THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AND 

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, 1933-1942 

AN ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY 

by 

John C. Paige 
THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AND 

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, 1933-1942 

AN ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY 

by 

John C. Paige 

National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

1985 
CONTENTS 

Acknowledgements v 

Chapter 1: A Brief History of the CCC 1 

Origins 1 

Establishment 7 

The Early Years 19 

The Pre-War Years 29 

The War Years and the Conclusion of the CCC 32 

Chapter 2: The National Park Service Role 38 

National Parks and State Parks Programs 38 

Establishment 38 

Responsibilities 40 

Support Personnel 44 

ECW Land Rental or Purchase Authority 46 

1936 Consolidation Program 48 

Impact on NPS Regionalization 51 

Administrative Relationships 52 

The Army and the War Department 53 

The ECW/CCC Directorate 58 

The Forest Service 60 

The Embezzlement Issue--Internal Corruption 64 

Chapter 3: The National Park Service Camps 66 

Administration 66 

Camp Description 70 

Enrollment 73 

Daily Routine 79 

Training and Education 83 

Problems and Challenges 88 

Desertions 88 

Enrollee Behavior and Public Reactions 89 

Black Enrollment 93 

Chapter 4: Contributions 98 

Fire Fighting 98 

Insect and Fungus Control 101 

Resource Conservation vs. Park Development 103 

Technical Assistance 107 

Archeological and Historical Work 110 

Development of Recreational Demonstration Areas 117 

Other Highlights 120 

Chapter 5: Overall Accomplishments, 1933-1942 126 

iii 
IV 

Illustrations: 133 

Appendixes 161 

Appendix A: Selected Draft Legislation, Legislation, and Executive 

Orders Affecting the CCC 162 

Appendix B: Selected Items on the Organization of the CCC 178 

Appendix C: Selected Items on CCC Camp Locations 181 

Appendix D: Certificate Issued to Youths 215 

Appendix E: Selected Items Related to Work Accomplishments 

of the CCC 216 

Appendix F: Listing of National Park Service Motion Picture 

Projects, Fall, 1933-1935 240 

Bibliography 243 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The author wishes to thank the following individuals and institutions for 

their assistance in the completion of this study: National Park Service 

Chief Historian Edwin C. Bearss; Barry Mackintosh, Bureau Historian, 

National Park Service; Frederick C.K. Babb, Chief, Branch of Planning, 

Southeast/Southwest Team, Denver Service Center; Richard Crawford, 

National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Ruth Larison, Librarian, Rocky 

Mountain Region, National Park Service; Joan Manson, Kitty Ryan, Nancy 

Arwood, Jan Petrukitas, Lou Tidd , Christy Fischer, and Kay Roush, 

National Park Service, Denver Service Center; and the staff of the 

National Archives, Washington, D.C.; University of Colorado Library, 

Boulder; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., and the National Park 

Service Library, Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. 

The author wishes to extend a special thanks to Jerome A. Greene, 

Supervisory Historian, Denver Service Center, Southeast/Southwest Team, 

for his assistance in the research, and writing of this report. 

v 
CHAPTER I: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CIVILIAN 

CONSERVATION CORPS 

ORIGINS 

Celebrations throughout the country in 1983 commemorated the 50th 

anniversary of the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps in 

1933. In cities and national parks, speakers gave talks on the local and 

national history of the CCC. Former members of the CCC and interested 

individuals founded organizations dedicated to honoring its work and 

ideals. The CCC, which existed for nine years and three months, has 

remained one of the most popular of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 

i 

New Deal programs. 

The intellectual origins of the program predate 1933 by more than 80 

years and come from another continent. In 1850 the Scottish essayist 

Thomas Carlyle wrote that unemployed men should be organized into 

regiments to drain bogs and work in wilderness areas for the betterment 

2 

of society. Then in 1910 Harvard philosopher William James published an 

essay entitled "The Moral Equivalent of War," in which he wrote: 

Now--and this is my idea--there were, instead of military 

conscription a conscription of the whole youthful population to 

form for a certain number of years a part of the army enlisted 

against Nature, the injustice would tend to be evened out, and 

numerous other goods to the commonwealth would follow. The 

military ideals of hardihood and discipline would be wrought 

into the growing fibre of the people; no one would remain blind 

1. Conrad L. Wirth and James F. Kieley, "It's 50 Years Since CCC Went 

into Action," Courier, The National Park Service Newsletter, 48(April 

1983):3. A number of histories have been written about the CCC or 

aspects of the program. The best single volume to date is John A. 

Salmond's The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case 

Study (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1967). For a view of the 

CCC from inside the National Park Service, see Conrad L. Wirth's Parks, 

Politics and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980). 

Additional works of interest can be found in the bibliography of this 

report. 

2. American Council on Education, Youth jn the CCC (Washington, 

D.C.: GPO, 1942), p. 15. 

1 
as the luxurious classes now are blind, to man's relations to the 

globe he lives on, and to the permanently sour and hard 

foundations of his higher life. To coal and iron mines, freight 

trains, to fishing fleets in December, to dishwashing, 

clothes-washing, and window-washing, to road-building and 

tunnel-making, to foundries and stoke-holes, and to the frames 

of skyscrapers, would our gilded youths be drafted off, 

according to their choice, to get the childishness knocked out 

of them, and to come back into society with healthier 

sympathies and soberer ideas. They would have paid their 

blood-tax, done their own part in the immemorial human warfare 

against nature; they would tread the earth more proudly, the 

women would value them more highly, they would be better 

fathers and teachers of the following generation. 

In 1915 conservationist George H. Maxwell proposed that young men be 

enrolled into a national construction corps to help in forests and plains 

conservation work, to fight forest fires and floods, and to reclaim swamp 

4 

and desert lands. 

Probably the greatest single impetus for implementing these ideas was the 

Great Depression, when unemployment rose from a little over 3 percent of 

the civilian work force (in 1929) to over 25 percent (in 1933). 

Unemployment among the nation's youth rose even faster than general 

unemployment. Not only were many young people unemployed, but 

5 

approximately 30 percent of those working had only part-time jobs. The 

administration of Herbert C. Hoover responded to the worsening economic 

3. John J. McDermott, ed. , The Writings of William James: A 

Comprehensive Edition (New York: Random House, 1967), p. 6cT9~! 

4. Salmond, pp. 4-5; and Arthur C. Ringland, "The Patriotism of 

Peace," American Forests 40(January 1934):3-4. 

5. Daniel Aaron, Richard Hofstadter, and William Miller, The United 

States: The History of a Republic, 2d ed. rev. (Englewood Cliffs, New 

Jersey: Prentice-Hall, IncTj TS67), pp. 706, 712, 713; and Milton 

Derber, "The New Deal and Labor," in The New Deal: The National 

Level, ed. John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody 

(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975), vol. 1, p. 123. 

2 
crisis by providing additional appropriations for construction of roads and 

trails in national parks and monuments and other public works, but these 

relief efforts failed to halt the economic slide of the nation. 

In 1932 Republican President Herbert Hoover was opposed in his 

reelection bid by Democratic nominee Franklin Delano Roosevelt. As a 

young man, Roosevelt had served as chairman of the Committee on 

Forests, Fish and Game in the New York state legislature. In that 

position he was able to spearhead the passage of the firs t New York 

legislation on supervised forestry. Roosevelt was elected governor of 

New York in 1928, and in 1929 he got the state legislature to pass laws to 

aid in county and state reforestation. In 1930 the legislature approved a 

plan to purchase abandoned or submarginal farm lands for reforestation. 

In 1931 the state government set up a temporary emergency relief 

administration, which hired the unemployed to work in reforestation 

projects clearing underbrush, fighting fires, controlling insects, 

constructing roads and trails, improving forest ponds and lakes, and 

developing recreation facilities. 

At the same time that Roosevelt had been establishing 

conservation/reforestation programs in New York, other states, including 

6. U.S. Congress, House, Emergency Construction of Public Works, 

Report 2104, 71st Cong., 3rd sess., 1930, pp. 3-4. 

7. John T. Gibbs, "Tree Planting Aids Unemployed," American Forests 

39(April 1933):195, 160, 161, 173; "Roosevelt and Forestry," American 

Forests 38(December 1932):633; Salmond, p. 8. For more detailed 

information on the Great Depression and Franklin Roosevelt, see Arthur 

Meier Schlesinger, Jr. , The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 1 , The Crisis of the 

Old Order, 1919-1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 195777 vol. 2, The 

Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), and vol. 3, 

The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960). Other works 

of interest are Frank Burt Freidel's Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3 vols. 

(Boston: Little Brown Co., 1952-195671 Rexford Gay Tugwell, The 

Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Garden 

City, New Jersey: Doubleday Co., 1957); and James MacGregor Burns, 

Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt Brace Co., 

1956). 

3 
California, Washington, Virginia, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and 

Indiana, were hiring or planning for the unemployed to do conservation 

work. The state of California, by 1932, had established 25 camps of 200 

men each to work in forests and watershed areas to fell snags, clear 

roadsides, construct firebreaks, and control insects. Governor Gifford 

Pinchot of Pennsylvania set up labor camps for young men to work on 

road construction and conservation work. A number of the governor's 

critics in the state legislature argued that this type of relief program was 

more costly than giving the money directly to needy recipients. Governor 

Pinchot reluctantly concurred that it was beyond the financial capability 

of the state and requested that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (a 

Hoover administration loan agency established to promote fiscal stability 

for the country) lend funds to Pennsylvania for this relief effort. The 

Hoover administration loaned money to the state on the condition that the 

conservation funds would be self-liquidating loans to be paid back in full 

o 

to the federal government. 

These various programs to have the unemployed do needed conservation 

work set the stage for Franklin D. Roosevelt's acceptance speech for the 

Democratic nomination for president on July 2, 1932. In the speech 

Roosevelt said, "Let us use common sense and business sense, and, just 

as one example, we know that a very hopeful and immediate means of 

relief, both for the unemployed and for agriculture, will come from a wide 

plan of the converting of many millions of acres of marginal and unused 

9 land into timber land through reforestation." 

8. "Forestry as Relief Aid to Unemployed Takes Limelight," American 

Forests 38(August 1932):469, 550; Richard C. Keller, "Pennsylvania's 

Little New Deal," in The New Deal: The State Level, ed. Braeman, 

Bremner, and Brody, vol. 2, p. 53; Basil Rauch, The History of the New 

Deal, 1933-1938 (New York: Creative Age Press, Inc., 19447, p. 71; 

"Forest Protection in the Emergency Relief Act," American Forests 38 

(September 1932):516; and Salmond, p. 5. 

9. "Forestry as Relief Aid," American Forests 38(August 1932):468. 

4 
At this time Roosevelt probably had no definite plans on how to implement 

such a program. During the presidential campaign, he corresponded with 

Gifford Pinchot and other interested conservationists and gave speeches 

in Atlanta and Boston calling for forest work for the unemployed. 

In August 1932 the Society of American Foresters advocated a program for 

the employment of men in national and state forests and national parks to 

do work on erosion, watershed protection, road and trail construction, 

10 

and fire protection projects. Roosevelt commented on this program: 

The excellent program adopted this year by the Society of 

American Foresters needs to be transplanted into more effective 

coordinated action by individual forest owners, the several 

States and the Nation. We need also, as I have said on other 

occasions, a soil survey of the entire Nation and a national 

land-use program. This has an important bearing on 

reforestation, which must be jointly a State and Federal 

concern, but with more effective encouragement, 1 from the 

Federal government than it has received in the past. 

After the presidential election in November, in which Roosevelt carried all 

but six states, he asked Secretary of Agriculture-designate Henry A. 

Wallace and Special Assistant to the President-elect Rexford G. Tugwell to 

approach Chief Forester Robert Y. Stuart with a request to develop a 

plan for the employment of 25,000 men in federally owned forests. While 

Stuart's plan was never implemented, Roosevelt used portions of it in 

formulating the CCC. In January 1933 the number of men that Roosevelt 

requested to be employed in forestry work increased from 25,000 to 

250,000 men. 1 2 

In December 1932 the Mississippi Forestry Association submitted a work 

plan to the Federal Finance Corporation that called for the federal 

10. Salmond, pp. 8, 9; and "Forestry as Relief Aid," American Forests 

38(August 1932):662. 

11. Roosevelt to Freeman, September 6, 1932, Record Group 35, National 

Archives (hereafter cited as RG, NA). 

12. Salmond, pp. 8-9. 

5 
government to acquire 1 million acres of deforested lands in each of 13 

southern states. The U.S. Army would recruit, equip, and administer 

40,000 men to construct roads, thin and plant trees, and promote good 

forestry practices, and the tax money on these lands for five years would 

be paid to the local districts who would pay for the work. The men 

chosen would be between 18 and 30 years of age, and they would receive 

$1 a day plus subsistence. The firs t phase of this work was expected to 

last for two years and consist of constructing roads, trails, and 

firebreaks on these lands. After this was accomplished, good forestry 

practices and management would be introduced in these areas. This 

program would help preserve game and fish habitat, replenish depleted 

forest lands, and prevent flooding. Another proposal, described in 

American Forests (a magazine published by the American Forestry 

Association and widely read by conservationists), was to employ 35,000 

men on a 10-year program to increase the recreational value of state 

13 forest lands and apply fire prevention techniques. 

In January 1933 Hoover's Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde 

submitted a report to New York Senator Robert W. Wagner that proposed 

a month's work for 2 million men in forest areas of the country and 

temporary employment of another million men in national parks and on 

Indian reservations. Also in January Republican Senator James Couzens 

from Michigan introduced a bill that would authorize the Army to house, 

feed, and clothe unemployed youths between the ages of 17 and 24 at 

military posts. The measure was bitterly opposed by the military 

authorities and quickly dropped. It did, however, serve to warn the 

military that it might play a role in future programs for relief for the 

14 unemployed. 

13. "A Forest Work Plan to Relieve Unemployment," American 

Forests 38(December 1932):662; A.B. Recknagel, "Woodland Work for the 

Unemployed," American Forests 38(September 1932):494; and Wirth, 

Parks, Politics and the People, p. 73. 

14. "A Month's Work for Two Million Men," American Forests 39 

(February 1933):88-89. 

6 
ESTABLISHMENT 

Franklin Delano Roosevelt took the oath of office as the 32nd president of 

the United States on March 4, 1933. He brought to that office a desire 

to conserve both the natural and human resources of the nation. In his 

inaugural address he only indirectly referred to the planned conservation 

program, but on March 9 he called a conference with the secretaries of 

agriculture, interior, and war, the director of the budget, the Army's 

judge advocate general, and the solicitor for the Department of the 

Interior to discuss the program's outline. The president wanted the 

Army to recruit 500,000 men and run the conditioning camps for them; 

the men were then to be transferred to work camps, where the 

Departments of Agriculture and Interior would oversee the actual work 

projects and camps. He asked that a draft bill be submitted to him for 

consideration by that evening. Edward Finney, the solicitor for the 

Department of the Interior, and Colonel Kyle Rucken, the Army's judge 

advocate general, worked all day and brought him an outline by 9:00 

p.m. This unemployment relief bill called for the employment of men on 

public works projects and conservation tasks. On March 13, 1933, this 

bill was introduced in Congress, but it was immediately withdrawn 

15 because of opposition and the need for modifications. 

Still determined to establish a conservation work program for unemployed 

youth, Roosevelt directed the secretaries of interior, war, and agriculture 

to meet on March 15 to work out the precise details of the program. The 

secretaries recommended that unemployment be eased by three methods: 

first, through direct relief grants to the states; second, by a large 

public works program; and third , by a carefully designed soil 

erosion/forestry work program. These ideas were accepted, for the most 

15. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 73; Salmond, pp. 9-10; 

Charles William Johnson, "The Civilian Conservation Corps: The Role of 

the Army," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1968), p. 8; 

U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, Doc. 216, 77th Cong., 2d 

sess., 1942, p. 17; and "Roosevelt Shapes Unemployment Program for 

$500,000,000 Outlay on Improvements," The New York Times, March 12, 

1933, p. 1. 

7 
part, and incorporated into "an act for the relief of unemployment 

through the performance of useful public work, and for other purposes." 

This legislation was resubmitted to Congress on March 21. It stipulated 

that the unemployed could work for the prevention of forest fires and for 

soil erosion, flood control, removal of undesirable plants, insect control, 

and construction or maintenance of paths, tracks, and fire lanes on 

public lands. In return, those enrolled in this program would be 

provided with appropriate clothing, daily subsistence, medical attention, 

16 hospitalization, and a cash allowance. 

This legislation was accompanied by Roosevelt's proposal for emergency 

conservation work. He believed that such work would not interfere with 

normal employment and that if the legislation was passed within two 

weeks, 250,000 men could be given temporary employment by early 

summer. He summed up the bill in the following manner: 

This enterprise is an established part of our national policy. It 

will conserve our precious natural resources. It will pay 

dividends to the present and future generations. It will make 

improvements in National and State domains which have been 

largely forgotten in the past few years of industrial 

development. 

More important, however, than the material gains will be the 

moral and spiritual value of such work. The overwhelming 

majority of unemployed Americans, who are now walking the 

streets and receiving private or public relief, would infinitely 

prefer to work. We can take a vast army of these unemployed 

out into healthful surroundings. We can eliminate to some 

extent at least the threat that enforced idleness brings to 

spiritual and moral stability. It is not a panacea for all the 

16. Schlesinger, The Coming of the New Deal, p. 337; Salmond, 

pp. 11-12; Johnson, pp. 5-6; U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook for 

Agencies Selecting Men for Emergency Conservation Work (Washington: 

GPO, 1933), no page; "Jobless Aid Bill Near Completion," The New York 

Times, March 14, 1933, p. 20; and "Farm and Job Bills to Go to 

Congress," The New York Times, March 14, 1933, p. 20. The complete 

text of this act as passed on March 31, 1933, can be found in appendix A 

of this report. 

8 
unemployment buUi t is an essential step in this emergency. I 

ask its adoption. 

William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, voiced his 

opposition to the proposal in the joint Senate and House labor committee 

hearings on the bill on March 23. Green believed that the Army's 

supervision of the enrollees would lead to the militarization of American 

youth. Major General Douglas MacArthur, responding for the Army, 

stressed that enrollees would not be given military training or be 

subjected to military discipline. General MacArthur further pointed out 

that after 2 to 4 weeks the recruits would be transported from the 

conditioning camps to the work sites, where they would be under the 

supervision of personnel from the Departments of Agriculture and 

. . . 18 Interior. 

Two additional issues discussed in the hearings were enrollment 

stipulations and wages. The bill, commonly called the Federal 

Unemployment Relief Act, set the enlistment period at one year, with the 

stipulation that no discharges would be given except under rules that the 

president was to approve. The pay was set at $30 a month, and the 

enrollee was compelled to provide an allotment to any dependents. No age 

limits on enrollment or provisions against married men were established. 

Green objected that the $30 wage would drive down the wages of forest 

19 workers. 

Following the hearings the president called the joint committee members to 

the White House to explain his position on the issues. The result was 

17. U.S. House, Committee on Labor, Message from the President of the 

United States on Unemployment Relief, Doc. 6, 73rd Cong., 1st sess., 

March 21, 1933, p. 2. 

18. Stan Cohen, The Tree Army: A Pictorial History of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, 1933-1942 (Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories 

Publishing Co., 1980), p. 6; U.S. House, Recommendations for the 

Enactment of Legislation Making the Civilian Conservation Corps a 

Permanent Agency, Doc. 196, 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937; and Salmond, 

pp. 6-7, 12, 14. 

19. Salmond, pp. 12-15, 19-21, 23; and Johnson, pp. 6-8. 

9 
that when the bill was brought up for debate in the Senate, the 

provisions concerning enrollment and wages had been replaced by a 

sentence that allowed the president to establish whatever stipulations were 

necessary for program operations . The Senate approved the bill on 

March 28, with a provision that the authorit y granted by thi s bill would 

end after two years , and sent it to the House. Some concern was 

expressed by the representatives that the cost of the program was 

estimated to be $1,000 per man per year. Also, since the funds for thi s 

program were to come from already budgeted publi c wor k funds , some 

congressmen believed they might lose funding for projects in their 

districts . These congressmen were convinced by the Roosevelt 

administration to vote for the measure. The Republicans attempted to 

amend the bill by setting the basic wage at $50 a month. After some 

debate thi s amendment went down to defeat. Congressman Oscar 

DePriest, a black Republican from Illinois , introduced an amendment 

prohibiting discrimination on enrollee selection based on race, color, or 

creed, which was passed by the House of Representatives. The amended 

bill was passed and sent back to the Senate. The Senate passed the 

amended bill by a voice vote, and the president signed the legislation into 

20 law on March 31. 

As President Roosevelt signed the bill , he commented that he would like 

to see the program begin in two weeks. On Apri l 3, representatives of 

the Departments of War, Labor, Interior, and Agricultur e gathered at the 

White House to discuss policy and implement the legislation, and President 

Roosevelt enumerated the duties of each agency. The Department of 

Labor was to initiate a nationwide recruiting program ; the Arm y was to 

condition and transport enrollees to the wor k camps; and the Park 

Service and Forest Service were to operate the camps and supervise the 

wor k assignments. 

20. "Points of Firs t Roosevelt Bill Aimed at Unemployment Relief," The 

New Yor k Times, March 22, 1933, p. 1; "The President's Message," The 

New Yor k Times, March 22, 1933, p. 2; and "Roosevelt Asks Congress to 

Make Work for 250,000: Form Bill Foes Unappeased," The New Yor k 

Times, March 22, 1933, pp. 1-2. 

10 
(The Army' s role was expanded when Park Service Director Horace 

Albright and Forest Service Chief Forester Robert Stuart realized that 

their agencies did not have enough men, equipment, or experience to 

operate the wor k camps 24 hour s a day , so the Arm y was designated to 

operate and supervise the camps while the Park Service and Forest 

21 Service were to be responsible for the wor k projects.) The president 

announced that Robert Fechner would be the director of the Emergency 

Conservation Work (ECW), as the Civilian Conservation Corps was 

officiall y called. The press , however, continued to use the title Civilian 

22 Conservation Corps and the name was officiall y changed to thi s in 1937. 

During the Apri l 3 meeting it was also decided that the initial enrollment 

f or the conservation wor k would be limited to single men between the ages 

of 18 and 25 who were willing to send up to $25 of their $30 wage check 

to their families. The president insisted that each camp be composed of 

200 men doing wor k programs designed to last for six months and that he 

personally approve the camp locations and wor k assignments. Both the 

2 1. Albright to Field Officers , Apri l 13, 1933, RG 79, NA; Salmond, 

p. 39; Associate Director to Dorr, ca. 1933, RG 79, NA; Johnson, 

p p. 92-93; and Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 83. The Arm y 

divided up the countr y into nine administrative unit s known as corps 

headquarters . These were located in Boston, Massachusetts; New Yor k 

City , New York ; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New Orleans , Louisiana; 

Chicago, Illinois ; Kansas City , Missouri; Seattle, Washington; San 

Antonio, Texas ; and San Francisco, California. 

22. "The Civilian Conservation Corps," American Forests 41 (September 

1935):530; Salmond, pp. 29-31; Statement of Mr. Robert Fechner, 

Director of Emergency Conservation Work with Regard to the Proposed 

Bill for Making the Civilian Conservation Corps Permanent, ca. 1937, 

Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps , RG 35, NA; "Roosevelt Signs 

Forest Jobs Bill, " The New Yor k Times, Apri l 1, 1933, p. 6. Robert 

Fechner was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1876. He dropped out 

of school at the age of sixteen and became a machinist's apprentice. He 

became active in union activities in 1901 and in 1914 was elected to the 

General Executive Board of the International Association of Machinists; he 

later became a vice president of that organization. He held thi s position 

when contacted by representatives of the president on March 22, 1933, to 

become director of the Emergency Conservation Work. He served in that 

capacity unti l his death on December 31, 1939. 

11 
Forest Service and the Park Service opposed the 200-man quota because 

many of their jobs required fewer men. But they modified their programs 

to conform with presidential wishes. Another stipulation was that the 

bul k of the funds spent be on labor costs relating to wor k projects and 

not for the procurement of expensive equipment—that is , a bulldozer was 

not to be purchased, because there were enough men to do the same 

work . The program was to be started in the East and extended to the 

res t of the countr y as quickl y as possible. The Park Service would be 

allowed to hire a limited number of skilled local men known as locally 

employed men (LEM). For these men the marriage and age stipulations 

would be waived. The bul k of the wor k force, however, was to be taken 

23 from the unemployed in large urban population centers . 

The discussions at the Apri l 3 meeting formed the basis for Executive 

Order 6101, which was issued on Apri l 5 to officiall y commence the ECW. 

The executive order appointed Fechner as the director of the Emergency 

Conservation Work and set up an advisor y council consisting of 

representatives from the Departments of Labor, Interior, Agriculture, and 

War. The advisor y council was to provide a forum for discussing policy 

matters . Each department would send one representative and an assistant 

to each meeting. The decisions of the advisor y council were not binding 

upon the director; his decisions could onl y be vetoed by the president. 

The firs t advisor y council representatives were W. Frank Persons, 

director of the United States Employment Service from the Department of 

Labor; Robert Y. Stuart, chief forester of the United States Forest 

Service from the Department of Agriculture; Colonel Duncan K. Major, 

General Staff Operations and Training Division from the Department of 

War; and Horace M. Albright, director of the National Park Service from 

the Department of the Interior, who was shortl y succeeded by Arno B. 

23. Albright to Field Officers , Apri l 8, 1933, RG 79, NA; Wirth, Parks , 

Politics and the People, p. 86; "Fechner to Direc t Forestation Work," The 

New Yor k Times, Apri l 4, 1933, p. 15, and Salmond, p. 30. Roosevelt's 

insistence that the CCC camps have 200 men led the Forest Service and 

Park Service to request that side camps of smaller numbers of men be 

established to accomplish specific tasks . Thi s led to a confrontation with 

the Arm y which will be more full y discussed later in thi s report. 

12 
Cammerer. (Albright resigned as NPS director on Augus t 10, 1933, and 

was replaced by Cammerer.) Later the Veterans Administration, the 

Office of Indian Affairs , and the Office of Education sent representatives 

to the meetings. The following ECW organizational chart shows the 

relationship of the ECW, the advisor y council, and the departments and 

i ^ 24 agencies involved. 

On Apri l 5 the ECW advisor y council convened for its firs t official 

meeting, and plans were developed for the enrollment of the firs t 25,000 

youths . W. Frank Persons, the representative from the Department of 

Labor, had also contacted representatives from 17 of the country' s largest 

cities to meet in Washington on Apri l 5 to develop regulations for 

selecting enrollees. On Apri l 7 Henr y Rich of Alexandria, Virginia, was 

inducted as the firs t enrollee and sent to Camp Roosevelt near Luray , 

Virginia, which was under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service. By 

Apri l 12 Colorado and Colonial national monuments, Sequoia, Yosemite, Hot 

Springs , Mesa Verde, and Great Smokies national parks , and the 

proposed Acadia and Shenandoah national park s notified the Park Service 

Washington staff that they were prepared to make wor k assignments for 

ECW enrollees. On Apri l 25 Director Fechner announced that ECW camps 

would be placed in Skyland and Big Meadows in the proposed Shenandoah 

25 National Park . 

President Roosevelt's goal to have 250,000 youths at wor k in the nation's 

park s and forest s by Jul y 1 worked a tremendous strain on the staffs of 

24. U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps , p. 19; U.S. Department 

of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, Civilian 

Conservation Corps (Washington: GPO, n.d. ) p. 1; "Roosevelt Issues 

Forest Job Order," The New Yor k Times, Apri l 6, 1933, p. 6. The 

complete tex t of Executive Order 6106 can be found in appendix A. 

25. Cohen, p. 7; U.S. Department of Labor, "Selection of Men for the 

Civilian Conservation Corps," Monthly Labor Review 40(May 1935): 1162; 

Albright to Field Officers , Apri l 8, 1933, RG 79, NA; Wirth, Parks , 

Politics and the People, pp. 83-84; Albright to all Superintendent s and 

Monument Custodians , Augus t 9, 1933, Box 1, A98, Harper's Ferr y 

Center; and Salmond, p. 31, 36-37. 

13 
-sJ 

EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WOR K 

THE PRESIDENT 

FIARA D. HmuM, CAM lm*m 

VMl fCRQMUWriV M CWWMNlWI A 

RAJIFA A cmARKy iHni M M A 

FJtttCENCT CXMSEMIKM M M 

DAd ARAMM A) FmAMCy CyiulKllilll MM , 

ttSSriWTS 

tAM* 1 RtfRa. Fjacw* M M 

0*H»H Tnki. lliiinAltii M M 

Mr tt lamAR, lAma M M 

WHSOMCOUO. 

Ca tana I MM. Mr MMMM MM j I. 

nono M. nMnjWi, DipntHMt Go on IIMKHI WP^MWHPH . 

MM • V. SMt dpi II A Im M M i ll"» I 

«. FrM PARA, IMKMM I A LAM rmmiuM. 

CA I W am . M m CHI m m So n RHARARMJ. 

KTMnmnor M MTEMI 

IWLmMM 

OMMM 

ommenvum 

MMmlMM 

». M M > DMM I hm M 

MHaMMd M fiwtMiiRAJAIRAM. 

ana or am COOUMFOI 

Mi I M T. I Cnm. CM Cll MM 

CM. i «. am. M M cm en i m 

MM I A MM 4 MMM 

atmnwan or toncuttwE 

miMMSa M 

« M ot"*TbQFT 

IMal oMMi m M M 

M M 

ana or CUB or Finwct 

MMFmmtwcmm 

M M A MM b M M M M MMM tr 

M M A UM>IIII fiinr Hi. MM AM MUM 

MMaMlM Ini li iil IRIIAIIIIIIIM MM M 

AM MM k Mioa toMi. pate « AM a*i in *m 

M M A (MMMtMAMM n 

•Ma n m m i t MM M m H I M M m 

pmU M if m Mb H i M dKMMb FAERR 

M M b bl MbMar M PNOMMM MM L 

U. 1 FOIFESF SCINICC 

MM « 1. SMI CM MM . 

c. • OM , M T b M M 

.AilMilllAt, in Aid cMfM A 

caim wt ia CMMMbj Mt b 

M b M M Sbb FmM M MMi 

MM 

OfrlC Or MUM AFFMB 

M» CAM. Cll II 

M A M 

Cr.tli.IMi. 

OMeM A M M EimMCT 

GMMMfcM WoiL. 

M T a eta* A riiibitH. 

b i m M AIMMA A M M A 

AARRI A ARM IIIHIIIAAI 

MUM . u w OFFICE 

lA.ran . CAAAMAM 

I C AM* CMA M FAR M 

MTICIAt rm SFJMCE 

Hnct H. flc*>r*|M. FJMCAAT 

M l D. CXTRR. MT b Ilit A 

RRRRRRA. A M M cMp ta b 

CAbAAAlilAlib. MMAIMAA ) 

PRA M AM FAR. 

o m i or CHEF OF STUFF 

OA. OAAAI l MM. OlIlUlllll III III bi n 

T trYCWPfft OrlWbJfl CVpi Mt# CQffbXTbjAbMjfA gfKlrf B 

(JBB , « tt pb-yiJCai ca^tiawit, fj*»p cfKitott, wc*» 

H cor* * m lMtB»»-n u » mi&m* mt rtjx» 

•atria * 

MTWBi FWEST WW 

t. A. SMfBiR, MHC rOmjCi' 

0. A JFMJA. M t b CbA. M M 

Tab AMAAAI br M AM AAAM 

baton. 

STATE FOFSST MO MMIE LOB 

MM 

FrM bAlAI. M T M b 

M At AM IbARa ExntoL 

STATE r«« wait 

COAM L FATA. M l DAydA. 

AAAAPAtSAM 

rt*LATft EviAtM, SbfAfTFAAAf 

IM SOFA *MM MA MA M l Dbtbb 

AM AAA A ' CAM OHM 

tUFOIM. TUX IJOM 

A I. Cl I 11 II. MFC OM M 

A L OAHMI. * . M t OACM 

IMF Til HI 

0. 0 IMA. CM Cart It t DA 

TM C TIM. CM acaad. 

C t IMAM FAT> r 0. DA. 

AM : HA, CM FAMR 

Ma 0 OAAAA FM CA M CM * 

IOOF KcaiwiEA, SEIECTER m awaamm 

fttk jMfmWmtmttti Ml M0RM I FMH M RRW H f&-

A M b AMJA, M M M A A I A M lllllllbp 

AadicAAbaibalAAAHAAAaMb CAM 

.RIIII luilnli. MA M AM MM * A» Ml A AA 

A AAR A AAA A AA M A MM M ARC B AAA 

AAIAU A 

CDOKAHIAO OFIXFJI 

AAAM FAAM1 M Parti I AllAil 

tUBOA OFFICE! 

CAJ ATI HI A FARM A C C » A Alt * M 

AAAA|IAAAMllll|lllllllbtA>AM 

•UAAAA A AM AAAM A At TAM SAAB 

M lAt MM i ARARAT AJAHRRRR. 
the administering agencies. The technical agencies, as the Forest Service 

and Park Service were referred to, were hampered by the overwhelming 

number of enrollees recruited, approval of wor k assignments, and 

restrictiv e policies regarding .campsite selection. The NPS staff often 

worked 16 hours a day and seven days a week. By May 10 a crisi s point 

had been reached, and it appeared that the president' s objectives would 

not be met. The ECW advisor y council worked up a program calling for 

more latitude of action and exemption from some government regulations . 

Thi s program was brought before President Roosevelt on May 12 and 

• A u- 26 

received his concurrence. 

During thi s early mobilization period, three new enrollment categories 

were opened. On Apri l 14 enrollment privileges were extended to 

American Indians , who were generally allowed to go to their wor k projects 

on a daily basis and retur n home at night. On Apri l 22 enrollment was 

opened to locally employed men. On May 11 veterans of World War I were 

permitted to join the ECW. These enrollees, men in their 30s and 40s, 

were granted special camps, operated on a more lenient basis than the 

regular camps, and were selected by the Veterans Administration rather 

27 than the Labor Department. 

By mid-May the Park Service was prepared for 12,600 men to be employed 

within national park s and monuments in 63 approved camps. On May 11 

the firs t three camps officiall y began operation when young men were sent 

from Fort Monroe, Virginia, to the proposed Shenandoah National Park 

and to Yorktown in Colonial National Monument. Another 10 park s 

26. ECW, Two Years of Emergency Conservation Work ( Civilian 

Conservation Corps), Apri l 5 - March 31, 1935 by Robert Fechner 

(Washington: GPO, 1935), pp. 8, 11; James F. Kieley, The CCC 

(Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 10; "Roosevelt Order s 275,000 Men to 

Conservation Work Camps by Jul y 1, " American Forests 39(June 

1933):272-273; U.S. Dept. of the Interior, "Office of National Parks , 

Buildings , and Reservations," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report of 

the Secretar y of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1933 

(Washington: GPO, 1933), pp. 154-155; Wirth, Parks , Politics and the 

People, pp. 89-91, 94, 107; and Salmond, pp. 31-32, 37-41. 

27. Salmond, p. 31, 36-37; and Cohen, p. 7. 

15 
planned on opening their camps in May and June. By the end of May 

ECW enrollees were boarded on trains in Fort Monroe and Fort Meade, 

Maryland, for their camp destinations in' the Rocky Mountain states. By 

June a total of 50 camps were authorized for NPS areas, and later another 

20 camps were authorized and manned. Eight of these 70 camps were in 

militar y park s and monuments, which at that time were administered by 

the War Department. Before the end of the firs t enrollment period 

(June 1 to September 30, 1933), these areas became part of the national 

par k system. By Jul y 1 approximately 34,000 youths were enrolled in 172 

emergency conservation camps in 35 states. The nationwide quota of 

250,000 recruits , which included the NPS quota, was achieved by thi s 

date, but the average number of enrollees in NPS camps during the firs t 

28 period was 36 below the presidential ideal of 200 worker s per camp. 

At thi s time, state par k development was in its infancy . In 1921 onl y 19 

states had had any kind of state par k system. By 1925 all 48 states had 

begun to formulate par k development plans , but the depression had halted 

most of their developmental work . The Park Service had maintained a 

friendl y relationship with the states, but had established no formal 

organization to help set up a state park s program. The state park s 

division of the ECW developed such an organization and gave the Park 

Service a chance to oversee the state park s systems. During the firs t 

enrollment period, 105 ECW camps were assigned to state park s projects 

in 26 states. The Park Service supplied or employed technicians , using 

ECW funds , to assist in the development and planning of the state park s 

systems. Recreational parks , wildlife conservation projects , and historical 

29 restoration programs within the states were begun under thi s program . 

28. "50 Forest Camps Chosen for Corps," The New Yor k Times, 

Apri l 12, 1933, p. 2; Department of the Interior Press Release, Apri l 25, 

1933, RG 79, NA; and Salmond, pp. 31-32, 37-41. For a complete listing 

of NPS camps, see appendix C. 

29. Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, pp. 76, 172; Cohen, p. 91; 

and Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA. 

16 
By Jul y President Roosevelt had not indicated whether he would excercise 

his option to extend the ECW. The Park Service proceeded on the 

assumption that the wor k would be continued for at least another six 

months and determined which camps could be operated in the winter 

months and which camps could be operated in the summer of 1934. Since 

it was expected that the ECW" camps would become touris t attractions 

during the summer months , the Park Service directed that camp officials 

be available on weekends to answer questions from the public . Park 

Service officials in Washington directed field officer s to issue press 

releases to local newspapers as to the wor k being done by the ECW in an 

effort to rall y support for the continuation of the ECW. It was further 

requested that the Washington office be furnished material for general 

news releases. To inform the publi c of the benefits of the ECW, NPS 

Chief of the Division of Public Relations Isabelle T . Stor y wrote a 

pamphlet entitled "National Parks and Emergency Conservation," which 

described the conservation wor k being conducted in the national par k 

areas. In it she estimated that a ECW camp would spend $5,000 per 

month in local markets , giving a substantial boost to the local economy 

and adding millions of dollars nationally when clothing, equipment, and 

other supplies were purchased for the conservation work . The ECW 

received favorable publi c comment and on Augus t 19, 1933, President 

Roosevelt announced that the ECW camps were authorized to continue for 

another six months , with the second enrollment period from October 1, 

1933, to March 31, 1934. The enlistment goal was 300,000 men, 25,000 of 

whom were to be veterans and an equal number to be LEMs. The 

president wanted all enrollees who had served a year in the ECW to be 

"mustered out" and replacements selected; however, some enrollees were 

allowed to reenlist for thi s second period. (Eventuall y an enrollee was 

allowed to remain in the ECW for a maximum of two years.) To fil l 

vacancies, the government set the months of January , April , July , and 

October as the time to make enrollment selections. Applications could be 

30 made any time during the year. 

30. U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook, p. 7; U.S. Department of the 

Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work (GPO, n.d.) , pp. 

17 
Before the winter of 1933 some ECW camps in severe climates were moved 

to southern areas and other camps were relocated closer to park 

headquarters. If the Army or the Park Service objected to a particular 

camp remaining open during the winter months, the camp was closed until 

the following summer. The summer tent camps gradually were replaced 

by more substantial wooden structures, although tents continued to be 

used for the side camps for which the Park Service was responsible. 

(Side camps--small temporary camps to support work projects in remote 

31 

areas--were firs t authorized by Roosevelt in July 1933.) 

The work undertaken by the ECW during its firs t year included forest 

improvement projects, construction and maintenance of fire breaks, 

clearing of campgrounds and trails, construction of fire and 

recreation-related structures, road and trail building, forest fire 

suppression, survey work, plant eradication, erosion control, bridge 

building, flood control, tree disease control, insect control, campground 

construction, and landscaping. These projects were done in national 

parks and in state parks, with more rigid planning, inspections, and 

supervision being given to those projects proposed for national parks and 

monuments. Within the National Park Service, ECW enrollees provided 

guide services and other park tasks in the military areas transferred from 

30. (Con'd) 12-13; American Youth Commission of the American Council 

on Education, The Civilian Conservation Corps (n.p , n.d.), pp. 6-8; 

Salmond, pp. 110-111; "Plans Shaping to Continue Emergency Forestry 

Through Winter," American Forests 39(September 1933):420; Demaray to 

Field Officers, August 1, 1933, RG 79, NA; Department of the Interior, A 

Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, p. 2; Department of the Interior 

Press Release, August 31, 1933, RG 79, NA; "The C.C.C. Begins a New 

Year," American Forests 40(April 1934):178; and U.S. Department of 

Labor, "Eight Years of CCC Operations, 1933 to 1941," Monthly Labor 

Review 52(June 1941): 1406. 

31. C.R. French, "A Workable Plan for Prefabricated Housing," American 

Forests 46(November 1940):512-513; "Plans Shaping to Continue 

Emergency Forestry Work Through Winter," American Forests 

39(September 1933):420; "Civilian Conservation Corps Recruits for New 

Period," American Forests 39(November 1933):516; and, Emergency 

Conservation Work (National Park Service Circular 38) Winter Camps, 

July 26, 1933, RG 79, NA, p. 1. 

18 
the War Department. During 1933 the bul k of the wor k was accomplished 

32 in the months of July , August, and September. 

THE EARLY YEARS 

The challenge of beginning an effective ECW program/organization was met 

in 1933. The nex t year saw the growt h and expansion of the ECW, along 

with relaxed restrictions on employing LEMs and the types of jobs that 

33 could be accomplished using ECW labor. Park superintendent s and 

project supervisor s were allowed more freedom in hiring local men. The 

projects that ECW worker s were permitted to undertake were expanded, 

and job specifications such as the acceptable widt h of roads and trail s 

were liberalized. Also in 1934, the Park Service began a program of 

hiring college student s in specialized fields to serve as technical advisors 

(see chapter 2 for more details). Sixty-one camps in NPS areas and 239 

state camps existed in 32 states by the end of March 1934. By October 

the expansion of the ECW program gave the Park Service a total of 102 

camps in national park s and monument areas and 263 camps administered 

under the state park s program . 

32. "Public Works Program includes Many Conservation Projects," 

American Forests 39(November 1933):516; "10,000 Replacements" American 

Forests 39(Augus t 1933):370; U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook p. 12; 

Department of the Interior, "Office of National Parks , Buildings , and 

Reservations," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal 

Year Ended June 30, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), pp. 157, 180; 

Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, November 7, 1933, RG 79, 

NA; and Ickes to Fechner, Apri l 29, 1933, RG 95, NA. The entire 

listing of wor k performed by the ECW can be found in appendix E. 

33. Demaray to Dorr, March 27, 1934, RG 79, NA, p. 1. 

34. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," in 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: 

GPO, 1934), pp. 168-169; National Park Service Press Release, 

Januar y 20, 1934, RG 79, NA; Department of the Interior Press Release, 

Augus t 15, 1934, RG 79, NA; and "Many CCC Men Aid Parks," The New 

Yor k Times, Jul y 8, 1934, p. 13. 

19 
In mid-December 1933, the ECW program was extended to the territor y of 

Hawaii, and in Januar y 1934, the Park Service enrolled men for Hawaii 

National Park . The superintendent of Hawaii National Park and the 

governor of Hawaii administered thi s ECW program . The NPS 

superintendent had a civilian camp director under his authorit y who 

operated the camps. Under the camp director was the project 

superintendent, who took care of the men out in the field. The enrollees 

worked both from camps (i n Hawaii National Park ) and from their homes. 

In December of that year the program was expanded to the Virgi n Islands 

and was administered by the Park Service in a manner similar to the 

Hawaiian program . At that time the Park Service also was responsible for 

supervision of some ECW projects of the Tennessee Valley Authorit y and 

35 six drought relief camps for the Bureau of Reclamation. 

In the firs t two years of the ECW, it was forbidden to wor k outside par k 

boundaries . To successfully conduct campaigns to provide insect control , 

reduce fir e hazards , construc t trails , provide disease control , and other 

fores t protection measures, however, it proved necessary to expand the 

wor k beyond par k or monument boundaries onto U.S. Forest Service land, 

privat e land, or the publi c domain. When thi s occurred, the individual 

case was evaluated and permission granted by the Office of the Director 

of the Emergency Conservation Work. In early 1935 the custodian of 

Devils Tower National Monument requested permission to conduct fores t 

protection wor k beyond the monument's boundaries , and routine approval 

was granted by Fechner's office. The incident, however, prompted 

Director Cammerer to seek a broad agreement by which the Park Service 

35. Hawaii National Park Press Release, ca. 1936, RG 79, NA; U.S. 

Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps , p. 20; Conference of 

Superintendent s and Field Officers , November 19-23, 1934, RG 79, NA, 

p p. 145, 152-153; ECW, Thir d Report of the Director of Emergency 

Conservation Work for the Period Apri l \ , 1934, to September 30, 1934 by 

Robert Fechner (Washington: GPO, 1934), p. 28; ECW, Report of the 

Director of Emergency Conservation Work from the Period Extending from 

April , 1933, to June 30, 1935 by Robert Fechner (Washington: GPO, 

1935), p. 38; Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA; and 

Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, Januar y 10, 1934, RG 79, 

NA. 

20 
itself could determine if the conservation wor k justified going beyond 

par k boundaries . Director Fechner approved thi s request on May 20, 

1935. 3 6 

Prior to the end of the congressional authorization for the ECW in 1935, 

President Roosevelt notified Director Fechner that he would ask Congress 

to extend the program , as he believed it had proved beneficial to both 

the nation and American youth. Congressional passage of the Emergency 

Relief Appropriation Ac t of 1935 on Apri l 8, 1935, extended the ECW unti l 

March 31, 1937. President Roosevelt then issued a directive on Apri l 10 

for the ECW enrollment to become 600,000 workers , doubling its size. To 

accomplish thi s expansion, the maximum age limit was raised to 28 and the 

minimum lowered to 17. More than 300,000 youths needed to be 

recruited. The Park Service was given permission to employ 120,000 and 

later 150,000 men on projects . Thi s expanded ECW camps inside and 

outside national par k and monument areas and resulted in hiring 

additional personnel to assist in the administrative work . The pre-ECW 

NPS staff consisted of 6,192 people. To help administer the ECW program 

another 7,422 people exclusive of enrollees were hired by the end of June 

37 1935. 

Even as the enrollment in the ECW was being doubled, President 

Roosevelt began to think in terms of reducing the size of the corps and 

making it a permanent organization. On September 25, 1935, he 

36. Cammerer to Fechner, May 20, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

37. Cochran to Ickes, November 14, 1935, RG 79, NA; "President 

Roosevelt to Request Continuation of the Civilian Conservation Corps," 

American Forests 40(November 1934):540; James F. Kieley, The CCC 

p. 14; U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps , p. 94; ECW, Two Years 

of Emergency Conservation Work , p. 1; U.S. House, Draft of a Proposed 

Provision, Emergency Relief Appropriation Ac t of 1935, 74th Cong., 1st 

sess., Doc. 192, 1935, p. 2; "President Order s the Civilian Conservation 

Corps Doubled," American Forests 41 (May 1935):232; "C.C.C . Ordered to 

Prepare for New Period," American Forests 41(Apri l 1935):178; "President 

Widens Authorit y of PWA," The New Yor k Times, June 6, 1935, p. 6; and 

"C.C.C . Expansion Gets Under Way," American Forests 41(June 

1935):286. The recruiting driv e for 600,000 fell short of thi s goal by a 

little over 90,000 men. Still thi s figur e represented the zenith of CCC 

enrollment. 

21 
instructed Fechner to begin reducing the ECW to 300,000 men by June 1, 

1936. To implement thi s instruction, the Park Service had to drop 68 

camps from the winter operation schedule and 61 camps for the summer 

period of 1936. Conrad L. Wirth, head of the NPS state park s program , 

believed that the camp cuts would result in a similar reduction in the 

inspection staff, and he directed the ECW administrative officers to 

evaluate their camp inspectors to determine who should be retained. The 

enrollment cuts were to be accomplished by attrition. As the camp 

reduction became known to the public , the president, faced with mounting 

public opposition, slightl y modified his position and allowed the ECW to 

continue enrollment at 350,000; however, he continued working toward 

38 further camp reductions . 

At the same time the firs t effort s were made to make the ECW a 

permanent government agency. To bolster arguments in support of such 

an agency , Wirth instructed regional, state, and par k officials to be 

ready to show congressmen the wor k already accomplished by the ECW 

and to explain the wor k remaining to be done. Herbert Evison, Wirth's 

assistant, asked that photographs of wor k accomplished be sent to the 

Washington Office in case they were needed during the congressional 

39 hearing on the ECW. 

The continuing reduction in ECW enrollee quotas led to further camp 

closures . In Apri l of 1936 the Park Service was notified by Director 

Fechner that its quota had been reduced from 446 to 340 camps. To 

implement thi s reduction, par k areas in which several camps existed were 

38. Salmond, pp. 58-59, 63-64; "President Announces New Program for 

Civilian Conservation Corps," American Forests 41 (October 1935): 600; 

Wirth to Al l Regional Officers , November 5, 1935, RG 79, NA; "To Cut 

CCC Enrollment," The New Yor k Times, December 2, 1935, p. 6; "Will 

Close 389 CCC Camps," The New Yor k Times, December 12, 1935, p. 8; 

Tolson to Director National Park Service, January 27, 1936, RG 79, NA; 

Wirth to Director National Park Service, January 27, 1936, RG 79, NA; 

and "Roosevelt Order s CCC Cuts Modified," The New Yor k Times, 

March 22, 1936, p. 10. 

39. Wirth to All Regional Officers , November 5, 1935, RG 79, NA; and, 

Evison to Thir d Regional Office, November 13, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

22 
forced to lose a camp. Then in May. the Park Service was directed to 

reduce the total number of state and NPS camps by 20. (Chief Historian 

Verne E. Chatelain complained that the cuts fell most heavily on the NPS 

camps and iess severely on the state parks program.) Not only was the 

number of camps reduced, but the number of enrollees for each camp 

averaged 160 men compared to the earlier 200-man camps. Also the 

student technical advisors were limited to one per camp, but their pay 

was increased to between $75 and $85 a month and they were granted 

. . . . . .. 40 

civil service protection. 

The 1936 personnel reduction was an economy measure by the president, 

but it was also another attempt to create a smaller agency which could be 

made permanent. In his annual budget message to Congress on 

January 5, 1937, President Roosevelt lauded the accomplishments of the 

ECW and asked Congress to pass legislation to establish the corps as a 

permanent federal agency. The president envisioned the smaller agency 

to consist of 300,000 young men and war veterans along with 10,000 

Indians and 7,000 enrollees from U.S. territories. Congressional action 

on the matter was required, as authority for the ECW program ended on 

June 30, 1937. The prospect of a smaller agency required the Park 

Service to rethink how best to utilize the enrollees. Previously, it had 

used technical ECW personnel in positions that would otherwise have been 

part of the regular departmental payroll. To correct this situation, NPS 

officials began working toward converting the temporary ECW positions to 

41 

permanent positions meeting civil service requirements. 

40. "Strength of C.C.C. Set at 428,000," American Forests 42(January 

1936):35; "President Firm on CCC Reduction," The New York Times, 

March 17, 1936, p. 2; Wirth to Parker and Thurston, March 20, 1936, RG 

79, NA; Wirth to all Regional Officers, April 7, 1936, RG 79, NA, p. 1; 

Cammerer to Field Officers, October 12, 1936, RG 79, NA, p. 1 ; National 

Park Superintendents, Regional Officers of State Park Division and 

Emergency Conservation Work Conference, January 25, 1936, RG 79, NA, 

p. 26; and "New Civil Service Jobs for C.C.C, " American Forests 42 

(December 1936): 574. 

41. Salmond, pp. 145, 147-148; U.S. House, Recommendations for the 

Enactment of Legislation Making the Civilian Conservation Corps a 

Permanent Agency, p. 2; "Roosevelt Recommends Permanent C.C.C, " 

American Forests 43(February 1937):87; and Minutes of the Advisory 

Council for Emergency Conservation Work, January 8, 1937, RG 35, NA, 

p. 13-15. 

23 
On March 21, 1937, President Roosevelt sent a message to Congress that 

further defined the role of a permanent ECW-type agency , indicating that 

its enrollees would be used for forestr y work , soil conservation tasks , 

flood control , and other simple wor k tasks . In another message to 

Congress on Apri l 5 the president defined the structur e of the permanent 

agency. The Civilian Conservation Corps , as it was to be called, was to 

be an independent agency , with all ECW records and propert y transferred 

to it. New employees would come under civi l service provisions , and the 

present employees would be given the Civi l Service Commission 

noncompetitive examination within 12 months of the bill's passage. The 

president recommended that the age of the enrollees be changed to 

include those between 17 and 23 years old who could prove they were 

• K ^ 42 impovenshed. 

On June 28, 1937, Congress passed new legislation that formally 

established the Civilian Conservation Corps (thus officiall y no longer the 

ECW). The bill , however, differed from the administration's proposal in a 

number of ways : the CCC was not made a permanent agency--i t was onl y 

extended for three more years ; the employees were not placed under civil 

service authority ; no action was taken on the presidential age requirement 

proposal; and a provision was inserted in the bill that set aside 10 hours 

a week for general education or vocational training for the enrollees. 

43 Despite these differences , the president signed the bill into law. 

42. U.S. House, Hearings on Making the Civilian Conservation Corps a 

Permanent Agency , 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937, Report 687, p. 1-2; and 

Salmond, p. 148. 

43. U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps , pp. 17-19, 21, 72, 94; 

Johnson, pp. 70, 73; Salmond, pp. 153, 156; "CCC Extended for Three 

Years," American Forests 43(Augus t 1937):401, 417; Civilian Conservation 

Corps , Standards of Eligibilit y and Selection for Junior Enrollees 

(Washington: GPO, 1939), pp. 1, 22-23; U.S. House, Proposed Provision 

Pertaining to an Existing Appropriation of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps , Doc. 208, 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937, p. 2; U.S. Department of 

War, Civilian Conservation Corps Regulations (Washington: GPO, 1937), 

p. 2; and U.S. House, Civilian Conservation Corps , Report 1032, 75th 

Cong., 1st sess., 1937, no page. 

24 
President Roosevelt designated ECW Director Robert Fechner as the 

director of the newly established CCC. Secretar y of the Interior 

Harold L. Ickes designated the National Park Service and Conrad Wirth to 

represent the Department of the Interior in meetings of the CCC advisor y 

council. Also Secretar y Ickes announced that the National Park Service 

would undertake a nationwide recreation study in cooperation with the 

state and municipal authorities to determine regional recreational needs 

and inventor y existing and potential par k and recreation areas. Thi s 

44 study was an outgrowt h of the CCC state park s program . 

Throughout 1937 the Park Service faced the challenge of reducing CCC 

camps. As camps were terminated, the Washington Office received 

complaints from par k superintendent s that necessary wor k was being 

indefinitel y deferred. (For example, officials at Great Smoky Mountains 

National Park expressed concern that the CCC camp reductions had cost 

the par k vital fores t fir e protection. Chattanooga, Tennessee, town 

officials expressed concern that the closing of a camp at Chickamauga and 

Chattanooga National Militar y Park would hinder par k development.) 

Washington officials tried to calm these fears by pointing out that once 

the CCC became a permanent government agency , the need for further 

cuts would be alleviated and the parks ' delayed projects would be 

addressed. 

44. "CCC Extended for Three Years," American Forests 43(Augus t 

1937): 401; U.S. Department of the Interior, General Information 

Regarding the Department of the Interior, October 1_/ 1937 (Washington: 

GPO, 1937), no page; Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, pp. 128-129, 

132; and "To Study Recreational Needs," American Forests 43(Apri l 

1937):186. 

45. Ickes to Colby , Februar y 8, 1937, RG 79, NA; Wirth to Regional 

Director, Region One, October 22, 1937, RG 79, NA; Wirth, Parks , 

Politics and the People, p. 128; Johnston to Director, National Park 

Service, March 20, 1937, RG 79, NA; Johnston to White, September 15, 

1937, RG 79, NA; Evison to Jones, September 10, 1937, RG 79, NA; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by Arno B. 

Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1937 

(Washington: GPO, 1937), p. 35. 

25 
The reduction of CCC camps continued into 1938 as the funding for the 

program was further cut by Congress . A few Democratic congressmen, 

led by Oklahoma Representative Jed Johnson, attempted to restore the ful l 

appropriation but were outvoted in the House of Representatives. The 

camp reduction program was halted at 1,500 camps on a nationwide basis 

when Representative Clifton A. Woodrum of Virginia successfully 

introduced a measure to restore $50 million dollars to the wor k relief 

programs to prevent closing another 300 camps. Thi s measure passed 

both the House and Senate and helped to stabilize the CCC program . 

The NPS allotment was 77 camps for national par k and monument areas 

46 

and 245 camps for the state park s program . 

In 1939 another attempt was made in Congress to establish the CCC as a 

permanent agency of the federal government. Again it failed. In 

addition, the CCC lost its status as an independent agency when 

President Roosevelt moved to consolidate all the federal relief programs 

into the Federal Securit y Agency , the Federal Works Agency , or the 

Federal Loans Agency . The Reorganization Ac t of 1939, which brought 

the CCC under the Federal Securit y Agenc y on Jul y 1, emphasized the 

47 role of the CCC in promoting the welfare and education of its enrollees. 

46. "CCC to Enroll 85,000 Men in July," American Forests 44(July 

1938):328; Salmond, pp. 170-171; "CCC Camps Reduced," American 

Forests 41 (Januar y 1938) :38; "Fechner Announces Reduction of CCC 

Camps to 1,210," American Forests 44(Apri l 1938):172; and Wirth to 

Fechner, July 7, 1938, RG 35, NA. That year a Park Service camp was 

established for the firs t time in Mt. Mckinley National Park in Alaskan 

territor y for the purpose of par k improvement and cleanup. 

47. Cohen, p. 144; U.S. Senate, Amending Ac t Establishing a Civilian 

Conservation Corps , Report 950, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939, p. 2; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending 

June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), p. 303; Johnson, p. 54; U.S. 

Department of Labor, "Eight Years of CCC Operations , 1933 to 1941," 

Monthly Labor Review 52(June 1941):1405; U.S. Senate, Civilian 

Conservation Corps , pp. 2, 72; The Civilian Conservation Corps : What 

ft [s and What ft Does (Washington: GPO, n.d.) , p. 1; and Salmond, 

p. 177. 

26 
Large-scale camp reductions did not take place in 1939; however, the 

CCC program continued to have some camps phased out and relocated to 

other areas. Over the years park superintendents, park staff, and camp 

personnel had given support to local groups wishing to prevent these 

camp relocations. Director Cammerer came out with a strong memorandum 

against this practice, which commented: 

Embarrassment has been caused the Service and the Department 

because of conflicting reports from field officers about changes 

in location of CCC camps at end of enrollment periods. Such 

changes are made because of winter weather conditions, because 

work programs have been finished, and in consideration of CCC 

construction projects throughout the country. 

There is frequently much local opposition to the removal of CCC 

camps, and for this reason superintendents of national parks or 

officers in charge of other areas in which the camps are located 

must be extremely careful to avoid statements which may be 

interpreted as opposition to the program of transfers of CCC 

Camps which has been determined upon by the Department in 

agreement with the Director of the CCC. 

It is the responsibility of the Regional Director to recommend 

locations for camps, to determine when a camp has completed its 

program, and to recommend the locations where new camps are 

desirable. But a decision having been.,, reached, 

superintendents and others must loyally abide by it. 

At the close of fiscal year 1939 the president ordered Park Service to 

reduce the number of supervisory personnel involved in CCC work. 

Fears had been expressed by park superintendents in their 1938 

conference that any further reduction in the number of CCC supervisors 

and funding for materials would lead to a situation where the CCC would 

be more of a relief agency than a working agency. Still, the Park 

Service had to find some means of reducing supervisory personnel without 

drastically affecting the work projects. After visiting the regional offices 

and discussing the matter with CCC Director Fechner, Conrad Wirth 

decided to create central service units within NPS regional offices to 

handle design and technical matters and to abolish these positions within 

48. Cammerer to Regional Directors, National Park Superintendents, and 

National Monument Custodians, October 7, 1939, RG 79, NA. 

27 
individual camps. Such a solution had proven economically successful for 

the state park s program , and in earl y 1940 thi s plan was implemented. 

Fechner also wanted the Park Service to eliminate the use of CCC 

enrollees as par k guides and fee collectors and in performing other 

operational tasks by Jul y 1940. An NPS task force on thi s program 

agreed with Fechner and recommended to the NPS director that these jobs 

be made regular NPS positions. The task force concluded that thi s 

49 conversion probabl y could not be accomplished unti l 1943. 

Despite the cutbacks in personnel, the NPS design staff prepared plans 

for projects that the CCC camps would not be able to complete due to a 

lack of available funding. These projects were then held in abeyance 

unti l sufficient funds became available for implementation. Some of the 

50 plans remained unfunded unti l after World War II . 

On December 31, 1939, CCC Director Robert Fechner died in Walter Reed 

Hospital from complications following a heart attack . His successor was 

James L. McEntee, the executive assistant director of the CCC. McEntee 

faced myriad challenges—desertions , low morale in the camps, budgetar y 

and personnel reductions , the poor qualit y of the recruit s who were 

joining the CCC, and the CCC's own indefinite futur e as an organization. 

Desertions among CCC enrollees were increasing as the ablest young men 

obtained employment outside the CCC and families became less dependent 

49. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ending June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), p. 303; Superintendent s 

Conference, Januar y 17-22, 1938, RG 79, NA, pp. 3, 68; White to 

Director of Personnel, October 3, 1939, RG 79, NA; Wirth to Director 

NPS, December 27, 1939, RG 79, NA; and White to Director NPS, 

Augus t 26, 1939, RG 79, NA. 

50. Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 63. 

28 
on the $25 monthly allotment checks . The problem of recruiting capable 

51 

personnel plagued the CCC for the rest of its existence. 

President Roosevelt in his budget message for fiscal year 1941 asked 

Congress to reduce the CCC to 230,000 enrollees in 1,227 camps. The 

Congress in response to protests added $50 million to the administration's 

CCC budget to prevent any reduction in camps or personnel. The 

number of CCC camps withi n national par k areas increased slightl y and 

52 the number of state par k camps decreased slightly . 

THE PRE-WAR YEARS 

World events in 1940 had a dramatic impact on the CCC. World War II 

had begun in Europe and President Roosevelt and the Congress began 

planning for the defense of the United States. The reserve militar y 

officer s in charge of the CCC camps were graduall y withdrawn and placed 

on active militar y duty . In the House of Representatives, two resolutions 

were introduced to requir e that eight hours a week of militar y tactics and 

dril l be given to CCC enrollees. Opposition to these measures prevented 

their passage. Director McEntee, along with army authorities , revamped 

the CCC training and education program to meet some of the needs of 

5 1. "Death Claims F.A. Silcox and Robert Fechner," American Forests 

46(Februar y 1940):72; Cohen, pp. 29, 176; and "McEntee Named Head of 

CCC," American Forests 46(March 1940):129. President Roosevelt 

eulogized Fechner as a man that "brought to the public service a great 

administrative ability , vision and indefatigable industry . His death is a 

loss to the CCC and to the nation." Fechner's successor, James L. 

McEntee, was born in 1884 in Jersey City , New Jersey . He served as an 

apprentice toolmaker in New York . He later became a representative and 

officer of the International Association of Machinists. In 1911, he met 

Robert Fechner and they became close friends . When Fechner was 

appointed director of the CCC, he requested that McEntee be his 

executive assistant director. President Roosevelt on Februar y 15, 1940, 

nominated McEntee to replace Fechner. McEntee remained as the CCC 

director unti l the termination of the program in 1942. 

52. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1940 (Washington: GPO, 1940), pp. 201; and Salmond, 

p. 200. New CCC camps were established in Badlands National Monument, 

Chaco Canyon National Monument, Saratoga National Historical Park , and 

Kings Canyon National Park . 

29 
national defense, however. The new program emphasized courses in shop 

mathematics, blueprint reading, basic engineering, and other skills 

considered vital to national defense. After the fall of France, in June 

1940, President Roosevelt proclaimed a limited national emergency, thus 

opening the way for the establishment of CCC camps on militar y bases. 

The enrollees were to wor k on constructing airfields , obstacle courses , 

and artiller y ranges , clearing land for militar y training exercises, and 

erecting militar y structures . The traditional CCC program , which 

emphasized physical fitness , hard work , obedience to orders , and 

communal living, helped to prepare American yout h for the rigor s of 

53 militar y life. 

By 1941 the national defense program had dramatically affected the CCC 

program . It became increasingl y difficul t to recrui t young men for the 

CCC as they were lured away by higher paying national defense jobs . 

The labor shortage and national defense preparation forced a further 

reduction in CCC camps beginning on Apri l 1, 1941--from 1,500 to 1,100. 

The Park Service's portion of the reduction amounted to 23 percent of 

existing camps. As the NPS camps were closed down, many were 

transferred to militar y reservations specifically to do national defense 

work . Once these CCC camps were transferred, the onl y control the 

Park Service retained was technical supervision of the wor k projects . A 

number of the few remaining NPS-controlled camps were assigned the task 

of constructing inexpensive rest camps for use by militar y men on leave. 

These camps were usually constructed near population centers and 

54 contained barrack s and recreation facilities . 

53. James J . McEntee, "The CCC and National Defense," American 

Forests 46(Jul y 1940):309; Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 142; 

"CCC Defense Bills," American Forests 46(July 1940):324; Salmond, 

p. 197; Cohen, p. 145; and, U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps , 

p p. 5, 90-91, 107. 

54. Wirth to Director, Augus t 20, 1941, RG 79, NA; Lisle to Director, 

March 7, 1941, RG 79, NA; "Fewer Youth Props," Newsweek 18 

(November 10, 1941 ):24; Salmond, pp. 209-210; U.S. Senate, Civilian 

Conservation Corps , pp. 2, 21, 39, 104; "CCC Camps Reduced," 

American Forests 47(May 1941):242; and U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"National Park Service," An Annual Report Fiscal Year June 30, 1942 

(Washington: GPO, 1942), pp. 161-162. 

30 
Military training in the CCC continued to take more and more of the work 

time of the enrollees. The "5-hour-10-hour" program, adopted in January 

1941, allowed youths in selected camps to be excused from work for five 

hours a week to take national defense training provided they would 

devote 10 hours a week of their own free time to this training. On 

August 16, 1941, rules were adopted to drill all CCC enrollees in simple 

military formations, but no guns were issued. Twenty hours a week were 

to be devoted to general defense training, and of this time eight hours 

could be done during regular work hours. After the completion of this 

basic training, the most promising enrollees would be directed into 

full-time defense work such as cooking, first aid, demolition, road and 

bridge construction, radio operations, and signal communication. 

As the number of youths enlisting in the CCC continued to decline in 

1941, the Park Service began to terminate all CCC camps that could not 

maintain 165 men per camp to avoid excessive overhead expenses. In 

September 1941 the corps was further reduced to a total of 900 camps 

which decreased the number of camps allocated to the National Park 

Service by an additional 20 percent. At the same time, new camps were 

to be established firs t in areas with national defense projects and next in 

national park and monument areas. The majority of the national defense 

projects were on military installations away from NPS areas. The National 

Park Service lost 133 CCC camps between September and November 1941, 

and the ability to carry out any park development programs was seriously 

impaired. Superintendents at Lassen Volcanic National Park and Death 

Valley National Monument, among other parks, complained that the loss of 

CCC camps severely curtailed park development and maintenance. They 

55. Evison to Wargo, November 3, 1941, RG 79, NA; Evison to Amos, 

October 30, 1941, RG 79, NA; Evison to Donnelly, November 5, 1941, 

RG 79, NA; Chief, Office Management Section, Branch of Recreation, 

Land Planning and State Cooperation to Regional Director, Region II , 

January 28, 1941, RG 79, NA; Maier to National Park Superintendents, 

Inspectors, and CCC Project Superintendents, April 14, 1941, RG 79, 

NA; Civilian Conservation Corps Press Release, June 20, 1941, RG 79, 

NA; and, Minutes of the Advisory Council for the Civilian Conservation 

Corps, August 26, 1941, RG 35, NA. 

31 
were, however, were prepared to make this sacrifice if necessary for the 

national defense program and if the cuts could not be made in other 

• 56 parks. 

THE WAR YEARS AND THE CONCLUSION OF THE CCC 

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the entry 

of the United States into World War II brought further dramatic changes 

to the CCC program in the National Park Service. With the declaration of 

war, the Park Service terminated all CCC projects that did not directly 

relate to the war effort, leaving only 89 NPS camps operating by the end 

of December. Fifty of these camps were assigned to military and naval 

areas, 20 were in national parks and monuments, 10 were in recreational 

57 demonstration areas, and 9 were in state park areas. 

On December 24, 1941, the Joint Appropriations Committee of Congress, 

considering the appropriations bill of 1941-1942, recommended that the 

CCC be terminated no later than July 1, 1942. President Roosevelt 

conceded that the CCC could be abolished but argued that it should be 

maintained as it performed needed conservation work and served as a 

training program for pre-draft-age youth. Roosevelt urged members of 

Congress to continue the CCC in light of the essential war work that the 

enrollees were performing — building military training facilities, barracks, 

56. Wirth to Director, August 20, 1941, RG 79, NA; Evison to Diggs, 

October 30, 1941, RG 79, NA; "CCC to Intensify Defense Training," 

American Forests 47(July 1941 ):345; Goodwin to Director, July 19, 1941, 

RG" 79, NA; Superintendent Lassen Volcanic National Park to Regional 

Director, Region Four, May 1, 1941, RG, 79, NA; and Assistant CCC and 

ERA Coordinator to Regional Director, Region Four, July 30, 1941, 

RG 79, NA. 

57. Federal Security Agency, Annual Report of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps for the Fiscal Year Endear"jTjne~30, 1942TW"asnington: GPO, 1943), 

pp. 36-37; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal 

Year Ended June 30, 1941 (Washington: GPO, 1941), p. xxvn ; Salmond, 

p. 2081 "More CCC Camps Close," American Forests 47(November 

1941 ):534; and U.S. Department of the Interior, "Civilian Conservation 

Corps," Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942 

(Washington: GPO, 1942), p. 251F2601 

32 
roads , and recreational facilities for militar y uses and fencing militar y 

58 reservations . 

While Congress and the president debated the fate of the CCC, Director 

McEntee ordered that all existing CCC camps be closed as quickl y as 

feasible unless they met one of two criteria--the camp was engaged in war 

wor k construction or in protection of war-related natural resources. 

Some camps in NPS areas specializing in fores t fir e protection wor k were 

permitted to continue under the second criterion. The effective date for 

application of thi s guideline was set for the end of May 1942. Within the 

National Park Service, Wirth gave further instructions to the regional 

director s on the termination of CCC camps. He recommended that any 

incomplete CCC jobs be finished as quickl y as possible, using labor paid 

from other sources, and that any leftover material be transferred to other 

CCC projects in the area or be declared surplus and disposed of following 

regional instructions . The closing of those CCC camps that did not meet 

the criteri a was facilitated by the fact that many of the young men and 

their supervisor s were taking jobs with defense industries or going into 

the military . Even in some of the remaining camps, it was not possible to 

59 keep a ful l complement of 200 men. 

On May 4, 1942, President Roosevelt asked the House of Representatives 

Committee on Appropriations to appropriate $49,101,000 to maintain 150 

CCC camps from Jul y 1, 1942, unti l June 30, 1943. The committee defied 

the president and voted 15 to 12 against funding the CCC beyond July 1. 

An attempt was made on June 5 on the floor of the House of 

Representatives to restore funding, but the House voted 158 to 151 not to 

appropriate further monies for the CCC. They did vote $500,000 to cover 

58. Salmond, pp. 210-212. 

59. Director NPS to all Field Officers , ca. 1942, RG 79, NA; Wirth to 

Regional Directors , December 13, 1941, RG 79, NA; Minutes of the 

Advisor y Council for the Civilian Conservation Corps , Januar y 2, 1942, 

RG 35, NA, pp. 6, 9; Minutes of the Advisor y Council for the Civilian 

Conservation Corps , Januar y 27, 1942, RG 79, NA, pp. 2-3, 5; Civilian 

Conservation Corps Press Release, Apri l 26, 1942, RG 79, NA; and "CCC 

and Forest Protection," American Forests 48(March 1942):137. 

33 
the cost of terminating the program. At the end of June, a Senate and 

House conference committee agreed to provide an additional $7.5 million to 

all agencies to cover the cost of terminating the CCC. This action was 

approved by both the House and Senate, thus forecasting the end of the 

CCC on July 2, 1942.60 

During the congressional debate over the CCC, the National Park Service 

began to prepare for closure of the camps. In May the NPS regional 

directors were instructed to prepare press releases to be placed in local 

papers describing the closing of local CCC camps and giving an 

explanation for the closures. In June Conrad Wirth still hoped that at 

least a small number of camps could be continued through the summer 

months to provide forest fire protection for parks, but this was not 

allowed. Prior to the end of June, the Hawaiian Islands CCC camps were 

transferred to military bases, while the Virgin Islands CCC camps were 

discontinued as defense work provided employment for the islands' young 

61 men. 

As the CCC program was being terminated, maintenance work in the 

parks suffered dramatically. Trails and parking lots on the Blue Ridge 

Parkway and in Shenandoah National Park were gradually reclaimed by 

nature because the parks could not spare enough laborers to maintain 

them. The superintendent of Shenandoah was deeply concerned that the 

park could not be maintained after the termination of the CCC, as were 

officials at other parks such as Acadia National Park and Death Valley 

National Monument. These areas, prior to and since their establishment, 

had been dependent upon CCC labor to do work that in older parks had 

been allocated to regular park staff. The loss of the CCC meant that 

60. Salmond, pp. 215-217; and U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"Civilian Conservation Corps," Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1943 (Washington: GPO, 1943), p. 317. 

61. Evison to Regional Directors, May 22, 1942, RG 79, NA; Minutes of 

the Advisory Council for the Civilian Conservation Corps, June 8, 1942, 

RG 35, NA, p. 9; and, U.S. Department of the Interior, "National Park 

Service," Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942 

(Washington: GPO, 1942), p. 168. 

34 
both old and new parks suffered from a loss of fire protection and 

cp 

maintenance staff. 

The advisory council for the Civilian Conservation Corps met on July 1 to 

consider how to accomplish the CCC termination. It was decided that 

once the enrollees were transported back to their corps areas, the 

educational advisors, camp commander and his subordinates, doctors, and 

chaplains would be dismissed. The Park Service set up a single 

procurement number for the regions and camps to use during termination 

proceedings. All work projects were to be halted immediately, if 

possible, or no later than Saturday, July 14. The Army was to assist in 

moving the youths and equipment, and all equipment was to be placed in 

central warehouses and protected until the Park Service could make a 

determination as to the final disposition of the property. Only those 

employees required for termination could be retained; all others were to 

be dismissed. Those workers having less than a month's annual leave 

would be given two weeks' notice and the rest would be given terminal 

leave. The final termination was scheduled to be completed no later than 

June 30, 1943.63 

The termination process varied from one park to another. For example, 

all CCC projects in Glacier National Park were halted on July 9, while the 

superintendent of Isle Royale National Park had received no official notice 

of the termination by July 10. By the end of July, however, all CCC 

camp operations in NPS areas had ceased. A number of park 

superintendents expressed their appreciation for the CCC work and 

62. U.S. Department of the Interior, "National Park Service," An Annual 

Report For Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942 (Washington: GPO, 1942), 

pp. 167-168; "Weeds Replace CCC Handiwork in Parks of U.S.," Chicago 

Tribune, September 6, 1942, no page; Superintendent's Annual Report for 

Shenandoah National Park for Fiscal Year 1942, RG 79, NA; and Minutes 

of the Advisory Council for the Civilian Conservation Corps, June 26, 

1942, RG 35, NA, p. 3. 

63. Minutes of the Advisory Council for the Civilian Conservation Corps, 

July 1 , 1942, RG 35, NA, pp. 7-8, 10-11; NPS Director's Staff Meeting, 

July 2, 1942, RG 79, NA; and Director's Staff Meeting, July 9, 1942, 

RG 79, NA. 

35 
regret concerning the program's termination. Both par k superintendent s 

and regional officials requested that the Washington Office ask for an 

increase in maintenance funds to make up for the loss of the CCC. 

Officials in Washington responded that the Park Service would be 

fortunat e to keep the present maintenance funds and that there would be 

no additional funding. Instead, it was recommended to the park s that 

other activities be curtailed and the money saved used for maintenance. 

An attempt was made to obtain additional funding for par k protection 

64 projects ; thi s achieved onl y limited success. 

The most difficul t task proved to be the inventorying and disposition of 

camp equipment—office equipment, automobiles, trucks , construction 

equipment, barrack s furnishings , librar y material, tools of all kinds , 

furniture, and the camp buildings . Once a ful l inventor y was made, the 

items were to be transferred to the militar y for the war effort or, in 

descending priority , to the Park Service, other federal agencies, state, 

county , or municipal agencies, or nonprofi t organizations devoted to the 

promotion of conservation, education, recreation, or health. The NPS 

policy on CCC camp buildings was that they were either to be used or 

tor n down. Some of the camps, such as the one at Hopewell Village 

National Historic Site, were converted to rest and relaxation camps for 

Britis h sailors , others to res t areas for American soldiers , sailors, and 

marines. CCC camps on the Blue Ridge Parkway and in Shenandoah 

National Park and Glacier National Park became Civilian Public Service 

camps in which conscientious objectors performed tasks that were similar 

to the CCC work . Other camp buildings were dismantled and moved to 

militar y reservations for use by the armed services . By June 30, 

64. Superintendent' s Monthly Report for Glacier National Park for Jul y 

1942, Augus t 1942, RG 79, NA; Superintendent Isle Royale National Park 

to Regional Director, Region Two, Jul y 10, 1942, RG 79, NA; Director' s 

Staff Meeting, Jul y 31, 1942, RG 79, NA; and Superintendent' s Monthly 

Report for Mammoth Cave National Park for August, 1942, September, 

1942, RG 79, NA. 

36 
1943, the termination of the CCC was completed at a cost to the Park 

Service of $8,347,256. 

Toward the end of World War II there was publi c interes t in reviving the 

CCC program , but Congress failed to act on any of the proposals 

submitted. Park Service officials requested the U.S. attorney general to 

rule on the reinstatement right s of former CCC employees returning from 

the war. NPS representatives had been contacted by these people who 

wanted to secure jobs withi n the park s or administrative centers . The 

attorney general ruled that the CCC was an emergency relief agency and 

the former employees had no reinstatement right s with the Park Service. 

After the war, on December 11, 1946, the Selective Service System 

transferred all former CCC propert y (which it had received from the Park 

Service in the firs t months of World War II) back to the Park Service for 

66 final disposition. 

65. Minutes of the Advisor y Council for the Civilian Conservation Corps , 

June 26, 1942, RG 35, NA, p. 8-9; U.S Department of the Interior, 

"Civilian Conservation Corps," Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1943 (Washington: GPO, 1943), p. 317; Wirth, Parks , Politics 

and the People, pp. 144, 147; Director' s Staff Meeting, Jul y 31, 1942, 

RG 79, NA; Strawsen to Tolson, September 15, 1942, RG 79, NA; Maier 

to Director, September 21, 1942, RG 79, NA; NPS Director' s Staff 

Meeting, October 7, 1942, RG 79, NA; and Johnson, p. 218. 

66. Tolson to Drury , Jul y 13, 1945, RG 79, NA; and Tolson to Regional 

Director, Region Two, December 11, 1946, RG 79, NA. 

37 
CHAPTER 2: THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ROLE 

NATIONAL PARKS AND STATE PARKS PROGRAMS 

Establishment 

Upon submission to Congress of the original ECW legislation in March 

1933, National Park Service Director Horace M. Albright began to prepare 

his staff for the additional workload. In a memorandum to Senior 

Assistant Director Arthur Demaray, Albright recommended that NPS 

officials compile a list of parks where conservation work was required. 

He specifically had in mind shoreline cleanup of Jackson Lake in Grand 

Teton National Park and Sherburne Lake in Glacier National Park, as well 

as roadside cleanup in Grand Canyon National Park and Glacier National 

Park. The NPS staff had master plans that outlined development 

requirements in most of the parks for a six-year period, and they used 

these plans to formulate the requested work programs. Director 

Albright requested that park superintendents make estimates for road, 

trail, and facility construction. He also requested that the Branch of 

Engineering, Branch of Plans and Design, and Division of Forestry 

prepare an emergency unemployment relief forestation program. Since 

there was insufficient time to contact all parks for input, the work tasks 

were determined through analysis of the parks' five-year plans, fire 

protection plans, and preliminary 1935 estimates for forest protection and 

fire prevention measures. By early April the park superintendents were 

completing preliminary estimates on how best to utilize the ECW workers. 

Prior to the receipt of the requested estimates from the parks, the San 

1. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 73; Glimpses of National 

Parks (Washington: GPO, 1941), p. 12; and "Roosevelt Defers Public 

Works Bill," The New York Times, March 11, 1933, p. 7. For more 

detailed information concerning the Park Service on the eve of the 

Civilian Conservation Corps and the expansion of the Park Service in the 

1930s, see National Park Service, Administrative History: Expansion of 

the National Park Service m the 1930s, by Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank 

Williss (Denver: Denver Service Center, 1983). 

38 
Francisco NPS design office made its own estimates for cleanup work, fire 

hazard reduction tasks, erosion control projects, vegetation mapping, 

insect control, tree disease control, forest planting, reforestation, and 

landscaping projects for all the parks and sent them to Washington. The 

NPS Washington Office (forestry or planning division) had the right of 

approval for any project and defined limits on certain projects according 

to type of work, funds to be expended on structures and equipment, 

need for skilled labor, and impact on park land. If the type of work was 

deemed inappropriate, excessive expenditures of funds were required for 

material and equipment, a highly skilled work force was required, or the 

development was too extensive, the project would not be approved. As 

an example, truck trails were not to exceed 12 feet in width, while horse 

and hiking trails were not to be over 4 feet wide. In addition, the 

construction of firebreaks, lookout towers, houses, shelters, and fire 

guard cabins, the placement of telephone lines, and the development of 

public campgrounds were not to exceed $1,500 per structure without 

express authority from the NPS Washington Office. 

On April 10 Director Albright designated his chief forester, John D. 

Coffman, to handle the details for the conservation program within the 

national parks, military parks, and monuments, and his chief planner, 

Conrad L. Wirth, to administer the state parks program. Albright had 

been designated by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes to represent 

the department at meetings of the ECW advisory council. In turn , 

Albright designated Coffman to represent him at advisory council meetings 

that he could not attend; later this authority was extended to Conrad 

Wirth. Chief Forester Coffman was to prepare the departmental ECW 

budget, assign camps within the national parks and monuments, and 

allocate funding. In addition, he was responsible for preparing work 

instructions for parks and monuments and administering an inspection 

program. Wirth undertook similar tasks for the state parks program. In 

2. Albright to Field Officers, April 13, 1933, RG 79, NA; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, 

p. 1; Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, May 11, 1933, RG 79, 

NA; and Albright to All State Parks Authorities, ca. 1933, RG 79, NA, 

p. 1. 

39 
addition, Wirth was to report matters concerning the state parks to 

Coffman. In this regard, Albright telegraphed all state park authorities 

telling them that the Park Service was the designated agency to administer the ECW programs within state parks. He asked that they send 

representatives to a meeting in Washington on April 6. If this was not 

possible, he suggested they authorize S. Herbert Evison, secretary of the 

3 

National Conference on State Parks, to represent them at the meeting. 

Responsibilities 

The administration of the Emergency Conservation Work in national parks 

and monuments was handled on two levels: The Washington Office 

approved projects and provided quality control; the park superintendents 

administered the overall ECW program within their parks and, on 

occasion, in nearby state parks. The superintendents submitted 

architectural plans to the chief of construction for either the eastern or 

western parks. The chief of the Eastern Division, Branch of Engineering 

provided supervision for all areas under NPS jurisdiction without 

regularly appointed NPS superintendents. Plans for NPS undertakings 

affecting natural and cultural resources were reviewed by landscape 

architects, foresters, engineers, and historical technicians to ensure 

protection from damage or overdevelopment. These experts also 

provided quality control for all NPS projects. Some of them were 

3. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 75-76, 157; U.S. 

Department 67 the Interior, "Office of National Parks, Buildings and 

Reservations," by Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 157. 

4. Before 1935, the Branch of Engineering was involved in handling 

engineering questions in 58 eastern ECW camps in national parks and 

monuments. They prepared plans, directed construction work at camps, 

acted as work crew foremen, and directed advance planning work using 

ECW labor. This work included hiring engineering technicians to conduct 

topographic surveys at Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County 

Battlefields Memorial National Military Park, Petersburg National 

Battlefield, and George Washington Birthplace National Monument. The 

same type of work was conducted at the proposed Kings Mountain National 

Military Park, Ocmulgee National Monument, Shenandoah National Park, 

and Mammoth Cave National Park. Along with this work a boundary 

survey was made for the proposed Everglades National Park. Monteith to 

Story, August 9, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

40 
stationed in the Washington Office to act as consultants to park 

superintendents; others were placed within national parks and monuments, 

where they were assigned specific areas of responsibility. Park 

superintendents could draw from this pool of experts when work projects 

began. 

The task for carrying out the ECW program belonged to the park 

superintendent. He was in charge of park work and was sometimes 

assigned specially designated areas of responsibility outside the park. 

The superintendent directed his staff in the preparation of work plans, 

prepared biweekly reports on the progress of the work, and prepared a 

project completion report at the end of each undertaking. This report 

described the cost of the project and gave a narrative description of the 

conditions before, during, and after the project. The park 

superintendent also hired and evaluated all ECW camp work supervisory 

personnel. The superintendent was encouraged to hold regular meetings 

with the camp superintendents and NPS technicians to discuss the 

progress of the conservation work. At first, the Washington Office 

informed the field officers on procedures through memorandums; later a 

6 handbook on ECW procedures was compiled and distributed to the field. 

During the second year of the ECW many of these procedures were 

clarified. The superintendent of each national park and monument was 

required to formulate a work program for each ECW camp in his 

jurisdiction. Within parks, the conservation work was to be done 

exclusively on park lands or on lands contemplated for inclusion in other 

5. Robert Y. Stuart, "That 250,000-Man Job," American Forests 39 

(May 1933):197; Demaray to Superintendent and Field Officers, June 28, 

1933, RG 79, NA; and National Park Superintendents, Regional Officers of 

State Park Division and Emergency Conservation Conference, Janaury 25, 

1936, RG 79, NA, p. 16. 

6. U.S. Department of the Interior, "Office of National Parks, 

Buildings, and Reservations," by Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for 

the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 157; 

Albright to Field Officers, June 12, 1933, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Field 

Officers, October 10, 1933, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Field Officers, 

September 14, 1933, RG 79, NA. 

41 
parks or determined necessary for protection of park lands. All cleanup, 

thinning, and stand improvement would be done under the supervision of 

foresters or landscape architects. 

The state park parks program was administered from district offices. In 

an April 1933 meeting between Director Albright and Conrad Wirth, it was 

decided to divide the country into four administrative districts, with 

Washington as the East Coast headquarters, Indianapolis as the Midwest 

headquarters, Denver as the Rocky Mountain headquarters, and San 

Francisco as the West Coast headquarters. (The districts were also called 

regions during some periods of the 10-year state parks program 

administration.) Respectively, John M. Hoffman, Paul Brown, Herbert 

Maier, and Lawrence C. Merriam were appointed as district directors. 

Their offices began operation on May 15, 1933. To help Conrad Wirth 

administer the program, S. Herbert Evison was chosen as his assistant 

Q 

(see following organizational chart). 

The district directors supervised the work in the various states, and 

their staffs evaluated work projects and recommended future projects. 

Staff inspectors were chosen from the landscape architect and engineering 

professions, and they were responsible for the progress and quality of 

the projects and for revising and perfecting design plans. 

7. Demaray to Dorr, July 30, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

8. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 76-77, 105, 110-111, 130; 

Director NPS to Park Superintendents and State Park Authorities, 

August 5, 1933, RG 79, NA; and National Park Superintendents, Regional 

Officers of State Parks Division and Emergency Conservation Work 

Conference, January 25, 1936, RG 79, NA, pp. 5-7. The states 

belonging to the East Coast district were Maine, Vermont, New York, New 

Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North 

Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama. 

The Midwest district consisted of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, 

Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The Rocky 

Mountain district consisted of Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New 

Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, 

North Dakota, and Montana. The West Coast district consisted of 

Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, and Arizona. 

42 
1933 NPS / ECW ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 

GO 

*ln 1936 the program was transferred to the Branch of Planning and State Cooperation. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold I ekes. Secretary 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

Horace Albright / Arno Cammerer, Director 

Arthur Demaray, Senior Assistant Director 

BRANCH OF FORESTRY 

John Coffman, Chief Forester 

conservation within national parks, 

monuments, and military parks 

1933-1936* 

BRANCH OF PLANNING AND STATE COOPERATION 

Conrad Wirth, Chief Planner 

Herbert Evision, Assistant 

conservation in state parks 

John Hoffman 

ECW District Director 

East Coast Headquarters, 

Washington 

Paul Brown 

ECW District Director 

Midwest Headquarters, 

Indianapolis 

Herbert Maier 

ECW District Director 

Rocky Mountain Headquarters, 

Denver 

Lawrence Merriam 

ECW District Director 

West Coast Headquarters, 

San Francisco 
There was one inspector for every five to seven camps, who remained in 

the field moving from one camp to the next. Every 10 days the 

inspectors submitted reports to the district offices and Washington. 

Based on Washington guidance, the inspectors were to discourage any 

undertakings that would adversely affect the natural character of the 

park and prevent those activities that would prove harmful to the native 

animals and plants. Ideally, they were to bring to the states information 

concerning good forest management practices and to promote high-quality 

development. The NPS Washington Office made the final determination on 

new state parks projects, new camps, requests for funding allotments, 

g 

personnel matters, and land acquisition. 

State ECW camps were administered by the state authorities, but the 

technical supervisors and project superintendents were paid out of federal 

funds. The states were given a specific allotment and were responsible 

for dividing these funds among the various camps under their 

jurisdiction. The Park Service assisted the states in drafting legislation 

necessary to the planning, development, and maintenance of their state 

park systems and with technical guidance and assistance. State parks 

work projects involved recreational development, conservation of natural 

10 

resources, and restoration and rehabilitation of cultural resources. 

Support Personnel 

In 1933, as the ECW became fully operational, the Park Service began 

using ECW funds to hire supervisory foresters selected by park 

superintendents to supervise the conservation work. At the same time 

the central offices began hiring additional landscape architects, 

9. Wirth to all State, County and Metropolitan Park Authorities, ca. 

1933, RG 79, NA; Instructions to District Officers State Park Emergency 

Conservation Work, ca. 1933, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-4; Minutes of the 

National Park Service Conference of State Park Authorities, February 27, 

1935, RG 79, NA, pp. 391-395; and Department of the Interior Press 

Release, July 13, 1933, RG 79, NA. 

10. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 111, 113-114. 

44 
engineers, and historians to research, design, review, and inspect 

projects. In 1934 some of these appointments were converted to 

permanent positions, with the result that some people gained career 

positions in the Park Service. The auxiliary help hired by the Park 

Service continued to rise until in 1935 nearly 7,500 employees had been 

hired by the Park Service using ECW funds. Hiring then leveled off for 

two years and later slowly declined until the termination of the CCC in 

11 1942.' ' 

In 1934 and later years Director Fechner authorized the temporary use of 

students during the summer months. The Park Service was allowed to 

recruit 135 students from college campuses to work in the Washington 

Office and in park areas. The Washington branch chiefs selected these 

student technicians, giving preference to students who had completed two 

or more years of college. The branch chiefs then gave the park 

superintendents the names and addresses of the students assigned to 

their parks; the park superintendents notified the Army corps 

commanders and the camp commanders as to the selected students. The 

students were subject to the same policies and procedures as regular CCC 

enrollees with minor exceptions. They were exempted from sending $25 of 

their $30 a month allotment to parents or dependents. Instead they were 

pemitted to keep the full allowance to help defray college costs. 

Landscape architects, engineers, and architects were paid $75 a month 

instead of $30. The work assignment of the students was more technical 

and complementary to their college programs. Park superintendents were 

instructed to watch the progress of these students very carefully and to 

encourage them to select the Park Service as a career after completion of 

college work. The students selected were landscape architects, 

engineers, foresters, geologists, archeologists, historians, and science 

majors. They were assigned to complete historical research, archeological 

research, natural science research, mapping, and architectural design, 

11. U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 36; U.S. Executive 

Order 6129, May 11, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933); Albright to Field 

Officers, June 21, 1933, RG 79, NA, pp. 2-3; U.S. Department of the 

Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, pp. 1-3; Wirth to 

District Officers, August 31, 1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-2; and Wirth, 

Parks, Politics and the People, p. 148. 

45 
12 besides conducting guided tours. By 1938 the student technicians were 

paid as much as $85 a month and could be hired between June 16 and 

September 15. That year the four newly created Park Service regions 

were allocated 105 student positions. The remaining 70 student positions 

were in various branches in Washington, with the Branch of Recreational 

Planning and State Cooperation and the Branch of Operations being 

allocated the majority. Out in the parks, 11.3 percent of the former CCC 

enrollees were hired by the Park Service into technical jobs such as 

13 supervisory positions, facilitating personnel, and skilled workmen. 

In June 1940 the Park Service operations staff consisted of 7,340 

employees and of this number, 3,956 were paid out of Works Progress 

Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, and Public Works 

Administration funds. As the relief funds were reduced, the Park 

Service continued to lose the people hired using these funds, and it 

became increasingly difficult to maintain and operate the parks and 

monuments in accordance with congressional mandates. The Park Service 

sought to alleviate the situation by increasing civil service positions; 

however, the personnel reductions, exacerbated by the manpower 

14 requirements of World War II , plagued the agency for years to come. 

ECW Land Rental or Purchase Authority 

With the commencement of the ECW program, a problem arose in NPS areas 

as to whether or not private lands could be purchased using ECW funds 

12. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: 

GPO, 1934), pp. 168-169, 184; and "The CCC Begins a New Year," 

American Forests 40(April 1934):178. 

13. Ballard to Nichols, June 2, 1938, RG 79, NA; Wirth to Johnston, 

Blossom and Ventres, April 21, 1938, RG 79, NA; Wirth to First Assistant 

Secretary, February 14, 1939, RG 79, NA; and Civilian Conservation 

Corps Press Release, August 2, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

14. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1940 (Washington: GPO, 1940), pp. xvii , 201; Salmond, 

p. 200; and Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 15. 

46 
to adequately protect park resources. The question was perplexing 

enough to have United States Attorney General Homer S. Cummings halt a 

land purchase at Great Smoky Mountains National Park made with ECW 

funds. President Roosevelt resolved the difficulty on December 28, 1933, 

by issuing an executive order that permitted the Park Service to 

purchase private lands using ECW funds. The executive order 

specifically mentioned Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Colonial 

National Monument, and the proposed Shenandoah National Park and 

Mammoth Cave National Park as areas in which land purchases were 

permissible. In addition to these park areas, the National Park Service 

later purchased land in the proposed areas of Isle Royale National Park, 

Big Bend National Park, Everglades National Park, and Organ Pipe Cactus 

15 National Monument. Director Cammerer commented: 

It has long been the policy of Congress not to appropriate 

Federal funds for the purchase of lands for the National Park 

system. Therefore nearly all of our parks and monuments have 

been established on Federal lands, or on lands which are 

donated to the Federal Government without cost. There have 

recently been a few exceptions to this procedure in which 

Emergency funds have been used to purchase,Jminor portions of 

national park areas still in private ownership. 

To further facilitate the ECW, President Roosevelt issued two executive 

orders in 1934 which authorized the expenditure of funds to purchase 

lands for conservation work. The National Park Service used this 

15. Executive Order 6542, December 28, 1933, RG 79, NA; "Public Works 

Program Includes Many Conservation Projects," American Forests 

39(November 1933):516; ECW, Two Years of Emergency Conservation 

Work, p. 3; Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA; "President 

Roosevelt to Request Continuation of the Civilian Conservation Corps," 

American Forests 40(November 1934):540; Department of the Interior Press 

Release, ca. 1935, RG 79, NA; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual 

Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936 (Washington: GPO, 

1936), p. xiv ; ECW, Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936 

(Washington: GPO, 1937), p. 38; Wirth to Fechner, June 28, 1937, 

RG 35, NA; and Director's Staff Meeting, National Park Service, 

February 15, 1939, RG 79, NA. 

16. Cammerer to Simons, June 30, 1936, RG 79, NA. 

47 
authorization to acquire additional lands for national parks and state 

parks projects. 

1936 CONSOLIDATION PROGRAM 

By 1935 the NPS Branch of Planning under the direction of Conrad Wirth 

had established eight regional (district) offices to help in administering 

the state parks program. These offices oversaw and approved the work 

of the individual state offices, provided quality control on state proj'ects, 

and were responsible for certain budgetary and personnel matters within 

their jurisdiction. At the same time, the ECW program within the national 

parks and monuments was administered by the NPS Branch of Forestry. 

This produced a duplication of functions and personnel by the two 

branches, requiring NPS Director Cammerer to discuss with the branch 

chiefs how best to eliminate the problem and more efficiently administer 

the ECW program. Since the ECW state parks program was the larger of 

the two, Director Cammerer, in consultation with Wirth and Coffman, 

decided to transfer the ECW national parks and monuments program from 

the Branch of Forestry to the Branch of Planning and State Cooperation. 

The effective date for the beginning consolidation was set for January 15, 

18 1936; it was to be completed by June 1, 1936. 

17. U.S. Executive Order 6684 (Washington: GPO, 1934); and U.S. 

Executive Order 6910-A (Washington: GPO, 1934). 

18. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 118, 130; Cammerer to 

Godwin, July 9, 1935, RG 79, NA; and U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"The National Park Service," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for 

the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936, pp. 102-103. The state park 

districts or regions were set up in the following manner: Region one 

consisted of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with a regional office at Springfield, 

Massachusetts. Region two encompassed the states of New York, New 

Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with the administrative headquarters located in 

Bronxville, New York. Region three included Virginia, West Virginia, 

Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of 

Columbia, with headquarters at Richmond, Virginia. Region four included 

Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee, with the 

administrative center in Atlanta, Georgia. Region five was composed of 

Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin, with 

administrative headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana. Region six was 

48 
With the presidential decision to reduce the ECW program in scope and to 

curtail funds in the fall of 1935, NPS officials were forced to find ways to 

reduce its administrative costs. On January 26, 1936, a special committee 

composed of Washington officials and park superintendents met to explore 

ways to remedy the situation. The majority of the committee members did 

not want to regionalize the ECW program until the National Park Service 

itself was regionalized. (This Park Service reorganization had been 

discussed since the successful regionalization of the ECW state parks 

program in 1933.) Opposed to this view were Washington officials Conrad 

Wirth, Verne Chatelain, and Oliver G. Taylor, who advocated an 

immediate partial regionalization of the ECW national parks program. 

Wirth presented this minority view in a January 26, 1936, letter to NPS 

Director Cammerer, who, after studying the committee's report and the 

letter, decided to implement Wirth's proposals. Starting in May 1936 the 

national park superintendents continued to submit their ECW projects to 

the Washington office for approval, but all project inspection work and 

liaison duties with the Army became the responsibility of ECW state parks 

regional offices (as the national parks regions were not yet established). 

The second phase of this plan in the last half of 1936 was to consolidate 

the number of ECW regional offices from eight to four with each region 

having from two to five suboffices, which were known as districts. Each 

of the regions was assigned a complement of inspectors made up of 

engineers, landscape architects, foresters, wildlife experts, geologists, 

archeologists, and historians to maintain the quality of the work 

18. (Cont'd) made up of the states of Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, South 

Dakota, NorthDakota, Montana, and Wyoming, with the administrative 

center in Omaha, Nebraska. Region seven consisted of Texas, Oklahoma, 

Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, with headquarters in 

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Region eight encompassed Washington, 

Oregon, Idaho, California, and Nevada, with administrative headquarters 

in San Francisco, California. 

49 
performed. Secretar y of the Interior Ickes wanted to see all ECW wor k 

administration carried out by the NPS regional offices when they were 

19 established. 

The reduction of the ECW program facilitated the speedy transfer of 

supervision of the national park s and monuments program from the Branch 

of Forestr y to the Branch of Planning and State Cooperation. By 

Februar y 1936 the Branch of Planning was placed in charge of all matters 

relating to the ECW camps, and the state park s inspectors were 

20 monitoring projects in national par k and monument areas. 

Also in earl y 1936, the procedure for ECW wor k was clarified. In state 

par k areas, an ECW wor k application could start when a general 

management plan was completed and approved. Then the application 

would be written and submitted to state offices , and in tur n to regional 

offices where technicians checked it over and the wor k would be classed 

19. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by 

Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 

1936 (Washington: GPO, 1936), pp. 101, 103; Demaray to all Field 

Officials of the National Park Service, May 4, 1936, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-3; 

and Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 131. The new ECW region 

one was composed of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York , 

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey , Pennsylvania, 

Ohio, Kentucky , West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Tennessee, 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 

Florida, and the Distric t of Columbia. The administrative headquarter s 

was in Richmond, Virginia. Region two consisted of the states of 

Michigan, Indiana, Illinois , Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, 

Wyoming, South Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado, 

with the regional headquarter s in Omaha, Nebraska. Region three 

consisted of Oklahoma, Texas , New Mexico, and Arizona, with 

administrative headquarter s in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma. The fourt h 

region was made up of the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, 

California, Nevada, and Utah, wit h administrative headquarter s in San 

Francisco, California. Demaray to Ochs , September 27, 1937, RG 79, NA. 

20. Cammerer to Washington Office, Februar y 4, 1936, RG 79, NA; 

Demaray to all Field Officials of the National Park Service, May 4, 1936, 

RG 79, NA; National Park Superintendents , Regional Officer s of State 

Parks , Division of Emergency Conservation Work Conference, Januar y 25, 

1936, RG 79, NA, p. 2-3; Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 118; 

and Wirth to Field Officers , Januar y 31, 1936, RG 79, NA. 

50 
as A, B, or C to indicate regional priority . Thi s compiled list would 

then be sent to Washington where the Park Service director, upon 

recommendation by his staff, would give preliminar y approval to the 

projects. The approved application would be sent back to the field where 

the par k superintendent or state par k official would be notified as to 

which projects had been approved and which camps could begin working 

on them. Detailed plans for projects , including estimated time, labor, 

and money necessary for completion, were then submitted to the 

Washington Office for final approval . Once approved, funds were made 

available to begin contracting for materials, with all contrac t change 

orders over $300 being sent to Washington for approval . If the original 

funding estimate for a project proved inadequate, a supplemental funding 

application would be sent to Washington. Conrad Wirth had developed a 

"48-hour system" by which the original application and requests for 

additional allocations of money would be either approved, held in 

abeyance, or disapproved within 48 hours after reaching Washington. 

The field officers were notified of the decisions. The "48-hour system" 

applied onl y to state par k projects and had been used experimentally in 

1935. Between 1935 and 1936 over 90 percent of the applications were 

processed within the prescribed time limit, and few complaints were 

21 received concerning the procedure. 

IMPACT UPON NPS REGIONALIZATION 

Wirth's regionalization of the ECW state park s program in 1933 set a 

precedent for the eventual regionalization of the National Park Service. 

\n 1934, Wirt h was seiected by Director Cammerer to discuss the subject 

of NPS regionalization at a par k superintendent s conference. The 

superintendent s believed that regionalization would merely place another 

22 layer of bureaucrac y between them and the NPS director. 

2 1. National Park Superintendents , Regional Officer s of State Parks 

Division and Emergency Conservation Work Conference, January 25, 1936. 

RG 79, NA; pp. 8-14. 

22. Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, p. 119. 

51 
In 1936 when the Park Service set about to reorganize the ECW state 

park s program into four regions , Director Cammerer wanted these offices 

located so that if the Park Service went to a regionalized basis the ECW 

regional offices could be merged with the NPS regions . On June 1, 1936, 

Secretar y of the Interior Ickes publicl y announced that the Park Service 

would be regionalized. That fal l the National Park Association attacked 

the proposed regionalization plan on the grounds that ECW personnel 

would assume key positions in the regions and that the standards of the 

Park Service would be lowered to those of the state park s program . 

Secretar y Ickes and Director Cammerer dismissed these charges as being 

unfounded and added that the higher positions would be assigned to 

regular Park Service employees and not to ECW administrators . In 

Augus t 1937 when the NPS regionalization was implemented, some of the 

regional positions were assigned to people with ECW backgrounds . The 

four National Park Service regional offices corresponded identically with 

the reorganized ECW offices except that in the newly created region 

three, the NPS headquarter s was located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and 

23 the ECW headquarter s was in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma. 

ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSHIPS 

The magnitude of administering the ECW program brought the National 

Park Service in close working contact with the Departments of War, 

Labor, and Agriculture, as well as with other bureaus within the 

23. Cammerer to Field Officers , October 26, 1936, RG 79, NA; Cammerer 

to Secretar y of the Interior, December 7, 1936, RG 79, NA; Cammerer to 

House of Representatives Select Committee on Conservation of Wildlife 

Resources, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; Cammerer to Secretar y of the Interior, 

Februar y 28, 1936, RG 79, NA; Slatter y to Williams, December 23, 1936, 

RG 79, NA; Taylor to Assistant Director, Augus t 3, 1937, RG 79, NA; 

National Park Service Director s Staff Meeting Minutes, September 14, 

1937, RG 79, NA; Tolson to Cammerer, Jul y 16, 1937, RG 79, NA; Tolson 

to Cammerer, May 26, 1937, RG 79, NA; Department of the Interior Press 

Release, Jul y 14, 1937, RG 79, NA; Ickes to Colby , Februar y 8, 1937, 

RG 79, NA; Yar d to Secretar y of the Geographical Society of 

Philadelphia, Februar y 3, 1937, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Slattery , 

Januar y 26, 1937, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Secretar y of the Interior, 

RG 79, NA; Januar y 12, 1937, RG 79, NA; and, Wirth, Parks , Politics 

and the People, p. 119. 

52 
Department of the Interior. Roosevelt had originally intended that the 

Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture would 

jointly administer the entire program. It soon became apparent, however, 

that to implement the program as quickly as he wished, an effective 

recruiting system would be required. The Forest Service and Park 

Service did not have enough manpower or expertise to recruit enrollees or 

operate the camps 24 hours a day. This brought the Departments of 

Labor and War into the program as full participants. 

The Army and War Department 

The Army wanted to be of assistance during the 1933 mobilization of the 

ECW but expressed reluctance to cooperate with other government 

agencies. President Roosevelt overcame these misgivings and convinced 

the Army to supply equipment and men for operating the conditioning 

program and administering the camps. The camp administrator was called 

the camp commander and he was assisted by a supply sergeant, a mess 

sergeant, and a cook (see chapter 3). The Army at firs t set up the 

camps using regular Army officers, but early in 1934 these men were 

replaced by reserve officers. (At the same time the Army replaced 

noncommissioned officers in camp personnel positions with men chosen 

from among the camp enrollees). The War Department wished to rotate 

commissioned camp officers to different camps every few enrollment 

periods so that they would not assume they had permanent positions at 

specific camps. The Forest Service and Park Service were concerned 

about this policy because they believed that the longer the commissioned 

camp officers could remain in place, the more proficient and 

knowledgeable they would become about their work and the needs of the 

park or forest area. Within the ECW advisory council, a struggle arose 

among the Park Service, the Forest Service, and the Army over the 

question of camp officer rotation. In 1934 the Forest Service and the 

Park Service joined forces to oppose this Army policy. Colonel Duncan 

K. Major, the Army representative in the advisory council, responded 

that the rotation policy had not reduced the camps' work efficiency nor 

had it adversely affected camp morale. Colonel Major ended his argument 

by stating that neither the National Park Service nor the Forest Service 

53 
could dictate Arm y policy . Thi s disagreement continued over the nex t 

i 24 

several years . 

The rotation question was but one of several conflicts between the Army 

and the Park Service over daily camp operations . Another source of 

contention involved the balance between men needed for camp maintenance 

and those required for project work . Gradually , the army camp 

commanders began to hold back more and more enrollees from daily project 

wor k for housekeeping duties around the camp. The Park Service 

superintendent s complained that such tasks constituted unnecessary 

"overhead" and detracted from the primar y mission of performing 

conservation work . After several months of disagreement the Army and 

the Park Service agreed in Augus t 1933 that camp commanders could keep 

25 23 to 26 men around camp for housekeeping duties . 

The Arm y also opposed the use of locally employed men (LEMs). These 

people were hired by the National Park Service and were not under Arm y 

control . Park Service officials saw the LEM program as a way in which 

men skilled in conservation wor k could be hired. The army officials were 

uncomfortable with thi s program and it remained a source of irritation 

26 unti l the termination of the CCC program . 

As the summer of 1933 drew to a close, Arm y and NPS officials recognized 

that conflicts between the camp commander and par k superintendent would 

occasionally arise. Procedures were established for conflic t resolution, 

which emphasized the need for settlement on the local level if at all 

possible. Such a system emphasized the need for the par k 

superintendent s and the camp commander to have a close working 

relationship. If problems could not be worked out on the camp level, 

24. Johnson, pp. 65, 92-93, 71, 12; "Arm y Develops Civilian Supervision 

of C.C.C . Camps," American Forests 40(May 1934):224; and Johnson, 

p p. 66, 106-107. 

25. Johnson, p. 101; and Demaray to Field Officers , Augus t 1, 1933, 

RG 79, NA. 

26. Johnson, pp. 92-94, 100-101. 

54 
the par k superintendent would then contact the liaison officer or corps 

commander at the appropriate army corps headquarters . If a satisfactor y 

solution could stil l not be reached by both parties at thi s level, they 

could notif y their superior s to bring the matter up during a meeting of 

the advisor y council. The advisor y council decision would be passed 

down to the appropriate camp officials . Only the most difficul t matters 

27 

went through the entire process. 

The issue of establishing side camps away from the main 200-man camps 

was the most difficul t conflic t to resolve. The purposes of the side 

camps were to construc t trails , build firebreaks , install fir e lookouts, 

provide emergency fir e details , and control tree disease in areas that 

were inaccessible to large groups . In Apri l 1933 the Forest Service 

requested that President Roosevelt permit the use of such camps to do 

some of the proposed conservation work ; the request was turned down. 

In June, Robert Stuart of the Forest Service and Horace Albright of the 

Park Service again recommended the use of side camps to accomplish 

work . They argued that without such camps up to 40 percent of the 

conservation wor k for park s and forest s could not be accomplished. The 

Arm y opposed thi s idea. There were not enough men to supervise the 

enrol lees in these camps and they feared a high desertion rate. Also the 

Army pointed out that such camps would add 10 percent to the food costs 

f or the camps. ECW Director Fechner concurred with the Army' s 

position, but on Jul y 19 President Roosevelt ruled that the side camps 

28 could begin on a one-month trial basis. 

On Jul y 22 Secretar y of War George H. Dern sent a message to all corps 

area commanders on the procedures for setting up the side camps. No 

27. Director NPS to Field Officers , Augus t 15, 1933, RG 79, NA; 

Director NPS to Field Officers , November 7, 1933, RG 79, NA; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work 

p. 3; and Johnson, pp. 92-93. 

28. Johnson, pp. 95-99; and, Demaray to Dorr, June 29, 1933, RG 79, 

NA. 

55 
more than 10 percent of the camp's complement could be assigned to side 

camps. The men would wor k in these camps from Monday through Friday 

and retur n to the main camp on weekends. The Park Service would be 

responsible for providing shelter, transportation, and supervision for 

their side camps. The Army camp commander and the corps area 

commander had to give formal approval before the par k superintendent 

could establish a side camp. Within two weeks of the start of the 

experiment, 300 side camps were established by the Forest Service and 

Park Service, and the 10 percent limit was exceeded. Chief Forester 

Stuart and NPS Director Albright reported to Director Fechner in Augus t 

that the experiment had proven to be a great success and that the morale 

in the side camps was high, with no desertions . The side camp was 

subsequentl y made a permanent feature of the ECW program . President 

Roosevelt permitted the Arm y corps area commanders to determine how 

29 

many men from the main camp could be assigned to wor k in side camps. 

Arm y officials again felt that their supervisor y role was challenged when 

the question of how to deal with safety issues was raised. The Arm y 

held that it should be the sole determiner on safety matters , while the 

National Park Service wanted to be responsible for on-the-job safety . 

The Arm y compromised by agreeing to the formation of a safety committee 

composed of the camp commander, an NPS representative, and the Arm y 

30 medical officer. 

In May 1934 Conrad Wirth further irritated Arm y officials by suggesting 

that ECW enrollees within NPS camps be given a meritorious service 

certificate after completion of their term of duty . Colonel Major stated 

that the Arm y was opposed to such an action unless the certificate was 

given to all ECW participant s and not jus t NPS camp enrollees. Wirth, 

29. Johnson, pp. 96-99; Minutes of the Advisor y Council for Emergency 

Conservation Work, Jul y 19, 1933, RG 35, NA, p. 4; Emergency 

Conservation Work (National Park Service Circular 37) Side Camps, 

July 24, 1933, RG 79, NA, p. 1; Salmond, p. 46; and Minutes of the 

National Park Service Conference of State Park Authorities , Februar y 27, 

1935, RG 79, NA, p. 410. 

30. Johnson, pp. 66, 106-107. 

56 
supported by Frederic k Morrel l of the Forest Service, argued that the 

Army discharge form was inadequate as a record of service and an aid in 

seeking employment. Colonel Major maintained that the Arm y was the sole 

administrator in charge of personnel matters and had exclusive authorit y 

to issue any certificates . The Arm y was able to forestal l the issuance of 

the NPS certificate unti l May 1935 when Director Fechner approved a 

modified version of the concept. The National Park Service was allowed 

to issue a certificate; however, the camp commander was not required to 

31 sign it and all reference to the Arm y was removed from the document. 

In 1935 Wirth and the Forest Service representative brought up the side 

camp issue again in the advisor y council. The Park Service observed 

that conservation projects in mountainous western par k areas could best 

be accomplished by using small side camps and requested that the 10 

percent ceiling on side camps be increased. The Arm y agreed to let the 

corps area commanders increase thi s ceiling above 10 percent. In return, 

Colonel Major requested that the number of LEMs hired by the Park 

Service to supervise these camps be limited to 16 per camp. In thi s way 

the Arm y hoped to control the number of side camps. Further, the Arm y 

wanted all these men to be considered part of each state's ECW hiring 

quotas. Fechner and the Park Service agreed to both of these 

32 stipulations . 

The old conflic t with the Arm y concerning the rotation of camp officers 

was revived on May 13, 1937, when the Arm y issued an order requiring 

reserve officer s to remain on ECW dut y for a total of only 18 months , 

with 25 percent of all the officer s being granted special permission to 

serve for two years . The order further granted medical officers the 

right to remain on dut y for three years . The date set for ful l 

implementation of that order was December 31, 1937. Both Fechner and 

3 1. Johnson, p. 107-108; Major to Fechner, June 11, 1934, RG 35, NA; 

and Fechner to Upp, June 5, 1934, RG 35, NA. A sample of one of these 

documents can be found in appendix D. 

32. Minutes of the National Park Service Conference of State Park 

Authorities , Februar y 27, 1935, RG 79, NA, pp. 398-399, 410-411; and 

Johnson, pp. 101, 106-107. 

57 
the representatives of the Park Service and Forest Service reacted 

negatively , believing that it would prove detrimental to the wor k 

program. Director Fechner discussed the matter with President Roosevelt 

and gained his support in opposing the Army . On Jul y 20 the Arm y 

issued a modification to the original order that allowed indefinite retention 

of 50 percent of the reserve officer s in each corps area except for 

medical officer s and chaplains. The nex t day during a meeting of the 

advisor y council, the Arm y representative announced plans to replace all 

reserve officer s in camps by Jul y of 1938. The Park Service saw thi s 

33 action as a mistake, but could do nothing more to prevent it. 

During 1938 Director Fechner approved regulations that prohibited par k 

superintendent s from making fir e inspections of the camps under Arm y 

jurisdiction. The par k superintendent s believed that since the camps 

were on Park Service property , they were responsible for fir e safety in 

the camps. Even after Director Fechner's ruling, some par k 

superintendent s (such as at Vicksbur g National Militar y Park ) were able 

to obtain permission from the Arm y camp commander to inspect the camps 

f or fir e hazards . 

The ECW/CCC Directorate 

In Jul y of 1937 Director Fechner announced to the CCC advisor y council 

that he intended to transfer to his office the liaison officers then being 

hired by , paid by , and working for the technical agencies (the Forest 

Service and Park Service). The Departments of Agriculture, War, and 

the Interior feared that thi s was a further concentration of power in the 

director' s office. The bitter opposition to Fechner's proposal led him to 

solicit support from the president. Roosevelt responded by issuing an 

executive order in September that directed the secretaries of war, 

33. Johnson, pp. 65, 73, 79; Salmond, pp. 172-3; and U.S. Department 

of War, Civilian Conservation Corps Regulations, p. 4. 

34. Wirth to Shanklin, Jul y 15, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

58 
interior, and agriculture, and the administrator of veterans affairs to 

cooperate with the director of the CCC. Despite thi s directive, the 

various agencies remained reluctant to give ful l support to all of 

Fechner's policies. In June 1938, Fechner drafted a letter for the 

president's signature that would give the director clear authorit y to 

initiate and approve all policy matters . President Roosevelt refused to 

sign the letter unti l November, when Fechner threatened to resign. 

Fechner then announced to the advisor y council that his decision on 

policy could onl y be superseded by the president. Thi s pronouncement 

met with silence in the advisor y council, and the secretar y of the interior 

later accused Fechner of usurping responsibilities that had been delegated 

35 to the Department of the Interior. 

Fechner continued to consolidate and centralize functions of the CCC. In 

1939 he upset the technical agencies by proposing that a chain of central 

machine repair shops be established directl y under his office's control . 

Wirth declared that such a plan would adversel y affect the CCC program 

and asked Fechner to reconsider his decision. He further stated that if 

Fechner's decision was not reversed, the Department of the Interior would 

submit the matter to the president. Secretar y of the Interior Ickes added 

that the whole question should be investigated by the Bureau of the 

Budget. Despite the open opposition by the Departments of War, 

Agriculture, and Interior, Fechner proceeded. He nex t received 

presidential approval to have the Selection Division removed from the 

Labor Department and placed in the director' s office. After Fechner's 

death at the end of 1939, Secretar y Ickes wrote to the director of the 

Bureau of the Budget that the time had come to abolish the CCC 

director' s office. He proposed that the entire CCC program be jointl y 

administered by the Departments of Agricultur e and Interior, which would 

assume the duties of the War Department and those of the CCC director' s 

office. President Roosevelt disapproved the plan and appointed James 

36 

McEntee as the new CCC director. 

35. Salmond, pp. 171-172; and Johnson, pp. 48, 53. 

36. Salmond, pp. 175-176, 200; and Johnson, pp. 54, 56. 

59 
The Forest Service 

The Park Service and the Forest Service often cooperated on matters of 

mutual concern in the ECW advisor y council; however, they did have 

areas of disagreement. The state park s program was one of the main 

areas of misunderstanding between the two agencies. State park s camps 

were administered by the Park Service or by the Forest Service, 

depending on criteria agreed to on May 10, 1933. If 50 percent of the 

wor k projects were on state fores t lands and not of a resource 

management nature, the camps would be under the Park Service. 

Otherwise, the camps would be administered by the Forest Service. The 

Park Service agreed to consult the state forester before submitting wor k 

proposals on certain projects . The agencies agreed to exchange lists of 

camps to determine whether they should be subject to Park Service or 

Forest Service administration. In one of these initial exchanges, Conrad 

Wirth found that 28 of 144 camps being proposed by the Forest Service 

properl y belonged in the state park s program and they were transferred 

37 to the Park Service. 

The conflic t between the two agencies partiall y came from performing 

similar work--suc h as fir e and fores t protection measures. The approach 

and execution of the work , however, differed as explained by Wirth in 

the following memorandum to the Forest Service: 

Methods of fores t protection wor k in state park s frequentl y 

differ; straight-line fir e lanes are to be avoided; fir e trail s 

should be laid out with more regard to the landscape and 

interesting flora than is generally necessary on state forests ; 

fir e towers should be designed with more regard to 

architectural design; clean-up of fir e hazard should have more 

37. Memorandum of Agreement covering Federal Bureau Responsibility for 

Work done by the States on State Park , State Forest and Private Forest 

Land under the Emergency Conservation Work Ac t between the National 

Park Service and the United States Forest Service, May 10, 1933, RG 95, 

NA; Wirth to Director NPS, May 10, 1933, RG 95, NA; and Wirth to 

Morrell , Augus t 10, 1933, RG 95, NA. Later in 1933 Wirth requested that 

a state park s camp in Cook Forest State Park , Pennsylvania, and possibly 

a fores t camp in Ohio be transferred to the Park Service state park s 

program , while the Park Service wanted to transfer two camps in Missouri 

to the Forest Service. 

60 
regard for picturesque fallen trees , etc., that are a part of the 

natural fores t picture. These instances could be added to 

considerably ; but they indicate the need of a type of planning 

and supervision that the National Park Service has provided for 

such work . 

I haven't the least doubt of your own understanding of these 

differences of method, but some Forest Service men do not 

understand them, and have the feeling that the Forest Service 

should supervise all such work , wherever it may be 

performed. 

Such a fine distinction between Park Service and Forest Service work , 

along with a desire on the part of the Forest Service to do par k work , 

resulted in a series of conflicts between the two agencies during the CCC 

period. 

In 1934 the Forest Service presented the Park Service a rather startling 

memorandum for its approval . The memorandum, if accepted by the Park 

Service, would have permitted the Forest Service to undertake the same 

type of recreational development in national and state forest s as was 

being done under the Park Service in the state park s program . The 

Park Service refused to sign the memorandum on the grounds that thi s 

would sanction the Forest Service's performance of functions that properl y 

belonged within the Department of the Interior. Again in 1934 the Forest 

Service transferred some camps to NPS jurisdiction, but expressed 

concern to the secretar y of the interior that the Park Service was 

attempting to lure some of the Forest Service forester s and foremen from 

these camps into the Park Service. Wirth, following the secretary' s 

instructions , issued a warning that Forest Service employees could be 

hired by the Park Service only after Park Service officials had secured 

the consent of the regional or state forester. On the other side, Park 

Service field officer s complained that the liaison officer positions in Arm y 

corps headquarter s were filled with Forest Service people who favored 

39 that agency over the Park Service. 

38. Wirth to Morrell , Augus t 10, 1933, NA, RG 35. 

39. Cammerer to Secretar y of the Interior, Apri l 8, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Wirth to all Distric t Officers , September 27, 1934, RG 79, NA; and Wirth 

to Distric t Officers , November 16, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

61 
Problems again arose between the Forest Service and Park Service over 

the question of par k wor k when on Februar y 7, 1935, Director Fechner 

approved a memorandum authorizing the same wor k done in state park s to 

be undertaken in state and national forests . The Park Service, which 

had earlier refused to sign the same memorandum, expressed concern to 

Fechner over his approval of the Forest Service's proposal. Fechner sent 

a letter to the Forest Service and the Park Service on Apri l 8 asking the 

two agencies to meet and wor k out any differences on the wor k question. 

40 The two agencies met but did not come to any agreement. 

On May 22, acting NPS Director Arthur Demaray outlined the department's 

position regarding the Forest Service in a letter to Secretar y of the 

Interior Ickes. Demaray made the following points : 

1. In developing local, intensified recreation in national 

forests , the Forest Service is shifting the responsibilit y of 

providing local recreation from the State and local governments 

to the Federal Government. It has been the policy of thi s 

Department to impress upon local governments that they must 

care for their own recreational needs. 

2. Establishment of intensive recreational developments on 

Forest lands produces competition with park s and other areas 

primaril y recreational; supplies such developments in excess of 

demand; and tends seriously to break down the essential 

distinctions of character and administration between park s and 

forests . 

3. Haphazard development of intensive recreational facilities 

on national and State fores t lands is a blow at balanced and 

well-rounded planning for recreation, by contras t with the 

development of Land Program recreational demonstration areas, 

which are fitted into comprehensive State plans and which, in 

ever y case, the States have agreed to maintain. If there are 

fores t land areas that fi t into State plans for intensive 

recreation, the fac t should be recognized by appropriate 

changes in status . 

40. Granger to Files, Februar y 8, 1935, RG 95, NA; Fechner to 

Silcox and Cammerer, Apri l 8, 1935, RG 95, NA; Morrell to Fechner, 

Apri l 6, 1935, RG 79, NA; and Cammerer to Secretary of the 

Interior, Apri l 8, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

62 
4. It is our belief that, in order to handle intensive 

recreational developments, the Forest Service will have to set 

up a technical organization similar to that of the State Park 

Division of the National Park Service. Thi s would vastl y 

increase costs and, owing to the scarcit y of trained personnel, 

would result in two weak organizations , neither one capable of 

doing satisfactor y work . 

5. The Forest Service's practice of setting up large 

recreational areas, which are seriously competitive with the 

national parks , strikes at established national policy and results 

in unjustified maintenance cost against the regular Federal 

budget. 

It is recommended that: (1) Necessary steps be taken to 

secure cancellation of the authorization granted the Forest 

Service; (2) The Forest Service be prohibited from developing 

intensive recreational areas on national and State forests , 

except where such areas fi t into the State plans for recreation, 

and then onl y when such national fores t lands are turned over 

to the proper State or local authorities capable of administering 

and maintaining recreational areas; (3) Any Federal 

participation in such recreational development be under the 

supervision of the National Park Service. 

The Secretar y of the Interior' s office slightl y rephrased the points made 

by the National Park Service and sent a letter to Fechner requesting that 

he rescind the authorization given to the Forest Service. Director 

Fechner met with representatives of the National Park Service and Forest 

Service in an effort to reach some accord. Neither agency would agree to 

any compromise and Fechner refused to rescind his authorization to the 

Forest Service. For the nex t several years the Forest Service continued 

to do "park " wor k and the National Park Service continued unsuccessfully 

42 to object to thi s practice. 

4 1. Demaray to Secretar y of the Interior, May 22, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

42. Cammerer to Secretar y of the Interior, Apri l 8, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Wirth to Demaray, Augus t 30, 1935, RG 79, NA; Wirth to Regional 

Officers , October 9, 1935, RG 79, NA; and Schellie to Sixth Regional 

Officer, October 19, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

63 
The Embezzlement Issue—Internal Corruption 

On Apri l 1, 1937, Robert Jennings , head of the accounting division of the 

Park Service, received a telephone call from the Arm y finance office 

asking for Reno E. Stitely , chief of the voucher unit, to pick up the 

payrol l checks for CCC men at Shenandoah National Park . Jennings was 

surprised by thi s request since pay normally was sent to the camps for 

distribution and not to his office. He, however, had the presence of 

mind to go to the finance office and take the checks . Thi s was the 

beginning of the most sensational case of embezzlement in CCC history . 

An investigation was begun immediately and culminated in the arres t of 

Stitel y on Apri l 27 for falsifying 134 payrol l vouchers comprising 1,116 

43 checks which amounted to $84,880.03. 

The embezzlements began in 1933 when Stitel y was named in a letter from 

the director of the Park Service to the Arm y Finance Office as being 

authorized to approve bills for pay . Using thi s authorit y Stitel y forged 

the name of the superintendent of Shenandoah National Park to a letter 

which authorized him to sign for payrol l vouchers . Stitel y created 

fictitious ECW personnel, submitted falsified payrol l vouchers for them, 

picked up their payrol l checks , forged their names on these checks , and 

deposited the checks in various savings accounts around the Washington 

area. He used the money to buy cars , a house, and stocks , and to 

throw lavish parties . After Stitel y was caught, it was alleged that he 

had created "dummy" CCC camps. Actually , his fictitious people were 

assigned to no particular camp. On January 7, 1938, Stitel y pleaded 

guilt y to nine charges of forger y and embezzlement, was sentenced to 

6-12 years in prison, and fined $36,000. Senator Gerald P. Nye (Nort h 

Dakota) of the Senate Public Lands Committee held hearings on the Park 

Service and War Department accounting systems in an effort to prevent 

43. Reed to Adjutant General, Augus t 10, 1938, RG 407, NA, pp. 9-11; 

Wirth, Parks , Politics and the People, pp. 132-133; and Salmond, p. 188. 

64 
such incidents from recurring. Thi s type of fraud remained an isolated 

incident, but it left a blot on the fiscal records of the National Park 

44 Service. 

44. "Charge CCC Defrauded of $1,250,000," New Yor k Daily News, 

Januar y 21, 1938; Newspaper clipping, "Stitel y Draws 6 to 12 Years in 

CCC Fraud," ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; Newspaper clipping, "U.S . Cler k 

Sentenced for Theft of $84,000," Januar y 22, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Newspaper clipping, "Intrique and Fraud Described," January 17, 1938, 

RG 79, NA; Newspaper clipping, "Ickes Must Explain Fraud," Januar y 20, 

1938, RG 79, NA; "Fight Over Money Blocks Expose in Park Service," 

Philadephia Record, Augus t 1, 1937; "Officials Shift Voucher Theft 

Responsibility," Washington Post, Januar y 19, 1938; Newspaper clipping, 

"No Dummy CCC Camp," Januar y 18, 1938, RG 79, NA; Reed to the 

Adjutant General, Februar y 18, 1938, RG 407, NA; Newspaper clipping, 

"Fair y Tale CCC Report Denied," Januar y 18, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Newspaper clipping, "Tapping of Wires from White House Hinted in 

Inquiry, " Januar y 17, 1938, RG 79, NA; "Pay Roll Padding Evidence 

Grows," Washington Star, June 17, 1937; Newspaper clipping, "Arm y and 

Interior Deny Blame for $87,000 Fraud," ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; Newspaper 

clipping '"Dummy CC C Theft Blame Laid to War Department by Park 

Head," ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; Office of the Inspector General to the Chief 

of Staff, Januar y 14, 1938, RG 407, NA; Newspaper clipping "Probe 

Reveals Government's Wire-Tapping," Januar y 17, 1938, RG 79, NA; and 

Newspaper clipping "$84,000 Fraud on U.S. Bared," January 13, 1938, 

RG 79, NA. 

65 
CHAPTER 3: THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CAMPS 

Each year that the CCC existed the programs and projects within camps 

varied. There were also seasonal and regional differences in the camps 

as the program evolved based on administrative and legislative changes. 

ADMINISTRATION 

Administrative authority in the ECW/CCC camps was divided between the 

Army's camp commander, who supervised all the activities of enrollees 

within the camps, and the park superintendent, who coordinated all 

project work accomplished. The camp commander was a regular or 

reserve army officer; he was assisted by a supply sergeant, mess 

sergeant, and cook. Beginning in 1934 these assistants were replaced by 

civilian employees who were also supervised by the camp commander. The 

Army was also responsible for providing a part-time doctor, dentist, 

chaplain, and, later on, a full-time educational advisor. These men 

undertook the care and supervision of enrollees in the camps. The park 

superintendent was responsible for overseeing and developing the work 

program for the camps. To set up daily work schedules, a camp 

superintendent was hired for each 200-man camp in the park. Daily work 

crews were directed by foremen assigned to supervise the work of 40- to 

50-men crews. These foremen were classified according to tasks 

performed, such as insect control, blister rust control, truck trail 

construction, fire suppression, landscaping, blister rust control checker, 

and miscellaneous projects. For technical supervision, foresters, park 

engineers, landscape architects, and historical technicians could be hired. 

These people would sometimes work for several camps in several national 

and state park areas. Historical technicians, park engineers, and 

landscape architects were hired with the concurrence of the NPS chief 

historian, chief engineer, and chief architect, respectively. Park 

superintendents could hire skilled workers such as machine operators, 

construction workers, supervising mechanics, truck trail locators, black66 
smiths, tool sharpeners, and tractor and pump mechanics when 

appropriate (see attached chart). 

The park superintendent was responsible for the formulation of the work 

programs, inspection of the work, and keeping the camp superintendent 

on his work schedule. The activities of the historians, engineers, 

architects, foresters, and nature experts were coordinated and directed 

by the camp superintendent. In some cases, the park superintendent 

developed programs that extended beyond park boundaries into state and 

recreational demonstration areas. 

State parks officials formulated their own work programs, which were 

submitted to the Park Service for approval. The Park Service supplied 

the states with guidelines for what type of work could be undertaken, 

procedures for establishing camps, regulations governing fiscal 

transactions, and a variety of other matters. The states chose their own 

staffs analogous to the Park Service's staff to administer the work 

2 

programs in the camps. 

In 1934 the nomenclature and definition of certain supervisory positions 

were changed. The Park Service redesignated the camp superintendent 

to be the project superintendent. The duties defined for this person 

1. Johnson, p. 12; Albright to Field Officers, April 25, 1933, RG 79, 

NA, pp. 5-6; American Youth Commission of the American Council on 

Education, The Civilian Conservation Corps pp. 10-11; Salmond, p. 87; 

U.S. Department of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation 

Work Civilian Conservation Corps, TG-PO, n.dTJ pp. 6-9; Wirth to Dorr, 

June T, T933"^ RG 79, NA; and U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Handbook, no page. 

2. U.S. Department of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency 

Conservation Work Civilian Conservation Corps, (GPO, n.d.) pp. 1, 5; 

American Youth Commission of the American Council on Education, The 

Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 11; Demaray to Field Officers, October 2, 

1933, RG 79, NA; and Albright to all State Parks Authorities, May 6, 

1933, RG 95, NA. 

67 
RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN AN NPS CAMP, 1933 

cn> 

co 

NPS 

developing and overseeing 

work programs Park Superintendent 

camp superintendent 

one/200 men 

(changed in 1934 to 

"project superintendent") 

foresters engineers 

landscape 

architects 

historical 

technicians 

natural science 

technicians 

skilled workers 

(machine operators, 

construction workers, 

supervisory mechanics, 

truck trail locators, 

blacksmiths, 

tool sharpeners, 

tractor and pump 

mechanics) 

one foreman/40-50 men 

insect control 

blister rust control 

truck trail construction 

fire suppression 

landscaping 

blister rust control checker 

miscellaneous 

ARMY 

care and supervision 

of enrollees 

Camp Commander 

(regular or res. Army officer) 

cook 

(later civilian) 

supply sergeant 

(later civilian) 

mess sergeant 

(later civilian) 

doctor 

(part-time) 

chaplain 

(part-time) 

dentist 

(part-time) 

educational 

advisor 
included the coordination and supervision of civil engineering, 

construction, maintenance, and developmental projects for a single camp 

and management of the expenditure of government funds for the work 

projects of several camps. Under the project superintendents were 

classifications of foremen assigned various duties in supervising the daily 

work. A number of the first-period enrollees were selected for the 

3 

foreman and supervisory positions in the second period of the program. 

By 1939 the potential staff positions for a CCC camp had expanded to 

include a commanding officer, an assistant commanding officer, a staff 

doctor, a senior leader and assistant leaders, a company clerk, a 

storekeeper, a supply officer, an infirmary attendant, a steward, first 

and assistant cooks, a chauffer, a mechanic, an educational adviser, and 

an assistant educational adviser. Not all camps had people in all these 

positions. Ten men from each camp could be used by the park for 

educational, guide, and public contact work. If the enrollees worked on 

Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, they were to be given compensatory 

time. Enrollees selected for these positions were to be volunteers, have 

public speaking ability, use good English, be neat in appearance, and 

have courteous manners. 

To monitor the progress of the work, a number of progress reports were 

required. Camp inspectors were to provide weekly reports to the district 

offices on the camps visited. The park superintendent was to submit a 

weekly report on the work in his park, along with statistical data on 

camp strength, health, and highlights. He also prepared a biweekly 

narrative report of activity. By August 1933 the requirement for this 

biweekly report was changed to make it monthly. When the work program 

was being formulated, the superintendent was required to send copies to 

3. Demaray to Lassiter, March 26, 1934, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Dorr, 

March 27, 1934, RG 79, NA; and Emergency Conservation Work Press 

Release, March 24, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

4. U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, pp. 47-48; and Wirth to 

McEntee, Director Civilian Conservation Corps, May 7, 1940, RG 79, NA. 

69 
the Park Service Branch of Engineering and Branch of Plans and Design 

in Washington and to the Forestry Division in Berkeley. The camp 

superintendent was to compile bimonthly progress reports and a narrative 

5 construction report upon the completion of each project. 

The precise location of camps in national parks and monuments was the 

responsibility of the Army and the Park Service. At first, all camp 

locations were to be approved by President Roosevelt; later that authority 

was delegated to Director Fechner. The camps were to be located on NPS 

lands near the work projects. Other requirements for campsite selection 

included their proximity to railway and highway, the attitude of the local 

populace, the availability of water for the campsite, and the availability of 

lumber and other building materials. After the Park Service officials 

selected a suitable site, Army officials would make an inspection. If the 

Army officials did not find the site satisfactory, they would request the 

director to disapprove the camp. In an attempt to decentralize the camp 

selection process, Director Fechner on May 22, 1933, announced that 

camps could be moved up to 25 miles from their original site without 

Washington approval. Later, the camps could be located on private lands 

leased by the Army. 

CAMP DESCRIPTION 

The early camps often were army tents, which were gradually replaced by 

more substantial wooden structures. Most of these structures were 

designed to last for only 18 months, and dismantling and reerecting them 

proved costly. In the spring of 1934 the Army designed a sturdy 

5. Wirth to District Officers, Inspectors, Park Authorities, Procurement 

Officers, and Camp Superintendents, July 15, 1933, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-3; 

Albright to all Field Officers, April 13, 1933, RG 79, NA; and Demaray to 

Field Officers, August 1 , 1933, RG 79, NA, p. 1. 

6. Albright to All State Park Authorities, May 6, 1933, RG 95, NA; 

U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook, pp. 9, 15; U.S. Senate, Civilian 

Conservation Corps, p. 19; Johnson, pp. 93-94; Salmond, p. 41; and 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Handbook, p. 1. 

70 
building with interchangeable parts that was fabricated for easy 

construction and could serve as an administrative, recreational, mess, or 

barracks facility. In addition, the structure was inexpensive, 

comfortable, weatherproof, easily transportable, and came in panels for 

easy construction. This type of building was mass produced in 1935. In 

1936 Director Fechner ordered that all future ECW camps be of the 

prefabricated portable variety. By the end of the decade approximately 

20,000 prefabricated buildings were used in 1,500 locations. A standard 

camp was formed in a rough "U " shape, with recreation halls, a garage, a 

hospital, administrative buildings, a mess hall, officers' quarters, enrollee 

barracks, and a schoolhouse, all constructed of wood; it numbered 

approximately 24 structures. Each building fronted a cleared space that 

was used for assemblies and sports activities. The exteriors of the 

structures were sometimes painted brown or green, but more often the 

wood was creosoted or covered with tar paper. Some camps were wired 

for electricity. 

In 1939 the CCC director revised the standard plan for the camps. The 

new camp was also to consist of 24 structures, but with a separate room 

or tent for the camp superintendent and separate recreational and dining 

7. Emergency Conservation Work (National Park Circular 38) Winter 

Camps, July 26, 1933, RG 79, NA, p. 1; "10,000 Replacements Ordered 

for Conservation Corps," American Forests 39(August 1933):370; Associate 

Director to Field Officers, August 23, 1933, RG 79, NA; "Plans Shaping 

to Continue Emergency Forestry Work Through Winter," Amerjcan Forests 

39(September 1933):420; "Civilian Conservation Corps Recruits for New 

Period," American Forests 39(November 1933):516; Demaray to Fechner, 

March 16) 1935, RG 35, NA; "Civilian Conservation Corps to Continue 

Another Six Months at Full Strength," American Forests 39(October 

1933) :464; Camp Superintendent's Narrative Report For Period from 

October 1, 1933, to March 31st, 1934, for CCC Company #323 at Colonial 

National Monument, April 1934, RG 35, NA; C.R. French, "A Workable 

Plan for Prefabricated Housing," American Forests 46(November, 

1940):512-513; Acting Associate Director to Dorr, June 23, 1934, RG 79, 

NA; Salmond, pp. 47, 136; "Selection of Men for the Civilian Conservation 

Corps," Monthly Labor Review 40(May 1935):1165; U.S. Department of the 

Interior, "Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations," by 

Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 

1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 158Tdemaray toH'aylor, August 724, 

4333, RG 79, NA; Kieley, p. 9; and Cohen, p. 25. 

71 
areas for the supervisory personnel. In some camps these standards 

were met or exceeded; in others they were never achieved. The 

exteriors of the buildings were to be painted or stained only to prevent 

deterioration, and only those portions of the building subject to damage 

were to be treated with any preservatives. This was done to keep 

o 

construction costs down. 

8. Weatherwax to Johnston, August 29, 1939, RG 79, NA; Wirth to 

Weatherwax, September 2, 1939, RG 79, NA; National Park Service, 

Procedure Manual for the Civilian Conservation Corps pp. 1-3; and 

Charles Price Harper, TFe Administration of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps (Clarksburg, West Virginia: Clarksburg Publishing Co., 1939), no 

page. The number and dimensions of CCC camp structures according to 

the August 22, 1939, revised plan, were as follows: 

Five (5) Barracks, 20' x 120' 7k" 

One (1) Mess Hall and Kitchen, Type A, 20' x 1201 7Y 

# One (1) Technical Service Quarters, 20' x 80' 7k" 

One (1) Officers' Quarters, 20' x 40' 7V 

* One (1) Technical Service Headquarters and storehouse Combined 

Building, 20' x 80' 7k" 

One (1) Army Headquarters and Storehouse Combined Building 

20' x 70' Ik" 

One (1) Recreation Building, 20' x 100' 7k" 

One (1) Dispensary, 20' x 30' 7k" 

One (1) Lavatory and Bathhouse, Type A, 20' x 40' 7k" 

One (1) Latrine, 10' 2" x 25' 7k" 

One (1) Garages, 24'5 5/8" x 60' 7k" 

** Four (4) Oil House, 10' 2" x 25' 7k" 

* ** One (1) Pump House, 10' 2" x 10' 7k" 

One (1) Generator House, 10' 2" x 10' 7k" 

One (1) Blacksmith Shop, 20' x 20' 7k" 

One (1) Educational Building, 20' x 130' 7k" 

One (1) Equipment Repair & Maintenance Building, 30' 9V x 30' 9V 

* - Soil Conservation Service and Division of Grazing Camps, 20' x 

90' 7k" 

** - One Army garage; three technical services. 

* ** - Army 10'; technical service 15'. 

# It is also the responsibility fo the Army to provide shelter, 

rations, and bedding for supervisory and facilitating personnel desiring 

to avail themselves of such facilities. Such personnel will reimburse the 

company mess fund in cash for the value of the rations received. 

Deductions for quarters are made in accordance with fiscal regulations 

prescribed. Laundering of bed linen must be paid for by the individual. 

72 
In the summer of 1933 side camps, which were usually just tents, were 

established away from the main camps. Side camps were set up when, for 

example, a job was at such a distance that a long trail trip would be 

necessary each day. Another use of side camps was during dangerous 

fire weather when small groups of enrollees were placed in strategic areas 

where they could keep watch for forest fires and act quickly to 

extinguish the fires. Crews stationed in these side camps were rotated 

9 

so that the youths could participate in all camp activities. 

ENROLLMENT 

When the ECW program began in 1933, applicants were selected by the 

Department of Labor for the first enrollment period. Prior to the first 

enrollee selection, quotas were established for each state and federal 

agency. State authorities would set local quotas and designate a local 

selecting agency (the Labor Department or the Veterans Administration). 

This local agency was to review the relief lists and make a preliminary 

selection of eligible youths. The Welfare representative would then set 

up an appointment to meet with the youth and his family to discuss ECW 

work and offer the youth an application form to fill out. The welfare 

representative was to determine through the application and interview that 

the youth was between 18 and 25 years old with no physical handicap or 

communicable disease, unemployed, unmarried, and a United States 

citizen. Since this was designed to be a relief program, the applicant 

had to be willing to send a set portion of his pay to his family. The 

selecting official was encouraged to pick applicants who were clean-cut, 

ambitious, and willing to work. In this regard, it was suggested that 

applicants with backgrounds as Boy Scouts or Scout leaders or with some 

10 type of training in woodcraft be given preference. 

9. Demaray to Fechner, July 7, 1933, RG 35, NA; and Stuart to 

Fechner, July 6, 1933, RG 79, NA. 

10. U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook for Agencies Selecting Men, 

pp. 1-6. 

73 
Despite the seeming stringency of the selection process, those selected 

were, on occasion, less than the ideal. A participant in the program 

described his fellow workers in the following manner: 

Many of them [the enrollees] had left their homes reluctantly, 

urged by precinct police captains to "sign up" or go to the 

reformatory. This was not the intent of the CCC. But often it 

worked that way. 

Most of the youths came from impoverished families caught in 

the Depression. They were in their late teens or early 20s. 

And all had known hunger. They had grown up in the streets 

and cluttered alleys of the tenement districts, undernourished, 

undereducated, underprivileged—forgotten flotsam on the 

backwash of an economic system which temporarily had broken 

down. Altogether too many of them were tough, embittered and 

anti-social. 

After an applicant was accepted, he was sent to an Army recruiting 

station where he was given a preliminary physical examination. He was 

instructed to bring a suitcase with his toilet articles, one good suit for 

excursions away from camp, and any other items he might require during 

the six-month tour of duty. If he played any small musical 

instrument—such as guitar, mandolin, ukelele, or harmonica—he was 

encouraged to bring it for use during recreation periods. If he passed 

the preliminary physical examination, he would then be sent to a 

conditioning camp. There he would be given a final physical examination 

12 

and innoculated against typhoid, paratyphoid, and smallpox. 

Then the applicant would be given the "Oath of Enrollment" which went: 

I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that the 

information given above as to my status is correct. I agree to 

remain in the Civilian Conservation Corps for 6 months unless 

sooner released by proper authority, and that I will obey those 

in authority and observe all the rules and regulations thereof to 

11. Robert W. Fenwick, "The Civilian Conservation Corps: They Took 

to the Woods . . . and Came Out Men," Empire Magazine (newspaper 

clipping file; Western Historical Collections: University of Colorado, 

Boulder), no page. 

12. U.S. Department of Labor, Emergency Conservation Work Bulletin 

No. 1 , pp. 2-3. 

74 
the best of my ability and will accept such allowances as may be 

provided pursuant to law and regulations promulgated pursuant 

thereto. I understand and agree that any injury received or 

disease contracted by me while a member of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps cannot be made the basis of any claim 

against the Government, except such as I may be entitled to 

under the act of September 7, 1916 (39 Stat. 742) (an act to 

provide compensation for employees of the United States 

suffering injuries while in the performance of their duties and 

for other purposes), and that I shall not be entitled to any 

allowances upon release from camp except transportation in kind 

to the place at which I was accepted for enrollment. I 

understand further that any articles issued to me by the United 

States Government for use while a member of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps are, and remain, property of the United 

States Government and that willful destruction, loss, sale, or 

disposal of such property renders me financially responsible for 

the cost thereof and liable to trial in the civil courts. I 

understand further that any infraction of the rules or 

regulations of the Civilian Conservation Corps renders me liable 

to expulsion therefrom. So help me God. 

This oath was administered at the time of the preliminary physical 

14 examination if the enrollee was to be sent directly to the work camp. 

Those who went to a conditioning camp usually remained there for two 

weeks. The camps were mostly on military installations. The 

conditioning process included a regimen of calisthenics, games, hikes, and 

certain types of manual labor. To avoid criticism that the ECW was 

preparing American youth for the military, no military drill or "manual of 

arms" was conducted. While at this camp, the recruits were issued a 

variety of Army surplus shoes, trousers, and shirts. Later the youths 

were issued blue denim work suits, caps, and a modified Army dress 

uniform which consisted of sturdy black shoes, woolen olive drab trousers 

and coat, khaki shirts, and black necktie. The shirts had chevrons on 

the sleeves that resembled those worn by noncommissioned Army officers 

except that the insignia of rank was red instead of khaki. While at the 

13. ECW, First Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work 

for the Period April 5, 1933 to September 30, 1933, by Robert Fechner 

{Washington: GPO, 1934), p. 24. 

14. Salmond, p. 135. 

75 
conditioning camp, the new recruits were observed for their ability to do 

15 hard labor and comply with camp regulations. 

The original pay plan allowed each of the enrollees to keep $5 for 

personal expenses and send $25 to his family each month. After 

President Roosevelt modified the organizational structure by executive 

order on June 12, 1933, the camp commander was allowed to select up to 

5 percent of the camp complement to act as camp leaders; these leaders 

received a cash allowance of $45 (with a set portion going to their 

family). Those selected did some administrative tasks and could be used 

in overseeing project work. Another 8 percent of the camp company 

could be designated as assistant leaders and receive an allotment of $36 a 

month (with a set portion going to their family). Later the number of 

16 assistant leaders was raised to 10 percent. 

There were several categories for enrollees; the largest was for young 

men between 18 and 25 years of age who were known as "Juniors." In 

mid-1933 President Roosevelt issued executive orders to allow war 

veterans, Indians, LEMs, and residents of American territories to enter 

the CCC. In some cases, the territorial and Indian recruits were allowed 

to remain at home and perform work projects during the day. The LEMs 

15. "President Inspects Five Forest Camps," The New York Times, 

August 13, 1933, p. 3; Fenwick, "The Civilian Conservation Corps: 

They Took to the Woods . . . and Came Out Men," Empire Magazine, no 

page; Salmond, pp. 135, 137; and U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook, 

p. 11. On a trip down to Warm Springs, Georgia, in 1938, President 

Roosevelt was disappointed in the poor quality of dress uniforms that he 

observed worn by CCC enrollees. He believed that the shoddy quality of 

the uniforms contributed to the low morale of the men and asked the 

Department of the Navy to design a special CCC uniform. This new 

uniform was a better looking spruce green coat and pants with the same 

olive drab shirt, black necktie, and black shoes. The uniform was in 

widespread use in 1939. Salmond, pp. 137-138; and U.S. Department of 

Labor, "Eight Years of CCC Operations, 1933 to 1941," Monthly Labor 

Review, 52(June 1941):1409. 

16. "President Inspects Five Forest Camps," The New York Times, 

August 13, 1933, p. 3; Cohen, p. 8; and The Civilian Conservation 

Corps: What l_t |s and What Jt Does, p. 7. 

76 
were required to take a physical and be formally enrolled by the Army 

though their work was for the NPS superintendents. Each camp was 

allowed eight to 12 LEMs with an additional 16 permitted when the camps 

were moved from one location to another. These LEMs served as foremen 

17 

and skilled workers in the camps. 

The recruitment rules were changed in 1938, primarily because those men 

eligible for the CCC were choosing better paying jobs. In September 

1937 the average number of men per camp stood at 186. By June of 1938 

this number had dropped to 142--well below the official designation of 200 

men per camp as recruitment quotas were not met. The Hawaii National 

Park camp had been granted permission to enroll youths as young as 16 

on an experimental basis. After considerable discussion in the CCC 

advisory council, however, it was decided to set the minimum age for 

recruits at 17. Instructions were sent out that these youths were to be 

selected because of their independent disposition. Parents were urged by 

the welfare representative to write cheerful and encouraging letters to the 

enrollees during their first weeks at camp to prevent desertions. The 

practice of placing the new recruits in a conditioning camp was 

discontinued in favor of sending the enrollees directly to the work camps, 

where they were assigned less strenuous tasks at firs t and more difficult 

ones as they became accustomed to camp life. An older enrollee would be 

assigned the responsibility of educating the recruit in the ways of the 

camp. These measures were taken to raise morale and lower the desertion 

rate. 1 8 

On January 1, 1941, a CCC enrollee could receive $8 in cash per month, 

with another $7 per month placed in a savings account until he was 

17. Cohen, pp. 18, 25; U.S. Department of the Interior, A Manual on 

Emergency Conservation Work, Civilian Conservation Corps (Washington: 

GPO, 1939), pp. 4, 5; Executive Order 6126, May 8, 1933, RG 79, NA; 

and U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 3. 

18. Charles H. Taylor, "Progress and Accomplishments of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps," speech given before Kiwanis Club, Pittsburgh, 

Pennsylvania, April 21, 1938; Toleson to Field Officers, August 4, 1938, 

RG 79, NA; and Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 125-126. 

77 
discharged. The remaining $15 would be sent to his dependents. Each 

200-man camp was permitted to have one senior leader, nine leaders, and 

16 assistant leaders taken from the camp complement, who were paid a 

19 higher salary than the regular enrollees. 

When the CCC program was terminated on July 1, 1942, the enrollees 

were sent home and the camp structures were either demolished or used 

for other purposes. After the program was ended, the American Youth 

Commission took the statistics gathered during the program to make a 

composite of the characteristics of the average enrollee. They described 

him as 

between 17 and 18 years old, weighs 145 pounds, and is 5 feet 

8 inches tall. His health is fairly good, though the physical 

requirements of the CCC are not so strict as those of the 

Army. 

He has been living in a six-room house or flat, with his father 

and mother and four brothers and sisters. The home is not 

luxuriously furnished. There is no running water, no indoor 

plumbing, and no telephone or electric refrigerator. 

The father and mother were born in the United States and went 

through the seventh grade in school. The father is most likely 

a farmer or an industrial worker. He has been out of work for 

about six months in the previous two years, and the family is 

on the relief rolls. 

The boy himself has a little more schooling than his parents, 

having completed eight grades and part of the ninth, though it 

took him nearly eleven years to do it. His skill in reading and 

arithmetic is less than sixth-grade level. He believes that 

schooling helps in getting a job, and that he would be better 

off if he had stayed in school longer, although he is somewhat 

critical of the things he was obliged to study while in school. 

As for work experience, he has done some odd jobs around the 

home, but he has worked for pay only a few months in his 

whole life, averaging between $8.00 and $9.00 a week. He has 

19. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1941 (Washington: GPO, 1941), pp. 276"-277; U.S. Department 

of Labor, "rhITght Years of CCC Operations, 1933 to 1941," Monthly Labor 

Review 52(June 1941): 1408; and American Youth Commission of the 

American Council on Education, The Civilian Conservation Corps (n.p. , 

n.d.), p. 16. 

78 
a commendable belief that the CCC will teach him how to work 

and he likes the idea. He has no feeling that hand labor is a 

disgrace, nor that happiness depends on having "lots of 

money". . . . 

Important segments of the CCC community include the 20 per 

cent of enrollees with foreign-born parents, the 10 per cent 

who are Negroes, and the 37 per cent from broken homes. 

Over 40 per cent of the enrollees have had no previous work 

experience. Three per cent are practically unable to read and 

write, and 22 per cent have not progressed in literacy beyond 

the level of the average child who has completed the fourth 

grade. On the other hand, 13 per cent have graduated from 

high school,, and a few have attended college before entering 

the Corps. 

It is unlikely that all, if any, of the CCC youths fit this stereotype, yet 

they probably shared at least some of these characteristics. When they 

left the CCC, they were healthier, stronger, more confident, and better 

able to earn a living. The CCC was an exciting experience that more 

21 than Z\ million young men would remember for a lifetime. 

DAILY ROUTINE 

The enrollees' workday began at 6:00 a.m. with reveille. The youths 

then had half an hour to dress and prepare themselves for the day's 

work. This was followed by 15 minutes of calisthenics and a hearty 

breakfast of fruit , cereal, pancakes or ham and eggs, and coffee. After 

breakfast, the enrollees made beds, cleaned barracks, and policed the 

grounds. By 8:00 a.m. they were either at or on their way to work. 

They would work until noon, when the crews stopped for a one-hour 

lunch. Sometimes a hot meal was provided, but most often lunch 

consisted of sandwiches, pie, and coffee. The youths then worked until 

20. American Youth Commission of the American Council on Education, 

The Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 5. 

21. Salmond, p. 135; and American Youth Commission of the American 

Council on Education, The Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 9. 

79 
4:00 p.m., when they were transported back to camp. The maximum 

work period was eight hours a day and 40 hours a week. Sometimes 

crews worked on Saturdays to make up for days lost during the week due 

22 to inclement weather. 

Once the youths returned from work, they could engage in such 

recreational activities as reading, baseball, football, basketball, boxing, 

volleyball, pool, table tennis, horseshoes, swimming, and fishing, with 

tournaments between barracks often arranged. The park might purchase 

the recreational equipment, hold fund raising activities for buying the 

equipment, or solicit items from local groups. At Rocky Mountain National 

Park, the staff put on a minstrel show in the village of Estes Park to 

raise money to buy athletic equipment for the camps. Occasionally, camp 

officials organized bingo games, arranged dances with young ladies from 

nearby towns, presented plays, and had musical shows. Enrollees 

sometimes participated in historical pageants and theatrical performances 

to provide entertainment for themselves and for people from the local 

communities. The official newspaper of the CCC was "Happy Days" and 

copies were distributed to every camp. In addition, almost every camp 

published its own newspaper or newsletter, which appeared at more or 

less regular intervals. 

In 1937 the Park Service conducted a fire prevention poster contest 

opened to all CCC camps supervised by the Park Service. The winners 

of the firs t three places were brought to Washington where they drew 

the final color plates under the supervision of NPS artists and designers. 

22. "Forest and Men Benefitted by CCC," The New York Times, 

October 8, 1933, sec. 9, p. 2; The Civilian Conservation Corps: What ft 

J_s and What ft Does, p. 7; U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, 

pp. 51-52; and Salmond, p. 139. The second year of the CCC found the 

parks modifying the work schedules for local conditions. For example, at 

Colonial National Monument, the park officials found that if the recruits 

were given an hour for lunch that they would play around, get lost in 

the woods, or get out of the mood for working. The park solved this 

problem by shortening the lunch period to half an hour and bringing the 

men back to camp at 3:30 p.m. Camp Superintendent's Narrative Report 

for Period from October 1st, 1933 to March 31st, 1934 for CCC Company 

#323 at Colonial National Monument, RG 35, NA. 

80 
In other camps spelling bees and singing contests were instituted to raise 

23 

camp morale. 

Each camp had a library of approximately 50 books--adventure stories, 

mysteries, westerns, science fiction, forestry, travel, history, natural 

science, atheletics, biography, national parks, and miscellaneous subjects. 

In certain areas, the library was moved from one camp to another. Also 

such periodicals as Life, Time, Newsweek, the Saturday Evening Post, 

Radio News and the Sears-Roebuck Catalogue were popular. Certain 

publications, including The New Republic and the Nation, were banned 

from camps because they were considered subversive. Further, critics 

charged that camp officials provided books which pandered to popular 

24 taste and lacked literary merit. 

Between 5:00 and 5:30 p.m., the recruits changed into dress uniforms 

and presented themselves for the evening meal--fresh vegetables, bread, 

fruit , and desert. During the first year of the CCC, the ration cost 

per man per day was approximately 37<]:. The food was plain, but was 

25 

served in large quantities. 

23. Howard W. Oxley, "Recreation in the CCC Camps," School Life: 

Official Journal of the U.S. Office of Education, 26(February 

1941 1:151-152; Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 99; Albright to 

Fechner, July 8, 1933, RG 35, NA; Department of the Interior Press 

Release, August 23, 1937, RG 79, NA; Weekly Report for the Department 

of the Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation Work, 

February 3, 1937, RG 35, NA; Kittredge to National Park Service 

Director, November 4, 1937, RG 79, NA; Weekly Report for the 

Department of the Interior to the Director of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps, October 14, 1937, RG 35, NA; and Salmond, p. 131. 

24. "Study Hour in the CCC," The New York Times, October 1, 1933, 

sec. 9, p. 11; and Salmond, pp. 140-141. 

25. Salmond, p. 140-151; ECW, Second Report of the Director of 

Emergency Conservation Work for the Period April 5, 1933 to March 31, 

1934 by Robert Fechner (Washington: GPO, 1934), p. 5; and "Forests 

and Men Benefitted by CCC," The New York Times, October 8, 1933, 

sec. 9, p. 2. " " " 

81 
After class (see discussion below on training and education), enrollees 

could do as they pleased for the remainder of the evening. At 9:45, 

camp lights were flashed on and off and the youths prepared for bed. 

Camp lights were shut off at 10:00 p.m., with taps blown 15 minutes 

later. At 11:00 p.m. the camp commander made a bed check to see that 

26 all enrollees were present. This ended the day's activities. 

Daily routine changed on weekends. On Saturdays, unfinished work 

projects were completed. If such work was caught up, the day was spent 

cleaning and improving the campsite. Afternoons were left for recreation 

and in the evening camp members were occasionally allowed to go into 

nearby towns for a dance or movie. On Sundays, religious services were 

held and the youths could go fishing, swimming, or just relax around the 

camp. In addition to Sundays, the camps did not work on New Year's 

Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor 

Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas, or on other holidays of the Jewish, 

27 Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Protestant faiths. 

A recruit remained in the CCC camp for six months unless he received an 

offer of permanent employment or some extraordinary circumstance 

occurred that forced him to leave. At the end of six months the youths 

were given the opportunity to reenlist for another six months. Those 

who declined were given physicals and provided with transportation to 

28 their homes or places of enlistment, depending on which was nearest. 

26. Salmond, p. 141; The Civilian Conservation Corps: What ft js and 

What Jt Does, p. 7. 

27. Cohen, p. 48; U.S. Department of Labor, Handbook pp. 14-15; U.S. 

Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 52; Salmond, p. 142; and U.S. 

Department of Labor, Emergency Conservation Work Bulletin No. \ , p. 6. 

28. The Civilian Conservation Corps: What Lt J_s and What ft Does, 

p. 6; and U.S. Department of Labor, Emergency Conservation Work 

Bulletin No. 1_, p. 7. 

82 
TRAINING AND EDUCATION 

What to do with the enrollees during their free time provided a challenge 

for the various administering agencies. Prior to the creation of the ECW, 

the NPS had provided interpretive and educational talks to the visiting 

public at parks. In May 1933 NPS Director Albright offered the services 

of the Park Service to the Army in providing training and lectures on 

forestry and other topics of interest to the ECW youths. The Forest 

Service contracted for motion picture projectors to be used by their 

camps and other agency camps to show films of an educational nature. 

One projector was to be circulated between every eight to 10 camps. The 

Park Service obtained forestry training manuals from the Forest Service 

to distribute to the enrollees. The Park Service also produced a 32-page 

booklet entitled "The National Parks and Emergency Conservation" to be 

29 distributed to the camps. 

During the firs t year of the ECW's existence, the enrollees received only 

minimal training and education. With the continuation of the ECW, Park 

Service Assistant Director Harold C. Bryant, in cooperation with the 

Office of Education, began to establish a more formal education program. 

In December 1933 the president, the ECW director, War Department 

officials, and the commissioner of education set up a formal education 

program. The commissioner of education appointed an education director 

of the ECW who operated out of Fechner's office. His duty was to 

implement and supervise an educational program throughout the country. 

An educational advisor was assigned to each of the nine army corps 

29. U.S. Department of the interior, "The National Park Service 

Summary of the Director's Report," in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1932 (Washington: GPO, 1932), p. T0"9; Associate 

Director, Office of National Parks, Buildings and Reservations to Orr, ca. 

1933, RG 79, NA; Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 88; Demaray 

to Field Officers, August 1 , 1933, RG 79~7~NA; and U.S. Department of 

the Interior, "Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations," by 

Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 

1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933) p. 185. 

83 
headquarters and to each ECW camp as part of the camp superintendent's 

staff. 3 0 

The War Department on May 29, 1933, issued a memorandum urging camp 

officers to set up educational and athletic activities for the camps. The 

officers, in cooperation with NPS officials, set up as many as 20 evening 

courses per camp. In natural areas, forestry work was discussed; in 

historical areas, talks were given on the importance of that park in 

American history. The enrollees expressed appreciation and interest in 

these programs. As the first period of work drew to a close, Director 

Cammerer requested that park superintendents and state officials assist 

the Army in preparing an expanded educational program for the winter 

months. Director Cammerer urged the organization of study classes, 

discussion groups, and hobby clubs; professionally guided field 

excursions to study significant historical, geological, or biological features 

in the area; lecture programs; visual presentations such as motion 

pictures or slides; and recommended additional reading material on 

appropriate subjects to supplement lectures and discussion group 

activities. Parks were to submit proposals to the director for final 

approval. As an example, the park naturalist at Acadia National Park 

recommended a program that would offer lectures once a week on natural 

history subjects. If enrollees expressed interest, a study group was 

31 formed with the park naturalist. 

30. "Study Hour in the CCC," The New York Times, October 1 , 1933, 

sec. 9, p. 11; Wirth to Morrell, January 277~T934, RG 95, NA; National 

Park Service Press Release, January 20, 1934, RG 79, NA; Department of 

the Interior Press Release, January 20, 1934, RG 79, NA; and "Three R's 

and the CCC," American Forests 40(March 1934):142. 

31. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, ca. 1933, RG 79, NA; 

"Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations," by Arno 

Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1933 

(Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 1&7; Emergency Conservation WordT Press 

Release, October 18, 1933, RG 79, NA; Director NPS to Park 

Superintendents, Naturalists, Historians, State Park District Officers and 

Inspectors, October 23, 1933, RG 79, NA; and Stupka to Director NPS, 

November 3, 1933, RG 79, NA. 

84 
On November 2, 1933, Commissioner for the Office of Education George T. 

Zook presented to Director Fechner an outline for an educational program 

for ECW camps. When the plan was presented to the ECW advisory 

council, the Departments of War, Interior, and Agriculture objected to it. 

Major General Douglas MacArthur argued that the ECW's mission was not 

education and that the original act and the president's directive did not 

mention it. General MacArthur eventually agreed that an education 

program could be carried out but that it had to be placed under the 

control of the Army. 

On November 22, the president gave approval to a nationwide educational 

program placed under the auspices of the nine Army corps commanders. 

Each corps area was assigned an educational advisor selected by the 

Office of Education who assisted camp commanders in establishing an 

educational program. Each camp also had an educational advisor, while 

an assistant camp leader was chosen from the camp enrollees to help with 

the program. In 1933 full implementation of the educational program was 

left to the discretion of the camp commander. The program encouraged 

continued cooperation between the military and the Park Service and was 

conducted only at night. Only job-related training was permitted during 

32 working hours. 

In December 1933 Clarence S. Marsh was selected director of ECW 

education. His firs t task was to appoint approximately 1,000 educational 

advisors selected from the ranks of unemployed school teachers. By 

January 1934 a budget was prepared and submitted, and at the end of 

March the advisors were working in the camps. Courses taught were 

33 designed to assist the men in obtaining jobs after leaving the camps. 

32. U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 31; Salmond, pp. 47, 

50; The Civilian Conservation Corps: What ft J_s and What ft Does, p. 8; 

and Tenley to Members of Committee on Job Training, April T4, 1936, 

RG 79, NA. 

33. ECW, Second Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work 

for the Periord April 5, T933 March 31", 1934 by Robert Fechner 

^Washington: GPO, 1934"), p. 7; "Marsh Resigns as CCC Educational 

Director," American Forests 41(March 1935): 146; "The Civilian 

Conservation Corps," American Forests, 41(September 1935):533; and 

Johnson, pp. 122-123. 

85 
During the second year school was held each night for half an hour per 

class, with the men divided according to their previous education. 

Classes were presented in reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, 

spelling, history, civics, and geography, along with a special class for 

illiterates. On the national level each agency designated a representative 

to be on the educational advisory committee to give guidance to the 

program. (The Park Service representative was Dr. Harold C. Bryant.) 

Each camp employed an educational advisor at a salary of $165 a month, 

and camp youths selected to assist him were paid $45 a month. The 

educational advisors soon took over the responsibility for the camp's 

athletic and social programs. The program operated on limited funds and 

depended on help from the military and NPS staff. At first, the night 

classes were well attended, but after a month enrollment dropped 

dramatically. The superintendent of Morristown National Historical Park 

commented that his boys were not interested in formal academic classes 

but were interested in technical classes related to the conservation work. 

The educational program faced not only the skepticism of park 

34 superintendents but the hostility of some camp commanders. 

In 1935 the ECW education program attracted 53 percent of the enrollees. 

There was enough antagonism among the educational advisors, the camp 

commanders, and the project superintendents that the Washington Office 

of the Park Service directed project superintendents to extend full 

cooperation to the camps' educational advisors and to notify them formally 

that the parks' full facilities were available for their use. Camps at 

Death Valley National Monument offered 56 courses, the majority of which 

were to be completed by correspondence. The courses varied from the 

practical to the esoteric. In September 1935 Director Fechner announced 

34. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: 

GPO, 1934), p. ~T8~4; Salmond, p. 51; U.S. Senate, Civilian Conservation 

Corps, p. 71; Oxley, "Recreation in the CCC Camps," p. 151; "CCC 

Educational Advisors Named," American Forests 40(March 1934): 124; 

"President Approves Education Program for CCC," American Forests 

40(January, 1934):35; "Three R's and the CCC," American Forests 

40(March 1934): 152; and Conference of Superintendents and Field 

Officers, November 19-23, 1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 159-161. 

86 
that the education program was to be reorganized, with more emphasis on 

35 vocational training. 

A new system of training was adopted in 1936 that encouraged 

supervisors to instruct the youths to improve the quality of their work 

and to give training that would aid them in obtaining jobs when they were 

discharged. To achieve these objectives, the Park Service published a 

large number of technical leaflets for use in job training sessions with the 

enrollees. This type of job-related training was the responsibility of the 

36 Park Service. 

Starting in 1937 each camp commander was required to provide for 10 

hours a week in educational and vocational training. The Park Service 

was not comfortable with teaching strictly academic courses and conducted 

some classes on a more casual basis, geared toward practical application. 

The Park Service preferred to take the workers out for field trips so that 

naturalists/rangers could use the parks as vast natural laboratories. In 

Wyoming the Park Service instituted a program of training designed to 

help the enrollees obtain jobs with private enterprise after their 

discharge. The preliminary results of this program were encouraging. 

On March 19, 1937, the Army, Forest Service, and Park Service again 

reaffirmed that the technical agencies would be responsible for 

work-related training, and the Army, with assistance from the two 

technical agencies, for the education program. By December, however, 

Morrell of the Forest Service and Wirth of the Park Service proposed to 

35. ECW, Two Years of Emergency Conservation Work, p. 8; Johnson, 

p. 135; Evison to all Regional Officers and Inspectors, September 27, 

1935, RG 79, NA; Goodwin to Director, September 30, 1935, RG 79, NA; 

and "CCC Enrollment Lagging," American Forests 41(September 1935):552. 

36. Wirth to Field Officers, June 24, 1936, RG 79, NA; U.S. Department 

of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by Arno Cammerer, in 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, pp. 127-128; 

Associate Regional Director to Director, November 8, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

and Statement of Mr. Robert Fechner, Director of Emergency Conservation 

Work with Regard to the Proposed Bill for Making the Civilian 

Conservation Corps Permanent, ca. 1937, RG 35, NA, pp. 6-7. 

87 
the CCC advisory council that the entire educational program be 

revamped. They suggested that the educational courses and educational 

advisors be removed from the camps and replaced by an on-the-job 

training program under the control of the technical agencies, or at least 

have the entire educational budget transferred from the Army to the 

37 technical agencies. Neither suggestion was acted upon. 

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES 

Today the CCC is fondly remembered as one of the most successful New 

Deal programs, but when it was authorized in 1933, it faced a number of 

challenges. 

Desertions 

From the outset, desertions, resignations, and expulsions took a toll. By 

late June 1933 Skyland camp in the proposed Shenandoah National Park 

had only 176 of the original 200 youths, and enrollees were deserting on 

a daily basis. Youths in a camp in Mount Olympus National Monument 

were proud of their low desertion rate and placed the sign "We Can Take 

It" over the camp entrance. By early August 1933, 10,000 additional men 

were needed to replace those who had left the ECW. During the next 

several years the desertion rate remained low but steadily increased. 

Despite actions to boost morale, desertions were at 18.8 percent in 1937, 

and in the next two years one out of every five enrollees was 

dishonorably discharged. In 1939 the desertion rate for the CCC was 

nearly 20 percent—compared to 8 percent in 1933. The next year the 

37. "CCC Extended for Three Years," American Forests 43(August 

1937):401; Frank Ernest Hill, "The CCC Marches Toward a New Destiny," 

in The New Deal, ed. Carl N. Degler (New York: Quadrangle Books, 

1970), p. 124; Department of the Interior Press Release, May 14, 1937, 

RG 79, NA; CCC, U.S. Department of the Interior, Responsibility for Job 

Training by Guy Arthur, (Washington: GPO, 1940), pp. 1-3; Johnson, 

p. 134; and Salmond, pp. 163-164. 

88 
desertion rate remained at a high level and recruitment quotas were not 

met. At Glacier National Park and other areas, this resulted in 

38 authorized camps not being established. 

Enrollee Behavior and Public Reactions 

In May 1933 the youths began arriving in the various camps, creating 

local community reactions ranging from joyous welcome to fear and deep 

39 

concern over the presence of persons often described as "bums." In 

some areas, townspeople objected to the establishment of camps because 

they feared that the youths were vagrants and toughs and that they 

would rob their homes and violate their daughters and wives. The 

residents of Bar Harbor, Maine, were particularly distressed about the 

location of an ECW camp at nearby Acadia National Park and wrote letters 

to the president opposing its establishment. But President Roosevelt 

believed the ECW recruits to be hard-working youths down on their luck 

and permitted the camp to be constructed. Roosevelt's faith in the 

enrollees proved correct, as neither crime nor the rate of illegitimacy 

increased. In the proposed Shenandoah National Park, the locals initially 

fired guns into ECW camps and set forest fires; after six months, as they 

realized that the ECW was an economic benefit to the community, their 

40 hostility gradually subsided. 

38. Zerkel to Albright, June 20, 1933, RG 79, NA; U.S. Department of 

Labor, Handbook, p. 13; "Forest and Men Benefitted by CCC," The New 

York Times, October 8, 1933, sec. 9, p. 2; Livingston to White, 

October 29, 1937, RG 79, NA; "10,000 Replacements Ordered for 

Conservation Corps," American Forests 39(August 1933):370; Johnson, 

p. 55; and Superintendent's Monthly Report for Glacier National Park for 

June 1940, July 13, 1940, RG 79, NA. 

39. Kenneth E. Hendrickson, Jr. , "The Civilian Conservation Corps in 

South Dakota," South Dakota History, 9(Winter 1980):4; Department of 

the Interior Press Release, October 11, 1933, RG 79, NA; C.N. Alleger 

and L.A. Glyre, comps., History of the Civilian Conservation Corps m 

Colorado (Denver: Western Newspaper Union, 1936), p. 10. 

40. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 106; Demaray to Field 

Officers, August 1, 1933, RG~T9, NA; Albright to Barret, May 19, 1933, 

RG 79, NA; Barret to Roosevelt, May 19, 1933, RG 79, NA; Abbott to 

Dorr, August 29, 1935, RG 79, NA; and John B. Byrne, "The Civilian 

Conservation Corps in Virginia, 1933-1942" (Master's thesis, University of 

Montana, 1982), pp. 23-24. 

89 
Youths from the urban centers of New York, New Jersey, and Chicago 

were frequently dispatched to camps as far away as Rainier, Olympic, and 

Glacier national parks. Roger W. Toll, superintendent of Yellowstone 

National Park, had a problem with such recruits. The boys had been 

sent from the poorer areas of New York City and were resentful of 

having been placed in Wyoming. They were rude to park visitors and by 

the middle of June they were homesick and in a mutinous state. A 

confrontation arose when rangers and men armed with pick handles were 

sent into the camps to keep order. The mutineers backed down, and 

nine of the ringleaders were discharged and sent back to New York. In 

1934 Superintendent Toll requested that recruits for Yellowstone be more 

41 carefully selected to avoid repetition of these events. 

The speed at which the original camps were established led to a number 

of problems. During the first weeks of ECW operations, enrollees were 

sent to work with no supervision and no work assignments and stood idle 

until transported back to camp. At other times, camp commanders kept 

an inordinate number of recruits around the camp to perform 

housekeeping tasks instead of sending them on work details. In some 

areas, complaints were received that the ECW recruits were violating game 

laws and killing the park's wildlife. People in Vicksburg, Mississippi, 

believed that the ECW workers at Vicksburg National Military Park were 

destroying historical sites, while camps in Morristown National Historical 

Park, Acadia National Park, Shenandoah National Park, and Yellowstone 

National Park were unable to adequately perform work assignments until 

July, 1933, because of a lack of recruits. But these early problems were 

42 

soon resolved. 

41. "Forest Camp Bears Fool East Side Boys," The New York Times, 

July 4, 1933, p. 8; Schlessinger, The Coming of the New Deal, vol. 2 of 

The Age of Roosevelt, pp. 338-339, Johnson, pp. "221-222; Minutes of the 

Advisory Council for Emergency Conservation Work, June 27, 1933, RG 

35, NA, p. 9; Toll to Albright, June 21, 1933, RG 79, NA; and Demaray 

to Guthrie, March 27, 1934, RG 35, NA. 

42. Minutes of the Advisory Council for Emergency Conservation Work, 

June 23, 1933, RG 35, NA, pp. 4, 7-8; Minutes of the Advisory Council 

for Emergency Conservation Work, July 19, 1933, RG 35, NA, p. 2; 

National Park Service, Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the 

Department of the Interior, March 1933 to June 30, 1943 by Conrad Wirth 

(Washington: GPO, 1944) pp. 10-11; and Minutes of the Advisory Council 

for Emergency Conservation Work, June 27, 1933, RG 35, NA, p. 4. 

90 
Another charge leveled at the ECW program in the Park Service was that 

appointments to nontechnical positions and some promotions were based on 

political affiliation rather than on merit. The official policy was not to 

give job applicants more consideration because of their personal political 

affiliations, but this policy was not always adhered to in some places, 

such as Acadia National Park and Shenandoah National Park. In both 

parks individuals apparently gained employment because of their 

Democratic party affiliation, although such incidents remained isolated. 

Charges of political manipulation were made at various times during the 

existence of the program. These abuses do not appear to have been 

43 widespread, however. 

In the second year of the ECW program, people were still fearful that a 

camp near their town would be harmful. The citizens of Luray, Virginia, 

expressed deep concern when it was announced that a Park Service camp 

was to be located in Thornton Gap. They argued that the camp location 

would pollute the local drinking water and that the enrollees would be a 

"social menace" to the community. But this did not deter the Park 

44 Service from locating a camp in the vicinity. 

In 1933 and 1934 the Park Service opened the camps to public inspection 

and encouraged visitors to look them over. To gain further community 

support, district officials, camp inspectors, camp officials, and park 

officials were encouraged to speak and show films before the Chambers of 

Commerce, as well as the Rotary, Kiwanis, and other civic organizations. 

These talks were to emphasize the beneficial aspects of the ECW to the 

45 parks and local community. 

43. Bryant to Lassiter, October 20, 1934, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Dorr, 

March 27, 1934, RG 79, NA; Austin T. Haws, "Looking Ahead with the 

CCC," American Forests 41(May 1935):214; Graves to Secretary of the 

Department of the Interior, October 8, 1934, RG 79, NA; and "Colorado 

CWA Men Ousted by Hopkins," The New York Times, January 30, 1934, 

p. 4. 

44. Newspaper clipping from Washington Post, September 17, 1934, 

RG 79, NA, no page; and Fechner to Cammerer, October 5, 1934, RG 79, 

NA. 

45. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, May 23, 1934, RG 79, 

NA; and Evison to District Officers, April 17, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

91 
During 1934 new problems arose as "confidence men" used the ECW for 

their own purposes. For example, in Jersey City, New Jersey, a man 

using the name of Sergeant Major Barnes claimed to represent the Park 

Service and collected money from families of ECW workers on the pretense 

that their son or relative was failing in health. He promised to use the 

money to ship the boy home with an honorable discharge, a pocketful of 

money, and a job. None of this was true, and Major Barnes disappeared 

after receiving the money. Park Service authorities alerted the public 

46 when these frauds became known. 

In November 1934, 250 ECW workers rebelled while being moved from 

Maine to camps in Maryland and Virginia. The enrollees were under the 

impression that they would not be transferred from Maine. While en route 

they beat their officers, locked them in a baggage car, and took over the 

train. The transfer proceeded without further incident after 150 

policemen appeared on the scene. Objections to being transferred from 

47 

summer to winter camps were rare. 

When the hearings were held on the 1933 Federal Emergency Relief Act, 

fears were voiced by William Green, president of the American Federation 

of Labor, and others that any civilian conservation corps would spread 

militarism and fascism throughout the country and reduce the wages of 

forest workers. These charges particularly disturbed government officials 

who administered the program. Assistant Director Wirth became 

concerned when he found ECW youths on duty at the entrance stations of 

the Skyline Drive clicking their heels, standing at attention, and saluting 

when cars passed. ECW camp officials were instructed that the youths 

were to be courteous, but were not to maintain a military deportment. 

The Park Service also scheduled work projects that did not compete with 

48 jobs being done by local woodsmen. 

46. Department of the Interior Press Release, March 31, 1934, RG 79, 

NA. 

47. "CCC Boys Beat Officers," The New York Times, November 7, 1934, 

p. 30. 

48. Taylor to Lassiter, September 24, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

92 
During the next several years, problems arose over the abuse of alcoholic 

beverages in camps, vandalism to national parks and monuments by 

enrollees, mismanagement of program funding, and general unrest in the 

camps. The most serious incident occurred when five CCC camps in 

Shenandoah National Park revolted in November 1937. More than 100 

enrollees in these camps refused to work and were dismissed. The 

incident received widespread publicity in the Washington papers and 

Director Fechner ordered an inquiry. The investigation revealed many 

causes for the unrest. Southern and northern enrollees with completely 

different backgrounds and outlooks clashed repeatedly. A number of the 

recruits from urban centers had difficulty adapting to the rural 

environment. Other enrollees were sons of coal miners and viewed 

striking as a natural way of achieving redress of grievances. These 

factors coalesced in mutiny. Yet this was an isolated incident, and the 

vast majority of CCC camps in NPS areas solved problems in less dramatic 

fashion. 4 9 

Black Enrollment 

Another problem area was the treatment of racial minorities. In the early 

depression years jobs that had traditionally gone to blacks were taken by 

whites, leaving higher unemployment among black youths. The firs t ECW 

bulletins to state selection agents directed that no discrimination because 

of race, color, or creed would be allowed. Still, within the first few 

weeks of the ECW, Director Fechner let it be known that black enrollment 

49. Wirth to all Regional Officers, December 16, 1935, RG 79, NA; 

Strong to Cammerer, November 4, 1936, RG 35, NA; Wirth to Field 

Officers, June 25, 1936, RG 79, NA; White to Boulen, May 20, 1936, 

RG 79, NA; Carlos C. Campbell, Birth of a National Park in the Great 

Smoky Mountains (University of Tennessee Press: Knoxville, TWO) pp. 

125-126, Michael Frome, Strangers m High Places: The Story of the 

Great Smoky Mountains (University of Tennessee Press: Rnoxvirfe" 

1966), p. 222; Dube to Evison, October 14, 1937, RG 79, NA; Libbey to 

Director, NPS, August 31, 1937, RG 79, NA; The New York Times, 

August 6, 1936, p. 13; Ovid Butler, "Misrepresenting ~tTTe CCC," 

American Forests 52(September 1936):413; and Salmond, p. 186. 

93 
would compose no more than 10 percent of the total enrollment in the 

program because blacks constituted roughly that portion of the total U.S. 

population. 

When the program began, blacks were mostly placed in segregated camps 

under the supervision of white officers and foremen. As difficult as it 

was to place white camps near communities, the problem was greatly 

magnified when establishing black camps. The solution was to locate 

black camps on federally owned land far away from hostile population 

centers. This policy resulted in a proportionately larger number of black 

51 

camps being placed in NPS areas. 

Despite the apprehension of local communities, black camps were 

established at Gettysburg National Military Park, Colonial National 

Monument, Shiloh National Military Park, Chickamauga and Chattanooga 

National Military Park, Shenandoah National Park, and other NPS areas. 

Over the years, the superintendents of these parks expressed pleasure 

with the work accomplished by the black enrollees, and the hostility in 

52 the local communities gradually subsided. 

By 1935 the Park Service was being asked by black organizations to 

select blacks for project supervisor and foreman positions. Director 

50. Johnson, pp. 142-144; Salmond, pp. 88, 96-97; and U.S. Department 

of Labor, National Emergency Conservation Work: What j t Is-- How j t 

Operates (Washington: GPO, 1933), p. 4. 

51. Johnson, pp. 154-155; "Eight Years of CCC Operations, 1933-1941," 

Monthly Labor Review 52(June 1941):1412; Salmond, pp. 88-92, 96; 

Robert F. Hunter, "Virginia and the New Deal," in The New Deal: The 

State Level, vol. 2, ed. Braemen, Bremner, and Brody (Columbus: Ohio 

State University Press, 1975), p. 127; and, Raymond Walters, "The New 

Deal and the Negro," in The New Deal: The National Level, vol. 1, ed. 

Braeman, Bremner, and Brody (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 

1975), pp. 191-192. 

52. Minutes of the Advisory Council for Emergency Conservation Work, 

June 10, 1933, RG 35, NA, p. 7; Superintendent's Annual Report for 

Gettysburg National Military Park for Year Ending~September 30, jT93"4~7 

September 30~j 1934, RG 79, R?A;

 —Emergency Conservation WoTk Press 

Release, December 8, 1933, RG 79, NA; Johnson, p. 173; and Salmond, 

pp. 95-96. 

94 
Fechner introduced this matter in an ECW advisory council meeting, but 

representatives of the Army and the Park Service urged him to continue 

his policy of segregation. They further suggested that blacks should 

always be under white supervision. Fechner had found that in some 

areas under NPS supervision, communities were promised that only white 

camps would be assigned there. He directed the Park Service to correct 

this misconception immediately and to notify such communities that they 

were to accept whatever company was assigned. Fechner later ruled that 

blacks were to be enrolled only to replace blacks that had left the ECW. 

In 1935 President Roosevelt issued an executive order instructing that 

53 blacks be given official positions in the ECW. 

The War Department and the Park Service moved slowly to implement the 

president's directive in forming an all-black company (including officers 

and supervisors). It was decided that the black company in Gettysburg 

National Military Park be established as a model all-black camp. That 

camp would then be evaluated to see the feasibility of placing other camps 

under black supervision. Full conversion from white to black supervisors 

was completed in 1940 when the last white supervisors at Gettysburg 

National Military Park were replaced by black foremen. The project 

superintendent, three graduate engineers designing park CCC projects, 

the camp commander and his staff all were black. Using black enrollees 

under black supervision was deemed successful by the park 

superintendent and the Army. The only other all-black company under 

the jurisdiction of the Park Service was established in 1937 at Elmira, 

New York, as part of the state parks program. 

53. Johnson, pp. 147, 159; Fechner to Cammerer, July 25, 1935, RG 35, 

NA; Cammerer to Fechner, April 24, 1935, RG 35, NA; Minutes of the 

Advisory Council for Emergency Conservation Work, September 9, 1935, 

RG 35, NA, pp. 15-16; Merriam to Regional Officers, August 1 , 1935, 

RG 79, NA; Tolson to All Field Officers, July 31, 1935, RG 35, NA; 

Salmond, pp. 98-99; and Federal Security Agency, The Civilian 

Conservation Corps and Colored Youth (Washington: GPO, 1940), p. 4. 

54. Federal Security Agency, The Civilian Conservation Corps and 

Colored Youth, pp. 1-5; Superintendent's Annual Report for Gettysburg 

National Military Park for Fiscal Year~TrTd"ed^JurTe 30, 194(T~~RG 79, NA; 

and Johnson, pp. 167-TFJ8". 

95 
During 1936 the War Department decided to move black camps from the 

mountainous areas of Virginia to the Tidewater region. Many of the 

camps were administered by the Park Service, and the move created a 

number of problems. Local communities expressed concern about bringing 

in blacks as did some park superintendents. The superintendent of 

Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Battlefields Memorial National Military 

Park complained that continuation of the park's historical education 

program was impossible using black enrollees because of the hostility of 

local whites toward blacks. In Mammoth Cave National Park a black camp 

was scheduled to be relocated from one area of the park to another. 

Local opposition to this move was so strong that the camp was moved to 

Ft. Knox, leaving Mammoth Cave National Park with two less camps and 

55 unable to accomplish planned work. 

As the CCC faced reductions in 1937 and 1938, Director Fechner decided 

to reduce black camps in proportion to white camps and to locate all-black 

camps on national park and national forest lands. Meanwhile black 

organizations and newspapers kept pressure on the administration to 

integrate the camps. Moving black camps into areas formerly occupied by 

white camps led to protests by white communities in Oklahoma, Maryland, 

Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina. Once the black camps were in 

place, they usually were accepted by the community and carried out the 

work program admirably. Yet in the South it proved difficult to use 

blacks in any public contact work, such as guiding tours or fee 

collection. 

55. Johnson, p. 167; Smith to Russell, ca. 1936, RG 79, NA; Spalding 

to Regional Office, Region No. 1 , September 10, 1936, RG 79, NA; and 

Superintendent's Monthly Report for Mammoth Cave National Park, ca. 

1936, RG 79, NA. 

56. Fechner to Wirth, November 16, 1937, RG 79, NA; Evison to Smith, 

October 28, 1937, RG 79, NA; McColm to Director NPS, August 13, 1938, 

RG 79, NA; Salmond, p. 189; Minutes of the Advisory Council for the 

Civilian Conservation Corps, August 29, 1938, RG 35, NA, pp. 1-4; 

Superintendent's Annual Report for Gettysburg National Military Park for 

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 193737 July 22, 1938, RG 79, NA; Savannah 

Chamber of Commerce to Director National Park Service, June 3, 1938, 

RG 79, NA; Evison to Smith, August 3, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Superintendent's Monthly Report for Mammoth Cave National Park for 

December 1937, January 8, 1938, RG 79, NA; Roberts to Director National 

Park Service, July 19, 1938, RG 79, NA; Smith to Russell, August 5, 

1938, RG 79, NA; and Roberts to Director National Park Service, July 25, 

1938, RG 79, NA. _. 

9b 
Pressure by black groups mounted in 1939 to integrate CCC camps. The 

Park Service attitude toward racial segregation was that state laws and 

local customs would be followed in the matter of segregation. Thus, the 

southern camps remained segregated while some of the northern camps 

were integrated. During the year a racial crisis arose at Sequoia National 

Park, California, when fights broke out between white and black camps. 

The park superintendent claimed that mixing whites and blacks on fire 

lines created situations that could only lead to further racial incidents. 

He recommended that the black enrollees be transferred to areas where 

they would not come into contact with white enrollees. Instead Park 

Service officials kept the black CCC camp in Sequoia, and no further 

incidents occurred. 

By 1940, 300,000 black youths and 30,000 black veterans had served in 

the CCC in 43 states. In the final years of the CCC the number of black 

camps continued to decrease. The major difficulty continued to be the 

placement of a black CCC company, particularly when it replaced white 

CO 

companies. As Congress debated the termination of the CCC, the black 

press rallied behind the program's continuation. The black-oriented 

newspaper The Pittsburg Courier commented: 

However, the closing of the camps at this time' will work the 

greatest hardship on Negro youths who have been in the camps 

acquiring additional training and who had planned to enroll in 

these camps for the allotted time until they were old enough to 

serve in the armed forces. 

The unwillingness of white industry to hire Negro youth 

accounts for the large number of colored still in the CCC. 

57. Demaray to Cammerer, March 25, 1939, RG 79, NA; Scoyen to 

Regional Director, July 10, 1939, RG 79, NA; Scoyen to Regional 

Director, July 31, 1939, RG 79, NA; and Scoyen to Regional Director, 

March 21, 1940, RG 79, NA. 

58. Burlew to Humphrey, January 6, 1941, RG 79, NA; Gurney to 

Regional Director, Region One, July 8, 1940, RG 79, NA; Tilleson to 

Director, March 14, 1940, RG 79, NA; Federal Security Agency, The 

Civilian Conservation Corps and Colored Youth, pp. 1-5; Superintendent's 

Annual Report for Gettysburg National Military Park for Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1TJ40, September 28, 1940, RG 79, NA; and National Park 

Service Press Release, ca. 1942, RG 79, NA. 

59. "CCC End Affects Negroes," The Pittsburg Courier, June 13, 1942, 

p. 18. 

97 
CHAPTER 4: CONTRIBUTIONS 

The CCC program presented a number of new opportunities for the Park 

Service in park conservation and development. CCC contributions in 

national and state parks were many and varied. 

FIRE FIGHTING 

When the ECW was established in 1933, the greatest threat to the parks 

was forest fires. Prior to that time the National Park Service had lacked 

sufficient fire-fighting personnel to contain fires and had been unable to 

fully implement fire protection programs within the parks. During the 

first year of ECW operation, enrollees began constructing firebreaks, 

removing deadwood, conducting other fire prevention activities, and 

erecting telephone lines in parks. These measures were credited for 

reducing forest fire losses by a total of 1,600 acres in the firs t nine 

months of 1933.1 

On August 17, 1933, Director Fechner set a precedent for using ECW 

workers in local and national emergencies when he authorized ECW units 

to fight fires in Craig, Montana. The following year refinements were 

made to fire-fighting programs, with specific groups of enrollees selected 

for fire protection training. In Glacier National Park each of the camps 

had a "flying squad" of 15 men and a fully equipped light truck ready 

for instant response in case of fire. This first crew was backed up by a 

100-man squad in case the fire could not be contained by the "flying 

1. "Praises CCC Work in National Park," The New York Times, 

November 29, 1935, p. 36; and Emergency Conservation Work Press 

Release, October 23, 1933, RG 79, NA. In Glacier National Park in 1933 

the ECW cleared fire-burned areas to encourage new growth. Albright to 

Fechner, July 8, 1933, RG 35, NA. 

2. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, October 23, 1933, 

RG 79, NA. 

98 
squads." Other parks had their own fire protection plans and training 

3 

measures that utilized the ECW enrollees in combating forest fires. 

During 1935 the NPS Branch of Forestry began to publish circulars on 

various aspects of fire fighting and forest conservation to provide 

guidance on these matters to ECW supervisors. In an effort to improve 

administration of the fire protection program, Director Cammerer assigned 

a fire protection engineer to the branch to better coordinate the fire 

hazard reduction program and implement safety regulations and measures 

for the protection and prevention of accidents among the enrollees. The 

camps not only suppressed fires on NPS lands, but cooperated with 

federal and state officials in suppressing fires on lands adjacent to NPS 

4 

areas. 

A major change in training for the fire-fighting program occurred in 1936 

when the Branch of Forestry requested that the ECW regional offices send 

a detailed description of each of the parks' fire-fighting program to the 

Washington Office so that it could be evaluated and a more effective 

training program developed. At Gettysburg National Military Park, the 

park conducted a fire class with the enrollees at Great Smoky Mountains 

National Park before the fire season. After the training, one camp in the 

park was designated to maintain the fire-fighting apparatus. In this 

camp enrollees were taught to operate the fire engine and act as hosemen. 

Yosemite, Yellowstone, Glacier, and Sequoia national parks gave fire 

suppression training to all enrollees, but designated small groups of up to 

15 men as the primary fire-fighting teams. These small groups would be 

sent first ; if they failed to suppress the fire, other enrollees would be 

called. The most spectacular fire fighting activity in 1936 occurred 

3. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, May 23, 1934, RG 79, 

NA; and Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, October 5, 1934, 

RG 79, NA. 

4. Forestry Circular 1, March 25, 1935, RG 79, NA; Demaray to 

Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA, p. 5; and U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1935 

(Washington: GPO, 1935), p. 40"7_ 

99 
at Isle Royale, where 1,600 ECW youths were credited with saving part of 

5 

the island's timber from a fire that destroyed more than 33,000 acres. 

The Isle Royale fire prompted changes in the Park Service fire prevention 

program in 1937. Each CCC camp was to have one day of fire-fighting 

training every month of the fire season, with one man from each camp 

selected to be responsible for all phases of fire protection training. The 

increased training for the fire protection program was directly attributed 

to a sharp reduction in acreage burned in national parks. In the period 

from January 1 through September 30, 1937, the acreage burned in 

national park areas amounted to 90 percent less than for the same period 

in 1936. In 1937 the CCC continued doing tree conservation work, fire 

fighting, and fire prevention work. These projects were funded almost 

entirely with CCC funds. The most dramatic fire-fighting incident that 

year was on the eastern boundary of Yellowstone National Park in the 

Shoshone National Forest. Forest Service enrollees were assisted by 125 

NPS enrollees from Yellowstone National Park in fighting the blaze. The 

Blackwater Canyon fire resulted in 15 men being burned to death and 

another 40 being taken to the hospital. While none of these were NPS 

5. Coffman to National Park Superintendents and Custodians, August 3, 

1936, RG 79, NA; McConaghie to Coffman, August 13, 1936, RG 79, NA; 

Superintendent Yosemite National Park to Director, National Park Service, 

August 17, 1936, RG 79, NA; Rogers to Director, National Park Service, 

August 17, 1936, RG 79, NA; Vincent to Coffman, August 22, 1936, 

RG 79, NA; White to Coffman, September 15, 1936, RG 79, NA; and "CCC 

Saved Isle Royal Timber," The New York Times, September 14, 1936, 

p. 29. 

6. Cammerer to Field Officers, March 10, 1937, RG 79, NA; Civilian 

Conservation Corps Press Release, July 21, 1937, RG 79, NA; Weekly 

Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, September 16, 1937, RG 35, NA; and "Forest Fire 

Cut Laid to CCC," The New York Times, October 26, 1937, p. 46. 

100 
enrollees, the incident caused the superintendent of Yellowstone to 

request that CCC enrollees be given even more extensive fire-fighting 

training. 

Partly because of the Blackwater Canyon fire, the fire-fighting training 

program was intensified during 1938, with fire-fighting schools established 

on a nationwide basis. The CCC enrollees learned fire-fighting methods 

and techniques, proper use of fire-fighting implements, and personal 

safety and discipline on the fire line. These training schools were held 

jointly, when feasible, between the Park Service and the Forest Service, 

firs t in the south and later in eastern, midwestern, and western park 

8 

areas. 

The Park Service's dependency on the CCC and its funds was evident in 

the fire protection and other forest preservation programs. In both these 

areas the Park Service received regular appropriations, but these funds, 

in most cases, were not even enough to maintain essential services, and 

CCC funds were used to supplement and expand these programs. After 

1939, as a result of continuing CCC program reductions and redirection to 

national defense programs, the National Park Service faced austerity and 

9 

was forced to dramatically reduce park programs. 

INSECT AND FUNGUS CONTROL 

The year before the enactment of the ECW legislation in 1933, Director 

Albright had asked the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee 

7. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by 

Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 

1937, pp. 41-43, 52; Superintendents Conference, January 17-22, 19373, 

RG 79, NA; p. 98-100; and Erie Kauffman, "Death in Blackwater 

Canyon," American Forests 43 (November 1937):534, 558. 

8. "Forest Fire Methods for CCC," American Forests 44(September 

1938):424. 

9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ending June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), pp. 273::274, 296. 

101 
for emergency funding of up to $5 million for a five-year program to 

combat various species of pine beetles in Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia, 

and other western parks, which threatened the destruction of the various 

pines. He felt that even this measure might not be sufficient to save the 

trees. Another menace to the forests in the western parks was the 

10 white-pine blister rust coming into the United States from Canada. 

Infestations of mountain pine and bark beetles were brought under control 

by ECW workers at Sequoia National Park, Crater Lake National 

Monument, and portions of Yosemite National Park in 1933. At Yosemite, 

however, the superintendent opposed the Ribes eradication program as a 

means of controlling white-pine blister rust. He believed that the removal 

of currant and gooseberry bushes might eventually do more harm than 

good to the park's ecosystem, and he wanted research conducted on the 

interrelationship between these shrubs and other plants and wildlife in 

the forest. In other parks, the Ribes eradication program continued as 

11 the major way to halt the spread of blister rust. 

During 1936 a specially authorized tree-preservation crew was established 

to travel in eastern historical and military parks, monuments, and 

cemeteries doing pruning, spraying, feeding, and other conservation 

work. The NPS officials had the ECW enrollees carry out the bulk of 

insect control projects because no other funds had been appropriated for 

insect control since the program began. At Morristown National Historical 

Park, the Park Service instituted an experiment where an autogiro was 

used to spray trees with insecticide in forested areas. Due to lack of 

10. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service, 

Summary of the Director's Report," in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1932 (Washington: GPO, 1932), p. 111. 

11. U.S. Department of the Interior, "Office of National Parks, Buildings 

and Reservations," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the 

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), pp. 157, 18~07 

and Superintendent Yosemite National Park to Director of the National 

Park Service, June 6, 1934, RG 95, NA. 

102 
sufficient funding, the itinerant tree preservation crew that had worked 

12 throughout the eastern states was discontinued in 1937. 

In 1939 the blister rust control program was reduced due to lack of CCC 

funds, despite the fact that after six years of effort on both the east and 

west coasts the pine forests of the national parks remained threatened by 

the disease. Park Service Director Cammerer stated that he still 

considered blister rust disease the second greatest forest protection 

13 problem. 

RESOURCE CONSERVATION VS. PARK DEVELOPMENT 

During the first year's administration of the state parks program, Park 

Service officials found that the newly appointed state park officials were 

permitting development in state and county parks that the Park Service 

saw as intrusive on park resources and difficult to maintain. In addition, 

states submitted proposals for expensive accommodations and extensive 

road construction projects to the NPS. The Park Service believed that 

these plans could have detrimental impacts upon the wildlife and natural 

features of the park and so many of these proposals were turned down. 

The NPS state park officials were warned that if they continued making 

14 these types of proposals their camps would be relocated. 

12. General 0-204-0, Forestry Commission, RG 79, NA, pp. 5, 9-11; 

Department of the Interior Press Release, May 6, 1936, RG 79, NA; 

Statement of Arno B. Cammerer, Director of National Park Service to the 

House of Representatives Select Committee on Conservation of Wildlife 

Resources, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA, p. 3; U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"The National Park Service," by Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for 

the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, (Washington: GPO, 1936) pp. 

TT7-118, 13Tj "Wildlife Work Under E.C.W. in the National Parks and 

Monuments," RG 79, NA, pp. 21-22, 32-34; and U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1938 

(Washington: GPO, 1938), p. 19"T~ 

13. Department of the Interior Press Release, April 18, 1939, RG 79, 

NA. 

14. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 113. 

103 
In May 1933 Director Albright issued a warning to the superintendents 

and state park officials that the ECW work should keep certain 

restrictions in mind. The removal of underbrush and ground cover 

should be done only to the extent that the habitat of small birds and 

mammals was not destroyed. Also, no exotic vegetation was to be 

introduced in the parks and no artificial landscaping was to be done in 

natural areas. Director Albright further stressed that any fire truck 

roads or trails should not be built if these actions would damage 

wilderness areas. He admitted that the emergency conservation work 

could prove harmful to wildlife and suggested that if the park officials 

had any questions on the matter they should contact the NPS Wildlife 

15 Division for guidance. 

In the firs t year of the ECW program, truck trails were constructed to 

provide access to park areas in case of fire. After the original trails 

were constructed, the standards were changed, resulting in improvements 

to the trails to the point that primitive areas were being opened to 

general visitation. Director Cammerer was concerned enough about the 

potential overdevelopment of park areas that he disapproved five major 

trail projects in the summer of 1934. In this regard, Cammerer had 

received a number of complaints concerning road development at Acadia 

•I c 

National Park and ordered an investigation of the matter. 

Director Fechner maintained that the ECW had no damaging effects on 

parks and forests. During a 1935 radio broadcast, he explained: 

There is something I would like to stress and that is that on 

every project in which the CCC is engaged, the greatest of 

care has been exercised to prevent any injury to the scenic 

15. Glimpses of National Parks, p. 12; and Albright to Field Officers, 

June 7, 1933, RG 79, NA. 

16. Conference of Superintendents and Field Officers, November 19-23, 

1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 29-30, 273, 315-316; and Peterson to Breeze, 

January 18, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

104 
beauty of the national and State parks and monuments. Native 

materials only have been used in the planting of trees and 

shrubs and natural conditions have been maintained so far as 

consistent with the use of the developed areas. 

Not everyone was as confident as Director Fechner that the ECW 

preserved the natural environment. In an address to the National Park 

Service Conference of State Park Authorities, Secretary of the Interior 

Ickes stressed the need to preserve the natural scenery and wilderness in 

park areas and voiced concern over park overdevelopment. He 

commented: 

The recreational needs of the country are one of the major 

problems of the country. It seems to me there is a clear 

distinction between what we are trying to do and ought to do in 

our National Parks and what we ought to do in at least the 

State and local parks. 

As Mr. Cammerer so well said, our National Parks, so far as 

possible, ought to be kept in their natural state. There were 

inferences in his remarks which perhaps you did not get. I am 

not in favor of building any more roads in the National Parks 

than we have to build; I am not in favor of doing anything 

along the lines of so-called improvements that we do not have to 

do. This is an automobile age. But I do not have a great deal 

of patience with people whose idea of enjoying nature is dashing 

along the hard road at fift y or sixty miles an hour. I am not 

willing that our beautiful areas should be opened up to people 

who are either too old to walk, as I am, or too lazy to walk, as 

a great many young people are who ought to be ashamed of 

themselves. I do not happen to favor the scarring of the 

wonderful mountainside just so that we can say we have a 

skyline drive. It sounds poetical, but it may be creating a 

natural atrocity. 

Mr. Cammerer is quite right. I would not agree to put in a 

lake where there should not be a lake, merely to have a lake. 

An artificial lake is not a lake, after all. It is all right in a 

State park. But that is a different sort of thing. It is out of 

place in a wilderness area. So long as I am Secretary of the 

Interior and have anything to say about the parks, I am going 

17. Radio Address by Robert Fechner, John D. Coffman, and Conrad L. 

Wirth, April 6, 1935, RG 35, NA, p. 10. 

105 
to use all of the influence I have to keep parks just as far as 

possible in their natural state. 

Your State Parks are a different problem. They are more 

recreational than wilderness areas. Some of them, especially 

those that are near big areas of population, ought to be 

available for people who need exercise and recreation. . . . 

As to our State Parks, I think they are doing a great deal for 

recreation in keeping people outdoors who live in crowded 

areas. I think if they are near centers of population they 

ought to be largely recreational. 

Before the address by Secretary Ickes, Director Cammerer had 

emphasized that in Park Service areas the creation of lakes and other 

landscape modifications should only be done when research proved that 

these features were at one time part of the natural scene. Cammerer 

further pointed out that the cleanup of park areas should only be done to 

the extent that adequate ground cover for birds and wildlife remained 

undisturbed. The Department of the Interior's Manual on Emergency 

Conservation Work stated that native species of plants were to be 

used—except for lawns, military parks, and cemeteries where exotic grass 

seed was acceptable. Exotic plants were not to be used for erosion 

control except when already present or when special permission was 

obtained from the Washington Office. Adhering to this policy at Yosemite 

and Sequoia national parks, revegetation was done by sowing seeds of 

native flowers along roads and by transplanting small plants of native 

species. That same year, however, work at New Found Gap in the Great 

Smoky Mountains National Park included the construction of formal flower 

beds by the parking areas and a man-made entrance to the proposed 

19 Mammoth Cave National Park. 

18. Address of Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes to the National 

Park Service Conference of State Park Authorities, Washington, D.C., 

February 25, 1935, RG 79, NA, pp. 15-16. 

19. National Park Service Conference of State Park Authorities, 

Washington, D.C., February 25, 1935, RG 79, NA, pp. 11, 35; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, 

p. 3; Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, May 17, 1935, RG 79, 

NA; and Bryant to NPS Director, October 11, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

106 
In 1936 Leonard Wing charged, in the American Forests magazine, that 

the ECW work in the forests and parklands endangered wildlife. He 

found that in woodland areas the "cleanup" program had removed 

necessary forage. He also believed that the revegetation program could 

introduce species that might be harmful to wildlife. Although the Park 

Service never formally commented on these charges, some superintendents 

believed that the technical staff who supervised ECW work should be 

better trained in conservation measures and that the ECW program was 

20 leading to park overdevelopment. 

In 1938 Ovid Butler, secretary of the American Forestry Association, 

expressed concern to CCC Director Fechner that the activities undertaken 

were much more diverse than just the conservation of natural resources. 

Butler advocated that the CCC program return to concentrating on strict 

conservation measures. These same concerns were expressed by Park 

Service officials and resulted in a reemphasis of the NPS policy of not 

introducing anything artificial into natural areas and carefully monitoring 

CCC projects to prevent park overdevelopment. Despite these good 

intentions, as the CCC program was being reduced in 1939 the Park 

Service found it increasingly difficult even to carry out conservation 

21 

programs. 

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 

The rapid growth of the ECW program during its early years posed a 

number of problems for Park Service superintendents. They believed 

20. Leonard William Wing, "Naturalize the Forest for Wildlife," American 

Forests 42(January 1936):293; National Park Superintendents, Regional 

Officers of State Parks Division and Emergency Conservation Work 

Conference, January 25, 1936, RG 79, NA; "Wildlife Work under E.C.W. 

in the National Parks and Monuments," RG 79, NA, p. 40; and Report of 

Superintendents Conference, January 23-24, 1936, RG 79, NA, pp. 24-25. 

21. "CCC Needs Clearer Policy on Conservation," American Forests 

44(May 1938) :224; Superintendents Conference, January 17-22, 1938, 

RG 79, NA, p. 50; National Park Service, Procedure Manual for the 

Civilian Conservation Corps (Washington: GPO, 19-39^ pT 5; and 

Demaray to Troy , February 25, 1939, RG 79, NA. 

107 
that the Park Service did not have enough experienced technicians to 

effectively monitor the work, and thus protect wildlife and avoid undue 

disturbance of the natural scene. Even with experienced technicians, 

22 unforeseen problems could arise. 

The very size and the scope of the ECW work added to the difficulty of 

properly protecting the pristine nature of some park lands. Park Service 

Wildlife Division technicians, project supervisors, and superintendents 

would sometimes disagree on the impact that a project would have on park 

wildlife. In these cases, the matter would be referred to the Washington 

Office for resolution, but while the issue was being decided, work would 

continue in the parks, sometimes resulting in damage to the natural 

environment. At other times, ECW work would be undertaken without any 

consultation with park naturalists as to what effect the work would have 

on the park's natural environment. These problems continued throughout 

the period of ECW/CCC work. 2 3 

During 1934 the conservation work program increased. More landscaping 

was done in park areas. In Lassen Volcanic National Park this consisted 

of seeding and sodding, constructing trails around the park's volcanic 

peak, removing old buildings, and maintaining roads. Also, work began 

on wildlife investigations and conservation programs. The Park Service 

in August of 1934 began using ECW funds to hire people with technical 

backgrounds to conduct scientific investigations and supervise ECW 

24 projects involving conservation. 

In 1935 the Wildlife Division, to keep up with the increased demand for 

their services, hired 24 biologists, foresters, geologists, and natural 

22. Conference of Superintendents and Field Officers, November 19-23, 

1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 29-30, 273, 315-316. 

23. Ibid. , pp. 45, 298. 

24. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, August 23, 1935, 

RG 79, NA; and "Praises CCC work in National Park," The New York 

Times, November 29, 1935, p. 36. 

108 
science specialists as temporary ECW employees. To carry out the work 

of the Wildlife Division more efficiently, the country was divided into east 

and west regions with the western divisional boundary formed by the 

states of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The 

western region was further divided into three subregions--the Pacific 

Northwest, the Pacific Coast area, and the Southwest. From the 

commencement of the ECW program until the end of 1935, this enlarged 

staff undertook studies in Mesa Verde, Yosemite, Crater Lake, Mount 

Rainier, Glacier, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, Rocky Mountain, Wind Cave, 

Great Smoky Mountains, Mammoth Cave, Shenandoah, and Grand Canyon 

national parks, and Lava Beds, Death Valley, and Mount Olympus national 

monuments. The work ranged from constructing vegetation maps to 

25 various biological studies of birds, fish, and mammals. 

In 1935 the Washington Office permanent staff expressed concern over the 

quality of work being produced by the newly hired ECW technicians. In 

an attempt to improve supervision and quality control, Conrad Wirth 

directed that all correspondence of the new staff members be reviewed by 

supervisory personnel. Further, those ECW technicians in field areas 

were required to send in monthly reports on their work. These reports 

were to be sent to Washington where they would be given to appropriate 

professionals to evaluate. 

During 1936 the Wildlife Division had 23 people working on ECW projects. 

Also in 1936, 21 geologists were hired (using ECW funds) to develop 

preservation programs for geological features in national parks and 

monuments, prepare interpretive material, select trail locations, furnish 

technical advice concerning engineering geology, and perform geological 

25. "Wildlife Work Under E.C.W. in the National Parks and Monuments," 

RG 79, NA, pp. 20-30; and Weekly Report for the Department of the 

Interior to the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, February 28, 

1935, RG 35, NA, p. 1. 

26. Wirth to Washington Office Technical Staff, August 1, 1935, RG 79, 

NA, pp. 1, 3-4. 

109 
research. The geologists prepared more than 35 geological reports on 

existing or proposed NPS areas and 284 geological summaries of these 

areas. This group also provided interpretive and exhibit construction 

work at Dinosaur National Park, Grand Canyon National Park, and Fossil 

Cycad National Monument, and established a Park Service policy to 

27 

prevent overdevelopment of caves. During 1938, the Wildlife Division 

was forced to curtail its programs and reduce staff by 17 people as part 

of the nationwide CCC reduction. Later funding reductions caused even 

28 greater curtailment of the program. 

ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL WORK 

The CCC not only had an impact on conservation programs in natural 

areas, but also played an important role in the development of historical 

and archeological work. When the ECW began, NPS officials thought 

primarily of using the enrollees on park development and nature 

conservation projects. However, in the summer of 1933 the War 

Department transferred 11 national military parks, 11 national cemeteries, 

10 national battlefields, 10 national monuments, three memorials, and two 

national parks to the Park Service, and this increased the magnitude of 

work to be accomplished. To staff, maintain, and develop these new 

29 

areas, the NPS used the various emergency relief programs and funds. 

27. Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, October 14, 1936, RG 35, NA; and 

U.S. Department of the Interior "The National Park Service," by Arno B. 

Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936 

(Washington: GPO, 1936), pp. 170-121. 

28. Statement of Arno B. Cammerer, Director of National Park Service to 

the House of Representatives Select Committee on Conservation of Wildlife 

Resources, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA, p. 6. 

29. Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: 

Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (Washington: 

National Park ServicTT 1983), p. 66"; "The National Park Service," The 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: 

110 
Some park officials were concerned about the ability of ECW workers to 

accomplish archeological and historical projects, as was the War 

Department. In a letter to CCC Director Fechner, General Douglas 

MacArthur commented: 

It must be borne in mind that the development of these parks 

has for its purpose the restoration of the battle fields and 

preserving historic locations, monuments and sites of battle. 

Consequently, such work as is done must be performed with 

this in view, in order that the trench system and other historic 

points may not be destroyed but retained in their present 

condition or restored to the condition they were in at the time 

of the battle. In other words, the Emergency Conservation 

Work to be performed must be in accordance with the plan of 

restoration already determined by the Commissions and approved 

by the Secretary of War. 

Despite these concerns, the Park Service embarked on a bold experiment 

using ECW funds to hire students with backgrounds in history and 

archeology to act as technical supervisors and researchers in the park 

and monument areas. At Morristown National Historical Park, the ECW 

enrollees began their 1933 work by clearing underbrush and doing fire 

protection work; then they did historical research to determine chain of 

ownership and archeological investigation to uncover data for planning 

historic restoration. Historical technicians were also used as interpretive 

31 guides. 

In 1934 ECW enrollees were given training in archeology and lectures on 

history before being put to work on cultural resource projects. In an 

29. (Con't) GPO, 1934), p. 182; and Department of the Interior Press 

Release, June 7, 1938, RG 79, NA, p. 5. Unrau and Williss, Expansion 

of the National Park Service in the 1930s, gives a much more detailed 

discussion of this period in National Park Service history. 

30. MacArthur to Fechner, May 10, 1933, RG 407, NA. 

31. U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," in 

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: 

GPO, 1934), p. 18"2j Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, 

March 28, 1934, RG 79, NA; "CCC Continues Work in Morristown Park," 

The New York Times, October 21, 1934, sec. 2, p. 14; and Emergency 

Conservation Work Press Release, August 12, 1934, RG 79, NA. 

111 
address to a conference of park superintendents, NPS Chief Historian 

Verne Chatelain requested that before beginning work in historical areas 

superintendents consult with the historical technicians and the Washington 

Office to assure the best protection for the historical/cultural resources. 

Starting that year the historical technicians also wrote interpretive 

32 materials for the parks and planned park development. 

Historical and archeological projects were initiated in 1934 in many parks, 

including Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Colonial 

National Monument, Grand Canyon National Park, Fredericksburg and 

Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park, 

Petersburg National Battlefield, Shiloh National Military Park, Vicksburg 

National Military Park, and Morristown National Historical Park. At Grand 

Canyon National Park the ECW enrollees were trained to do archeological 

excavations for Indian artifacts. After excavation, these relics were 

cleaned, restored, and placed on display. In military parks, the 

enrollees restored rifle-pits, rebuilt earthworks, excavated for relics, and 

readied these artifacts for display. Battlefields were also restored, and 

portions of ammunition dumps, soldiers' huts, dummy gun emplacements, 

and other items of military interest were reconstructed. The NPS policy 

was that restoration work would be limited to only those structures 

necessary to show the significance of the park. For example, the 

reconstruction of an entire fort would not be permitted, whereas portions 

might be reconstructed. At Colonial National Monument a major 

archeological excavation project was undertaken to conduct research on 

Jamestown. So much restoration and reconstruction work was undertaken 

at Colonial National Monument that a shop was established to make 

reproductions of colonial furniture and military equipment. Later, this 

shop constructed replica furnishings for other national and state park 

32. Conference of Superintendents and Field Officers, November 19-23, 

1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 302, 437; and Emergency Conservation Work, 

Suggested Portion of an Article for Mr. Fechner's Signature, ca. 1934, 

RG 79, NA. 

112 
areas. It was hoped that this work would prepare the enrollees for 

33 carpentry jobs outside the ECW. 

In 1935 ECW Director Fechner praised the archeological work being done 

by enrollees at Morristown National Historical Park and the underwater 

archeological work at Colonial National Monument (salvaging two sunken 

British Revolutionary War frigates in the waters off Yorktown). He 

further commended the ECW for outstanding erosion control work at 

Vicksburg National Military Park, which helped preserve the site of Fort 

Nogales (Fort Hill), many monuments, and the historic battlefield 

topography. During that year enrollees undertook the reconstruction of 

historic siege lines at Colonial National Monument. To reduce the cost of 

maintenance for the reconstruction work, enrollees experimented with 

concrete made to resemble wood for wooden members of gun platforms and 

other features. 

The increasing historical and archeological program brought on by the 

transfer of War Department areas to the National Park Service and the 

need to better administer the cultural resources programs resulted in the 

formation of the Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings on July 1, 1935. 

The new branch relied on ECW funds to hire staff and carry out 

administrative responsibilities. A major concern of the Park Service 

director was that, with the rapid expansion of the cultural resources 

program, historical and archeological projects would be undertaken 

without adequate professional supervision. This situation was partially 

33. Department of the Interior Press Release, June 9, 1938, RG 79, NA, 

pp. 1-5; Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, August 12, 1934, 

RG 79, NA; Conference of Superintendents and Field Officers, 

November 19-23, 1934, RG 79, NA, p. 308; Robert Fechner, "History and 

Emergency Conservation," ca. 1934, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-5, 7; and 

Emergency Conservation Work Press Releases, October 9, July 6, July 7, 

March 28, 1934, and April 9, 1941, RG 79, NA. 

34. Radio Address by Robert Fechner, John D. Coffman, and Conrad L. 

Wirth, April 6, 1935, RG 35, NA, pp. 5-7; ECW, Report of the Director 

of Emergency Conservation Work From the Period Extending from April , 

T933 to June 30, 1935 by Robert Fechner (Washington: GPO, T935J; 

Byrne, pp. 49, 52; Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA; 

and Booth to Superintendent, Colonial National Monument, April 11, 1935, 

RG 79, NA. 

113 
alleviated the next year when only people who passed civil service 

examinations were given permanent field positions in history and 

u i 35 

archeology. 

In 1937 the CCC was used for numerous reconstruction projects. At 

Ocmulgee National Monument, the enrollees reconstructed an Indian council 

chamber in a hollow earthen mound. The "Sunken Road" and "Blood 

Pond" at Shiloh National Military Park were restored. In July a Navajo 

Indian CCC mobile unit under the supervision of an archeologist was 

formed under a joint program by the Park Service and the Indian 

Service. The unit performed stabilization work on pre-Columbian ruins in 

Chaco Canyon, Navajo, Tonto, Wupatki, Aztec Ruins, Montezuma Castle, 

and Gran Quivira national monuments. Also, archeological work was 

completed at Lake Mead National Recreation Area and Hopewell Village 

National Historic Site during that year. The CCC restored historic 

structures at Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Fort Donelson 

National Military Park. At Gettysburg National Military Park the enrollees 

tore down 500 miles of modern fencing and replaced it with that more 

appropriate to the Civil War period. They also reconstructed some of the 

battle fortifications and 25 miles of stone wall. This work was 

accomplished in conjunction with the 75th anniversary celebrations of the 

battle in 1938. Approximately 50 CCC youths were employed to help the 

historian guides accommodate the crowds expected for the celebration. 

35. National Park Service Conference of State Park Authorities, 

Washington, D.C., February 25, 1935, RG 79, NA, pp. 35-36; U.S. 

Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by Arno 

Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936 

(Washington: GPO, 1936), pp. 114-115; Cammerer to Fechner, April 9, 

1935, RG 79, NA; and Department of the Interior Press Release, 

December 13, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

36. Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, February 24, 1934, RG 35, NA; Weekly 

Reports for the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, November 4, 1937, September 16, 1937, and 

November 24, 1937, RG 35, NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the 

Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation Work, 

November 11, 1936, RG 35, NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the 

Interior to the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, November 18, 

1937, and October 14, 1937, RG 35, NA; Weekly Report for the 

Department of the Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation 

114 
CCC Director Fechner, in a speech to the American Planning and Civic 

Association in 1938, commented on the cultural resource program in the 

National Park Service in the following manner: 

Great impetus has also been given to national interest in the 

preservation and restoration of archeologic monuments and 

historic areas under the control of the National Park Service by 

the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Heretofore 

practically all archeological work was left to private interest and 

initiative but now some of the most valuable work that is being 

carried on is being supervised-,by the National Park Service and 

the work done by the camps. 

During 1938 the CCC camps continued to work on archeological and 

historical projects in national park areas. With the acquisition of the 

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Park Service placed two CCC camps to 

work excavating and cleaning the canal, restoring some of the historical 

features along the canal, and developing it for public recreation. Park 

Service officials felt responsible not only for restoration work within park 

areas, but also for work done outside of their jurisdiction. In 1939 

Acting Director Demaray telegraphed the Forest Service that a qualified 

ethnologist should be provided to supervise work on their totem pole 

repair and restoration project in Alaska; at a minimum, said Demaray, a 

photographic record should be made before and after the restoration on 

each totem pole. And in 1940 the predominantly black camp at Colonial 

National Historical Park received praise from the Park Service director for 

38 its archeological and historical reconstruction at that park. 

36. (Con'd) Work, June 17, 1937, RG 35, NA; Department of the 

Interior Press Release, June 16, 1938, RG 35, NA; and Civilian 

Conservation Corps Press Release, November 21, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

37. Address by Robert Fechner to American Planning and Civic 

Association, January 20, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

38. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ending June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), p. 275; Superintendents 

Conference, January 17-22, 1938, RG 79, NA, p. 180; "Chesapeake and 

Ohio Canal to Form National Recreation Area," American Forests 

44(October 1938):469; and Demaray to Troy , February 25, 1939, RG 79, 

NA. 

115 
The next two years saw a reduction in the number of CCC camps and an 

increasing amount of enrollees' time was devoted to national defense 

training and work. By 1940 the Navajo mobile unit had been reduced to 

10 men, and some thought was given to replacing the Indians with white 

enrollees. But Park Service officials decided that only Indians could 

satisfactorily do the stabilization work. Nonetheless, the unit was shortly 

disbanded. Other archeological and historical projects were continued and 

new projects were undertaken at Saratoga National Historical Park and 

Hopewell Village National Historic Site. CCC participation in these 

archeological and historical projects came to an end shortly after the 

United States' entry into World War II . The loss of CCC funding made it 

difficult for many parks to adequately preserve and protect the cultural 

39 

resources under their care. 

During the existence of the CCC the enrollees were used for research, 

restoration, reconstruction, and interpretation at many park areas. The 

National Park Service, using ECW/CCC funds, hired technicians to help 

plan and supervise the cultural resource work. Some of these people 

ultimately made a career of the National Park Service, thus creating a 

legacy beyond the material accomplishments of the program. Portions of 

the historical and archeological work of the CCC within the national parks 

and state parks have recently come under criticism for being harmful to 

the park's resources and producing inaccurate reconstructions. Still, the 

program often produced exemplary work and set precedents for future 

archeological and historical work. 

39. Assistant Chief, Project Development Division, to Gerner, 

October 30, 1940, RG 79, NA; Taylor to Acting Director of the National 

Park Service, June 24, 1940, RG 79, NA; Federal Security 

Administration, Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps, Fiscal year Ended June 30, 1940 (Washington: GPO, 1941), 

p. 46; Superintendents Annual Report for 1941 Fiscal Year for Colonial 

Historical Park, July 17, 1941, RG 79, NA; and U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1941 

(Washington: GPO, 1941), pp. 2f35-256\ 

116 
DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL DEMONSTRATION AREAS 

The CCC program greatly expanded the role of the National Park Service 

in the field of recreation. From the start, recreational development had 

been permitted in state park areas. In the spring of 1933 President 

Roosevelt authorized the federal government agencies to cooperate with 

the states in the development of regional recreational areas. In January 

1934 Park Service officials held a conference with state park officials to 

discuss the expansion of recreational facilities in state park areas. This 

conference helped establish the agenda and regulations for the ECW in 

state park areas. The NPS became further involved in recreational issues 

when the president in June 1934 established the National Resource Board 

and the Park Service was assigned the task of assembling information on 

recreational needs for the entire country. The results of this research 

were to be used in establishing recreational demonstration areas--

submarginal lands purchased with Federal Emergency Relief Administration 

funds and developed by the ECW under the direction of the National Park 

Service. In 1935 the recreational needs studies were completed in 48 

40 states, and work had begun on 58 projects involving 827,120 acres. 

On April 30, 1935, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7028 which 

transferred the land purchase authority from the Federal Emergency 

Relief Administration to the Department of Agriculture's Resettlement 

Administration. As part of this arrangement, the recreational 

demonstration lands were to be acquired by the Resettlement 

Administration and developed by the Park Service. The majority of these 

areas were to become state, county, or city parks, with a few considered 

for retention by the federal government. The philosophy behind the 

recreational demonstration projects was to provide outdoor recreation for 

low-income groups. An attempt was made to locate the areas near urban 

centers; however, a small number of projects were designed to extend 

40. National Park Service Press Release, January 20, 1934, RG 79, NA; 

Walters to McNary, October 31, 1934, RG 79, NA; and Wirth, "Parks for 

the Millions," American Forests 43(November 1936):505, 531. 

117 
Park Service areas such as Acadia National Park, Shenandoah National 

Park, Kings Mountain National Military Park, Badlands National Monument, 

41 White Sands National Monument, and Blue Ridge Parkway. 

On August 1, 1936, the National Park Service assumed complete 

responsibility from the Resettlement Administration for the development of 

recreational demonstration areas. The Department of the Interior next 

sought permission to assume land acquisition authority, which was granted 

by executive order on November 14, 1936. These recreational 

demonstration areas included development at Big Bend and Cape Hatteras 

state parks, which became Big Bend National Park and Cape Hatteras 

National Seashore. The National Park Service and Bureau of Reclamation 

cooperated on recreation development projects behind Boulder Dam, which 

42 later became Lake Mead National Recreation Area. 

The work involved in recreational demonstration areas included 

conservation of water, soil, forests, and wildlife resources, and creation 

of public recreational facilities such as roads, trails, dams, cabins, park 

structures, swimming pools, and picnicking and camping facilities. In 

Sequoia, Yosemite, Mount Rainier, General Grant, Rocky Mountain, Crater 

Lake, and Lassen Volcanic national parks, the CCC helped to start and 

43 develop winter sports facilities. 

41. Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, November 27, 1936, RG 35, NA; "The 

National Park Service," by Arno Cammerer, in Annual Report for the 

Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, p. 104; and Department of the Interior 

Press Releases, May 15, 1937, March 9, 1937, February 9, 1938, and 

November 10, 1936, RG 79, NA. 

42. Merriam to Branch of Planning, ca. 1935, RG 79, NA; Wirth to 

Hogan, February 16, 1935, RG 79, NA; Demaray to Washington Office, 

August 7, 1936, RG 79, NA; U.S. Department of the Interior, "The 

National Park Service," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the 

Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1937 (Washington: GPO, 1937), pp.~3T3-3"97 

Department of the Interior Press Release, October 22, 1937, RG 79, NA; 

Demaray to Superintendent, Yosemite National Park, January 19, 1937, 

RG 79, NA; Wirth to Regional Officers and Project Managers, 

December 23, 1935, RG 79, NA; and U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"The National Park Service," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for 

the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, p. 101. 

43. Department of the Interior Press Release, December 13, 1935, RG 79, 

NA; ECW Press Release, August 23, 1935, RG 79, NA; and Demaray to 

Washington Office, August 7, 1936, RG 79, NA. 

118 
Recreation work in NPS areas continued in 1937. In the western parks 

the CCC worked on ski jumps, ski trails, ski runs, ice skating rinks, 

and toboggan runs; in eastern parks, campsites for trailers were opened 

in such places as Shenandoah National Park. The main thrust of 

recreational development was done in state parks and recreational 

demonstration areas. 

By 1938 one of the more unusual recreational projects was underway at 

Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Here CCC enrol lees conducted 

archeological and paleontological salvage projects in the area to be flooded 

by Boulder Dam. The CCC created a series of temporary beaches at 

Hemenway Wash within Lake Mead Recreation Area, which had to be 

rebuilt over the years as the reservoir filled. Once the lake reached its 

maximum level, permanent beach facilities were constructed and the area 

was landscaped with trees, grass, and flowers. In conjunction with this 

project, the CCC constructed a landing field in Boulder City so the 

public could take scenic flights over the lake. Other recreational 

facilities included bathhouses, floating boat docks, trap shooting areas, 

44 

and horse and hiking trails. 

Also by 1938 the CCC work in constructing winter sports facilities had 

resulted in an increase in visitation of three to four times the 1933 level 

in some national parks. Since park staffs found it difficult to maintain 

45 these facilities, this task became the responsibility of the CCC. Robert 

Fechner commented on the program: 

New facilities or at least greatly increased facilities for sports 

and especially for winter sports have resulted from Civilian 

Conservation Corps work. Today many of the National Parks 

44. Department of the Interior Press Release, January 23, 1938, RG 79, 

NA; National Park Service Press Release, April 22, 1938, RG 79, NA; and 

Civilian Conservation Corps Press Release, August 1 , 1938, RG 79, NA. 

45. Civilian Conservation Corps Press Release, July 31, 1938, RG 79, 

NA. 

119 
offer an attractive winter sports program j£iat compares 

favorably with the best that Europe has to offer. 

Besides the winter sports program, the CCC continued to work on trails, 

campgrounds, picnic areas, and other recreational facilities inside and 

outside national park areas. Some of the recreational demonstration areas 

were added to the national park system. These areas included today's 

Catoctin Mountain Park, Prince William Forest Park, and land adjacent to 

Manassas National Battlefield Park and Hopewell Village National Historic 

Site. With the termination of the CCC program, the National Park Service 

sought to dispose of the remaining recreation demonstration areas. The 

final dispersal of these sites to federal, state, county, or local 

47 governments was not completed until after World War II . 

OTHER HIGHLIGHTS 

During the early months of the ECW the enrollees began designing and 

building exhibits for use in the parks. One such exhibit on prehistoric 

America depicting pueblo ruins in the Southwest was placed on public 

display in the lobby of the Department of the Interior. Geologists were 

48 hired as technical assistants to help design geological exhibits. The 

period also saw the beginning of such projects as the landscaping of the 

46. Address by Robert Fechner to American Planning and Civic 

Association, January 20, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

47. Federal Security Administration, Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1940, p. 48; Director's Staff Meeting, National Park Service, 

October 7, 1942, RG 79, NA; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual 

Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1944 (Washington: GPO, 

1944), p. 202; and U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the 

Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1945 

(Washington: GPO, 1945), pp. 213-214. 

48. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, November 14, 1934, 

RG 79, NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the Director of the 

Emergency Conservation Work, October 26, 1934, RG 35, NA, pp. 1-2; 

and Department of the Interior Press Release, August 15, 1934, RG 79, 

NA. 

120 
highway from Ellsworth to Bar Harbor, Maine, at Acadia National Park. 

A reservoir construction project at Jackson Lake, Wyoming, in Grand 

Teton National Park, resulted in raising the lake's water level and killing 

3,194 acres of timber, which had detracted from the scenic value of the 

park. ECW enrollees accomplished the herculean task of removing the 

dead trees from the lakeshore. Another project singled out for praise 

involved soil stabilization work at Vicksburg National Military Park, which 

49 permitted the restoration of many of the battlefield features. 

In the summer of 1935 the Park Service used ECW and other emergency 

relief funds to build an exhibit and participate in the California Pacific 

International Exposition at San Diego, California. The exhibit contained 

dioramas, motion picutres, and still-photograph enlargements showing 

scenes of CCC work in the national parks and monuments. CCC enrollees 

operated a model laboratory in the natural history museum building and 

set up a model CCC camp adjacent to the federal building. A detachment 

of 50 enrollees at the camp demonstrated typical conservation activities 

such as tree planting and trail building. 

New CCC camps were opened in the Virgin Islands and at the proposed 

Isle Royale National Park in Michigan in 1935. Administration of these 

camps was entirely under the Park Service. The Isle Royale camp posed 

several challenges, including the necessity of its being supplied by boat. 

The firs t camp at Isle Royale was established in August 1935 and 

remained in operation for only a few months. The next year a reduced 

49. Ickes Press Releases, November 19, 1933, RG 79, NA; Fechner, "My 

Hopes for the CCC," American Forests 45(January 1939):30; U.S. 

Department of the Interior^ "Office of National Parks, Buildings and 

Reservations," by Arno B. Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal 

Year Ended June 30, 1933 (Washington: GPO, 1933), pp. 157-158; 

Fechner, "The Corps on Review," American Forests 41(April 1935):167; 

ECW, Two Years of Emergency Conservation Work, pp. 2-3; and Fechner, 

Radio Address, October 24, 1934, RG 79, NA, p. 2. 

50. Goodwin to Director, September 30, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

121 
crew of 90 CCC enrollees maintained the camp throughout the winter 

51 months on the island. 

CCC work in 1935 continued to be the same as in the previous years. 

The NPS Washington Office recommended that specific tasks were better 

suited for the winter months--such as firebreak construction, vista 

clearing, campground and picnic area cleaning, and a few other types of 

forestry work. The office further warned that extensive and intensive 

forestry projects should not be undertaken, to thus avoid park 

overdevelopment. Director Fechner warned the Park Service not to use 

CCC enrollees on projects which would place them in competition with the 

52 labor market. 

The CCC continued an assortment of work assignments into 1936. One 

task involved the cleanup of summer CCC camps when the youths moved 

to winter camps, and vice versa. In general, summer camps were usually 

closed in October and reoccupied in May or June. One unique job project 

in 1936 was the construction of a permanent footpath across Norris Geyser 

Basin in Yellowstone National Park so that tourists could better view the 

geysers and hot pools. At Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military 

Park six enrollees were trained in bookbinding, while at Glacier National 

Park CCC enrollees cut down fire-killed timber and sent it by train to the 

Blackfeet, Ft. Peck, and Turtle Mountain Indian reservations to be used 

by the Indian Service to build homes and community structures. Also 

during 1936, Conrad Wirth obtained permission from Director Fechner to 

51. "CCC for Virgin Islands," The New York Times, February 14, 1935, 

p. 19; Cammerer to Secretary oFIh e InteTTor, March 30, 1940, RG 79, 

NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, August 22, 1935, RG 35, NA; and 

Superintendent Isle Royale National Park to Regional Director, Region 

Two, July 10, 1952, RG 79, NA. 

52. Evison to Fourth Regional Office, December 20, 1935, RG 79, NA; 

and Fechner to Demaray, January 23, 1935, RG 35, NA. 

122 
have the CCC and the Public Works Administration jointly work on the 

53 construction of the Santa Fe, New Mexico, Park Service regional office. 

On August 17, 1937, Cape Hatteras National Seashore became the first 

seashore in the national park system. Starting in 1933 the CCC was 

involved in a number of projects here. One project was the 

reestablishment of beach sand dunes that had been overgrazed by cattle 

and threatened by wind and wave erosion. The new dunes were created 

by erecting fences and bulldozing sand over them. This eventually 

resulted in the creation of a vegetation community behind the dunes and 

temporarily halted natural seashore dynamics--a problem that still faces 

54 

park administrators. 

The work carried out by the CCC in 1937 included the draining of 

swamps near Fredericksted, St. Croix Island, in the Virgin Islands, 

which were vast breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. 

Territorial Governor Lawrence Cramer praised the work of the CCC in 

improving the health of the island. CCC enrollees also did flood relief 

work along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. In the West, CCC 

workers from the Lake Mead camps conducted winter rescues in Nevada. 

In prior years the CCC had operated tree nurseries in Yellowstone and 

Sequoia National Parks to provide seedlings for planting programs 

throughout the West. In 1937 two other nurseries were opened in Mesa 

Verde National Park and Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Unusual 

53. Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, November 27 and 11, 1936, RG 35, 

NA; Superintendent's Monthly Report for Glacier National Park for 

October 1936, November 1936, RG 35, NA; Weekly Report for the 

Department of the Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation 

Work, August 20, 1936, RG 35, NA; Weekly Report for the Department of 

the Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation Work, 

October 14, 1936, RG 35, NA; U.S. Department of the Interior, "The 

National Park Service," by Arno B. Cammerer in the Annual Report for 

the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936 p. 103; Glacier National Park Press 

Release, April 1936, RG 79, NA; and Wirth, " Parks, Politics and the 

People," p. 120. 

54. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 193; and Interview with 

Michael H. Bureman, Historian, and Nathaniel Kuykendall, Planner, 

February 21, 1984. 

123 
projects for the year included the development of ski trails and shelters 

55 in Hawaii National Park. 

The CCC rendered valuable assistance to victims of the Florida tornado 

and Virginia hurricane of 1933; the blizzards of 1936-1937 in Wyoming, 

Nevada, and Utah; the New York floods of 1937; and the New England 

56 hurricane of 1938. A number of special projects were undertaken in 

1938 by the CCC. Enrollees assigned to Gettysburg National Military 

Park completed various tasks to prepare the park for the 75th 

anniversary commemoration of the battle. In the proposed Big Bend 

National Park, CCC workers collected 500 plant specimens, which were 

mounted, labeled, and presented to the Mexican government. A 

transmountain telephone line of 450 miles was installed in Glacier National 

57 

Park. 

55. Department of the Interior Press Release, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; 

Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of the 

Emergency Conservation Work, March 17, 1937, RG 35, NA; "20,000 Trees 

in Seedling Plan," The New York Times, May 23, 1937, p. 9; Acting 

Director, National Park Service, to Edwards, January 29, 1937, RG 79, 

NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, February 3, 1937, RG 35, NA; Civilian 

Conservation Corps Press Release, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; and U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1938 (Washington: GPO, 1938), p. 19T~ 

56. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, January 22, 1934, 

RG 79, NA; Albright to Field Officers, April 8, 1933, RG 79, NA; U.S. 

Department of Labor, Emergency Conservation Work Bulletin No. ]_, 

pg. 5; Salmond, pp. 46, 139; ECW, Report of the Director of Emergency 

Conservation Work From April, 1933 to June 30, 1935 (Washington: GPO, 

1935), pp. 31-32; Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, 

December 21, 1933, RG 79, NA; Department of the Interior Press Release, 

August 3, 1933, RG 79, NA; and ECW, First Report of the Director of 

Emergency Conservation Work for the Period April 5, 1933 to 

September 30, 1933 (WTishington: GPO, 19534), pp. 50-52. 

57. Civilian Conservation Corps Weekly Report, June 9, 1938, RG 35, 

NA; Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Civilian Conservation Corps, March 3, 1938, RG 35, NA; Glacier 

National Park Press Release, April 3, 1938, RG 79, NA; Civilian 

Conservation Corps Press Release, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; and CCC, 

Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal 

Year Ended June 3fj~~1938 (Washington: GPO, 1939), p. 43. 

124 
CCC work for 1939 included the ongoing construction of NPS regional 

headquarters in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The building was simulated adobe 

done in Colonial Spanish, Mexican, and North American motifs. The 

enrollees used small cones from sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park as 

models for the iron doorknobs. The CCC also landscaped the hotel 

grounds at Mckinley Park Station in Mount Mckinley National Park in 

Alaska and constructed the Frijoles Lodge at Bandelier National Monument 

in New Mexico (to be operated by a private concessioner). At Mammoth 

Cave National Park in kentucky, a 350-seat amphitheater was 

constructed. 

During 1940 CCC work continued to be curtailed because of falling 

enrollment. The Park Service used the few remaining CCC camps in 

areas designated for high priority development, including Vanderbilt 

Mansion National Historic Site, Saratoga National Historical Park, and the 

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. At Saratoga National Historical Park, the 

CCC removed nonhistoric fences and farm structures from the park area. 

On the Blue Ridge Parkway, the CCC developed recreational parks 

adjacent to the parkway. CCC enrollees further planted and maintained a 

garden of maize, pumpkin, and beans as part of an archeological 

experiment on the agriculture of prehistoric people at Chaco Canyon 

59 National Monument. 

58. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ending June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), pp. T2TJ4-12S5, 268, Tl75T 

Department of the Interior Press Release, May 17, 1939, RG 79, NA; and 

Department of the Interior Press Release, June 27, 1939, RG 79, NA. 

59. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1941 (Washington: GPO, 1941), pp. ~W0, 303, 456-457; 

and kelley to Director, December 20, 1940, RG 79, NA. 

125 
CHAPTER 5: OVERALL ACCOMPLISHMENTS, 1933-1942 

Throughout the existence of the ECW/CCC, the program provided work 

for 5 percent of the total United States male population. President 

Roosevelt's primary goal for the program was to take unemployed youths 

out of the cities and build up their health and morale while contributing 

to the economic recovery of the country. Not only would they receive 

wages for their work, but money would also be sent to their dependents 

so that the program would provide benefits to the greatest number of 

people. The work was to restore the enrollees to physical health and 

increase their confidence in themselves and the nation. A secondary goal 

of the program was to effect needed conservation measures on forest, 

park, and farm lands. A related goal was to provide the nation with 

increased recreational opportunities. The Park Service saw the program 

as a way to accomplish conservation and development within the national 

parks and to assist in the creation and enlargement of a nationwide state 

1 

parks system. 

The firs t accomplishment of the CCC was having 250,000 young men 

working within three months of its establishment—the greatest peacetime 

mobilization of American youth. The next major accomplishment came in 

the coordination and development of a nationwide state parks program, 

one that was instrumental in establishing the first state parks for 

Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina, Mississippi, and New Mexico. In 

1934, Oklahoma and Montana designated their firs t parklands. New parks 

1. Byrne, p. 1; "Eight Years of CCC Operations, 1933 to 1941," 

Monthly Labor Review 52 (June 1941):1405; Robert Y. Stuart, "That 

250,000-Man Job,"71 /American Forests 39(May 1933): 195; Albright to 

Fechner, July 8, 1933, RG 35, NA; Fechner to Roosevelt, April 5, 1935, 

RG 79, NA; ECW, Two Years of Emergency Conservation Work, p. 1; 

"Fechner Reviews Six Years of CCC Conservation Work,71 American 

Forests 45(August 1939):418; Arthur C. Ringland, "The Patriotism of 

Peace," American Forests 40(January 1934):4; U.S. Senate, Civilian 

Conservation Corps, pp. 1, 17; Albright to Field Officers, April 8, 1933, 

RG 79, NA; Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 88; and Fechner, 

"The Corps on Review," American Forests 41 (Apri l 1935): 166. 

126 
were added or existing parks were expanded in 17 other states, including 

New York, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, California, and Michigan, as a direct 

result of the program. The state parks program also gave the Park 

Service an opportunity to set standards for park development and 

planning throughout the nation. Concerning national parks and 

monuments, the Park Service asserted that during the first few months of 

operation the ECW advanced the cause of forestry work dramatically. It 

was estimated that millions of dollars of annual losses caused by forest 

fires, tree diseases, insects, rodent infestation, and soil erosion were 

2 

prevented by this conservation effort. 

Beginning in 1933 a series of silent motion pictures was produced about 

the activities of the CCC in the national park areas. The motion pictures 

were part of a large campaign by the Roosevelt administration to gain 

support for the New Deal programs. By 1935 more than 30 films had 

been made showing work at Morristown National Historical Park, Mesa 

Verde National Park, and Glacier National Park, among others. The films 

ranged in content and design from training films for enrollees in forest 

conservation work to educational films for the general public on the 

benefits of the program for local communities and the nation. In 

addition, Director Fechner encouraged the parks to keep the local press 

3 

informed of program activities. 

2. U.S. Department of Labor, Emergency Conservation Work Bulletin 

No. 1, p. 1; ECW, Second Report of the Director of Emergency 

Conservation Work for the Period September~3T), 1933 to March 31, 1934 

(Washington: GPO, 1934)", pp. 4-5; U.S. Department of the Interior, 

"The National Park Service," Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1934 (Washington: GPO, 1934)7 P-"T68; ECW, Two Years of 

Emergency Conservation Work pp. 4-5; Wirth, "Parks for the MillionsT^ 

American Forests 52(November 1936) :505; Hengstler to Keeley, 

October 26, 1936, RG 79, NA; ECW, Report of the Director of Emergency 

Conservation Work from the Period Extending from April, 19~33~~to June 30, 

19~3"5" by Robert Fechner (Washington: GPO ,"1^35) ) pp. 34-33; 

Department of the Interior Press Release, ca. 1938, RG 79, NA; and 

Wirth Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 149-150. 

3. Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA; Salmond, p. 47. 

A list of the ECW films made between 1933 and 1935 can be found in 

Appendix F. 

127 
One sure way to focus local and national attention on the program was to 

have celebrities visit the camps, foremost of whom was President 

Roosevelt. The firs t presidential visit was made on August 12, 1933, to 

camps in the Shenandoah Valley. The presidential party included 

Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, ECW Director Robert Fechner, 

National Park Service Director Arno Cammerer, and other dignitaries. 

Roosevelt's inspection tour began in Harrisonburg, Virginia. By lunch 

time the party had reached the Park Service Big Meadows' camp on 

Skyline Drive, where the president stopped to have lunch with the 

youths—steak, mashed potatoes, green beans, salad, ice tea, and mock 

apple pie. Here a photograph session was held with reporters and a 

short motion picture was made in which Roosevelt talked about the 

progress of the program and how it had already benefitted the nation and 

American youth. He concluded by quipping, "The only difference 

between us is that I am told you men have put on an average of twelve 

4 

pounds each. I am trying to lose twelve pounds." During the summer 

of 1934, the president and his family visited Glacier and Hawaii national 

parks, inspecting the camps. Earlier, Eleanor Roosevelt had visited 

several eastern camps, including the one at Acadia National Park. 

In the summer of 1934, Director Fechner visited various CCC camps and 

was impressed with the amount of work accomplished in national parks. 

The work was becoming visible to the public in the form of new trails, 

campground facilities, and vista clearing. Within the national parks 

nearly 4,000 acres of campgrounds had been developed — ranging from 

primitive campsites to areas with fireplaces, parking spaces, and water 

systems. The Park Service estimated that the overall work in national 

parks and monuments amounted to more than $9 million in permanent 

improvements, and the value of state park work was set at over $27 

5 

million for the first two years. 

4. "President Inspects Five Forest Camps," The New York Times, 

August 13, 1933, p. 3. 

5. "Fechner to Recommend Continuation of CCC," American Forests 

40(October 1934) :490; Emergency Conservation Work Press Releases, 

128 
In 1934 the Army conducted a contest to determine the finest company in 

each of the nine corps areas. The companies were given formal 

inspections and their records were reviewed by CCC officials to determine 

the winners. The black 323d company at Colonial National Monument won 

first place in the state of Virginia and second in the Third Corps area. 

That same year the black company from Colonial National Monument was 

invited to attend a William and Mary football game. Prior to the game the 

company marched out on the playing field, saluted the crowd, took their 

seats, and cheered for the home team. The William and Mary fans were 

delighted by the performance and sent complimentary letters to the 

superintendent. 

By 1935, but three years after the program started, Park Service officials 

concluded that the CCC had advanced forestry and park development by 

10 to 20 years. Equally impressive was the development of state parks: 

41 states now had active state parks programs that were created, 

developed, and/or expanded through the CCC. The variety of projects 

undertaken on the state level, such as constructing wading pools, 

restocking fish streams, and creating artificial lakes, gave the enrollees 

rudimentary labor skills. 

5. (Con't) January 22, 1934, April 11, 1934, and August 23, 1935, RG 

79, NA; and "President Roosevelt to Request Continuation of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps," American Forests 40(November 1934):540. At Death 

Valley National Monument, campgrounds, wells, ranger stations, and road 

improvement work accommodated public use. At Mesa Verde National Park 

an extensive erosion control and road improvement project was 

undertaken. At Sequoia National Park the ECW was used to improve 

inadequate park facilities. 

6. Emergency Conservation Work Press Release, July 27, 1934, RG 79, 

NA; Camp Superintendents' Narrative Report For Period From October 

1st, 1933 to March 31st, 1934 for CCC Company #323 at Colonial National 

Monument, April 1934, RG 35, NA; and Acree to Floyd B. Flickinger, 

January 11, 1935, RG 79, NA. 

7. "President Orders the Civilian Conservation Corps Doubled," 

American Forests 41(May 1935):240; ECW, Report of the Director of 

Emergency Conservation Work From the Period Extending from April, 1933 

to June 30, 1935 by Robert Fechner, (Washington: GPO, 1935), pp. 1, 

31; Wirth to Hogan, February 16, 1935, RG 79, NA; Ickes to Roosevelt, 

129 
On July 3, 1936, President Roosevelt dedicated Shenandoah National Park. 

He took the opportunity to praise the contribution of the CCC in the 

establishment, development, and conservation of the new park and he 

called for establishment of a permanent conservation program. An 

editorial in The New York Times agreed with the president and praised 

the organization for providing useful employment for American youth and 

conserving the nation's parks and forests at a fair cost to taxpayers. A 

nationwide opinion poll taken in 1936 revealed that over 80 percent were 

in favor of continuing the CCC program, with the strongest support 

o 

coming from the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states. 

Early in 1937 Roosevelt approved the use of four 100-member contingents, 

each from a different CCC camp, to march in the presidential inaugural 

parade. It was requested that one company be composed of black 

enrollees, and the firs t choice for that company was the Gettysburg CCC 

camp. There existed concern over the transporting and housing of the 

men during and after the inaugural ceremony, however, and it was 

decided instead that the black company working on the National 

Arboretum would march in the parade. Two of the white contingents 

9 

chosen were from NPS camps in Virginia and Washington, D.C. 

7. (Con't) ca. 1935, RG 79, NA; "The Civilian Conservation Corps," 

American Forests 41(September 1935):532; and, Wirth, "Parks for the 

Millions," American Forests 41(November 1936):531. 

8. "Roosevelt's Speech at Park," The New York Times, July 4, 1936, 

p. 3; Charles W. Hurd, "Roosevelt Urges New Park Areas to Correct 

'Tragedy of Waste,'" The New York Times, July 4, 1936, p. 1; "Work Well 

Done," The New York Times, July 4, 1936, p. 12; U.S. Senate, Civilian 

Conservation Corps p. 26; and Weekly Report for the Department of the 

Interior to the Director of the Emergency Conservation Work, July 16, 

1936, RG 35, NA. 

9. Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, July 2, 1936, RG 35, NA; Weekly 

Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, October 21, 1937, RG 35, NA; "Forest and Men 

Benefitted by CCC," Jjhe New York Times, October 8, 1937, sec. 9, 

p. 2; Weekly Report for the Department of the Interior to the Director of 

the Emergency Conservation Work, February 3 and 24, 1937, RG 35, NA; 

U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by Arno 

Cammerer, in Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1937 

(Washingon: GPO, 1937), p. 657 Merriam to Director, NPS, December 12, 

130 
As of 1938 the CCC had developed more than 3 million acres for park use 

in 854 state parks. A third of these acres were acquired and developed 

between September 1936 and September 1937. The CCC had also 

developed 46 recreational demonstration projects in 62 areas within 24 

states. By this time Park Service superintendents believed that CCC 

work on trails, campgrounds, and picnic areas explained the 25 to 500 

10 

percent park visitation increase that the parks were enjoying. In 1938 

the national parks and monuments had the best fire supression record in 

a decade, an achievement attributed to the improved detection and 

11 fire-fighting methods developed during the period of CCC work. 

American dignitaries were not the only visitors to the CCC camps. In 

June 1939, King George VI of Great Britain and his queen toured CCC 

camps in Virginia. President Roosevelt presented the couple with a 

handcrafted CCC photographic album as a memento of the trip . In 1940 

the Duke of Windsor visited with Roosevelt while en route to become 

governor general of the Bahamas. The duke asked Roosevelt if he might 

inspect a CCC camp as he considered adopting a similar work program for 

the Bahamas. President Roosevelt arranged for him to visit a camp in 

12 Virginia. 

9. (Con't) 1938, RG 79, NA; Minutes of Advisory Council for 

Emergency Conservation Work, January 8, 1937, RG 35, NA, pp. 1-4; 

and Johnson, pp. 167-168. 

10. Department of the Interior Press Release, December 21, 1937, RG 79, 

NA; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 

Ended June 30, 1938 (Washington: GPO, 1938), pp. 13, 33-34; 

Department of the Interior Press Release, June 23, 1938, RG 79, NA; 

U.S. Department of the Interior, "The National Park Service," by Arno 

B. Cammerer in the Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 

1937 (Washington: GPO, 1937), pp. 39, 43; and Civilian Conservation 

Corps Press Release, July 31, 1938, RG 79, NA. 

11. Department of the Interior Press Release, March 15, 1939, RG 79, 

NA. 

12. Salmond, p. 192; Wirth and Kieley, "It's 50 Years Since CCC Went 

into Action," Courier, The National Park Service Newsletter, 48(April 

1983):3; and "Windsor Confers with Roosevelt on Island Bases," The New 

York Times, December 14, 1940, pp. 1, 5. 

131 
Over the years the CCC camps were not only opened to royalty but to 

the American public. On special occasions or on days of local importance 

the camps often were opened for public inspection and special activities 

were planned for the day. Most camps held open houses to commemorate 

the establishment of the CCC. On the seventh anniversary of the CCC, 

President Roosevelt wrote a laudatory letter to Director McEntee 

commending the corps for its service to American youth and its protection 

13 

of natural resources. 

By the time the CCC was terminated in 1942 a total of 2 million enrollees 

had performed work in 198 CCC camps in 94 national park and monument 

areas and 697 camps in 881 state, county, and municipal areas. Through 

the CCC program 711 state parks had been established. In a public 

opinion poll taken shortly after the beginning of World War II , the CCC 

was ranked as the third greatest accomplishment of the New Deal 

14 

program. 

Today, people look back on the Civilian Conservation Corps as one of the 

most successful New Deal programs. Several organizations have been 

formed composed of former CCC members and people interested in the 

program. In almost every presidential campaign, one candidate or another 

proposes to inaugurate a new CCC program. In less than 10 years the 

CCC left a lasting legacy for America and the National Park Service. The 

extensive development and park expansion made possible by the CCC was 

in large part responsible for the modern national and state park systems. 

13. "President Lauds Record of the CCC," The New York Times, 

April 8, 1940, p. 3. 

14. Fanning Hearon, comp. "The Year's Progress," Park and Recreation 

Progress 1941 Yearbook (Washington: GPO, 1941), p. 1; U.S. Senate, 

Civilian Conservation Corps, pp. 26-27, 65-66; and Wirth, Parks, Politics 

and the People, pp. 150-151. 

132 
LLUSTRATIONS 

133 
Illustration 1. 

Arno B. Cammerer, Director of the National Park Service, 1933-1940. 

Courtesy of the National Archives. 

O J 

C7> 

Illustration 2. 

Conrad L. Wirth (left), Director of Civilian Conservation Corps 

program within the National Park Service, (1936-1942) and Civilian 

Conservation Corps Director Robert Fechner (right) (1933-1939). 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

Illustration 3. 

Second Director of Civilian Conservation Corps James J. McEntee 

1940-1942. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

138 

4^ 

O 

Illustration 4. 

President Roosevelt and visiting dignitaries at Big Meadows Civilian 

Conservation Corps camp in Shenandoah National Park. August 12, 

1933. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

Illustration 5. 

Black enrolless drawing bedding. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

ro 

Illustration 6. 

Typical Civilian Conservation Corps storehouse with tools. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

Illustration 7. 

Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees of Company 535 at Yellowstone 

National Park mixing cement at Mammoth Springs camp. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

CD 

Illustration 8. 

Black veteran enrollee and historical reconstruction work at Colonial 

National Monument. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

£ 

Illustration 9. 

Enrollees clearing timber area near Beltsville, Maryland, May 1940. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

O 

Illustration 10. 

Director Fechner talks to enrollee during inspection trip of camp 

NP-14 Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. 

—i Courtesy of National Archives. 

en 

ro 

Illustration 11. 

Enrollees of company 535 writing home from Yellowstone National Park. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

en 

Illustration 12. 

Staff members of black Civilian Conservation Corps camp at 

Gettysburg National Military Park. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

— i 

en 

Illustration 13. 

Enrollees modeling old and new dress uniform. 

Courtesy of National Archives. 

158 

APPENDIXES 

161 

Appendix A Selected Draft Legislation, Legislation, and Executive Orders 

Affecting the Civilian Conservation Corps 162 

Appendix B Selected Items on the Organization of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps 178 

ECW/CCC Advisory Council Members 178 

Roster of NPS Personnel Handling ECW Work, ca. 1937 179 

Appendix C Selected Items on CCC Camp Locations 181 

Table C-1 : Directory of of All NPS CCC Camps 182 

Table C-2: Projects Now in Operation Including 

CCC and ERA Under NPS Supervision, 

May 12, 1942 208 

Table C-3: Number of CCC Camps by Fiscal Years 213 

Table C-4: Distribution of Standard CCC Camps in 

Continental U.S. 214 

Appendix D Certificate Issued to Youths 215 

Appendix E Selected Items Related to Work Accomplishments of the CCC 

Under Jurisdiction of the National Park Service on a Yearly 

Basis 216 

Table E-1: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1934 217 

Table E-2: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1935 219 

Table E-3: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1936 222 

Table E-4: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1937 225 

Table E-5: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1938 228 

Table E-6: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1939 231 

Table E-7: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1940 234 

Table E-8: Annual Report, Year Ended June 30, 1941 237 

Appendix F Listing of National Park Service Motion Picture Projects, 

Fall 1933-1935 240 
A: SELECTED DRAFT LEGISLATION, LEGISLATION, AND EXECUTIVE 

ORDERS AFFECTING THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS 

(Public - No. 5-73d Congress) 

(S. 598) 

AN ACT 

For the relief of unemployment through the performance of useful public 

work, and for other purposes. 

Be ] t enacted by the Senate and House of Represenatives of the 

United States of America in Congress assembled: That for the purpose of 

relieving the acute condition of widespread distress and unemployment 

now existing in the United States, and in order to provide for the 

restoration of the country's depleted natural resources and the 

advancement of an orderly program of useful public works, the President 

is authorized, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe and 

by utilizing such existing departments or agencies as he may designate, 

to provide for employing citizens of the United States who are 

unemployed, in the construction, maintenance and carrying on of works of 

a public nature in connection with the forestation of lands belonging to 

the United States or to the several States which are suitable for timber 

production, the prevention of forest fires, floods and soil erosion, plant 

pest and disease control, the construction, maintenance or repair of 

paths, trails and fire lanes in the national parks and national forests, 

and such other work on the public domain, national and State, and 

Government reservations incidental to or necessary in connection with any 

projects of the character enumerated, as the President may determine to 

be desirable: Provided, That the President may in his discretion extend 

the provisions of this Act to lands owned by counties and municipalities 

and lands in private ownership, but only for the purpose of doing 

thereon such kinds of cooperative work as are now provided for by Acts 

of Congress in preventing and controlling forest fires and the attacks of 

forest tree pests and diseases and such work as is necessary in the 

public interest to control floods. The President is further authorized, by 

162 
regulation, to provide for housing the persons so employed and for 

furnishing them with such subsistence, clothing, medical attendance and 

hospitalization, and cash allowance, as may be necessary, during the 

period they are so employed, and, in his discretion, to provide for the 

transportation of such persons to and from the places of employment. 

That in employing citizens for the purposes of this Act no discrimination 

shall be made on account of race, color, or creed; and no person under 

conviction for crime and serving sentence therefor shall be employed 

under the provisions of this Act. The President is further authorized to 

allocate funds available for the purposes of this Act, for forest research, 

including forest products investigations, by the Forest Products 

Laboratory. 

Sec. 2. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act 

the President is authorized to enter into such contracts or agreements 

with States as may be necessary, including provisions for utilization of 

existing State administrative agencies, and the President, or the head of 

any department or agency authorized by him to construct any project or 

to carry on any such public works, shall be authorized to acquire real 

property by purchase, donation, condemnation, or otherwise, but the 

provisions of section 355 of the Revised Statutes shall not apply to any 

property so acquired. 

Sec. 3. Insofar as applicable, the benefits of the Act entitled "An 

Act to provide compensation for employees of the United States suffering 

injuries while in the performance of their duties, and for other 

purposes," approved September 7, 1916, as amended, shall extend to 

persons given employment under the provisions of this Act. 

Sec. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act, 

there is hereby authorized to be expended, under the direction of the 

President, out of any unobligated moneys heretofore appropriated for 

public works (except for projects on which actual construction has been 

commenced or may be commenced within ninety days, and except 

maintenance funds for river and harbor improvements already allocated), 

such sums as may be necessary; and an amount equal to the amount so 

163 
expended is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the same purposes 

for which such moneys were originally appropriated. 

Sec. 5. That the unexpended and unallotted balance of the sum of 

$300,000,000 made available under the terms and conditions of the Act 

approved July 21, 1932, entitled "An Act to relieve destitution," and so 

forth , may be made available, or any portion thereof, to any State or 

Territory or States or Territories without regard to the limitation of 15 

per centum or other limitations as to per centum. 

Sec. 6. The authority of the President under this Act shall 

continue for the period of two years next after the date of the passage 

hereof and no longer. 

Approved March 31st 1933. 

164 
U.S. Department of the Interior. A Manual on Emergency Conservation 

Work Civilian Conservation Corps. 

EXECUTIVE ORDER 

RELIEF OF UNEMPLOYMENT THROUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF 

USEFUL PUBLIC WORK 

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of Congress 

entitled "An Act for the relief of unemployment through the performance 

of useful public work, and for other purposes," approved March 31, 1933 

(Public No. 5, 73d Congress), it is hereby ordered that: 

(1) For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of said Act 

Robert Fechner is hereby appointed Director of Emergency Conservation 

Work at an annual rate of compensation of $12,000, less the reduction 

prescribed in subparagraph (b), Section 2, Title II , of the Act of 

Congress entitled "An Act to maintain the credit of the United States 

Government," (Public No. 2, 73d Congress), approved March 20, 1933. 

(2) The Secretary of War, the Secretary of Agriculture, the 

Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Labor each shall appoint a 

representative, and said representatives shall constitute an Advisory 

Council to the Director of Emergency Conservation Work. 

(3) There is hereby established in the Treasury a fund of 

$10,000,000 by the transfer of an equal amount from the unobligated 

balances of the appropriation for emergency construction of public 

buildings contained in the act approved July 21, 1932, as authorized by 

section 4 of the said act of March 31, 1933, which fund shall be subject 

to requisition by the said Robert Fechner, as Director of Emergency 

Conservation Work, on the approval of the President. 

(4) Subject to direction by the President, supplies and materials of 

the several departments or establishments shall be furnished on the 

165 
requisition of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, and the 

departments and establishments furnishing such supplies and materials 

shall be reimbursed therefor in accordance with instructions of the 

President. 

(5) Reimbursement, if any, to the departments or establishments for 

other services rendered shall be made in accordance with instructions of 

the President. 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. 

THE WHITE HOUSE, 

April 5, 1933. 

166 
Draft Bill to Establish the United States Civilian Conservation Corps and 

for other purposes approved 1936 by Secretary of the Interior (NA, RG 

79). 

To establish the United States Civilian Conservation Corps and for other 

purposes. 

BE IT ENACTED BY THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF 

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS 

ASSEMBLED, That there is hereby established the United States Civilian 

Conservation Corps, hereinafter designated as the Corps, to promote the 

conservation and husbandry of the natural resources of the United 

States, its territories, and insular possessions, to continue the 

employment and vocational training primarily of youthful citizens thereof 

on works of public interest or utility, and to provide for the general 

welfare of the United States. The records and property of the 

Emergency Conservation Work authorized by the Act of March 31, 1933 

(48 Stat. 22), shall be transferred to the Corps. 

Sec. 2. The enrolled strength of the Corps shall not exceed 300,000 

men at any one time, and the President is authorized, under such rules 

and regulations as he may prescribe and by utilization of such existing 

departments or agenices as he may designate, to provide for enrolling and 

employing in the Corps unmarried male citizens of the United States 

between the ages of seventeen (17) and twenty-three (23), designated as 

enrollees, who shall receive a cash allowance, to be fixed by the 

President: Provided, That veterans of the World War and veterans of 

previous wars may, without regard to age or marital status, be enrolled 

under supervision and such regulations as may be deemed necessary and 

desirable, but the number of veterans may not at any time exceed ten per 

cent (10%) of the total enrollment: Provided further, That the President 

is authorized by regulation to provide for furnishing, as may be 

necessary, enrolled men with transportation, quarters and subsistence, or 

commutation thereof, clothing, medical assistance and hospitalization, 

during the period they are so employed, and such supplies, equipment, 

material and facilities as may be necessary for work, instruction, 

recreation, health and welfare. 

167 
Sec. 3. Not to exceed 10,000 Indians in addition to the enrollment 

authorized in Section 2 hereof, may be enrolled without regard to age or 

marital status, for work on tribal or other lands within Indian 

reservations and on adjacent lands when work thereon is required to 

protect reservation lands. Provided that, notwithstanding any contrary 

provisions of this or any other Act the employment of Indians in positions 

authorized in Section 4 hereof shall be in accordance with Section 12 of 

the Act of June 18, 1934 (45 Stat. 984) 

Sec. 4. The President, by and with the advice and consent of the 

Senate, is authorized to appoint a Director of the Corps who shall receive 

a salary at the rate of dollars per annum and in the 

performance of his duties shall be subject to such rules and regulations 

as may be promulgated by the President. To accomplish the purposes of 

this Act, the President is authorized to set up and constitute such 

agencies as may be deemed necessary or appropriate to assist in carrying 

out the work of the Corps, and to utilize existing departments or other 

agencies of the United States, or through cooperative agreements, 

existing State administrative agencies, or other public or private 

agencies. 

Sec. 5. The Director is authoirized, subject to the Civil Service 

laws and to the Classification Act of 1925, as amended, to appoint such 

civilian personnel as he may deem necessary for the efficient and 

economical discharge of his duties: Provided, That the heads of other 

Federal Deaprtments or agencies cooperating in the work are authorized 

within the limit of the allotment of funds made to them to employ in the 

District of Columbia or elsewhere such additional personnel as they deem 

necessary in the administration of this Act. Such personnel shall be 

selected in accordance with the laws and regulations relating to 

appointments in such departments or agencies: Provided, That employees 

of the Emergency Conservation Work as heretofore established who shall 

pass non-competitive tests of fitness prescribed by the Civil Service 

Commission shall acquire civil service status and may become employees of 

the Corps, or of the respective cooperating agencies, at the grades and 

salaries specified in their respective examinations: Provided, further, 

168 
That for a period not to exceed from the date of the 

enactment of this Act employees of the Emergency Conservation Work as 

heretofore established may be employed in the Corps without regard to 

Civil Service laws and regulations and the Classification Act. In 

employing citizens for the purpose of this Act, no discrimination shall be 

made on account of race, color or creed, and no person under conviction 

for crime and serving sentence therefor shall be employed. The benefits 

of the Act entitled "An Act to provide compensation for employees of the 

United States suffering injuries while in the performance of their duties 

and for other purposes", approved September 7, 1916 (39 Stat. 742), as 

amended, shall extend to persons given employment under the provisions 

of this Act. 

Sec. 6. In order to carry out the purposes of this Act, the 

Director is authorized to provide for the employment of the Corps and its 

facilities on works of public interest or utility for the protection, 

restoration, regeneration, reclamation, development, utilization, 

maintenance or enjoyment of the lands and natural resources or the 

products thereof, and fish, wildlife resources, historical and 

archaeological sites, and recreation or health on lands belonging to the 

United States, the several States, the Civil divisions thereunder, or on 

lands in private ownership which contribute to the stabilization of 

community employment and development, under such rules and regulations 

as the President may prescribe: Provided, That the Director may utilize 

such Federal Departments or agencies as the President may designate, 

which departments or agencies are authorized to conduct necessary 

studies and to enter into contracts or agreements with the appropriate 

officials of the various States, and through them, or independently, with 

public or private agencies therein under such conditions as may be 

determined to be fair and equitable for the accomplishment of the 

purposes of this Act: Provided further, That the head of any Federal 

Department or agency authorized to construct any projects or to carry on 

any public works provided for by this Act is hereby authorized to 

construct necessary buildings, and to acquire real property by purchase, 

donation, condemnation, or otherwise, as may be necessary for the 

efficient and economical administration of this Act, but the provisions of 

169 
Sec. 355 of the Revised Statutes shall not apply to any property so 

acquired. 

Sec. 7. Appropriations made to carry out the provisions of this Act 

shall be available in the District of Columbia and elsewhere for payment 

for personal services, rent, printing and binding, law books, books of 

reference, technical journals and periodicals, materials, supplies and 

equipment; purchase, operation, maintenance and exchange of motor 

propelled and horse-drawn passenger-carrying vehicles, trucks and 

equipment and parts or accessories thereof; employment by contract or 

otherwise of men with vehicles, work animals, boats or other equipment; 

preparation for shipment, transportation and unpacking of household 

goods and personal effects of employees transferred from one station to 

another for permanent duty; claims in amounts of $500 or less on account 

of damage to private property caused by employees of the United States 

in performance of the work under the provisions of this Act when 

settlement is not otherwise provided for by law; expenses, except 

membership fees, of attendance at meetings of technical and professional 

societies for the purpose of giving instruction or acquiring information of 

value to the work of the Corps, subject to prior approval by the Director 

or the head of the Government agency in which employed; burial expenses 

of deceased enrolled members of the Corps regardless of the cause of 

death, such expenses to be allowed in accordance with the regulations of 

the United States Employees' Compensation Commission applicable to 

employees killed or dying of injuries received in official work; rewards 

for information leading to arrest and conviction for theft, damage or 

destruction of Government property; and all other expenses necessary for 

the proper conduct, administration and accomplishment of the work 

authorized by this Act: Provided, That the provisions of Section 3709, 

Revised Statutes (U.S.C. Title 41, Section 5) shall not apply to any 

purchase or service when the aggregate amount involved is $100.00 or 

less: Provided further, That notwithstanding any of the provisions of 

this Act, funds allocated to Government agencies for obligation under this 

Act may be expended in accordance with the laws, rules and regulations 

governing the usual work of such agency and shall be disbursed through 

the same channels and under the same procedure as expenditures for the 

usual work of the agency. 

170 
Sec. 8. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any 

money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated such sum or sums as 

are necessary to accomplish the purpose of this Act. 

RECOMMENDED: 

CONCURRED: 

CONCURRED: 

CONCURRED: 

CONCURRED: 

CONCURRED: 

Acting Representative, 

Department of the Interior, 

Advisory Council, ECW. 

Assistant Director, 

National Park Service. 

Acting Director, 

Division of Grazing. 

Acting Commissioner, 

Bureau of Reclamation. 

Acting Commissioner, 

General Land Office. 

Commissioner, 

Office of Indian Affairs. 

APPROVED: 1936 

Secretary of the Interior. 

171 
U.S. Public Law No. 163-75th Congress 

[CHAPTER 383] 

AN ACT 

To establish a Civilian Conservation Corps, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 

United States of America m Congress assembled, That there is hereby 

established the Civilian Conservation Corps, hereinafter called the Corps, 

for the purpose of providing employment, as well as vocational training, 

for youthful citizens of the United States who are unemployed and in need 

of employment, and to a limited extent as hereinafter set out, for war 

veterans and Indians, through the performance of useful public work in 

connection with the conservation and development of the natural resources 

of the United States, its Territories, and insular possessions: Provided, 

That at least ten hours each week may be devoted to general educational 

and vocational training: Provided, That the provisions of this Act shall 

continue for the period of three years after July 1, 1937, and no longer. 

Sec. 2. The President, by and with the advice and consent of the 

Senate, is authorized to appoint a Director at a salary of $10,000 per 

annum. The Director shall have complete and final authority in the 

functioning of the Corps, including the allotment of funds to cooperating 

Federal departments and agencies, subject to such rules and regulations 

as may be prescribed by the President in accordance with the provisions 

of this Act. 

Sec. 3. In order to carry out the purpose of this Act, the Director 

is authorized to provide for the employment of the Corps and its facilities 

on works of public interest or utility for the protection, restoration, 

regeneration, improvement, development, utilization, maintenance, or 

enjoyment of the natural resources of lands and waters, and the products 

thereof, including forests, fish and wildlife on lands or interest in lands 

(including historical or archeological sites), belonging to, or under the 

172 
jurisdiction or control of, the United States, its Territories, and insular 

possessions, and the several States: Provided, That the President may, 

in his discretion, authorize the Director to undertake projects on lands 

belonging to or under the jurisdiction or control of counties, and 

municipalities, and on lands in private ownership, but only for the 

purpose of doing thereon such kinds of cooperative work as are or may 

be provided for by Acts of Congress, including the prevention and 

control of forest fires, forest tree pests and diseases, soil erosion, and 

floods: Provided further, That no projects shall be undertaken on lands 

or interests in lands, other than those belonging to or under the 

jurisdiction or control of the United States, unless adequate provisions 

are made by the cooperating agencies for the maintenance, operation, and 

utilization of such projects after completion. 

Sec. 4. There are hereby transferred to the Corps all enrolled 

personnel, records, papers, property, funds, and obligations of the 

Emergency Conservation Work established under the Act of March 31, 1933 

(48 Stat. 22), as amended; and the Corps shall take over the institution 

of the camp exchange heretofore established and maintained, under 

supervision of the War Department, in connection with and aiding in 

administration of Civilian Conservation Corps workcamps conducted under 

the authority of said Act as amended: Provided, That such camp 

exchange shall not sell to persons not connected with the operation of the 

Civilian Conservation Corps. 

Sec. 5. The Director and, under his supervision, the heads of 

other Federal departments or agencies cooperating in the work of the 

Corps, are authorized within the limit of the allotments of funds therefor, 

to appoint such civilian personnel as may be deemed necessary for the 

efficient and economical discharge of the functions of the Corps without 

regard to the civil-service laws and regulations. 

Sec. 6. The President may order Reserve officers of the Army and 

officers of the Naval and Marine Reserves and warrant officers of the 

Coast Guard to active duty with the Corps under the provisions of 

section 37a of the National Defense Act and the Act of February 28, 1925, 

respectively. 

173 
Sec. 7. The Director is authorized to have enrolled not to exceed 

three hundred thousand men at any one time, of which not more than 

thirt y thousand may be war veterans: Provided, That in addition thereto 

camps or facilities may be established for not to exceed ten thousand 

additional Indian enrollees and five thousand additional territorial and 

insular possession enrollees. 

Sec. 8. The enrollees in the Corps (other than war veterans, 

enrollees in the Territories and insular possessions, Indians, not to 

exceed one mess steward, three cooks, and one leader per each company) 

shall be unmarried male citizens of the United States between the ages of 

seventeen and twenty-three years, both inclusive, and shall at the time 

of enrollment be unemployed and in need of employment: Provided, That 

the Director may exclude from enrollment such classes of persons as he 

may consider detrimental to the well-being or welfare of the Corps, 

except that no person shall be excluded on account of race, color, or 

creed: Provided further, That enrollments shall be for a period of not 

less than six months, and reenrollments (except in the case of one mess 

steward, three cooks, and one leader, in each company, and War 

Veterans) shall not exceed a total term of two years: Provided further, 

That in the discretion of the Director continuous service by the enrollee 

during his period of enrollment shall not be required in any case where 

the enrollee attends an educational institution of his choice during his 

leave of absence: Provided further, That the Director shall be 

authorized to issue certificates of proficiency and merit to enrollees under 

such rules and regulations as he may provide. 

Sec. 9. The compensation of enrollees shall be in accordance with 

schedules approved by the President, and enrollees with dependent 

member or members of their families shall be required, under such 

regulations as may be prescribed by the Director, to make allotments of 

pay to such dependents. Other enrollees may make deposits of pay in 

amounts specified by the Director with the Chief of Finance War 

Department, to be repaid in case of an emergency or upon completion of 

or release from enrollment and to receive the balance of their pay in cash 

monthly: Provided, That Indians may be excluded from these 

174 
regulations: Provided further, That the pay of enrollees shall not exceed 

$30 per month, except for not more than ten per centum who may be 

designated as assistant leaders and who shall receive not more than $36 

per month: Provided further, That not to exceed an additional 6 per 

centum of such enrollees who may be designated as leaders and may 

receive not more than $45 per month as such leaders. 

Sec. 10. Enrollees shall be provided, in addition to the monthly 

rates of pay, with such quarters, subsistence, and clothing, or 

commutation in lieu thereof, medical attention, hospitalization, and 

transportation as the Director may deem necessary: Provided, That 

burial, embalming, and transportation expenses of deceased enrolled 

members of the Corps, regardless of the cause and place of death, shall 

be paid in accordance with regulations of the Employees' Compensation 

Commission: Provided further, That the provisions of the Act of 

February 15, 1934 (U.S.C. , 1934 ed. , title 5, sec. 796), relating to 

disability or death compensation and benefits shall apply to the enrolled 

personnel of the Corps. 

Sec. 11. The Chief of Finance, War Department, is hereby 

designated, empowered, and directed, until otherwise ordered by the 

President, to act as the fiscal agent of the Director in carrying out the 

provisions of this Act: Provided, That funds allocated to Government 

agencies for obligation under this Act may be expended in accordance 

with the laws, rules, and regulations governing the usual work of such 

agency, except as otherwise stipulated in this Act: Provided further, 

That in incurring expenditures, the provisions of section 3709, Revised 

Statutes (U.S.C. , 1934 ed. , title 41, sec. 5), shall not apply to any 

purchase or service when the aggregate amount involved does not exceed 

the sum of $300. 

Sec. 12. The President is hereby authorized to utilize the services 

and facilities of such departments or agencies of the Government as he 

may deem necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act. 

175 
Sec. 13. The Director and, under his supervision, the cooperating 

departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized to 

enter into such cooperative agreements with States and civil divisions as 

may be necessary for the purpose of utilizing the services and facilities 

thereof. 

Sec. 14. The Director may authorize the expenditure of such 

amounts as he may deem necessary for supplies, materials, and equipment 

for enrollees to be used in connection with their work, instruction, 

recreation, health, and welfare, and may also authorize expenditures for 

the transportation and subsistence of selected applicants for enrollment 

and of discharged enrollees while en route upon discharge to their homes. 

Sec. 15. That personal property as defined in the Act of May 29, 

1935 (49 Stat. 311), belonging to the Corps and declared surplus by the 

Director, shall be disposed of by the Procurement Division, Treasury 

Department, in accordance with the provisons of said Act: Provided, 

That unserviceable property in the custody of any department shall be 

disposed of under the regulations of that Department. 

Sec. 16. The Director and, under his supervision, the heads of 

cooperating departments and agencies are authorized to consider, 

ascertain, adjust, determine, and pay from the funds appropriated by 

Congress to carry out the provisions of this Act any claim arising out of 

operations authorized by the Act accruing after the effective date thereof 

on account of damage to or loss of property or on account of personal 

injury to persons not provided for by section 10 of this Act, caused by 

the negligence of any enrollee or employee of the Corps while acting 

within the scope of his employment: Provided, That the amount allowed 

on account of personal injury shall be limited to necessary medical and 

hospital expenses: Provided further, That this section shall not apply to 

any claim on account of personal injury for which a remedy is provided 

by section 10 of this Act: Provided further, That no claim shall be 

considered hereunder which is in excess of $500, or which is not 

presented in writing within one year from the date of accrual thereof: 

Provided further, That acceptance by any claimant of the amount allowed 

176 
on account of his claim shall be deemed to be in full settlement thereof, 

and the action of the Director or of the head of a cooperating department 

or agency upon such claim so accepted by the claimant shall be 

conclusive. 

Sec. 17. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated, out of any 

money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be 

necessary for the purpose of carrying out the purposes of this Act: 

Provided, That no part of any such appropriation shall be used in any 

way to pay any expense in connection with the conduct, operation, or 

management of any camp exchange, save and except such camp exchanges 

as are established and operated, in accordance with regulations to be 

prescribed by the Director, at such camps as may be designated by him, 

for real assistance and convenience to enrollees in supplying them and 

their supervising personnel on duty at any such camp with articles of 

ordinary use and consumption not furnished by the Government: 

Provided further, That the person in charge of any such camp exchange 

shall certify, monthly, that during the preceding calendar month such 

exchange was operated in compliance therewith. 

Sec. 18. This Act, except as otherwise provided, shall take effect 

July 1, 1937. 

Approved, June 28, 1937. 

177 
B: SELECTED ITEMS ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CIVILIAN 

CONSERVATION CORPS 

The following two sections of this appendix have been retyped; however 

original wording and spelling have been retained. Minor explanatory 

additions have sometimes been added. 

ECW/CCC Advisory Council Members: 

DIRECTORS 

Fiscal years 

Robert Fechner 1933-39 

James J. McEntee 1940-43 

ADVISORY COUNCIL 

War Department 

Colonel Ducan K. Major, Jr. 1933-36 

Brigadier General George P. Tyner 1936-39 

Major General James A. Ulio 1940-43 

Department of the Interior 

Horace M. Albright 1933 

Arno B. Cammerer 1933-37 

Conrad L. Wirth 1937-43 

Department of Agriculture 

R.Y. Stuart 1933-34 

Frank A. Silcox 1934-38 

Fred Morrell 1938-43 

Department of Labor 

W. Frank Persons 1933-38 

Veterans Administration 

C.W. Bailey 1937-43 Source: Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: 

University of Oklahoma, 1980), p. 143. 

178 
Roster of National Park Service Handling Emergency Conservation Work, 

ca. 1937 

Arno B. Cammerer, Director 

Representative for the Department of the Interior on the ECW 

Advisory Council. 

A. E. Demaray, Associate Director 

Acting Representative for the Department of the Interior on the ECW 

Advisory Council in the absence of the Director. 

Conrad L. Wirth, Assistant Director, Branch of Planning and State 

Cooperation. Mr. Wirth is head of ECW work in the National Park 

Service. In the absence of the Director and Associate Director he 

will represent the Service. 

Hillory A. Tolson, Assistant Director. Mr. Tolson as head of the Branch 

of Operations has charge of the personnel work performed by the 

ECW Personnel Division (Deputy Assistant Director W.A. Blossom) 

and accounting, auditing, and control of ECW funds (Deputy 

Assistant Director R.O. Jennings). 

D. S. Libbey, Deputy Assistant Director, Branch of Planning and State 

Cooperation. Mr. Libbey heads up ECW work in national parks and 

monuments. 

Herbert Evison, Deputy Assistant Director, Branch of Planning and State 

Cooperation. Mr. Evison heads up ECW work in State parks. 

W. J. Endersbee, Associate Supervisor for eastern national parks and 

monuments. He will give information concerning camp occupations, 

camp abandonments, and clearances for abandoned camps. 

Fred T. Johnston, Associate Supervisor for western national parks and 

monuments. 

Source: RG 35, NA. 

179 
F. W. Childs, Assistant Supervisor for national parks and monuments. 

Mr. Childs will act as contact man to see that liaison control is maintained 

with other Department of the Interior agencies. 

Philip P. Caldwell, Junior Supervisor, national parks and monuments. 

Mr. Caldwell works on budgets and allotments. 

Edmund F. Preece, Technical Administrator (State parks). 

Wendell E. Little, Junior Supervisor (Personnel). 

R. H. Reixach, Equipment Engineer. Mr. Reixach is in charge of all 

equipment purchases and the distribution of surplus equipment. 

Howard A. Chittick, Statistical Clerk. Mr. Chittick is in charge of all 

work concerning ECW Form 7. 

B. P. Maloney, Assistant to the Supervisor (State Parks). He will 

supply information concerning camp occupations, camp abandonments, and 

clearances for abandoned State Park camps. 

R. H. Walton, Coordinator. Mr. Walton will represent the Service on all 

ECW safety matters. 

Fanning Hearon, Technician (Public Relations). Mr. Hearon will be 

liaison officer on all ECW news. The news items will be submitted 

through Miss Isabelle F. Story for clearance. 

180 
C: SELECTED ITEMS ON CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS CAMP 

LOCATIONS 

The following four tables in this appendix have been retyped; however, 

original wording and spelling have been retained. Minor explanatory 

additions have sometimes been made. 

Table C-1 : Directory of All CCC Camps Supervised by the NPS (updated 

to December 31, 1941). 

Table C-2: Projects Now in Operation Including CCC and Emergency 

Relief Administration under Supervision of National Park Service Branch 

of Recreation and Land Planning, May 12, 1942. 

Table C-3: Number of CCC Camps by Fiscal Year 

Table C-4: Distributions of Standard CCC Camps in the Continental 

United States 

181 
Table C-1: Directory of CCC Camps Supervised by the NPS (updated to December 31, 1941). 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - National Parks and Monuments, State Parks, County Parks, Metropolitan Areas 

Camp 

No. 

NP- 1 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

SP-10 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

SP-16 

SP-17 

T V A 

P-3 

P-4 

P-5 

P-12 

P-13 

NP- 1 

NP- 2 

NP- 3 

NP- 4 

NP-S 

NP- 6 

NP- 7 

NP- 8 

NP- 9 

NP-10 

NP-11 

NP-1 2 

SP-1 

SP- 2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

Name of Area 

Oak Mountain RDA 

Panther Cree k State Park 

Cheaha State Park 

Little River State Park 

Weogufka State Park 

DeSoto State Park 

Gulf State Park 

Cheaha State Park 

Oak Mountain State Park 

Salt Springs State Park 

Valley Creek State Park 

Cedar Cree k State Park 

Chewacla State Park 

Chattahoochee State Park 

Chickasaw State Park 

Mound State Park 

Monte Sano State Park 

Cheaha State Park 

Nitrate Plant Reservation 

Nitrate Plant Reservation 

Wheeler Dam Reservation 

Monte Sano State Park 

Monte Sano State Park 

Former 

Number County 

Shelby 

Geneva 

Cleburne , 

Clay 

Monroe, 

Escambia 

Coosa 

DeKalb 

Baldwin 

Cleburne , 

Clay 

Shelby 

Clarke 

Dallas 

Mobile 

Lee 

Houston 

Marengo 

Tuscaloosa, 

Hale 

(TV A P-12) Madison 

Grand Canyon National Park 

Grand Canyon National Par 

Grand Canyon National Par 

Grand Canyon National Par 

k 

k 

k 

Grand Canyon National Park 

Grand Canyon National Par 

Petrified Forest Nat'l Mon. 

Petrified Forest Nat's Mon. 

Chiricahua Nat'l Monument 

Saguaro Nat'l Monument 

Wupatki Nat'l Monument 

*Mount Elden 

Randolph Metropolitan Park 

Phoenix So. Mt. Metro. Pai 

k 

(NM-1 ) 

(NM-2 ) 

(CNM-2 ) 

(NM-3 ) 

(NM-4 ) 

(NM-5 ) 

rk 

Phoenix So. Mt. Metro. Park 

Phoenix So. Mt. Metro. Park 

Papago State Park 

Cleburne , 

Clay 

Colbert, 

Lauderdale 

Colbert, 

Lauderdale 

Lawrence 

Madison 

Madison 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Navajo, 

Apache 

Navajo, 

Apache 

Cochise 

Pima 

Coconino 

Coconino 

Pima 

Maricopa 

Maricopa 

Maricopa 

Maricopa 

Post Office 

Shipping 

Point 

ALABAM A 

Helena, RR 1 

Hacoda 

Oxford 

Uriah 

Weogufka 

Fort Payne 

Foley 

Munford 

Bessemer 

Jackson 

Selma 

Citronelle 

Aubur n 

Gordon 

Linden 

Moundville 

Huntsville 

Munford 

Wilson Dam 

Wilson Dam 

Wheeler Dam 

Huntsville 

Huntsville 

Pel ham 

Samson 

Oxford 

Huxfor d 

Sylacauga 

Fort Payne 

Foley 

Munford 

Pelham 

Jackson 

Selma 

Citronelle 

Aubur n 

Gordon 

Linden 

Moundville 

Huntsville 

Munford 

Sheffield 

Sheffield 

Town Creek 

Huntsville 

Huntsville 

ARIZON A 

Grand Caryon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Caryon 

Grand Caryon 

Holbrook 

Holbrook 

Douglas 

Tucson 

Flagstaff 

Flagstaff 

Tucson 

Phoenix 

Phoenix 

Phoenix 

Tempe 

Kaibab Forest 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Grand Canyon 

Adamana 

Adamana 

Willcox 

Tucson 

Flagstaff 

Flagstaff 

Tucson 

Phoenix 

Phoenix 

Phoenix 

Tempe 

Park 

Acreage 

940 

5,040 

2,200 

2,120 

809 

4,489 

4,251 

2,200 

940 

1,200 

1,000 

660 

545 

596 

480 

260 

1,990 

2,20 0 

2,849 

2,849 

1,110 

1,990 

1,990 

27,145 

273,145 

90,302 

4,480 

63,284 

2,234 

6,234 

520 

14,666 

1,208 

1 

1 

1 

1 . 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

D 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

D 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

D 

D 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

D 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Occupie 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

d F 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

'eriods 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

D 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 18 

Cong . 

Dist. 

6 

3 

5,4 

1,2 

4 

5 

2 

5,4 

6 

1 

4 

1 

3 

3 

1 

6 

8 

5,4 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

A.L. " 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

Source: Directory of All CCC Camps Supervised by the Technical Agencies of the Department of the Interior Since Inception 

of the Civilian Conservation Corps Program (updated to December 31, 1941), RG 79, NA: 

* This camp working on Walnut Canyon, Wupatki, and Sunset Crater National Monuments. 

** At large. 

—^ 

co 

r\j 
CO 

co 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345678 9 10111213141516171 8 Dist. 

ARIZONA (cont.) 

SP-6 Tucson Mt. County Park (DSP-1 ) Pima Tucson Tucson 28,843 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 A.L . 

SP-7 Tucson Mt. County Park Pima Tucson Tucson 2 A.L . 

SP-8 Hualpai Mt. County Park Mohave Kingman Kingman 2,255 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 A.L . 

SP-9 Hualpai Mt. County Park Mohave Kingman Kingman 3 A.L . 

SP-10 Colossal Cave Park Pima Vail Vail 640 3 5 6 7 8 9 A.L . 

SP-11 Saguaro Forest State Park Pima Tucson Tucson 6,400 5 6 7 8 9 10 A.L . 

MA-1 Randolph Metro. Park (SP-1 ) Pima Tucson Tucson 520 14 A.L . 

MA-2 Phoenix So. Mt. Metro. Pk. (SP-3 ) Maricopa Phoenix Phoenix 14,666 14 15 16 A.L . 

CP-1 Tucson Mt. County Park (SP-6 ) Pima Tucson Tucson 28,843 14 16 A.L . 

CP-2 Hualpai Mt. County Park (SP-8 ) Mohave Kingman Kingman 2,255 15 A.L . 

ARKANSAS 

NP-1 Hot Springs National Park Garland Hot Springs Hot Springs 1,009 1 2 6 

NP-2 Hot Springs National Park Garland Hot Springs Hot Springs 14 15 16 6 

SP-1 Petit Jean State Park Conway Morrilton Morrilton 2,630 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 

SP-2 Mount Nebo State Park Yell Mt. Nebo Dardenelle 3,375 1 2 3 4 5 5 

SP-3 Boyle Metropolitan Park Pulaski Little Rock Little Rock 240 2345678 9 5 

SP-4 Crowley's Ridge State Park Greene Walcott Paragould 347 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 

SP-5 Devil's Den State Park Washington West Fork West Fork 2,040 2 3 4 5 6 3 

SP-6 Devil's Den State Park Washington West Fork West Fork 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-7 Applegate State Park Pulaski Roland Little Rock 1,000 D 5 

SP-8 Wayland Springs State Park Lawrence Imboden Imboden 400 D 2 

SP-9 Lake Catherine State Park Hot Spring Hot Springs Malvern 2,500 D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

SP-10 Lake Catherine State Park Hot Spring Hot Springs Malvern D 6 

SP-11 Arkansas Post State Park Arkansas Gillett Gillett 62 D 6 

SP-12 Little Rock Metro. Park Pulaski N. Little Rock N. Little Rock 480 D 10 11 12 5 

SP-13 Buffalo River State Park Marion Yellville Yellville 840 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

CALIFORNIA 

NP-1 Sequoia National Park Tulare Thre e Rivers Exeter 386,560 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 

NP-2 Sequoia National Park Tulare Lemon Cove Lemon Cove 1 3 5 7 13 15 10 

NP-3 Sequoia National Park Tulare Sequoia NP Lemon Cove 1 3 10 

NP-4 Sequoia National Park Tulare Thre e Rivers Lemon Cove 1 3 10 

NP-5 Sequoia National Park Tulare Kaweah Exeter 386,560 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 10 

NP-6 Sequoia National Park Tulare Kaweah Lemon Cove 2 4 5 10 

NP-7 Sequoia National Park Tulare Three Rivers Lemon Cove 245678 9 10 

NP-8 Sequoia National Park Tulare Three Rivers Lemon Cove 2 4 5 10 

NP-9 Sequoia National Park Tulare Three Rivers Exeter 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 

NP-10 Sequoia National Park Tulare Three Rivers Lemon Cove 345678 9 10 11 10 

NP-11 Death Valley Nat'l Mon. (NM-1 ) Inyo Death Valley Death Valley 1,601,800 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 

Junction Junction 

NP-12 Death Valley Nat'l Mon. (NM-2 ) Inyo Death Valley Death Valley 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 

Junction Junction 

NP-13 Death Valley Nat'l Mon. (NM-5 ) Inyo Trona Trona 5 7 9 11 13 15 2 

NP-14 Death Valley Nat'l Mon. (NM-7 ) Inyo Trona Trona D 2 

NP-15 Yosemite National Park (YNP-1 ) Mariposa Wawona El Portal 752,744 1 3 2 

NP-16 Yosemite National Park (YNP-2 ) Mariposa Wawona El Portal 1 3 2 

NP-17 Yosemite National Park (YNP-3 ) Tuolumne Yosemite El Portal 1 3 5 7 11 13 15 2 

NP-18 Yosemite National Park (YNP-4 ) Mariposa Yosemite El Portal 1 2 

NP-19 Yosemite National Park (YNP-5 ) Mariposa Yosemite El Portal 1 3 5 2 

NP-20 Yosemite National Park (YNP-6 ) Mariposa Yosemite Merced 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

 1 3

 14 15 16 2 

NP-21 Yosemite National Park (YNP-7 ) Mariposa Wawona El Portal 752,744 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-22 Yosemite National Park (YNP-8 ) Tuolumne Mather El Portal 11 13 15 2 

NP-23 Yosemite National Park (YNP-9 ) Mariposa Yosemite El Portal 13 15 2 

NP-24 Yosemite National Park (YNP-10 ) Mariposa, Yosemite El Portal 13 15 2 

Tuolumne 
2 

Camp 

No. 

NP-25 

NP-26 

NP-27 

NP-28 

NP-29 

NP-30 

NP-31 

NP-32 

NP-33 

NP-34 

NP-35 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

SP-10 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

SP-16 

SP-17 

SP-18 

SP-19 

SP-20 

SP-21 

SP-22 

SP-23 

SP-24 

SP-25 

SP-26 

SP-27 

SP-28 

SP-29 

SP-30 

SP-31 

SP-32 

SP-33 

SP-34 

SP-35 

SP-36 

SP-37 

SP-38 

SP-39 

SP-40 

MA-1 

MA-2 

MA-3 

Name of Area 

Pinnacles Nat'l Monument 

Lassen Volcanic Nat'l Park 

Lassen Volcanic Nat'l Park 

Lassen Volcanic Nat'l Park 

Lassen Volcanic Nat'l Park 

Kings Canyon Nat'l Park 

(Gen'l Grant NP) 

Kings Canyon Nat'l Park 

(Gen'l Grant NP) 

Lava Beds Nat'l Monument 

Muir Woods Nat'l Monument 

Kings Canyon Nat'l Park 

Sequoia National Park 

Caleveras Big Trees St. Pk 

Former 

Number 

(NM-4 ) 

(LNP-1 ) 

(LNP-2 ) 

(LNP-3 ) 

(LNP-4 ) 

(GNP-1 ) 

(GNP-2 ) 

(NM-6 ) 

(NM-3 ) 

Humboldt-Redwood State Park 

California Redwood State Pk . 

Cuyamaca Rancho State Pk . (DSP-2 ) 

Lake Chabot Metropolitan Pk . 

East Bay Munic. Utility Dist. 

San Pablo Dam Metro. Park 

Prairie Creek State Park 

Mt. Diablo State Park 

University of California 

Russian Gulch State Park 

Pfeiffer's Redwood State Pk 

Griffith Metro. Park 

Cuyamaca Rancho State Park 

California Redwood State Pk . 

Palomar Mountain State Park 

Morro Bay State Park 

D.L. Bliss State Park 

Mt. San Jacinto State Park 

McArthur Memorial State Pa 

Griffith Metropolitan Park 

rk 

Calaveras Big Trees State Pk . 

Mt. Tamalpais State Park 

New Brighton Beach State Pk. 

Castle Crags State Park 

Mt. San Jacinto State Park 

San Clemente State Park 

Cuyamaca Rancho State Par 

La Purisima St. Hist. Mon. 

Brand Metropolitan Park 

Zoological State Park 

Humboldt-Redwood St. Pk . 

Charles Lee Tilden Park 

Stockel County Park 

Foster County Park 

Alpine Lake 

California Redwood St. Pk . 

Oak Grove Metro. Park 

(DSP-1 ) 

k 

(DSP-3 ) 

(DSP-4 ) 

(DSP-5 ) 

Armstrong Redwoods St. Pk . 

Griffith Metropolitan Park 

Alpine Lake 

Griffith Metro. Pk. 

Charles Lee Tilden Park 

(SP-36 ) 

(SP-40 ) 

(SP-33 ) 

County 

San Benito 

Shasta 

Shasta 

Tehama 

Shasta, 

Lassen, Pli 

Tular e 

Fresno 

Siskiyou 

Marin 

Fresno 

Tular e 

Calaveras 

Humboldt 

Santa Cruz 

San Diego 

Alameda 

Alameda 

Contra 

Costa 

Humboldt 

Contra 

Costa 

Alameda 

Mendocino 

Monterey 

Los Angeles 

San Diego 

Santa Cruz 

San Diego 

San Luis 

El Dorado, 

Nevada 

Riverside 

Shasta 

Los Angeles 

Calaveras 

Marin 

Santa Cruz 

Shasta 

Riverside 

Orange 

San Diego 

Post Office 

CALIFORNIA 

Pinnacles 

Shipping 

Point 

i (cont. ) 

Hollister 

Manzanita Lake Red Bluff 

Mineral 

Mineral 

Red Bluff 

Red Bluff 

Manzanita Lake Redding 

jmas 

King's Canyon 

Nat'l Park 

Kings Canyon 

Nat'l Park 

Merrill , Ore . 

Mill Valley 

Kings Canyon 

Nat'l Park 

Sequoia NP 

Bigtree 

South Fork 

Davenport 

Descanso 

San Leandro 

Hayward 

Richmond 

Orick 

Diablo 

Berkeley 

Mendocino 

Big Sur 

Los Angeles 

Descanso 

Boulder Creek 

Palomar Mt. 

Morro Bay 

Meeks Bay 

Idyllwild 

Burney 

Glendale 

Bigtree 

Mill Valley 

Capitola 

Castella 

Idyllwild 

San Clemente 

Descanso 

Santa Barbara Lompoc 

Los Angeles 

Kern 

Humboldt 

Contra 

Costa 

Ventura 

Ventura 

Marin 

Santa Cruz 

Los Angeles 

Sonoma 

Los Angeles 

Marin 

Los Angeles 

Contra 

Costa 

Glendale 

Tupman 

Weott 

Berkeley 

Santa Paula 

Ventura 

Fairfax 

Big Basin 

Pasadena 

Guerneville 

Los Angeles 

Fairfax 

Glendale 

Berkeley 

Orange Grove 

Orange Grove 

Tulelake 

Mill Valley 

Fresno 

Lemon Cove 

Angels Camp 

South Fork 

Felton 

Lakeside 

San Leandro 

Hayward 

Richmond 

Eureka 

Danville 

Berkeley 

Fort Bragg 

Monterey 

Los Angeles 

San Diego 

Felton 

San Diego 

San Luis Obispo 

Tahoe City 

Hemet 

Redding 

Glendale 

Valley Springs 

Mill Valley 

Capitola 

Castella 

Hemet 

San Clemente 

San Diego 

Lompos 

Glendale 

Bakersfield 

South Fork 

Berkeley 

Santa Paula 

Ventura 

Fairfax 

Felton 

Pasadena 

Guerneville 

Glendale 

Fairfax 

Glendale 

Berkeley 

Park 

Acreage 

9,908 

104,527 

454,600 

45,967 

428 

454,600 

386,560 

1,951 

24,806 

9,875 

20,819 

6,500 

4,500 

10,000 

6,468 

1,640 

566 

1,102 

700 

3,761 

20,819 

9,875 

1,684 

1,600 

957 

12,707 

355 

3,761 

1,951 

951 

42 

1,118 

12,707 

120 

20,819 

510 

700 

930 

24,806 

1,890 

183 

240 

10,500 

9,875 

1,097 

160 

3,761 

10,500 

3,761 

1,890 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

D 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

D 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

D 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Occupied F 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

D 

'erio 

12 1 

12 

12 " 

• 

12 ' 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

ds 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

*A 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 18 

Cong. 

Dist. 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

10 

9 

2 

1 

9 

10 

2 

1 

8 

20 

7 

7 

6 

1 

6 

7 

1 

8 

13 

20 

8 

20 

10 

2 

19 

2 

13 

2 

1 

8 

2 

19 

19 

20 

10 

11 

10 

1 

6 

10 

10 

1 

8 

11 

1 

13 

1 

13 

6 

*A - Approved but never occupied due to delay in camp construction. NP-9 occupied through 15th period. 
00 

en 

Camp 

No. 

NP-1 

NP-2 

NP-3 

NP-4 

NP-5 

NP-6 

NP-7 

NP-8 

NP-9 

NP-10 

NP-11 

NP-12 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

SP-10 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

SP-16 

SP-17 

SP-18 

DSP-1 

MA-1 

MA-2 

SP-1 

NP-7 

NP-11 

NP-14 

Name of Area 

Former 

Number 

Rocky Mountain National Park 

Mesa Verde National Park 

Rocky Mountain National Park 

Rocky Mountain National Park 

Mesa Verde National Park 

Mesa Verde National Park 

Rocky Mountain Nat'l Park 

Colorado Nat'l Monument 

Colorado Nat'l Monument 

Colorado Nat'l Monument 

Rocky Mountain Nat'l Park 

Rocky Mountain Nat'l Park 

Boulder Mt. Metro. Parks 

Boulder Mt. Metro. Parks 

Denver Mt. Metro. Parks 

Denver Mt. Metro. Parks 

Boulder Mt. Metro. Parks 

Pueblo Mt. Metro. Parks 

Rifle Mt. Metropolitan Park 

(NM-1 ) 

(NM-2 ) 

(NM-3 ) 

American Legion County Park 

Loveland Mt. Metro. Park 

Lookout Mt. Metro. Park 

Monument Lake Metro Park 

Palmer Metropolitan Park 

Red Rocks Metro. Park 

Genessee Mt. Metro. Park 

Ft. Collins Municipal Park 

Durango Metropolitan Park 

Cub Creek & Bell Metro. 

Parks 

Genessee Mt. Metro. Park 

Weld County Park 

Red Rocks Metro. Park 

Genessee Mt. Metro. Park 

Macedonia Brook State Park 

National Capital Parks 

National Capital Parks 

National Capital Parks 

(DSP-3 ) 

(DSP-2 ) 

(SP-13 ) 

(SP-14 ) 

County 

Larimer 

Montezuma 

Grand 

Larimer 

Montezuma 

Montezuma 

Grand 

Mesa 

Mesa 

Mesa 

Larimer 

Grand 

Boulder 

Boulder 

Jefferson, 

Post Office 

Shipping 

Point 

COLORADO 

Estes Park 

Mesa Verde 

Grandlake 

Grandlake 

Mesa Verde 

Mesa Verde 

Grandlake 

Grand 

Junction 

Grand 

Junction 

Grand 

Junction 

Grandlake 

Estes Park 

Boulder 

Boulder 

Golden 

Clear Creek 

Jefferson, Evergreen 

Clear Creek 

Boulder 

Pueblo 

Garfield 

Otero 

Larimer 

Garfield 

Las Animas 

El Paso 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Larimer 

La Plata 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Weld 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Litchfield 

D.C . 

D.C . 

D.C . 

Boulder 

Beulah 

Rifle 

La Junta 

Loveland 

Glenwood 

Springs 

Trinidad 

Colo. Springs 

Golden 

Golden 

Fort Collins 

Durango 

Evergreen 

Golden 

Greeley 

Golden 

Golden 

Lyons 

Mancos 

Granby 

Lyons 

Mancos 

Mancos 

Granby 

Grand Junction 

Grand Junction 

Grand Junction 

Lyons 

Granby 

Boulder 

Boulder 

Denve r 

Denver 

Boulder 

Pueblo 

Rifle 

La Junta 

Loveland 

Glenwood 

Springs 

Weston 

Colo. Springs 

Golden 

Golden 

Fort Collins 

Durango 

Denver 

Golden 

Greeley 

Golden 

Golden 

CONNECTICU T 

Kent Kent 

DISTRIC T OF COLUMBIA 

Anacostia Rd . 

& E St. , SE 

28th & Morris 

PI. , NE 

5801 Oregon 

Ave. , NW 

Benning, D.C . 

Silver Spring , 

Maryland 

Park 

Acreaqe 

259,411 

51,334 

259,411 

51,334 

51,334 

259,411 

18,188 

259,411 

5,300 

11,253 

5,300 

600 

453 

1,600 

735 

847 

480 

691 

639 

2,400 

400 

570 

1,030 

2,400 

83 

639 

2,400 

1,830 

7,391 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

D 

D 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Occupie 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

d P 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

eri< 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

>ds 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 18 

Cong. 

Dist. 

2 

4 

4 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

3 

2 

4 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 
co 

en 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 2 ? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011^13;M1516171 8 Dist. 

FLORIDA 

NP-1 Santa Rosa Island Nat'l (NM-1) Escambia Pensacola Pensacola 9,500 D 3 

Nlon. 

SP-1 Royal Palms State Park Dade Homestead Homestead 4,000 2 3 4 

SP-2 Greynolds County Park Dade Miami Miami 245 2 3 4 5 6 4 

SP-3 Florida Botanical Garden Highlands Sebring Sebring 1,640 3 4 5 6 7 1 

& Arboretum 

SP-4 Myakka River State Park Sarasota, Sarasota Bee Ridge 6,500 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

Manatee 

SP-5 Gold Head Branch State Park Clay Keystone Hts. Starke 1,050 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 

SP-6 Torreya State Park Liberty Rock Bluff Greensboro 520 5 6 7 8 9 3 

SP-7 Gulf of Mexico State Park Walton Pt. Washington DeFuniak Sprgs. 318 D 3 

SP-8 Fort Clinch State Park Nassau Fernandina Fernandina 1,020 D 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-9 Matheson Hammock County Dade South Miami South Miami 400 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 

Park 

SP-10S Florida Botanical Garden Highlands Sebring Sebring 1,640 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

& Arboretum 

SP-11 Florida Overseas Parkway Monroe Ramrod Key Miami 67 11 12 13 14 15 16 4 

SP-12 Florida Caverns State Park Jackson Marianna Marianna 679 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

CP-1 Matheson Hammock Co. (SP-9) Dade South Miami South Miami 400 14 15 16 4 

Park 

# - State-owned and open to the public, but maintained by a private organization. 

GEORGIA 

NP-1 Chickamauga-Chattanooga (MP-1) Catoosa, Fort Fort 6,800 12345678 9 10 7 

NMP Walker Oglethorpe Oglethorpe 

NP-2 Chickamauga-Chattanooga (MP-2) Catoosa, Fort Fort 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

NMP Walker Oglethorpe Oglethorpe 

NP-3 Ft. Pulaski Nat'l Monument (NM-1) Chatham Savannah Savannah 20 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

NP-4 Kennesaw Mt. Nat'l Bat. (NM-3) Cobb Marietta Marietta 60 D 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

Site 

NP-5 Ocmulgee Nat'l Monument (NM-4) Bibb Macon Macon 678 D 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

NP-6 Hard Labor Creek RDA (SP-8) Morgan, Rutledge Rutledge 5,802 14 15 16 10 

Walton 

SP-1 ' Indian Springs State Park Butts Jackson Jackson 152 1 2 3 5 6 4 

SP-2 Vogel State Park Union Blairsville Murphy N.C. 248 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 9 

SP-3 Santo Domingo State Park Glynn Brunswick Brunswick 351 3 4 5 8 

SP-4 Little River State Park Chattooga Cloudland Menlo 800 D D 7 

SP-5 Alex. H. Stephens Mem. Taliaferro Crawfordville Crawfordville 263 3 4 5 10 

St. Park 

SP-6 Fort Mountain State Park Murray Chatsworth Chatsworth 2,070 3 4 5 6 7 

SP-7 Pine Mountain State Park Harris, Warm Springs Warm Springs 1,550 3 4 5 6 3,4 

Meriwether 

SP-8 Hard Labor Creek RDA Morgan, Rutledge Rutledge 5,802 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

Walton 

SP-9 Chehaw State Park Dougherty, Albany Albany 600 5 6 7 8 9 10 2,3 

Lee 

SP-10 Little Ocmulgee State Park Telfair, McRae McRae 1,395 5 6 8,1 

Wheeler 

SP-11 Hard Labor Creek RDA Morgan, Rutledge Rutledge 5,802 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Walton 

SP-12 Little River State Park Chattooga Cloudland Menlo 800 D 7 

SP-13 Pine Mountain State Park Harris, Chipley Chipley 1,550 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4,3 

Meriwether 

SP-14 Little Ocmulgee State Park Telfair, McRae McRae 1,395 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8,1 

Wheeler 
— V 

co 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171 8 Dist. 

GEORGIA (cont.) 

SP-15 Fort Mountain State Park Murra y Chatsworth Chatsworth 2,070 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-16 Magnolia Spring State Park Jenkins Millen Millen 1,143 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-17 Kolomoki Mounds Park Early Blakely Blakely 1,300 14 15 16 2 

IDAHO 

SP-1 Heyburn State Park Benewah, Chatcolet Pedee 7,838 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

Kootenai 

ILLINOIS 

SP-1 Illinois & Michigan Cook Willow Springs Willow Springs 3,742 12345678 9 3 

Canal Parkway 

SP-2 Illinois & Michigan Will Lockport Romeo 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 

Canal Parkway 

SP-3 Illinois & Michigan Will, Channahon Joliet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11,12 

Canal Parkway Grundy 

SP-4 Illinois & Michigan La Salle Marseilles Marseilles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 

Canal Parkway 

SP-5 Buffalo Rock State Park La Salle Ottawa Ottawa 43 1234568 9 12 

SP-6 Springfield Metro. Parks Sangamon Chatham Toronto 1,000 1 21 

SP-7 Springfield Metro. Parks Sangamon Springfield Springfield 1 2 3 4 5 6 21 

SP-8 Starved Rock State Park La Salle Utica Utica 1,054 1 2 12 

SP-9 Pere Marquette State Park Jersey Grafton Grafton 1,670 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 

SP-10 Mississippi Palisades St. Park Carroll Savanna Savanna 482 1 2 3 4 13 

SP-11 Giant City State Park Jackson Makanda Makanda 916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 25 

SP-12 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 4,000 12345678 9 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-13 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 1234567 8 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-14 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka wNorthfield, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-15 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka KNorthfield, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-16 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-17 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 3,373 1 12 

SP-18 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 1 12 

SP-19 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 3,373 1 12 

SP-20 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 1 12 

SP-21 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 1 12 

SP-22 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 1 12 

SP-23 Starved Rock State Park La Salle Utica Utica 1,054 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 

SP-24 Giant City State Park Union, Makanda Makanda 916 2 25 

Jackson 

SP-25 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 4,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-26 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 2 3 4 5 6 10 12 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-27 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-28 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 2 3 4 5 6 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-29 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 2 3 4 5 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

SP-30 Black Hawk State Park Rock Island Rock Island Rock Island 200 2 3 4 14 

SP-31 White Pine Forest State Park Ogle Polo Polo 315 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 13 

SP-32 Cave-in-Rock State Park Hardin Cave-in-Rock Cave-in-Rock 60 D 24 

SP-33 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Palos Park Orland Park 6,000 2345678 9 10 3 

Dist. (Swallow Cliff) 

SP-34 DuPage County Forest Pres. DuPage Hinsdale Hinsdale 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 

Dist. (Camp Fullersburg) 

SP-35 North Parkway (St. DuPage W. Chicago W. Chicago 311 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 

Hgwy. #64) 
— X 

CO 

co 

# - Northfield for carload lots; Winnetka for less than carload lots. 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345678 9 T01J1213141516171 8 Dist. 

ILLINOIS (cont. ) 

SP-36 Parkway No. 54 DuPage Elmhurst Elmhurst 115 2 11 

SP-37 Camp Grant Military Park Winnebago Rockford Camp Grant 3,373 3 4 5 12 

SP-38 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Palatine Palatine 1,300 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 

Dist. (Deer Grove) 

SP-39 Pere Marquette State Park Jersey Grafton Grafton 1,670 4 5 20 

SP-40 Decatur Metropolitan Parks Macon Decatur Decatur 347 5 6 7 8 9 10 19 

SP-41 Giant Cit y State Park (DSP-1 ) Union, Makanda Makanda 916 3 4 5 25 

Jackson 

SP-42 Parkway No. 54 (DSP-3 ) DuPage Elmhurst Elmhurst 115 3 4 5 11 

SP-43 Illinois & Michigan (DSP-4 ) La Salle, Marseilles Marseilles 854 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12 

Canal Parkway Grundy 

SP-44 Hinsdale Parkway (DSP-6 ) DuPage Hinsdale Hinsdale 190 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 

SP-45 New Salem State Park (DSP-7 ) Menard Petersburg Petersburg 223 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 

SP-46 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-8 ) Cook Park Ridge Park Ridge 6,000 345678 9 10 11 7 

Dist. (Par k Ridge) 

SP-47 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-9 ) Cook Western Western 2,600 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

Dist. (Salt Creek) Springs Springs 

SP-48 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-10 ) Cook Des Plaines Des Plaines 8,500 3 4 5 6 12 13 7 

Dist. (Des Plaines Valley) 

SP-49 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-11 ) Cook Willow Springs Willow Springs 6,000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

Dist. (Palos Hills) 

SP-50 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-12 ) Cook Thornton Thornton 5,000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

Dist. (Thornton ) 

SP-51 DuPage Co. Forest Pres. (DSP-13 ) DuPage Naperville Naperville 842 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 11 

Dist. (McDowell) 

SP-52 Lincoln Log Cabin State Park Coles Charleston Charleston 86 5 6 7 8 19 

SP-53 Winnebago Co. Forest Winnebago Rockton Rockton 496 D 12 

Pres. Dist. 

SP-54 Starved Rock State Park (DSP-2 ) La Salle Utica Utica 1,054 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 

SP-55 Cook Co. Forest Pres. Cook Lemont Lemont 6,500 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

Dist. (Sag Forest) 

SP-56 No. Parkway (St. Hgwy. (DSP-5 ) Cook Melrose Park Melrose Park 311 3 4 5 6 

#64) 

SP-57 White Pines Forest St. Pk. Ogle Oregon Oregon 315 9 10 11 12 13 13 

SP-58 Lincoln Log Cabin State Pk. Coles Charleston Charleston 86 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 

SP-59 Chain O'Lakes State Park Lake Fox Lake Fox Lake 3,200 14 15 16 10 

SP-60 Salt Springs State Park Vermilion Danville Danville 2,100 14 15 16 18 

SP-61 Pere Marquette State Park Jersey Grafton Grafton 1,670 14 15 16 20 

CP-1 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-14 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 4,000 14 15 16 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

CP-2 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-15 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 14 15 16 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

CP-3 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-16 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 14 15 16 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

CP-4 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-25 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 14 15 16 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

CP-5 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-27 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 14 15 16 10 

Dist. (Skokie Lagoons) Winnetka 

CP-6 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-47 ) Cook Western Western 2,600 14 15 16 3 

Dist. (Salt Creek) Springs Springs 

CP-7 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-48 ) Cook Des Plaines Des Plaines 8,500 14 15 16 7 

Dist. (Des Plaines Valley) 

CP-8 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-49 ) Cook Willow Willow 6,000 14 15 16 3 

Dist. (Palos Hills) Springs Springs 

CP-9 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-50 ) Cook Thornton Thornton 5,000 14 15 16 3 

Dist. (Thornton) 

CP-10 DuPage Co. Forest Pres. (SP-51 ) DuPage Naperville Naperville 842 14 15 16 11 

Dist. (McDowell) 

CP-11 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-55 ) Cook Lemont Lemont 6,500 14 15 16 3 

Dist. (Sag Forest) 

CP-12 Cook Co. Forest Pres. (SP-26 ) Cook Winnetka #Northfield, 4,000 14 16 10 

Dist. Winnetka 
— 1 

CO 

CD 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage I £ 3 4 5 6 7 8 §Jj 3 1JH13141516171 8 PigL 

INDIANA 

NP-1 Versailles Rec. Dem. Area (SP-11) Ripley Versailles Osgood 5,344 14 15 16 9 

SP-1 Spring Mill State Park Lawrence Mitchell Mitchell 1,240 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-2 Lincoln State Park Spencer Lincoln City Lincoln City 1,756 1 2 3 8 

SP-3 Shakamak State Park Greene, Clay , Jasonville Coalmont 922 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

Sullivan 

SP-4 McCormicks Creek Canyon Owen Spencer Spencer 622 2 3 4 5 7 

St. Pk. 

SP-5 Indiana Dunes State Park (DSP-1 ) Porter Chesterton Chesterton 2,221 2 3 4 5 2 

SP-6 Clifty Falls State Park Jefferson Madison Madison 650 2345678 9 9 

SP-7 Pokagon State Park Steuben Angola Angola 937 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4 

SP-8 Turkey Run State Park Parks Marshall Marshall 1,301 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

SP-9 Brown County State Park Brown Nashville Helmsburg 15,000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-10 Spring Mill State Park Lawrence Mitchell Mitchell 1,294 4 5 6 9 

SP-11 Versailles RDA Ripley Versailles Osgood 5,344 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 9 

SP-12 Versailles RDA Ripley Versailles Osgood D 9 

SP-13 Brown County State Park Brown Nashville Helmsburg 15,000 D 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-14 Evansville City Park Vanderburgh Evansville Evansville 625 5 6 7 8 9 8 

SP-15 Lincoln State Park Spencer Lincoln City Lincoln City 1,756 15 16 8 

IOWA 

SP-1 Palisades-Kepler State Pk. (DSP-1 ) Linn Mt. Vernon Mt. Vernon 624 1 2 3 4 5 2 

SP-2 Backbone State Park Delaware Dundee Dundee 1,398 1 2 3 4 4 

SP-3 Des Moines Metro. Park Polk Des Moines Des Moines 400 2 6 

SP-4 Des Moines Metro. Park Polk Johnston Johnston 2 6 

SP-5 Lake Manawa State Park Pottawattamie Council Bluffs Council Bluffs 750 2 4 5 7 

SP-6 Doliiver Memorial St. Pk. (DSP-3 ) Webster Lehigh Lehigh 399 2 3 4 5 8 

SP-7 Springbrook State Park Guthrie Guthrie Guthrie 696 2 3 4 12 13 14 15 16 7 

Center Center 

SP-8 Black Hawk Lake State Park Sac Lake View Lake View 306 2 3 4 12 9 

SP-9 Okoboji Lake State Parks Dickinson Milford Milford 2,055 2 3 4 5 9 

SP-10 Pine Lake State Park Hardin Eldora Eldora 533 2 3 4 5 3 

SP-11 Decorah Parks (State) Winneshiek Decorah Decorah 264 2 3 4 5 6 4 

SP-12 Lacey-Keosauqua State Park Van Buren Keosauqua Keosauqua 2,210 1 2 3 1 

SP-13 Des Moines Metro. Park Polk Des Moines Des Moines 400 D 6 

SP-14 Lake Wapello State Park Davis Drakesville Drakesville 1,132 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 

SP-15 Oak Grove State Park Sioux Hawarden Hawarden 102 D 9 

SP-16 Pilot Knob State Park Winnebago Forest City Forest City 380 3 8 

SP-17 Backbone State Park Delaware Lamont Lamont 1,398 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4 

SP-18 Indianola State Park Warren Indianola Indianola 560 345678 9 6 

SP-19 Lake MacBride State Park Johnson Solon Solon 700 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-20 Lake Keomah State Park Mahaska Oskaloosa Oskaloosa 360 5 6 7 8 9 5 

SP-21 Lacey-Keosauqua State Pk . (DSP-2 ) Van Buren Keosauqua Keosauqua 2,210 3 4 5 1 

SP-22 Beed's Lake State Park (DSP-4 ) Franklin Hampton Hampton 259 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 

SP-23 Stone State Park Plymouth, Sioux City Sioux City 885 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 9 

Woodbury 

SP-24 Bedford State Park Taylor Bedford Bedford 386 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 

SP-25 Chariton State Park Lucas Chariton Chariton 346 D 5 

SP-26 Ledges State Park (DSP-5 ) Boone Boone Boone 772 3 4 5 8 

SP-27 Black Hawk Lake St. Park Sac Lake View Lake View 1,337 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-28 Danville State Park Des Moines New London Danville 613 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-29 McGregor State Park Clayton, McGregor McGregor 4,833 D 4 

Allamakee 

KANSAS 

SP-1 Fort Hays State Hist. Park Ellis Hays Hays 7,600 1 2 3 6 

SP-2 Oberline Sappa State Park Decatur Oberlin Oberlin 481 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 

SP-3 Meade County State Park Meade Meade Meade 1,240 12 13 14 15 16 7 
—A 

to 

o 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1?345678 9 1 H 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dist. 

KENTUCKY 

NP-1 Mammoth Cave National Park Edmondson Mammoth Cave Cave City 24,538 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-2 Mammoth Cave National Park Edmondson Mammoth Cave Cave City 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-3 Mammoth Cave National Park Edmondson Mammoth Cave Cave City 345678 9 2 

NP-4 Mammoth Cave National Park Edmondson Mammoth Cave Cave City 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-5 Otter Creek RDA (SP-13 ) Meade Rock Haven Rock Haven 2,333 14 15 16 4 

SP-1 Cumberland Falls State Park Whitley Corbin Corbin 593 2345678 9 9 

SP-2 Natural Bridge State Park Powell Natural Bridge Slade 1,137 2 3 4 5 6 8 

SP-3 Pine Mountain State Park Bell Pineville Pineville 2,200 2 3 4 5 9 

SP-4 Levi Jackson Wilderness Laurel London Fariston 382 2 3 4 5 9 

Rd. SP 

SP-5 Pioneer Memorial Mercer Harrodsburg Harrodsburg 18 D 6 

SP-6 Butler Memorial State Park Carroll Carrollton Carrollton 341 2345678 9 5 

SP-7 Cumberland Falls State Park Whitley, Corbin Williamsburg 593 2 3 4 5 9 

McCreary 

SP-8 Columbus-Belmont State Park Hickman Columbus Columbus 400 345678 9 1 

SP-9 Audubon Memorial State Park Henderson Henderson Henderson 486 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-10 Pine Mountain State Park Bell Pineville Pineville 2,200 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-11 Otter Creek RDA Meade Rock Haven Rock Haven 2,333 5 6 4 

SP-12 Dawson Springs State Park Hopkins Dawson Dawson 458 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 

Springs Springs 

SP-13 Otter Creek RDA Meade Rock Haven Rock Haven 2,333 D 4 

TVA-P- 1 Jonathan Creek Area Marshall Benton Benton 15 16 1 

LOUISIANA 

SP-1 Longfellow-Evangeline St. Martin St. Martinville St. Martinville 157 2 3 3 

State Park Parish 

SP-2 Allen Northwest Game & Natchitoches Goldonna Goldonna 16,197 2 3 8 

Fish Preserve Parish 

SP-3 Fort Pike State Park Orleans Chef Slidell 125 3 1 

Parish Menteur 

SP-4 Chemin-A-Haut State Park Morehouse Bastrop Beekman 500 6 7 8 9 10 5 

Parish 

SP-5 Tchefuncte State Park St. Tammany Mandeville Mandeville 5,800 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

Parish 

SP-6 Chicot State Park Evangeline St. Landry 5,500 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

Parish 

SP-7 Lake Bistineau State Park Bienville Ringgold Ringgold 1,100 4 

Parish 

MAINE 

NP-1 Acadia National Park Hancock Bar Harbor Bar Harbor 15,409 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

NP-2 Acadia National Park Hancock So. West So. West 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

Harbor Harbor 

NP-3 Camden Hills RDA (SP-4 ) Knox, Waldo Camden Rockland 3,768 14 15 16 2 

SP-1 Ellsworth-Bar Harbor Hancock Ellsworth Ellsworth 700 12345678 9 3 

St. Highway 

SP-2 Baxter State Park Piscataquis Millinocket Millinocket 700 3 3 

SP-3 Baxter State Park Piscataquis Millinocket Millinocket 5,690 5 3 

SP-4 Camden Hills RDA Knox, Waldo Camden Rockland 3,768 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 2 

SP-5 Camden Hills RDA Knox, Waldo Camden Rockland D 2 

MARYLAND 

NP-1 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Montgomery Cabin John Bethesda 400 11 12 I 3 14 15 16 6 

NP-2 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Montgomery Cabin John Bethesda D 12 ' 3 14 15 16 6 

NP-3 Catoctin RDA (SP-7 ) Frederick Lantz Thurmont 10,000 I 4 15 16 6 

NP-4 Fort Washington Prince Fort Fort 350 16 5 

Georges Washington Washington 
— X 

CO 

—1 

Camp Former Shippin g Par k Occupied Periods Cong . 

No. Name of Area Numbe r Count y Post Offic e Point Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171 8 Dist . 

MARYLAN D (cont . ) 

SP-1 Fort Frederic k State Par k Washington Big Pool Bi g Pool 189 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 

SP-2 Patapsco State Par k Baltimore , Elkridg e Avalo n 1,237 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2, 5 

Howard 

SP-3 Catoctin RDA Frederic k Lantz Thurmon t 10,000 D 6 

SP-4 Gambrill State Par k Frederic k Frederic k Frederic k 500 D 6 

SP-5 Elk Neck State Par k & Forest Cecil Nort h East Nort h East 4,409 D 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-6 Maryland-Washington Metro . Montgomery , Garret t Par k Kensingto n 1,000 11 12 13 14 15 16 6,5 

Dist. (Roc k Creek Par k Princ e 

Extension) George 

SP-7 Catoctin RDA Frederic k Lantz Thurmon t 10,000 13 6 

MASSACHUSETTS 

SP-1 Blue Hills State Reservation Norfol k Milton Hyd e Park 7,645 12345678 9 13 

SP-2 Watuppa Municipal Reservation Bristo l Fall Rive r Fall River 5,480 12345678 9 14 

SP-3 Chicopee Metro. Park s Hampden Chicopee Falls Chicopee Falls 1,425 2345678 9 2 

SP-4 Granville State Forest Hampden Winsted , C T Winsted , CT 2,940 2 3 4 5 1 

SP-5 Harold Parker State Forest Essex, Andove r Andove r 2,841 2 3 4 7,5 

Middlesex 

SP-6 Mohawk Trai l State Par k Frankli n Charlemont Charlemont 5,746 2345678 9 1 

SP-7 Mt. Greyloc k St . Reservation Berkshir e Pittsfiel d Pittsfiel d 8,600 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-8 Pittsfield State Forest Berkshir e Pittsfiel d Pittsfiel d 3,851 2 3 4 5 1 

SP-9 Windsor State Forest Berkshir e West Dalton 1,616 2 3 4 5 6 1 

Cummingto n 

SP-10 Myles Standish St . Forest Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth 10,910 3 4 5 15 

SP-11 October Mt . State Forest Berkshir e Becket Becke t 14,189 3 4 5 1 

SP-12 Savoy State Forest Berkshir e Nort h Adams Nort h Adams 10,641 3 4 5 6 9 10 1 

SP-13 Leeminster State Forest Worcester Fitchbur g Fitchbur g 3,129 345678 9 10 3 

SP-14 D.A.R . State Forest Hampshire Goshen Williamsburg 1,237 3 4 5 6 1 

SP-15 Douglas State Forest Worcester E. Douglas E. Douglas 3,404 4 5 6 4 

SP-16 Freetown State Forest Bristo l Assonet Assonet 6,593 5 6 7 8 9 14 

SP-17 Breakheart St . Reservation Essex, Melrose Melrose 620 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7,5 

Middlesex 

SP-18 Mt. Tom State Reservation Hampden, Holyoke Holyoke 1,679 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

Hampshire 

SP-19 Roland C. Nickerson State Barnstabl e E. Brewste r E. Brewste r 1,727 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 

Park 

SP-20 Bash Bish State Forest Berkshir e Copake Falls , Copake Falls, 390 5 6 1 

NY NY 

SP-21 Savoy State Forest Berkshir e Nort h Adams Nort h Adams 10,641 6 7 8 1 

SP-22 Hawley State Forest Frankli n Plainfield Charlemont 4,052 6 7 8 1 

SP-23 Pittsfield State Forest Berkshir e Pittsfiel d Pittsfiel d 3,851 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 1 

SP-24 Robinson State Par k Hampden Feeding Hill s Westfield 995 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-25 Upton State Forest Middlesex , Upton Upto n 1,230 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 

Worcester 

SP-26 Salisbur y Beach Reservation Essex Salisbur y Newburypor t 520 D 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

SP-27 Clarksbur g State Forest Berkshir e Nort h Adams Nort h Adams 2,138 D 1 

SP-28 October Mt . State Fores t Berkshir e Lenox Pittsfiel d 14,189 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-29 Savoy State Forest Berkshir e Charlemont Charlemont 10,641 10 11 12 13 1 

SP-30 Warwick State Forest Frankli n Warwick Orang e 4,526 12 13 14 1 

MICHIGA N 

NP-1 Isle Royale National Par k (SP-20 ) Keweenaw Houghton Houghto n 140,800 7 9 11 13 12 

NP-2 Isle Royale National Par k (SP-20 ) Keweenaw Houghton Houghto n 7 9 11 13 15 12 

NP-3 Isle Royale National Par k Keweenaw Houghton Houghto n 15 12 

IR-CAMP Isle Royale National Par k Keweenaw Houghto n Houghto n 8 12 

NP-4 Waterloo RDA Washtenaw, Grass Lake Grass Lake 12,144 14 15 16 2 

Jackson 
- A 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10V[1213141516171 8 Dist. 

MICHIGAN (cont. ) 

SP-1 Walter J . Hayes State Park Lenawee Onsted Onsted 463 1 2 3 4 2 

SP-2 Ludington State Park Mason Ludington Ludington 3,170 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-3 Dodge Bloomer State Parks Oakland, Pontiac Pontiac 524 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Macomb, 

Livingston 

SP-4 Wilderness State Park Emmet Carp Lake Mackinaw City 6,396 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 

SP-5 Muskegon State Park Muskegon Muskegon Muskegon 1,197 2 3 4 9 

SP-6 Veterans Memorial Highway Saginaw, Bay City Bay City 1,553 2 6 7 8 9 8,10 

(Saginaw River Road) Bay 

SP-7 Bay City State Park Bay Bay City Bay City 130 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 

SP-8 Hartwick Pines State Park Crawford, Grayling Grayling 8,636 2 3 4 5 6 D 11 12 13 14 15 16 10,11 

Otsego 

SP-9 J.W. Wells State Park Menominee Cedar River Stephenson 478 3 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 11 

SP-10 Mackinac Island State Park Mackinac Mackinac Mackinac 2,180 3 5 11 

Island Island 

SP-11 Waterloo RDA Washtenaw Chelsea Chelsea 11,338 D D 2 

SP-12 Waterloo RDA Jackson Grass Lake Grass Lake 11,338 5 2 

SP-13 Michigan Avenue Parkway Wayne Wayne Wayne 325 6 7 8 9 16 

SP-14 Pontiac-Harrison St. Macomb, Royal Oak Royal Oak 185 D 17,16 

Highway Oakland, 

Wayne 

SP-15 Vanderbilt State Park Otsego Vanderbilt Vanderbilt 2,000 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 

(Pigeon River Tract) 

SP-16 F.J . McLain Park Site Keweenaw Hancock Hancock 338 D 12 

SP-17 Gogebic County Parks Gogebic Ironwood Ironwood 1,726 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 

SP-18 Iron County Parks & Parkways Iron Crystal Falls Crystal Falls 3,222 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 12 

SP-19 Fort Wilkins State Park Keweenaw Phoenix Phoenix 106 D 12 

SP-20 Isle Royale National Park Keweenaw Houghton Houghton 140,800 5 12 

CP-1 Gogebic County Parks (SP-17 ) Gogebic Ironwood Ironwood 1,726 14 15 16 12 

CP-2 Iron County Parks & (SP-18 ) Iron Crystal Falls Crystal Falls 3,222 14 15 16 12 

Parkways 

MINNESOTA 

NP-1 St. Croix RDA Pine Hinckley Hinckley 17,100 15 16 6 

SP-1 Itasca State Park Clearwater, Lake Itasca Park Rapids 31,816 12345678 9 9-6 

Hubbard, 

Becker 

SP-2 Jay Cooke State Park Carlton Thomson Carlton 3,375 1 2 3 4 5 8 

SP-3 Scenic State Park Itasca Bigfork Grand Rapids 2,121 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 

SP-4 Whitewater State Park Winona Elba St. Charles 669 3 1 

SP-5 Gooseberry Falls State Park Lake Two Harbors Two Harbors 638 3 8 

SP-6 St. Croix RDA Pine Hinckley Hinckley 17,100 45678 9 10

 8 

SP-7 Sibley State Park Kandiyohi New London New London 355 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

 7 

SP-8 Glenwood Municipal Park Hennepin Minneapolis Minneapolis 681 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 

SP-9 Whitewater State Park (DSP-1 ) Winona St. Charles St. Charles 669 3 4 5 1 

SP-10 Gooseberry Falls State Park (DSP-2 ) Lake Two Harbors Two Harbors 638 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 

SP-11 Camden State Park (DSP-3 ) Lyon Lynd Lynd 470 3 4 5 6 7 7 

SP-12 Fort Ridgely Mem. St. Park (DSP-4 ) Nicollet Fairfax Fairfax 214 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 

SP-13 Spruce Creek Highway (DSP-5 ) Cook Lutsen Two Harbors 2,300 3 4 5 6 8 

Wayside 

SP-14 Cottonwood River State Park Brown New Ulm New Ulm 836 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-15 Mille Lacs Lake Highway Crow Wing Garrison Brainerd 152 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 

Wayside 

SP-16 Leech Lake Wayside Park Cass Walker Walker 3,052 6 6 

SP-17 Lake Vadnais Metro. Park Ramsey White Bear St. Paul 1,710 5 6 7 8 9 4 

Lake 

SP-18 Lakeshore Wayside Park St. Louis Knife River Palmers 300 5678 9

 8 

SP-19 Itasca State Park Clearwater, Lake Itasca Park Rapids 31,816 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9,6 

Hubbard, 

Becker 

SP-20 Beaver Creek Valley State Park Houston Caledonia Caledonia 325

 D 1 

SP-21 Jay Cooke State Park Carlton Thomson Carlton 3,375 13 14 15 16 8 
_ i 

CD 

CO 

Camp Former Shippin g Park Occupied Periods Cong . 

No. Name of Area Number Count y Post Office Point Acreage T ? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JC?1J1J131J1125T617T 8 Dist. 

MISSISSIPPI 

NP-1 Vicksbur g Nat' l Mil . Par k (MP-1 ) Warren Vicksbur g Vicksbur g 1,322 12345678 9 7 

NP-2 Vicksbur g Nat' l Mil . Par k (MP-2 ) Warren Vicksbur g Vicksbur g 2 3 4 5 6 7 

NP-3 Vicksbur g Nat' l Mil . Par k (MP-3 ) Warren Vicksbur g Vicksbur g 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

NP-4 Vicksbur g Nat'l Mil . Par k (MP-4 ) Warren Vicksbur g Vicksbur g 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-1 Leroy Percy State Par k Washington Hollandale Hollandale 2,540 345678 9 3 

SP-2 Tombigbee State Par k Lee Tupel o Tupel o 520 345678 9 1 

SP-3 Clarkco State Par k Clarke Quitman Quitman 800 345678 9 10 5 

SP-4 Legion State Par k Winston Louisville Louisvill e 424 4 5 6 7 8 4 

SP-5 Tishomingo State Par k Tishomingo Tishomingo Tishomingo 598 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-6 Holmes Count y State Par k Holmes Duran t Duran t 419 5 6 7 8 9 3 

SP-7 Roosevelt State Par k Scott Morton Morto n 562 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 

SP-8 Sprin g Lake State Par k Marshal l Holly Spring s Holl y Spring s 974 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-9 Percy Quin State Par k Pike McComb McComb 1,480 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-10 Tallahalla State Par k Jones Ellisville Ellisville 1,200 D 6 

SP-11 Magnolia State Par k Jackson Ocean Spring s Ocean Spring s 230 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

MISSOURI 

NP-1 Cuivr e River RDA (SP-13 ) Lincoln Tro y Tro y 5,728 14 15 16 9 

NP-2 Lake of the Ozark s RDA (SP-20 ) Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l 16,500 14 15 16 2 

Camden 

NP-3 Lake of the Ozark s RDA (SP-17) Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l 16 2 

Camden 

SP-1 Montauk State Par k Dent Montauk Salem 754 2 3 4 5 8 

SP-2 Big Sprin g State Par k Carte r Van Bure n Van Bure n 4,476 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 

SP-3 Meramec State Par k Frankli n Sullivan Sulliva n 7,124 1 2 3 4 9 

SP-4 Roaring River State Par k Barr y Cassville Cassville 2,810 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 7 

SP-5 Sam A . Baker State Par k Wayne Piedmont Patterson 4,422 1 2 3 4 5 8 

SP-6 Alley Spring s State Par k Shannon Alley Winona 427 2 3 8 

SP-7 Bennett Sprin g State Par k Dallas, Brice Lebanon 574 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7,8 

Laclede 

SP-8 Lake Contrar y Count y Par k Buchanan St. Joseph St . Joseph 700 2 3 3 

SP-9 Lake Contrar y Count y Par k Buchanan St . Joseph St . Joseph 700 D 3 

SP-10 Sugar Lake State Park (DSP-1 ) Buchanan Rushville Rushvill e 100 2 3 4 3 

SP-11 Washington State Par k Washington DeSoto Desoto 694 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 8 

SP-12 Lake of the Ozark s RDA Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l 16,500 4 5 2 

Camden 

SP-13 Cuivr e River RDA Lincoln Tro y Tro y 5,800 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 9 

SP-14 Cuivr e River RDA Lincoln Tro y Tro y 5 6 9 

SP-15 Never Assigned 

SP-16 Dr. Edmund A. Babler (DSP-2 ) St . Louis Centau r Centau r 1,841 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12 

Mem. St . Pk . 

SP-17 Lake of the Ozark s RDA (DSP-3 ) Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l 16,500 4 5 6 2 

Camden 

SP-18 Van Meter State Park (DSP-4 ) Saline Marshal l Marshal l 506 4 5 2 

SP-19 Chesapeake State Par k (DSP-5 ) Lawrence Mt. Verno n Mt . Verno n 117 4 5 7 

SP-20 Lake of the Ozark s RDA Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l 16,500 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 

Camden 

SP-21 Lake of the Ozark s RDA Miller, Kaiser Bagnel l D 2 

Camden 

SP-22 Dr. Edmund A. Babler St . Louis Centau r Centau r 1,841 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12 

Mem. St . Pk . 

SP-23 Henr y Shaw Gardenway St . Louis , Pacific Pacific 896 D 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12,9 

Frankli n 

SP-24 Big Sprin g State Par k Carte r Van Bure n Chicopee 4,476 7 8 8 

SP-25 Pershing Memorial State Par k Linn Laclede Laclede 1,800

 1 4 1 5 16 1 

SP-26 Crowde r State Par k Grund y Trento n Trento n 645 I 4 13 16 1 

SP-27 Mark Twain State Par k Monroe Florida Paris 1,100

 1 4

 15 16 9 
g 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345628910111213141516171 8 Dist. 

MONTANA 

NP-1 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 981,681 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 14 16 1 

NP-2 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 1 1 

NP-3 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 1 3 7 1 

NP-4 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park 1 3 5 9 11 13 15 2 

NP-5 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park 1 3 2 

NP-6 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park 1 3 5 2 

NP-7 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park D 2 

NP-8 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 1 3 1 

NP-9 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 1 3 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

NP-10 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 981,681 1 1 

NP-11 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park 3 5 11 13 15 16 2 

NP-12 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park D 2 

NP-13 Glacier National Park Glacier Glacier Park Glacier Park 5 7 9 2 

NP-14 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 5 1 

NP-15 Glacier National Park Flathead Belton Belton 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 1 

SP-1 Beaver Creek Park Hill Havre Havre 10,200 5 6 7 8 9 2 

SP-2 Roundup Peaks County Park Mullelshall Roundup Roundup 100 5 2 

SP-3 Morrison Cave State Park Jefferson Cardwell Whitehall 2,777 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-4 Bad Lands State Park Dawson Glendive Glendive 21,714 D 2 

NEBRASKA 

NP-1 Scotts Bluff Nat'l Monument (NM-1 ) Scotts Bluff Gering Gering 3,240 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 

SP-1 Louisville Recreational Grounds Cass Louisville Louisville 190 1 1 

SP-2 Fremont Recreational Grounds Dodge Fremont Fremont 307 1 3 

SP-3 Camp Morton State Park Dundy Benkelman Benkelman 100 1 4 

SP-4 Niobrara Island State Park Knox Niobrara Niobrara 800 3 4 3 

SP-5 Ponca State Park (DSP-1 ) Dixon Ponca Waterbury 220 3 4 5 3 

SP-6 Wildcat Hills Rec. Grounds Scotts Bluff, Gering Gering 840 5 6 7 8 5 

Banner 

SP-7 Levi Carter Metro. Park Douglas Omaha Omaha 681 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 

NEVADA 

NP-4 Boulder Dam Nat'l Rec. Area (SP-4 ) Clark Boulder City Boulder City 1,699,573 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

NP-6 Boulder Dam Nat'l Rec. Area (SP-6 ) Clark Boulder City Boulder City 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

SP-1 Boulder Dam Nat'l Rec. Area Clark Overton Moapa Junction 1,699,573 2 4 5 6 A.L . 

SP-2 Cathedral Gorge State Park Lincoln Panaca Panaca 1,579 3 A.L . 

SP-3 Cathedral Gorge State Park Lincoln Panaca Panaca 1,579 4 A.L . 

SP-4 Boulder Dam Nat'l Rec. Area Clark Boulder City Boulder City 1,699,573 6 7 8 A.L . 

SP-5 Fort Churchill State Park Lyon Towle Towle 200 5 A.L . 

SP-6 Boulder Dam Nat'l Rec. Area Clark Boulder City Boulder City 1,699,573 6 7 8 A.L . 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

NP-1 Bear Brook RDA (SP-2 ) Rockingham, Suncook Allenstown 6,100 15 16 1 

Merrimack 

SP-1 Moose Brook State Park Coos, Carroll Gorham Gorham 755 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1,2 

SP-2 Bear Brook State Park Rockingham, Suncook Allenstown 6,100 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 

Merrimack 

SP-3 Bellamy State Park Strafford Dover Dover 29 5 1 

SP-4 Pawtuckaway State Reservation Rockingham Raymond Raymond 1,272 6 7 8 9 10 1 
- A 

CD 

en 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dist. 

NEW JERSEY 

NP-1 Morristown Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-1 ) Morris Morristown Morristown 957 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 

NP-2 Morristown Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-2 ) Morris Morristown Morristown 957 2 5 

SP-1 High Point Park Sussex Sussex Sussex 12,000 12345678 9 7 

SP-2 South Mt. Co. Reservation Essex Orange Orange 2,061 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' 11 

SP-3 Watchung Reservation Union Springfield Summit 2,000 2 3 4 5 6 6 

SP-4 Parvin State Park Salem Vineland Vineland 1,062 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-5 Voorhees State Park Hunterdon High Bridge High Bridge 325 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-6 Camden County Parks Camden Haddonfield Haddonfield D 1 

SP-7 South Mt. Co. Reservation Essex Orange Orange 2,061 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 11 

SP-8 High Point Park Sussex Sussex Sussex 12,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-9 Great Egg Harbor River Parkway Camden Camden Berlin 500 2 3 4 5 1 

SP-10 Cooper River Valley Parkway Camden Haddonfield Haddonfield 205 2345678 9 1 

SP-11 Palisades Interstate Park Bergen Englewood Tenafly 1,700 2 3 4 5 6 9 

SP-12 Palisades Interstate Park Bergen Englewood Closter 1,700 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-13 Watchung County Reservation Union Rahway Rahway 950 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 

(Rahway River Parkway) 

SP-14 Passaic County Parks Passaic Mountain View Mountain View 966 D 8 

CP-1 South Mountain Co. Res. (SP-7 ) Essex Orange Orange 2,061 14 15 11 

CP- 2 Rahway River Parkway (SP-13 ) Union Rahway Rahway 950 14 15 16 6 

NEW MEXICO 

NP-1 Carlsbad Caverns Nat'l Park Eddy Carlsbad Carlsbad 9,959 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

NP-2 Chaco Canyon Nat'l Mon. (NM-2 ) San Juan Chaco Canyon Thoreau 21,512 13 14 15 16 

NP-3 Bandelier Nat'l Monument (NM-1 ) Sandoval P.O. Box 669, Santa Fe 26,026 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 

Santa Fe 

NP-4 Bandelier Nat'l Monument Sandoval Otowii Santa Fe 14 15 16 

SP-1 Santa Fe-Hyde State Park Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe 475 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

SP-2 La Joya St. Park & Game Socorro Socorro Socorro 2,060 2 3 A.L . 

Preserve 

SP-3 Bottomless Lake State Park Chaves Roswell Roswell 11,598 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 A.L . 

SP-4 Santa Fe-Hyde State Park Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe 475 D A.L . 

SP-5 Eastern N.M . State Park Roosevelt Clovis Portales 382 3 4 5 A.L . 

SP-6 Carlsbad Metropolitan Park Eddy Carlsbad Carlsbad 408 D A.L . 

SP-7 Tucumcari Metro. Park Quay Tucumcari Tucumcari 384 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 A.L . 

SP-8 Conchas Dem State Park San Miguel Conchas Dam New Knife 2,640 14 15 16 A.L . 

NEW YORK 

NP-1 West Point Reservation (SP-24) Orange Cornwall Cornwall 780 14 15 26 

NP-2 Saratoga Battlefield Park Saratoga Stillwater Mechanicville 1,428 14 15 16 29 

SP-1 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland lona Island lona Island 47,000 1 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-2 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland Sloatsburg Sloatsburg 1 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-3 Lake Taghkanic State Park Columbia Ancram Copake 750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 27 

SP-4 Clarence Fahnestock Mem. Putnam Carmel Cold Springs 3,400 1 2 3 4 5 6 26 

State Park 

SP-5 Letchworth State Park Livingston, Hunt Portage 6,477 1 2 3 4 5 39 

Wyoming 

SP-6 Robert H. Treman State Park Tompkins Newfield Ithaca 832 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 37 

SP-7 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Quaker Bridge Quaker Bridge 65,000 1 43 

SP-8 Blue Mt. County Reservation Westchester Peekskill Peekskill 800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25 

SP-9 Poundridge County Reservation Putman, Cross River Katorah 1,100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 26,25 

Westchester 

SP-10 Selkirk Shores State Park Oswego Pulaski Pulaski 750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 32 

SP-11 Gilbert Lake State Park Otsego Laurens Onconta 1,700 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 34 
—1 

CO 

en 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1 2 3 45678 9 10121213141516171 8 Dist. 

NEW YORK (cont.) 

SP-12 Green Lakes State Park Onondaga Fayetteville Fayetteville 725 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 35 

SP-13 Chenango Valley State Park Broome Chenango Chenango Bridge 925 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 34 

Forks 

SP-14 Thendara Lake Municipal Park Herkimer Old Forge Thendara 143 1 33 

SP-15 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Quaker Bridge Quaker Bridge 65,000 1 43 

SP-16 Buttermilk Falls State Park Tompkins Ithaca Ithaca 595 2 3 4 5 6 37 

SP-17 Letchworth State Park Livingston Leicester Leicester 6,477 2345678 9 39 

SP-18 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Quaker Bridge Quaker Bridge 65,000 2345678 9 43 

SP-19 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Red House Red House 2 3 4 5 43 

SP-20 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland Sloatsburg lona Island 47,000 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-21 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland Sloatsburg Sloatsburg 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-22 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland lona Island lona Island 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-23 Palisades Interstate Park Orange lona island Central Valley 2 3 4 5 26 

SP-24 West Point Reservation Orange Cornwall Cornwall 780 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 26 

SP-25 Palisades Interstate Park Bergen, N.J. lona Island Thiels 47,000 D N.J.9 

SP-26 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland Haverstraw Thiels 2 3 4 5 25 

SP-27 Palisades Interstate Park Orange lona Island lona Island 2 3 4 5 26 

SP-28 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland lona Island lona Island 2 3 4 5 26 

SP-29 Palisades Interstate Park Rockland Blauvelt Blauvelt 2 3 4 25 

SP-30 Clarence Fahnestock Mem. Putnam Tompkins Cold Spring 3,400 2345678 9 26 

State Park Corners 

SP-31 Bethpage State Park Nassau Farmingdale Farmingdale 1,398 D 1 

SP-32 Margaret Lewis Norrie St. Pk. Dutchess Staatsburg Staatsburg 323 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 26 

SP-33 Fillmore Glen State Park Cayuga Moravia Moravia 857 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 36 

SP-34 Hither Hills State Park Suffolk Montauk Montauk 3,186 D 1 

SP-35 Chittenango Falls St. Park Madison Fayetteville Fayetteville 125 3 32 

SP-36 Fair Haven Beach State Park Cayuga Fair Haven Fair Haven 787 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 36 

SP-37 Letchworth State Park Wyoming Castile Castile 6,477 3 4 5 6 39 

SP-38 Green Lakes State Park Madison, Fayetteville Fayetteville 725 4 5 6 32,35 

Onondaga 

SP-39 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Quaker Bridge Quaker Bridge 65,000 4 5 6 7 8 9 43 

SP-40 Palisades Interstate Park Orange Stony Point lona Island 47,000 D 26 

SP-41 Palisades Interstate Park Orange lona Island lona Island D 26 

SP-42 Croton Watershed Municipal Westchester, Goldenbridge Goldenbridge 19,600 5 6 7 8 9 26,25 

Park Putnam, 

Dutchess 

SP-43 John Boyd Thacher State Park Albany Voorheesville Voorheesville 920 D 15 16 28 

SP-44 Watkins Glen State Park Schuyler Watkins Glen Watkins Glen 548 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 37 

SP-45 Cayuga Lake State Park Seneca Seneca Falls Seneca Falls 187 5 6 7 8 36 

SP-46 Newton Battlefield St. Res. Chemung Elmira Elmira 317 5 6 7 8 9 37 

SP-47 Clarence Fahnestock Mem. SP Putnam Tompkins Cold Spring 3,400 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 26 

Corners 

SP-48 Cornell University Arboretum Tompkins Ithaca Ithaca 500 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 37 

SP-49 Letchworth State Park Wyoming, Castile Castile 6,477 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 39 

Livingston 

SP-50 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Red House Red House 65,000 5 6 43 

SP-51 Allegany State Park Cattaraugus Red House Red House 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 43 

SP-52 Mohansic County Reservation Westchester Yorktown Yorktown 4,100 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 25 

Heights Heights 

SP-53 Hamlin Beach State Park Monroe Hamlin Hamlin 600 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 39 

SP-54 Thousand Islands State Parks Jefferson Fishers' Clayton 232 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 32 

(Grass Point) Landing 

SP-55 Stony Brook State Park Steuben Dansville Dansville 500 5 6 3 7 

SP-56 Buckhorn Island State Park Erie Niagara Falls Niagara Falls 645 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 40 

SP-57 Beaver Island State Park Erie Grand Island Niagara Falls 550 D 40 

SP-58 James Baird State Park Dutchess Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie 650 15 16 26 

SP-59 Palisades Interstate Park Orange Cornwall Cornwall 39,948 I 6 2 6 

CP-1 Poundridge County Res. (SP-9) Putnam, Cross River Katonah 1,100 14 15 16 26,25 

Westchester 

CP-2 Mohansic County Res. (SP-52) Westchester Yorktown Yorktown 4,100 14 15 16 25 

Heights Heights 
Camp 

No. 

NP-1 

NP-4 

NP-5 

NP-7 

NP-9 

NP-14 

NP-15 

NP-16 

NP-17 

NP-18 

NP-19 

NP-20 

NP-21 

NP-22 

NP-23 

NP-24 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

NP-1 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

DSP-8 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-S 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

SP-10 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

Name of Area 

Cape Hatteras Nat'l 

Seashore Recreation Area 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Par 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Par 

Blue Ridge Parkway 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Pari 

Great Smoky Mts. Nat'l Par 

Crabtree Creek RDA 

Fort Macon State Park 

Mt. Mitchell State Park 

Morrow Mountain State Park 

Crabtree Creek RDA 

Hanging Rock State Park 

Cape Hatteras State Park 

Hanging Rock State Park 

South Roosevelt Regional P« 

International Peace Garden 

Bismarck Metropolitan Pks. 

Fort Lincoln State Park 

Linden Woods Metro. Park 

Turtle River State Park 

North Roosevelt Reg. Park 

North Roosevelt Reg. Park 

South Roosevelt Reg. Park 

Jamestown State Park 

Stutzman County Parks 

Toledo-Maumee Metro. Park 

Independence State Park 

Napoleon County Park 

Toledo Banklands Metro. Pa 

Virginia Kendall State Park 

Sand Run Metro. Reservatic 

Pymatuning Reservoir Res. 

Roosevelt St. Game Preserv 

Jefferson State Park 

Kiser Lake State Park 

Lake St. Mary's Rec. Area 

Fort Hill State Memorial 

Fort Ancient St. Memorial 

Schoenbrunn State Memorial 

Cleveland Metro. Parks 

Former 

Number 

(SP-6 ) 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

k 

irk 

(DSP-1 ) 

(DSP-2 ) 

(DSP-3 ) 

(DSP-4 ) 

(DSP-5 ) 

(DSP-6 ) 

(DSP-7 ) 

r k 

in 

e 

County 

Dare 

Swain 

Swain 

Haywood 

Swain 

Swain 

Swain 

Swain 

Haywood 

Swain 

Swain 

Haywood 

Alleghany 

Haywood 

Swain 

Wake 

Carteret 

Yancey 

Stanly 

Wake 

Stokes 

Dare 

Stokes 

Billings 

Rolette 

Burleigh 

Morton 

Cass 

Grand Forks 

McKenzie 

McKenzie 

Billings 

Stutzman 

Stutzman 

Lucas 

Defiance 

Henry 

Lucas 

Summit 

Summit 

Ashtabula 

Scioto 

Jefferson 

Champaign 

Auglaize 

Highland 

Warren 

Tuscarawas 

Cuyahoga, 

Lake 

Post Office 

Shipping 

Point 

NORTH CAROLINA 

Buxton 

Smokemont 

Smokemont 

Mt. Sterling 

Bryson City 

Smokemont 

Smokemont 

Bryson City 

Waynesville 

Ravensford 

Ravensford 

Cove Creek 

Elizabeth City 

Whittier 

Whittier 

Newport 

Bryson City 

Bryson City 

Bryson City 

Bryson City 

Waynesville 

Bryson City 

Bryson City 

Waynesville 

Laurel Springs North Wilkesboro 

Cove Creek 

Procter 

Raleigh 

Morehead City 

Waynesville 

Raleigh 

Morehead City 

Black Mountain Black Mountain 

Albemarle 

Raleigh 

Danbury 

Buxton 

Danbur y 

Albemarle 

Raleigh 

Walnut Cove 

Elizabeth City 

Walnut Cove 

NORTH DAKOTA 

Medora 

Dunseith 

Bismarck 

Mandan 

Fargo 

Larimore 

Watford City 

Watford City 

Medora 

Jamestown 

Jamestown 

Medora 

Dunseith 

Bismarck 

Mandan 

Fargo 

Larimore 

Watford City 

Watford City 

Medora 

Jamestown 

Jamestown 

OHIO 

Waterville 

Defiance 

Napoleon 

Toledo 

Peninsula 

Fairlawn 

Andover 

Friendship 

Broadacre 

S t. Paris 

St. Mary's 

Waterville 

Defiance 

Napoleon 

Toledo 

Peninsula 

Fairlawn 

Andover 

Portsmouth 

Steubenville 

St. Paris 

St. Mary's 

Sinking Spring Peebles 

Oreaonia 

New Phila. 

Euclid 

Morrow 

New Phila. 

Euclid 

Park 

Acreage 1 

1,050 

229,402 

11,898 

229,402 

6,000 

518 

1,224 

3,500 

4,150 

3,000 

1,050 

3,000 

40,112 

888 

521 

740 

277 

475 

15,656 

15,656 

40,112 

331 

190 

320 

400 

162 

320 

400 

465 

5,100 

9,000 

850 

15,500 

491 

310 

190 

311 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

/ 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

D 

2 

2 

D 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

D 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

D 

6 

6 

7 

6 

6 

D 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Occupiei 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

* 

8 

8 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

1 Pen 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

ods 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

14 15 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 18 

Cong. 

Dist. 

1 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

9 

11 

11 

4 

3 

10 

9 

4 

5 

1 

5 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

A.L . 

9 

5 

5 

9 

14 

14 

19 

6 

18 

7 

4 

6 

7 

16 

22 

—1 

to 
i 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 789;W;ni213141516171 8 Dist. 

OHIO (cont. ) 

SP-16 John Bryan Forest Park Greene Yellow Springs Yellow Springs 600 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 7 

SP-17 Mt. Airy Forest Metro. Park Hamilton Cincinnati Cummingsville 1,304 5 6 7 8 2 

SP-18 Mound Builders State Memorial Licking Newark Newark 66 5 6 7 8 9 17 

SP-19 Cleveland Metro. Parks Cuyahoga Brecksville Brecksville 1,784 5 6 7 8 9 10 22 

SP-20 Miami Conservancy District Montgomery, Vandalia Vandalia 2,578 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3,4 

Miami 

SP-21 Mill Creek County Park Mahoning Youngstown Youngstown 1,375 D 19 

SP-22 Ashtabula Township Parks Ashtabula Ashtabula Ashtabula 386 5 6 7 8 9 19 

SP-23 Indian Lake Rec. Area Logan Lakeview Lakeview 6,300 5 7 

SP-24 Pymatuning Reservoir Rec. Area Ashtabula Andover Andover 5,100 D 19 

SP-25 Cleveland Metro. Parks Cuyahoga Strongsville Berea 150 D 22 

SP-26 Buckeye Furnace St. Memorial Jackson Wellston Wellston 267 D 10 

SP-27 Furnace Run Metro. Reservation Summit Richfield Peninsula 654 6 14 

SP-28 Senecaville Reservation Guernsey Senecaville Seneca 4,036 12 13 15 

(Muskingum) 

MA-1 Sand Run Metro. Res. (SP-6 ) Summit Fairlawn Fairlawn 465 14 15 16 14 

MA-2 Cleveland Metro. Parks (SP-15) Cuyahoga, Euclid Euclid 311 14 15 16 22 

Lake 

MA-3 Miami Conservancy District (SP-20) Montgomery, Vandalia Vandalia 2,578 14 15 16 23,4 

Miami 

MA-4 Senecaville Reservation Guernsey Senecaville Seneca 4,036 14 15 16 15 

(Muskingum) 

OKLAHOMA 

NP-1 Piatt National Park Murra y Sulphur Sulphur 848 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5 

SP-1 Turner Falls Park Murra y Davis Davis 740 1 2 3 5 

SP-2 Lincoln Metro. Park Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 617 2 3 4 5 5 

SP-3 Northwest Metro. Park Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 160 2 5 

SP-4 Canyon & Grand Boulevard Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 600 2 3 4 5 6 5 

Metro. Park 

SP-5 Wintersmith Municipal Park Pontotoc Ada Ada 260 2 3 4 

SP-6 Arbuckle Mountains Murra y Davis Davis 10,000 1 2 3 5 

SP-7 Arbuckle Mountains Murray Davis Davis 1 2 5 

SP-8 Tecumseh Lake Metro. Park Pottawatomie Tecumseh Tecumseh 300 2 3 4 

SP-9 Lake Murra y State Park Carte r Ardmore Ardmore 2,670 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 

SP-10 Perry Lake Metro. Park Noble Perry Perry 168 3 4 5 8 

SP-11 Lake Murray State Park Carter Ardmore Ardmore 2,670 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-12 Mohawk Metro. Park Tulsa Tulsa Mohawk 2,250 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 

SP-13 Lake Murray State Park Carter, Love Ardmore Overbrook 2,670 4 5 6 3 

SP-14 Lake Okmulgee Metro. Park Okmulgee Okmulgee Okmulgee 1,510 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 

OREGON 

NP-1 Crater Lake National Park Klamath Union Creek Chiloquin 160,333 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 2 

NP-2 Crater Lake National Park Klamath Crate r Lake Chiloquin 1 3 9 11 2 

NP-3 Oregon Caves Nat'l Mon. (NM-1 ) Josephine Kerby Grants Pass 480 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 1 

SP-1 Cape Sebastian State Park Curr y Gold Beach Coquille 547 2 4 1 

SP-2 Benson Metropolitan Park Multnomah Bridal Veil Bridal Veil 1,126 2 3 5 3 

SP-3 Emigrant Springs State Park Umatilla Meecham Meecham 14 3 5 2 

SP-4 Wygant State Park Hood River Viento Viento 332 3 2 

SP-5 Ecola State Park Clatsop Cannon Beach Seaside 451 4 5 6 1 

SP-6 Humbug Mountain State Park Curr y Port Orford Coquille 1,206 4 6 1 

SP-7 Newport Project (State Parks) Lincoln Otter Rock Toledo 32 4 6 1 

SP-8 Coos Head Metropolitan Park Coos Charleston North Bend 175 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 1 

SP-9 Silver Creek Falls State Park Marion Silverton Silverton 1,458 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-10 Jessie M. Honeyman Mem. Lane Glenada Cushman 522 D 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 1 

State Park 
— 1 

CD 

CD 

Camp 

No. 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

SP-16 

SP-17 

SP-18 

MA-1 

MA-2 

NP-1 

NP-2 

NP-3 

NP-4 

NP-5 

NP-6 

NP-7 

SP-1 

SP-2 

SP-3 

SP-4 

SP-5 

SP-6 

SP-7 

SP-8 

SP-9 

SP-10 

SP-11 

SP-12 

SP-13 

SP-14 

SP-15 

SP-16 

SP-17 

SP-18 

SP-19 

NP-1 

SP-1 

SP-2 

Name of Area 

Saddle Mountain State Park 

Alderwood State Park 

Former 

Number 

Prescott Memorial Metro. Park 

Battle Mountain State Park 

Shelton State Park 

Cape Lookout Reserve 

Cape Lookout Reserve 

Short Sand Beach State Par 

Coos Head Metro. Park 

Prescoot Mem. Metro. Park 

Gettysburg Nat'l Mil. Pk. 

Gettysburg Nat'l Mil. Pk. 

Raccoon Creek NDA 

French Creek RDA 

Laurel Hill ROA 

Hickory Run RDA 

Blue Knob RDA 

Allegheny County Park 

(North Park ) 

Cook Forest State Park 

Allegheny County Park 

(South Park ) 

Mt. Penn Park Reservation 

Stackhouse Metropolitan Par 

Raccoon Creek RDA 

French Creek RDA 

Laurel Hill RDA 

Ricketts Glynn 

Conewago 

Pymatuning State Park 

Fort Necessity St. Mon. 

k 

(SP-8 ) 

(SP-13 ) 

(MP-1 ) 

(MP-2 ) 

(SP-6 ) 

(SP-7 ) 

(SP-15 ) 

(SP-19 ) 

(SP-14) 

•k 

Trexler-Lehigh County Game 

Preserve 

Blue Knob RDA 

Laurel Hill RDA 

Raccoon Creek RDA 

French Creek RDA 

Caledonia State Park 

Hickory Run RDA 

Beach Pond RDA 

Beach Pond State Park 

Burlingame Reservation 

(SP-1 ) 

County 

Clatsop 

Lane 

Jackson 

Umatilla 

Wheeler 

Tillamook 

Tillamook 

Clatsop, 

Tillamook 

Coos 

Jackson 

Adams 

Adams 

Beaver 

Berks 

Somerset 

Carbon 

Bedford 

Allegheny 

Forest, 

Clarion 

Allegheny 

Berks 

Cambria, 

Somerset 

Beaver 

Berks 

Somerset 

Sullivan, 

Luzerne 

York 

Crawford 

Fayette 

Lehigh 

Blair 

Somerset 

Beaver 

Berks 

Franklin 

Carbon 

Washington, 

Kent 

Washington, 

Kent 

Washington 

Post Office 

Shipping 

Point 

OREGON (cont.) 

Seaside 

Blachly 

Medford 

Pilot Rock 

Fossil 

Sand Lake 

Netarts 

Nehalem 

Charleston 

Medford 

Seaside 

Junction City 

Medford 

Pilot Rock 

London 

Tillamook 

Tillamook 

Nehalem 

North Bend 

Medford 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Gettysburg 

Gettysburg 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Rockwood 

Whitehaven 

Pavia 

Wildwood 

Cooksburg 

Broughton 

Reading 

Johnstown 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Rockwood 

Fairmont 

Springs 

Lewisberry 

Westford 

Farmington 

Schnecksville 

Beaverdale 

Rockwood 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Scotland 

Whitehaven 

Gettysburg 

Gettysburg 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Rockwood 

Whitehaven 

Claysburg 

Wildwood 

Tylersburg 

Bruceton 

Reading 

Johnstown 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Rockwood 

Fairmont 

Springs 

Lewisberry 

Westford 

Uniontown 

Walberts 

Beaverdale 

Rockwood 

Burgettstown 

Birdsboro 

Fayetteville 

Whitehaven 

RHODE ISLAND 

Escoheag 

Escoheag 

Westerly 

West Kingston 

West Kingston 

Westerly 

Park 

Acreaqe 

2,682 

80 

1,700 

370 

180 

1,000 

768 

175 

1,700 

2,530 

4,759 

5,781 

4,025 

13,000 

5,565 

2,346 

6,085 

2,200 

1,500 

265 

4,759 

5,781 

4,025 

20,050 

312 

1,107 

5,565 

4,025 

4,759 

5,781 

250 

13,000 

1,500 

1,500 

2,987 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

D 

D 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

D 

D 

5 

5 

5 

D 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

D 

D 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

C 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

)CCI 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

jpiei 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

i ( 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

J

erii 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

ads 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 18 

Cong. 

Dist. 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

22 

22 

26 

14 

24 

21 

23 

30 

20 

34 

14 

24 

26 

14 

24 

12,15 

22 

29 

24 

9 

23 

24 

26 

14 

22 

21 

2 

2 

2 
ro 

o 

o 

Camp Former Shippin g Par k Occupied Periods Cong . 

No. Name of Are a Number Count y Post Office Point Acreage I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171 8 Dist . 

SOUTH CAROLIN A 

NP-1 Kings Mt . Nat' l Mil . Par k (MP-1 ) Yor k Yor k Yor k 40 5678 9 10 5 

NP-2 Kings Mountain RDA (SP-7 ) Yor k Kings Mt . Clove r 8,882 14 16 5 

N.C . 

NP-3 Cheraw RDA (SP-1 ) Chesterfiel d Cheraw Cheraw 6,830 15 16 5 

SP-1 Cheraw State Par k Chesterfiel d Cheraw Chera w 6,832 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 

SP-2 Givhans Ferr y State Par k Dorcheste r Ridgeville Ridgevill e 1,235 4 5 6 1 

SP-3 Poinsett State Par k Sumter Wedgefield Wedgefield 1,000 45678 9 10 11 2 

SP-4 Myrtl e Beach State Par k Horr y Myrtl e Beach Myrtl e Beach 320 45678 9 6 

SP-5 Table Rock State Par k Pickens Pickens Pickens 2,680 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-6 Table Rock State Par k Pickens Pickens Pickens 5 6 7 8 9 3 

SP-7 Kings Mountain RDA Yor k Kings Mt. , Clove r 8,882 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 

N.C . 

SP-8 Edisto Beach State Par k Charlesto n Edisto Island Ravenal 1,255 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 

SP-9 Chester State Par k Chester Chester Cheste r 522 5 6 7 8 5 

SP-10 Huntin g Island State Par k Beaufort Frogmore Beaufort 6,111 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-11 Greenwood State Par k Greenwood Ninet y Si x Ninet y Si x 990 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SOUTH DAKOT A 

NP-1 Wind Cave National Par k Custe r Hot Spring s Hot Spring s 11,819 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 

NP-2 Badlands National Monument Penningto n Wall Wall 250,000 14 15 16 2 

SP-1 Custer State Par k Penningto n Keystone Keyston e 108,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 

SP-2 Custe r State Par k Custe r Custe r Custe r 1 2 3 4 5 2 

SP-3 Custe r State Par k (DSP-1 ) Custe r Bluebel l Custe r 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-4 Custe r State Par k (DSP-2 ) Custe r Custe r Custe r 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-5 American Island Metro . Par k Brul e Chamberlain Chamberlain 1,000 5 6 7 8 9 1 

TENNESSEE 

NP-1 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Bloun t Townsend 208,200 1 2 

NP-2 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Sevier Gatlinbur g Seviervill e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

NP-3 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Blount , Townsend Townsen d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2,1 

Sevier 

NP-4 Chickamuga-Chattanooga NMP (MP-6 ) Hamilton St . Elmo Chattanooga 1,833 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

NP-5 Chickamuga-Chattanooga NMP (MP-5 ) Hamilton Lookout Mt . Chattanooga 2345678 9 3 

NP-6 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Cocke Cosby Newport 208,200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 

NP-7 Shiloh Nat' l Militar y Par k (MP-7 ) Hardi n Pittsbur g Corint h 3,584 345678 9 7 

Landing 

NP-8 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Sevier Sevierville Seviervill e 208,200 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 

NP-9 Shiloh Nat' l Militar y Par k (MP-3 ) Hardi n Pittsbur g Corint h 3,584 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

Landing 

NP-10 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Sevie r Gatlinbur g Seviervill e 208,200 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 

NP-11 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Bloun t Cades Cove Townsen d 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-12 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Sevier Elkmont Townsen d 2 3 4 5 6 1 

NP-13 Great Smoky Mts . Nat' l Par k Cocke Cosby Newport 2 3 4 5 1 

NP-14 Merriwethe r Lewis Nat' l Mon. (NM-4 ) Lewis Hohenwald 300 1 6 

NP-15 Montgomer y Bell RDA (SP-5 ) Dickson Burn s Burn s 3,744 14 15 16 6 

NP-16 Cumberland State Par k (SP-7 ) Cumberland Crossville Crossvill w 1,500 14 15 4 

SP-1 Reelfoot Lake State Par k Lake , Obion Tiptonvill e Tiptonvill e 19,842 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 

SP-2 Reelfoot Lake State Par k Lake , Obion Tiptonvill e Tiptonvill e D 8 

SP-3 Pickett State Forest Pickett , Jamestown Jamestown 11,500 45678 9 10 11 4 

Fentres s 

SP-4 Shelby Forest RDA Shelby Woodstock Woodstock 500 D 9 

SP-5 Montgomer y Bell RDA Dickson Burn s Burn s 3,744 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 

SP-6 Fall Cree k Falls RDA Van Buren , Pikeville Pikevill e 15,559 D 3 

Bledsoe 

SP-7 Cumberland State Par k (NP-16 ) Cumberlan d Crossville Crossvill e 1,500 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 4 
o 

'Redesigned as TV A P-16 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011T213T4151617T 8 Dist. 

TENNESSEE (cont.) 

SP-8 Buffalo Springs Game Farm Grainger Rutledge Jefferson City 450 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 

SP-9 Cove Lake State Park Campbell Norris Coal Creek 850 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-10 Shelby County State Park Shelby Mallory St. , Memphis 500 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

Memphis 

SP-11 Booker T . Washington State Hamilton Harrison Chattanooga 350 * 3 

SP-12 Watauga State Park Sullivan Bristol Bristol 3,000 14 15 16 1 

T V A - TENNESSEE 

P-1 Norris Park Anderson Norris Coal Creek 3,887 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 

P-2 Big Ridge Park Union Norris Coal Creek 4,592 345678 9 10 2 

P-6 Clinch River Park Union New Tazewell New Tazewell 4,000 D 2 

P-7 Big Ridge Park Union Loyston Coal Creek 4,592 4 5 6 2 

P-8 Big Ridge Park Union Loyston Coal Creek 4 5 2 

P-9 Norris Park Anderson Norris Coal Creek 3,887 4 5 2 

P-10 Big Ridge Park Anderson Norris Knoxville 4,592 4 5 2 

P-11 Pickwick Dam Reservation Hardin Counce Corinth 1,725 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 

P-14 Caryville Park Campbell Coal Creek Coal Creek 400 D 2 

P-15 Harrison Bay State Park Hamilton Harrison Boyce 500 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

P-16 Booker T . Washington State Park Hamilton Harrison Boyce 350 13 14 15 16 3 

TEXAS 

NP-1 Big Bend Nat'l Park Project (SP-33) Brewster Marathon Marathon 225,000 14 15 16 16 

SP-1 Caddo Lake State Park Harrison Karnack Karnack 35,432 1 1 

SP-2 Lampasas State Park Lampasas Lampasas Lampasas 142 1 2 21 

SP-3 Stephenville State Park Erath Stephenville Stephenville 300 1 2 3 4 17 

SP-4 Davis Mts. State Park Jeff Davis Fort Davis Alpine 2,130 1 16 

SP-5 Davis Mts. State Park Jeff Davis Fort Davis Alpine 1 16 

SP-6 Hamilton State Park Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton 70 1 17 

SP-7 Blanco State Park Blanco Blanco Austin 110 1 2 10 

SP-8 Mineral Wells State Park Palo Pinto Mineral Wells Mineral Wells 70 1 2 17 

SP-9 Tres Palacios Camp Grounds Matagorda Tres Palacios Tres Palacios 1,300 1 9 

SP-10 Palisades State Park Randall Amarillo Amarillo 320 1 2 18 

SP-11 Clifton State Park Bosque Clifton Clifton 104 1 2 11 

SP-12 Meridian State Park Bosque Meridan Meridan 542 1 2 3 11 

SP-13 Palo Duro Canyon State Park Randall, Canyon Canyon 15,103 1 2 18 

Armstrong 

SP-14 Palo Duro Canyon State Park Randall, Canyon Canyon 12345678 9 10 18 

Armstrong 

SP-15 Palo Duro Canyon State Park Randall, Canyon Canyon 15,103 1 2 18 

Armstrong 

SP-16 Palo Duro Canyon State Park Randall, Canyon Canyon 1 2 3 4 5 6 18 

Armstrong 

SP-17 Meridian State Park Bosque Meridian Meridian 542 D 11 

SP-18 Bonham State Park Fannin Bonham Bonham 532 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 

SP-19 Cancelled 

SP-20 Cancelled 

SP-21 Bastrop-Buescher State Park Bastrop Bastrop Smithville 3,830 234567 8 1° 

SP-22 Bastrop-Buescher State Park Bastrop Bastrop Bastrop 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

SP-23 Cancelled 

SP-24 Grayson State Park Grayson Denison Denison 350 2 3 4 

SP-25 Brownwood State Park Brown Brownwood Brownwood 538 D 81 

SP-26 Lake Abilene State Park Taylor Buffalo Gap Buffalo Gap 507 2 3 5 1 7 

SP-27 Caddo Lake State Park Harrison Karnack Karnack 35,432 D 1 
ro 

o 

ro 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345678 9 10121213141516171 8 Dist. 

TEXAS (cont. ) 

SP-28 Sam Houston State Monument Harris Houston Houston 15 D 8 

SP-29 Palmetto State Park Gonzales Ottine Luling 320 3 4 5 8 9 14 

SP-30 Zilker Metropolitan Park Travi s Austin Austin 360 3 10 

SP-31 Lake Worth Metropolitan Park Tarran t Fort Worth Fort Worth 2,780 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 

SP-32 Lake Corpus Christi State Park San Patricio, Mathis Mathis 12,831 3 4 5 6 7 14 

Jim Wells, 

Live Oak 

SP-33 Big Bend State Park (DSP-1 ) Brewster Marathon Marathon 225,000 345678 9 10 16 

SP-34 Big Bend State Park Brewster Marathon Marathon D 16 

SP-35 Longhorn Cavern State Park Burnet Burnet Burnet 676 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 

SP-36 Brownwood State Park Brown Brownwood Brownwood 538 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 

SP-37 Goose Island State Park Aransas Rockport Rockport 157 3 4 5 14 

SP-38 Mother Neff State Park Coryell McGregor McGregor 256 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 

SP-39 Smith Memorial State Park Harris Cedar Bayou Cedar Bayou D 8 

SP-40 Caddo Lake State Park Harrison Karnack Karnack 35,432 4 5 1 

SP-41 Lake Sweetwater Metro. Park Nolan Sweetwater Sweetwater 1,700 4 6 7 8 9 17 

SP-42 Garner State Park Uvalde Uvalde Uvalde 642 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 

SP-43 Goliad State Park Goliad Goliad Goliad 237 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-44 Fort Parker State Park Limestone Mexia Mexia 1,496 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

SP-45 Big Spring State Park (DSP-2 ) Howard Big Spring Big Spring 554 3 4 5 19 

SP-46 Hereford State Park (DSP-3 ) Deaf Smith Hereford Hereford 540 3 4 5 6 18 

SP-47 Balmorhea State Park (DSP-4 ) Reeves Balmorhea Balmorhea 504 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17 

SP-48 Lake Dallas Denton Lake Dallas Lake Dallas 500 D 13 

SP-49 Daingerfield State Park Morris Daingerfield Daingerfield 580 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 

SP-50 Tyrrell Metropolitan Park Jefferson Beaumont Beaumont 500 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 

SP-51 Lockhart State Park Caldwell Lockhart Lockhart 265 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10 

SP-52 Mackenzie State Park Lubbock Lubbock Lubbock 547 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 

SP-53 Cleburne State Park Johnson Cleburne Cleburne 537 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12 

SP-54 Tyler State Park Smith Tyle r Tyle r 992 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-55 Bachman-White Rock Lake Dallas Dallas Dallas 1,400 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 

Metro. Park 

SP-56 Paris State Park Lamar Paris Paris 3,592 6 7 8 1 

SP-57 Devils River State Park Val Verde Del Rio Del Rio 500 D 21 

SP-58 Kerrville State Park Kerr Kerrville Kerrville 500 6 7 8 21 

SP-59 Nocana State Park Montague Nocana Nocana 500 D 13 

SP-60 Ochiltree State Park Ochiltree Perryton Perryton 500 D 18 

SP-61 Huntsville State Park Walker Huntsville Huntsville 2,044 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-62 Ascarate County Park El Paso El Paso El Paso 454 11 12 13 16 

SP-63 Fort Griffin State Park Shackelford Fort Griffin Albany 519 14 15 16 17 

SP-64 Inks Lake State Park Burnet Burnet Burnet 676 16 10 

SP-65 Possum Kingdom State Park Palo Pinto Mineral Wells Mineral Wells 2,800 D 17 

CP-1 Ascarate County Park (SP-62) El Paso El Paso El Paso 454 14 15 16 16 

CP-2 Eagle Mt. Lake County Park Tarran t Azlo Fort Worth 350 14 15 16 12 

MA-1 Tyrrell Metropolitan Park (SP-50) Jefferson Beaumont Beaumont 500 11 15 16 2 

MA-2 Bachman-White Rock Lake (SP-55) Dallas Dallas Dallas 1,400 14 15 16 5 

Metro. Park 

MA-3 Lake Austin Metro. Park Travi s Austin Austin 900 14 15 16 10 

MA-4 Franklin Fields Park Benar San Antonio Alamo Heights 1,010 15 16 20 

UTAH 

NP-1 Zion National Park Washington Springdale Springdale 94,888 1 1 

NP-2 Zion National Park Washington Springdale Cedar Cit y 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 

NP-3 Bryce Canyon Nat'l Park Garfield Zion NP Marysvale 35,240 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 1 

NP-4 Zion National Park Washington Springdale Cedar Cit y 94,888 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 16 1 

NP-5 Cedar Breaks Nat'l Mon. (NM-1 ) Iron Cedar City Cedar Cit y 5,821 5 7 1 

NP-6 Capitol Reef Nat'l Mon. (NM-2 ) Wayne Zion NP Zion NP 37,060 D 1 

NP-7 Arches National Monument Grand Moab Thompson' 4,520 D 15 16 1 

Siding 

SP-1 Locomotive Springs State Park Box Elder Kelton Nella Spur 12,500 5 1 

SP-2 Farmington Bay State Park Davis Woods Cross Woods Cross 8,600 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I 3 14 15 2 

MA-1 Provo River Metro. Park Utah Provo Provo 400 14 15 16 2 
o 

A - Approved but not occupied due to delay in camp construction. NP-11 occupied for fifteenth period. 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345 6 78 9 10T21213T415T6T71 8 Dist. 

VERMONT 

SP-1 Ascutney State Forest Park Windsor Windsor Windsor 1,200 12345678 9 10 11 A.L . 

SP-2 Darling State Forest Park Caledonia East Burke Lyndonville 1,767 1234 5 78 9 10 11 A.L . 

SP-3 Elmore State Forest Park Lemoille Elmore Morrisville 140 2 3 4 5 6 A.L . 

SP-4 Sandbar State Forest Park Chittenden, Milton Milton 10 2 A.L . 

Franklin 

SP-5 Proctor Piper St. Forest Park Windsor Proctorsville Proctorsville 1,487 2 3 4 5 6 A.L . 

SP-6 Okemo Mt. State Forest Park Windsor Ludlow Ludlow 4,168 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

SP-7 Wrightsvile State Forest Park Washington Montpelier Montpelier 750 D A.L . 

SP-8 St. Albans Bay St. Forest Park Franklin St. Albans St. Albans 45 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

SP-9 Crystal Lake State Forest Park Caledonia West Burke West Burke 15 11 12 13 14 15 16 A.L . 

VIRGINI A 

NP-1 Shenandoah National Park Madison, Skyland Luray 176,519 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8,7 

Page 

NP-2 Shenandoah National Park Madison Luray Luray 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 

NP-3 Shenandoah National Park Greene Elkton Elkton 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 

NP-4 Shenandoah National Park Warren Front Royal Front Royal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

NP-5 Shenandoah National Park Rockingham Grottoes Grottoes 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 

NP-6 National Capital Parks Fairfax Alexandria Alexandria 7,391 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 

NP-7 Petersburg Nat'l Mil. Park (MP-2 ) Prince George Petersburg Petersburg 1,698 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4 

NP-8 National Capital Parks Arlington Rosslyn Rosslyn 7,391 45678 9 10 11 8 

NP-9 Shenandoah National Park Rappanhan- Sperryville Luray 176,519 4 7 

nock 

NP-10 Shenandoah National Park Madison Luray Luray 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 

NP-11 Fredericksburg & Spot- (MP-3 ) Spotsylvania Fredericksburg Fredericksburg 2,439 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 

sylvania Co. Battlefields 

Mem. NMP 

NP-12 Shenandoah National Park Rappahan- Luray Luray 176,519 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

nock 

NP-13 Richmond Nat'l Battlefield Park Henrico Richmond Richmond 600 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 

NP-14 Blue Ridge Parkway Floyd, Stuart Stuart 10,679 11 12 13 14 15 16 6,5 

(Rocky Knob) Patrick 

NP-15 Blue Ridge Parkway Bedford Bedford Bedford 13 14 15 16 6 

(Peaks of Otter) 

NP-16 Chopawamsic RDA (SP-26) Prince Quantico Quantico 13,133 14 15 16 8 

William, 

Stafford 

NP-17 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-1 ) York Yorktown Lee Hall 6,150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

NP-18 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-2 ) York Yorktown Lee Hall 12345678 9 10 1 

NP-19 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-3 ) York Yorktown Lee Hall 2 3 4 5 1 

NP-20 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-4 ) Yor k Yorktown Lee Hall 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 

NP-21 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (NHP-5 ) James City Williamsburg Williamsburg 6,150 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

NP-22 Colonial Nat'l Hist. Park (N-1 ) Yor k Yorktown Lee Hall 6 7 8 1 

NP-23 Fredericksburg & Spot- (MP-1 ) Spotsylvania Spotsylvania Fredericksburg 2,439 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 

sylvania Co. Battlefield 

Mem. NMP 

NP-24 Fredericksburg & Spot- (MP-4 ) Spotsylvania Wilderness Fredericksburg 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

sylvania Co. Battlefield 

Mem. NMP 

NP-25 Swift Creek RDA (SP-24) Chesterfield Chester Chester 7,610 14 15 16 3 

NP-26 Shenandoah National Park Warren Front Royal Front Royal 176,519 13 7 

NP-27 Shenandoah National Park Albemarle, Grottoes Grottoes 15 16 8,7 

Rockingham, 

Augusta 

NP-28 Appomattox Court House NHM Appomattox Appomattox Appomattox 960 15 16 4 

NP-29 Blue Ridge Parkway Grayson, Carroll Galax 10,679 A 5 

(Fisher's Peak) Carroll 
2 

•Camp occupied 5/16/40 to 8/12/40 due to delay in construction of NP-11 . NP-11 in 8/12/40 . 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12345678 9 10211213141516171 8 Dist. 

VIRGINIA (cont.) 

SP-1 Richmond Nat'l Bat. Park Henrico Richmond Richmond 600 1 2 3 4 3 

RFD 5 

SP-2 Douthat State Park Alleghany, Clifton Forge Clifton Forge 4,980 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6,7 

Bath 

SP-3 Douthat State Park Alleghany, Clifton Forge Clifton Forge 1 2 3 4 5 6 6,7 

Bath 

SP-4 Douthat State Park Alleghany , Clifton Forge Clifton Forge 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6,7 

Bath 

SP-5 Richmond Nat'l Bat. Park Hanover Richmond Richmond 600 D 3 

SP-6 Seashore State Park Princess AnneCape Henry Cape Henry 3,400 2 2 

SP-7 Seashore State Park Princess AnneCape Henry Cape Henry 234568 9 2 

SP-8 Ft. Story & Va . Nat'l Guard Princess AnneCape Henry Fort Story 360 2 3 4 6 7 2 

Res. 

SP-9 Matoaka Park James Cit y Williamsburg Williamsburg 1,200 2 3 3 

SP-10 Hungry Mother State Park Smyth Marion Marion 2,400 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 

SP-11 Hungry Mother State Park Smyth Marion Marion 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 

SP-12 Hungry Mother State Park Smyth Marion Marion 2 9 

SP-13 Fairy Stone State Park Patrick Bassetts Bassetts 5,000 2 3 4 5 

SP-14 Fairy Stone State Park Patrick Bassetts Bassetts 5,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 

SP-15 Fairy Stone State Park Patrick Bassetts Bassetts 2 3 4 5 5 

SP-16 Staunton River State Park Halifax Scottsburg Scottsburg 1,776 .2345678 9 5 

SP-17 Staunton River State Park Halifax Scottsburg Scottsburg 2 3 4 5 

SP-18 Staunton River State Park Halifax Scottsburg Scottsburg D 5 

SP-19 Westmoreland State Park Westmoreland Baynesville Fredericksburg 1,267 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 

SP-20 Swift Creek RDA Chesterfield Chester Chester 7,610 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 

SP-21 Battery Cove Fed. Reservation Fairfax Alexandria Alexandria 45 4 5 8 

SP-22 Chopawamsic RDA Prince Quantico Quantico 13,133 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 

William, 

Stafford 

SP-23 Lee Mem. Boulevard St. P'kw'y Arlington Ballston Ballston 144 5 8 

SP-24 Swift Creek RDA Chesterfield Chester Chester 7,610 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 

SP-25 Chopawamsic RDA Prince Quantico Quantico 13,133 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 

William, 

Stafford 

SP-26 Chopawamsic RDA Prince Quantico Quantico 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 8 

William, 

Stafford 

SP-27 Old Smithfield State Park Montgomery Blacksburg Blacksburg 1,367 D 6 

SP-28 Seashore State Park Princess AnneCape Henry Cape Henry 8,400 12 13 14 15 16 2 

WASHINGTON 

NP-1 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Longmire Ashford 241,782 1 3 5 7 9 11 12 13 6 

NP-2 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Longmire Ashford 1 3 5 7 9 6 

NP-3 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Fairfax Fairfax 1 3 5 6 

NP-4 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Longmire Ashford 1 3 5 6 

NP-5 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Parkway Enumclaw 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15* 6 

NP-6 Mt. Rainier National Park Lewis Packwood Morton 3 5 7 9 11 3 

NP-7 Mt. Rainier National Park Lewis Packwood Morton 13 15 3 

NP-8 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Longmire Ashford 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 

NP-9 Olympic National Park (NP-1 ) Clallam Port Angeles Port Angeles 642,000 12 13 14 15 16 2 

NP-10 Olympic National Park Gray's HarborQuinault Hoquiam 15 16 3 

NP-11 Mt. Rainier National Park Pierce Longmire Ashford 241,782 15 6 

NP-12 Mt. Rainier National Park King Parkway Enumclaw 15 6 

SP-1 Moran State Park San Juan Olga Olga 5,185 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-2 Lewis and Clark State Park Lewis Winlock Chehalis 531 2 4 5 6 10 3 

SP-3 Deception Pass State Park Island Oak Harbor Oak Harbor 1,980 1234567 8 10 2 

SP-4 Deception Pass State Park Skagit Anacortes Anacortes 2 3 4 2 

SP-5 Barnes State Park Cowli U Castle Rock Castle Rock 1,000 D 3 

SP-6 Millersylvania State Park Thurston Olympia Olympia 760 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 

SP-7 Riverside State Park Spokane Ft. Geo. Ft. Geo. Wright 3,200 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5 

Wright 
ro 

o 

A - Approved but not occupied due to delay in camp construction. SP-7 occupied for 15th period. 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 12 3 4 56 7 8 9 10111213141516171 8 Dist. 

WASHINGTON (cont.) 

SP-8 Rainbow Falls State Park Lewis Doty Doty 120 2 3 3 

SP-9 Seattle Metropolitan Park King Bethel Seattle 192 2 6 

SP-10 Mt. Spokane State Park Spokane Spokane Spokane 13,222 3 5 5 

SP-11 Saltwater State Park King Seattle Kent 93 3 5 6 

SP-12 Point Defiance Metro. Park Pierce Tacoma Tacoma 638 4 6 

SP-13 Beacon Rock State Park Skamania Skamania Skamania 1,500 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 14 3 

SP-14 Bogachial State Park Clallam Forks Port Angeles 119 D 2 

SP-15 Ginkgo Petrified Forest St. Park Kittitas Ellensburg Revereley 6,600 6 7 8 9 4 

SP-16 Lake Wenatchee State Park Chelan Winton Winton 306 D 5 

SP-17 Poison State Park Grays Harbor Hoquaim Hoquaim 310 D 3 

SP-18 Twanoh State Park Mason Union Bremerton 164 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 

SP-19 Mt. Spokane State Park Spokane Meade Spokane 16,000 A 16 5 

WEST VIRGINIA 

SP-1 Watoga State Park Pocahontas Seebert Seebert 10,049 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 

SP-2 Lost River State Park Hardy Mathias Moorefield 3,232 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-3 Babcock State Park Fayette Clifftop Rainelle 3,234 345678 9 3 

SP-4 Cacapon State Park Morgan Berkeley Berkeley 5,028 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

Springs Springs 

SP-5 Watoga State Park Pocahontas Marlinton Marlinton 10,049 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-6 Babcock State Park Fayette Ansted Ansted 3,234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-7 Watoga State Park Pocahontas Seebert Seebert 10,049 5 6 8 9 2 

SP-8 Oglebay Metropolitan Park Ohio Wheeling Wheeling 750 5 6 7 8 9 1 

SP-9 Tomlinson Run State Park Hancock New Cumber- New Cumber- 1,350 D 1 

land land 

WISCONSIN 

SP-1 Sheridan-Grant County Park Milwaukee Cudahy Cudahy 520 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 

SP-2 Whitnall County Park Milwaukee Hales Corners Hales Corners 606 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 

SP-3 Honey Creek County Parkway Milwaukee Milwaukee West Allis 93 1 2 4 

SP-4 Honey Creek County Parkway Milwaukee West Allis West Allis 2345678 9 4 

SP-5 Estabrook County Park Milwaukee Milwaukee Milwaukee 114 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 

SP-6 Nelson Dewey Mem. State Park Grant Wyalusing Wyalusing 720 5 6 7 8 9 3 

SP-7 Copper Falls State Park Ashland Mallen Mallen 1,080 5 6 7 8 9 10 

SP-8 Fox River County Park (DSP-1) Kenosha Silver Lake Silver Lake 153 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 

SP-9 Honey Creek County Pkwy (DS)-2) Milwaukee West Allis West Allis 93 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 4 

SP-10 Peninsula State Park Door Fish Creek Sturgeon Bay 3,400 5 6 7 8 9 8 

SP-11 Pattison State Park Douglas Superior Superior 1,140 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 

SP-12 Devils Lake State Park Sauk Baraboo Baraboo 1,440 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 

SP-13 Interstate Park Polk St. Croix St. Croix 825 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 

Falls Falls 

SP-14 University of Wise. Arboretum Dane Madison Madison 1,000 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 

SP-15 Rib Mountain State Park Marathon Wausau Wausau 370 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 

SP-16 Perrot State Park Trempealeau Trempealeau Trempealeau 1,010 5 6 7 8 9 9 

SP-17 Kletzsch County Park Milwaukee Milwaukee Milwaukee 110 5 . 5 

SP-18 River Island County Park Portage Stevens Point Stevens Point 226 D 7 

CP-1 Whitnall County Park (SP-2) Milwaukee Hales Corners Hales Corners 606 14 15 16 4 

CP-2 Estabrook County Park (SP-5) Milwaukee Milwaukee Milwaukee 114 14 15 16 5 

CP-3 Honey Creek Co. Parkway (SP-9) Milwaukee West Allis West Allis 93 14 4 
o 

en 

*This camp occupied during fifteenth period due to delay in construction of NP-16 buildings. 

**Camp occupied 5/15/40 to 8/31/40 due to delay in construction of NP-15. NP-15 in 8/31/40. 

A - Approved but not occupied due to delay in camp construction NP-16. NP-3 occupied for 15th period. 

Camp Former Shipping Park Occupied Periods Cong. 

No. Name of Area Number County Post Office Point Acreage 1234567891012121 3 14 15 16 17 18 Dist. 

WYOMING 

NP-1 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone Gardiner, Mont. 2,200,240 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 at large 

Park 

NP-2 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone W. Yellowstone, 1 3 5 7 9 

Park Mont. 

NP-3 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone Gardiner, 1 3 5 7 9 11 15* 

Mont. Mont. 

NP-4 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park W. Yellowstone W. Yellowstone, 1 3 5 

Mont. Mont. 

NP-5 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park W. Yellowstone W. Yellowstone, 3 5 7 9 11 13 15** 

Mont. Mont. 

NP-6 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone Gardiner, Mont. 3 5 

Park 

NP-7 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone Gardiner, Mont. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Park 

NP-8 Yellowstone Nat'l Park Park Yellowstone Gardiner, Mont. D 13 15 

Park 

NP-9 Grand Teton National Park (NP-1) Teton Jenny Lake Victor, Idaho 96,000 1 3 

NP-10 Grand Teton National Park (NP-2) Teton Jackson Lake Teton 1 3 

NP-11 Grand Teton National Park (NP-3) Teton Moran Victor, Idaho 1 3 5 7 

NP-12 Grand Teton National Park (NP-4) Teton Jenny Lake Victor, Idaho 5 7 9 11 13 15 

NP-13 Grand Teton National Park (NP-5) Teton Jenny Lake Victor, Idaho 9 

NP-14 Devils Tower Nat'l Mon. (NM-1) Crook Devils Tower Moorcroft 1,153 5 6 7 8 9 

NP-15 Yellowstone National Park Park W. Yellowstone W. Yellowstone, 2,200,240 15 at large 

(Canyon) Mont. Mont. 

NP-16 Yellowstone National Park Park W. Yellowstone W. Yellowstone, A 

(Lake Area) Mont. Mont. 

SP-1 Lake Guernsey (BR-9) Platte Guernsey Guernsey 7,600 3 

SP-2 Saratoga Hot Springs Carbon Saratoga Saratoga 598 4 5 6 7 8 

State Park 

SP-3 Casper Mt. Metro. Park Natrona Casper Casper 546 5 7 9 

SP-4 Round Top Metro. Park Laramie Ft. F.E. Russell 2,215 5 6 7 8 9 

Warren 

SP-5 Thermopolis Hot Springs Hot Springs Thermopolis Thermopolis 640 5 6 7 8 9 

State Park 

SP-6 Box Elder Canyon Co. Park Converse Douglas Douglas 4,649 D 

SP-7 Casper Mt. Metro. Park Natrona Casper Casper 546 10 11 12 13 

MA-1 Casper Mt. Metro. Park (SP-7) Natrona Casper Casper 546 14 
o 

* Men Working From Homes 

Camp Camp Shipping Occupied Periods 

No. Park Name Location County Post Office Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 121213141516171 8 

TERRITORIAL PROJECTS 

Alaska 

NP-1 Mt. Mckinley Nat'l Park Mckinley Division 4 Mckinley Park Mckinely Park 11 13 

Park 

Hawaii 

HNP-1 Hawaii National Park Hawaii NP Hawaii Hawaii T.H . Hilo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Territory of Hawaii 

TH-1 Territory of Hawaii Wahiawa Honolulu Wahiawa Wahiawa 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

TH-2 Territory of Hawaii M.W.F.H.* Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu 3 4 5 6 7 

TH-3 Territory of Hawaii keanae Maui keanae kahului 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

TH-4 Territory of Hawaii M.W.F.H. kauai Lihue Nawiliwili 3 4 5 6 7 

TH-5 Territory of Hawaii M.W.F.H. Hawaii Hilo Hilo 3 4 5 6 7 

TH-6 Territory of Hawaii M.W.F.H. Maui Makawao kahului 3 4 5 6 7 

TH-7 Territory of Hawaii Puukapu Hawaii kamuela kawaihae 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

TH-8 Territory of Hawaii kokee kauai Waimea Port Allen 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

TH-9 Territory of Hawaii Maunahui Maui kaunakaki Kaunakakai 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Virgin Islands 

VI Virgin Islands Lindbergh Charlotte Charlotte 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Bay Amalie Amalie 

V2 Virgin Islands Estate Christiansted Christiansted 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Grand 

Princess 

V3 Virgin Islands M.W.F.H. Charlotte Charlotte 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Amalie Amalie 

V4 Virgin Islands M.W.F.H. Charlotte Charlotte 11 12 13 

Amalie Amalie 
Table C-2 

MAY 12, 1942 

PROJECTS NOW IN OPERATION 

INCLUDING CCC AND ERA 

UNDER SUPERVISION OF 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

BRANCH OF RECREATION AND LAND PLANNING 

Regions 

I 

III 

III 

IV 

II 

III 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

IV 

II 

II 

II 

II 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

II 

II 

I 

II 

IV 

II 

III 

NP 

Camps 

0 

1 

0 

6 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

1 

0 

1 

NP(D) SP 

Camps Camps 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

CP 

Camps 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

MA 

Camps 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

LD 

Proj 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

. State 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Dist. of Col. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

Camp or Project Number 

SP-6,17 

NP-2 

SP-9 

NP-1,9,11,20,28,32 

NP(D)-1,2,3 

NP-11,12 

NP-13 

NP(D)-1 

No camps 

NP(D)-1 

SP-4 CP-1 

NP-6 NP(D)-1 

No camps 

NP(D)-1 SP-11,60,61 

CP-7,9,11 

NP(D)-1,2 SP-9 

LD-5,6 

No camps 

No camps 

NP-2,4 NP(D)-1,2 

SP-10 LD-4 

No camps 

NP-1 

NP(D)-1,2,3 CPS-3 

No camps 

SP-3 CP-1 LD-4,6 

NP-1 SP-19 

NP(D)-1 

NP-1,3 SP-22,27 

LD-6 

NP-9 

LD-5 

NP-7 

Source: RG 79, NA. 

208 
Regions 

III 

II 

III 

IV 

II 

III 

III 

IV 

II 

II 

NP 

Camps 

1 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

2 

0 

3 

3 

0 

0 

1 

NP(D) 

Camps 

0 

1 

1 

2 

12 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SP 

Camps 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

CP 

Camps 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

MA 

Camps 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

LD 

Proj 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

. State 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Camp or Project Number 

NP(D)-1 

NP(D)-1 SP-4 

NP(D)-1 SP-8 

NP(D)-1,2 SP-47,58 

NP-5,21,22 CPS-19 

NP(D)-1,2,3,4,5,6,8, 

9,10,11,12,13 

No camps 

No camps 

SP-21 

SP-9 

No camps 

No camps 

LD-12 

SP-4 

NP-2,4,11,15 

TVA-P-16 

NP(D)-1,2,3 SP-61,65 

NP-4,7 MA-1 

No camps 

NP-15,27,29 NP(D)-1, 

3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 

CPS-19 

NP-8,9,10 

SP-5 

No camps 

NP-1 

209 

NUMBER OF CAMPS BY REGIONS 

Regions NP Camps NP(D) Camps SP Camps CP Camps MA Camps LD Projects 

I 15 35 9 1 0 2 

II 6 3 9 4 0 6 

III 5 4 5 0 1 0 

IV 10 _3 _1 0 0 0 

36 45 24 5 1 8 
TERRITORIAL PROJECTS 

210 

Hawaii National Park NP- 1 

Territory of Hawaii TH(D)- 1 Scofield Reservation 

TH(D)- 2 Keanae 

TH(D)- 3 Kauai 

TH(D)- 10 (Enrollees transferred to 

HNP-1, 60 man side camp 

at TH-10 for defense work) 

Virgin Islands V-2 

EIGHTEENTH PERIOD CHANGES NOT CONSUMMATED 

CAMPS TO BE OCCUPIED CAMPS TO BE EVACUATED 

Florida 

SP-4 Myakka River State Forest 

Park 

Kentucky 

NP-4 Mammoth Cave National Park 

North Carolina 

NP(D)-14 Fort Bragg 

NP(D)-15 Camp Davis 

Tennessee 

NP-4 Chickamauga-Chattanooga 

Nat'l. Mil. Park 

Utah 

NP(D)-1 Dugway Proving MA-1 Provo River Metropolitan 

Ground (to be Park (to be terminated 

established June 1) June 1) 

NINETEENTH PERIOD CHANGES NOT CONSUMMATED 

CAMPS TO BE OCCUPIED CAMPS TO BE EVACUATED 

Alabama 

SP-6 Gulf State Park 

SP-17 Cheaha State Park 
211 

CAMPS TO BE OCCUPIED CAMPS TO BE EVACUATED 

California 

NP-2 Sequoia National Park NP-11 Death Valley National Monument 

NP-21 Yosemite National Park NP-25 Pinnacles National Monument 

NP-31 Kings Canyon National NP-34 Kings Canyon National Park 

Park 

SP-4 Cuyamaca State Park 

Colorado 

NP-13 Mesa Verde National Park 

Florida 

CP-1 Matheson Hummock State Park 

Georgia 

NP-6 Hard Labor Creek RDA 

Illinois 

CP-7 Des Plaines 

CP-9 Thornton 

CP-11 Sag Forest 

SP-11 Giant City State Park 

SP-60 Kickapoo State Park 

SP-61 Pere Marquette State Park 

Michigan 

SP-3 Dodge Bloomer 

Minnesota 

NP-1 St. Croix RDA 

Missouri 

SP-22 Dr. Edmund A. Babler 

State Park 

Montana 

NP-11 Glacier National Park 

New York 

SP-47 Clarence Fahnstock Memorial 

State Park 

North Carolina 

NP-22 Great Smoky Mountains 

National Park 

Oregon 

SP-9 Silver Creek Falls State Park 
212 

CAMPS TO BE OCCUPIED CAMPS TO BE EVACUATED 

Tennessee 

NP-15 Montgomery Bell RDA 

TVA-P-16 Booker T. Washington 

State Park 

Utah 

NP-7 Arches National Monument 

Washington 

NP-11 Mount Rainier National 

Park 

Wyoming 

NP-12 Grand Teton National Park 

NP-16 Yellowstone National Park 

SUMMARY OF CHANGES FOR PERIOD APRIL 23 to MAY 12, 1942 

JN^ OUT 

Ind. NP(D)-1 Camp Atterbury 5/1/42 Calif. NP-25 Pinnacles Natl. Mon. 4/25/42 

Ind. NP(D)-2 Camp Atterbury 5/1/42 Ga. SP-15 Ft. Mountain St. Pk. 4/30/42 

Miss. NP(D)-1 Keesler Field 4/30/42 Ind. NP-1 Versailles RDA 4/30/42 

N.M. NP(D)-1 Air Corps 5/6/42 Miss. SP-11 Magnolia St. Pk. 4/30/42 

Bombing Range N.M. NP-1 Carlsbad Caverns NP 5/5/42 

N.C. NP(D)-11 Marine Corps 5/1/42 N.Y. NP-2 Saratoga NHP 5/5/42 

Training Base N.Y. SP-36 Fair Haven Beach SP 5/6/42 

Va. NP(D)-12 Chopawamsic 4/25/42 N.C. NP-23 Great Smoky Mtns NP 4/30/42 

Va. NP-16 Chopawamsic 4/25/42 
Table C-3 

Number of CCC Camps by Fiscal Years 

Fiscal 

Year 

1933 

1934 

1935 

1936 

1937 

1938 

1939 

1940 

1941 

1942 

Total Camp Years 

National 

Parks 

70 

102 

115 

92 

83 

77 

83 

109 

91 

19 

841 

State 

Parks 

102 

263 

475 

393 

337 

245 

227 

201 

194 

70* 

2,507 

*Fifty of these camps were operated by the National Park Service on 

military reservations doing defense work. 

Source: Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: University of 

Oklahoma Press, 1980), p. 127. 

213 
Table C-4 

Distribution of Standard CCC Camps in Continental United States 

CCC 

Period 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Dates Embraced by CCC Period 

June 1 , 1933, to Sept. 30, 1933 

Oct. 1 , 1933, to Mar. 31, 1934 

Apr. 1 , 1934, to Sept. 30, 1934 

Oct. 1 , 1934, to Mar. 31, 1935 

Apr. 1, 1935, to Sept. 30, 1935 

Oct. 1, 1935, to Mar. 31, 1936 

Apr. 1 , 1936, to Sept. 30, 1936 

Oct. 1 , 1936, to Mar. 31, 1937 

Apr. 1 , 1937, to Sept. 30, 1937 

Oct. 1 , 1937, to Mar. 31, 1938 

Apr. 1 , 1938, to Sept. 30, 1938 

Oct. 1 , 1938, to Mar. 31, 1939 

Apr. 1, 1939, to Sept. 30, 1939 

Oct. 1, 1939, to Mar. 31, 1940 

Apr. 1 , 1940, to Sept. 30, 1940 

Oct. 1 , 1940, to Mar. 31, 1941 

Apr. 1 , 1941, to Sept. 30, 1941 

Oct. 1, 1941, to Mar. 3, 1942 

Apr. 1, 1942, to June 30, 1942 

National 

Park Service 

172 

304 

428 

429 

561 

489 

430 

426 

379 

320 

305 

311 

311 

310 

310 

308 

223 

78 

39 

214 

Source: Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: 

University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), p. 149. 
D: CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO YOUTHS WHO COMPLETED CIVILIAN 

CONSERVATION CORPS TRAINING WITHIN NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

CAMPS 

?Bp tljfe all toOl unota 

g>erbeb fjt'S country fcoell as a member of tfjc 

CtMian Conner Pattern Corp£ 

that magnificent Srmy of ^outfj anb £3eace tfjat put into 

action tfje Slnauemnct; of tfje people to the facts of 

CDonSerbation anb Recreation; anb tfjat im'tfj all fjonors 

Ije completeb fjt'S tour of Bury at 

on 

Camp Superintendent. Director of Etr^CTgcr.cy Conservation Work. 

Form I-Otl 

Source: RG 79, NA. 

215 

n-ompany L.vtr.jnancier. 

• t IMIIHIM ri-*ii>i »f»ict t»M •—*WT 

Director of the Kc'.ional Park Service. 
E: SELECTED ITEMS RELATED TO THE WORK ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF 

THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF 

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ON A YEARLY BASIS 

The following eight tables have been retyped; however, original wording 

and spelling have been retained. Minor explanatory additions have 

sometimes been made. 

Table E-1: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1934 

Table E-2: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1935 

Table E-3: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1936 

Table E-4: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1937 

Table E-5: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1938 

Table E-6: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1939 

Table E-7: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1940 

Table E-8: Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1941 

216 
Table E-1 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 9.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, Apri l 1911 to June 30, 1934* 

217 

Total work accomplished from 

start of program to June 30, 1934 

Combined 

National total national 

parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks 

NEW CONSTRUCTION 

Telephone lines Miles 293 406 699 

Firebreaks do 198 632 830 

Reduction of fire hazards Acres 32,552 37,936 70,488 

Roadside clearing or clean-up, fire prevention Miles 1,170 592 1,762 

Trailside clearing or clean-up, fire prevention do 317 603 920 

Lookout: 

Houses Number None 30 30 

Towers do 5 38 43 

Fighting forest fires Man-days 22,521 28,568 51,089 

Fire: 

Presuppression do 7,518 None 7,518 

Prevention do 1,122 None 1,122 

General clean-up other than fire prevention Acres 14,186 21,153 35,339 

Forest stand improvement do 3,615 28,991 32,606 

Truck trails Miles 687 670 1,357 

Minor roads do 12 236 248 

Horse trails do 337 405 742 

Foot trails do 146 827 973 

Dwellings at--

Permanent stations Number 74 None 74 

Temporary or seasonal stations do 45 None 45 

Tool houses and boxes do 182 806 988 

Barns do 53 None 53 

Office buildings do 31 None 31 

Public campground: 

Clearing Acres 2,539 5,704 8,243 

Buildings Number 10 652 662 

Latrines do 73 497 570 

Water systems Feet 34,761 87,025 121,786 

Waste disposal do 2,025 21,813 23,838 

Other public campground facilities Number 1,376 3,909 5,285 

Other structures do 236 1,078 1,314 

Fences: 

Other than range Miles 45 236 281 

Range do 64 None 64 

Water systems: 

(a) Storage facilities Thousand gallons 31 11,973 12,004 

(b) Pipe lines Feet 36,969 297,225 334,194 

(c) Wells and water holes Number 19 461 480 

Spring or well development for livestock do 4 None 4 

Reservoirs, water for livestock do 9 None 9 

Planting, forestation Acres 1,537 13,160 14,697 

Nursery Man-days 6,019 16,691 22,710 

Experimental plots Number 7 None 7 

Range revegetation Acres 174 None 174 

Seed collection: 

(a) Conifers (cones) Bushels 31 203 234 

(b) Hardwoods and other Pounds 1,569 4,750 6,319 

Insect pest control: 

(a) Tree Acres 171,412 85,511 256,923 

(b) Other do 3,673 11,671 15,344 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal 

Year Ended June 30, 1934 (Washington: GPO, 1934), pp. 215-216. 

*The original document reads Apri l 1911 to June 30, 1934. This is 

believed to be a typographical error and should be Apri l 1933 to June 30, 

1934. 

218 

Combined 

National total national 

parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks 

Rodent control Acres None 8,529 8,529 

Tree- and plant-disease control do 22,169 25,522 47,691 

Eradication of poisonous and other plants do 984 4,849 5,833 

Surveys: 

(a) Linear Miles 13470 2,502 15,972 

( b ) Topographic Acres 18,846 59,634 78,480 

(c) Timber estimating, forest type, range, 

special use, etc. do 549,834 None 549,834 

(d) Model or relief maps Square feet 75 None 75 

Erosion control: 

(a) Dams Number 1,381 None 1,381 

(b) Land benefitted Acres 50,683 22,417 73,100 

(c) Bank protection Square yards 301,540 869,150 1,170,690 

Footbridges Number 73 536 609 

Horse bridges do 63 87 150 

Vehicle bridges do 173 331 504 

Stock bridges, also cattle guards and gates do 2 None 2 

Water improvement: 

(a) Lake, pond, or beach Acres 14 12,104 12,118 

(b) Stream Miles 58 249 307 

(c) Restocking fish Number 373,000 None 373,000 

Ponds for fish and birds do 90 None 90 

Dams, recreational do 3 810 813 

Corrals do 13 None 13 

Flood control: 

(a) Line and grade (surveys) Linear feet 170,303 None 170,303 

( d ) River bank (clearing) Square yards 5,000 18,042,119 18,047,119 

(e) Channel (clearing) Linear yards 29,660 88,677 118,337 

(u) Cribbing, includes riprap filling Linear feet 3,580 None 3,580 

Clearing, dam site Square yards None 74,051 74,051 

Landscaping: 

(a) Unclassified Acres 5,489 11,178 16,667 

(b) Fine grading (road slopes, parking Cubic yards 146,274 None 146,274 

areas, etc.) 

(c) Soil preparation Square yards 222,580 None 222,580 

(d) Seeding or sodding Acres 227 None 227 

(e) Moving and planting trees or shrubs Number 162,272 None 162,272 

( f) Tree surgery Man-days 3,126 None 3,126 

Masonry guard rails Cubic yards 486 376 862 
Table E-2 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 9.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 

Item 

Foot bridges 

Horse bridges 

Vehicle bridges 

Buildings: 

Barns 

Bathhouses 

Cabins, overnight 

Combination 

Contact station 

Dwellings 

Equipment and supply storage houses 

Garages 

Latrines and toilets 

Lodges 

Lookout: 

Houses 

Towers 

Museums 

Shelters: 

Trail-side 

Other 

Other buildings 

Cribbing, including filling 

Dams: 

Impounding and large diversion 

Concrete 

Fill: 

Earth 

Rock 

Excavation: 

Earth 

Rock 

Masonry 

Riprap 

Steel 

Fences 

Guard rails 

Levees, dikes, and jetties 

Power lines 

Disposal: 

Beds 

Tanks and cesspools 

Incinerators 

Sewer lines 

Other sewage and waste disposal 

Telephone lines 

Drinking fountains 

Open ditches 

Water pipe or tile lines 

Springs, water holes, small reservoirs 

Water storage facilities (omit last 000) 

Wells, including pumps and pump houses 

Water supply systems, other 

Unit 

Number 

do 

d 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Cubic yards 

Number 

Cubic yards 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Square yards 

Pounds 

Rods 

do 

Cubic yards 

Miles 

Square yards 

Number 

do 

Linear feet 

Man-days 

Miles 

Number 

Linear feet 

do 

Number 

Gallons 

Numbers 

Man-days 

accomplishec 

N> 

National 

parks and 

monuments 

77 

16 

44 

13 

--

— 

— 

2 

75 

12 

6 

53 

--

7 

7 

1 

— 

--

178 

335 

1 

--

675 

--

--

--

2 

130 

--

45,561 

2,451 

--

.6 

--

5 

1 

11,195 

349 

340.2 

--

300 

132,692 

87 

84 

9 

49 

Tot 

i from July 

al work 

1, 1934, to Ju: 

ew Construction 

State parks 

512 

94 

365 

--

5 

73 

7 

5 

9 

51 

9 

644 

6 

78 

29 

2 

35 

50 

5,021 

652 

89 

5,998 

160,221 

8,303 

37,470 

27,765 

3,541 

29,817 

567,726 

22,238 

33,610 

2,085 

13 

7,686 

349 

121 

192,033 

1,992 

384.6 

30 

16,250 

825,741 

37 

8,415 

154 

2,956 

Combined 

total national 

parks and 

State parks 

589 

110 

409 

13 

5 

73 

7 

7 

84 

63 

15 

697 

6 

85 

36 

3 

35 

50 

5,199 

987 

90 

5,998 

160,896 

8,303 

37,470 

27,765 

3,543 

29,947 

567,726 

67,799 

36,061 

2,085 

13.6 

7,686 

354 

122 

203,228 

2,341 

724.8 

30 

16,550 

958,433 

124 

8,499 

163 

3,005 

ne 30, 1935 

Maintenance 

National 

parks and 

monuments 

--

9 

58 

1 

--

--

--

1 

351 

2 

6 

5 

2 

— 

--

--

--

--

11 

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

13,641 

949 

--

.5 

--

5 

--

2,100 

--

2,019 

--

--

50,248 

13 

5 

2 

--

219 
Item 

Camp stoves or fireplaces 

Cattle guards 

Corrals 

Portals 

Seats 

Signs, markers, and monuments 

Stone walls 

Table and bench combinations 

Tool boxes 

Miscellaneous structural improvements 

Truc k trails 

Minor roads 

Highways 

Park roads 

Foot trails 

Horse trails 

Stream and land bank protection 

Treatment of gullies--Area treated 

Bank sloping 

Check dams: 

Permanent 

Temporary 

Seeding and sodding 

Tree planting, gully 

Ditches, diversion 

Terracing 

Channel excavation or construction 

Sheet erosion planting 

Limestone quarrying 

Miscellaneous erosion control work 

Clearing and cleaning, channels 

Clearing and cleaning, reservoir sites 

Excavation: 

Earth 

Rock 

Pipe lines and conduits 

Riprap or paving: 

Rock or concrete 

Brush or willows 

Water control structures: 

Concrete or masonry 

Wooden 

Number 

Field planting or seeding (trees) 

Forest stand improvement 

Nurseries 

Tree seed collection: 

Conifers (cones) 

Hardwoods 

Fighting forest fires 

Firebreaks 

Fire hazard reduction: 

Roadside 

Trailside 

Other 

Fire presuppression 

Fire prevention 

Tree and plant disease control 

Tree insect pest control 

Beach improvement 

Unit 

Number 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Rods 

Number 

do 

do 

Miles 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Square yards 

Acres 

Square yards 

Number 

do 

Square yards 

do 

Linear feet 

Miles 

Linear feet 

Acres 

Tons 

Man-days 

Square yards 

Acres 

Cubic yards 

do 

Linear feet 

Square yards 

do 

Cubic yards 

Feet board measure 

Acres 

do 

Man-days 

Bushels 

Pounds 

Man-days 

Miles 

do 

do 

Acres 

Man-days 

do 

Acres 

do 

do 

accomplishec 

Tot; 

i from July 

3l work 

1, 1934, to Jui 

New Construction 

National 

parks and 

monuments 

40 

17 

11 

1 

51 

598 

658 

112 

75 

1,090 

458.3 

113.4 

--

--

150.4 

493.5 

845,585 

3,767.6 

131,452 

3,450 

935 

113,080 

9,761 

2,355 

.1 

— 

--

--

--

--

--

17,457 

505 

2,100 

2,910 

--

32 

207,439 

16 

4,420.7 

992 

14,387 

15 

1,426 

47,463 

199.6 

375.2 

240.5 

40,555.6 

31,364 

3,881 

21,077.5 

101,180.6 

4.4 

State parks 

611 

2 

4 

17 

171 

980 

968 

865 

469 

11,464 

979.4 

— 

--

334.4 

603.2 

347.2 

1,612,681 

20,016 

455,603 

283 

990 

798,137 

87,785 

13,631 

2.4 

107,531 

235 

4,765 

34,512 

421,197 

1,693.6 

259,438 

7,118 

--

22,087 

3,330 

1,092 

1,116 

40 

12,517.8 

25,332.3 

40,658 

805 

42,879 

71,674 

801.5 

730.5 

884.8 

42,179.6 

7,353 

135 

36,687.8 

79,080 

263 

Combined 

total national 

parks and 

State parks 

651 

19 

15 

18 

222 

1,578 

1,626 

977 

544 

12,554 

1,437.7 

113.4 

--

334.4 

753.6 

840.7 

2,458,266 

23,783.6 

587,055 

3,733 

1,925 

911,217 

97,546 

15,986 

2.5 

107,531 

235 

4,765 

34,512 

421,197 

1,693.6 

276,895 

7,623 

2,100 

24,997 

3,330 

1,124 

208,555 

56 

16,938.5 

26,324.3 

55,045 

820 

44,305 

119,137 

1,001.1 

1,105.7 

1,125.3 

82,735.2 

38,717 

4,016 

57,765.3 

180,260.6 

267.4 

ne 30, 1935 

Maintenance 

National 

parks and 

monuments 

.... 

--

8 

--

--

346 

--

— 

6 

6 

592.4 

375.2 

2,461.1 

— 

234.4 

1,041.1 

4,588 

34.2 

5,202 

18 

4 

77,864 

33,880 

6,000 

--

--

--

--

— 

--

— 

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

— 

1,571.2 

8 

164 

--

— 

--

5.7 

--

1 

11.7 

--

--

--

11,920 

1 

220 
Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Fine grading, road slopes, etc. Square yards 1,459,760 2,044,946 3,504,706 

General clean up Acres 16,629.6 39,645 56,274.6 3,204 

Lake or pond site clearing do 64 3,675.1 3,739.1 

Landscaping, undifferentiated do 3,999.2 9,105.3 13,101.5 137 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 533,287 859,282 1,392,569 231,207 

Obliteration: 

Roads Miles 6.6 26.3 32.9 

Trails do 8.7 13.8 22.5 

Borrow pits Man-days 7,399 27,779 35,178 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 13,462 380,552 393,984 

Public campground development Acres 537.1 3,444.7 3,981.8 86 

Public picnic ground development do 60.1 549.8 609.9 86 

Razing undesirable structures Number 128 156 284 

Seed collection, flowers, grasses, etc. Pounds 63 152 215 

Seeding and sodding Acres 1,572.1 893.8 2,465.9 2,042 

Soil preparation (fertilizing, etc.) do 473,955.5 676.2 474,631.7 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect do 214.7 861 1,075.7 

Walks: concrete, gravel, cinder, etc. Linear feet 4,349 13,832 18,181 450 

Fish-rearing ponds Number 8 10 18 25 

Food and cover planting and seeding Acres -- 194.5 194.5 

Lake and pond development Man-days 596 6,613 7,209 

Stocking fish Number 391,720 316,300 708,020 

Stream development Miles 42.6 167.2 209.8 

Other wildlife development Man-days 753 1,312 2,065 

Education, guide, and contact station work do 9,743 1,052 10,795 

Emergency work--Searing for or rescuing do 30 822 852 

persons 

Emergency work—Other do 1,743 25,057 26,800 

Eradication of poisonous weeds of exotic Acres 1,818 8,661.6 10,479.6 

plants 

Experimental plots Number 26 -- 26 5 

Insect pest control Acres 2,388 8,576.5 10,964.5 

Maps—Type, topographic, etc. Man-days 457 1,544 2,001 

Relief maps and models do -- 630 630 

Marking boundaries Miles 5 39.5 44.5 

Mosquito control Acres -- 1,013 1,013 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-days 10,997 41,279 52,276 

Reconnaissance and investigation-- do 7,268 2,993 10,261 

Archaeological 

Reconnaissance and investigation—Other do 408 320 728 

Restoration of historic structures Number 64 6 70 

Rodent control Acres -- 8,601.3 8,601.3 

Surveys: 

Grade lines Miles 30,252.6 149.5 30,402.1 

Ground water Acres 4,735.4 17.2 4,752.6 

Lineal Miles 147.2 2,670.3 2,817.5 

Topographic Acres 10,382.4 162,918.4 173,300.8 

Type do 170,442 120 179,562 

Other Man-days 822 759 1,581 

Tree surgery do 19,081 9,397 28,478 104 

Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1935 (Washington: GPO, 1935), pp. 156-158. 

221 
Table E-3 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 13.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1, 1935, to June 30, 1936 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1 , 1935, to June 30, 1936 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Foot bridges Number 33 454 487 

Horse bridges Number 11 27 38 12 

Vehicle bridges Number 19 129 148 12 

Buildings: 

Barns Number 10 10 20 1 

Bath houses Number 1 27 28 1 

Cabins, overnight Number -- 323 323 

Combination buildings Number -- 51 51 

Buildings: 

Contact station Number 13 20 33 9 

Dwellings Number 50 57 107 175 

Equipment and supply storage houses Number 55 261 316 29 

Garages Number 24 394 418 13 

Latrines and toilets Number 85 464 549 44 

Lodges Number 3 17 20 12 

Lookout: 

Houses Number 3 16 19 6 

Towers Number 15 12 27 

Museums Number 2 3 5 9 

Shelters: 

Trail-side Number 7 131 138 

Other Number 5 140 145 2 

Other buildings Number 42 279 321 19 

Cribbing, including filling Cubic yard 9,362 14,668 24,030 550 

Dams: 

Impounding and large diversion Number 8 50 58 1 

Concrete " Cubic yard 375 20,864 21,239 

Fill: 

Earth Cubic yard 5,473 715,549 721,022 

Rock Cubic yard 220 13,934 14,154 20 

Excavation: 

Earth Cubic yard 1,110 287,298 288,408 1 

Rock Cubic yard 100 42,785 42,885 

Masonry Cubic yard 420 10,503 10,923 

Riprap Square yard 452 41,746 42,198 

Steel Pound 8,918 658,611 667,529 

Fences Rod 27,349 131,493.2 158,842.2 2,242 

Guard rails Rod 5,565 36,991.9 42,556.9 10 

Levees, dikes, and jetties Cubic yard -- 20,688 20,688 

Power lines Mile 14.7 60.9 75.6 775.5 

Disposal: 

Beds Square yard 280 79,419 79,699 

Tanks and cesspools Number 48 240 288 1 

Incinerators Number 1 83 84 

Sewer lines Linear foot 19,850 143,209 163,059 6,380 

Other sewage and waste disposal Man-day 1,217 7,216 8,433 126 

Telephone lines Mile 244.9 263.7 508.6 1,760 

Drinking fountains Number -- 251 251 

Open ditches Linear foot 1,200 22,438 23,638 

Water pipe or tile lines Linear foot 95,910 608,727 704,637 13,880 

Springs, water holes, small reservoirs Number 66 163 229 4 

Water-storage facilities (omit last 000) Gallon -- 4,269.1 4,269.1 

Wells, including pumps and pump houses Number 9 152 161 1 

Water supply systems, other Man-day 2,310 18,453 20,763 129 

222 
Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1935, to June 30, 1936 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Camp stoves or fireplaces Number 1,524 3,402 4,926 17 

Cattle guards Number 8 52 60 

Corrals Number 13 31 44 3 

Portals Number 6 80 86 

Seats Number 130 1,838 1,968 1 

Signs, markers, and monuments Number 4,232 5,339 9,571 2,354 

Stone walls Rod 2,100 4,045.6 6,145.6 

Table and bench combinations Number 1,097 7,199 8,296 

Tool boxes Number 15 401 416 

Miscellaneous structural improvements Number 206 13,682 13,888 1 

Radio stations Number -- -- — 68 

Truck trails Miles 84.4 351.1 435.5 929.2 

Minor roads Miles 240.5 -- 240.5 1,306.1 

Highways Miles -- — — 1,365.5 

Park roads Miles .2 565 565.2 

Foot trails Miles 152 693.4 845.4 190.6 

Horse trails Miles 329.5 247.6 577.1 2,090.5 

Stream and lake bank protection Square yards 157,136 689,686 846,822 9,206 

Treatment of gullies--Area treated Acres 4,854.2 10,373.5 15,227.7 303.2 

Bank sloping Square yards 447,787 650,462 1,098,249 74,788 

Check dams: 

Permanent Number 1,421 7,114 8,535 

Temporary Number 2,857 3,254 6,111 1,324 

Seeding and sodding Square yards 3,233,848 1,363,978 4,597,826 217,855 

Tree planting, gully Square yards 935,277 303,524 1,238,801 

Ditches, diversion Linear feet 17,846 41,761 59,607 3,490 

Terracing Miles -- 3.7 3.7 

Sheet erosion planting Acres 50 377.5 427.5 

Limestone quarrying Tons — 155,261 155,261 

Miscellaneous erosion control work Man-days -- 91,204 91,204 

Clearing and cleaning: 

Channels Square yards -- 556,296 556,296 

Reservoir sites Acres -- 1,079.1 1,079.1 

Excavation: 

Earth Cubic yards 46,332 1,358,992 1,405,324 

Rock Cubic yards 124 29,255 29,379 

Pipe lines and conduits Linear feet 22,042 -- 22,042 

Riprap or paving: 

Rock or concrete Square yards 9,261 243,090 252,351 

Brush or willows Square yards 4,649 2,780 7,429 

Water-control structures: 

Concrete or masonry Cubic yards 400 6,755 7,155 1 

Wooden Feet, b. m 11,189 40,025 51,214 3,149 

Number of structures Number 110 260 370 7 

Field planting or seeding (trees) Acres 260 7,469.6 7,729.6 

Forest stand improvement Acres -- 2,333.5 2,333.5 

Nurseries Man-days 7,895 41,820 49,715 283 

Tree seed collection: 

Conifers (cones) Bushels 120 201 321 

Hardwoods Pounds 2,559 13,621 16,180 

Fighting forest fires Man-days 41,003 70,401 111,404 

Fire breaks Miles 26.7 1,122.6 1,149.3 55.3 

Fire hazard reduction: 

Roadside Miles 327.9 461.2 789.1 

Trailside Miles 185 411.3 596.3 

Other Acres 17,918.9 41,492.4 59,411.3 

Fire presuppression Man-days 35,997 30,321 66,318 

Fire prevention Man-days 326 3,257 3,583 

Tree and plant disease control Acres 12,398.2 36,593 48,991.2 148 

Tree insect pest control Acres 45,778.3 64,275.5 110,053.8 9,371.4 

223 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending 

June 30, 1936 (Washington: GPO, 1936), pp. 156-158. 

224 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1 , 1935, to June 30, 1936 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item _____^_ _ Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Beach improvement Acres 28.6 621.7 650.3 2 

Fine grading , road slopes, etc. Square yards 1,724,222 5,392,790 7,117,012 10,500 

Lake or pond site clearing Acres 821 1,399.3 2,220. 3 

Landscaping, undifferentiated Acres 4,494. 7 5,863 10,357.7 95 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 726,341 1,959,656 2,685,997 520.7 

Obliteration: 

Roads Miles 34.5 124 158.5 

Trails Miles 23.5 49.3 72.8 

Borrow pits Man-days 19,941 111,055 130,996 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 77,758 986,014 1,063,772 5,310 

Public campground development Acres 497.4 943.8 1,441.2 242.2 

Public picnic ground development Acres 157.4 1,222.6 1,380 219.8 

Razing undesirable structures Number 454 1,352 1,806 

Seed collection, flowers, grasses, etc. Pounds 1,801 14,673 16,474 

Seeding and sodding Acres 1,228 3,031. 2 4,259. 2 4,477. 8 

Soil preparation (fertilizing , etc. ) Acres 651.6 2,149. 3 2,800. 9 5.6 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect Acres 372.6 3,674.6 4,047. 2 

Walks: concrete, gravel , cinder, etc. Linear feet 50,132 76,193 126,325 11,800 

Fish-rearing ponds Number 67 30 97 2 

Food and cover planting Acres 82.3 2,354. 7 2,437 3 

Lake and pond development Man-days 3,237 58,694 61,931 

Stocking fish Number 4,189,400 749,411 4,938,811 

Stream development Miles 30.9 38.7 69.6 

Emergency wildlife feeding Man-days 637 - - 637 

Other wildlife development Man-days 3,670 16,413 20,083 247 

education, guide , and contact station work Man-days 43,148 8,373 51,521 

Emergency work—Searching for or Man-days 348 3,786 4,134 

rescuing persons 

Emergency work—Othe r Man-days 12,734 286,624 299,358 

Eradication of poisonous weeds or Acres 2,584 6,750.3 9,334. 3 

exotic plants 

Experimental plots Number 42 99 141 

Insect pest control Acres 57 880 937 

Maps: Type , topographic, etc. Man-days 3,440 5,463 8,903 

Relief maps and models Man-days 2,656 1,316 3,972 

Marking boundaries Miles 83 309.5 392.5 

Mosquito control Acres - - 2,123 2,123 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-days 67,350 466,610 533,960 

Reconnaissance and investigation-- Man-days 17,893 12,115 30,008 

Archeological 

Reconnaissance and investigation—Other Man-days 2,582 12,393 14,975 

Restoration of historic structures Numbers 455 57 512 

Rodent control Acres - - 2,141 2,141 

Surveys : 

Grade lines Miles 162 718.1 880.1 

Ground water Acres 97.4 112.6 210 

Lineal Miles 1,013.3 2,644. 9 3,658. 2 

Topographic Acres 16,038.5 73,882.8 89,921.3 

Typ e Acres 537,829 5,876 543,705 

Other Man-days 3,591 6,551 10,142 

Tre e preservation Man-days 27,162 42,551 69,713 454 

Unclassifiable Man-days 19,330 596 19,926 
Table E-4 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 10.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1, 1936, to June 30, 1937 

225 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1 , 1936, to June 30, 1937 

"" ' NlainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Foot bridges Number 23 122 145 22 

Horse bridges Number 18 9 27 8 

Vehicle bridges Number 11 103 114 28 

Buildings, barns Number 2 5 7 8 

Buildings, bathhouses Number 3 20 23 

Buildings, cabins, overnight Number 10 286 296 

Combination buildings Number -- 51 51 

Buildings, contact station Number 11 14 25 4 

Dwellings Number 55 50 105 343 

Equipment and supply storage houses Number 32 117 149 20 

Garages Number 22 143 165 5 

Latrines and toilets Number 99 216 315 86 

Lodges Number -- 20 20 7 

Lookout houses Number -- 14 14 5 

Lookout towers Number 10 4 14 4 

Museums Number 3 1 4 8 

Shelters, trailside Number 3 98 101 

Shelters, other Number -- 94 94 6 

Other buildings Number 34 205 239 65 

Cribbing, including filling Cubic yard 2,875 19,087 21,962 5,081 

Dams, impounding and large diversion Number 5 32 37 3 

Dams, concrete for Cubic yard 220 32,718 32,938 

Dams, earth fil l for Cubic yard 13,690 598,794 612,484 150 

Dams, rock fil l for Cubic yard -- 4,662 4,662 

Dams, earth excavation for Cubic yard -- 325,144 325,144 1,404 

Dams, rock excavation for Cubic yard 30 20,215 20,245 

Dams, masonry for Cubic yard 130 11,286 11,416 

Dams, riprap for Square yard 48 38,062 38,110 30 

Dams, steel for Pound -- 576,258 576,258 

Fences Rod 26,900.4 65,317 92,217.4 76,175 

Guard rails Rod 2,647 23,423.3 2,607.03 1,573 

Levees, dykes, and jetties Cubic yard 8,000 185,923 193,923 

Power lines Mile 6.3 50.7 57 20.9 

Sewage and waste disposal Square yard -- 55,148 55,148 

Sewage and waste disposal tanks and pools Number 21 171 192 2 

Incinerators Number 9 42 51 

Sewer lines Linear foot 37,060 106,554 143,614 6,531 

Other sewage disposal Man-days 5,429 4,590 10,019 596 

Telephone lines Mile 124.5 109 233.5 1,973.1 

Drinking fountains Number 18 162 180 

Water supply, open ditches Linear foot 1,200 4,739 5,930 

Water supply, pipe or tile lines Linear foot 105,055 345,267 450,322 18,734 

Springs, water holes Number 30 105 135 

Water storage facilities (omit last 000) Gallon -- 632.3 632.3 

Wells Number 13 110 123 2 

Other water supply Man-days 2,718 7,335 10,053 2,745 

Camp stoves, etc. Number 429 2,268 2,697 72 

Cattle guards Number -- 31 31 1 

Corrals Number 9 6 15 2 

Portals Number 6 34 40 

Seats Number 280 5,993 6,273 77 

Signs Number 6,670 4,521 11,191 2,418 

Stone walls Rod 1,578.5 3,986.8 5,565.3 70 

Table and bench combinations Number 684 4,394 5,078 22 
226 

Total wor k 

accomplished fro m Jul y 1 , 1936, to June 30, 1937 

Mainte -

New Constructio n nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

park s an d park s and park s and 

Item Uni t monument s State park s State park s monuments 

Tool boxes Number 5 105 110 

Miscellaneous structura l improvement s Number 203 4,357 4,560 3 

Radio station s Numbe r 3 3 43 

Airplan e landin g field s Number - - 11- -

Truc k trail s Mile 98.8 210.7 309.5 955.4 

Minor roads Mile 99.3 - - 99.3 1,274.3 

Highwa y maintenance Mile - - - - - - 1,731.4 

Par k roads Mile - - 344.3 344.3 

Foot trail s Mile 93.8 301 394.8 305.3 

Horse trail s Mile 119.3 153.6 272.9 1,926.8 

Stream and lake ban k protectio n Squar e yar d 23,194 235,797 258,991 

Erosion treatmen t of gullies ; area treate d Acr e 3,758. 7 2,259. 2 6,017. 9 307.2 

Gullies , ban k slopin g Squar e yar d 409,680 236,589 646,269 192,248 

Gullies , permanen t chec k dams Number 345 2,514 2,859 

Gullies , temporar y chec k dams Number 791 1,946 2,737 1,526 

Gullies seeding and soddin g Squar e yar d 193,542 494,116 687,658 170,793 

Gullies , tre e plantin g Squar e yar d 220,972 83,500 304,472 

Gullies , diversio n ditche s Linear fee t 108,209 22,582 130,791 4,680 

Terracin g Mile 1 5.1 6.1 

Sheet erosion plantin g Acr e - - 1,005 1,005 

Limestone quarryin g To n - - 700 700 

Miscellaneous erosion contro l Man-day s - - 65,491 65,491 

Clearin g and cleaning , channel s Squar e yar d - - 86,820 86,820 

Clearin g and cleaning , reservoi r sites Acr e 60 284.7 344.7 

Excavation , canals , channels , ditches , eart h Cubi c yar d 24,242 1,082,105 1,106,347 

Excavation , canals , channels , ditches , roc k Cubi c yar d 370 45,773 46,143 

Pipe lines an d conduit s Linea r feet 6,104 500 6,604 

Ripra p o r paving , roc k or concret e Squar e yar d 5,281 42,188 47,469 

Ripra p o r paving , brus h o r willows Squar e yar d 1,388 - - 1,388 

Water contro l structures , concret e o r Cubi c yar d 725 3,681 4,406 

masonr y fo r 

Water contro l structures , wood fo r Ft . b. m 5,504 42,450 47,954 3,831 

Water contro l structures , othe r tha n dams , Number 62 185 247 11 

Field plantin g o r seeding (trees ) Acr e 4,259. 7 6,713.6 10,973.3 5,366.7 

Fores t stan d improvemen t Acr e 64 1,203 1,267 

Nurserie s Man-da y 16,694 39,477 56,171 2,583 

Tre e seed collection , conifer s Bushel 177 102 279 

Tre e seed collection , hardwood s Pound 4,269 14,510 18,779 

Fightin g fores t fire s Man-da y 34,281 127,749 162,030 

Fire break s Mile 12.8 331.2 344.0 37.9 

Fire hazar d reduction , roadsid e Mile 146.9 153.7 300.6 

Fire hazar d reduction , trail-sid e Mile 51.5 162.5 214.0 

Othe r fir e hazar d reductio n Acr e 7,146.2 19,601.3 26,747.5 

Fire presuppressio n Man-da y 39,814 51,190 91,004 

Fire preventio n Man-da y 1,355 2,758 4,113 

Tre e and plan t disease contro l Acr e 5,269 33,338.6 38,607.6 

Tre e insec t pes t contro l Acr e 16,530.9 61,407 78,027.9 4,314 

Beach improvemen t Acr e 56 230.1 286.1 1.3 

Fine grading , road slopes Squar e yar d 1,194,093 3,260,906 4,454,999 2,521 

Lake o r pon d site clearin g Acr e 1,021 2,144. 2 3,165.2 

Landscaping , undifferentiate d Acr e 11,151.6 3,883 15,034.6 486.6 

Moving and plantin g tree s an d shrub s Number 522,716 1,995,402 2,518,118 488,548 

Obliteration , roads Mile 44.1 72.5 116.6 

Obliteration , trail s Mile 3 11.7 14.7 

Obliteration , borro w pit s Man-da y 15,206 65,428 80,634 

Parkin g areas an d overlook s Squar e yar d 86,370 774,578 860,948 2,000 

Public campgroun d developmen t Acr e 158.7 204.5 363.2 460.2 

Publi c picni c groun d development Acr e 63.9 364.3 428.2 406.7 

Razing undesirabl e structure s Number 776 2,006 2,782 

Seed collection , flowers , grasses , shrub s Pound 2,599 4,367 6,966 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal 

Year Ending June 30, 1937 (Washington: GPO, 1937), pp. 80-82. 

227 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1936, to June 30, 1937 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Seeding or sodding Acre 519.1 1,993.5 2,512.6 5,126.7 

Soil preparation (fertilizing, etc.) Acre 393 1,109 1,502 2 

Vista or other selective cutting Acre 230.7 2,086.6 2,317.3 

Walks: concrete, gravel, cinder, etc. Linear foot 21,342 52,468 73,810 7,306 

Fish rearing ponds Number 9 29 38 25 

Food and cover planting Acre 15 7,414.6 7,429.6 1,725 

Lake and pond development Man-day 81 28,345 28,426 

Stocking fish Number 1,196,820 156,237 1,353,057 

Stream development Mile 11.1 12.8 23.9 

Other wildlife activity Man-day 8,548 6,666 15,214 

Emergency wildlife feeding Man-day -- 116 116 

Education, guide and contact station work Man-day 51,700 38,610 90,310 

Searching for or rescuing persons Man-day 1,608 4,395 6,003 

Other emergency work Man-day 9,271 132,024 141,295 

Eradication of poisonous weeds or Acre 5,009 1,633.4 6,642.4 

exotic plants 

Experimental plots Number 12 8 20 1 

Insect pest control Acre -- 600 600 

Type and topographic maps Man-day 3,160 5,444 8,604 

Relief maps and models Man-day 2,193 540 2,733 

Marking boundaries Mile 136.5 134.1 270.6 

Mosquito control Acre 40 5,391.2 5,431.2 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-day 83,964 562,396 646,360 

Arhcaeological, reconnaissance and Man-day 13,854 20,525 34,379 

investigation 

Reconnaissance and investigation, other Man-day 2,417 21,620 24,037 

Restoration of historic structures Number 934 58 992 

Rodent control Acre -- 2,050 2,050 

Grade line surveys Mile 120.1 488.7 608.8 

Ground water surveys Acre — 410 410 

Lineal surveys Mile 701.5 1,683.9 2,385.4 

Topographic surveys Acre 5,208.4 265,341.6 270,550 

Type surveys Acre 715 50,710.4 51,425.4 

Other surveys Man-day 4,734 9,092 13,826 

Tree preservation Man-day 21,140 27,605 48,745 

Unclassifiable Man-day 5,898 1,092 6,990 
Tabl e E-5 

NATIONA L PARKS TABL E 10.--Statemen t showin g wor k accomplished 

at Civilia n Conservatio n Corp s camps unde r th e jurisdictio n 

of th e National Par k Service , Jul y 1 , 1937, to June 30, 1938 

Total wor k 

accomplished fro m Jul y 1 , 1937, to June 30, 1938 

Mainte -

New Constructio n nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

park s and park s an d park s and 

Item Uni t monuments State park s State park s monuments 

Bridges , foot and hors e Number 10 49 59 21 

Bridges , vehicl e Number 12 35 47 102 

Barn s Numbe r 2 3 5 8 

Bathhouses Number 3 29 32 4 

Cabins , overnigh t Number - - 254 254 

Combination building s Number - - 48 48 

Dwellings Number 48 33 81 304 

Equipment and suppl y storag e houses Number 39 67 106 38 

Garages Number 11 67 78 9 

Latrine s and toilet s Number 89 136 225 135 

Lodges and museums Number 4 22 26 21 

Lookout houses Numbe r - - - - " 5 

Lookout tower s Number 3 3 6 1 

Shelter s Number 15 83 98 6 

Othe r building s Number 32 152 184 245 

Cribbing , includin g fillin g Cubi c yard s 700 16,999 17,699 3,580 

Impoundin g and larg e diversio n dams Number 2 33 35 

Fences " Rods 11,637.5 61,299 72,936.5 22,916 

Guar d rail s Rods 1,809.5 16,837.3 18,646.8 644 

Levees , dykes , jetties , and groin s Cubi c yard s - - 322,587 322,587 

Power lines Miles 14.4 52.1 66. 5 9.7 

Incinerator s Number 5 63 68 2 

Sewage and waste-disposa l systems Number 94 330 424 62 

Telephon e lines Miles 140.5 119.3 259.8 1,260.8 

Fountains , drinkin g Number 64 138 202 

Pipe o r til e lines Linear feet 103,435 351,364 454,799 17,028 

Storage facilitie s (omit last 000) Gallons 88.6 613.5 702.1 

Wells, includin g pumps and pumphouses Numbe r 5 95 100 3 

Miscellaneous , wate r suppl y systems Number 1 15 16 12 

Camp stoves o r fireplace s Numbe r 177 2,162 2,339 37 

Cattle guard s Number 1 20 21 

Corral s Numbe r 4 7 11 3 

Seats Number 102 1,836 1,938 108 

Signs , markers , and monument s Number 3,621 4,355 7,976 1,763 

Stone wall s Rods 212.9 1,215.4 1,428.3 1,837 

Tabl e an d bench combinations Numbe r 627 3,887 4,514 36 

Tool boxes Number 7 61 68 

Miscellaneous , othe r structura l improvement s Numbe r 440 3,168 3,608 10 

Radio station s Numbe r - - — " 29 

Spring s Number 16 12 28 3 

Waterholes Number - - 6 6- -

Small reservoir s Number 7 25 32 14 

Landin g dock s and pier s Number 1 10 11 1 

Truc k trail s o r minor roads Miles 156.2 403.5 559.7 2,786.1 

Foot trail s Miles 62.1 130.5 192.6 291.3 

Horse o r stoc k trail s Miles 165 45.4 209.4 1,631.4 

Stream and lake ban k protectio n Squar e yard s 4,500 216,347 220,847 2,060 

Ban k slopin g Squar e yard s 178,862 429,502 608,364 530,444 

Chec k dams , permanen t Number 429 2,226 2,655 

Chec k dams , temporar y Number 3,529 1,165 4,694 214 

Seeding and soddin g Squar e yard s 164,622 286,156 450,778 344,800 

Tre e planting , gull y Squar e yard s 112,740 46,850 159,590 

Ditches , diversio n Linear feet 6,360 11,950 18,310 6,800 

228 
229 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1937, to June 30, 1938 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Terracing Miles 7.3 2 9.3 

Planting, seed or sod Square yards -- 6,400 6,400 

Wind erosion area treated Acres -- 19 19 

Water spreaders (rock, brush, wire) Linear feet -- 2,309 2,309 

Clearing and cleaning channels and levees Square yards -- 66,049 66,049 

Clearing and cleaning reservoir, pond, Acres -- 2,043.7 2,043.7 

and lake sites 

Lining of waterways Square yards 4,560 -- 4,560 

Excavation, canals, channels, ditches, earth Cubic yards 76,983 1,062,302 1,139,285 

Excavation, canals, channels, ditches, rock Cubic yards 62 2,375 2,437 

Pipe and tile lines and conduits Linear feet 9,072 12,477 21,549 25 

Riprap or paving, rock or concrete Square yards 8,501 35,522 44,023 

Riprap or paving, brush or willows Square yards 4,200 -- 4,200 

Water control structures other than dams Number 20 185 205 3 

Field planting or seeding (trees) Acres 4,406.8 8,684.4 13,091.2 3,896 

Forest stand improvement Acres 132 1,501.3 1,633.3 

Nurseries M/days 16,705 42,407 59,112 6,228 

Tree seed collection, conifers (cones) Bushels 191 432 623 

Tree seed collection, hardwoods Pounds 1,604 9,368 10,972 

Collection of tree seedlings Number 300 24,775 25,075 

Fighting forest fires M/days 7,477 19,529 27,006 

Firebreaks Miles 11.5 95.7 107.2 42.1 

Fire hazard reduction, roadside and Miles 131.9 165.3 297.2 

trailside 

Fire hazard reduction, other Acres 6,273.1 13,036 19,309.1 

Fire presuppression M/days 36,474 60,573 97,047 

Fire prevention M/days 778 1,027 1,805 

Tree and plant disease control Acres 8,256.5 13,596.6 21,853.1 1,200 

Tree insect pest control Acres 26,230.8 51,402 77,632.8 8,660 

Beach improvement Acres 190.8 81.9 272.7 

General clean-up Acres -- 113.5 113.5 

Landscaping, undifferentiated Acres 6,586.8 10,955.6 17,542.4 5,844.6 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 387,166 1,615,135 2,002,301 704,402 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 115,821 780,838 896,659 2,840 

Public campground development Acres 43.5 363.6 407.1 1,559 

Public picnic ground development Acres 20.8 356.8 377.6 225.5 

Razing undesired structures and obliteration M/days 71,625 146,138 217,763 

Seed collection (other than tree) Pounds 1,318 2,853 4,171 

Seeding or sodding Acres 663.9 1,699.9 2,363.8 3,195.5 

Soil preparation (fertilizing, etc.) Acres 353.2 960.7 1,313.9 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect Acres 294.5 745.1 1,039.6 

Walks: concrete, gravel, cinder, etc. Linear feet 13,544 50,329 63,873 6,075 

Fish rearing ponds Number 2 15 17 25 

Food and cover plant and seeding Acres — 133.6 133.6 

Lake and pond development M/days 4,410 20,660 25,070 171 

Stocking fish Number 684,336 79,500 763,836 

Stream development (wildlife) Miles 2.1 .1 2.2 

Other wildlife activities M/days 3,471 8,582 12,053 68 

Wildlife feeding M/days -- 701 701 

Wildlife shelters Number -- 164 164 

Education, guide and contact station work M/days 64,213 76,821 141,034 

Emergency work M/days 3,454 40,679 44,133 

Eradication of poisonous weeds or Acres 728 1,183 1,911 

exotic plants 

Experimental plots Number 7 200 207 10 

Insect pest control Acres -- 2,150.5 2,150.5 

Maps and models M/days 3,249 7,459 10,708 

Marking boundaries Miles 123.3 62.5 185.8 

Mosquito control Acres 18 93 111 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1938 (Washington: GPO, 1938), pp. 49-59. 

230 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1937, to June 30, 1938 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Preparation and transportation of materials M/days 130,003 377,822 507,825 

Archeological reconnaissance and investigation M/days 26,759 9,087 35,846 

Other reconnaissance and investigation M/days 2,628 13,542 16,170 

Restoration of historic structures Number 344 30 374 

Rodent and predatory animal control Acres -- 50 50 

Surveys M/days 17,858 82,775 100,633 

Tree preservation M/days 16,501 23,174 39,675 

Equipment, repair or construction M/days 8,666 3,322 11,988 

Hydraulic research M/days 253 282 535 

Warehousing M/days 4,185 5,139 9,324 

Elimination of livestock and predators Number 5,141 -- 5,141 

Unclassifiable M/days 434 682 1,116 
Table E-6 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 6.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1, 1938, to June 30, 1939 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1938, to June 30, 1939 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Bridges: 

Foot and horse Number 1 47 48 8 

Vehicle Number 5 43 48 96 

Barns Number -- 6 6 1 

Bathhouses Number 3 14 17 

Cabins, overnight Number -- 128 128 

Combination buildings Number -- 35 35 

Dwellings Number 61 27 88 187 

Equipment and supply storage houses Number 7 70 77 20 

Garages Number 29 31 60 5 

Latrines and toilets Number 44 133 177 92 

Lodges and museums Number 4 11 15 7 

Lookout houses Number -- 1 1 2 

Lookout towers Number 2 7 9 3 

Shelters Number 8 58 66 2 

Other buildings Number 35 132 167 454 

Cribbing, including filling Cubic yards 1,650 8,278 9,928 

Impounding and large diversion dams Number 2 22 24 

Fences " Rods 15,172.3 29,337.5 44,509.8 13,660.4 

Guard rails • Rods 2,358 10,983.1 13,341.1 1,268 

Levees, dykes, jetties and groins Cubic yards -- 118,775 118,775 

Power lines Miles 4.6 76 80.6 46.4 

Incinerators Number 2 30 32 2 

Sewage and waste-disposal systems Number 27 226 253 65 

Telephone lines Miles 239.8 138.3 378.1 1,442 

Fountains, drinking Number 7 148 155 

Pipe or tile lines Linear feet 149,934 350,199 500,133 13,366 

Storage facilities (omit last 000) Gallons 3,149 709.3 3,858.3 

Wells, including pumps and pumphouses Number 6 60 66 

Miscellaneous Number 9 15 24 3 

Camp stoves or fireplaces Number 181 1,677 1,858 

Cattle guards Number 2 14 16 

Corrals Number 4 2 6- -

Seats Number 289 1,881 2,170 22 

Signs, marks, and monuments Number 5,371 4,241 9,612 1,801 

Stonewalls Rods 291.9 1,532.3 1,824.2 1,647 

Table and bench combination Number 446 3,735 4,181 80 

Tool boxes Number 43 535 578 

Miscellaneous structures Number 818 2,858 3,676 11 

Radio stations Number 5 -- 5 27 

Springs Number 19 20 39 

Small reservoirs Number 10 8 18 9 

Landing docks and piers Number 2 36 38 1 

Airplane landing fields Number -- -- -- 1 

Truck trails or minor roads Miles 147.9 333.4 481.3 2,728.5 

Foot trails Miles 47.5 143.4 190.9 251.5 

Horse or stock trails Miles 136 82.5 218.5 1,687.9 

Stream and lake bank protection Square yards 10,600 597,530 608,130 1,065 

Bank sloping Square yards 407,380 323,744 731,124 1,192,560 

Check dams: 

Permanent Number 16 958 974 

Temporary Number 2,524 314 2,838 

Seeding and sodding Square yards 375,441 352,012 727,453 502,964 

231 
232 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1 , 1938, to June 30, 1939 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Tre e planting, gully Square yards 249,500 210,670 460,170 

Ditches, diversion Linear feet 4,029 11,963 15,992 2,047 

Terracing Miles 1.5 1.8 3.3 

Channel construction Linear feet - - 1,480 1,480 

Outlet structures Number - - 2 2 — 

Planting, seed, or sod Square yards - - 128,008 128,008 

Wind-erosion area treated Acres - - 20.3 20.3 

Water spreaders (rock , brush , wire ) Linear feet - - 5,895 5,895 

Channels and levees--clearing Square yards 81,025 147,479 228,504 

Reservoir, pond and lakes sites—clearing Acres - - 722.8 722.8 

Excavation channels, canals, and ditches: 

Earth Cubic yards 68,918 648,331 717,249 

Rock Cubic yards — 2,399 2,399 

Pipe and tile lines and conduits Linear feet 10,567 39,920 50,487 

Rock or concrete—riprap Square yards 12,738 58,259 70,997 

Brush or willows —ripra p Square yards - - 7,000 7,000 2,500 

Water-control structures other than dams Number 26 338 364 

Field planting or seeding (trees ) Acres 4,452. 7 14,673.3 19,126 5,645.8 

Forest stand improvement Acres - - 263 263 

Nurseries Man-days 29,094 51,957 81,051 7,490 

Tre e seed collection, conifers (cones) Bushels 9 1,902 1,911 

Tre e seed collection, hardwoods Pounds 17,474 15,213 32,687 

Collection of tree seedlings Number - - 47,877 47,877 

Fighting forest fires * Man-days 13,310 37,364 50,674 

Firebreaks Miles 11.7 139.1 150.8 78.9 

Fire-hazards reduction: 

Roadside and trailside Miles 231.5 283.2 514.7 

Other Acres 4,961 21,205.8 26,166. 8 

Fire presuppression Man-days 63,160 74,706 137,866 

Fire prevention Man-days 834 3,538 4,372 

Tre e and plant disease control Acres 17,793.2 15,934.3 33,727.5 712 

Tre e insect pest control Acres 14,075.7 50,222 64,297. 7 4,076 

Beach improvement Acres 221 154.8 375.8 30 

General clean-up Acres 11 495 506 

Landscaping, undifferentiated Acres 6,359.7 5,436.9 11,796.6 429.2 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 222,387 1,285,792 1,508,179 383,196 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 33,277 717,056 750,333 1,262 

Public campground development Acres 77.1 236.1 313.2 730.8 

Public picnic ground development Acres 3.8 638.2 642 216.5 

Razing undesired structures and obliteration Man-days 56,077 144,960 201,037 

Seed collection (other than tree ) Pounds 13 1,740 1,753 

Seeding or sodding Acres 304.1 973.8 1,277.9 3,212.4 

Soil preparation (top soiling) Acres 329.1 1,070.3 1,399.4 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect Acres 502.3 483.9 986.2 

Walks, concrete, gravel , cinder, etc. Linear feet 28,596 44,429 73,025 7,102 

Elimination of livestock and predators Number 2,880 - - 2,880 

Fish-rearing ponds Number 24 34 58 21 

Food and cover planting and seeding Acres 19 262.1 281.1 

Lake and pond development Man-days 2,082 27,229 29,311 

Stocking fish Number 1,425,489 112,770 1,538,189 

Stream development (wildlife) Miles 1.6 3 4. 6 

Other wildlife activities Man-days 14,019 4,398 18,417 

Wildlife feeding Man-days - - 587 587 

Wildlife shelters Number - - 18,729 18,729 

Education, guide , contact station work Man-days 68,924 67,612 136,536 

Emergency work Man-days 5,195 73,775 78,970 

Eradication of poisonous weed, or Acres 267.3 910.3 1,177.6 

exotic plants 

Experimental plots Number 14 — 14 19 
233 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1 , 1938, to June 30, 1939 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Insect pest control Acres -- 1,245 1,245 

Maps and models Man-days 2,322 4,431 6,753 

Marking boundaries Miles 123.9 73.3 197.2 

Mosquito control Acres -- 1,097 1,097 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-days 179,237 340,704 519,941 

Reconnaissance and investigation: 

Archaeological Man-days 8,817 12,822 21,639 

Other Man-days 6,151 11,375 17,526 

Restoration of historic structures Number 43 1,515 1,558 

Rodent and predatory animal control Acres — 45 45 

Surveys Man-days 26,359 69,748 96,107 

Tree preservation Man-days 12,438 19,596 32,034 

Equipment, repair, or construction Man-days 1,325 2,380 3,705 

Hydraulic research Man-days — 472 472 

Warehousing Man-days 3,578 5,193 8,771 

Unclassifiable Man-days — 232 232 

Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal 

Year Ending June 30, 1939 (Washington: GPO, 1939), pp. 311-312. 
Table E-7 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 6.—Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1 , 1939, to June 30, 1940 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1940 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Bridges: 

Foot and horse Number 3 63 66 14 

Vehicle Number 2 36 38 123 

Barns Number 1 7 8 3 

Bathhouses Number 2 24 26 

Cabins, overnight Number -.- 213 213 

Combination buildings Number -- 40 40 

Dwellings Number 56 31 87 131 

Equipment and supply storage houses Number 30 21 51 24 

Garages Number 15 28 43 1 

Latrines and toilets Number 83 149 232 55 

Lodges and museums Number 4 18 22 7 

Lookout houses Number 1 — 1 3 

Lookout towers Number 3 8 11 11 

Shelters Number 24 64 88 

Other buildings Number 62 105 167 343 

Cribbing, including filling Cubic yards 2,100 12,327 14,427 

Impounding and large diversion dams Number 2 10 12 1 

Fences " * Rods 13,620.3 42,346.4 55,966.7 15,222.3 

Guard rails Rods 1,418.3 12,944.7 14,363 370 

Levees, dykes, jetties and groins Cubic yards 19,511 90,915 110,428 

Power lines Miles 28 46.2 74.2 38.3 

Incinerators Number 7 45 52 2 

Sewage and waste-disposal systems Number 65 311 376 118 

Telephone lines Miles 177.1 180.2 357.3 1,023.6 

Fountains, drinking Number 14 182 196 

Pipe or tile lines Linear feet 221,354 381,938 603,292 32,646 

Storage facilities (omit last 000) Gallons 566.7 11,370 11,936.7 

Wells, including pumps and pumphouses Number 6 49 55 

Miscellaneous Number 4 32 36 3 

Camp stoves or fireplaces Number 358 1,729 2,087 

Cattle guards Number 2 16 18 

Corrals Number — . 3 3 1 

Seats Number -- 355 355 

Signs, marks, and monuments Number 5,820 5,507 11,327 2,572 

Stone walls Rods 510.5 1,782.4 2,292.9 1,550 

Table and bench combination Number 530 3,548 4,078 13 

Tool boxes Number 53 60 113 

Miscellaneous structures Number 284 6,164 6,448 16 

Radio stations Number 5 5 21 

Springs Number 10 7 17 1 

Small reservoirs Number 3 10 13 16 

Landing docks and piers Number 303 20 323 3 

Airplane landing fields Number -- -- -- 1 

Truck trails or minor roads Miles 99.5 206.8 396.3 2,210.5 

Foot trails Miles 33.5 102.9 136.4 393.8 

Horse or stock trails Miles 74.4 74.9 149.3 2,085.8 

Stream and lake bank protection Square yards 11,300 255,183 266,483 15 

Bank sloping Square yards 147,742 254,824 402,566 944,230 

Check dams: 

Permanent Number 127 758 885 

Temporary Number 3,747 2,125 5,872 

Seeding and sodding Square yards 33,784 394,196 427,980 283,109 

234 
235 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1940 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Tree planting, gully Square yards 185,450 218,240 403,690 

Ditches, diversion Linear feet 1,415 20,308 21,753 3,000 

Terracing Miles 0.6 1 1.6 

Channel construction Linear feet. -- 80 80 

Wind-erosion area treated Acres -- 14 14 

Water spreaders (rock, brush, wire) Linear feet -- 5,606 5,606 

Channels and levees, clearing and cleaning Square yards 3,375 32,907 36,282 

Reservoir, pond and lakes sites—clearing Acres 70 550.2 620.2 

Excavation channels, canals, and ditches: 

Earth Cubic yards 60,000 1,079,760 1,139,760 

Rock Cubic yards 4,500 1,510 6,010 

Pipe and tile lines and conduits Linear feet 19,525 48,476 68,001 

Rock or concrete—riprap Square yards 22,085 42,191 64,276 

Brush or willows—riprap Square yards 11,088 1,000 12,088 

Water-control structures other than dams Number 1,069 1,044 2,113 

Field planting or seeding (trees) Acres 4,312.7 1,957.5 6,270.2 4,723.2 

Forest stand improvement Acres 20 60.3 80.3 

Nurseries Man-days 22,752 50,980 73,732 9,356 

Tree seed collection, conifers (cones) Bushels 28 2,288 2,316 

Tree seed collection, hardwoods Pounds 43,165 29,772 72,937 

Collection of tree seedlings Number -- 93,991 93,991 

Fighting forest fires Man-days 40,192 38,097 78,289 

Firebreaks Miles 11.5 62.2 73.7 45.7 

Fire-hazards reduction: 

Roadside and trailside Miles 103.9 219.4 323.3 

Other Acres 4,029.5 22,957.4 26,986.9 

Fire presuppression Man-days 69,989 108,086 178,075 

Fire prevention Man-days 511 2,025 2,536 

Tree and plant disease control Acres 18,670.3 6,522 25,192.3 237 

Tree insect pest control Acres 33,418.8 69,488 102.906.8 7,080 

Beach improvement Acres 51 178 229 53 

General clean-up Acres 22 — 22 

Landscaping, undifferentiated Acres 1,892.7 2,372.8 4,265.5 461.4 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 364,649 1,410,692 1,775,841 261,890 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 44,415 699,963 744,378 97,850 

Public campground development Acres 219.1 246.4 465.5 778.5 

Public picnic ground development Acres 24.2 528.4 552.6 165.2 

Razing undesired structures and obliteration Man-days 62,071 153,094 215,165 

Seed collection (other than tree) Pounds 176 1,039 1,215 

Seeding or sodding Acres 607.8 711.6 1,319.4 2,984.2 

Soil preparation (top soiling) Acres 1,842.4 521.7 2,364.1 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect Acres 540.7 1,252.8 1,793.5 

Walks: concrete, gravel, cinder Linear feet 33,887 54,236 88,123 6,920 

Range revegetation Acres 692 -- 692 

Fish-rearing ponds Number 1 13 14 63 

Food and cover planting and seeding Acres -- 41 41 

Lake and pond development Man-days 1,512 41,335 42,847 

Stocking fish Number 1,382,760 30,000 1,412,760 

Stream development (wildlife) Miles 4 2 6 — 

Other wildlife activities Man-days 11,373 13,046 24,419 154 

Wildlife feeding Man-days 24 1,749 1,773 

Wildlife shelters Number -- 352 352 

Education, guide, contact station work Man-days 57,168 23,473 80,641 

Emergency work Man-days 15,224 49,497 64,721 

Eradication of poisonous weed, or Acres 451.4 1,913.5 2,361.9 

exotic plants 

Experimental plots Number 31 43 74 26 

Insect pest control Acres -- 8,664 8,664 

Maps and models Man-days 3,535 2,086 5,621 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1940 (Washington: GPO, 1940), pp. 212-213. 

236 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1940 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Marking boundaries Miles 304 190.6 494.6 

Mosquito control Acres 25 195 220 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-days 172,321 369,099 541,420 

Reconnaissance and investigation: 

Archaeological Man-days 9,564 10,204 19,768 

Other Man-days 4,703 13,128 17,831 

Restoration of historic structures Number 163 11 174 

Surveys Man-days 23,473 66,568 90,041 

Tree preservation Man-days 14,549 25,685 40,234 

Equipment, repair, or construction Man-days 3,277 3,861 7,138 

Hydraulic research Man-days 61 2,811 2,872 

Warehousing Man-days 4,439 8,518 12,957 

Technical service camp building Number 31 86 117 4 

Central repair shop labor Man-days 12,462 11,502 23,964 

Unclassifiable Man-days 272 260 532 
Table E-8 

NATIONAL PARKS TABLE 6.--Statement showing work accomplished 

at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction 

of the National Park Service, July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Bridges: 

Foot and horse Number 10 33 43 6 

Vehicle Number 6 24 30 104 

Barns Number 2 5 7 4 

Bathhouses Number -- 31 31 

Cabins, overnight Number -- 251 251 

Combination buildings Number 1 28 29 

Dwellings Number 54 29 83 262 

Equipment and supply storage houses Number 28 239 267 26 

Garages Number 15 9 24 1 

Latrines and toilets Number 86 142 228 72 

Lodges and museums Number 3 7 10 9 

Lookout houses Number 2 2 4 5 

Lookout towers Number 3 3 10 

Shelters Number 26 57 83 

Other buildings Number 361 1,034 1,395 495 

Cribbing, including filling Cubic yards 815 7,400 8,215 

Impounding and large diversion dams Number 1 7 8 

Fences " " Rods 16,741.7 25,950.7 42,692.4 5,047.1 

Guard rails Rods 1,685 7,224.1 8,909.1 912 

Levees, dykes, jetties and groins Cubic yards 14,935 29,370 44,305 

Power lines Miles 22.4 40.7 63.1 41.6 

Incinerators Number 7 7 14 2 

Sewage and waste-disposal systems Number 78 586 664 89 

Telephone lines Miles 239.3 100.5 339.8 924.9 

Fountains, drinking Number 37 143 180 

Open ditches Linear feet -- -- -- 1,700 

Pipe or tile lines Linear feet 135,347 457,629 492,976 28,664 

Storage facilities (omit last 000) Gallons 436.2 928.7 1,364.9 

Wells, including pumps and pumphouses Number 27 41 68 

Miscellaneous water-supply systems Number 91 94 185 5 

Camp stoves or fireplaces Number 299 1,394 1,693 11 

Cattle guards Number 4 10 14 

Corrals Number 5 3 8- -

Seats Number 89 381 470 20 

Signs, marks, and monuments Number 12,744 2,934 15,678 1,486 

Stone walls Rods 463.2 1,479.6 1,942.8 1,500 

Table and bench combination Number 613 2,825 3,438 64 

Tool boxes Number 52 57 109 

Miscellaneous structural improvements Number 580 5,123 5,703 78 

Radio stations , Number 5 5 23 

Springs Number 16 4 20 

Small reservoirs Number 4 4 8 6 

Landing docks and piers Number 4 30 34 

Airplane landing fields Number -- -- -- 1 

Truck trails or minor roads Miles 94.2 177.3 271.5 2,288 

Foot trails Miles 82 76.6 158.6 409 

Horse or stock trails Miles 75.9 53.7 129.6 1,695.9 

Stream and lake bank protection Square yards 5,500 17,786 23,286 580 

Bank sloping Square yards 300,387 158,535 458,922 444,493 

Check dams: 

Permanent Number 305 97 402 

Temporary Number 1,857 218 2,075 

Seeding and sodding* Square yards 306,961 32,824 339,785 305,212 

237 
238 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Tree planting, gully Square yards 703,790 2,875 706,665 

Ditches, diversion Linear feet 6,249 2,695 8,944 1,060 

Terracing Miles -- 0.1 0.1 

Terrace outlet structures Number -- 11- -

Wind-erosion area treated Acres -- 1.5 1.5 

Water spreaders (rock, brush, wire) Linear feet -- 1,935 1,935 

Clearing and cleaning: 

Channels and levees Linear feet 1,800 75,652 77,452 

Reservoir, pond, and lake sites Acres 45 504 549 

Lining of waterways Square yards 100 -- 100 

Excavation channels, canals, and ditches: 

Earth Cubic yards 115,153 564,478 679,631 

Rock Cubic yards -- 2,546 2,546 

Pipe and tile lines and conduits Linear feet 23,271 41,899 65,170 

Riprap or paving: 

Rock or concrete Square yards 16,305 33,471 49,776 

Brush or willows Square yards 13,500 -- 13,500 

Water control structures other than dams Number 45 669 714 

Field planting or seeding (trees) Acres 3,205 22,287.7 25,492.7 2,806.2 

Forest stand improvement Acres -- 62 62 

Nurseries Man-days 25,507 39,924 65,431 9,657 

Tree seed collection 

Conifers (cones) Bushels 265 2,705 2,970 

Hardwoods Pounds 2,972 16,122 19,094 

Collection of tree seedlings Number -- 6,000 6,000 

Fighting forest fires Man-days 33,369 14,482 47,851 

Firebreaks Miles 31.8 75.9 107.7 59.7 

Fire hazard reduction: 

Roadside and trailside Miles 197 62.2 259.2 

Other Acres 5,927.3 12,790.5 18,717.8 

Fire presuppression Man-days 94,183 87,789 181,972 

Fire prevention Man-days 806 353 1,159 

Tree and plant disease control Acres 25,422.1 11,734 37,156.1 744 

Tree insect pest control Acres 15,442.5 19,557.5 35,000 6,889 

Beach improvement Acres 11.2 63.8 75 59 

General clean-up Acres 198 -- 198 

Landscaping, undifferentiated Acres 5,416 5,641.1 11,057.1 662.7 

Moving and planting trees and shrubs Number 257,562 933,297 1,190,859 29,159 

Parking areas and parking overlooks Square yards 106,943 501,342 608,285 6 

Public campground development Acres 1,374.5 352.3 1,726.8 1,750.7 

Public picnic ground development Acres 43.4 1,137.2 1,180.6 155.2 

Razing undesired structures and obliteration Man-days 65,070 81,924 146,994 

Seed collection (other than tree) Pounds 635 251 886 

Seeding or sodding Acres 350.4 956.1 1,306.5 3,342.4 

Soil preparation Acres 592.9 822.8 1,415.7 

Vista or other selective cutting for effect Acres 735.1 1,089.7 1,824.8 

Walks: concrete, gravel, cinder Linear feet 10,173 56,545 66,718 17,066 

Elimination of livestock and predators Number 196 -- 196 

Fish rearing ponds Number -- 1 1 52 

Food and cover planting and seeding Acres 130 5.3 135.3 

Lake and pond development Man-days 4,244 24,455 28,699 

Stocking fish Number 1,055,590 -- 1,055,590 

Stream development (wildlife) Miles 2.9 0.3 3.2 

Other wildlife activities Man-days 11,501 8,263 19,764 23 

Wildlife feeding Man-days -- 147 147 

Education, guide, contact station work Man-days 48,914 2,394 51,308 

Emergency work Man-days 20,766 30,045 50,811 

Eradication of poisonous weed, or Acres 641.7 981 1,622.7 

exotic plants 
Source: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal 

Year Ended June 30, 1941 (Washington: GPO, 1941), pp. 327-328. 

*This includes work done on 24 recreational demonstation areas. 

239 

Total work 

accomplished from July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941 

MainteNew Construction nance 

Combined 

National total national National 

parks and parks and parks and 

Item Unit monuments State parks State parks monuments 

Insect pest control Acres -- 260 260 

Maps and models Man-days 3,598 1,611 5,209 2 

Marking boundaries Miles 320.8 147.6 468.4 3 

Mosquito control Acres 3,520.2 132 3,652.2 

Preparation and transportation of materials Man-days 230,269 298,277 528,546 

Reconnaissance and investigation: 

Archaeological Man-days 16,127 22,322 38,449 

Other Man-days 4,091 13,909 18,000 

Restoration of historic structures Number 73 15 88 

Surveys Man-days 28,713 41,678 70,391 

Tree preservation Man-days 12,570 19,116 31,686 

Equipment, repair, or construction Man-days 3,358 1,426 4,784 

Hydraulic research Man-days 2,782 -- 2,782 

Warehousing Man-days 6,937 3,608 10,545 

Technical service camp buildings Number 22 30 52 6 

Central repair shop labor Man-days 12,508 19,327 31,835 

Unclassifiable Man-days 268 100 368 
F: LISTING OF MOTION PICTURE PROJECTS FROM FALL 1933 TO 1935 

UNDERTAKEN BY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

The motion picture project, which was started in a small way in the fall 

of 1933, has had two principal objectives: (1) to record in an interesting 

manner the major activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps in national 

and State Park areas, and (2) to provide educational motion picture 

service to the CCC camps located in those same areas. 

In keeping with these objectives, two field cameramen have been routed 

among the various national and State parks for the purpose of recording 

CCC activities and other items of interest in those areas, including scenic 

and educational features of the parks. Approximately 95,000 feet of 

negatives have been exposed, and the following silent motion picture 

subjects have been released: 

A Day in Virginia Camps 1 reel 

Winter Sun and Summer Sea (Florida) 1 reel 

Saving the Beauty of Alabama 1 reel 

Evangeline's Haven of Peace (Louisiana) 1 reel 

Outdoors in the Garden State (New Jersey) 2 reels 

Veteran of Three Wars (Fort Frederick, Md.) 1 reel 

A Forest Playground (Patapsco State Park, Maryland) 1 reel 

Morristown National Historical Park 1 reel 

Glimpses of National Parks I 1 reel 

Glimpses of National Parks II 1 reel 

Glimpses of National Parks III \ reel 

The following synchronized sound subjects have been released: 

Winter Sun and Summer Sea (Florida) 2 reels 

Outdoors in the Garden State (New Jersey) 2 reels 

Running Water (Geology) 1 reel 

Source: Demaray to Fechner, March 16, 1935, RG 35, NA. 

240 
Additional subjects as listed below are in production and are nearing 

completion: 

A visit to Mesa Verde National Park 2 reels 

Looking Backward Through the Ages (Mesa Verde) 2 reels 

CCC Activities in Mesa Verde 1 reel 

Land of the Giants (California CCC) 2 reels 

Pilgrim Forests (New England CCC) 2 reels 

Seeing Glacier National Park 1 reel 

Big Welcome - Big Chief (Glacier) 1 reel 

White Sands National Monument 1 reel 

Colorado National Monument 1 reel 

Yosemite National Park 3 reels 

Open Book of the Ages (Grand Canyon) 3 reels 

Summer Ends in the Rockies 1 reel 

Ground Water 1 reel 

Atmospheric Gradation 1 reel 

Geologic Work of Ice 1 reel 

Mountain Building 1 reel 

Volcanoes in Action 1 reel 

In addition to the above, there are several thousands of feet of exposed 

negative on hand covering CCC activities and other interesting features 

in national parks and monuments and State parks throughout the South, 

Middle-west, and Southwest. This film will be edited into suitable silent 

and sound educational subjects for distribution among the CCC camps and 

among such other educational organizations as may desire to use them. 

241 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1. Manuscript Materials 

Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. Civilian Conservation Corps Material in 

the National Park Service Archives. 

Washington, D.C. National Archives. Record Group 35. Records of the 

Civilian Conservation Corps. 

. . Record Group 79. Records of the National Park Service. 

. . Record Group 95. Records of the United States Forest 

Service. 

. . Record Group 407. Records of the Adjutant General's 

Office 1917. 

2. Government Documents 

Civilian Conservation Corps. Annual Report of the Director of the 

Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal' Year Ervcfed June 30, 19357 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939. 

. U.S. Department of the Interior. Responsibility For Job 

Training, by Guy Arthur. Washington: Government Printing 

Office, 1940. 

. Standards of Eligibility and Selection for Junior Enrollees. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939. 

The Civilian Conservation Corps and Public Recreation. Washington: 

Government Printing Office, 1941. 

The Civilian Conservation Corps: What ] t J_s and What ] t Does. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d . 

Congressional Record. vol. 83, 1937. 

Code of Federal Regulations. Title 3--The President, 1936-1943. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1968. 

Emergency Conservation Work. Annual Report of the Director of the 

Emergency Conservation Work Fiscal Year, Ending June 30, 19357 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 19377 

. Report of the Director of the Emergency Conservation Work: 

for the Period April 5, 19"33, to September 30, 1933 (TiTreport) 

for the Period April 5~"~l|33, to March 31, T937 (2d report) 

for the Period April Y, 1934, to SeptemberlO,"l9"34 (3d report) 

Washington: Government Printing Office, "11)34. 

from the Period Extending From April 1933 to June 30, 1935 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935". 

243 
Emergency Conservation Work. Two Years of Emergency Conservation 

Work (Civilian Conservation Corps"3~A~p"ril 5, 1933 - March 31, 19357 

Ey Robert Fechner. Washington: Government Printing Office, 

1935. 

Executive Orders 6106, 6126, 6129, 6148, 6208, and 6542. Washington: 

Government Printing Office, 1933. Obtained at the National 

Archives. 

Executive Orders 6684, 6687, and 6910-A. Washington: Government 

Printing Office, 1934. Obtained at the National Archives. 

Executive Order 7195. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935. 

Obtained at National Archives. 

Federal Security Agency. Annual Report of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, "T942T Washington: Government 

Printing-OffTce71Sr43. 

. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1940" Washington: Government Printing 

Office,"r9Tl. 

. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 19411 Washington: Government Printing 

Office,"T9T2. 

. The Civilian Conservation Corps and Colored Youth. Washington: 

Government Printing Office, 1940. 

Glimpses of National Parks. Washington: Government Printing Office, 

1941. 

Hearon, Fanning. Comp. Parks and Recreation Progress 1941 Yearbook. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1941. 

Kieley, James F. The CCC. Washington: Government Printing Office, 

1933. 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Administrative 

History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s, by 

Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss. Denver, 1583. On file at 

Denver Service Center. 

. . Administrative History of Chickamauga and Chattanooga 

National Military Park, by Jerome A. Greene and John C. Paige. 

Denver, 1983. On file at Denver Service Center. 

. . Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the Department 

of the Interior, March 1933 to June 30, 1943, by Conrad L. Wirth. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1944. 

244 
245 

. . "Emergency Conservation Work, Side Camps" Circular 37. 

. . "It's 50 Years Since CCC Went Into Action," Courier, The 

National Park Service Newsletter, by Conrad L. Wirth and James 

Kieley. 

. . , The National Parks and Emergency Conservation, by 

Isabelle F. Story. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1933. 

. . Procedure Manual for the Civilian Conservation Corps. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939. 

U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Banking and Currency. Hearings on 

Emergency Conservation and Relief Bill. Rept. 831, 72d Cong., 1st. 

sess., June 15, 1932. 

U.S. Department of the Interior. Annual Report of the Secretary of the 

Interior for the Fiscal Years April 11, 1911 endmg~June 30, 1944T 

The original report actually says 1911; however, the authors of this 

report feel it is a typographical error which should read 1933. 

. General Information Regarding the Department of the Interior, 

October 1_, 1937. Washington: Government Printing Office^ 1937. 

. Handbook of Emergency Conservation Work. Washington: 

Department of the Interior, 1933. 

. A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, Civilian Conservation 

Corps. Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d. 

. A Manual on Emergency Conservation Work, Civilian Conservation 

Corps. Washington: GPO. 19~3lT. 

U.S. Department of Labor. Emergency Conservation Work Bulletin No. 1^. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1933. 

. Handbook for Agencies Selecting Men for Emergency Conservation 

WorT<"! Washington: Government Printing "Office, 1933. 

. Monthly Labor Review. May 1935, April 1939, and June 1941. 

. National Emergency Conservation Work: What ft Is - How ft 

Operates. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1933". 

U.S. Department of War. Civilian Conservation Corps Regulations. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937. 

. War Department Regulations, Relief of Unemployment Civilian 

Conservation Corps. Washington: Government Printing Office, 

T9"35\: 

U.S. House. Amending Act Establishing A Civilian Conservation Corps. 

Rept. 1836, 75th Cong., 3d sess., 1938. 
246 

. Amending Act Establishing A Civilian Conservation Corps. Rept. 

447, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939. 

. Civilian Conservation Corps. Rept. 943, 75th Cong., 1st sess., 

1937. 

. Civilian Conservation Corps. Rept. 1032, 75th Cong., 1st 

sess., 1937. 

. Committee on Labor. Message From the President of the United 

States on Unemployment Relief. Doc. 6, 73d Cong., 1st sess., 1933. 

. Draft of a Proposed Provision, Emergency Relief Appropriation 

Act of 1935. Doc. 192, 74th Cong., 1st sess., 1935. 

. Draft of Proposed Provision Pertaining to Existing Appropriations 

"Tor the Civilian Conservation Corps, 19417 Doc. 96, 77th Cong., 1st 

sess., 1941. 

. Emergency Construction. Rept. 2125, 71st Cong., 3d sess., 

T930. 

. Emergency Construction Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1931. Rept. 

2084, 71st Cong., 3d sess., 1930. 

. Emergency Construction of Public Works. Rept. 2104, 71st 

Cong., 3d sess., 1930. ~~~~ 

. Hearings on Making the Civilian Conservation Corps a Permanent 

Agency. Rept. 687, 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937. 

. Monthly Reports of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration 

May 22 to June 30, T933. Doc. 239, 73d Cong., 2d sess., 1934. 

. Proposed Provision Pertaining to an Existing Appropriation of the 

Civilian Conservation Corps. Doc. 208^ 75th Cong., 1st sess., 

1937: 

. Proposed Provision Pertaining to an Existing Appropriation for 

the Civilian Conservation Corps. Doc. 461, 77th Cong., 1st sess., 

7941. 

. Recommendation for the Enactment of Legislation Making the 

Civilian Conservation Corps a Permanent Agency. Doc. 196, 75th 

Cong., 1st sess., 1937. 

. Supplemental Estimates of Appropriations for the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, Federal Security Agency, 1943. Doc. 730, 77th 

Cong., 2d sess., 1942. 

U.S. Senate. Amending Act Establishing a Civilian Conservation Corps. 

Rept. 950, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939". 
247 

. Authorize the Disposal of Surplus Personal Property, Including 

Buildings/ of the Emergency Conservation Work. Rept. 286, 74th 

Cong., 1st sess., 1935. 

. Civilian Conservation Corps, Doc. 216, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 

1942. 

. Civilian Conservation Corps Camp m Everglades National Park. 

Rept. 1411, 74th Cong., 1st sess., 1935. 

. Committee on Education and Labor. Hearings on the Termination 

of Civilian Conservation Corps and National Youth Administration. 

77th Cong., 2d sess., 1942. 

. A Report of the Business of the Federal Emergency Administrator 

of Public Works For Period Ending February 157 1934" Doc. 167, 

73d Cong., 2d sess., 1934. 

Work Experience that Counts. Washington: Government Printing Office, 

n.d. 

3. Periodicals and Newspapers 

American Forests. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. 

T94D. 1941. 1942. 

Caravati, Henry L. "Civilian Conservation Corps." Recreation 

34(February 1941): 650-651. 

"Charge CCC Defrauded of $1,250,000," New York Daily News, January 

21, 1938. 

Fenwick, Robert W. "The Civilian Conservation Corps; They Took to the 

Woods . . . and Came Out Men," Empire Magazine Newspaper 

clipping file; Western Historical Collections: University of Colorado, 

Boulder. 

"Fewer Youth Props," Newsweek 18 (November 10, 1941 ):24. 

Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. "The Civilian Conservation Corps in South 

Dakota." South Dakota History 9(winter, 1980):1-20. 

Humphreys, Hubert. "Origin of and Nature of the Experiment and Its 

Role in Conservation." Part 1 of "In a Sense Experimental: The 

Civilian Conservation Corps in Louisiana," Louisiana History 5(fall, 

1964):345-367. 

. "Conservation of Human Resources." Part 2 of "In a Sense 

Experimental: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Louisiana," 

Louisiana History 6(winter, 1965):27-52. 

The New York Times. 1933-1942. 
Oxley, Howard W. "Recreation in the CCC Camps." School Life: 

Official Journal of tine U.S. Office of Education. 26(February 

1941):151-152. 

Philadelphia Record. 1937. 1938. 

Pittsburgh Courier. 1942. 

Washington Post. 1933. 1934. 1937. 1938. 

Washington Star. 1937. 1938. 

"Weeds Replace CCC Handiwork in Parks of U.S." Chicago Tribune. 

September 6, 1942. 

4. Books, Pamphlets and Unpublished Material 

Aaron, Daniel, Richard Hofstadter and William Miller. The United States: 

The History of a Republic. 2d ed. rev. , Englewood Cliffs, New 

Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. 

Alleger, C.N. and L.A. Glyre, comps. History of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps in Colorado. Denver: Western Newspaper Union, 

W&. ' 

American Youth Commission of the American Council on Education. The 

Civilian Conservation Corps, n.p. n.d. 

. Youth in the CCC. Washington D.C., GPO, 1942. 

Byrne, John P. "The Civilian Conservation Corps in Virginia, 

1933-1942." Master's thesis, University of Montana, 1982. 

Campbell, Carlos C. Birth of a National Park in the Great Smoky 

Mountains. University of Tennessee Press: Knoxville, 1960. 

Cohen, Stan. The Tree Army: A Pictorial History of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial 

Histories Publishing Co., 1980. 

Degler, Carl N., ed. The New Deal. New York: Quadrangle Books, 

1970. 

Derber, Milton. "The New Deal and Labor." In The New Deal: The 

National Level. Edited by John Braeman, Robert H. Bremmer, and 

David Brody. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 

1975. 

Everhart, William C. The National Park Service. New York: Praeger 

Publishers, 1972. 

Frome, Michael. Strangers m High Places: The Story of the Great 

Smoky Mountains. University of Tenneessee Press: Knoxville, 1966. 

248 
Harper, Charles Price. The Administration of the Civilian Conservation 

Corps. Clarksburg, W.V.: Clarksburg Publishing Co., 1939. 

Hill, Frank Ernest. "The CCC Marches Toward a New Destiny." In The 

New Deal. Edited by Carl Degler. New York: Quadrangle Books, 

T97D. 

Hunter, Robert F. "Virginia and the New Deal." In The New Deal: The 

State Level. Edited by John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and 

David Brody. Vol. 2. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 

1975. 

Johnson, Charles William. "The Civilian Conservation Corps: The Role 

of the Army." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1968. 

Keller, Richard C. "Pennsylvania's Little New Deal." In The New Deal: 

The State Level. Edited by John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and 

Davic3 BToch/\ Vol. 2. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 

1975. 

McDermott, John J. , ed. The Writings of William James: A Comprehensive 

Edition. New York: Random House, 1967. 

The New Dealers. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1934. 

National Education Association. The Civilian Conservation Corps, The 

National Youth Administration and the~Public Schools." Washington: 

National Education Association, 1941. 

Rauch, Basil. The History of the New Deal, 1933-1938. New York: 

Creative Age Press, Inc., 194TT 

Salmond, John A. The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933-1942: A New 

Deal Case Study. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967. 

Schessinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt. 3 vols. Boston: 

Houghton Mifflin, 1959. VoTT "2: The Coming" of the New Deal. 

Taylor, Charles H. "Progress and Accomplishments of the Civilian 

Conservation Corps" (speech given to Kiwanis Club, Pittsburgh, 

Penn., April 12, 1938). 

Walters, Raymond. "The New Deal and the Negro." In The New Deal: 

The National Level. Edited by John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, 

and David Brody. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 

1975. 

Wirth, Conrad L. Parks, Politics and the People. Norman: University 

of Oklahoma Press, 1980" 

249 
As the nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the 

Interior has basic responsibilities to protect and conserve our land and 

water, energy and minerals, fish and wildlife, parks and recreation 

areas, and to ensure the wise use of all these resources. The 

department also has major responsibility for American Indian reservation 

communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. 

administration. 

Publication services were provided by the graphics and editorial staffs of 

the Denver Service Center. NPS D-189 

ftUS. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I9fi5 1,7^ 555 3208 1