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NORTHEAST£1N .fOR£ST EXPERtMt~T s-:;;r:~":s 

OfflCE UBRARY 

FOREST RESOURCES 

OF THE 

EASTERN OZARK REGION 

IN 

FOREST SURVEY RELEASE N2. I 

MISSOURI 

~~~nTfHIL mHH 

fOR£ST fXP£~1ffi£RT STliTIOn 

_.C_o_[ U ... :rTLb_V-L J.J~ _jf)_h_(_a__ 

Harold L. MitchelL Director 

FEBRUARY 1948 
~· .,. ~ .. ·--··"--- ·~·----..... ··- ---- -··-- ~ - .... ..... --- ·· ~ ....... ..,;. .. -·-

EA2.'I'ERN OZLRi': Z{F.GION 

IN 

I'T1 SSOURI 

By 

THE FORES'r SUR.\i'"EY ORGANIZATION 

at t he 

Central States ForeEt Experiment Sta t ion 

R. K. Winters, Chief, Division of Forest Economics 

E. V. Roberts, In Cha rge Fore s t Sur vey 

The field work on vrhich theose statistict-=: are :; ased ~m s done 

by the fo l lowing men un~er the supervision of M. E. Becker: 

A. E. Block E. H. Hansen 

J. L. Burkle T. J. Sct.liai t t 

r F. Ehinger R. JL 'rrain 

0. K. Hu t chison , K. L. Quigl~~ , and J. ~- Wisg ins did the ' 

photo int erpr e t ing \rork unde r t he i~r8 ion of =· E. Moessner. The office com.pila t.ions were .oadc by Margar8t PeL~sol, 

Bett y u_illigan, I'1ary Lou Sterner, and Florence Kar:Lnen under the supervis ion of Lake Comp t on. G. L. Sc hLur :rcpared 

t he volume tables and. deterLlined the st at.ist,ic&l aco ·JI'&Gy of· ts.bctlar f igu.res. Virginia Tonlinson, Albert a HiD t t, s.nD. Bonnie Jo williaBs d i d. the s te nogra phic vork and C. E. H<.m n &nd. K. w. Chrisemer t he drafting. 

r 
FOREWORD 

The Forest Survey is a Nation- wide activity of the Forest Service. The fivefold purpose of the Forest Survey is 

(1) to make a field inventor y of the present supply of standing timber; (2) to ascert ain the rate at which this supply is being increased through growth; ( 3) t o de t E:rmine the rate 

at which it is being diminished through industrial and domestic uses, windfall~ fire, dis ease, and other cau s es; (4) to 

determine the present consumption and the probable future 

trend in requirements for forest products; and (5) to interpret and correlate these findings with existing and anticipated economic conditions ~ as an aid in the formulation of 

both private and public policies f or use of land ·suitable 

for fOrest production. 

The Forest Surve y is c onducted in the various forest 

regions by the forest experiment stations of the Forest Service~ Iri Missouri~ the project is directed by the Central 

States Forest Experiment Stat ion with headquarters in Co ~ 

lumbus~ Ohio • For Survey purposes , the State has been -div-· 

ided into five prinoipal regions based on character of forest, topography, and other factors that ·influence tr~e growth o 

This Survey Release presents the more significant stitistics on forest area and timber v o lume in 14 counties in 

the Eastern Ozark region of ·Missouri . As soon a s statistical 

tabulations have been mpleted ~ other releases will be 

issued ~ giving similar information for the other important 

subdivisions of the Stat e .- Later ~ an analytical report for 

the entire State will be prepared , which will interpret forest area 9 timber volume 9 growth , and ~rain statistics in the 

light of existing a nd anticipa ted economic conditions. This 

interpretation will focus attention on the principal forest 

problems and will suggest possible solutions o 
CASS 

.SCAL! ·STATUTE ILCS 

-=-=-- Ot0ZO.J0+050 

LOCATION OF TEE EASTERN OZf~K REGION Il'T l'HSSOURI 

2 
SIGNIFICANT FACTS . CONCERNING .THE FOREST RESOURCES 

OF THE EASTERN OZARK REGION 

The Eastern Ozark .region of Missouri includes 14 counties in the southeastern portion of the State as shown in 

the map on the opposite page. It is a rough, broken country 

in which forest area predominates. Of its 6 .. 2 million acres, 4.5 million; or 73 percent, sup port forests. No · county has 

less than 54 percent of its land area in forest. 

