FOREST RESOURCES 

OF THE 

NORTHWESTERN OZARK REGION 

IN 

.FOREST SURVEY RELEASE N~ 3 

MISSOURI 

. ~~nr~l!L SHITH 

· fOR£.ST fXP£RiffifRT STfiTIOn 

£_n_[ tL11Lb....u .. /L /5, J9_h_;_1L ' I ' ' . 

Harold 1. Mitche~L llirector 

MAY 1948 
( · . •.. ·, . ·,". 

FOREST RESOURCES 

OF THE 

NORTHWESTERN OZARK REGION 

IN 

MISSOURI 

BY 

mE !'"ORES~ SURVEY ORGANIZATION 

at the 

Central States Forest Experim.e-nt Station 

R. K. Winters , Chief, Division of Forest Economics 

E., V. Roberts • In Charge Forest Survey 

The field work on whic.h thme statistics are based was done 

by the follpwing men under the supervision of M. E. Becker: . 

A • . E. Block 

J. L• Burkle 

J. J. Cann 

T. J. Schmitt 

R. K. Train 

E. P. Van Arsdel 

0. K. Hutchison, K. L. Quigley, and J. E. Wiggins did the photo 

interp;reting work under the direction of K~ E. Moessner. The 

office Q'ompilations were made by Margaret Peir~ol, Betty Quill• 

iga.n 1 ·Mary Lou s·terner 1 and Florence Karinen under the super- , vision · of Lake Compton. G-. L. Schnur prepared the volume tables 

and dete·rmined the · stati.stical accuracy of ta.bular figures. 

Virgin'ia Tomlinso"n, Alberta Hiatt • and Bonnie Jo Williams did 

the st:enographic wor.k, and C. E. Hamm. and K. w. Ghrisemer the 

drafting. · : : 

' I 
.· 

FOREWORD 

The Forest Survey is· a Nation-wide ac-tivity of the Forest 

Service. The fivefold purpose of the Forest Survey is (1) to· make a field iri'ventory of the present supply of standing timber; · ( 2) to ascertain the rate at which this supply is 

being increased through growth; (3). to determine the rate at 

which it is being diminished through industrial and ,domestic 

uses, windfall, fire, disease,. and other causes;- (4) to determine the present consumption and the probable future trend 

in requirements for forest products; and (5) to interpret and correlate these findings with existing and anticipated economic conditions ; as an aid iri the formulation of both 

private and public policies for use of land suitable for 

forest production. · 

The Forest Survey is conducted in the various forest 

regions by the forest experiment stations of the Forest 

Service.· In Missouri, the project is directed by the Central States Forest Experiment Station with headquarters in 

Columbus, Ohio. For Survey purposes, the State has been 

di•ided into five principal regions based on character of 

forest,. topography,· and other factors that influence · tree 

growth. 

This Survey Release presents the more significant statistics on forest area and timber volunie in 13 counties in 

the Ncrthwestern. Ozark region of Missouri. · Similar reports have been. published for the Eastern Ozark and the Southwestern Ozark regions and releases for the other subdivisions of the State wi~l be issued as soon as statistical 

tabulations have been completed.. Later, an analytical report for the entire State will be prepared, which will 

interpret forest area, timber volume, growth, and drain 

statistics in the light of e~istihg and anticipated economic 

conditions.· This interpretation will focus attention on · the principal forest problems and will suggest possible solutions.· 

- 1 -
LOCATION OF NORTHWESTERN OZARK REGION IN MISSOURI 
.. 

. SIGNIF.ICAWr · FAOTS · OONCERNI.NG. THE :FORES.T . RESOURCES · :OF~ -THE• N:ORTR- ... ' ' o 0 · , M ~-· ~ • ·: : .:.;•' 0 ~ ' > 

· ·WESTE;RN:OZARK .REGION · ' ' 

The Northwestern Ozark region · (see map-_ on "0p,po$i_te . page). is almost entirely in the drainage of the Osage and ·- Gasconade Rivers. 'In th_ei ·eastern and · central por·tions ;· short,. s te~p 

hills "are conimon.- In the- west and southwest the hilly coun~ 

try gradually gives way to . rolling prai:r-ies. ·- The rough : por~ . tion of the region is heavily forested·. In the west and southwest the proportion of forest land is considerably less. The total land area of the region is 5.0 million acres of which 2.6million acres or 51 percent is forested. 

