[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 14

- 14692 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 4:13

- cr - 10022

- JEM

- 1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus RYAN WITTEN, Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

________________________ (May 13, 2016)

Before WILSON , ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR , Circui t Judges.
PER CURIAM:

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 1 of 162 After entering a conditional guilty plea, Ryan Witten appeals his conviction for possession of child pornography , in violati on of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(5)(B). Specifically, Witten argues on appeal that the district court erred in denying his motions to suppress the evidence found as a result of the August 31, 2012 search of his backpack and the September 1, 2012 search of his car and duffel bag . He contends that on August 31, police lacked probable cause to arrest him and search his belongings and that he did not abandon his backpack prior to his arrest. He further asserts that on September 1, the police did not conduct a valid inventory search of his vehicle and that he did not consent to the sear ch. Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we affirm. I. BACKGROUND We construe the following facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party in the district court, here, the government. United States v. Bervaldi , 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). From August 22 to August 31 , 2012 a suspected trespasser and “peeping tom” plagued the Old Town area of Key West, Florida. The police received at least five complaints about the suspect hiding on the rooftops of house s, peering through windows, and entering enclosed yards. These complainants gave their names and contact information to the police in order to cooperate with the investigation. The witnesses described the suspect as a young white male with

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 2 of 163 closely croppe d hair, standing approximately five feet eight inches tall, wearing a backpack. Each of the incidents took place within a few blocks of each other be tween 11:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. Based on these complaints, a number of Key West Police Department officers patrolled the area on foot. Just after midnight on August 31, four officers on patrol noticed a man matching the suspect’s description and carrying a backpack. Police later identified the man as Witten

. No one else was in the vicinity at that t ime. Witten walked out of Courtney’s Place , a collection of guest cottages , which the previous night police had investigated as the scene of one of the “peeping tom” incidents. Witten began to walk in the officers ’ direction but then abruptly reversed di rection upon noticing them

. Witten turned a corner and quickened his pace. The officers lost sight of Witten. Sergeant Francisco Zamora instructed the officers to set up a perimeter around the area to look for him . Zamora arrived to the area where Witt en was last seen and began looking around with a flashlight. He found Witten hiding in a bush with thick vegetation in the yard of Courtney’s Place, just behind a picket fence

. Several officers drew their weapons, asked Witten to emerge from the bush, and handcuffed him. Witten did not appear to have his backpack with him when the officers discovered him. When the officers asked him where his backpack was, Witten

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 3 of 164 replied along the lines of his backpack was at his house or at the house,
pres umably the house he was standing in front of. In its order denying a motion to suppress, the magistrate judge found that, no matter the exact phrasing, Witten’s statements were meant to mislead the police and leave the impression that the b ackpack was loc ated elsewhere. Shortly thereafter, one of the officer s on patrol found a backpack underneath the porch of a house behind and to the side of Witten , next door to Courtney’s Place and approximately 12 to 15 feet from where Witten was hiding . After officer s began searching inside the backpack, Witten told officers to stop looking through his backpack; this was the first time Witten claimed ownership over the backpack. Inside the backpack officers found a condom, lubricant, “sticky” napkins, and two digital cameras. 2d Suppression Hr’g. Tr., Doc. 127 at 85. 1 One officer quickly looked through one of the cameras and found images of people in stages of undress inside their homes. The officers arrested Witten for loitering and prowling, in violation of Fla. Stat. § 856.021(1). The next day, a fter obtaining a search warrant for the cameras, officers found more pictures of people in their homes. Witten later admitted to watching people in their homes and taking pictures of them without their knowledge. The police located several individuals appearing in the pictures, who

1 “Doc.” refers to the docket entry in the district court record in this case. Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 4 of 165 confirmed that they had not given permission to be photographed. Key West Police Sergeant Detective Pablo Rodriguez testified that, a t that point, the authorities felt confident that they had probable cause to arrest Witten for video voyeuris m, a felony under Florida law. On September 1, the Coast Guard Investigative Service called Rodriguez to inform him that Witten would be r eleased from jail and taken to the Coast Guard base where he was stationed as a service member. Rodriguez also received information from another source that Witten wanted to remove items from his house before the police searched it. Rodriguez attempted t o obtain a search warrant for Witten’s residence, but was unable to. Later that day , Rodriguez learned that Witten was allowed to leave the Coast Guard base without supervision. While Rodriguez was at the house of another officer to obtain a cord for one of Witten’s cameras, the fellow officer noticed that Witten was in his car in the driveway of his nearby house. Rodriguez watched Witten leave the house with a duffel bag, place the duffel in the trunk of his car, and drive away. The duffel bag appeared to contain objects with sharp edges, possibly a computer. In an unmarked car and with backup on the way, Rodriguez followed Witten with the aim of arresting him. Witten made a turn the wrong way down a one