More than three-fourths of the commercial forest area 

is in private ownership. The Clark National Forest makes 

up most of the publicly-owned forest land. 

Only 14 percent of the forest area has enough volume 

per acre to be .classified as saw:-timber stands (see Explanation of Terms used on page 15). Pole-timber stands make 

up 45 percent, and seedling and sapling stands, 35 percent, 

and poorly stocked stands ~ 6 percent of the forest area. 

The proportion of the forest area in saw timber is much 

lower than should exist if" the forests in this region were 

properly managed for saw-timber production. This disproportionate distribution of stand-size classes is l~rgely due 

to repeated cutting on most of the area and to frequent fires. · · 

The total volume of saw timber is 3.1 billion board 

feet. · Oak species account for more than 70 percent of this 

total. More than one-half of the volume is scattered in 

stands classified as pole timber or seedlings and saplings; 

This volume is largely made up of trees that were unmerchantable at the time of the last cut, but are now merchantable 

because of the growth or the lowering of merchantability 

standards. · when all of the saw-timber volume is considered62 percent is in trees less than 15.0 inches in diameter. 

As such small hardwood trees contain little high-grade lumber, the figures emphasize the poor quality of timber existing in the area at the present time. 

The cubic-foot volume of pole-size trees and sawlog 

portions of saw-timber trees is 1.3 billion cubic feet. 

Sixty percent of this volume is in trees less than 11.0 

inches in diameter. This again emphasizes the relatively 

lciw proportion of larger trees in the stands. 

The average board-fopt volume per forest acre is 691 

board feet. The average .cubic volume including pole-size 

trees and sawlog portions of saw-timber trees is 286 cubic 

feet. These averages are very low, less than one-half the 

volume per acre in the hardwood areas of other states. 

- 3 ~ 
The total cubic-foot volume of all material; including 

the volume of pole-sized trees; sawlog portions of saw-timber trees, tops and limbs of hardwoods, and the sound portion of cull trees and tr€es of noncomm~rcial species is 2.2 

billion cubic feet. The volume in cull trees and in trees 

of noncommercial species account for 25 percent of this 

total , indicating the large provortion of the growing space 

occupied by trees with little or no commercial value. Actually the proportion of the space taken up by these trees 

is greater than this percentage indicates, because it shows 

only the volume of sound material in these trees. The presence of the large number of cull trees is one of the most 

serious obstacles to increasing timber production in the 

Ea~tern Ozark region. 

More detailed information on the forest area and timber 

volume of the Eastern Ozark region is given in the following 

tables o 

";"" 4 = 
Table 1.--Forest and nonfor~st area by county, 1947 

Total 

county :land area 1/ ~ . Forest area Nonforest area . Thousand · Thousand Percent T-housand. Percent 

acres acres acres 

Bollinger 398 · 219 55 179 45 Butler 458 ' 252 55 206 45 Carter 324' 289 89 35 11 

Crawford 486 " 356 73 130 27 

Dent 484" 340 70 144 30 

Iron 354' 290 82 64 18 

• Nadison , 318: 229 72 89 28 

Oregon 502 352 70 150 30 

Reynolds 526 ' 445 85 81 15 

Ripley 409 289 71 120 29 

St. Francois 292' 159 54 133 46 

Shannon 640' 525 82 115 ·18 

washington 486: 365 75 121 25 

Wayne 497 378 76 119 24 

All c ot;t:n. ties 6,174 4,488 73 1,686 27 

\ 

y Source: Area of the United States 1940, u. s. Bureau 

of Census 

- 5 -
Table 2~--Com.m.ercial forest area by ownership class; 1947 

Ownership class 

Federal: 

· ·· National forest 

Other 

State 

Private 

.All QwiJ.er$.b.ips _ 

Coilliu.erc ial 

Thousand 

acres 

819 . . ·44 

863 

107 

39463 

4~4.33 

forest area 1/ 

Percent 

18.5 

1 . 0 

19 5 

4 

78 .1 

100 . 0 

i/ Do~s not include 55,000 acres of forest land classified 

as noncomm.erc.ial. 

= 6 ~ 

~ 
Table 3 . --Commercial forest area by forest type 

and stand-size class, 1947 

Forest 

type 

Shortleaf 

pine 

Cedar hdwd. 

Oak-pine 

Oak-hickory 

White oak 

Bottomland 

hdwd . Scrub hdwd . 

Percent 

Total 

Saw- Pole-. Seedling . Poorly 

timber :timber: . & sapling: stocked 

area · area · area area 

M acres Per- M acres M acres M acres M acres 

cent 

120 

68 

626 

· 3,240 

109 

205 

65 

2 . 7 

1.5 

14 . 1 

73.1 

2 ·• 5 

4 . 6 

1 . 5 

22 

0 

69 

373 

32 

105 

. 0 

67 

50 

314 

1472 

38 

73 

0 

601 29014 

" 7 -

25 

0 

225 

1 9228 

33 

15 

23 

1 9549 

34.9 

6 

18 

18 

167 ' 6 

12 

42 

269 

6.1 
Table 4.--Saw-timber vo;J-ume on commercial forest area by 

species and ,stand...,size class. 1947 

. .. . :saw- f>ole- . S~edling :Poorly 

:timber: timber : & sapling : stocked 

Species . 

. Total :area area area area 

M1llion PerQent Million Million Million Million 

bd. ft. bd ; ft . . bd . ft . bd .- ft. bd . f t. 

Short leaf 

pine 291 9 . 5 } Cedar & cy- 127 116 64 4 

press 20· . 6 

White oak 556 18 . 2 220 143 153 40 

Post.:..oak 

group 343 11.2 118 94 113 18 

Black oak 712 23.3 295 233 155 29 

Scarlet oak 331 10 .·8 l53 126 52 0 

Northern red } oak 111 6 

Other r ed 150 32 38 6 

oaks 115 3.8 

Hickory 223 7.3 74 71 56 22 

Black gum 73 2.4 } Elm 67 2.2 233 56 47 24 Sycamore 68 2.2 

Other hdwds. 152 4.9 

All 

species 3 · 062 ·. : ? ·. : : : .· 100 ; 0 1 ' 3.70 871 678 143 

.Percent 100.0 44.7 28. 5 22 . 1 4.7 

- 8 ~ 
Table 5. --Saw-timbe r . volu.m,,e on com:inerc ial f a res t area by 

specie s a rid tree-diamet e r class! 1947 

Species 

1) Shortleaf pine 

White oak 

Post-oak group 

Black oak 

Scarlet oak 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

Other hardwoods 

All species 

·Percent · 

Total 

Million 

bd. ft. 

311 

556 

343 

712 

33l 

226 

223 

360 

. 3 062 

' 

Tree-diameter class 

10 g): 12-14 : 16-18 : 20 inches 

inches: inches: inches: and larger 

Million Million Millidn Million 

bd. ft. · bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft •. 

138 146 14 13 

359 126 71-

--- 202 85 56 

375 160 177 -

-- ~ 231 56 44 

145 46 35 

165 34 24 

134 ll5 _lll 

138 1,757 636 531 

- 100 ~ 0 .. 4 : 5 57~4 20~8 · 17 ~3 . 

Includes the volume of red cedar and cypress. 

Ten-inch diameter cla ss s hown se parately because in 

this class saw-timber volume iriiltides softwood trees 

but not hardwoo~s . 

- 9 
Table 6.--Cubic-foot volume on commercial forest area by 

species . and stand-size class, 194? 

. :saw'- :Pole- :seedling ~Poorly 

: timber :timber :& sapling :stocked 

Species Total : area area 0 area area . Million Percent Million Million Million MilliO!l .CU·/ fto cu. ft. cu. ft. CU.; ft . cu. ft o 

Short leaf 

pine 123 2 9 · 7l . Cedar & cy- 35.5 76ol 21 . 0 5 

press 11.-9 0 9j White oak 211.3 16 . 7 54·7 96.9 51 . 3 8.4 

Post-oak 

group 164.,5 13 . 0 32.9 80.3 44.4 6 . 9 

Black oak 286.0 22··. 6 71.3 159 . 1 48 . 2 7 , 4' 

Scarlet oak 162.4 12.8 35 . 9 108.-5 17.6 .4 

Northern red 

oak 38.1 J . ol 

Other red !>. 31.8 34-4 11 .-5 2 . 1 

oaks 41 . 7 3 . 3J 

Hickory 117.9 9 . 3 28 . 8 54 •. 6 29 . 2 5 .3 

Elm 

Black gum 1

23

7.