Ninety-four percent of the commercial forest area is in private ownership. The Mark Twain National Forest and -Fort Leonard wood account ·for nearly all of the remainder. 

The forests of the region are predominantly composed of the various species of oak and hickory~ Seventy-nine per- cent of the commercial forest area supports forests of the oak-hickory type. The white oak type is found on an add- itional 9 percent of the forest are~. 

Saw-timber stands (see Explantatio~ of Terms Used on 

page 15) occupy only 7 percent of the • commerc~al forest area. Pole-timber stands make up 45 percent, seedling and sapling 35 percent, and poorly stocked i3 percent. These proportions are similar to those for the Southwestern Ozark region: given in Forest Survey Release No. 2. The low proportion of saw.;.timber stand.s in· both regions is attributed to: (1) repeated cuttings for ties, sawlogs, and farm timbers, (2) the prevalen•Je of poor timber sites~ (3) woodland grazing, and (4) frequent fires~ 

The total •'volume of saw timber is 1. 4 billion board feet. .The various oak species account for 80 percent, about equally divided between the white oak . and red oak. groups. Approximately one-third of the board-foot volume is in saw..; timber stands.: .The remaining two-thirds occurs ·in scattered 

trees of sawlog size in pole-timbe-r,. seedling and sapling, _ and poorly· stocked stands. · Fifty-seven percent of the saw- timber volume is in· trees in the 12-14-inch diameter class. 

The cubic volun:le of pole-size trees and the sawlog portion of saw-timber trees is 551 million cubic feet. Fifty-eight ·percent of this cubic volume is . in trees less than 11.0 inches in diameter. 

- . .,/ 'l_7\ • ·-' · . 
-The .. average $aW•ti~ber volume _per .. f .o:rest ElCre···.Js. 527 . . board feet in contrast with 635 for the Southwestern Ozark 

region and 691 for the Eastern Ozark region. The average 

cubic-foot volume per acre is 214 cubic feet. · This compares with 227 for the Southwestern Ozark region and 2S6 

for the Eastern Ozark region. 

-The total cubic-foot volume of all material including 

tops and limbs of hardwoods, oull trees, and · trees of noncommercial species is 1. 2 billion -cUbic feet. · 
Table 1.--Forest and nonforest area by county, 1947 

• 

: Total ' . ... •• '"• '• No••• '•• • •',' o ... •• , , 

'. 1/ :t·orest . County :rand area area . Nonforest area . ·• ' : 

Thousand ' ' Thousand " - - . ····· 

Per.- Thousand Peracres . · 

~ 

acres .. . . ·: . . - ... · 

,~

ceE:t 

------- ., .. ·

' 

·- acres . . . . ..cent 

. Benton· 475 228 48 2.47 52 

Camden 419 315 75 104 25 Cedar 317 91 29 226 , 71 

Dallas 344 155 45 189 55 

Hickory 262 149 57 113 43 "Laclede 493 277 56 216 44 Maries 337 189 56 148 44 Miller 386 217 56 169 44 

Morgan 381 213 56 168 44 Phelps · 433 274 63 159 -37 

POlk 411 111 27 300 73 . Pu-laski 353 215 61 138 39 

St. Clair 448 169 38 279 62 

· • · 'v, , 

-All . counties . 5,059 2,603 ' . . ·;1 ~456 49 

• Source: . Area of the United States 1940, u. s. Bureau 

of Census 
·Table 2·. --COipmercial for~st area by ownership . class,, 1947 

Qwnership class . Commercial forest area 11 

Thousand -Percent 

acre·s 

.Federal: 

National forest - '92 3j;6' Other 50 1.9 .. -. 

Total 142 5.5 

State 4 .1 

Private 2·,43-3 94.4 

All ownerships 2·,'579 100.0 

Jj Does not include 24_,000 acres of f,orest ·land classified 

as noncommercial. 

- •6 -
·, 

.Table J. •-'. Ooimnercial :for~st . area. by f9:r.est· ·:type a.nd stand~ 

]forest 

· type 

.. . 

· .. 

~ 

· ,';rotal . . .. 

M acres 

.Cedar:;..hdwd. 48 

Oak-hickory 2~036 

White oak. 238 

Mixed hdw.<i. · 63 

Bot'tom1and 

hdwd. 109 

Scrub hdwd~ 85 

All 

types 2./579 

Percent 

. : · . : . . . ·: ·.: 

size olass.., 1947 

.. . . ·. . .... ·. . . "' . 

• ~aw;.. t ?ple- : J)eedling- ;~ o:rly 

: :·timber; . timber: · & sapling: stbeked . : area : f!irea : • area -:area . . . . . .. ' .. ~ . ( . .. Per·- . 'M acres .M 

cent ' 

acres· . M a,ores. M acres 

-

1.9 0 17 24 7 

78.9 101 906 793 236 

9.2 36 157 32 i3 

2.5 9 35 0 19 

4.2 41 46 16 6 

3.3 0 0 40 45 

187 1 .,161 905 326. 

100.0 7'.·. 2 45.0 35•1 12 ... 7 

I 

- 7 .... 
I 

Table 4.-..i..Saw-timber volume on commercial forest area by 

species and stand-size class, 1947 

Saw- Pole ... :seedling :Poorly 

timber: timber:& sapling:stocked 

Species Total area . area area • area -

11illion Percent 'Mill.ion T-'lillion Million Million ' . bd .• ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. 

Red cedar 1 .1 0 1 0 0 

\rJhi te oak 305 22.5 139 90 57 19 

Post oak group 257 18.9 '19 89 108 41 

Black oak 384 28.3 115 133 107 29 

Scarlet oak 31 2.3 1 5 6 19 

Northern red 

oak 67 4.9 13 27 3 24 

Other red oaks 35 2.6 16 8 0 11 

Hickory 72 5.3 16 32 14 ' '10 

Elm 53 3.9 30 15 6 2 ,Sycamore 71 5.2 69 2 0 0 

Ash 13 1 .. 0 ~ 

Black walnut 29 . 2.1 l,.. . 36 2-6 . 7 13 

Other hardwoods 40 2.9 

All speci~ . 1,358 -454 428 308 . 168 " ;...,. _ "" : " 

Percent 100.0 33.4 31.5 22.7 12.4 

- 8 -
. Table 5. --Saw-timber volume on commer.cial forest area by 

spe·cie_s and tree-d,iameter class; 1947 

Species 

. 

.. 

. 

: Total 

Tre e..:.diarne ter class . · -· · · · . 10 Y: 12-14 : 16-18,_ .: 20 inches · inches: inches : inche·s :& larger 

Million Million Million Million Million . bd . ft ~ bd. ft . bd~ ft. bd. ft~ bd. ft~ 

Redcedar 1 1 0 · o 0 

White oak 305 -- 209 77 19 Post oak group 257 

Black oak 384 .. . 

-· 

151 83 23 

222 102 '.60 . Scarlet oak 3i .;.._ 17 1 i3 Northern red oak ' 67 -- 24 23 20 

Other red oaks 35 5 · 6 24 Hickory 72 

Elm 53 

57 6 ' 9 

21 16 '16 . 

Sycamore 71 

Other hardwoods 82 5 9 57 

58 14 10 

All species ====1=13=5=8=========1=========================== 769 337 251 

Percent lOO i O 1 56.6 24.8 · 18~5 

Ten-inch diameter class shown separately because in this 

class saw-timber · volume includes softwood trees but not 

hardwoods. 

- .9 -
~ 

. Table ·6 • .:.~cubic-foot volume on commercial fore.st area by 

S·pecies 

Redcedar 

White oak 

Post oak 

group 

Black oak 

Scarlet oak 

Northern red 

oak 

species. and stand~size classi 1947 

Total 

·saw- . Pole- · :seedling :Poorly 

timper! .timber :&. sapling:stocked 

area · area area . .:-.area 

Million Percent Million Milli.on Million Million 

cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu~ ft • 

1.9 .3 • 2 ' 1~5 ~ 2 . • 0 

129.0 23.4 29.8 76.1 HL·4 4.7 

142.1 25.8 7~0 88.4 38·.3 8.4 

135.7 24.6 23.1 82.0 

9.3 1.7 .2 4•6 

24.5 6.1 

1.4 3.1 

22 ~ 9 4.2 3.0 13•9 2.0 4.0 

Other red .oaks 8.7 1.6 2.9 3.9 .o 1.9 ·Hickory 30.0 5.5 6.2 15.7 

Elm 20.4 3.7 8.9 9.0 

6.·1 2. 0 

1~9 .6 

Sycamore 14.7 2· 7 12.1 2.2 • i Ash 4~5 • 8 l 

Black walnut 14·9 2. 7 i 8.7 18.7 

Other hdwds. 16.7 3. 0 ·" 

.4 . 0 

4.8 3~9 

All 

species 550.8 102.1 3I6.o 98.0 34.7 

Percent 100.0 18.5 57~ 4 17.;8 6.3 

' . . • ~ '• . 

.. 

-10 -
•· 

Table 7. --Oubic-foot volume on commerci~l .forest area 

by: stand-size class and tree:..diameter class,' 1947 

Stand--size 

class. 

' 

saw timber 

Pole t im.ber ·Seedling & 

sapling 

Poorly stocked . 

All classes 

Percent 

Total 

102.,1 - 316 0 

98;;.0 34 7 

.. 550i8 

loo.:o 

---- --~T,r~e~e~-~d~i~am~e~t~e~r~c~la~-.ss~--~~~---

6·8 · · i . io. _lJ _ ~ ~?--14 _ ... ~ ~6·i~ ~ .. 2,0 inches :1nch~s .1nches . 1ttch~s .· . :~,.nehes. and ~arger . . . . . . . '.. . 

12.7 13.2 15l~S 89.7 

23-1 19.4. 

5··3 2.3 

192.-9 124.6 --

35.0 22.6 

:.: ,. ''.': ~ 

33 .. 2 18.6 

5) .. 2 .13.4 

35iO 14.6 

12;4. 9-·3 

lJ.~hS · ;5·.9 . 

24 .. 3 10 2 

24.4 

7.9 

5· 9 5.4 

Ten ... inch d.iam.eter class shown separately because saw..otim.ber 

volume includes softwood tr·ees in this class t but not hardwoods . · 
·-·· 

~- .. . ... . . 

• 

Table 8.--Average volume per acre by stand~size class, 1947 

Stand~size 6lass 

Saw timber 

Fole timber 

Seediing & sapling 

Poorly stocked 

All classes 

Average volume per acre 

Board feet 

- 1-2 -

2,428 

369 

340 

515 

527 

Cubic feet 

546 

272 

108 .io6 · 

214 

•· 
Table 9 ~_:..;Total cubio-foqt volume of sound .wood on co:mm.ercial 

forest area by species and. class of materialt 1947 

. 

. 

. - §aW~ tiniber tre·es :Pole- . :$awlog :Tops · & ·t.illlber ; cull Species Total . 

. ·-

Total : ;po.rtion: limbs .1/:trees :trees 1/ . . Million Million Million. Miliion Million Million 

cu. ft. ctL ft. cu. ft. cu .. ft. cu ft. cu • ft. 

Red cedar 2~4 .2 .2 . 2/ L.7 White ·5 oak 224.8 85~7 49~3 36.4 79•7 59~4 

Post oak group 317.7 91.7 5L7 40.;0 90.4 135~6 

Black oak 278.0 ll3al 63~8 49.·3 71.9 93 .. 0 Scarlet oak 17.9 8.9 5. 0 . 3.9 4 .. 3 4·. 7 Northern red 

oak 44.0 18.9 10.9 8~0 12.0 13.i Other red oaks 18.0 10.7 6. 0 4~7 2.7 4.6 Hickory 62.5 21.0 11.9 9 .; 1 18.1 23~4 

Elm 45.8 15.7 . 8 0 8 6~9 11 . 6 18 .. 5 Sycamore 28.5 22.1 12.5 9~6 2 .. 2 4 .. 2 Other hdwds .• 78.1 23 68 13 o4 10.4 22.7 31.6 None amm.er c ial 

species 1/ 86.1 -- _ ... 86.il 

All 

species 1;-203.8 411.8 233 .5 178 .3 317.3 474.7 

Percent 100~0 34.2 19~4 14 . 8 26o4 39•'4 

1/ Not . included in the cubic_:foot volumes shown in Tables 6 and 7t. 

£1 Less than 05 million cubic feet; 

... 13-

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED 

Forest land - Land bearing forest growth or land from which 

the forest has been removed but which shows evidence of 

past · forest occupancy and which is not now in other use~ 

To qualify as forest, an area must: (1) be · at least 

100 feet wide; (2) be at least one acre in area; (3) have a sufficient number of trees to provide 10 percent 

crown coverage, or (4) lacking . l.O percent crown coverage, be likely to remain in forest use. 

Commercial forest land- Forest land · bearing or capable of bearing timber of · commercial character and economically available now or prospectively for commercial use ·and not withdrawn from such use. 

Noncommercial forest land . - Forest land not qualifying 

as commercial forest land. · Two classes of forest area 

are included: . ( l) commercially valuable forest ·land 

withdrawn from timber use for such purposes as parks; 

game refuges, military reservations, or reservoir pro- tection; and (2) forest land which because of poor 

gr·owing conditions will not produce trees of commercial quality. 

·Forest types 

Cedar-hardwoods .... Stands in which redcedar comprise·s 

at least 20 percent of the dominant and codominant trees~ 

Oak-hickory - Stands of hardwoods in which oaks and 

hickories comprise at least 60 percent of the dominant 

and codominant trees .. 

Whfte o~k - Stands in which white oak (Quercus alba) comprises at least 60 percent of the dominant and codominant trees. 

Mixed hardwoods - Stands of mixed hardwood species not 

qualifying for other hardwood types. Principal species include elm, maplef basswood, and black walnut in mixture with oaks and hickories~ 

Botto~land hardwoods - Stands on the alluvial bottoms 

of ·ri iTers and streams~ The principal species include · sycamore, willow; elm, blackgum~ sweetgum, soft maple. oaks, hickory, . cottonwood, and cypress; 

Scrub hardwoods - Stands in which scrub oak or other 

noncommercial tree species comprise 60 percent of the 

dominant and codominant trees~ 

-15 -
Tree classes . -.. ~ .. ' . . . --- .. .,_ . .. 

Sound saw..;;.timber tree ..; A coniferous tree at least 9~0 

inches a·. b:.h;· (diameter -outside bark at. 4· 5 feet; above · ' ground) ·t: or a hardwood tree at lea$t ll; Q iilche.s b~h , 

with a sound butt log - a.t least 8. feet long;- or with at · least half -of the: gross .volUm.e of the tree in sound 

materiaL 

Sound pole;.;;tim.ber tree ..; A tree -at least 5·0 inches bh;; 

btl,t less_ than saw..; timber ·size, which, now is or gives promise of becoming a sound merchantable tree ~ 

Ouli tree .-. A tree. that does not qualify as a sound · po1e .:;. timber or saw•timb~r . tree because of poor form; 

limbinessi rot~ or other defect~ 

Volume estimate;S 

Board-foot .volurn.e_ - Includes the volume of that portion 

o-r saw~timber trees merchantable for sawlogs_;; · Volume 

deductions have _been ·made for rot; crook~ and other de,;,; _ fects~ Board-foot .volumes are shown in the Internat:tonal ·1/4 inch log rule ·i; which approximates green lumber tally;. · ' ; 

Oubic-,foot volume - Except where specifically noted; in.;;. 

eludes the volume of sound wood inside bark in: _ ·. (l) t.l;le 

saw-timber portion of sound trees 1 (2) the upper stems 

of . saw-:timb-er~s:ize . conifers to a minimum diameter o·f 4 

inches . inside ._ bark:,: and -( 3) the sound pole~timber . trees 

to the. same minimum top diameter-. · 

Stand-:size .class 

Saw timber ...: Stands having a minimum net volume of 1500 

boatd feet per acre ~ 

. :Pole ... timber ..; t~nds; having a net volume of iess than 

1500 board feet per acre but which are at least 10 · percent stocked with pole-size and larger trees. At . least one-h_alf · the .minimum stocking must be. in pole;.; size trees~ · -. · · · 

. · ..... .. ·· . ' Seedlings and saplings -Stands not qualifying ei'ther 

for saw timber or pole timber but having at least 300 

seedlings and .saplings df -commercial ' species pe_r acre.; 

Poorly stoc keQ. Oomme~eial fpre.st .land not qt,lalif.yi.ng 

for any other Gil.ass·

1 in-cluding-- denuded areas~ .r 

·' -

-..,; '16 '·.;.; 
Species listed · 

Redcedar - Eastern redcedar - Juniperus virginiana 

White oak - Quercus alb·a 

Post oak group in~ludes: 

Post oak - · Quercus stellata 

Swamp white oak ... ~uerous · bicolor 

Swamp chestnut oak- - · Quercu.s prinus Overcup oak :.. Quercus lyrata Bur oak - guercus maorocarpa · · · . . Chinquapin oak :.. ~uercus muehlen·bergii Post oak iS the principal speoies. · 

Black oak - Quercus velutina 

Scarlet oak • Que~cus cocc~nea 

Northern red oak - Quercus borealis 

Other red oaks include: · 

Southern red oak ~ Quercus falcata 

Pin oak- ..;.. Quercus palustris Will ow oak - Quercus phell.os. · water oak - Quercus nigra Shingle oak ;.. · Quercus imbricaria 

Hickory - includes all species ··or hickory (Carya) 

Elm - includes all species of elm (Ulmus) 

Sycamore - Platanus occideiltalis 

Ash - includes all species of ash (Fraxinus) 

.Black walnut - · Juglans nigra · 

' . 

Otner hardwoods - includes all other coiiUnercial hardwood 

species. 

Noncommercial species - includes species which do not normally have cOmm.ercial value such as blackjack oak·, sassa- . fras; blue . beech, · ironwoo'd1 alder,, redbud and service berry. 

- 17 '-
. '·. 

FOREST SURVEY PROCEDURE 

'The inventory of the forest resources of the Northwestern 

Ozark region was made in April and May 1947. A sampl~ng procedure was used involving an office · study of aerial photographs and a field examination of randomly selected forest and 

nonforest plots. · 

The proportion of fore t;~t land by counties was obtained 

by placing over each photograph_a transparent template with 

four uniformly spaced -dots and counting the number of dots 

falling on forest and on Iionforest areas .. . The percentage 

of forest dots in a county ·applied to the total land area 

gave a preliminary estimate of the forest acreage .. 

The location of alternate dots falling on forest land 

was marked on the photograph. The acre surrounding each 

marked dot was examined under stereoscope and classified by 

stand-size class on the basis of the height, crown width;: 

and density of trees on the plot. 

Plots for field examination were selected from those 

photo classified as follows: 

Saw timber· -· - - ~ ~ .. - - 1· 

Pole timber- - - - - Seedlirig and ·sapling - - Poorly stocked - - -

-· 1 

- 1 

.. 1 

in 5 

in 10 

in 20 

in 10 

In addition, every 50th nonforest .plot was selected for field 

examination to measure t he movement of nonforest land to forest. 

The locations of the selected plots were marked on the 

photographs which were · then sent to the field. Crews of two 

men each located these points on the ground and at each es• 

tablished. a ·l/5 -acre .plot on which they recorded the species; 

size, condition, and growth rate of trees, and the forest 

type and site quality of plots. A field check of the photo 

interpreter.'s .stand-size-class determination was also made. 

The field examination also provided a basis for adjusting the 

preliminary estimate of forest and nonforest area • 

A total O.f 17;476 dots were counted on the phQtOS for 

forest area · deterril:ination. Stereoscopic examinations were 

made on ·4f605 forest plots to determine stand-size class, 

and 575 plots were examined on the ground. These photo and 

field examinations provided the basic data for computation 

of forest area and timber volume statistics for the region. 

- 18 .. 
ACCURACY OF .DATA 

Forest area - Statistical analysis of the forest area 

data for the Northwestern Ozark region shows a sampling error 

of ± 1.4 percent of the total forest area or = 36,000 acres, 

at a level of one standard deviation~ The e~ror of estimate 

increases with each subdivision of the total forest area so 

that small tabular acreages may have large errors and there J 

fore indicate only relative magnitudes. The sampling error 

of the forest area estimate of individual counties is within 

+ 10 percent. 

Timber volume • The sampling error of the total boardfoot volume 1n the region is+ 6.8 percent or+ 92 million 

board feetw This does not include the errors of volume tables, cull factors, or other rhases of the inventory work for which satisfactory methods of measuring accuracy have not been developed. All phases of field work and computations were closely 

super.vised to keep these errors at a minimum. Again the error 

of estimate increases with each subdivision of the total volume so that small volumes indicate only relative magnitudes~ 

- 19 ... 
0 w " 

0 H I 0 

INDIANA 

ILLINOIS 

'· MISSOURI 

1<. £ N T U 

T [ N ,., 

I ... ' I I 

TERRITORY SERVED 

BY THE 

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 

FOREST SERVICE 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE