U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

30–196 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019

S. HRG. 115–241 

NOMINATIONS OF JELENA McWILLIAMS, MARVIN 

GOODFRIEND, AND THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON 

BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS 

SECOND SESSION 

ON 

THE NOMINATIONS OF: 

JELENA MCWILLIAMS, OF OHIO, TO BE CHAIRPERSON AND A MEMBER, BOARD

OF DIRECTORS, FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

MARVIN GOODFRIEND, OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO BE A MEMBER, BOARD OF

GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

THOMAS E. WORKMAN, OF NEW YORK, TO BE A MEMBER, FINANCIAL STABILITY

OVERSIGHT COUNCIL

JANUARY 23, 2018 

Printed for the use of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 

( 

Available at: http://www.govinfo.gov/ 

COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS 

MIKE CRAPO, Idaho, Chairman 

RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama 

BOB CORKER, Tennessee 

PATRICK J. TOOMEY, Pennsylvania 

DEAN HELLER, Nevada 

TIM SCOTT, South Carolina 

BEN SASSE, Nebraska 

TOM COTTON, Arkansas 

MIKE ROUNDS, South Dakota 

DAVID PERDUE, Georgia 

THOM TILLIS, North Carolina 

JOHN KENNEDY, Louisiana 

JERRY MORAN, Kansas 

SHERROD BROWN, Ohio 

JACK REED, Rhode Island 

ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey 

JON TESTER, Montana 

MARK R. WARNER, Virginia 

ELIZABETH WARREN, Massachusetts 

HEIDI HEITKAMP, North Dakota 

JOE DONNELLY, Indiana 

BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii 

CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland 

CATHERINE CORTEZ MASTO, Nevada 

DOUG JONES, Alabama 

GREGG RICHARD, Staff Director 

MARK POWDEN, Democratic Staff Director 

ELAD ROISMAN, Chief Counsel 

BRANDON BEALL, Professional Staff Member 

ELISHA TUKU, Democratic Chief Counsel 

AMANDA FISCHER, Democratic Professional Staff Member 

COREY FRAYER, Democratic Professional Staff Member 

DAWN RATLIFF, Chief Clerk 

CAMERON RICKER, Deputy Clerk 

JAMES GUILIANO, Hearing Clerk 

SHELVIN SIMMONS, IT Director 

JIM CROWELL, Editor 

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C O N T E N T S 

TUESDAY, JANUARY 23, 2018 

Page 

Opening statement of Chairman Crapo ................................................................. 1 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 35 

Opening statements, comments, or prepared statements of: 

Senator Brown .................................................................................................. 2 

NOMINEES 

Jelena McWilliams, of Ohio, to be Chairperson and a Member, Board of 

Directors, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ............................................ 4 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 35 

Biographical sketch of nominee ....................................................................... 37 

Responses to written questions of: 

Senator Brown ........................................................................................... 85 

Senator Scott ............................................................................................. 89 

Senator Rounds ......................................................................................... 89 

Senator Menendez ..................................................................................... 90 

Senator Schatz ........................................................................................... 90 

Senator Cortez Masto ................................................................................ 92 

Marvin Goodfriend, Ph.D., of Pennsylvania, to be a Member, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ................................................................ 5 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 44 

Biographical sketch of nominee ....................................................................... 45 

Responses to written questions of: 

Senator Brown ........................................................................................... 96 

Senator Menendez ..................................................................................... 98 

Senator Warner ......................................................................................... 99 

Senator Schatz ........................................................................................... 101 

Senator Cortez Masto ................................................................................ 102 

Thomas E. Workman, of New York, to be a Member, Financial Stability 

Oversight Council ................................................................................................. 6 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 74 

Biographical sketch of nominee ....................................................................... 75 

Responses to written questions of: 

Senator Brown ........................................................................................... 105 

Senator Scott ............................................................................................. 107 

Senator Warner ......................................................................................... 107 

Senator Schatz ........................................................................................... 107 

Senator Cortez Masto ................................................................................ 108 

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL SUPPLIED FOR THE RECORD

Letters submitted in support of the nomination of Jelena McWilliams .............. 111 

Letters submitted in support of the nomination of Marvin Goodfriend .............. 115 

Letters submitted in support of the nomination of Thomas E. Workman .......... 120 

(III)

(1) 

NOMINATIONS OF JELENA MCWILLIAMS, 

MARVIN GOODFRIEND, AND THOMAS E. 

WORKMAN 

TUESDAY, JANUARY 23, 2018 

U.S. SENATE, 

COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS, 

Washington, DC. 

The Committee met at 10:05 a.m. in room SD–538, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Mike Crapo, Chairman of the Committee, 

presiding. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN MIKE CRAPO 

Chairman CRAPO. This hearing will come to order. 

This morning we will consider the nominations of Ms. Jelena 

McWilliams to be the Chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance 

Corporation; Dr. Marvin Goodfriend to be a Member of the Board 

of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; and Mr. Thomas 

Workman to be a Member of the Financial Stability Oversight 

Council. 

Welcome to all of you and congratulations to you on your nominations. 

I see friends and family sitting behind you, and I welcome them 

here as well today. 

We are fortunate to have three highly qualified individuals to 

consider for these positions, which are critical to ensuring a safe, 

sound, and vibrant financial system and a healthy, growing economy. 

I am particularly excited that one of these nominees, Ms. 

McWilliams, is a former staffer of mine, and is no stranger to the 

Members of this Committee who have been on this Committee over 

the past several years. Ms. McWilliams did outstanding work while 

she was at the Committee, and I am fully confident she will bring 

the same diligence, work ethic, and intellect to the FDIC that she 

showed here. 

In addition to working at the Committee, Ms. McWilliams also 

worked as an attorney at the Federal Reserve during the financial 

crisis, and she currently is the Chief Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary, and Executive Vice President of Fifth Third Bank. 

These varied experiences have provided her with the particular 

background and expertise needed to run the FDIC. As head of the 

FDIC, Ms. McWilliams would be in charge of administering the Deposit Insurance Fund. Additionally, in its role as a prudential regulator, the FDIC plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and 

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soundness of the financial system while also promoting economic 

growth. 

Dr. Goodfriend also has an impressive background, having 

worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond for close to 30 

years. He has written extensively about monetary and regulatory 

policy, and he testified before this Committee in 2016. 

The Fed is currently in the midst of normalizing monetary policy 

by winding down its balance sheet and raising interest rates after 

years at the zero lower bound. 

With respect to regulatory policy, the Federal Reserve is reviewing many of the rules put in place following the crisis. If confirmed, 

I look forward to working with Dr. Goodfriend on further regulatory and monetary policy improvements. 

Finally, we will consider Mr. Workman to serve as the independent insurance expert on the Financial Stability Oversight 

Council. The Council is charged with identifying risks and responding to emerging threats to financial stability, which has significant 

implications for both banks and nonbank financial companies. 

Mr. Workman will be well equipped and is well equipped to fill 

the insurance expert role, bringing over four decades of practical 

insurance industry experience, including serving as the head of a 

major New York State insurance trade group, representing over 70 

life insurance companies. 

During my meeting with Mr. Workman, I was encouraged by his 

commitment to independence and his desire to facilitate better collaboration between regulators and with regulated entities. 

At this time, I ask unanimous consent to enter into the record 

17 letters endorsing the witnesses. Without objection, so ordered. 

Chairman CRAPO. Congratulations again on your nominations 

and thank you and your families for your willingness to serve. 

Senator Brown. 

STATEMENT OF SENATOR SHERROD BROWN 

Senator BROWN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for convening this 

hearing. Thanks to the three nominees. I had interesting discussions with each of you. Thank you. Thanks for your willingness to 

serve the public. Thank you to your families for being willing to 

support you during this. 

Ten years ago, in January 2008, Bank of America announced it 

would buy Countrywide, which at the height of the bubble was financing one out of every five mortgages in America. 

At that time Wall Street thought it was a rare business opportunity. But it only took Countrywide a few months to go from a 

darling of bank analysts to an anchor around the Nation’s largest 

bank and a threat to our economy. Though consumer advocates 

knew that Countrywide was peddling predatory loans, Wall Street 

and regulators all failed to see how a large regional mortgage lender could pose a threat to a $1.7 trillion bank and to the wider financial system. 

That is why we passed Wall Street Reform—to hold watchdogs 

and large banks to a higher standard, especially when things appear to be rosy. 

Now, 10 years later, the crisis has faded from memory. Bank 

profits are back to record levels. Big tax cuts, especially for large 

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financial institutions, are on the way. But at the same time, though 

the same consumer advocates that warned us about Countrywide 

are cautioning us not to roll back the rules, too many policymakers 

have forgotten the lessons of the last crash. I talk often in this 

Committee about the collective amnesia we have about what happened a decade ago. 

But Ohioans have not forgotten. While banks got bailed out and 

executives made off with golden parachutes, families at kitchen tables in Cleveland, in Mr. Workman’s Columbus, in Ms. McWilliams’ 

Cincinnati, families at kitchen table across Ohio, were left with impossible choices: Should we pay our mortgage or our medical bills? 

Should we buy our prescription drugs or make our car payment? 

Ms. McWilliams, if confirmed, you will be in a key position to ensure that this never happens again. You will follow in the footsteps 

of two dedicated public servants—Marty Gruenberg, a Democrat; 

Sheila Bair, a Republican—who led the FDIC through the most 

challenging period since the Great Depression. You know that. I 

hope you take their counsel. I hope you listen to their counsel and 

take it seriously. 

You will be charged with stewardship of our Nation’s community 

banking system. We know that when Wall Street creates a crisis, 

small banks are dragged down with a sinking economy. During the 

last crisis, we lost community banks across Ohio—in Lakeview, in 

Cleveland, in Milford, and Parma and West Chester. This Committee has heard a number of times my recalling the year 2007 in 

the ZIP Code where I live, 44105, in Cleveland, Ohio, the first half 

of that year there were more foreclosures than any other ZIP Code 

in America. At the same time financial crises are a large part of 

why there are so many fewer community banks serving small businesses and families today then there were 30 years ago. 

Dr. Goodfriend, I appreciated our amiable conversation in my office, but I am troubled by your long-held views on our Nation’s 

monetary and regulatory policies. You have questioned the Fed’s 

mandate to fight unemployment. You have suggested a regressive 

tax on the cash in workers’ wallets. You have endorsed legislation 

that would gut the CFPB and undermine the institution for which 

you work. 

I am worried that, if confirmed, you would not defend the independence of our central bank. You seem to be more concerned with 

threats of inflation than you are with people losing jobs and livelihoods. 

Mr. Workman, thank you for your service and your long career 

in Ohio and your service to our country. Many people back home 

expressed their appreciation for your qualifications. You made 

quite an impact when you were in Ohio. I am interested in learning 

about how you would shift to this new watchdog role, how you will 

protect our economy when FSOC is dismantling our post-crisis reforms. Look at the Treasury reports coming out of Secretary 

Mnuchin’s office, all about deregulation. From deregulating AIG, 

whose toxic credit default swaps amplified the crisis, to dropping 

its effort to regulate MetLife, I am concerned that FSOC is abandoning its mission in only 12 months of the Trump administration. 

Hardly clearing the swamp, the White House looks more like a retreat for Goldman Sachs executives. 

4 

Much like the run-up to the 2008 crisis, Wall Street profits and 

household debts are at record highs, and corporations and the 

wealthy are enjoying windfall tax cuts. Meanwhile, working families have not seen a real raise in 15 years. As policymakers, I expect each of you to resist the collective, all too present amnesia 

that has settled in across Washington, DC. I expect you to use your 

positions to make the economy work better for American families. 

Thank you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, Senator Brown. 

At this point we will administer the oath. Would each of you 

please rise and raise your right hands? Do you swear or affirm that 

the testimony you are about to give is the truth, the whole truth, 

and nothing but the truth, so help you God? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. I do. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I do. 

Mr. WORKMAN. I do. 

Chairman CRAPO. And do you agree to appear and testify before 

any duly constituted Committee of the Senate? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. I do. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I do. 

Mr. WORKMAN. I do. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. You may be seated. 

Your written statements will be made a part of the record in its 

entirety, and as I always do, I encourage you to remember to follow 

the clock. We have allocated each of you 5 minutes. We would like 

you to stick to that for your oral presentation so we have plenty 

of time for questions from the Senators. 

And, with that, Ms. McWilliams, you may proceed. 

STATEMENT OF JELENA MCWILLIAMS, OF OHIO, TO BE CHAIRPERSON AND A MEMBER, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, FEDERAL 

DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you, Senator. Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, Members of the Committee, as a former staff 

member, it is my privilege to appear before you today. I am truly 

honored and humbled to be the President’s nominee to lead the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. I am grateful to the President for this nomination and grateful to Senators Crapo, Shelby, 

and Olympia Snowe for the opportunity to serve our country. I am 

forever indebted to these public servants for their trust and confidence. 

I am also grateful to my family; they are sitting behind me 

today: my father, Obrad Obrenic, a World War II veteran who 

taught me that nothing can substitute personal integrity and hard 

work; my mother, Branka, who taught me that I can do anything 

I aspire to do; my daughter, Maya, whose humility reminds me 

every day to be a better person; and my brother, Nenad, a beekeeper and a great father. Without them, I would not be here 

today. 

My father was born in 1925 in impoverished Montenegro. He was 

born in a kingdom, fought fascism and Nazism in his youth, survived communism and socialism in adulthood, and is now finally 

living out his golden years in a democracy. It was his difficult 

journey that was pivotal in my decision to leave the former 

5 

Yugoslavia for a system built upon the rule of law. In 1991, on my 

18th birthday, with $500, I left the former Yugoslavia and arrived 

in the United States. Appearing before you 26 1⁄2 years later is 

nothing short of an American Dream. 

The FDIC is an independent agency created by the act of Congress to maintain financial stability and public trust by insuring 

deposits; examining, regulating, and resolving financial institutions; and managing receiverships. 

I believe that my background and professional experience have 

prepared me well for this challenge ahead. I currently serve as the 

Chief Legal Officer, Executive Vice President, and Corporate Secretary of Fifth Third Bancorp in Cincinnati, Ohio. I serve on the 

bank’s executive committee and advise the senior management and 

the board of directors on legal, compliance, and regulatory matters. 

In addition, I oversee a staff of over 70 attorneys and support staff. 

Prior to joining Fifth Third, I had the honor and the privilege to 

serve on this Committee under then-Chairman Shelby and Chairman Crapo in various capacities, most recently as Chief Counsel 

and Deputy Staff Director. My experiences on this Committee and 

as a staff attorney at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors have 

prepared me uniquely for the challenge ahead, to lead the FDIC in 

its mission, to protect the financial stability of the United States, 

while making sure that consumer products are available to a broad 

swath of consumers, focusing on consumer protection, and making 

sure that the Deposit Insurance Fund is equally protected. 

Also, having served as a corporate officer of a regulated entity, 

I have a 360-degree view of our regulatory system and the entities 

that regulate it. If confirmed, I am confident that I can execute the 

FDIC’s mission effectively. 

One of the side effects of the civil war that broke apart the 

former Yugoslavia was a total collapse of its financial system. My 

parents’ meager savings were wiped out overnight when a local 

bank closed its doors. Yugoslavia did not have deposit insurance, 

and as a result, my then-68-year-old father went to work as a day 

laborer. I can assure you that the FDIC’s mission resonates profoundly with me on a personal level, and if confirmed, I will not 

take this mission or my duties lightly. 

Thank you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Dr. Goodfriend. 

STATEMENT OF MARVIN GOODFRIEND, PH.D., OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO BE A MEMBER, BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE 

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, 

and Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to 

appear before you today. I am honored to have been nominated by 

President Trump to serve as a Member of the Board of Governors 

of the Federal Reserve System. None of this would have been possible without the support of my best friend and wife, Marsha, who 

is sitting behind me, and without the support of my sister Miriam, 

who is watching at home. I would also like to recognize my parents 

for developing in me at an early age a keen interest in public policy. 

6 

As the Nation’s central bank, the Federal Reserve has many responsibilities that are at the foundation of our economic prosperity 

and well-being. Guided by the goals of maximum sustainable employment, price stability, and financial stability, and with lessons 

from its past, the Federal Reserve must be alert to future challenges. 

I have spent my 40-year career as an economist focused on central banking in general and the Federal Reserve in particular. The 

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond had been my primary place of 

employment for more than 25 years when, in 2005, I joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. I have written 

about and contributed to the policy debate from both ‘‘inside’’ and 

‘‘outside’’ the Fed. If confirmed, I look forward to putting my knowledge and judgment—developed as both an academic and practitioner—to work as a Governor and to contributing my voice and experience to addressing current policy issues. I intend to draw on 

my academic and professional experience to promote policies that 

would further increase transparency and accountability at the Fed. 

My years at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond gave me a 

deep appreciation of the role of a regional Reserve banks in the 

Federal Reserve System. The regional system encourages diverse 

perspectives and innovative thinking. As a Member of the Board of 

Governors, I would look forward to hearing and considering this diversity of views in making policy. 

I have also gained policy experience at other Government and 

central banking institutions. These experiences ranged from being 

a staff economist for the Council of Economic Advisers in the 

Reagan administration, to serving in central bank advisory roles, 

and participating in external reviews of several central banks 

abroad. 

My publications use monetary theory, central bank practice, and 

Federal Reserve history to investigate policy issues. I have enjoyed 

my past 12 years teaching courses in monetary policy, money and 

banking, and international trade and finance at Carnegie Mellon’s 

Tepper School of Business. 

I would like to thank the Committee for the opportunity to appear before you today and for considering my nomination. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you in the years ahead. I 

would be pleased to answer any questions you have. 

Thank you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Mr. Workman. 

STATEMENT OF THOMAS E. WORKMAN, OF NEW YORK, TO BE 

A MEMBER, FINANCIAL STABILITY OVERSIGHT COUNCIL 

Mr. WORKMAN. Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, and 

Members of the Committee, it is my honor to appear before you 

today. I am grateful to be President Trump’s nominee for Independent Member with Insurance Expertise of the Financial Stability Oversight Council, and I thank you and your staffs for helping me prepare for this hearing. 

First, I would like to introduce my wife, Pam, who is here behind 

me, and our son, Chris, who is also here today. Pam, my forever 

friend and life partner of 52 years, is a professional artist who 

7 

paints still lives and portraits of strangers. She is a lifetime mother 

and educator as well. Our son, Chris, is a partner at MSD Capital 

and a U.S. Army veteran who served as a tank platoon leader in 

the First Armored Division. His wife, Catherine, is a developmental 

pediatrician and neonatologist. They have two children and live in 

New York City. Our daughter, Sarah, is the mother of four. She is 

a lawyer and the founder and leader of Post-Partum Society of 

Florida helping mothers suffering with post-partum depression. 

Her husband, Mark, is a facial plastic surgeon, and they live in 

Sarasota. 

I would also like to recognize Roy Woodall, the current Independent Member of FSOC, right behind me here—he is also a 

former Kentucky insurance commissioner—and our good friend, 

Lee Covington, a former Ohio insurance director. 

I grew up in north-central Ohio, 2 miles from the Leesville Rural 

School that I attended. My father had a small Chevrolet dealership, and my mother worked as a mother, secretary, and bookkeeper. My sister, Elaine, and I both graduated from The Ohio 

State University. And after law school there, I served nearly 4 

years as a captain in the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s 

Corps. Then I returned to Columbus to practice law at Bricker & 

Eckler, the firm founded by John W. Bricker from Ohio. He was a 

three-term Governor and two-term United States Senator. With my 

office next to his for many years—— 

Senator BROWN. If I could interrupt, the Vice Presidential nominee in 1944, causing the only time Ohio did not vote for the winner 

in the 1944 Presidential election. 

[Laughter.] 

Senator BROWN. Sorry to interrupt. I would never interrupt a 

witness in the middle, but I had to. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Thank you, Senator. That is very helpful. I 

thought about adding that, but, you know, there is a limitation on 

time. 

Chairman CRAPO. We will give you a few extra seconds. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. WORKMAN. OK, good. Thank you so much. 

With my office next to his for many years, I am certain that he 

would be delighted that I am before you today. 

The first question I was asked at the firm was: Would you do 

some insurance work? I spent the next 26 years doing insurance 

regulatory, legislative, and business-related work including many 

areas—formation of companies, licensing, admission, sale, acquisition, rehabilitation, liquidation, reserving, State taxation, agent licensing, governance, underwriting, claims, admitted and non-admitted assets, and more. I also represented the Association of Ohio 

Life Insurance Companies and developed the firm’s insurance law 

practice. 

I served on the Board of the Ohio Farmers Insurance Company 

for 24 years. Formed in 1848, it is a leading Midwestern, multi-line 

property/casualty insurance company. I chaired the Governance & 

Nominating Committee, served on the Compensation Committee, 

and twice served on the committee to select a CEO. 

In 1999, I was recruited to become President and CEO of the Life 

Insurance Council of New York. For the next 17 years, I was 

8 

involved in nearly all regulatory and legislative issues related to 

life insurers in New York State and, to a large degree, nationally. 

With 43 years of working with insurers, regulators, and legislators in New York, Ohio, and other States, I have, in effect, prepared to be the FSOC Independent Member with Insurance Expertise all my life. I know insurance and how vital it is to families and 

businesses and to our economy. I have great respect for insurers 

and the regulators and legislators who wrestle with insurance 

issues. They all share the same objectives: to assure promises are 

kept and customers are treated fairly. 

The purposes of FSOC are to identify risks to the stability of the 

U.S. economy, to promote market discipline, and to respond to 

emerging threats. The Independent Member exists to make sure 

someone with substantial insurance knowledge takes part in FSOC 

deliberations affecting insurers and insureds. I am grateful for the 

support of Roy Woodall, and I aspire to perform this duty as masterfully as he has. 

I am also grateful to report that yesterday the officers of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners authorized me to 

tell you that they believe I am a well-qualified candidate for this 

position, and they look forward to working with me. 

I would greatly appreciate this opportunity. If confirmed, I would 

be dedicated to the highest level of honorable public service. Thank 

you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Brown, and Members of the 

Committee. I look forward to answering any questions you may 

have. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, Mr. Workman. 

I will start the questioning, and first I would like to go to you, 

Ms. McWilliams. Improving economic growth has been one of the 

key priorities for Congress over the past year, and one way to improve economic growth is by addressing areas where financial regulations can be improved. Financial regulations should promote a 

vibrant, growing economy while still assuring a safe and sound 

financial system. If confirmed, what will be some of your key priorities? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you, Senator, for that question. If confirmed, I would like to focus on the regulatory burden on community banks. There has been a tremendous trend in consolidation of 

the community banking sector over the past three decades, and especially since the financial crisis. I would like to also focus on de 

novo charters for community banks. The only way to aid in the formation of the community banking sector and its expansion is to 

create more banks. From 2000 to 2008, the FDIC has chartered a 

number of FDIC-insured de novo banks, and since 2009, there have 

been only eight. That is a problem because we lost hundreds and 

thousands over the last 30 years. 

Additionally, I would like to focus on the cybersecurity issues and 

how they impact the banking sector in general, and especially community banks. And I would also like to take a look at how some 

of the international regulatory framework, like Basel regulations, 

affect community banking sector. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you very much. 

9 

Dr. Goodfriend, what are some of the ways to improve the transparency, accountability, and communications at the Federal Reserve? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Thank you for the question. There are three 

ways in which I think transparency could be improved. One of 

them would be—and we can talk about this in more detail—around 

the stress tests. The second one would be around a reference rule 

which we might consider. And the third would be around what I 

call the boundaries and clarification of resolution policy. 

Chairman CRAPO. Well, thank you. And if we have time, we will 

get into that. But we are limited to 5 minutes up here ourselves, 

so I want to move on to Mr. Workman. 

In your opening statement, Mr. Workman, you stated, ‘‘The Independent Member exists to make sure someone with substantial 

insurance knowledge takes part in FSOC deliberations affecting insurers and insureds.’’ Can you discuss in more detail how you envision your role on FSOC and what type of expertise you bring to the 

Council? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Mr. Chairman, I would begin by just saying that 

the first duty in my view is in this role to be independent, to be 

truly independent, and also in that role to be working diligently for 

the public interest. My only interest would be the public interest. 

Having 40 years of experience in insurance, I can put that to work 

in the interest of Americans. 

As far as steps that I would like to take, I believe that there is 

a continuing need for more transparency in the process. I recognize 

that much of the activity of FSOC cannot be public. It has to be 

kept private. However, I think more knowledge among regulators 

and among the insureds and insurers is helpful. 

Also, I believe more engagement with the primary regulators— 

and in America, we are talking about State insurance regulators— 

more collaboration with them and with the entities that are under 

consideration, and also I think attention to particularly in the area 

of designations, considering a cost-benefit analysis. 

And then, last, what occurs is I think an overarching interest in 

promoting a level playing field in the marketplace. 

Chairman CRAPO. Well, thank you, and I will finish with you, 

Mr. Workman. I have got about 30 seconds left. But as you know, 

FSOC has designated four nonbank financial companies as systemically important financial institutions and subsequently voted to rescind designations on two of those companies. In November, the 

Treasury Department published a report with a series of recommendations to improve the designation process. 

What are your thoughts on the current designation process for 

nonbank SIFIs? And I apologize, you are going to need to do that 

in about 15 or 20 seconds. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Sure. Mr. Chairman, I think the key point I 

would make is that the Treasury put forth the concept of considering an activities-based or an industry-based approach, looking at 

products and activities. That is something that the IAIS is also 

doing. I think that is an area that does deserve consideration. 

Chairman CRAPO. Senator Brown. 

Senator BROWN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

10 

Mr. Goodfriend, you have previously dismissed financial regulations saying, ‘‘The only way that consumers’ households can be protected against finance, against purchasing consumer products, 

against anything in the market is by being demanding shoppers. 

The whole philosophy of regulation,’’ still your words, ‘‘seems to be 

that the Government can protect consumers from themselves. I 

think that is wrong. If we turn that around, that would do a lot 

to move us in another direction from the European Socialist model 

that the Government needs to be our protectors.’’ 

So I guess you are saying we should let demanding shoppers decide which banks are sound and which are the next Countrywide. 

So does that mean you think that the job Ms. McWilliams, the 

agency she has been nominated to is just a bad idea, should not 

exist? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Let me start again with what I think about 

these matters. I think protection of consumers is incredibly important, not only for consumers but for the market economy. And what 

I meant in that context was that regulation, to the extent that it 

focuses on firms, which is a good thing to create standards and—— 

Senator BROWN. Well, I am not going to let you filibuster this. 

I am sorry but—and you can tell me your whole philosophy. But 

I am reading your words, and you are saying that consumers 

should be demanding shoppers. So does that mean that the FDIC 

is simply not necessary because consumers should figure out which 

of these banks are about to go under? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely not. Consumers need to be informed. And the other half of regulation is informing consumers 

about the products that they are choosing between. That was the 

point that I was making in that comment. And consumers—— 

Senator BROWN. OK, well, do you think—I am sorry. Do you 

think that we are on a path to the European Socialist model in this 

country? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I do not. 

Senator BROWN. OK. Because it sounds like you might sort of 

think that. Maybe this nomination has illuminated some things. 

If we gut regulations and consumers are supposed to use their 

purchasing power to demand safer financial products, shouldn’t we 

prohibit mandatory arbitration agreements that deny consumers 

their day in court? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. So, if confirmed, as a Governor I will look into 

that matter. It is not something that I have thought about. 

Senator BROWN. OK. In 2011, you told the Wall Street Journal 

that, ‘‘Inflation scares are likely to recur and become more severe.’’ 

You remember, amnesia around here aside, just 2 years earlier 

when President Obama took office we were losing 800,000 jobs a 

month. It began to turn around with the auto rescue in 2010. We 

have had month after month, consecutive months, and through this 

first year of the Trump administration of economic growth. So that 

was the state of the economy. So keep that in mind when you 

said—and I know you have studied the risks and drivers of inflation. But you stated also many times you believe the Fed would be 

better off with a single mandated focused just on inflation rather 

than a dual mandate, which includes full employment. In a May 

2012 interview, you called the idea of getting the unemployment 

11 

rate, then at 8.1 percent, to below 7 percent a ‘‘Herculean task that 

could lead to rising inflation that would be disastrous to the economy.’’ At the end of 2017, unemployment was 4.1 percent. The inflation rate remains below 2 percent. 

Why were you so wrong so many times? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Senator, throughout this period of the last 10 

years, I have been commenting on monetary policy. I am not going 

to—the essence of the Federal Reserve’s position to stimulate the 

economy was based on years of generated credibility for anchoring 

long-run inflation. That credibility was critically important in order 

for the Federal Reserve to keep stimulus in place for the last few 

years without generating inflation until we brought the unemployment rate down to something in the vicinity of—— 

Senator BROWN. So would they have done so well if they had listened to your warnings that we should not have a dual mandate, 

we should only focus on inflation? Would this economy be in this 

good a shape if they had listened to Marvin Goodfriend during this 

period? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. The questions that I was answering were academic. The dual mandate is large—is very well—it works because 

the two goals of low unemployment and low inflation are complementary, and that is exactly what was the case in the last—— 

Senator BROWN. That is what you say now, but you say they 

were academic. You were in an academic setting. But now you are 

in a policymaking setting if you are confirmed, and you still seem 

to hold this view—or do you reject that view that there should not 

be a dual mandate? Will you say to us absolutely there should be 

a dual mandate with equal emphasis on inflation and unemployment? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I absolutely agree to that. In fact, I talk about 

inflation because the key to getting the unemployment rate down 

over the past 40 years in the United States has been credibility for 

low long-run inflation, and that again is why we were able to keep 

stimulus in place for the last 5 years, 10 years. 

Senator BROWN. OK. Last question. Discussing inequality, you 

said you need to at all times talk about what is good for the country as a whole. You cannot worry about how to help people who 

have less unless you try to make the pie as big as possible. It is 

a fairly easy question for me to answer about basic indifference or 

unconcern about addressing inequality. We know the recent tax 

cuts, 81 percent of the recent tax cuts go to the wealthiest 1 percent in this country. Doesn’t your view have the potential to make 

inequality worse? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Senator, I do not believe the things that I say 

about monetary policy have bearing on income inequality. What the 

Federal Reserve wants to do is to create the lowest unemployment 

rate that is consistent with price stability. That is what our tools 

are designed to do, and that is what I would do if confirmed as a 

Governor. 

Senator BROWN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Chairman CRAPO. Senator Shelby. 

Senator SHELBY. Thank you. Mr. Chairman, I think all three of 

these nominees are eminently qualified by their experience and 

education and everything. Of course, we both know and a lot of us 

12 

know more than a little bit about Ms. McWilliams, who served 

ably, honorably, in this Committee. Welcome back. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Senator SHELBY. I also congratulate on your nomination because 

you are going to take a big pay cut. All of you will. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. I am used to it, Senator. Thank you. 

[Laughter.] 

Senator SHELBY. She worked for us, both of us, so your money 

was not forthcoming. I can tell you that. 

I have long been an advocate, as, Ms. McWilliams, you know, of 

cost-benefit analysis—Senator Crapo got into that a minute ago— 

for all Government rulemaking and regulations. Right now we are 

focused on the financial regulation authority. How important is 

cost-benefit analysis in the decisions that come before the FDIC? 

I am going to pose this to all three nominees. Ms. McWilliams? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you, Senator, for that question, and 

thank you for your words. 

I believe the cost-benefit analysis is crucial for an agency, and 

here is why. While I was at the Federal Reserve, we worked on 

consumer protection regulations, and if we did not do an appropriate cost-benefit analysis, we would not know how a consumer 

would in the end be affected by the regulation. And I was taught 

at that point in time that consumer credit is like a balloon. If you 

squeeze it here, it will come out there. And before you squeeze it, 

you better know who is going to pay for it, how it is going to come 

out, and are you comfortable with the outcome. So I do believe that 

proper cost-benefit analysis benefits the consumer as well as the 

ability of the financial institutions to provide the lowest-cost products and services to their base. 

Senator SHELBY. Dr. Goodfriend, the Federal Reserve, as you 

well know, we have been talking about cost stability and full employment, stability of the monetary system and full employment. 

But the Federal Reserve is also a huge bank regulator. What about 

your view on cost-benefit analysis? Should it be done? And should 

it be done right? And should it be transparent, too? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely, I think cost-benefit analysis is important to decide which regulations to be put in place, which are 

deserving, which are not. I think the—my impression is that the 

Federal Reserve has moved in this direction, and if I am confirmed 

as Governor, I would help it move in this direction even further. 

Senator SHELBY. Mr. Workman, your work will be a little different from theirs, but in some ways overlap. What about cost-benefit analysis? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes, Senator, that is, I think, a critically important element of the analysis that I would want to make, and hopefully the Council would as well. 

Senator SHELBY. Dr. Goodfriend, we talked about this a little 

earlier. Could you elaborate before the Committee today how the 

modern economy may have changed the way global indicators are 

viewed? And could you describe your views on the Federal Reserve’s objective regarding price stability? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yeah, you know, the global economy has become 

much more integrated over the last 10, 20 years, and many people 

think that that may impact the Fed’s ability to stabilize the U.S. 

13 

economy. My view is that that is not really the case. We have what 

we call a ‘‘flexible exchange rate system,’’ which I believe gives the 

Federal Reserve the independence to act on domestic issues irrespective of globalization, at least for monetary policy and price stability. 

Senator SHELBY. Mr. Workman, I am trying to move on because 

I have just got a few more seconds in my time, but do you agree 

with me that banks are one entity, insurance companies are another, their structure is different, their role is different, their obligations are different and so forth? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes, Senator, they are functionally different. 

They have a lot of similarities, of course. However, the significant 

difference is the duration of the risk. For example, a life insurance 

company could have 40 years, 50 years of bearing risk, and it is 

not as able to be subject to a run much like a depository bank 

would. 

Senator SHELBY. Should that all be taken into account when you 

are making a designation? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, indeed, and I think that is part of the 

role that I would need to play. 

Senator SHELBY. You will be playing. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes. 

Senator SHELBY. Thank you. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Senator Menendez. 

Senator MENENDEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Dr. Goodfriend, during a hearing last May, you called the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate ‘‘incoherent,’’ and you suggested eliminating the full employment mandate. You said that, ‘‘Whether or 

not unemployment is 1 percent or 20 percent over a sustained period of time is largely due to factors outside of monetary policy control.’’ 

However, in a speech last June, Governor Powell said, ‘‘The problems that some commentators predicted have not come to pass. Accommodative policy did not generate high inflation or expensive 

credit growth; rather, it helped restore full employment and return 

inflation closer to the 2 percent goal.’’ 

So do you disagree with Governor Powell’s assessment? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I do not. 

Senator MENENDEZ. And so then your analysis was incorrect 

then? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No. I would like to say that I regret the word 

‘‘incoherent.’’ What I was talking about was in the long run it is 

inconsistent for the Federal Reserve to control both employment 

and inflation. The Federal Reserve has agreed, most central bank 

economists agree that over the long run central banks can control 

only inflation. But that is not a statement against the dual mandated. Again, what I believe is true is it is critically important to 

anchor long-run inflation in order to get the capacity for monetary 

stimulus to drive the unemployment rate down to the natural rate 

or to the vicinity of full employment. 

Senator MENENDEZ. But let me just take—let me follow up on 

Senator Brown’s questions about your Bloomberg quote when you 

14 

said: ‘‘It is really doubtful whether or not the Fed can achieve 7 

percent unemployment. Even if the Fed did succeed, it would give 

rise to a rising inflation rate in the next few years, which would 

be disastrous for the economy.’’ However, today—that is your 

quote. I am taking it straight from Bloomberg. However, today unemployment is 4.1 percent, inflation is still running below 2 percent, despite the fact that the Fed waited more than 3 years after 

that interview to increase rates. 

So knowing what we know today, do you honestly still think the 

Fed should have followed your advice in 2012 and raised rates before inflation neared its target? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I do not. But those statements are out of 

context. What I was warning about was in the past the Fed has 

had trouble getting unemployment down, and the reason was we 

had zero interest, and we had lost the stimulative power, the ordinarily stimulative power of monetary policy. My point was in the 

context of that conversation, and I—— 

Senator MENENDEZ. Can you point out any—you know, with all 

due respect—and I am sure academically there is no question that 

you are a very bright person. But how am I not to hear everything 

you have said in the past and then what you are saying today as 

a confirmation conversion about the dual mandate obligation of—— 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Again, it is not my—what I am saying is that 

the history and thinking about monetary policy has said if we want 

to get unemployment down to the natural rate to the vicinity of full 

employment, we as central banks need to stabilize long-run inflation but—— 

Senator MENENDEZ. Can you give me—— 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. That is all I am saying. 

Senator MENENDEZ. Can you give me anything, show me, direct 

me to anything that you have said in the past that suggests that 

you support and affirm the dual mandate of the Federal Reserve? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I can show you some publications in which the 

point of my work was to say we—our goal is to get unemployment 

down to the natural rate, and, therefore, I am supportive of a longrun inflation target. I have worked on that for decades. It has proven to be the case that that has worked in the last decade, and I 

will stand by that. Whether or not I have talked about the dual 

mandate, I totally support it. In fact, the reason for stabilizing inflation over the long run is exactly to make the economy operate 

at full employment. 

Senator MENENDEZ. All right. Let me turn to Ms. McWilliams. 

The Administration is actively searching for ways to diminish 

banks’ responsibilities to serve those very communities through undermining the Community Reinvestment Act, something that many 

of us strongly support. Shouldn’t the Administration be focused on 

strengthening, not weakening, a tool that ensures banks are held 

accountable for serving low- and moderate-income communities? 

And what assurances can you give us that the FDIC under your 

leadership will guarantee banks are meeting the home mortgage, 

small business, and other credit needs of low- and moderate-income 

communities? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, thank you for that question. The 

Community Reinvestment Act is the law of the land, and it is the 

15 

duty of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to follow the law 

of the land. The unbanked and underbanked communities are a 

vital part of our economy, and I can tell you for a fact that a number of banks are seeking opportunities to bank those communities 

not only for the purposes of the CRA, but also because they need 

to expand their customer base, and that is the organic way to grow 

the company. 

I can also assure you on a personal level, as somebody who was 

a part of the low- and moderate-income community, that the mission of the CRA resonates profoundly with me on a personal level 

as well, and I can give you my commitment that I will ensure that 

the FDIC fully executes the mandate of the CRA. 

Senator MENENDEZ. Thank you for that. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Senator Toomey. 

Senator TOOMEY. Thanks, Mr. Chairman. 

Dr. Goodfriend, would you agree with the characterization that 

a stable currency—in our case, obviously the dollar—a long-term 

stability in the currency is a very, very important condition for 

maximizing employment? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely. 

Senator TOOMEY. And, therefore, if you had a sustained policy 

where you deviated from that stability, for whatever reason, even 

if it were for a good intention like maybe lowering the unemployment rate, but if in the process you undermined the stability of the 

dollar, wouldn’t it actually be counterproductive for employment? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I do believe that that is true. 

Senator TOOMEY. The last time in the United States that we had 

an extended period of very high inflation I believe was the 1970s 

and early 1980s. What was the unemployment rate like during that 

period? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. On average, 2 or 3 percentage points higher 

than it has been since price stability. 

Senator TOOMEY. Yeah, so I think it is an important point that 

we should all keep in mind. Price stability is a necessary condition 

for maximizing employment. 

With respect to the recent history of the Fed’s behavior, you 

know, I have been concerned about what the Fed has done, the 

completely unprecedented history of the monetary policy, including 

monetizing the debt of our Government, which I think is a fair 

characterization, increasing our balance sheet to over $4 trillion. 

And it is true, there has been no recent huge run-up in inflation, 

but can anybody say with certainty that we are not right now living with some asset prices that could be vulnerable? Sovereign debt 

prices are pretty hard to explain, actually. Equity prices are extremely high, some real estate markets. Can you be certain that 

there are no bubbles out there? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, and what I hope to do, if I am confirmed 

as Governor, is worry about exactly this kind of issue and to try 

to do the best I can to guide interest rate policy on the basis of incoming data, to balance the goals of sustainable maximum employment, which is kind of where we are, keeping inflation low, and 

16 

also worrying about financial stability because that is an equally 

complementary part of the Fed’s mandate. 

Senator TOOMEY. And I would also like to suggest one other consideration, which is just that it strikes me as a dangerous idea for 

the central bank to be purchasing assets like mortgage-backed securities, which end up being an allocation-of-credit decision, which 

should be left to the market and not to the central bank, in my 

view. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I agree with that, and the Fed, to my understanding, has a policy of aiming to get its balance sheet back to 

what we call ‘‘all Treasurys.’’ 

Senator TOOMEY. All right. Thank you. 

Ms. McWilliams, thanks for taking the time to have a chat recently. I enjoyed our discussion in my office. I wanted to follow up 

on the issue that you raised regarding de novo banks. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Yes. 

Senator TOOMEY. As we discussed briefly, it used to be routine 

in America that 100 or more community banks would be launched 

every year, and it struck me as a wonderful mechanism to bring 

credit to growing communities wherever it was needed. But as you 

pointed out, for something like the last 9 or 10 years, I think we 

have averaged about 1 per year as opposed to over 100 per year. 

Now, some have suggested that is just because interest rates 

have been low, and I will concede that that may have contributed 

to discouraging new startups. But I am also convinced, as someone 

who has a community banking background, that the regulatory 

burden has also contributed to the lack of new banks. 

Is that your view? And do you have any specific ideas on how we 

might be able to relieve that burden, keeping in mind that these 

institutions are not systemically important even to their community, much less the country? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, thank you for that question, and 

thank you for our discussion as well. I absolutely agree with you 

that the de novo charter banking has been an issue that has been 

on my mind for a long time because we need to replenish the banks 

that closed down because of various circumstances. 

I do believe that the regulatory burden plays a key component 

in the consolidation of the community banking industry, and if confirmed, that is something that I would like to take a look at. Especially, I would like to take a look at the capital and liquidity requirements on community banks and understand how the Basel 

framework applies to those banks. A number of Basel requirements 

are not applicable to community banks, but, nonetheless, while I 

served on this Committee, I have heard from a significant number 

of community banks that the Basel requirements do apply to them; 

even if it is not by regulation, it is by a trickle-down effect. 

So I can commit to you that it is something that I will willingly 

and gladly take a look at and take under consideration if confirmed 

as Chair. 

Senator TOOMEY. Thank you very much. 

Mr. Chairman, thank you, and I would just observe I think we 

have three terrific nominees here. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, and I agree. 

Senator Tester. 

17 

Senator TESTER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

The first question is for you, Ms. McWilliams. The FDIC completes the EGRPRA process last year. A portion of that review 

talked about synchronization and streamlining, and I believe it is 

key that regulators do work together to make sure that regulations 

are not duplicative. It is a major complaint that I have heard from 

my community banks. 

As FDIC head, what would you do to ensure that the examination process is modernized and that duplication is eliminated as 

much as possible? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you, Senator Tester, for that question. 

The FDIC Chair also sits on the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, which is a great venue to be able to streamline 

banking examination, both in terms of the relaxation of duplicative 

requirements by different agencies and to provide uniformity in 

how prudential banking regulators approach examination and regulation of banks. We need to have uniformity. The Federal Deposit 

Insurance Corporation has the largest number of community banks 

under its primary supervision among the three regulators, but the 

Federal Reserve, if I recall correctly, has about 800 and the OCC 

has a significant number as well. So it is crucial that they have 

uniform standards that are applicable across all three banking regulators. 

Senator TESTER. And I have got it, and you are right. And so as 

FDIC, you would be encouraging communication. How would you 

do that? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Well, I would want to take a look at what has 

been done at the FFIEC in terms of uniformity and standardization 

of the examination process and regulatory approach to community 

banks, as well as have the FDIC, if necessary, go through the interagency working group to better understand what can the agencies 

do. 

Senator TESTER. So you would commit to reducing duplication 

where you can without harming safety and soundness of financial—— 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Absolutely, Senator. 

Senator TESTER. OK. Mr. Workman, this was addressed a little 

bit earlier about transparency with the FSOC. The FSOC underwent a number of changes last Congress. Those included notifying 

companies when they moved between stages, making public the 

calculation for Stage 1 evaluation, providing more information to 

companies as they go through the annual review. I assume that 

you agree with those changes? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Mr. Chairman, those sound very good. I am not 

absolutely certain of each one, but they sound like they are certainly consistent with my view, yes. 

Senator TESTER. So once you get into this position, assuming you 

will be confirmed, and you look at these changes and you think 

they are positive, do you think it would be necessary to codify the 

changes? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Mr. Chairman and Senator, that is sort of slipping into the area of policy and congressional responsibility, so—— 

Senator TESTER. You are right. You are not going to do it. We 

would do it. But assuming they work, I mean assuming you think 

18 

they are good—I do not want to put any words in your mouth, but 

assuming that they are a step in the right direction, because I 

think the process does need to be as transparent as possible, your 

support for codifying those laws could make a difference. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, it is something I would certainly give serious consideration to. 

Senator TESTER. All right. There has been much discussion on 

on-ramp and off-ramp for companies as they go through the FSOC 

process. Would you share your thoughts with me on that, if you 

think it is a good idea to have on-ramps and off-ramps, and where 

you would apply them? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes, Senator, I do believe that, in fact, this has 

been articulated in a recent report of Treasury on designations and 

the deliberations of FSOC. And I think it is important for entities 

that are being considered for designation and those entities that 

are already designated, that they have the opportunity to understand exactly what the Council is thinking and have good collaboration and engagement. 

Senator TESTER. Thank you for that. 

Dr. Goodfriend, I will just keep this question very, very simple, 

and it is an easy one. Do you believe that we need a Government 

guarantee and the continuing existence of a 30-year fixed-rate 

mortgage for housing purposes? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I think the 30-year mortgage is a very popular 

and useful instrument. I do not believe it needs a Government 

guarantee. Banks should be regulated and the economy should be 

stabilized in a way that these mortgages work. 

Senator TESTER. Do you think banks would put a 30-year mortgage out without a Government guarantee? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. To the extent that we have in place Government guarantees, if you want to call it that way, it is something 

that the Congress needs to decide. A Government guarantee is not 

a matter for the Federal Reserve. So I am happy with that at this 

point. 

Senator TESTER. OK. Thank you. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Senator BROWN. [Presiding.] Senator Heller. 

Senator HELLER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I appreciate our 

list of panelists. I appreciate you being here, and I am very grateful 

to your families for lending you to this process. And I do want to 

tell the Chairman how pleased I am that we have such a highly 

qualified group of panelists with us today. 

There was no State that got hit harder—and I have said that numerous times here on this Committee—during the economic meltdown than the State of Nevada, both in housing and in banking. 

We had at one point 60 percent of all the homes in Nevada underwater, and we lost half of our community banks in our State. 

Fortunately, that has bounced back. Our underwater is 10, 15 

percent, and yet we still do not see a growth of community banks 

in our State. 

There has been a massive consolidation of banking in the State, 

and it has led and coincided to the fact that Nevada is probably 

one of the most underbanked or unbanked States in the country. 

19 

That brings me to you, Ms. McWilliams, and we talked about 

this in our offices about ILCs. The industrial loan companies have 

played an important role in the State of Nevada. I think there has 

been a real lack of leadership under the FDIC under previous leadership. I am hoping that under your watch that will change. 

Give me your thoughts on ILCs and the expansion of them. 

Ms. McWilliams. Thank you, Senator, for that question. If I can 

first tell you that I used to live in Stockton, California, which, during the foreclosure crisis, when 1 in 33 homes were foreclosed in 

the United States, had about 1 in 11, so I fully understand the impact of the crisis and the foreclosures in the State of Nevada. 

With respect to the ILCs, the law of the land is that the ILCs 

exist. It is a statutory mandate. And the job of the FDIC is to give 

each ILC application due consideration and, if appropriate, proceed 

with the approval. 

I do not know how much work has been done on the ILCs in the 

last few years. I assume not a lot because I have not seen any new 

charters. I have a list of the ILC chartered institutions, and if confirmed, I am happy to work with your office to understand where 

the holdup has been in the approval process. 

Senator HELLER. And I appreciate that. Do you share the same 

viewpoint of former Chairman of the FDIC that ILCs pose no 

greater safety or soundness risk than any other charter type? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. I do. 

Senator HELLER. OK. And will you encourage new applications 

for ILC charter? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. I will certainly make sure that the FDIC 

moves swiftly in due consideration, and if that encourages more applicants to send the applications in, then I guess my answer is yes. 

Senator HELLER. If an ILC meets FDIC standards, will you support the approval of that ILC charter? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. If it means the ILC standards as currently set 

up by the FDIC, I believe there should be no obstacles in the application program. 

Senator HELLER. Thank you. Moving to community banks, you 

talked about regulations. Senator Toomey proposed to you what 

you would do to make necessary changes to allow and to help support and encouraging the chartering of these community banks. 

And you also talked a little bit about Basel requirements. 

What would you do to stop the consolidation, the consolidations 

that have been occurring amongst these small- and mid-sized 

banks? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, I am actually quite concerned about 

the consolidation, especially in rural counties. Currently, out of 

1,049 rural counties in the United States, 625 do not have a locally 

chartered community bank. And I believe that 35 counties do not 

have a single banking presence, which is quite concerning because 

you have small businesses and consumers who have to drive 20, 30, 

40 miles to the nearby county to get small dollar bills and other 

banking services. So it is something I would like to take a look at. 

In terms of what specifically I would do, I would like to take a 

look at how the FDIC has structured the regulatory framework 

around capital and liquidity requirements for small banks. Some of 

the requirements, I believe, are not applicable, and I would like to 

20 

revisit them within the statutory mandates currently set up. One 

example I can give you is the Volcker Rule. Community banks do 

not do proprietary trading. Nonetheless, they have to do compliance, which, for a bank of the size of my current employer, is quite 

comprehensive. I can only imagine for a bank that has $500 million 

in assets and two or three people in the compliance department, it 

is probably nearly impossible to do an appropriate amount of work 

to respond to the regulatory burden. So that is something I would 

like to focus on. 

Senator HELLER. Ms. McWilliams, thank you, and to our panelists, again, sorry I did not get to ask questions, but I want to thank 

you again for being here and for showing your support. 

Mr. Chairman, thank you. My time has run out. 

Senator BROWN. Senator Warren. 

Senator WARREN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you to 

each of our nominees for being here and for your willingness to 

serve. 

Dr. Goodfriend, as you know, the Fed has a dual mandate to 

maximize employment while keeping inflation in check. And if you 

are confirmed as a Fed Governor, then one of your main responsibilities will be to set interest rates that satisfy that dual 

mandate, which means you are going to need to make accurate projections about inflation. So I think it is time to take a look at your 

track record on how you have done making inflation projections in 

the past. 

In July 2011, you told the Wall Street Journal that the Fed 

should not be reluctant to ‘‘move interest rates up preemptively 

against inflation at this stage in the business cycle.’’ 

You also said, ‘‘The Fed needs to restore positive real short-term 

interest rates fairly soon.’’ That was 2011. ‘‘Otherwise, higher trend 

inflation and inflation scares will force the Fed in the future to 

more than reverse any short-run gains in employment that it might 

otherwise achieve in the present.’’ 

Now, we are almost 7 years past that statement. Meanwhile, real 

short-term interest rates are still negative, and inflation is undershooting the Fed’s 2-percent target. So do you agree that you got 

that projection wrong? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely. 

Senator WARREN. OK. That is good. Let us take a look at another 

one. Senator Menendez raised this, but I think it is worth repeating. In May 2012, you said: 

Even if the Fed did succeed in the Herculean task for getting the unemployment rate down to 7 percent, we could never be sure that the unemployment rate was below what we call the ‘natural rate,’ in which case it would 

give rise to a rising inflation rate in the next few years, which would be 

disastrous for the economy. 

Now, as you know, the Fed did succeed in getting the unemployment rate below 7 percent, and in the 5-plus years since you made 

that statement, the unemployment rate has steadily fallen, and 

now it is about 4 percent. Meanwhile, inflation remains below the 

Fed’s 2-percent target. 

So I did not hear a clear answer in response to Senator Menendez, so let me just ask it directly. You got that one wrong, too, 

right? 

21 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Let me remember the context. The context 

was, I think, for this comment that I was saying if you look at only 

the unemployment rate and not the inflation rate, you could make 

a mistake. But as long as the inflation rate was low, I would be 

in favor of maintaining monetary stimulus. 

Senator WARREN. Well, but you actually said just the opposite in 

the past, and you have talked about preemptively raising interest 

rates. You know, I am concerned about this because these wrong 

predictions are not outliers for you. They have been part of your 

overall approach to monetary policy, which effectively ignores the 

Fed’s full employment mandate and instead focuses solely on speculative concerns about inflation. This matters because focusing 

only on inflation does enormous harm to the economy and to working families. 

You know, you were talking about raising interest rates back in 

2011 when the unemployment rate was 9 percent. A year later you 

worried about the Fed letting unemployment drop below 7 percent. 

You know, the difference between that 9 percent unemployment 

rate or that 7 percent unemployment rate, the 4 percent unemployment rate we have got now is millions and millions of jobs, millions 

of families that have those jobs and are out there working and able 

to support themselves and their families. 

I think based on the kind of judgment that you have demonstrated, American families are very lucky that you were not on 

the Fed Board over the past several years, and I think it would be 

a mistake to put you on the Fed Board now. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Senator BROWN. Senator Kennedy. 

Senator KENNEDY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Congratulations to 

all three of you. 

Would any of you disagree with the assertion that we are excessively regulating community banks, defined as banks of $10 billion 

or less of assets? Would any of you disagree with that assertion? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. No, Senator. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Not at all. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Dr. Goodfriend, do you believe at this moment in time we have financial institutions in America that are too 

big to fail? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I hope not, and I think given the progress we 

have made—— 

Senator KENNEDY. Well, I hope not, too, but do you believe they 

exist? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I really do not. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. What do you think would happen or 

should happen if, God forbid, JPMorgan Chase knocked on Secretary Mnuchin’s door this afternoon and said, ‘‘We are about to go 

under, and I need money, I need liquidity’’? What do you think 

would be Government’s proper role? And what do you think should 

be Government’s proper role? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Let me say, Senator, that I think the issue— 

you have put your finger on a critical issue, and I would hope that 

the procedures that we put in place where you would try to go for 

bankruptcy first and then only to come to the Government with 

22 

some kind of orderly liquidation have been clarified, and the 

boundaries of responsibility have been put in place already—— 

Senator KENNEDY. Do you think they have been? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Frankly, I think there is reason to go look 

again and make sure that they are in the right place. This is such 

an important issue—— 

Senator KENNEDY. I am trying to understand. Not to interrupt, 

but do you think they are in the right place? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. You know, I have not looked at the details of 

the proposal, of the clarity, of boundaries, but should I be confirmed as Governor, this would be one of the issues that I would 

like to make sure we are in the right place, because without clarity, 

without boundaries, we do not have accountability, and that is how 

we got the Great Recession. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Do you believe in quantitative easing? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Well, it depends when and where it was used. 

In the crisis—— 

Senator KENNEDY. Well, let me put it this way. Do you think the 

quantitative easing pursued by the Fed over the last few years, in 

light of the Great Recession of 2008, was appropriate? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I think so-called QE1 and 2, that was during 

the crisis, and given that we had not had the clarity beforehand 

that I just spoke of, I think it was OK to do that to save the system. QE3 was not an emergency, and it was more or less used as 

a routine tool for stabilization. I think that was not called for. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Why is inflation so low? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. It takes some time to talk about that, but basically—— 

Senator KENNEDY. How about 30 seconds? 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. You know, I think it is a puzzle, first of all, 

around the world, so I would not be here and be able to give you 

the answer. But one reason is that the central banks around the 

world have put in place a credibility for rising inflation that has 

cutoff the inflation tail, if you will, and plus central banks with policy that is near zero interest have lost some of the punch of monetary policy in that direction. So that would be my short answer. 

Senator KENNEDY. If the Federal Reserve did nothing, where do 

you think inflation in the United States would be a year from now? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. My view is that inflation is slowly rising, the 

Fed is more or less on the right path going forward, and I have 

every reason to think that we could get to 2 percent, which is the 

target, in a year or so. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. If you were—I am trying to understand 

your overall philosophy. If you were advising Prime Minister Abe 

about how to revive the Japanese economy, what would you tell 

him? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I have been supportive of Japanese efforts to 

keep monetary stimulus in place until the inflation rate has risen 

to their target, which is around 2. And, in fact, I have been an adviser for the Bank of Japan for years and years. 

Senator KENNEDY. Have you? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. And basically on that side of that argument. 

So, you know, they need to do that. 

23 

Senator KENNEDY. Did you advise the Bank of Japan on the 

quantitative easing? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I did not advise the bank, but I was an honorary adviser to the Bank of Japan. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. And you think they are on the right track 

there, or you disagree with their approach? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I think they—you know, in the circumstance they need to stimulate the economy, get the inflation 

rate up, and they have been doing well, and now employment is 

doing much better than before. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Thank you for that. 

Ms. McWilliams, what role, if any, do you think the FDIC has 

in helping us establish a National Flood Insurance Program that 

looks like somebody put it together on purpose? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, the National Flood Program is a creature of Congress. It is not to the agencies to decide what is appropriate or not. It is for Congress to decide and for agencies to implement—— 

Senator KENNEDY. Right, but I am asking your opinion. Let me 

be more specific. Many of our financial institutions do a great job 

enforcing the requirement of flood insurance. Some do not. And 

when some get caught, they just get a minor fine, which sends the 

signal—if you believe in the deterrence paradigm of compliance, 

which sends the signal that it is cheaper just to ignore the rule. 

What do you think we can do about that, if anything? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Well, I believe the banks should be supervised 

appropriately, and if the flood insurance is not required on certain 

loans, I think that is a problem—— 

Senator KENNEDY. What if it is required? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS.——if they are in a flood zone. 

Senator KENNEDY. What if it is required and some aspects of the 

financial system are not enforcing the requirement? What, if anything, should the FDIC do? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. It should regulate those banks appropriately, 

which is to find them in disobedience of the regulatory requirements. 

Senator KENNEDY. OK. Mr. Workman, why do you think—Senator Toomey made this point. Why do you think over the last, let 

us say, 9 or 10 years—am I over, Mr. Chairman? 

[Laughter.] 

Chairman CRAPO. [Presiding.] Only by 2 1⁄2 minutes. 

Senator KENNEDY. I am sorry. 

Senator BROWN. Senator Kennedy, I would not dare cut you off 

during your discussion of flood insurance. 

Senator KENNEDY. I looked at my—I apologize. I was looking 

at—— 

Chairman CRAPO. I was going to hand this down the aisle there. 

[Laughter.] 

Senator BROWN. Mr. Chairman, when he talks about flood insurance, he does not know when to stop. 

Senator KENNEDY. Please, my apologies. I really did not mean 

to—it was going up instead of down. 

[Laughter.] 

Chairman CRAPO. It was not up to 5 yes, was it? 

24 

Senator KENNEDY. I am sorry. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, Senator. 

Senator Cortez Masto. 

Senator KENNEDY. I was having fun. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Thank you. Welcome to all of you. 

Thank you for your willingness to serve. Welcome to your families. 

It is great to see you all here. 

I only have 5 minutes, so I am going to get right into it, and I 

am going to start with Mr. Goodfriend. In your writings you recommend taxing currency by placing magnetic strips on dollar bills. 

You argue that in order to keep bills in circulation, the Government should tax people who hold money in a disaster kit or safe 

deposit box. If you are appointed to a 14-year term on the Federal 

Reserve, will you seek to tax people who choose to maintain a cash 

reserve? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely not. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Do you want to explain your discussion? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Briefly, yes. I wrote a paper in 1999 for a Federal Reserve System conference which was asked what happens if 

interest rates go to zero and what could the Federal Reserve do. 

And in that paper there are two ways the Federal Reserve could 

have gone. It could do quantitative easing. That was the first place 

that was put out. Or it could make interest rates negative. That 

would also be an option. I did not propose that. That was an academic paper showing what could be done, and that was forwardlooking in the sense that the world went to zero rates and negative 

rates in some—— 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. If you had the opportunity to tax people 

based on your policy discussion, would you do so? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No. I do not support—that is not a proposal. 

It was an emergency measure we considered just as a matter of 

first thinking on these things before anybody had ever imagined 

anything would happen like that. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. OK. In 2014, the Federal Reserve published research refuting that Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae’s affordable housing goals played no role in the crisis. After the financial 

crisis, analysis by staff of the Fed’s Board of Governors found that, 

and I quote, ‘‘The available evidence to date does not lend support 

to the argument that the Community Reinvestment Act is a root 

cause of the subprime crisis.’’ 

It appears you disagree with the Fed’s conclusion. Is that true? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No, I do not—I think—— 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Do you agree with the Fed’s conclusion? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I am not—I have not—if you can repeat the 

question, because I—— 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Sure. The Federal Reserve published research refuting that Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae’s affordable 

housing goals played no role in the crisis. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. It is not a subject that I have had much professional expertise on, so I would rather not comment. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. OK. Thank you. 

Mr. Workman, the November report from the Treasury Department essentially called for abandoning nonbank SIFI designations, 

and the Treasury’s General Counsel said that the FSOC would 

25 

reduce such oversight. Do you think nonbank SIFI designations 

should be tossed out as a tool? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, I have looked at the Treasury report, 

and among the areas of recommendation, one is going to, as I mentioned earlier, an activities-based approach. But, in addition, there 

is a line of thought that I think still stands in that recommendation, and I am reading it as someone who has been studying it of 

late. But, essentially, it indicates that FSOC ought to first look at 

the marketplace, look at what the concerns may be, and then go 

to the primary regulators, which in the case of insurance are the 

State insurance regulators. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Right, and for that reason—I am sorry 

to cut you off. I only have so much time. But you talk about an activities-based approach, but is the FSOC really prepared to force 

other Federal regulators to adopt those rules? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, I am not sure. I do not know about that. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Because isn’t it true that FSOC would 

really have little power to constrain risky activities in the insurance industry since it is regulated at the State level? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Well, certainly the State insurance regulators are 

expressly considered to be primary regulators for purposes of FSOC 

actions. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. OK. Thank you. 