·.6 

3 L4t 1 . 9 57. 4 30 . 2 15 ·5 6 . 0 Sycamore 12.9 1.0 , Other hdwds. 55 · 3 4.4J 

All 

species 1~266 1 100.0 348 . 3 640 . 1 238.7 39 . 0 

Percent 100 . 0 27 o5 50.6 18-.8 3 . 1 

- 10 -
\ 

Table 7.--Cubic-foot volume on commercial forest area 

by stand-size class and tree-diameter class, 1947 

Stand-size 

plass 

Saw timber 

Pole timber 

Seedling & 

sapling 

Poorly stocked 

All classes 

. J?ercent 

Tree-diameter class 

Total 6-8 10 1/ 12-14 16-18 :20 inches 

:inches: inches: inches: inc.hes: and larger 

Million Million Million Million Million Million 

cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. 

348.3 

640 . 1 

238 . 7 

39.0 

100.0 

58 .- 4 

339.6 

70.3 

8.7 

477.0 

37 . 7 

65.5 

163.0 

53.5 

6 . 4 

288.4 

22 . 8 

116.5 

104.3 

70.0 

11.5 · 

302.3 

23.9 

58.2 

19.8 

24.3 

5.6 

107.9 

8.5 

49.7 

13.4 

20.6 

6.8 

90.5 

7.1 

1/ Ten-inch diaQ.eter class shown separately because saw-timber 

volume includes softwood trees in this diameter class, but 

not hardwoods . 

- 11 -
Table 8.~~Average volume per acre by stand-size class, 1947 

Stand-size class 

Saw timber 

Pole timber 

Seedling & sapling 

Poo:J;'ly stocked 

All classes 

- 12 -

A~erage volume per acre 

Board f 'eet 

2280 

432 

438 

531 

691 

Cubic feet 

580 

318 

154 

145 

286 
Table 9.--Total cubic-foot volume of sound wood on commercial forest area by species and class of material, 1947 . 

Species Tot a l 

Saw-timber trees :PoleSawlog :Tops & :timber Total: portion:limbs l/;trees 

Cull 

trees 2:../ 

Million Million Million Million Million Million 

cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. · cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. 

Shortleaf 

pine 

Cedar & cypress 

1•Jhi te oak 

Post-oak 

group 

Black oak 

Scarlet oak 

Northern red 

oak 

Other red 

oaks 

Hickory 

Black gum 

Elm 

Sycamore 

Other ·hdwds. 

Noncor,rraerc ial 

speCH. -:1j lS · 

All 

species 

Percent 

124.5 ·} . 66.9 12~2 

354.6 155.5 

306.5 

447.1 

243.4 

124.6 

210.1 

96.6 

66.7} . 65.2 

61.8 

199.2 ' 64.8 

37.3 .} 

~t:~ 107.3 

99.8 

133.9 

2,153.1 8 91.0 

100.0 41.4 

57.0 

89.4 

70.3 

118.5 

54.5 

37.1 

36.5 

60.7 

9.9 

66.1 

54.3 

91.6 

42.1 

28.1 

28.3 

46.6 

524.0 367.0 

24.3 17.1 

68.2 

121.9 

94.2 

167.5 

107.9 

42.6 

81.3 

48.6 

1.6 

77.2 

87.7 

69.5 

38.9 

20.7 

53.1 

47.3 

133.9 

732.2 529.9 

34.0 24.6 

1/ Not included in the cubic-foot volumes shown in tables 6 and 7 excepting the 9.9 million cubic feet in tops of 

softwood trees. · 

2/ Not included in the ·cubic-foot volume shown in tables 6 

and 7. 

. - 13 -

APPENDIX 

- 15 -

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED 

Forest land - Land bearing forest growth or land from which 

the forest has been removed but which shows :evidence of 

past forest occupancy and which is not now iii other use. 

To q_U:alify as forest; an area must:- ( l) be at least 

100 feet wide~ (2) be at least one acre in ar~a; (3) have a sufficient number of trees to providE? 10 ·percent 

crown coverage; or (4) lacking 10 percent crown coverage, be likely to remain in forest use. 

Commercial forest land - Forest land bearing or capable of bearing t im.ber of commereial chara.cter . and economically availabl~ now or prospectively for commercial use 

and not withdrawn from such use. 

Noncommercial forest land - · Forest land not q_ualifying 

as commercial forest land~ Two classes of ·forest area 

are included: (l) commercially valuable ." forest land · withdrawn from timber use for such purposes as parks 9 

game refuges, military reservations or reservoir pro- tection; and (2) forest land which because of poor . · growing conditions 'will not produce trees of commer--

cial q_uality. 

Forest types 

Bhortleaf pine - Stands in which pine trees comprise 

at least 60% of the dominant and codominant trees. 

Cedar·-hardwoods - Stands . in which red cedar ·· comprises 

at leas~ 20 perceht of the dominant and codominant 

trees. 

Oak-pine - Stands of pine 9 oaks and ·other ha:Pdwoo,ds 

in which pines comprise 20-60 percent of the dominant 

and codominant trees. 

Oak-hlckory - Stands of' hardwoods in which oaks and 

hickor.ies c omprise at least 60 ·percent of "the dominant 

and codominant trees. 

White oak - Stands in which white oak (Q.ue.rcus alba) 

c omprisEs at least 60 percent of the dominant and codominant trees. 

Bottomla nd hardvvoods - Stands on the alluvial bottoms 

·of r i ve rs and streams~ The principal sp'Bcies include · s ycamor e , willow, elm, blackgum, sweet§um, · soft maple 9 oaks 9 hickory9 cottonwood, and cypress. 

- 17 .., 
Scrub hardwoods ...;. Stands in which scrub oak or other 

noncommercial tre·e SJ>ecies comprise 60 percent of the 

dominant and codominant trees~ 

Tree Classes 

Sound saw..,. timber_ tree ..:. .A coniferous tree at least 9. 0 ·.inches d. b. h-. (diameter outside bark at 4• 5 feet above 

ground}"; or a hardwood tree at least 11.-0 inches d.b.h. ~ 

with a sound butt log at least 8 feet long~ or with at 

least half of the gross volume of the tree in sound material. 

Sound pole-timber tree - A tree at least 5.0 inches 

d:.b.h•' but less than saw-timber size, which now is or 

gives promise of becoming a sound merchantable tree. 

Cull tree - A tree that does not qualify as a sound 

pole-timber · or ·saw-timber t _ree because of poor form, 

limbiness, rot, or other defect . 

. Volume Estimates 

Board-foot volume _- Includes the volume of that portion 

of saw-timber trees me·rchantable for sawlogs·. Volume 

deductions have been made for rot, crook, and other de- fects~ Board~foot volumes a~e shown in the International ·1/4 inch log rule'; which approximates green lumber tally~ · 

Cubic-foot volume - Except where specifically noted, 

i.ncludes the volume of sound wood inside bark in: 

(l) the saw-timber portion of sound trees, (2) the 

upper stems of saw-timber-size conifers to ·a minimum 

diameter of 4 inches inside bark, and ( 3) the sound pol~-timber trees to the same minimum top diameter. 

Stand-size Classes 

Sawtimber · - Stands havi.ng a minimum net volume of 15oo board feet per acre. 

' . . P~le t .imber - Stands having a net volume of less than 

1500 board feet per acre but which are at least 10 

p_ercent stocked with pole-size and larger trees. At 

least one-half the minimum stocking must be in pole- size trees. 

Seed.lings and saplings Stands not qualifying either 

for saw timber .or pole timber but having at least 300 

seedlings an<i _saplings of _qommercial spe-cies per acre. ··~- ~ . . .. . .. -~.- · 

- 18 -
Poorly stocked - Commercial forest land not qualifying for any other class, including denuded areas. 

Species Listed 

·:..· · 

Shortleaf pine - Pinus echinata. Includes a small volume of other pines occurring in plantations. 

Cedar and cypress - Eastern red cedar - Juniperus virginiana. Bald-c yp ress - Taxodium distichum. These 

species· have been combine d as ne.ither was found in 

sufficient quant ity to provide an accurate volWlle es- . 

timate. 

White o~k - Querc u s alba. 

Post-oak group includes: 

Post oak - Quercus stellata 

Suarnp white oak - Quercus bicolor 

Swamp chestnut oak - Quercus prinus 

Overcup oa k - Quercus lyrata · 

Bur oak - Quercus macrocarpa 

Chinquapin oak - Quercus muehlenbergii 

Post oak is the principal species~ 

Black oak - Quercus velutina 

Scarlet oak - ruercus .... ~, , coccinea 

Northern red oak - Quercus borealis 

Other red oaks include: 

Southern red oak - Quercus falcata 

Pin oak - Quercus palustris 

Willow oak - Quercus phellos 

Water oak - Quercus nigra Shingle oak - Quercus imbricaria 

Hickory - includes all species of hickory (Carya) 

Blackgwn - ·Nyssa sylvatica - Nyssa aguatica 

Elm- includes a ll species of elm (Ulmus) 

Syca:~ore - Pla tanus occidentalis 

Other hard.v1oods - Includes all :>ther commercial hard- wood species. 

Noncomm.ercial s p ecies - Includes species which do not 

normally have coJmercial value such as blackjack oak, 

sassafras, blue beec h , ironwood, alder, redbud, and service berry. 

- 19 -
FOREST SURVEY PROCEDURE 

The inventory of the forest resources of the Eastern ,> 

Ozark region was made during the period September 1946 to 

February 1947. A sampling procedure was used involving 

an office study of aerial photographs and .a field examination of randomly selected forest and nonforest plots . 

. The proportion of forest land by counties was obtained 

by placing over each photograph a transparent template with 

four uniformly spaced dots and counting the number of dots 

falling on forest and on nonforest areas. The percentage 

of forest dots in a .county applied to the total land area 

gave a preliminary estimate of the forest acreage • 

. The location of alternate dots falling on forest land 

was marked on the photograph. The acre surrounding each 

marked dot was examined under stereoscope and classified · by 

stand-size class on the basis of the height, crown width, 

and density of trees on the plot • 

. Plots for field examination were selected from those 

photo classified as follows: 

Saw timber - - - - - - - l in 5 

Pole timber- - - - - 1 in 10 

See4ling and sapling - - - - l in 20 

Poorly stocked - - - - ·- 1 in 10 

In addition, every 50th nonforest plot was selected for 

field e:lCamination to measure the mmrement of nonforest land 

to forest. 

The locations of the selected plots were marked on the 

photographs which were then sent to the field. Crews of two 

men each located these points on the ground and at each established a 1/5 · acre plot on which they recorded the species, size, condition, and growth rate of trees, and the forest 

type and site quality of plots. A field check of the photo 

interpreter's stand-size class determination was also ma.de . . The field examination also provided a basis for adjusting 

the preliminary estimate of forest and nonforest areao 

-A total of 21,740 dots were counted on the photos for 

forest area determination. Stereoscopic examinations were 

made on 7,912 forest plots to determine stand-size class, 

and 882 plots were examined on the groundo These photo 

and ·field examinations provided the basic data for computation of forest area and timber volume statistics for the 

unit. 

- 20 -
ACCURACY OF DATA 

Forest area - Statisti,cal analysis of the forest area 

data for the Eastern Ozark region shows a sampling error of 

f 0.8 percent of the total forest area or + 36,000 acres,at 

a level of one standard deviation. The error of estimate 

increases with each subdivision of the total forest area so 

that small tabular acreages may have a large error and therefore indicate only relative magnitude. The sampling error 

of the forest · area estimate of individual counties is within 

+ 5.0 percent. 

Timbe~ volume - The sampling error of the total boardfoot volume in the region is ~ 2.5 percent or ± 77 million 

board feet. This does not include the errors of volume tables9 cull factors, or other phases of the inventory work for 

which satisfactory methods of measuring accuracy have not 

been developed·. All phases of field vvor,k and computations 

were closely supervised to keep these errors at a minimumo 

Again the error of estimate increases with each subdivision 

of the total volume so that small volumes indicate only relative magnitudes o 

~ 21 -
.... 

(J flll .. 

I 

. 

I 

0 W A 

t.IISSOURI 

... 

ILLINOIS 

I 

'? 

1 N 0 IAN A 

K E N T U 

T [ r•. ~ 

TERRITORY SERVED 

BY THE 

I 0 · 0 H 

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 

FOREST SERVICE 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE