon of water at....... 45

water at.......................... 40,52,54,56

Agricultural College, water at....... 58,59,91,92

Alma Sanitarium, geological column at.... 83

water at............................. 13,82,86

Albion, spring at ....................... 33,35

Alpena. geologic horizon of water at....... 45

water at.................... 21,22,37,72,73,74

Ann Arbor, geologic horizon of springs 

near...................................... 37

water at ........... 27,28,31,33,34,35,52,54, 70

Attapah water, analysis of................. 65

A very water, analyses of.................. 79,85

Ayres, John, analyses by................... 68,69

cited'................................... 68

Bangor, saline well at...................... 66,67

Badaxe, water at........................... 63,64

Battle Creek, water at............:... 27,29,40,54

Bay City, saline waters at.................. 67,68

water at .... 19, 20,21,27, 28,41,43, 48, 56, 61, 93

Bayport, water at.................... 58,59,63,64

Bay Vievr, waters at........................ 72,73

Belding, water at........................... 40

Benton Harbor, waters at............ 32, 35, 78, 84

Berea grit, waters from..................... 70-71

Big Rapids, waters at................... 13, 67, 68

Birmingham, water at...................... 70

Boardman River, water of............... 27,90,92

Bromine,-waters containing ............. 13-14,67

Buffalo sandstone, brines of................ 67

Butterworth's magnetic spring, geologic 

horizon of................................ 37

Cadillac, water at........................... 29

Caro, geologic horizon of water at.......... 44

water at................................ 42

Carpenter, R.C., cited...................... 59

Cass River, water of........................ 27, 28

Chandler, C. F., analysis by ................ 78

Chandler, C. F., and Pellew, C. E., analyses 

by........................................ 82

Charlevoix, waters at...................... 72,73

Chesterfield, water at ...................... 57

Chilton, Dr., analyses by .................. 62,67

Chippewa River, water of.......'........... 27,28

Clam Lake, water of....................... 29

Clark, J. E., analysesby.............. 34,64,71,93

Clarke, A.N..analyses by.................. 29

Coldwater, witer at..................... 39,78,84

Colonel's Own spring, Benton Harbor, water of..................................... 32,35

Davis, C. A., analyses by................... 35,69

Paga. 

De Boe, John,analysesby.................. 34

Devonian or Silurian limestones, waters 

from ..................................... 72-86

Detroit, waters at................. 21,73,74,90,91

Detroit River, waters of.................... 18,19

Dimondale, water at........................ 40

Douglass, S. H., analysis by.......... 19,35,36,67

Dowagiac, water at...................... 39,53

Dnffleld, S. P., acknowledgments to......... 12

analyses by.. 36,60,61,62,65,73,74,79,80,81,82 

Eaatlake, waterat.......................... 48,49

East Saginaw, saline wells at ........... 66,67,68

water at................................ 61

East Tawas, water at......... .......... 48,70

Eaton Rapids, waters at................... 60,61

Edgar* and Mariner, acknowledgments to .. 12 

Edwards, "W.P., analysis by . ........... 74

Englehart, F. E., analysis by ............... 80

Erie, geologic horizon of springs near...... 37

Pall, D., analysis by ........................ 35

Fischer, R., and Prescott, A. B., analyses by. 35 

Fisk, L. R., analyses by .................... 65

Flint's magnetic springs, source of......... 37

Flushing, geologic horizon of water at..... 44

water at................................ 41,44

Frankfort, waters at....................... 72,73

Frost, water at............................. 41

Fruitport, geologic horizon of water in well 

at........................................ 37

waterat................................ 65,66

Gallon used, discussion of............... 14-15,16

Garrigues, S. S., cited ...................... 62,69

Gladwin, water at.......................... 55

Goessmann, C. A.,analysesby.............. 62,66

Grand Haven, geologic horizon of spring at 37

waterat............................. 39,65,66

Great Lakes, waters of..................... 18-26

Grand Ledge, geologic horizon of water at 37 

Grand Rapids, geologic horizon of magnetic 

spring at................................. 37

water at.. 31,34,39,48,49,50,51, 52,53, 54,65,66 

Grand River, water of...................... 27,28

Grand Traverse Bay, water at............. 90,91

Grasmere, water at......................... 63,64

Graves, J. E., analyses by ............... 28,36, 62

Greenville, water at........................ 31,34

Hahn, H. C., analysis by.................... 67

Harbor Springs, well at.................... 31, 34

Hastings, water at. ........................ 48

Heath, G. L., acknowledgments to.......... 12

..........................' 70

95
96 INDEX.

Heim, H. and W., analyses by.............. 28,91

Holland, geologic horizon of water at...... 45

water at............................. 50, 54, 56

Holt, geologic horizon of water at.......... 45

water at................................ 56

Howell, water at........................... 40,54

Hubbardston, geologic horizon of water at. 37-38

spring at............................... 33,35

Hudson, Roberts P., cited............. .... 12

Hudson, water at .......................... 57

Huron River, water of...................... 29

Imlay City, geologic horizon of water at... 45

water at................................ 56

Ithaca, water at............................ 48

Jackman, "W. F., cited on water of Lake Superior .................................... 23-26

Jackson, C. T., analyses by................. 60,61

Jackson,water at.......................... 27,28

Kalamazoo, water at ................. 39,40,50 55

Ka wkawlin Eiver, water of................ 20

Kedzie, F. S., acknowledgments to ......... 31,17

analyses by............. 34,35, 36, 59,64,73,93

Kedzie, R. C., acknowledgments to......... 11,17

analyses by.......... 27, 42, 57, 59,61, 73, 81,90

King David spring, Benton Harbor, water 

of ........................................ 32,35

Kirchmaier, G-. A., analyses by............. 27, 28

LakeAngelus, water of.................... 34

Lake Huron, water of...................... 22

Lake Michigan, water of................ 90,91,92

Lake Superior, water of ................... 23-26

Lansing, geologic horizon of water at...... 38

water at.................... 52,58, 59,60,91.93

Lapeer, water at............................ 40

Leslie, geologic horizon of water at........ 38

water at................................ 57

Long, J. H., analyses by.................... 78

Lowell, water at............................ 47

Ludington, water at........................ 39

McNeill, T. C., analyses by................. 34,35

Mancelona, water at........ .............. 29, 54

Manistee, water at ...................... 50,81,86

Manistee Lake, waters of................... 18

Marine City, water at ...................... 21.22

Marshall formation, water from ............ 63-66

Medicinal value of certain waters ......... 12-13

Merrill, water at .......................... 52

Michigan Congress well, Lansing, features 

of........................................ 38

Midland,brines at.......................... 68-70

bromine waters at................... 13,14,68

water at ...... ............ 33,36,38,60,61,62

Mineralization, zones of.................... 87

Minerals in the waters, occurrence of...... 87-89

Moline, water at............................ 40

Moorman well, Tpsilanti, geologic horizon 

of water of............................... 38

Mount Clemens, geologic horizon of springs 

at........................................ 38

waters at ............... 34,79,80,85,86,91,93

Mount Pleasant, water at............... 33, 34, 36

Muskegon Lake, waters of ................. 18

Niles, water at............................. 39

Nochemo spring, Reed City, water of....... 32, 35

Northville, water at........................ 48

Oak Grove, water at........................ 63,64

Ogemaw mineral springs, geologic horizon 

of ........................................

Okemos, water at......--....-.........----.

Oscoda, water at ............................

Otsego, spring at ...........................

Owosso, geologic horizon of water of spring 

at ........................................

water at......... ................. 27,28,

Pagoda spring, Mount Clemens, water of. 34, 

Park spring, Alma, water of. ...............

Parma, water at. ............................

Peale, A. C . j> ci ted ..........................

Petoskey, water at ............. 32, 35, 48, 54,

Pine River, water of. .......................

Ponce de Leon spring, water of ............

Pontiac, water at. . . 31, 34, 39, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 

Port Austin, water at............. ......

Port Huron, water at........... 21,22,40,47,

Portsmouth, water at ......................

Prescott, A.B., acknowledgments to.......

analyses by .... 19, 20, 57, 59, 64, 74, 75, 77,

cited ...................................

Reed City, water at........................

Riverside baths, Detroit, waters at ........

Riverside magnetic springs, Detroit, geologic horizon of..........................

Rochester, water at........................

Ross, De Forest, analysis by ............ . . .

Saginaw, geologic horizon of water at. ..

saline waters at..................... 66,

water at ................. 27, 28, 41, 43, 44,

Saginaw Bay, waters of. ...................

Saginaw River, saline wells on....... ..

water of .................... 20, 21, 27, 28,

St. Charles, water at .......................

St. Clair, water at. ................... 78, 79,

St. Johns, water at.........................

St. Louis, geologic horizon of spring at. ....

water at ......................... 29,36,

Salt and soda compounds, waters containing. ......................................

Salutaris water, analyses of................

Sand Beach, bromine waters from ..........

water at ...................... 47,70,81,

Sanford, water at ...........................

Saul spring, Benton Harbor, water of ......

Shawnee mineral springs, geologic horizon

Page.

38

55

70

33, 35

of........................................

Shepherd, J. H., analysis by................

Shepherd, J. H., and Pett, W. F., analysis

by.......................................

Sherwood, water at.........................

Shiawassee River, water of ................

Silurian or Devonian limestones, waters

from .....................................

Silver Queen spring, Benton Harbor, water

of........................................

Soolbad water, analyses of .................

Springlake, geologic horizon of water at ... 

water at...............................

Springs and wells, waters from ............

Stanton, water at ..........................

Sulphur springs, geologic horizon of........

Tecumseh, water at........................

Three Rivers, water at.....................

Tittabawassee River, water of.............

38

40,57

91,93

32,35

56

16,37

72,73

29

31,34

55,56

70

77,84

61

11

78,81

68

39

73, 74

38 

40 

76 

43

67,68 

54,56 

19,20 

66-67 

91,92 

41,43 

84,85 

52 

38 

41,43

13,89

78,84

14,86

82,86

57

32,35

38

76

76

54.55

27,28

72-86

32,35 

79,85 

38

65,66 

29-89 

40 

38 

40 

51 

27,28
INDEX. 97

Page. 

Tonnele, C. A., acknowledgments to........ 12

Tonnele, Theodore, analyses by ............ 79-80

Traverse Bay, waters of.................... 18

Traverse City, water at ......27,31, 34,49,50,90, 92

Union City, water at....................... 52, 54

Units of measurement, discussion of.... 14-15,16

Utica, geologic horizon of water at......... 45, 70

water at................................ 56

Vassar, geologic horizon of water at........ 44

water at................................ 42

Vaughan, V. C., acknowledgments to....... 11

analyses by....... 20, 21, 22,29, 36,44-57, 74, 91

Wales, geologic horizon of water at........ 45

Warrior's spring, Albion, water of.......... 33, 35

Wayland, spring at ........................ 33,35

Wayne, water at........................... 29

IRR 31 7

Webb, I. G., analyses by r.................. 62

Welcome Island, water of.................. 34

Wells and springs, waters from............ 29-89

Wheeler, C. G., analyses by................. 34,91

White Rock, water at................. .... 70

Whittier, T. N., analysis by ............... 67

Windsor, Ontario, water at-................ 80,86

Wyandotte, geologic horizon of water at... 45

water at ...................... 21,22,56,72,73

Tpsilanti, figure showing relations of deep 

wells at.................................. 75

geologic horizon of water in Moorman 

well at............................... 38

waters at ............ 33, 35,73,74, 75,76,84,93

Zilwaukee, saline waters at............. 66,67,68
1895.

Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1894-95, Part II, 

Papers of an economic character, 1895; octavo, 598 pp.

Contains a paper on the public lands and their water supply, by F. H. Newell, Illustrated by a 

large map showing the relative extent and 'location of the vacant public lands; also a report on 

the water resources of a portion of the Great Plains, by Robert Hay.

A geological reconnoissance of northwestern Wyoming, by George H. Eldridge, 

1894; octavo, 72 pp. Bulletin No. 119 of the United States Geological Survey; 

price, 10 cents.

Contains a description of the geologic structure of portions of the Big Horn Range and Big 

Horn Basin, especially with reference to the coal fields, and remarks upon the water supply and 

agricultural possibilities.

Report of progress of the division of hydrography for the calendar years 1893 and 

1894, by F. H. Newell, 1895; octavo, 176 pp. Bulletin No. 131 of the United 

States Geological Survey; price, 15 cents.

Contains results of stream measurements at various points, mainly within the arid region, and 

records of wells in a number of counties in western Nebraska, western Kansas, ana eastern 

Colorado.

1896.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1895-96, Part 

II, Economic geology and hydrography, 1896; octavo, 864 pp.

Contains papers on "The underground water of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado," by 

G. K. Gilbert; "The water resources of Illinois," hy Frank Leverett, and "Preliminary report 

on the artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas," by N. H.Darton.

Artesian-well prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region, by N. H. Darton, 1896; 

octavo, 230 pp., 19 plates. Bulletin No. 138 of the United States Geological 

Survey; price, 20 cents.

Gives a description of the geologic conditions of the coastal region from Long Island, N. T., 

to Georgia, and contains data relating to many of the deep wells.

Report of progress of the division of hydrography for the calendar year 1895, by 

F. H. Newell, hydrographer in charge, 1896; octavo, 356 pp. Bulletin. No. 140 

of the United States Geological Survey; price, 25 cents.

Contains a description of the instruments and methods employed in measuring streams and 

the results of hydrographic investigations in various parts of the United States.

i89r.

Eighteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1896-97, Part 

IV, Hydrography, 1897; octavo, 756 pp.

Contains a "Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1896," by Arthur 

P. Davis; " The water resources of Indiana and Ohio," by Frank Leverett; " New developments 

in well boring and irrigation in South Dakota," by N. H. Darton, and " Reservoirs for irrigation," by J. D. Schuyler.

1898. .4

Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1897-98, Part IV, 

Hydrography, 1899; octavo, 814 pp.

Contains a " Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1898," by F. H. 

Newell and others; "The rock waters of Ohio," by Edward Orton, and "A preliminary report 

on thegeology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian," 

by N. H. Darton.

WATER-SUPPLT AND IRRIGATION PAPERS, 1896-1899.

This series of papers is designed to present in pamphlet form the results of stream, measurements and of special investigations. A list of these, with other information, is given on the 

outside (or fourth) page of this cover.

Survey bulletins can be obtained only by prepayment of cost, as noted above. 

Postage stamps, checks, and drafts can not be accepted. Money should be transmitted by postal money order or express order, made payable to the Director of the 

United States Geological Survey. Correspondence relating to the publications of 

the Survey should be addressed to The Director, United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 

IRR 31
WATER-SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION PAPERS.

1. Pumping water for irrigation, by Herbert M. Wilson, 1896. 

__ -2. Irrigation near Phcenix, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis, 1897.

3. Sewage irrigation, by George W. Rafter, 1897.

4. A reconnoissance in southeastern Washington, by Israel C. Russell, 1897.

- -6. Irrigation practice on the Great Plains, by E. B. Cowgill, 1897. 

_.'& Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth, 1897. 

Jl. Seepage waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier, 1897. 

8. Windmills for irrigation, by E. C. Murphy, 1897.

Irrigation near Greeley, Colorado, by David Boyd, 1897. 

_40. Irrigation in Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker, 1898.

11. River heights for 1896, by Arthur P. Davis, 1897.

12. Water resources of southeastern Nebraska, by Nelson Horatio Darton, 1898.

*~*13. Irrigation systems in Texas, by William Ferguson Hutson, 1898.

14. New tests of pumps and water lifts used in irrigation, by O. P. Hood, 1898.

15. Operations at river stations, 1897, Part I, 1898.

16. Operations at river stations, 1897, Part II, 1898.

17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, California, by C. E. Grunsky, 1898.

18. Irrigation near Fresno, California, by C. E. Grunsky, 1898.

19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C. E. Grunsky, 1899.

20. Experiments with windmills, by Thomas O. Perry, 1899.

21. Wells of northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett, 1899.

22. Sewage irrigation, Part II, by George W. Rafter, 1899.

23. Water-right problems in the Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead, 1899.

24. Water resources of the State of New York, Part I, by George W. Rafter, 1899.

25. Water resources of the State of New York, Part II, by George W. Rafter, 1899.

26. Wells of southern Indiana (continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett, 1899.

27. Operations at river stations, 1898, Part I, 1899.

28. Operations at river stations, 1898, Part II, 1899.

29. Wells and windmills in Nebraska, by Erwin Hinckley Barbonr, 1899.

30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C. Lane, 1899.

31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by Alfred C. Lane, 1899.

In addition to the above, there are in various stages of preparation other papers 

relating to the measurement of streams, the storage of water, the amount available from underground sources, the efficiency of windmills, the cost of pumping, and 

other details relating to the methods of utilizing the water resources of the country. 

P'rovision has been made for printing these by the following clause in the sundry 

civil act making appropriations for the year 1896-97:

Provided, That hereafter the reports of the Geological Survey in relation to the 

gauging of streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may be 

printed in octavo form, not to exceed 100 pages in length and 5,000 copies in number; 1,000 copies of which shall be for the official use of the Geological Survey, 

1,500 copies shall be delivered to the Senate, and 2,500 copies shall be delivered to 

the HOURS of Representatives, for distribution. [Approved, June 11, 1896; Stat. L., 

vol. 29, p. 453.J

The maximum number of copies available for the use of the Geological Survey 

is 1,000. This number falls far short of the demand, so that it is impossible to 

supply all requests. Attempts are made to send these pamphlets to persons who 

have rendered assistance in their preparation through replies to schedules or who 

have furnished data. Requests specifying a certain paper and stating a reason for 

asking for it are granted whenever practicable, but it is impossible to comply with 

general requests, such as to have all of the series sent indiscriminately. 

Application for these papers should bo made either to Members of Congress or to 

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. C,

IKR 31