Ms. McWilliams, what will you do as head of the FDIC to encourage sustainable home ownership for Latinos, African Americans, 

and millennials whose access continues to lag? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, thank you for that question. As I 

mentioned, I lived in the State of California where the Latino community in particular is almost as prevalent as it is in the State of 

Nevada. I do believe that the agency’s duties are to ensure that 

banking products are available to everybody. The question that I 

would like to tackle is: How much have the agencies done to encourage home ownership and what is the appropriate role for the 

FDIC to partake in that? And if confirmed and I realize that something has not been done, I am happy to bring you the initiatives 

and technical assistance should you choose to pursue other venues. 

Senator CORTEZ MASTO. Thank you. I appreciate that. Thank you 

all for answering my questions. 

I notice my time is up. Thank you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, and thanks for getting us back on 

track. 

Senator Tillis. 

Senator TILLIS. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I will keep all my questions—— 

Chairman CRAPO. You only have 3 minutes. 

Senator TILLIS.——to Senator Kennedy’s standard. 

Chairman CRAPO. Just kidding. 

[Laughter.] 

Senator TILLIS. Mr. Goodfriend, it is ironic that somebody whose 

last name is Goodfriend is getting so many unfriendly questions, 

but I have a question for you, and it is really just can you give me 

your thoughts on what you think is more corrosive on the middle 

class—low growth or low inflation? 

26 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Low growth is probably the more corrosive in 

the sense that growth enables a lot of things to get done. People 

can live their lives. The country can do more. And low inflation, unless it is too low, is, I do not think, anywhere near as corrosive. 

Senator TILLIS. Thank you. 

Ms. McWilliams, I have got a hypothetical situation. You mentioned, I think, in response to Senator Toomey’s questions that 

community banks or smaller banks are not subject to the Volcker 

Rule if they do not do proprietary trading? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. They are subject, but they should not be because they do not engage in proprietary trading. 

Senator TILLIS. Well, let me give you a hypothetical situation. 

Let us say that there is a bank out there that wants to go green, 

and it is going to take a little while for them to get there. And so 

in the process of coming up with a viable strategy for a community 

bank, they all of a sudden get involved in a business activity which 

makes perfect sense for them to go green, but it actually make 

them wade into something that falls under Volcker. Can you give 

me maybe a scenario where we talk about the—I am trying to also 

interpret that in terms of the regulatory cost impacts on smaller 

institutions. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Certainly, Senator. I am actually aware of financial institutions that are trying to go ‘‘green’’ and made a commitment on being fully ‘‘green’’ by a certain period in time. They 

would change the light bulbs, windows, et cetera, but they may 

have hundreds plus or just five branches, and getting branches to 

the point of a ‘‘green’’ standard is a costly and a multi-year effort. 

So some of the banks have engaged in purchasing ‘‘green’’ credits, 

basically renewable energy purchase agreements, and in order for 

a bank to actually engage in that discussion, it needs to do an appropriate Volcker compliance analysis. I am aware of a bank that 

had to comprise a committee of 22 people and have multiple meetings on whether the purchase of ‘‘green’’ energy, the renewable energy contract, would in fact, trigger proprietary trading under 

Volcker, which I believe undermines the purpose of the act. 

Senator TILLIS. Yeah, and I think it undermines the objective of 

the industry trying to go green. To me, it is a good working example of why we need to right-size regulations and remove some of 

these impediments that simply do not make any sense. So thank 

you for that. 

Also, on the cost-benefit analysis, has there been—when we talk 

about cost-benefit—and I think the Chair and Senator Shelby 

asked the question—I do not think we really do a good job of explaining at the atomic level, the consumer level, the price that they 

are paying for regulations. I was just using—there was one example that was in the Wall Street Journal earlier this week that one 

of the major banks is now going to not allow free checking for certain accounts that fall below a certain level. In some ways I have 

got to believe that has been stimulated by pressure on the cost of 

doing operations. They have got to find revenues somewhere. They 

have a fiduciary responsibility to their investors to try and provide 

a return on their equity. 

Has there been much work done at that atomic level to say when 

you implement these additional regulations, which may go further 

27 

than you need to, beyond the right size of a regulation, the real individual impacts, do we ever do cost-benefit analysis at an atomic 

level, and should we? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, I believe that we should. How much 

has been done is difficult for me to ascertain because a lot of that 

work is behind the scenes. So what you would see in the Federal 

Register in terms of the proposed rulemaking or the final rulemaking is just the tip of the iceberg. I know for a fact when I was 

at the Federal Reserve we struggled at times to ascertain how a 

certain regulation would impact consumers, but it is a task that 

should be undertaken anyway. The regulators should not shrink 

from their responsibilities, because it is an easy thing to do. I believe that they need to engage on a deep level, to understand who 

is going to pay for this, how it is going to affect the communities, 

and are we willing to live with the consequences. 

Senator TILLIS. Thank you. 

Mr. Workman, I did not have an opportunity to meet with you 

in my office. I do know that you met with my staff, and I know 

it was a productive meeting. And you have answered a lot of the 

questions that I have had for you, so I will not ask them again. We 

are working on a bill, particularly around Fed supervision, about 

savings and loan holding companies and getting them right-sized. 

I look forward, after you are confirmed, to working with you and 

have you in my office. I want to congratulate all three of you. You 

are outstanding nominees. I look forward to supporting your nomination, and congratulations to your family and friends. This should 

be a very proud moment for you. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Thank you. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Thank you. 

Senator TILLIS. Thank you, Mr. Chair. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Senator Jones. 

Senator JONES. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much, and thank 

you for the nominees to be here. Congratulations to you and your 

families. Ms. McWilliams, I am especially appreciative of you being 

here with your role with my colleague Senator Shelby and your 

work with him. I know that you probably also learned a lot about 

something else very dear to Senator Shelby’s heart, but I am going 

to resist the urge to give you a pop quiz about University of Alabama football. 

[Laughter.] 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Senator JONES. I do appreciate your comments and your answers 

to previous questions about community banks in underserved 

areas. That was an issue, and I appreciate your answers to that 

very much. 

So let me move to Dr. Goodfriend. I would like to go back briefly 

to comments you alluded to earlier and some earlier comments in 

2010 where you referred to consumer protection as a false premise 

and essentially said that consumers should be left to police themselves. I agree with you that consumers need to take personal responsibility, but I also think there are some kind of bad actors out 

there. 

28 

The Federal Reserve has a Division of Consumer and Community 

Affairs, known as DCCA. In reading from the mission statement 

from DCCA, it says, ‘‘It is to support the board’s efforts to implement Federal laws intended to protect and inform consumers in 

credit and other financial service transactions, ensuring that consumers receive comprehensive information and fair treatment and 

promoting economic development and community lending in historically underserved areas.’’ And I will tell you, Dr. Goodfriend, 

Alabama has a lot of those underserved areas. 

So my question is: If you are confirmed by the Senate, would you 

continue to support the DCCA’s efforts to not only inform but to 

protect consumers? And would you recommend any changes to the 

Division’s mission? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I would absolutely support that mission. I 

think consumers need to have regulation on the product side, and 

they need to be informed. These are two halves of making consumers protected, and I absolutely support the Federal Reserve’s 

mission. 

Senator JONES. And the DCCA mission as written, you would not 

make any changes to that to lessen anything? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Well, if confirmed as a Governor, I would like 

to look into this, because I think it is so important that we maintain confidence in consumers, confidence in the market system. The 

ability to make that system work absolutely depends on consumers 

feeling confident in the way as demanding customers and feel safe 

in markets. That is absolutely a goal that I would support. 

Senator JONES. OK. Fair enough. I also have seen comments that 

seem to be a little bit conflicting in the past, Dr. Goodfriend, in 

which at one point you had talked about that you seemed to advocate for a very independent, activist Fed that should push back 

against Congress, but in recent years you seem to have pushed 

back for less independence of the Fed, including Congress appropriating the Fed’s budget. 

In my view, independence is important, especially in our current 

economic and political climate. So can you give me your view now, 

how important is the Fed to be an independent body? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Absolutely, the Fed needs to be absolutely 

independent of politics so we can do monetary policy, financial regulation, and in order to support the dual mandate. That is something I completely believe in, and I have said so many times in 

many papers in the past. 

Senator JONES. Do you still favor Congress appropriating the 

budget for the Fed? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I do not favor that. 

Senator JONES. OK. Have you ever favored that? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. No. 

Senator JONES. OK. Maybe I am mistaken. 

That is, I think, all the questions I have, Mr. Chairman. Thank 

you. Thank you to each of the nominees. I appreciate your being 

here. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, Senator. 

Senator Cotton. 

29 

Senator COTTON. Thank you all to the nominees for your appearance. Congratulations on your nomination. Congratulations to your 

families as well. 

Ms. McWilliams, the FDIC recently proposed a new rule for high 

volatility, acquisition, development, and construction loans, also 

known as HVADC. That would replace the current rule on high 

volatility commercial real estate loans. I am concerned that the 

proposed rule would remove contributed equity exemptions for future acquisition, development, and construction loans and would instead treat them all virtually the same in terms of the risk assessment, and it strikes me, therefore, that the regulators would be ignoring the proactive steps that lenders are taking to in essence get 

a bigger downpayment, to put it in layman’s terms, to reduce risk 

and, therefore, increase safety and soundness. 

The House has already acted on this measure. The House Financial Services Committee passed a bill 59–1. It passed the House 

chamber by a voice vote. I suspect the Senate will soon. Could you 

commit that you will take a look at this issue and perhaps hit the 

pause button until the Congress has a chance to review it this 

year. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, thank you for that question. Since the 

rule is at the proposed rulemaking stage, I am not sure when, if 

I am so fortunate to be confirmed, I would be able to take a look 

at the rule to understand what work the FDIC has done behind the 

scenes. But if it does happen that I am confirmed before the rule 

is finalized, I would certainly like to know what the staff at the 

FDIC has done. As you know, the rules are subject to the Administrative Procedures Act, so there is a notice and comment period 

during which the FDIC rulemaking process will be informed based 

on comments from various stakeholders and affected entities, including consumers and users of this type of credit. 

So I can assure you that, if I get confirmed in time, I would like 

to take a look at those comment letters as well and understand 

what is going on. 

Senator COTTON. Good. Thank you, because there is both a process point and a substantive point. The process is if Congress does 

finally get its act together and take legislative action on this, I do 

not think we would want to go through the whole rigmarole of notice and comment rulemaking with a final rule that will simply 

modified or overturned, therefore the substance of the point I made 

about not, you know, discouraging lenders from entering into these 

loans with, you know, high equity contributions by making them be 

treated in the same fashion in terms of the risk assessment. 

Second topic. FDIC obviously plays a large role in the supervision and enforcement of the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-moneylaundering regulations. That is a topic that this Committee has increasingly scrutinized over the last month. How right now would 

you assess the division of responsibility for anti-money-laundering 

regulations and the Bank Secrecy Act compliance between the 

FDIC, FinCEN, other regulators, and financial institutions? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. So the BSA and AML regulations are promulgated by FinCEN in conjunction with their regulatory agencies. It 

is the job of the regulatory agencies—in this case, the FDIC—to examine and ensure compliance with both BSA and AML. So the 

30 

actual work gets done at the FDIC level while the rulemakings and 

the requirements get set up in a multi-agency effort. 

Senator COTTON. Are you open to reviewing those processes and 

trying to find ways that we can both still be strict and prevent, you 

know, intelligence officers, terrorists, drug runners, deadbeat exhusbands from manipulating our banking system, but at the same 

time reducing the costs that we are imposing on gigantic and tiny 

institutions alike? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, absolutely. And I can tell you from 

my current experience, banks are required to file a suspicious activity report, or SAR, every time there is a dollar threshold or they 

suspect a certain activity is taking place. I think this is making it 

more difficult under the current regime for the regulatory bodies to 

examine effectively and efficient for SARs compliance and AML 

and BSA violations when you have as many SARs filed as we do 

under the current framework. So I would like to take a look if it 

is possible to streamline while maintaining safety and soundness 

of the system. 

Senator COTTON. Good. Thank you. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Senator COTTON. Mr. Workman, the FSOC’s process to designate 

systemically important financial institutions has been a topic of 

conversation here to include about nonbanks. I would like to ask, 

at a philosophical level, given the criticism the FSOC has received 

about the opacity of that process, do you think the criteria by 

which the FSOC makes these judgments should be more like a 

posted speed limit, encouraging people to stay on whichever side of 

the line they want to be, or a speed trap, hiding in the trees to 

catch someone once they cross unstated criteria? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, I like the posted speed limit. 

Senator COTTON. I do like the posted speed limit as well. I think 

it is consistent with the rule of law and a well-functioning marketbased economy. 

My time has exactly expired. 

Chairman CRAPO. Good timing. 

Senator Reed. 

Senator REED. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. And welcome to 

the witnesses, and I apologize for my tardiness. Senator Cotton and 

I were at a classified hearing on the nuclear posture review, so nice 

to be out here with you all. 

Let me ask a question to each one, beginning with Ms. 

McWilliams. Cybersecurity is becoming increasingly critical to 

every aspect of American life, and so in your different roles—FDIC, 

Federal Reserve, and FSOC—can you give a brief statement about 

what you think you can do and should do immediately with respect 

to cybersecurity? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you for that question, Senator. I can 

tell you for a fact now that I work for a regulated entity that it 

is one of the foremost issues on the mind of the governing body at 

the bank as well as the board of directors. I believe that the regulator’s job is to provide a blueprint for how banks are supposed to 

handle cybersecurity breaches in terms of notifications and just 

give a sense to the public and to Congress what regulated entities 

are supposed to do if there is a cyber breach. 

31 

I understand that in 2016 there was an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking by the Federal Reserve, OCC, and FDIC seeking 

comments and input on how the cybersecurity framework should be 

structured, and I would like to follow up, if confirmed, to understand what kind of comments have been received and what the 

FDIC can do. 

Senator REED. Thank you. 

Dr. Goodfriend. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I completely agree. This is a very important 

issue, and I will do what I can, if confirmed, to lend my support 

and whatever expertise I can to this. 

Senator REED. One of the things that we have done, several my 

colleagues and I have legislation that would require a simple disclosure in publicly reporting companies that they either have someone on the board or they have made arrangements to deal with the 

issue of cybersecurity so that it is an action-forcing device for every 

company. Does that make sense to you? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. As a principle, it makes sense to me. 

Senator REED. Thank you. And, Mr. Workman, please? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes. Senator, certainly cybersecurity is a critically important element in the insurance world. I would just observe two actions that have been taken, one by the New York Department of Financial Services. I am sure you are well aware of 

that. But they acted early, put together a proposal, took it to the 

NAIC, and it to a very large degree influenced the NAIC action just 

this past year. The New York reg. is nearing completion of implementation, and the States now have a model from the NAIC. So 

I think much has been done, but never enough. 

Senator REED. Thank you very much. And the Rhode Island superintendent of insurance supports our approach, too, so they are 

very bright in Rhode Island. I cannot explain it, but they are. 

Turning quickly, Dr. Goodfriend—when Governor Powell was 

here, he testified in response to my questions about the orderly 

liquidation authority, and he said that his preferred option is bankruptcy. However, he indicated there may come a time when bankruptcy is not going to work in a very stressful situation that really 

threatens the economic health of the country, just like what happened in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In that case we would really need 

a backup in the form of something like orderly liquidation authority. What is your view of the orderly liquidation authority? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. I agree with Governor Powell’s statement, and 

I think this is a very important matter. It deserves, I think, reconsideration given how important it was that there was lack of clarity 

and boundaries when we had the last crisis. This is so important 

that I think it deserves another look-see, and if I am confirmed as 

Governor, I would certainly make this a priority. 

Senator REED. We have an orderly liquidation authority in place, 

so the look would be to—— 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. To make sure that it would work in practice. 

I have not seen it in detail. I think there is plenty of opportunity 

to kind of model this thing in various ways and check whether 

there is clarity. There are boundaries that make accountability for 

all the actors that would get involved in this orderly liquidation 

authority to think through scenarios in which that would work. 

32 

And this is so important, again, that I think it deserves another 

look. 

Senator REED. And the look would be, as I presume from your 

comments, to ensure it works in practice, not that it be abandoned 

or ignored? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. Right. I have no predilections one way or the 

other, but I do believe, knowing what I know about the subject in 

general, these things are complicated. And I think we have not gotten to the end of the line yet on where we want to be. 

Senator REED. Thank you very much. Thank you all. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, Senator Reed, and we are going to 

have a short second round. I am going to yield my 5 minutes and 

turn to Senator Shelby. 

Senator SHELBY. Thank you. 

I want to follow up just for a minute on the area that Senator 

Tillis was going to earlier, cost-benefit analysis, explaining what 

regulation costs, what are the benefits for it to the consumer, because we are all consumers. I agree with him; I do not believe that 

has been explained. Oftentimes the regulators—you all would be 

regulators—come up with regulations, and we say, ‘‘Gosh, they 

make no sense,’’ or at least some of us, maybe we are laymen and 

we do not know. But how do we actually develop the methodology, 

which is important—Dr. Goodfriend, you understand this well. The 

methodology is important in arriving at something. 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. That is right. 

Senator SHELBY. And what are you trying to do? You are trying 

to arrive at the truth. How can we help consumers make good 

choices? We know we cannot do everything. How can we put cost 

on a regulation that increases the cost of doing business and it ultimately falls on them? 

Mr. GOODFRIEND. In terms of principles, I agree completely with 

your description of the issues. There has been a tendency in some 

quarters to think—well, first of all, I should say I think consumer 

protection is critical, so to me it is a question of where we want 

to put the emphasis. We want to balance, we want to put some of 

it on the firms, but we also, I think, need to really focus better 

than my sense is on consumer knowledge, educating consumers, because that would mean that consumers could be in charge of their 

own lives. And really the only way to prevent a consumer from 

really being exploited is to put them in the driver’s seat, make sure 

that they are aware of what products are doing, and that is where 

I would be in principle. My sense is that we have been doing some 

of that at the Fed, but I think there is scope for doing more of that. 

Senator SHELBY. Ms. McWilliams, do you have any comments on 

that? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, I can give you my commitment that, 

if confirmed, the cost-benefit analysis is something I would like to 

take a close look at while at the FDIC. As somebody who worked 

on regulations and had to take into account in some rulemakings 

thousands and thousands of comment letters, it is crucial that we 

understand how our regulations are going to impact consumers 

before we promulgate them. So, yes, you have my commitment that 

I will take a look at that. 

33 

Senator SHELBY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you. 

Senator Brown. 

Senator BROWN. Thank you, and I will make this as brief as I 

can. 

Mr. Workman, again, welcome. Based on the $50 billion bank 

threshold in the Wall Street Reform Act, the FSOC uses a $50 billion threshold as a factor to determine if a shadow bank could 

cause systemic risk, as you know. If the Chairman’s bank deregulation bill is enacted, would you recommend that FSOC also raise its 

threshold fivefold to the $250 billion that the Chairman is suggesting? 

Mr. WORKMAN. Senator, I can just say that is treading into an 

area I have not yet adequately learned about, so I cannot really 

speak on that issue. 

Senator BROWN. OK. Thank you for your candor. There is a reasonable chance that you will be asked to at some point. 

Mr. WORKMAN. Yes, indeed. 

Senator BROWN. You understand that, OK. 

Ms. McWilliams, it was an honor to speak to you, and I look forward to meeting your Cincinnati family in a few minutes after we 

are done. 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Thank you. 

Senator BROWN. Vice Chair Quarles last week promised to the 

largest banks that the Fed would soon weaken leverage rules. Reportedly, this is despite resistance from FDIC. The Chairman’s 

bank deregulation bill would undercut the leverage ratio for some 

of the Nation’s largest banks. Democratic, Republican, and Independent FDIC officials—Chair Gruenberg, Chair Bair, Vice Chair 

Hoenig—have all warned about undermining capital standards 

that, like leverage limits, harm financial stability. If confirmed, will 

you protect the Deposit Insurance Fund by continuing the FDIC’s 

opposition to weakening leverage rules for the largest banks? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, thank you for that question. If confirmed, it is going to be my mandate and my duty to protect the 

DIF. I would like to take a look at the leverage rules. As you know, 

the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation does not have large 

banks as its primary supervisory entities. The largest bank in the 

FDIC portfolio does not rise to the advanced approaches level currently set at $250 billion. The leverage rules for smaller banks 

should look a little bit different than the rules for the largest participants. I can assure you that I would like to take a look at that 

and make sure they are applicably and appropriately calibrated for 

the size, scope, and risk of the bank. 

Senator BROWN. Would you agree that a central cause of the 

2008 crisis was too much leverage at the largest banks and a failure of risk-weighted capital standards? 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. Senator, I do not know that I can agree with 

that statement wholly. I would want to understand the context in 

which it is made. 

Senator BROWN. Well, the context was what happened a decade 

ago. Was a central cause of the 2008 crisis too much leverage at 

the largest banks? 

34 

Ms. MCWILLIAMS. The FDIC just recently issued a report on the 

crisis, and its outcome, and I have to tell you I have not gotten 

through the entire report fully in preparation for the hearing, but 

I am happy to circle back on that question with you when I am 

done. 

Senator BROWN. The Minnesota Fed recently recommended a leverage ratio of 15 percent to protect Americans from future bailouts. Dr. Goodfriend had said he does not think there are banks 

that are too big to fail. Some here think that, some do not. I just 

want to urge you to look into the fact that weakening the leverage 

ratio for the largest banks can be problematic. Our job here collectively is to protect the safety and soundness of our banking institutions—I am not accusing you for sure—but not to protect the largest banks and not to enhance the profitability of America’s largest 

banks. 

Thank you to the three of you. 

Chairman CRAPO. Thank you, and that concludes the questioning 

and the hearing with the exception of final announcements. 

Before I do that, though, I want to thank all of you again for 

coming and participating today and for being willing to serve your 

country. And, again, I extend thanks to your families for supporting you and helping you to be able to do that. 

For all Senators, follow-on questions need to be submitted by 

Tuesday, January 30th. And for our witnesses, responses to those 

questions are due by the following Monday morning, February 5th. 

So please respond quickly when you receive questions. 

With that, this hearing is adjourned. 

[Whereupon, at 11:52 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.] 

[Prepared statements, responses to written questions, and additional material supplied for the record follow:] 

35 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN MIKE CRAPO 

JANUARY 23, 2018 

This morning, we will consider the nominations of Ms. Jelena McWilliams to be 

Chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; Dr. Marvin Goodfriend 

to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; and Mr. 

Thomas Workman to be a Member of the Financial Stability Oversight Council. 

Welcome to all of you and congratulations on your nominations to these important 

offices. 

I see friends and family sitting behind you and I welcome them here today, as 

well. 

We are fortunate to have three highly-qualified individuals to consider for these 

positions, which are critical to ensuring a safe, sound, and vibrant financial system 

and a healthy, growing economy. 

I am particularly excited that one of these nominees, Ms. McWilliams, is a former 

staffer of mine, and is no stranger to Members who have been on this Committee 

over the past several years. 

Ms. McWilliams did outstanding work while she was at the Committee, and I am 

fully confident she will bring the same diligence, work ethic, and intellect to the 

FDIC that she showed here. 

In addition to working at the Committee, Ms. McWilliams also worked as an attorney at the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis, and she currently is the 

Chief Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary, and Executive Vice President of Fifth 

Third Bank. 

These varied experiences have provided her with the particular background and 

expertise needed to run the FDIC. 

As head of the FDIC, Ms. McWilliams would be in charge of administering the 

Deposit Insurance Fund. 

Additionally, in its role as a prudential regulator, the FDIC plays a critical role 

in ensuring the safety and soundness of the financial system, while also promoting 

economic growth. 

Dr. Goodfriend also has an impressive background, having worked at the Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond for close to 30 years. 

He has written extensively about monetary and regulatory policy, and he testified 

before this Committee in 2016. 

His appointment comes at a critical time for the Federal Reserve. 

The Fed is currently in the midst of normalizing monetary policy by winding down 

its balance sheet and raising interest rates after years at the zero lower bound. 

With respect to regulatory policy, the Federal Reserve is reviewing many of the 

rules put in place following the crisis. 

If confirmed, I look forward to working with Dr. Goodfriend on further regulatory 

and monetary policy improvements. 

Finally, we will consider Mr. Workman to serve as the independent insurance expert on the Financial Stability Oversight Council. 

The Council is charged with identifying risks and responding to emerging threats 

to financial stability, which has significant implications for both banks and nonbank 

financial companies. 

Mr. Workman is well-equipped to fill the insurance expert role, bringing over four 

decades of practical insurance-industry experience, including serving as the head of 

a major New York State insurance trade group, representing over 70 life insurance 

companies. 

During my meeting with Mr. Workman, I was encouraged by his commitment to 

independence and desire to facilitate better collaboration between regulators and 

with regulated entities. 

At this time, I ask unanimous consent to enter into the record 14 letters endorsing the witnesses. Without objection, so ordered. 

Congratulations again on your nominations and thank you and your families for 

your willingness to serve. 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

TO BE CHAIRPERSON AND A MEMBER, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, FEDERAL DEPOSIT

INSURANCE CORPORATION

JANUARY 23, 2018 

Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, and Members of the Committee, as a 

former staff member, it is my privilege to appear before you today. I am truly 

36 

honored and humbled to be nominated to lead the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). I would like to thank the President for entrusting me with this 

nomination, and Senators Crapo, Shelby and Olympia Snowe for giving me an opportunity to serve our country. 

I would also like to thank my father, Obrad Obrenic, a World War II veteran who 

taught me there is no substitute for personal integrity and hard work; my mother, 

Branka, who always believed in me; my brother, Nenad, a beekeeper and a great 

father; and my daughter, Maya McWilliams, whose humility reminds me every day 

to be a better person. 

My father was born in 1925 in impoverished Montenegro. He was born in a kingdom, fought fascism and Nazism in his youth, survived communism and socialism 

as an adult, and is now living out his golden years in democracy. His difficult journey was pivotal in my decision to leave the former Yugoslavia for a system built 

upon the rule of law. I arrived in the United States by myself on my 18th birthday 

with $500. Appearing before you 26 1⁄2 years later as the nominee to lead a historic 

Federal agency is nothing short of an American Dream. 

The FDIC is an independent agency created by the Congress to maintain financial 

stability and public confidence by insuring deposits; examining, supervising and resolving financial institutions; and managing receiverships. 

I believe that my background and professional experience have prepared me well 

for this challenge. I currently serve as the Chief Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary, 

and Executive Vice President of Fifth Third Bancorp, a regional bank headquartered 

in Cincinnati, Ohio. I serve on the bank’s executive committee and advise the senior 

management and the Board of Directors on legal, compliance, and regulatory matters. I oversee over 70 attorneys and support staff. 

Prior to joining Fifth Third, I had the honor and privilege to serve on this Committee under Chairman Crapo’s and former Chairman Shelby’s leadership, most recently as Chief Counsel and Deputy Staff Director. My experiences on this Committee and as a staff attorney at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors have 

uniquely prepared me to oversee the FDIC and to coordinate its multi-agency initiatives in the United States and abroad. 

Also, having served as a corporate officer of a regulated entity, the totality of my 

experiences has afforded me a 360-degree view of our financial system and the institutions that regulate it. If confirmed, I am confident that I can effectively lead the 

FDIC in its mission to ensure the safety and soundness of insured depositories while 

balancing consumer protection and the need for available credit to grow the economy. 

One of the side effects of the civil war that broke apart the former Yugoslavia 

was a collapse of its financial system. My parents’ meager savings disappeared overnight when a local bank closed its doors. Yugoslavia had no deposit insurance and 

my then 68-year old father returned to work as a day laborer. I can assure you that 

the core mission of the FDIC resonates profoundly with me and, if confirmed, I will 

not take its mission or my duties lightly. Thank you. 

37 


30196001.eps

SI'A'fEMENT FOR COMPLETION B¥ PRltSIDENTIAL NOMINEES 

Name: McWilliams 

(Ug) 

:Posilion to whicll aqminated: . Board Memb'er.and Ckaltmin1 FDIC 

te ~fnoili natioD.: l2f1!2017 

(Oillcr) 

Date oibirth: l7 JuJr 1973 Place~fbinh: Beigradc, Serb~. 

(0.,) (~) (Y~ 

MaritafStal,lls: ivo~ FuD aame otspousc: n/~ 

Name and·ages ofc&Udi-ea: Gabiiela Maya MtWilliaiJ!I (16) 

Edui:ati9.n: Dates. Degrees. ~Q{ 

Jnsfifution. attebded reeeived degie'es 

· Beltetey:Sdioot of LaW (B<Iali.HlU)· 

Uoivasiiy'ofCalifoll)ia 11 ~r eley QSII~.0$4092 J;D, o~ 

UniverS~ ·or.caiif9mia·l\ Berkeley osmm.JJS/tm. B.A. O.Sil999 

San l()Q(fu)!l Dei~J: COl~ 08/l\l9t.-IVI~ A;A. 121\~ 

Honors 

an~awtnls: 

Listbeldw all sclioimhips, 'feliowshii?s. honsrur~ miiila.JY. medals, bonomy 

society,membersbips ~d any other special ~gnitions.for 9.Uisiandi,ngc~ce~r 

acljie~nl · · 

"Top.l2 Business Women in Ohio :!Oti" bylheblationai Oi)-ersity COW!cil (2dl7) 

l.l.C. Beikel~ Alunini Scbobr {1997·1999) 

l(.C . .{lerke eyDea '~Liil (1'997-1999) . 

GOlden ~ey lntemationall!onO\D' SQciejy.(l ~H999J. 

K6sowc t'riu fcrihe ser;;o, Thesis, iJ.c. ll~ele)'. (i999) 

List beJow-all lllelllberships..apd ~fllces.helilm prtifes.s(onal, iialemal', bllSMt.seholar1y, 

Oivic, c~~~~ -end oilier QrganizatiQlif, 

OtganiuliQn 

Calil'oniia l3fr >\<S!>cilli'oo B,ar l{conso 
38 


30196002.eps

List-below all po~troos held sinte.college, includibg the titt¢ 9E'des¢ption ofl~. Dal)le 

of ~ploymenl,Iocation .ot d, Md inclusive dates of employment · 

jlflllli.-~ Fiilil:liiinl ~ CiodoiMII, 00 

~~vice ~qilefl!8al ol!lci{INi <!o(pOiale ~ 

7/2012 -1Vlo16 U.S,:Senale CQ1\1111iuct.((fl S..Jc;i,c, Holllio&ond;Urblll,l.ffaiJS, Wesitlnppa, DC 

Oi.ef'<io~iandlJ:etRllysi.li"J>i~ec~« {o9/.(Q1~·1l/lDI6) 

&12010-.612Xlll 

G'OVer!!JD.elll 

~perience~ 

Pulllishei) 

wn~: 

Political 

AtfiliatioliS 

and actjVities: 

i>olitieal 

OliefCO~I (11201~161 

Salioc'Coonsel (7120J'2.12hoi'SJ 

U.S. Senile Ci>mmillte!in SllfaiiBusiiless and~p, WasbloSf<>o, 0€ 

~QiefCalmod(OIIl011-&'2012} 

S<oiot Co!J11St}(0&12011):8m1l) [.M dmi/jd>l thl Ftdlialll.rirni} 

Bolrdof(!o\'Gilbao(~flfllmlRf!cn-.~ W&illingJon,OC ,4Homey,.Dilliciqpo1~10\1t'.......ro~yAiiijrj 

!fopn &~.W. (i.aw Hopi ~lld.J.l!), WlsJiinsioo;lic "-:iolo;~Busi..,..t"onanc~GIOIP' 

MoiNcn·t. F....a<Ll.l', Palo A.IIO, ()~ 

.A.&iialt, Cotporawlli'Ocp 

LiSt 8IIJ ·~nee in or cjirect aS!Ociation witli Fed eta!, -s~e~ ~t loCal goverl!fu~ incl~ any-advisory,-ooilSUitative, bonomy or othet'parl time service'or.plisitioOS:. 

formerly cmplo~ by: 

(1) U.S.·Siol$CQinmlutt QIIB....,..KoliliQg'ui<lllibln ,'Jflilt.(7/20li·l2120115) 

(2) U.S: S(liOCe.Committte oo SJ!l!ll. BIIIJn.!ss ll1d ~ip (81?01.0«1012) 

(3j~8.,..d ofGovet119rsot~~ ~ s~ (W07·WOIO) 

List~ titles>,PUblisbeQ anQ da~ of book$.. 81:1iol~ rql(lrlli orol~rpubli~ed materials 

yo11 b!IYe WJiU~ 

NONE 

List ~~p.1 and qffices beld i!i~ servi~reode~ !Qa)l wliti~parti~ or 

election cobunitttes tluribg, tht last I o r.ears. · · 

.NONE 

C.ouiributfom; 1~ a!t politiC~~] GQI11ri.butioDS·ofS500-or more to ~y individ\lil, campaign 

o~tiol!, politjcal Jlirty, political ~O)l coowiittetpr ~i~ ehti!y·dwfu& the last 

ei&hi ~d identif)" S!Jeeific amounts, .dates, and names of teclpients. 

NO'l'jE 
39 


30196003.eps

Q~li.fi~tion~· ~'* fUI!ryqur qualiliaations to se~Ve.in the positloJi.to whiCh ""U'hllve beell.nam«L (at!acb #~t) ,. · · 

FLEASE REFERENCE'r!m.AirACHED RESuME 

Filtilre employment 

reiatiobships: J .. !hilicate.wbether youl'liU rever all Ol!ilileeti?ns wit)i.Y.01J!:pr~tmpiQYef, busi~. 

PJ>fe l tellf~W3' 

fiim,.asso(lation or orgapization ifyou·azecorilimiedby tbe Seaale. 

YES 

2. As fat: as qan'be f'oreseel), siate wliether you h,ay( any pi41Js.after completing 

go~ent servke' to ~ emplo)'IOOI~ ~ati~n or practi~ wjthyour pr.eviQUS 

empl~r; business. fl1lll,·a!SocJallon ot o(g8llizatian.. 

NO 

NO 

4, Do you e~ to serve tl!e full term fon~hicli y011 :ba\fe'bf;en appointed? 

YES 

of iJi erest~ 1. Describe. any flli8D¢ial ~gements on!efemd ·compensation ~ents.or other 

cooljnuing4e8Jiqgs .. wfth bi)Sihess associ#s, clients oicusiQmeit whO wiU'be 

affected by pollCies whltl!'yo'u Will in'fhienoe.'in the position 1,0· Which)'ou have beoil 

mminaled. · 

NONE 

2; List any in'!estmenls. Q\> igalions,liaj)iliti~ .or Q~ rela\ipnshlps )Vbicl! mig!rt.invcilve 

potential collflic!S ~fi)iteresl witT! the po-~tion to Whil)h you ~ve been nomi~ell, 

I cuaenUy )lold llllmW!. C<Qlll!llOA s~*- !t$~cted.~ock \lllil$, and stock 

dp~qb. ri~¢fFifth Th1id Bank, If! !C$ign ~.Fe~ 3, 2QI~. oile-d,Ji;d 

of the shares of rt$ricted stock unitS and stoek'llppte;ciatioli rightS will vest My 

restri~led.stoc.k units ana s!Qck, app~rion rigllts will be. paid in ca$b upon 

~gnatiOI). ~oiil Fifth Third. u~ te'$ignation •. l ~ill fotf~itall 'llllvested common 

stock, ana any remaining..unvested restrictell stook units aild'stock·apjireciation 

rigbis, 1$ stiplllalea·inmy letter frqm the Qffice'QfGovemrnent.Ethics. 
40 


30196004.eps

Civil; trimlnal and 

i!ly~itplory, 

a-ctions: 

3. \le pny business .relationship, dealing'OI' fUl811Cial transaction(~ than fax 

payil]g) I~YQU ~~~\!ring the; list IO.years with the Feilerai Government, 

Wl!etlier for youisel~ on be!Wf of~ client, or actiQg ali agent, th,at might in any 

w,y ~.nstitute or result in i pos518le-eooflict of interest wilh' \be pPSition'ro ~icb 

YO\Jha,ve b¢en n9JIIinQ!ed, 

NONE 

4. List any lobl¢ng actiVity dJUillg'thew.t ie!r ~ in whiqh you ~ve Q1gageil in.for ~ 

~urpose of ttir«tty or indirectly iilflueneing the' p~e; &feat qr.lll04l~oatl~n of 

any legislation at (he-natio~ le~l.of_go~ent ot affecting theadmiriislralion and 

C,xeclilion of 118tional14w or puliliv _pOli~X· 

NONE 

s, ·EXptaiil bow you .will resolVe any conflict of iil~ that may be .disclosed ~Y YO.Uf 

responses. to the items.abo.ve. 

NIA 

t. Give the full iletail1 of any eivir o-r ctiroinai.proceeililj~ iil'wllicll you we:e a cJet:enda'nt or any inquicy 01 inv~~n by iFeclei:al, S:t!!te, or local agency in...micl! you wer.e 

tbe.subject ofthe iDquey oiipvestigaJiQrL 

NONE 

2) Oivet)te·fuiJ details of any proaedii%, inqUiry or ili.~garion by 811)' professiqlial 

associatioh.ilicluding any 'bar .assllCiatio.n in which xou. }\~re the subject.:ot' the. 

pro.ceeding, ii)C!Uiry. or i~vesijgatioa, 

NONE 
41 


30196005.eps

J'ELENA Mc;WlL'LI·AM'$ 

JSlO Mic/ilgan Aye~, tm.JI)I!Oi~ 08¥i2M; jtlefl(d7@yahOo.coin;·202.ZJ0.67.76 

PR(}F&SSIOrtAL EXPERIBNC.B· 

Fillb Third Baok 

Ex«iilm Vite Pie#t!e'nt,.Cfflt/Ligaf OfJjw •1!4 C~~ S,at/111J 

Fiftb Thiid Bri'(NASDAQ:P.ITB) hu a)i2ro."t, SL42B in a,SSeJS and 19;o$-emP,Ioy . with p~ .in (0 statts. 

•· ~P?_ris bk l'oi-all a~ of the CQill~y_'s le~laffa[rs (RgulatoJY, C!lf~ gQVetnaoce\llanSat~ona~ 

ht1gation, $.) a,nd pubhc. CQillll0JIYlihngsand~ISCtoslltt$; repprt ~y tQ. tl~e{;£0. 

• ·h;dvise CEO, senior management and (lie BOard ofl:ll=ors an leca\ mpl,iance, risk a¢busi~ matt~. 

• Ove!ste.aod p1111age .l:hjef(eg>l Qffi'l"r O!pllimtion:comprise_d of tjli>TO;imate!y 10 attolncysartd :ailditional 

~ralegals, go~met\t ~lations and mff~te for Jetulatol}' Winination; tneiitor8Jid lle\!elop lflft, 

. identify hi&ft e-~et mfling needs 'Ina hitebest-'1Bieri.· 

• ~rve.8s a memberqflh~.~ecutivt ~)~e~t1eam •nd the f911owintb.llnk committees; 

Managem~t~pliance, Erttetpris~ Risk, Rist.a!)\1 Co!n~i~ Ope11tiooal· Risk; Ent!rprise Marl.:ering, w 

Regulatory ·Change. 

• COOqlinite clooely wiljl ~ IJ!d CpmP.fiance ~enisand variQus. l!us~ l~ond4yio~y 

nU~mJI!erS and busi~ decisions 4$cting:$8k!Y. and SO\IIldhess, cor.Sumeti,, rqllltatiOnaf tisk and. barlli~ture; ounaga rtlalions~ip$ wfth regulttory agericies. 

• ~nlFifth "j'h!rdooibe ~gboard of~ Cfe&!ingH~~ am~m~ ~fthe Jlina_ncial 

Serv11:es Roundll!~ e; as·well ~ o~ trade-I$SOI:iatioos. 

u:s: Stoat&CoDimi~oa Banldag; HouiiJtand UrbiD ·AitatiS Jlllj 201J -lWtmbd-1016 

Cliltf Ollllist( C/urlrma/1 Shelby Janilizrf~Ol J-December 20!6: 

~enfor Corm¢, ~g ~bel' Cri¢ Febljliuy20f?-Dmm5er 11114 

Spl/gr-Cqwuel. Rturl:ing M~l!li?er S/rflby lilly 1012 -JOIP/(ITJ 2QIJ 

• .fr:o,Yide'(ouil!d aod~ (egislation on pn.i!lential ba!!l(ing ~~!aim ~ystemic'fi.*' ~umer p•on, 

Sll'l c!esi&ha~011!, FSQC non-bank <lesi~tions. ~ l!Wl8gers, ins~ anll &tneral'banl!ing.i~ 

' Organize COlllmiltee helltings ana ptepm ~temeriBi~ hea/iJ1g116Cwnents, policy leCom~ont, 

in,bYersi~t. of FSQC, !RB, 'FOlc; QtC, C)'PB, NctJA, S~. FT~; F!i!'A, FHA, !Wb, a_nd OFR, u \Yell as DOJ ani! DOLbn appropriate jurisdictiOnal ~. 

• Lead isc~ )Yith ~w mforcemerit an41egulatory ~ncieslegarding ~i,ilal ~ci~l inalttAre~!ed io 

banksad hOIJ'baplc fi~iJI insti!lldons; f~I\Cial and while co.llar ccim~ COIJ~ume& tiau4, Jn¥ket 

.manipuiations;mdltP.&e and ho'using-tet•ed.senlel1)'e~U; o~COinntilfee io\'e!tigations &lid inquiries. 

• ~pge w!lh U,S.Iiod fcitei_gn_regu)a!Of$ PliD<ild Fr'an~ and Baiel tn impltlnen\l)ion. ca(~ and ljquii!ity 

ui~, ephaoced P.f.lldeptiaf~Oil of~I'Fls, ~ ~ng(CCAR, OF~. C~G;SIBs and 

,A.dy;mced App(l)IC~, liyjng will!, en~m~ atlionuo<l se!tlemel1b, f5I)C designations, 'FSB di(CCtiW$., 

European Coilncil'and Parllanreot.r=lutions, -.border hatm<>bi2atibtl ~f regufatocy·requiitmetus, 

~t ofU.S. subSidiaries offoreign binkll'~izations, monet laWlllering; sailctio~ _e)'bt~tY. 

fin~ncial service$ in trnde negotia~ons (l"P}' JDd TliP); l\114 other fi~ial.serVices i~~-

• PIJ)icipPte in meetinp Y,.iih,niemliers of U.S. Cozigressi:heads eftede11! regulatocy ajl~~ foreign 

reguliltOIS and memben-Of parliimeots; ~ecillive IC'iel management at rtgtilattd enlitits, ~e ISsoCiati~, 

ihi~kiah~ NGOS ani! f9ieign delegatioflt. ·· · · 

.. .CoordiQate legklllive etfot1S with Sqwdt;adcrship)M varioos.Senille¢0011llitt~ (App10priatioru,liillllnct, 

luditilliy, Foreign RelatiOns. Sma(l Busil~ RELP); includifli.drifting, rcviewin.g artd analping !egfslitlon. 

• Manage lf!d nleot9f a team o_f 10. lawyeJ'. ~ piof~io al sl~. 
42 


30196006.eps

J.ELENA McWILLJAM~ 

JS~ M:rchig(IJIAveritte,, Cincinnal~ Oh.451~;jele!IO~l@Y.alloo c6nr, ~oi.2J0.6776 

ti.S. Smte.Sm.U Busilfess iod lofrej>reamship COml'lliffee AllfiiJ(Zll6-i~me zpJ~ A.smtlllll Clift[ CbinstJ, Ronlcin[ Mimber~ . 

1 Ptirici~ advisor halidiing fina~W seivi%_ banking ~t~ an4 prudelifiel ~18!913, g)~Uumet 

~'1'1 ~tF.PB, ec,9110mi~ ~ monetazy policy; ~oil~ federal dej)tand d~fiei~ SIIIJII bOsiJIC$1·i$$Ue$: 

1 Prqi&Rd ~em~t1nda, Hoor SlltemC!IB,:'specdits, heiri ~ doi:urhents, op-ed$,. preS! rei~ policy 4nd ~ 

~meilda~Qij$. 

• Staffeil the. seniti)( fOrlht heati~ on the Seilate Finance·<Mnmittet, die ~te COriimtrte GOniin(~ ~d 

tile 'Senate Bilcl~ Colftmittee in addition 10 1he Senate. Small 8ujiJ1el$ COmmiftd. 

F4d"il Reserve Jl9ard of G~mor:s' (l'RBh:Waihlog!9u; DC 

of(lomq,.DMifpn 4 Goosu,... 011il Cb"""'!''iry'Affnlrt, Rt~•lptfQif(~' 

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1· Per(~ mal research nd analy~i' of ll!lnsumer finaneiai services 'nd ban!Qng ~lations, li1tlud1ng !JLA 

{Re&·Z; Ol)'ell-and elose"d.end mt~. FCRA' (Re~ '1), GLBA (~ P~ CARD A'ot, 'FACT A, UDAJ!/UDAAP. 

1 ~~ Q!JIS!l~r JliO(I:Ction ~gulations; W~ie~d and plalyze!! """II!en\l~op ~gulatory proposilt rt:SpondettlOc~ COinplalntt · 

1 P.repmd reip9ns# to J)lhlit-and conjptSsiOOatiriquiries, d~itea publii: hearinjs, briefed F~ ~ 

-GoYelllOI!> atttndcd FOMC: al)d vy\ous BQe!d of.(lovemo11' lll!letirtg! • 

. I Fiequentljint~ and coon:linated with ~ l';e&al Divisioo,Division ofll'anlt.Super'lisiori and:Regulllion; 

and'Di~iiiri:ofResWcll and statistiCs. 

I ~nag~ct_copsumtr resti~gof(mancial di.sc~ ror h9111~ mmtgages llll!lbome equity lines Qf ctdit .. Developtd mooe1 eoos\Jmet diseloSUI'eS·and dial\ed accompanyill$ tegulalions and staff coinmenWy. 

C()lla~ wii\1 FDIC, FTq, NGlft,, oc~ CirS and 'SE,C:on ~mt int~ragency ~i gs; ~~iated 

'P.ro~(egliWliJY.Ie!ll; P~epared, mviewed ~ ~yi~~ F~ Register:notjtes for pu~J CJilon, 

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islld~ ~'rite IIIII BIISinQis.'Filuirret Group 

I Co~ die!$ Ol)•cMr mil Oi iMrgei$and acqujsitibil$ and ~Of 4eb1 ~119 equity i?'l~)jc Offerings. 

• Ptrtici~edln all slages uf complex.nego!ialions with i~veS!m~t banlq and aCCOun.\llnb on ·behalf ofis5um. 

• 'Cou'nieled NASDAQ'and'NYSE-Iiiled Cplllpaili« in corporate; lllriiactional ai!d $ecwities matters. 

, ~periodi.e iiiing~~ and~~ m•nagt!Jl~on ~nes"-{,)xley ~compliance. 

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43 


30196007.eps
44 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

TO BE A MEMBER, BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

JANUARY 23, 2018 

Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, and Members of the Committee, thank 

you for the opportunity to appear before you today. I am honored to have been nominated by President Trump to serve as a Member of the Board of Governors of the 

Federal Reserve System. None of this would have been possible without the support 

of my best friend and wife Marsha, who is sitting behind me, and without the support of my sister Miriam, who is watching at home. I would also like to recognize 

my parents’ for developing in me at an early age a keen interest in public policy. 

As the Nation’s central bank, the Federal Reserve has many responsibilities that 

are at the foundation of our economic prosperity and well-being. Guided by the goals 

of maximum sustainable employment, price stability, and financial stability, and 

with lessons from its past, the Federal Reserve must be alert to future challenges. 

I have spent my 40-year career as an economist focused on central banking in 

general and the Federal Reserve in particular. The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond had been my primary place of employment for more than 25 years when, in 

2005, I joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. I’ve written 

about and contributed to the policy debate from both ‘‘inside’’ and ‘‘outside’’ the Fed. 

If confirmed, I look forward to putting my knowledge and judgment—developed as 

both an academic and practitioner—to work as a Governor, and to contributing my 

voice and experience to addressing current policy issues. I intend to draw on my 

academic and professional experience to promote policies that would further increase transparency and accountability at the Federal Reserve. 

My years at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond gave me a deep appreciation 

of the role of the regional Reserve Banks in the Federal Reserve System. The regional system encourages diverse perspectives and innovative thinking. As a Member of the Board of Governors, I would look forward to hearing and considering this 

diversity of views in making policy. 

I have also gained policy experience at other Government and central banking institutions. These experiences ranged from being a staff economist for the Council of 

Economic Advisers in the Reagan administration, to serving in central bank advisory roles, and participating in external reviews for several central banks abroad. 

My publications use monetary theory, central bank practice, and Federal Reserve 

history to investigate policy issues. I’ve enjoyed my past 12 years teaching courses 

in monetary policy, money and banking, and international trade and finance at Carnegie Mellon’s Tepper School of Business. 

I would like to thank the Committee for the opportunity to appear before you 

today and for considering my nomination. If confirmed, I look forward to working 

with you in the years ahead. I would be pleased to answer your questions. 

45 


30196008.eps

STATEMENT FOR COMPLETION BY PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEES 

Name: Goodfriend, Marvin Seth 

Positioo to wbid nomioated: Member of the Board ofGovemoo of the Federal Reserve System 

Date ofoomioatioo: 8 January2018 

Date of Birth: 6 November 1950 Place of birth: New York City 

Marital Stahls: Married (Married on 8 October 2017 to Marsha Stroh Shuler.) 

Name aod ages of child reo: None 

Edueatioo: Dates 

attended 

Degrees 

~ived 

Dates of 

Institution degrees 

Union College 1968·1972 B.S. Mathematics 1972 

Brown University 1973-1978 M.AJPh.O. Economics 1978 

Hooon 

and awards: 

List below all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, military 

medals, hooorary society memberships and any other special 

recognitions for outstanding service or acltievement. 

Membenbips: 

George Leland Bach Excellence in Teaching A ward, MBA Program, Tepper 

School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, April2016 

Teaching A ward for Excellence in the Classroom, Undergraduate Economics 

Program, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 

Pittsburgh, P A, May 2007 

List below all memberships and offices held in professional, fraternal, 

business, scholarly, civic, charitable and other organizations. 

Oll!tnizalion OlrJCe bold (if anv) Dates 

Bank of Japan Institute for Monetary Honorary Advisor 201 0-Present 

and Economic Studies 

Carnegie Rochester NYU Conference Co~itor, Advisory Board 2010-Present 

Series on Public Policy Member, Advisory Committee 1998-Present 

Shadow Open Market Committee Member 2009-Present 
46 


30196009.eps

Goodfriend Page2 

01'1!aaizatioa Office held (if aay) Dates 

Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York, Member 2009-Present 

Economic Advisory Panel 

National Bureau of Economic Resean:h Associate 2007-Present 

Research, Program on Monetary 

Economics 

American Economic Association Member 1978-Present 

Federal Reserve System, Centennial Member 2011-2013 

Advisory Council 

Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Member 2008-2009 

Monetary Policy Advisory Panel 

Employmeat Reeord: List below all positions held since college, including the title or description 

of job, name of employmen~ location of work, and inclusive dates of 

employment. 

Friends of Allan Meltzer Professorship, Tepper School of Business, Carmgie Mellon 

University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 2012-present 

Professor of Economics, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 2005-present 

Chairman, Gaitliot Center for Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie 

Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 2005-2012 

Senior Vice President and Policy Advisor, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, 

Virginia, 1999to 2005 

Chief Monetary Policy Advisor, Federai Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, 

1993to 2005 

Senior Vice President and Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 

Richmond, Virginia, 1993to 1999 

Associate Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, 

1990-1992 

Vice Presiden~ Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virg.inia, 1984-1990 

Research Econornis~ Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, 1978 

Officer, l980 
47 


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Goodfriend Page3 

While the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond was my main employer from 1978 to 2005,1 

accepted temporary positions away from Richmond, Virginia on the following occasions: 

Visiting Professor of Business Economics, Graduate School of Business, University of 

Chicago, Chicago, IIJinois, September 1988-to June 1990: Macroeconomics, Money and 

Banking 

Visiting Associate Professor, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 1986-87: 

Intermediate Macroeconomics, Monetary and Banking Policy 

Senior Staff Economist, Council of Economic Advisers, White House, Washington, D.C., 

1984-1985 

Visiting Economist, Econometrics and Computer Applications Section, Division of 

Research and Statistics, Board of Governors of the Federal Resenre System, Washington, 

D.C, 1982-1983 

I commuted from my horne in Richmond, Virginia to teach at the following institutions: 

Adjunct Professor of Economics, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 

Chicago, Illinois, Fall semester 2001: Money and Banking 

Term Professor, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1995-2000: Graduate 

Monelary Economics, Undergraduate Macroeconomic Policy 

Visiting Professor, University ofVirginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1993-95: Graduate 

Monelary Economics 

Visiting Associate Professor, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1987: 

Macroeconomic Policy 

1 taught the following courses while in graduate school at Brown University and living in Providence, 

Rhode Island: 

Teaching Associate, Brown University, 1977: International Monelary Relations in the 

Twentieth Century 

lnsrructor, Wheaton College, Nonon, Massachusetts, 1m: Applied Statistics, International 

Economics, Mathematical Economics 

Teaching Assistant, Brown University, 1974-77: International Finance, Macroeconomics, 

Microeconomics, Public Finance 
48 


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Goodfriend Page4 

I was commissioned to do the following external reviews of central banks abroad: 

Commissioned by the Swedish Riksdag, with Mervyn King, Governor Bank ofEllgland 

2003-2013, to undertake an External Review of the Riksbank and Swedish Monetary Policy: 

Visited Stockholm for extensive interviews in March, June, September 2015, published 

Review of !he Ri!ssbank's Mone!ary Policy2010·2015. January 2016 (144 pages1 

November 2014 to May2016 

Member, Panel for External Review of Swedish Riksbank Research Division (with Lucrezia 

Reichlin and Greg Udell), October 2008 

Member, "Norges Bank Watch 2007" Panel (with Knut Mork and UlfSoderstrom) to 

evaluate the condU<:t of Norwegian monetary policy, December 2006-February 2007 

Member, Three-Person Panel (with Otmar Issing and John Murray) for External Review of 

Research and Policy Support Activities at the Swiss National Bank, Zurich, Switzerland, 

August-September 2006 

Member, Three-Person Panel (with Rafael Repullo and Reiner Konig) for the External 

Evaluation of Research Activities at the European Central Bank, September 2003-February 

2004 

I was employed as an Honorary Advisor to the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies 

of the Bank of Japan, to help organize and attend the annual spring international conference 

in Japan, 20 It-present 

I was paid as a Visiting Scholar or Research Fellow for longer stays on three occasions: 

Visiting Scholar, Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York, 5-weeks, July-August, 2006-2009 

Visiting Research Fellow, Institute for International Economic Studies, University of 

Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, November-December 1992 

Visiting Scholar, Swiss National Bank, Zurich, Switzerland, May to July 1988 

I was paid as a Visiting Scholar or Economic Advisor for shorter stays on the following occasions: 

Economic Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, September 8, 2011 

Visiting Scholar, De Nederlandsche Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 20 I 0 

Visiting Scholar, Bank of Japan, Tokyo, September-October 20 I 0 
49 


30196012.eps

Goodfiiend PageS 

Visiting Scholar, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 2007, 2009; Federal Reserve Bank of 

Kansas City, 2008-2009; Research Associate, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2008· 

2010 . 

Visiting Scholar, Board ofGovemoo of the Federal Reserve System, September 1992, July 

1999, and September2007 

Visiting Scholar, International Monetary Fund, Research Departmen~ February 1990, 

October and December 2005, and March 2006 

Visiting Scholar, Centre for Financial Studies, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1999 

Technical Assistance Expert, International Monetary Fund, Inflation Targeting 

Seminar, Central Bank of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, May 1999 and July 2000 

Visiting Scholar, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, February 1999 

Technical Assistance Expert, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), 

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, March 3-11,1994 

I was paid to speak abroad on two occasions: 

Guest of United States Studies Center, UnivmityofSydney, Sydney, Australia, June 9-13, 

2008 

Guest of Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai,lndia, October 1·1 0, 2007, and Invited Foundation 

Day Lecture, Silver Jubilee of the Reserve Bank oflndia Archives, October 5, 2007 

Government experience: List any experience in or direct association with Federal, State, or local 

governments, including any advisory, consultative, honorary or other part 

time service or positions. 

Member, Economic Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2009-present. (The 

Federal Reserve Banks were chartered by CongJCSS to fulfil a public purpose and are part of the 

Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Banks are not, however, considered Federal 

government agencies and are usually not deemed to be part of the Federal government.) 

Member, Monetary Policy Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York, 2008-2009 

Member, Federal Reserve System's Centennial Advisory Council, 2011-2013 
50 


30196013.eps

Goodfriend Page6 

The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond was my main employer from 1978 to 2005: 

Senior Vice President and Policy Advisor, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1999 to 

2005 

Chief Monetary Policy Advisor, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1993 to 2005 

Senior Vice President and Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1993 

to 1999 

Associate Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1990-1992 

Vice Presiden~ Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1984-1990 

Research Economis~ Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, 1978; 

Officer,l980 

While the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond was my main employer from 1978 to 2005, I 

aceepted two Federal government jobs away from Richmond, Virginia on the following occasions: 

Senior StaffEconomi ~ Council ofEconomicAdvisers, White House, Washington, D.C, 

1984-1985 

Visiting Economi~ Econometrics and Computer Applications Section, Division of 

Research and Statistics, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, 

D.C, 1982-1983 

I was visiting scholar at the following Federal Reserve Banks: 

Visiting Scholar, Federal Reserve Bank of New Vorl<, 5-weeks, July-Augus~ 2006-2009, at 

the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 

And for short stays: 

Economic Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, September 8, 20 II 

Visiting Scholar, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 2007, 2009; Federal Reserve Bank of 

Kansas City, 2008-2009; Research Associate, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2008 

20 I 0; Economic Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, September 8, 20 II 

Visiting Scholar, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, September 1992, July 

1999, and September 2007 
51 


30196014.eps

Goodfriend Page? 

Published Wrifulgs: List the titles, publishe!S and dates of books, articles, rqK~rts or other 

published materials you have written. 

I have done my best to identify titles, publishers, and dates of books, articles, reports, and olher 

published materials, including a thorough review of personal files and searches of publically 

available electronic databases. Despite my searches, there may be other materials I have been 

unable to identify, find, or remember. I have located the following: 

ACADEMIC JOURNALS: 

"A Note on the NeutralityofTemporary Monetary Disturbances," with Robert G. King, 

Journal ofMonetarv.Economics, May 1981, pp. 371-85 

"An Alternate Method of Estimating the Cagan Money Demand Function in 

Hyperinflalion Under Rational Expectations," Journal of Monetary Economics, 

January 1982, pp. 43-57. 

"Discount Window Borrowing, Monetary Policy, and the Post.Qctober 6, 1979 

Federal Reserve Operating Procedure," Journal of Monetary Economics, 

September 1983, pp. 343-56. 

Discussion of Preston Miller, "Income Stability and Economic Efficiency Under Alternative 

Tax Schemes." In Karl Brunner and Allan Meltur, eds., Caroegie-Roches!er Conference 

Series on Public Policy. Vol. 20 (1984), pp.l43-45. 

Book review of Frank Hahn, Money and Inflation, Boston: MIT Press 1983, Journal of 

Money. Credil and Banking. August 1984, pp. 382-85. 

"Reinterpreting Money Demand Regressions." In Karl Brunner and Allan Meltur, eds., 

Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. Vol. 22 (1985), pp. 207-41. 

Book review of C. Goodhart, MonetarY Theorv and Practice, the U.K. Experience, 

London: MacMillan Press, 1984, Journal of Monetary Economics, May 1985, 

pp. 383-88. 

"Monetary Mystique: Secrecy and Central Banking." In Contributions in Honor of Karl 

Brunner. Journal of Monetary F..conomics, January 1986, pp. 63-92; reprinted in 

Monetarism, A. Chrystal, ed., London: Edward Elgar Publishing. 1990. 

"Interest Rate Smoothing and Price Level Trend-Stationarity, • Journal of Monetary 

Economics, May 1987, pp. 335-48. 
52 


30196015.eps

Goodfriend PageS 

Discussion of Marl< Gertler, "Financial Structure and Aggregate Economic Activity: An 

Overview," Conference on Recent DevelQPments in Macroeconomics, Journal of 

Money. Credit and Banking, August 1988, part 2, pp. 589-93. 

Review Essay on Central Bankers, Bureaucratic Incentives. and Monetary Policy, edited by 

E.F. Toma and M. Toma, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1986; Journal 

of Monetary Economics. November 1988, pp. 517-22. 

"Central Banking Under the Gold Standard." In Money. Cycles. and Exchange Rates: 

Essays in Honor of Allan H. Meltzer, Karl Brunner and Allan Meltzer, eds, ~ 

Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 29 (1988), pp. 85-124. 

Book review of Jacob Cohen, The Flow of Funds in Theory and Practice, Boston: 

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987, Journal of Economic Literature, September 

1989, pp.1187-88. 

Discussion of K. Cuthbertson and M. Taylor, "Money Demand, Expectations, and the 

Forward-Looking Mode~ • Conference on Understanding Velocity, Journal of Policy 

~Summer 1990, pp. 317·22. 

"Interest Rates and the Conduct of Monetary Policy." In Allan Meltzer and Charles Plosser, 

eds., Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 34 (1991), pp. 7-30. 

"Information-Aggregation Bias," American Economic Review, June 1992, pp. 508-19. 

Book review ofThe Political Economy of American Monetary Policy, Thomas Mayer, ed., 

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, Journal of Money. Credit and Banking, 

May 1992, pp. 274· 76. 

Book review of James L. Pierce, The Future ofBanldng, New Haven: Yale University 

Press, 1991, Journal of Economic Literature, March 1993, pp. 253-4. 

Discussion of Alberto avannin~ "Central Banking in a Monetary Union: Reflections on 

the Proposed Statute of the European Central Bank." In Allan Meltzer and Charles 

Plosser, eds., Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 38 (1993), 

pp. 231-38. 

"Why We Need an "Aocord" for Federal Reserve Credit Policy," Journal ofMonev. Credit. 

and Banking. August 1994, Part 2, pp. 572-80. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of 

Richmond Economic Quarterly, Winter 2001, pp13·32. 

"Early DeveiQPment, • with John McDermott, American Economic Review, March 1995, pp. 

116-33. 
53 


30196016.eps

Goodfriend Page9 

Discussion of "The Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank Balance Sheets," by Ani! Kashyap 

and Jeremy Stein. In Allan Meltzer and Charles Plosser, eds., Cannegie-Rochester 

Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 42 (1995), pp. 197-202. 

Book review ofThe Future of Central Banking: The Tercentenary Symposium of the Bank 

of England by Fonest Capie, Charles Goodlwl, Stanley Fischer, and Norbert Schnadt, 

London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, Journal of Economic Literature, December 

1996, pp. 1963-65. 

• A Framework for the Analysis of Moderate Inflations," Journal ofMonetarv EconomiCS: 

June 1997, pp. 45-65. 

"The New Neoclassical Synthesis and the Role of Monetary Policy," with Robert G. 

King. In B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg, eds., Natiooal Bureau ofEoonomic Research 

Macroeconomics Annuall997, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 231-95. 

"Industrial Development and the Convergence Question, • with John McOennott, 

American F&onomic Review, December 1998, pp. 1277-89. 

"The Role of a Regional Bank in a System of Central Banks." In Bennett McCallum and 

Charles Plosser, eds., Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy Vol. 

51 (1999), pp. 51-71. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 2000 Annual 

~and Economic Quarterly, Winter 2000, pp. 7·25. 

"Overooming the Zero Bound on Interest Rate Policy.' In proceedings of a Federal 

Reserve System Conference, "Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environment, • 

Journal of Money, Credit. and Banking, November 2000, Part 2, pp. 1007-35. Reprinted 

in Recent Oevelooments in Monetary Policy, Alec Crystal and Paul Mizen, eds, 

London: Edward Elgar 2009 (The International Library of Critical Writings in 

Economics edited by Mark Blaug). 

"Federal Reserve Asset Acquisition: A Proposa~ • with J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., Panel 

Presentation at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Conference on Declining 

Treasuty Debt, Journal of Money Credit and Banking. August2002, Part 2, pp. 946-51. 

"Monetary Policy in the New Neoclassical Synthesis: A Primer," International Finance, 

Summer 2002, pp. 165-92. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic 

Quarterly, Summer 2004, pp. 21 -45. Translated into Swedish and reprinted in 

Swedish Riksbank Penning-och valutaoolitik Cfidskrift utgiven av Sveriges Riksbank1 

2007:2, pp. 5-32. 
54 


30196017.eps

Goodfriend Page 10 

Discussion of"Efficient Inflation Targets for Distorted Dynamic Economies," by Costas 

Azariadis and Raphael lam. In Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Conference on Low 

Inflation Economies, Journal of Money. Credit. and Banking, November 2003. 

Book Review ofTowards a New Paradigm for Monetarv F£onomics by Joseph Sliglitz and 

Bruce Greenwald, London: Cambridge University Press, 2003, Journal of Economic 

~June 2005, pp. 503-4. 

"The Incredible Volcker Disinflation," with Robert G. King. In Carnegie-Rochester 

Conference Series on Public Policy, Essavs in Honor of Bennett T. McCallum, Journal 

ofMonetarvEconomics, July/August 2005, pp. 981·1015. 

"A Framework for Independent Moneury Policy in China," with Eswar Prasad,~ 

Economic Studies, January 2007. (International Monetary Fund, Working Paper 06/111.) 

"Banking and Interest Rates in Monetary Policy Analysis: A Quantitative Exploration," 

with Bennett T. McCallum, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 

Journal ofMonetarv Economics. July/August 2007, pp. 1480-1507. Reprinted in 

Recent Developments In Monetary Policy. Alec Crystal and Paul Mizen, eds., London: 

Edward Elgar 2009 (The International Library of Critical Wrilings in Economics 

edited by Mark Blaug). 

"How the World Acllieved Consensus on Monetary Policy," Journal of Economic 

~" Volume 21, Number 4, Fall2007, pp. 47-68. 

"Elements of Effective Central Banking: Theory, Practice, and History," Economic 

Developments in India (Volume 118, 2007), pp. 51-66. 

"The Great Inflation Drift" (with Robert G. King), presented at The NBER Great Inflation 

Conference, September 2008, in The Great Inflation, edited by M. Bordo and A. 

Orphan ides, National Bureau of Economic Research, University of Chicago Press 20 13. 

(NBER Working Paper# 14862, April2009.) 

Discussion ofT. Jordan, M. Peytrignet, and E. Rossi "Ten Years Experi~ with the Swiss 

National Bank's Monetary Policy Strategy," at the Swiss National Bank Conference 

"The SNB's New Monetary Policy Framework Ten Years On," Zurich, Switzerland, 

October 2009 in Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, March 20 I 0, pp. 91·1 00. 

"Central Banking in the Credit Turmoil: An Assessment of Federal Reserve Practice," 

Jouma}ofMonetaryEconomics,January2011, Volume 58, Issue l, pp.l·l2. Prepared 

initially for presentations at the Bank of Japan International Conference: Financial 

System and Moneury Policy Implementation, May 2009 and the Conference on 
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Monelary-Fiscal Policy lnteradions, Expectations, and Dynamics in the Current 

Economic Crisis, Princeton University, May 2009. 

"Money Markets," in Annual Review of Financial Economics, A.lo and R. Merton, eds., 

Volume 3, 2011, pp. 119-37. 

"l..tssons from a Century of Fed Policy: Why Monelary and Credit Policies Need Rules and 

Boundaries," Journal of Economic Dvnamics and Control. Vol49, December 2014, pp. 

112-20. Conference volume "Frameworks for Central Banking in the Next Century: A 

Special issue on the Occasion of the Centennial of the Founding of the Federal Reserve," 

M. Bordo, W. Dupor, and J. B. Taylor, eds., Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 

May2014 

OTHER: 

"Exchange Rate Policy and the Dual Role of Exchange Rate Movements in International 

Adjustment," Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, September/ 

October 1979, pp. 16-26. 

"Recent Financial innovations: Causes, Consequences for the Payments System, 

and bnplications for Monelary Control" with James Parthemos and Bruce Summers, 

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, March/ April 1980, pp. S-19; 

reprinted in John R. Brick, ed., Financial Marl<ets: Instruments and Concep!S, 

Richmond: Robert F. Dame, lnc., l981. 

"Credit Cards and Monelary Policy," The Money Manager, Aprill3, 1981, pp. 3 and 23. 

'Eurodollars," Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review. May/June 1981, pp. 

12-18. Reprinted in the Federal Reserve Bank ofRichmond Instruments of !he Money 

~5th ed.; also in John R. Brick, ed., Financial Marl<ets: Jns!J'Uments and Concep!§, 

Richmond: Robert F. Dame, Inc., 1981, in The Commodity Journal. November/ 

December 1981, in Robert W. Kolband Gerald D. Gay, eds., International Finance: 

Conceots and Issues, Richmond: Robert F. Dame, Inc, 1982, in Thomas Havrilesky, 

Current Perwectives in Financial Markets and Institutions, 1983, in Donald R. Fraser 

and PeterS. Rose, eds, Financial Institutions and Markets in a Changing World, 

Business Publications, Inc., 1984, and in The Money Encyclopedia, Harper and Row, 

1984; Revised 1986, in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Instruments of the Money 

Marl<eL 6th ed, in James A. Wilcox, ed., Current Readings on Money. Banking. and 

Financial Marl<ets, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1987. Revised for~ 

oftheMoneyMarket 6th ed.,l993. 

"A Prescription for Monelary Policy 1981," Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 

Economic Review, November/December 1981, pp. 11 -18. 
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• A Model of Money Stock Determination with Loan Demand and a Banking System 

Balance Sheet Constrain~" Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review. 

January/February 1982, pp. 3-16. 

• A Historical Assessment of the Rationales and Functions of Reserve Requirements, • with 

Monica Hargraves, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 1982 Annual Report, 

pp. 5-23. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, 

March/Aprill983, and in Donald R.Fraser and PeterS. Rose, eds., Financial Institutions 

and Markets in a Changing World, Business Publications, Inc., 1984. 

"The Promises and Pitfalls of Contemporaneous Reserve Requirements for the 

Implementation of Monetary Policy," Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic 

Review, May/June 1984, pp. 3-12. 

"Base Drift and the Longer Run Growth ofMI: Experience from a Decade of Monetary 

Targeting, • with J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 

&;onomic Review, November/December 1984, pp. 1-14. 

"A Weekly Rational Expectations Model of the Non borrowed Reserve Operating 

Procedure," with Gary Anderson, Ani! Kashyap, George Moore, and Richard D. 

Porter, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond &;onomic Review, January/February 

1986, pp. ll-28. 

"Fed Secrecy and the Choice of a Rule," TheCatoJoumal, Falll986, pp. 557-62. 

"Federal Funds: Instrument of federal Reserve Policy, • with Bill Whelpley, Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, September/October 1986. Reprinted 

in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Instruments of the Money Market 6th ed.; 

reprinted in Thomas M. Havrilesky and Robert Schweitzer, eds., Contemporary 

Developments in Financial Institutions and Markets. second edition, Harlan 

Davidson, Inc. 1987. Revised for Instruments of the Money Market 6th ed., 1993. 

"Federal Reserve Interest Rate Smoothing." In C. England and T. Huertas, eds. The Financial 

Services Revolution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishe!S, 1987, pp. 227-34. 

"Theoretical Analysis of the Demand for Money," with Bennett McCallum, in The New 

Pal grave: A Dictionary of Economic Theorv and Doctrine, edited by J. Eatwell, et at, 

New York: The Stockton Press, 1987, Vol. I, pp. 775-81. Reprinted in Federal Reserve 

Bank of Richmond Economic Review, January/February 1988, in Money, edited by J. 

Eatwel~ et at., New York: W.W. Norton, 1989, and in The New Palgrave Dictionarvof 

Money and Finance, edited by P. Newman, etal, New York: Tbe Stockton Press, 1992, 

pp. 611·17. 
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"Financial Deregulation, MonetaJy Policy, and Central Banking," with Robert G. King. In 

Restructuring Banking and Financial Services in America William S. Haraf and Rose 

Kushmeider, eds., American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C, 1988, pp. 216· 

53. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, May/June 

1988, pp. 3·22. And reprinted (with excerpts) in Financial Crises. Contagion, and the 

Lender of Last Resort: A Reader, Charles Goodhart and Gerflard llling, eds, London: 

Oxford University P~, 2002, pp. 145·68. 

Discussion ofV. Reinhart, "The Design of an Interest Rate Rule in an Optimizing Model." 

In R.D. Porter, ed., Proceedings of the MonetaJy Affairs Workshop on Asset Prices and 

the Conduct of Monetary PolicY. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 

Aprill990. 

"Money, Credit, Banking, and Payments System Policy," David B. Humphrey, ed. 

The U.S. Pavments System: Efficiency. Risk. and the Role of the Federal 

~Boston: Kluwer AcademicPublishers,l990. Reprinted in Federal Reserve 

Bank of Richmond Economic Review, January/F'ebruary 1991, pp. 7-23. 

"Discount Window."ln The New Pa1grave Dictionart of Money and Finance, edited 

by P. Newman, et al, New York: The Stockton Press, 1992, pp. 677·79. 

"Financ.ial Theory and Central Bank Policies," in S.F. Frowen, ed., Monetary Theory and 

Monetary Policy: New Tracks for the 1990s, Proceedings of a 1988 Symposium, Free 

University of Berlin, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. 

"Interest Rate Policy and the Inflation Scare Problem: 1979-1992," Federal Reserve Bank of 

Richmond 1993 Annual Report. Reprinted in Federal Reserve BankofRichrnond 

Economic Quarterly, Winter 1993, pp. 1·24, and in Operating Procedures and the 

Conduct of Monetary Policy: Conference Proceedings, Board of Governors of the 

Federal Reserve System, March 1993. A version entitled "Acquiring and Maintaining 

Credibility for Low Inflation," is in L. Leidennan and L. Svensson, eds, Inflation 

~London: Center for Economic Policy Research, 1995. 

"Central Banking: Then and Now," speech written for president of the Federal Reserve Bank 

of Richmond. In Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Ouar!edv Spring 1993, 

pp. 1·12. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis The Region, September 

1993, pp.\3-19. 

"Federal Reserve Automation Services," Federal Reserve BankofRichrnond 1994 Annual 

.Rwr!. pp. 6-12. 
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Comment on M. Flannery, "Prudential Regulation of Banks," in K. Sawmoto, Z, Nalcjina, 

and H. Taguchi, eds., Financial Stability in a Changing Envjronmenl New York: St. 

Martin's Press, 1995 (The Bank of Japan's Sixth International Conference). 

''Foreign Exchange Operations and the Federal Reserve," with J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., 

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 1996 Annual Report Reprinted in Federal Reserve 

Bank of Richmond Economic Ouartedy, Winter 1996, pp. 1·19. 

"Monetary Policy Comes of Age: A Twentieth Century Odyssey," Federal Reserve Bank 

of Richmond 1997 Annual Report. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 

Economic Quarterly, Winter 1997, pp. 1-22. 

Comment on K. Udea, "Japanese Monetary Policy, Rules or Discretion? A 

Reconsideration.• In Iwao Kuroda, ed., Towards a More Effective Mone!art Policy, 

MacMillan Press: London 1997, pp. 289-95. (The Bank of Japan's Seventh 

International Conference) 

Asset Prices and Monetarv Policy: Four Views, with M8/k Gertler, Otmar Issing, and 

Luigi Spaventa, Bank for International Settlements and Center for Economic 

Policy Research, 1998, pp.I0-19. 

Discussion of C. Goodhart, "Monetary Policy and Debt Management in the U.K.: Some 

Historical Perspectives." In Alec Chrystal, editor, Government Debt Structure and 

Monewy Conditions: A Conference Organized by the Bank of England, London: Bank 

of England, 1999, pp. 98-101. 

"Using the T enn Struc:lllre of Interest Rates for Monetary Policy. • In Monetarv Policy and 

Interest Rates, Proceedings of a conference sponsored by Bank ofltaly and IGIER -

Bocconi University, Angeloni,lgnagio and Ricardo Rovelli, eds. MacMillan Press. 

London, U.K., 1998. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic 

Quarterly, Summer 1998, pp. 13-30. 

''Limited Commitment and Central Bank Lending," with JeffLacker. In Rhl 

Measurement and Systemic Risk, Proceedings of the Second Joint Central Bank 

Research Conference. Tokyo: Bank of Japan, November 1998; also in Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, Falll999, pp. 1·27. 

"Closing Rem8/ks," Conference on Money. Monetarv Policy. and Transmission 

Mechanism.; Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 1999, pp. 413·21. 
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"Maintaining Low Inflation: Rationale and Reality.• In Santamero, Viotti, and Vredin, 

eds., Challenges for Modem Central Banking. Stockholm: Sveriges RJksbank, 2000. 

Abridged version in M. Blejer, A.lze, A. Leone, S. Werlang, eds., Inflation Targeting in 

Practice: S1rategic and ODe!lltional Issues and Aoolication to Emerging Market Ecooomies, 

Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2000, pp. 8-14. 

"Financial Stability, Deflation, and MonelaJy Policy, • Ninth International Conference, 

Tokyo, Bank of Japan, July 2000. In "The Role ofMonetaJy Policy Under Low 

Inflation: Deflationary Shocks and Their Policy Responses•, Bank of Japan, 

Monetary and Economic Studies. Soecial Edition, Vol. 19, No. S-1, FebruaJy2001, 

pp.l43-67. 

"The Case for Price Stability, • with Robert King. In The First ECB Central Banking 

Conference, "Why Price Stability?" European Central Bank, Frankfurt, 2001, 

pp. 53-94. NBER Working Paper No. 2423. 

"What Assets Should the Federal Reserve Buy?" with J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., Federal 

Reserve Bank ofRiclunond 2001 Annual Report April2001. Also in Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Ouarterly, Winter 200 l, pp. 7-22. 

"Interest on Reserves and Monetary Policy." In proceedings of the Conference on Financial 

Innovation and MonetaJy Transmission, Federal Reserve Bank of New York~ 

Policy Review, May 2002, pp. 77-24. 

''The Phases of U.S. Monetary Policy: 1987-200l."ln Central Banking. Monetary Theory 

and Practice: Essays in Honor ofCha!les Goodhart Volume I. edited by Paul Milen, 

Cheltenham, England, Edward Elgar Publisher, 2003. Reprinted in Federal Reserve 

Bank of Richmond &onomicOuarterly, Fall2002, pp. 1-17. 

"A Short HistoryofMonetaJy Policy." In Econ-Exchange (a semi-annual publication for 

K-12 teachers), Spring 2002. 

"Interest Rate Policy Should Not React Directly to Asset Prices." In Asset Price Bubbles: 

lmolications for MonetarY. Regulatory, and International Policies, Chapter 31, eds., 

William C. Hunter, George G. Kaufinan, and Michael Pomerleano. Conference 

volume, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and World Bank Group. Cambridge, MA: 

MIT Press, 2003, pp. 445-57. 

"Inflation Targeting in the United States?" prepared for NBER Conference on Inflation 

Targeting, Miami, Florida, JanuaJy 2003. In The Inflation Targeting Debate, 

B. Bemanke and M. Woodford, eds. National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago: 

University of Chicago Press, 2005, pp. 3ll-37. NBER Working Paper No. 9981. 
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Comment on J. Amato and H. S. Shin, "Public and Private lnfonnation in Monetary 

Models," for Conference on Monetary Stability, Financial Stability, and the Business 

Cycle, Bank for International Settlements, Basel, March 2003. In BIS Working Paper 

No. 138, September 2003, pp. 62·5. 

Review Essay on AHistorv of the Federal Reserve. Volume 1: 1913-1951 by Allan H. 

Meltzer. In Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis~ December 2003, pp. 82-90. 

"Narrow Money, Broad Money, and the Transmission ofMonelaly Policy." In Faust, Jon, 

Athanasios Orphanides, and David Reifschneider, eds. Moclels ofMonela!y 

Policy: Research in the Tradition ofDale Henderson, Richard Porter. and Peter Tinsley; 

Proceedings of a Federal Reserve Board Conference (March 2004). Washington, D.C.: 

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2005, pp. 277 • 303. 

"Sustaining Price Stability," with 1. Alfted Broaddus, Jr., Federal Reserve Bank of 

Richmond 2003 Annual Reoort. Reprinted in Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 

Economic Quarterly, Summer 2004, pp. 3-20. 

"The Monetary Policy Debate Since October 1979: Lessons for Theory and Practice." In 

Reflections on Monela!y Policy: 25 Years After Octoberl979: Proceedings of a Special 

Conference of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Loois." Federal Reserve Bank of St. 

Louis Review, March/April, Part 2, 2005, pp. 243-62. Reprinted in Recent 

Developments In Monetary Policy, edited by Alec Crystal and Paul Mizen, eds., 

London: Edward Elgar 2009 (The International Library of Critical Writings in 

Economics edited by Mark Blaug) 

"Policy Suggestions for Improving Monetary Policy with Inflation Targeting." In Bank of 

Korea International Conference on The Effectiveness of Stabilization Policies, 

October 2005, pp.l94-214. 

Discussion of H. Fujiki, "The Monetary Policy Committee and the Incentive Problem: A 

Selective Survey," Bank of Japan International Conference, Monetary and 

f.conomic Studies, Bank of Japan, October 2005, pp.83·7. 

"Monetary Policy Implementation in China," with Eswar Prasad. In Monetary Policy in 

Asia: APProaches and Implementation, Proceedings of a BISIHKIMR Conference held 

in Hong Kong SAR, November 2005, pp. 255-39. 