- way street, his car blocking the intersection. Rodriguez initiated a traffic stop, at which point he arrested

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 5 of 166 Witten and administered Miranda warnings. 2 While back

- up officers took Witten to the police station for booking , Rodriguez looked inside the trunk of Witten’s car

. Rodriguez testified that he wanted to be sure what was in Witten’s vehicle before it was impounded to avoid an accusation of planting evidence and to see how “lucky” he had gotten. 1st Suppression Hr’g. Tr., Doc. 78 at 60. He found the duffel bag with sharp objects in it as well as several locked containers. Because Witten was under arrest and had no one to take possession of his car, a police officer drove Witten’s ca r to the station for impounding

. When Rodriguez joined the back

- up officers and Witten a t the police station,

a n officer informed him that Witten wished to speak with him. Rodriguez accompanied Witten from a holding room to an interview room. In the hallway outside the interview room, Witten told Rodriguez that he was in a lot of trouble and needed Rodriguez’s me rcy . Rodriguez explained that he couldn’t promise Witten anything, but that Witten could help the investigation by allowing Rodriguez to examine Witten’s belongings. Witten asked, “What things?” Factual Proffer, Doc. 99 at 2. Rodriguez specified the du ffel bag and any other items found in Witten’s car, to which Witten replied , “ Okay. ” Id. At no point did Rodriguez request that Witten sign a form confirming h is oral consent to the search.

2 Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 6 of 167 Inside the interview room, Rodriguez gave Witten Miranda warnings again. Rodriguez asked Witten if he had gotten consent from the people he had photographed and recorded. Witten explained that some of the people had known about the recordings. He t hen told Rodriguez that he did no t want to talk anymore,

at w hich point the interview concluded. A few minutes later, Rodriguez asked Witten for the location of the key to the duffel bag found in the car. Witten handed him the key without explanation. Inside the duffel bag, officers found a computer, an external hard drive, and two additional bags containing a variety of digital media. The police contacted the FBI, which took custody of the duff el bag and its contents. After the FBI obtained a federal search warrant, agents discovered 300 images of child pornogr aphy on the devices in the duffel bag, including some found on an external hard drive

ma nufactured outside of Florida. A federal grand jury returned an indictment against Witten, charging him with possessing a visual depiction of a minor engaged in sexual ly explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2). Witten filed a motion to suppress the evidence derived from the search of his car and duffel bag. After an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge issued a report and recommenda tion (“First R&R”) , which recommended that the district court deny the motion to
suppress. Witten submitted written objections to the First R&R , to which the

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 7 of 168 government responded. The district court adopted the First R&R and denied the motion to suppress

. The grand jury returned a superseding indictment charging Witten with three counts of possessing child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). Witten then filed a second motion to suppress, this time arguing that he was unlawfully arre sted by the police during his first arrest on August 31, 2012. Witten sought to suppress all of the evidence the police gathered as a result of that arrest, including the two cameras, photographs , a computer, digital media, and any stateme nts made following his arrest. After a second evidentiary hearing and supplemental briefs, a magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (“Second R&R”) recommending that the district court deny this motion to suppress as well. Following objections by Witt en and a response by the government, the district court adopted the Second R&R and denied the second motion to suppress. Witten entered a conditional guilty plea pursuant to a plea agreement. Specifically, Witten pled guilty to Count One of the supersedi ng indictment, subject to his right to appeal the denial of the two motions to suppress. The plea agreement provided that Witten accept ed the credibility determinations of the magistrate judge and the district court. Additionally, the plea agreement requ ired Witten to acknowledge that the facts in the Stipulated Factual Proffer were true and

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 8 of 169 that the record satisfied the statutory requirements to establish each of the elements of the offense of child pornography. The district court sentenced Witten to 10 8 months ’ imprisonment, 10 years ’ supervised release, and a special assessment of $100. Witten now appeals the denia l of both motions to suppress. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a mixed standard, r eviewing the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its application of the law to those facts de novo

. Bervaldi , 226 F.3d at 1262. When considering a ruling on a suppression motion, we construe all facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party in the district court , here, the government

. Id. A determination that property wa s abandoned is a factual issue that we review for clear error

. United States v. Ramos , 12 F.3d 1019, 1022 (11th Cir. 1994). We also review for clear error t he district court ’ s factual findings as to whether a person gave voluntary consent to a search. United States v. Blake , 888 F.2d 795, 798 (11th Cir. 1989)

. III. DISCUSSION Witten argues that the district court erred in denying his motions to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the August 31, 2012 search of his backpack

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 9 of 1610 and the September 1, 2012 search of his car and duffel bag. We conclude that the district court properly denied both motions to dismiss. A. August 31, 2012 Search Witten argues that the district court should have granted his motion to suppress the search of his backpack on August 31 because the police lacked probable cause to arrest him for loiterin g and prowling, or, in the alternative, he did not abandon his backpack. We conclude that district court properly denied the motion to suppress because Witten abandoned his backpack

. No seizure of property exists under the Fourth Amendment when a person

a bandons property

. Hester v. United States , 265 U.S. 57, 58 (1924). To determine whether an individual has abandoned property, we ask whether the individual “voluntarily discarded, left behind, or otherwise relinquished his interest in the property in question so that he could no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to it at the time of the search .” Ramos , 12 F.3d at 1022 ( internal quotation marks omitted ). Abandonment “ is a question of intent which may be inferred from ac ts , words and other objective facts.” Id . at 1022

- 23 ( internal quotation marks omitted ). When an individual relinquishes possession and disclaims ownership of a piece of property such as an article of luggage, she loses any expectation of privacy in that property

. See United States v. McKennon , 814 F.2d 1539, 1546 (11th Cir.

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 10 of 1611 1987). For example, we have held that a defendant abandoned bags he was carrying when he placed them on the ground, denied that they were his, and walked away from them in response t o police officers’ request to search

. United States v. Cofield , 272 F.3d 1303, 1306

- 07 (11th Cir. 2001). We cannot say that t he district court committed clear error in finding that Witten abandoned his backpack and therefore denying the motion to suppres s. Witten fled from the officers and hid his backpack under the porch of another person’s house. When the officers asked where his backpack was, Witten replied that it was at the house or his house. In either case, Witten attempted to deceive the officers by implying that his backpack was located elsewhere. Instead, the backpack lay 12 to 15 feet away, tucked underneath the house behind him. Witten need not have expressly disclaimed ownership of the bag because he effectively did so both by placi ng it away from his person and by stating it was at home. See id. To the extent that Witten contends the search of the backpack was unconstitutional because either his abandonment was involuntary or the search wa s the fruit of the poisonous tree after an illegal detention, we find these arguments unpersuasive. Witten hid the backpack before officers detained him

. Several patrol officers had set up a perimeter to locate Witten at the same time he placed the bag under the porch , but such action does not a mount to a detention, much less

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 11 of 1612 an unconstitutional one that would taint the subsequent search of the backpack. Because any alleged unconstitutional stop or arrest occurred after Witten abandoned the backpack, the search cannot be the fruit of the poisono us tree. See Fletcher v. Wainwright , 399 F.2d 62, 64 (5th Cir. 1968) (noting that, to suppress evidence, there must be a “nexus between the lawless [police] conduct and the discovery of the challenged evidence”). 3 Additionally, the officers’ search for Witten did not force him to discard his bag involuntarily. See United States v. Colbert , 474 F.2d 174, 176 (5th Cir. 1973) (en banc) (“Police pursuit or the existence of a police investigation does not of itself render abandonment involuntary.” ) The district court properly denied the motion to suppress the evidence found in the backpack.
B. September 1, 2012 Search Witten also argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress the fruits of his September 1 arrest. He claims that the court should have
suppress ed the evidence because the officers conducted an invalid inventory search of his car and because he declined to consent to the search of his duffel bag. We find neither argument persuasive and affirm the denial of the motion to suppress.

3 In Bonner v. City of Prichard , 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued before the close of business on September 30, 1981.

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 12 of 1613 To satisfy the so - called inventory search exception to the warrant requirement, the government bears the burden to demonstrate that the officers possessed the authority to impound the vehicle and followed departmental policy in conducting the search. United States v. Williams , 936 F.2d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir. 1991). “[ A] law enforcement officer may impound the vehicle, so long as the decision to impound is made on the basis of standard criteria and on the basis of something other than suspicion of evidence of criminal activity.” Sammons v. Taylor , 967 F.2d 1533, 1543 (11th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). If the vehicle has been impounded lawfully, an officer may conduct an inventory search , including a search of closed containers , “provided the search is conducted pursuant to standardized criteria

. ” Id. Although inventory searches cannot serve as prete xt, “the mere expectation of uncovering evidence will not vitiate an otherwise valid inventory search.” United States v. Bosby , 675 F.2d 1174, 1179 (11th Cir. 1982)

. We conclude that t he September 1 search of Witten’s car and the contents therein was a va lid inventory search. The magistrate judge found, and the district court accepted, that Rodriguez did not arrest Witten after he left his home as a pretext to search the car. This finding is not clear error, as the magistrate judge found Rodriguez’s test imony credible, and Witten accepts these findings of credi bility per his plea agreement.

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 13 of 1614 Additionally, the magistrate judge committed no clear error in finding that Rodriguez followed Key West Police Department procedures for impounding a vehicle and condu cting an inventory search. 4 Witten’s car was blocking an intersection ; it would have been impractical for Rodriguez conduct the inventory search at the scene per the preferred Key West Police Department policy of searching at the scene . Instead, Rodriguez quickly searched the car to avoid an accusation of planting evidence and had the car driven to the station

. Because
W itten was under arrest and had no one to take possession of his car, law enforcement needed to transport Witten’s car to be impo unded. And Key West Police Department inventory search procedures explicitly allowed Rodriguez to search closed containers within Witten’s car and obtain a key to unlock the duffel bag

. We conclude that the district made no clear error in determining tha t law enforcement properly followed procedures. See United States v. Tampas , 493 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2007) (concluding that the trier of fact “is free to choose among alternative reasonable interpretations of the evidence”). Moreover, the search i s no less valid simply because Rodriguez may have expected to find incriminating evidence in Witten’s car. See Bosby , 675 F.2d at 1179. L aw

4 For the first time on appeal, Witten claims that the inventory search was invalid because a police officer drove his car to the station rather than having it towed according to Key West Police Department policy. We need not consider this argument because Witten failed to raise it either in his motion to suppress or in his objections to the Second R&R

. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (Noting that issues “not raised in the district court and raised for the fir st time in an appeal will not be considered by this court.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 14 of 1615 enforcement collected the evidence in the car, including the contents of the duffel bag, pursuant to a lawful inventory search. Even if the inventory search were invalid, we conclude that the search of the duffel bag was constitutional because it was a se arch “conducted pursuant to a valid consent.” Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973). F or a consensual search to be constitutional, an individual’s consent must be voluntary. United States v. Acosta , 363 F.3 d 1141, 1151 (11th Cir. 2004) . W e determine by the totality of the circumstances whether a person gave voluntary consent. Blake , 888 F.2d at 798. Relevant factors bearing on voluntariness include, but are not exclusive to, the presence of coercion, the defendant’s awareness of the righ t to refuse to consent, and the level of the defendant’s cooperation with the police. Id. Based on the totality of the circumstances, we see no clear error in the district court ’s finding that Witten consented to the search of his duffel bag.
Pursuant to Witten’s plea agreement’s Stipulated F actual P roffer, W itten admitted that he spoke to the police and responded “okay” when asked if they cou ld search his car and duffel bag. Factual Proffer, Doc. 99 at 2. He also admitted that he provided the key to the duffel bag upon being asked where the key was. These admissions are consistent with Rodriguez’s testimony at the suppression hearing about these same events.

Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 15 of 1616 That Witten was in police custody at the time he consented to the search does not render the consent involuntary. We have held a defendant’s consent voluntary even where such consent was given after officers had already arrested and handcuffed the defendant. See United States v. Garcia , 890 F.2d 355 , 36 2 (11th Cir. 1989)

. In Garcia we concluded that, a lthough the defendant was “under some pressure to comply” with law enforcement’s request to search his property, given the totality of the circumstances, his consent was voluntary because the police di d not employ any coercive methods to obtain the defendant’s consent beyond the degree of coercion already inherent in any arrest. Id. Similarly, the police used no coercive tactics against Witten to force him to comply with a request to search. In fact, Witten himself initiated the conversation with police that led to the request to search. The district court did not clearly err in finding that Witten’s consent to search was voluntarily given, and thus the search of his car and duffel bag was valid. Th e motion to suppress properly was denied. AFFIRMED. Case: 14-14692 Date Filed: 05/13/2016 Page: 16 of 16