"Why a Corporate Bond Market: Growth and Direct Finance." In Develooing C9!porate 

Bond Markets in Asia, proceedings of a BISIPBC seminar held in Kunming, China, 

November 2005, Bank for International Settlements, February 2006, pp. 22·3. 
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Discussion of"Revealing the Secrets of the Temple: The Value of Publishing Interest Rate 

Projections," Glenn Rudebusch and John Williams, NBER Conference on Asset Prices 

and Monetary Policy, May 2006, forthooming in oonference volume. 

"Money Must Have an Operational Role in Monetary Policy," Borsen-Zeitung, Nr. 86, 

Frankfurt, Germany, May 5, 2006. 

'Concluding Panel Overview," MonetaJy Policy in an Environment ofl.ow Inflation, 

Bank of Korea International Conference (June 2006), November 2006, pp. 253·9. 

"What Monetary Policy Does China NeedT' with Eswar Prasad (based on "A 

Framework for Independent Monetary Policy in China'), Op-Ed published in g 

Tunes, Korea Herald, Shanghai Daily, South China Morning Post. and Taioej Tjmes, 

November 2006. 

"The Optimal Rate of inflation," in Swiss National Bank, ed. The Swiss National Bank. 

1907-2007, Zurich: Neue Zurcher Zeitung Publishing, 2007, pp. 625-645. 

"Elements of Effective Central Banking: Theory, Practice, and History," (Foundation Day 

Lecture of RBI Alchives) Reserve Bank of india Monthly Bulletin, November2007, 

pp.l929-41. 

"The Fed in the International Central Banking Community," Ouarter!v Journal of Central 

Banking. November 2007, 43-5. 

"Monetary Policy in East Asia: Common Concerns," prepared for the 14th International 

Conference of the Bank of Japan, Bank of Japan Monetary and Economic Srudies, 

December 2007, pp. 207-22. 

Discussion of C. Walsh, • Announcements and the Role of Policy Guidance, • Economic 

Policy Conference, October 2007, Federal Reserve Bank of St. wuis Review, 

July/August 2008, pp. 443-5. 

"The Case for an InOation Target with a Flexible Exchange Rate in the New Neoclassical 

Synthesis," 256 Annual Monetary Conference of the Cato Institute, November 2007, 

The Cato Journal, Spring/Summer 2008, pp. 247-254. 

"China's Currency Crunch: Why Beijing Should Adopt a More Flexible Exchange Rate," 

with Eswar Prasad, Foreign Policy, January/February 2008, pp. 84-5. 

"We Need an Accord for Federal Reserve Credit Policy," in Medley Global Advisors The 

Policy Monitor, March 28,2008, pp.I0-12. 
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"What a Revaluation of the Renminbi Could Achieve," Quarterly Journal of Centnll 

Banking, May 2008, pp. 83-84. 

Discussion of G. Rudebusch and J. Williams ''Revealing the Secrets of the Temple: The 

Value of Publishing Central Bank Interest Rate Projections, • in J. Y. Campbell, ed. 

Asset Prices and Monetary Policy, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008, pp. 

284-9. 

"Forum-Tackling Asset-Price Bubbles, • Ouarterly Journal of Central Banking, November 

2008, pp. 48-9. 

Discussion of A. Weber, R. Gerke, and A. Worms "Has the Monetary Transmission Process 

in the Euro Area Changed?"Ji' BIS Annual Conference "Whither Monetary Policy? 

Monetary Policy Challenges in the Decade Ahead," June 2008, BIS Working Paper No. 

276, March 2009, pp. 47-50. 

"A Framework for Independent Monetary Policy in China, • with Eswar Prasad, Chapter 8 in 

Mone!art Policy Frameworks for Emerging Markets, G. Hammond, R. Kanbur, and E. 

Prasad, eds., Bank of England, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2009, pp. 136-52. 

Discussion and Commentary on "What to Do About Bubbles: Monetary Policy and Macroprudential Regulation," presentations by C. Borio, C.A.E. Goodhart, and A. Meltzer at 

the 12~ Annual International Banking Conference, 'The International Financial Crisis: 

Have the Rules Changed?" Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the World Bank, 

Chicago, Ill, September 2009. Forthcoming in the conference volume. 

Discussion of"Have We Underestimated the Probability of Hitting the Zero Lower 

Bound?" by Chung, Laforte, Reifschneider, and Williams at Federal Reserve Bank of 

Boston Conference "Revisiting Monetary Policy in a Low Inflation Environmen~ 

October 20 I 0. Forthcoming in conference volume. 

"Policy Debates at the FOMC: 1993-2002," Chapter 7 in Michael Bordo (ed.) The Origins. 

Historv. and Future of the Federal Reserve, Cambridge University Press 2013. 

Presented at the Atlanta Fed conference "A Return to Jekyll Island: The Origin, History, 

and Future of the Federal Reserve, Jekyll Island, Georgia, November 20 I 0. 

"Monetary Policy Operations: Experiences During the Crisis and Lessons Learnt, • 

Discussion of"lmplementing Monetary Policy in Crisis Times: The Case of the ECB" 

Cassola, Durre, and Hothausen and "Challenges and Lessons of the Federal Reserve's 

Monetary Policy Operations During the Financial Crisis" Hilton and McAndrews, Sixth 

ECB Central Banking Conference: Approaches to Monetary Policy Revisited-Lessons 

from the Crisis, November 20 I 0. In APProaches to Monewv Policy Revjsjted=Lessons 
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from the Crisis. Marek Jarocinski, Frank Smets, and Christian Thimann, eds. European 

Central Bank, 2011, W· 362-6. 

"The Inflation Targeting Debate: A Case Study in FOMC Deliberation," O!!arterlyJoumal of 

Central Banking. Volume 21, Number 3, February 2011, pp. 76-83 

"A Short History of Inflation Targeting at the Fedml Reserve: Q and A with Marvin 

Goodfriend," Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Forefront Spring 2011, w 4-5 

"Q and A: Goodfriend Says Fed Should Prioritize Low Inflation," Jon Hilsenrath Interview 

ofM. Goodfriend, Wall Street Journal, WSJ.com, July 5, 201 1 

Comment on Lars E. 0. Svensson, "Monetary Policy after the Crisis," in Asia's Role in the 

Post-Crisis Global Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Asia Policy 

Conference November 2011, Conference Volume, 2012, W· 51-6. 

"Theory Meets Practice: The Carnegie Rochester Conference Celebrates a Tradition Rich 

in Intellectual Rigor," with Niki Kapsarobelis, Tepper Magazine. Spring 2012, pp. 22-6 

"The Elusive Promise of Independent Central Banking," Keynote Address, the BOJIMES Conference, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, 

Tokyo, May30-31, 2012. Also presented at the Bank of Korea International Conference, 

Seou~ Korea, June 14-15, 2012; Monela!y and Economic Studies, Bank 

of Japan, November 2012, pp. 39-54. 

"Monetary Policy as a Carry Trade," Keynote Address, the BOJ-IMES Conference, Institute 

for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, Tokyo, May28-29, 2014 in 

Monetarv and F.conomic Studies. Bank of Japan, November 2014, pp. 29-44. 

"Federal Reserve Policy Today in Historical Perspective," in Current Policy 

Under the Lens of Economic History: Essays to Commemorate the Federal 

Reserve Svstem's Centennial, Owen Humpage, editor, Federal Reserve Bank of 

Cleveland, Cambridge University Press, 2015, W· 2048 

Review of the Riksbank's Monela!y Policy 2010-2015 (with Mervyn King. Governor of the 

Bank of England 2003-2013), Swedish Riksdag (Parliament), Stockholm, Sweden, 

January2016, 144 pages 

"The Case for Unencumbering Interest Rate Policy at the Zero Bound," presented at the 

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium, 

"Designing Resilient Monetary Policy Frameworks for the Future," August 26-27, 2016, 

forthcoming in the conference volume in 2017 
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Goodfriend 

"Hono1'81)' Advisor Interview, lnstilute for Monetary and Economic Studies /MES 

Newsletter (November), Bank of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, September 28, 2016 

WQRKING PAPERS 

Page20 

"International Adjustment in the New Neoclassical Synthesis," prepared for Symposium on 

the Phillips Curve and the Natural Rate ofUnemploymen~ !Gel Institute for the World 

Economy, Germany, June 2007. Used to teach my undergraduate course 

"International Money and finance" and my MBA course "Monetary Policy in the US 

and Abroad" at the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University. 

"The Macroeconomics of Banking Services, Collateral, and Interest Rate Spreads," with 

Majid G. Bazarbash, December 2013 

"Money, Banking, and Central Banking," written to teach my MBA course "Money, 

Banking, and financial Markets, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon 

University, October 2014 

Mone!a!y Policy in Practice. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1987 

EDITED CONFERENCE VOLUME 

Operating Procedures and the Conduct of Monetary Policy: Conference Proceedings, 

Marvin Goodfriend and David Small, editors, Finance and Economics Discussion 

Series, Board of Governors oflhe Federal Reserve System, 1993. 

EXTERNAL REVIEW R£PORTS 

Review of the Riksbank's Mone!a!yPolicy 2010-2015 (with Mervyn King), 

Swedish Riksdag, January 2016, 144 pages (also available on Swedish Riksbank 

website) 

N9rges Bank Watcb 2007· An Independent Review ofMonetary Poljcvma]sjng jn N9rway, 

Norwegian School ofManagemen~ February 2007. 

External Evaluation of the Economic Researth Activities of The European Central Bank, 

with Reiner Koenig, and Rafael Repullo, European Central Bank website, February 

2004. 
65 


30196028.eps

Goodfriend P~~ge21 

CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY 

"Monetary Policy, Credit Policy, and Interest on Reserves Policy in the Economic 

Recovery", Testimony at the US House of Representatives Committee on Financial 

Services Hearing "Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and 

Implications for Economic Recovery," Washington, DC, March 25,2010 (available on 

website of House Committee on Financial Services) 

"Lessons Learned from a Century of Federal Reserve Last Resort lending," Testimony at 

the Subcommittee of Monetary Policy and Trade, US House Committee on Financial 

Services Hearing 'The Fed Twns I 00: lessons Learned from a Century of Central 

Banking," Washington, OC, September I I, 2013 (available on website of House 

Committee on Financial Services) 

"lessons Learned from the Financial Crisis for Federal Reserve Policy," Testimony at the 

US House Committee on Financial Services Hearing "Re-examining the Federal 

Reserve's Many Mandates on its lO().year Anniversary," Washington, DC, December 

12,2013 (available on website of House Committee on Financial Services) 

'The Case for a Treasury-Federal Reserve Aecord for Credit Policy," Testimony at the 

Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade US House Committee on Financial 

Services Hearing "Federal Reserve Oversight: Examining the Central Bank's Role in 

Credit Allocation," Washington, DC, March 12,2014 (available on website of House 

Committee on Financial Services) 

"Liquidity Regulation, Bank Capital, and Monetary Policy," Testimony at the Senate 

Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Hearing "Bank capital and 

Liquidity Regulation," Washington, DC, June 7, 2016 (available on the website of the 

Senate Banking Committee) 

"The Fed Needs a Credible Commitment to Price Stability," Testimony at the Subcommittee 

on Monetary Policy and Trade of the US House Committee for Financial Services 

Hearing "Sound Monetary Policy," Washington, DC, March 16,2017 (available on 

website of the Committee on Financial Services) 

SHADOW OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE POS!TlON PAPERS 

"We Need an Accord for Federal Reserve Credit Policy," Presented at a Symposium 

Conducted by the Shadow Open Market Committee, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 

April2009 

"Clarifying Central Bank Responsibilities for Monetary Policy, Credit Policy, and Financial 

Stability," Symposium of the Shadow Open Market Committee, E21, Union League 
66 


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Goodfriend Page22 

Club, NYC, March 2010 

"Managing MonetaJy Policy at the Zero Interest Bound," Symposium of the Shadow Open 

Market Committee, E21, Union League Club, NYC, October 20 I 0 

"Congressional Oversight of the Federal Reserve," Symposium of the Shadow Open 

Marlcet Committee, E21, Union League Club, NYC. March 2011 

"The First Post-FOMC Meeting Press Conference of the Chairman of the Federal 

Reserve," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee Statemen~ E21 Website, April2011 

"Fiscal Dimensions oflnfiationist MonetaJy Policy," Shadow Open Market Committee, 

Yale Club, New York, October2011 

''Securing the Promise of Price Stability," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee, Yale 

Club, New York, April2012 

"The Fed Should Put Its 2% Inflation Goal to Work," Shadow Open Market Committee, 

New York, November 2012 

"The Chair's Sueeession and the Fed's Future," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee, New 

York, September2013 

"The Relevance of Federal. Reserve Surplus Capital for Current Policy," Shadow Open 

Market Committee, ).lniversity Club, New York, March 14, 2014 

"MonetaJy Policy as a Carry Trade," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee, New York City, 

November 3, 2014 

"The Fed Should Fix the Interest on Reserves Floor," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee, 

New York City, March 20, 20 IS 

"MonetaJy Policy Lessons from the 1990s for Today," Shadow Open Marlcet Committee, 

New York City, October 2, 20 IS 

"Communist Party Rule and China's Macroeconomic Adjusrment Problem," Shadow Open 

Marlcet Committee Meeting, Princeton Club, New York City, April29, 2016 

"The Case (In Brief) for Unencumbering Interest Rate Policy at the Zero Bound," Shadow 

Open Market Committee Meeting, Princeton Club, New York City, October 7, 2016 

"The Fed Needs a Credible Commitment to Price Stability," Shadow Open Market 

Committee Meeting. Princeton Club, New York City, MayS, 2017 
67 


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PoUiital Affiliations and Activities: List memberships and offices held in and ser~ices rendered to 

all political parties or election committees during the last I 0 

years. 

None 

Political Contributions: Itemize all political contributions of$500 or more to any individua~ 

campaign organization, political party, political action committee or 

similar entity during the last eight years and identify speeific amounts, 

dates, and names of recipients. 

$505 conbibuted to the Republican National Committee in 2014 

QualifitatioiiS: State fully your qualifications to serve in the position to which you have been 

named. 

I have spent my forty-year career as an economist focused on central banking in general and 

the Federal Reserve in particular. The Federal Reser~e Bank of Richmond had been my primary 

place of employment for more than 25 years when, in 2005, !joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon, 

where I hold lhe Friends of Allan Meltzer Professorship. I've written about and contributed to the 

policy debate both "inside" and "outside" the Fed. I look forward to putting my knowledge and 

judgment-at the intersection of academics and practi~o work as a member of the Board of 

Governors and to contributing my voice and experience to current policy issues. If! am confinned 

as a governor, I intend to draw on my extensive academic and professional experiences to promote 

policies to further increase transparency and accountability at the Federal Reserve. 

My years at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond gave me a deep appreciation of the role 

of the regional reserve banks in the Federal Reserve System. From 1993-1999 I served as a senior 

vice president on the bank's management committee, with responsibly for research, community 

affairs, public infonnation, and statistics. As the chief monetary adviser, I drafted Federal Open 

Market Committee (FOMC) policy statements for the bank president and attended FOMC meetings 

regularly from 1993 to 2005. The regional system encourages diverse perspectives and innovative 

thinking. As a member of lhe Board of Governors I would look forward to hearing and considering 

this diversity of views in making policy. 

I have also gained policy experience at olher government and central banking institutions. I 

was a senior staff economist on President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers. I was a mem.ber 

of the Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York Monetary Policy Advisory Panel in 2008-2009, a 

member of its Economic Advisory Panel from 2009-2017, and I was a visiting scholar for five 

weeks each summer from 2006 through 2009. I have been invited to do external reviews of research 

at several European central banks including the European Central Bank; in 2015-2016 fonner Bank 

of England Governor Mervyn King and I were commissioned by lhe Swedish Riksdag to review 
68 


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Goodfriend Page24 

Riksbank monetary policy from 2010.2015.1 have been an adviser to the Bank of Japan sin<:e2011 

and a visiting scholar at numerous Federal Reserve banks and at several <:entral banks abroad. 

My publications use monetaJy theory, central bank practice, and Federal Reserve history to 

investigate policy issues. In many cases I wrote on policy matters well before they were recognized 

by the Federal Reserve as important and worth practical consideration. 

I've enjoyed my past twelve years teaching courses in monetary policy, money and banking, 

and international trade and finance full-time at Carnegie Mellon's Tepper School of Business. I 

received excel.lence in teaching awards for both undergladuate and MBA teaching. Particularly 

gratifying is lhat I did so using my own publications and other writings as course readings. 

I've put my research and teaching skills to worlc as a member of the Shadow Open Marlcet 

Committee since 2009 and as co-editor of the Carnegie Rochester NYU Conference Series on 

Public Policy since 2010. 

I graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York in 1972 with an BS in 

mathematics, and from Brown University, Rhode Island in 1980 with a PhD in economics. 

Government Exnerience: 

Member, Economic Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, N.Y., 2009-

2017 (As stated previously, the Federal Reserve Banks were chartered by Congress to fulfil a public 

pu!JlOSC and are part of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Banks are not, however, 

considered Federal government agencies and are usually not deemed to be part of the Federal 

government.) 

Member, Monetary Poliq Advisory Panel, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, N.Y., 

2008-2009 

Member, Federal Reserve System's Centennial Advisory Council, 2011-2013 

Senior Staff&onomist, Council of&onomicAdvisers, White House, Washington, D.C., 1984--1985 

Visiting Economist, Econometrics and Computer Applications Section, Division of Research and 

Statistics, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C., 1982-1983 

Visiting Scholar, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, July-Augus~ 2006,2007,2008, and 2009. 

Visiting Scholar for Shorter Stays: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1992, 1999, 

and 2007, Federal Reserve Banks of Atlanta 2007,2009, Cleveland, 2008,2010,2011, and Kansas 

City 2008, 2009. 
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Goodfriend Page25 

Other Policy Work: 

Commissioned by the Swedish Riksdag, with Mervyn King, Governor Bank of England 2003-2013, 

to undertake an External Review of the Riksbank and Swedish Monetary Policy: Visited Stockholm 

for extensive interviews in March, June, September 2015, published Review of the Rilcsbank' s 

Monetary Policy2010-2015, January2016 (144 pages), November 2014 to May2016 

Honorary Advisor to the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies of the Bank of Japan, to help 

organize, attend, and speak at annual spring international conferences at the Bank of Japan, 2011-

present 

Member, Panel for External Review of Swedish Riksbank Research Division (with Lucrezia 

Reichlin and Greg Udell), October 2008 

Member, ''Norges Bank Watch 2007'' Panel (with !<nut Mork and UlfSod~trom) to evaluate the 

conduct ofNorwegian monetary policy, December 2006-februaJ)' 2007 

Member, Three-Person Panel (with Otmar lssing and John Murray) for External Review of 

Research and Policy Support Activities at the Swiss National Bank, Zurich, Switzerland, AugustSeptember 2006 

Member, Threo-Person Panel (with Rafael Repullo and Reiner Konig) for the External 

Evaluation of Research Activities at the European Central Bank, September 2003 -

FebruaJ)' 2004 

Visiting Scholar for Longer Slays: 

Visiting Research Fellow, Institute for International Economic Studies, Univ~ity of 

Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, November-December 1992 

Visiting Scholar, Swiss National Bank, Zurich, Switzerland, May to July 1988 

Visiting Scholar for Shaner Stays: 

De Nederlandsche June 2010, Bank of Japan September-October 20 I O,lntemational Monetary 

Fund, Research Departmen~ FebruaJ)' I 990, October 2005, December 2005, and March 2006, 

Centre for Financial Studies, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1999, Technical Assistance Expert, 

International Monetary fund, Inflation Targeting Seminar, Central Bank ofBrazi~ Rio de Janeiro, 

May 1999 and July 2000, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, February 1999, 

Technical Assistance E~ Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 

March 1994, United States Studies Center, University of Sydney, June 2008, ReseiVe Bank of india, 

Mumbai, India, October 2007 
70 


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Goodfriend Page26 

Ad Hoc Professional Resoonsibilities: 

Member, Shadow Open Market Committee, spring and fall symposium in New York City, see 

ShadowFed.org website, 2009-present 

Co-editor, Carnegie Rochester NYU Conference Series on Public Policy, organize and host 

November conferences at the Tepper School every year, and edit papers for publication in the July 

Journal of Monetarv Economics conference volume, 201 0-present; during that time also coprinciple investigator on National Science Foundation grants awarded to fund the conferences. 

Member, Advisory Board, Carnegie Rochester NYU Conference Series on Public Policy, 1998-

present 

Fonner member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Money. Credit and Banking, International 

Journal of Central Banking, and Journal of Monetary Economics 

Research Associate, Program on Monetary Economics, National Bureau of Economic Reserves, 

Boston, Mass., 2007-present 

Ad Hoc Courses Taught: 

Full Semester Courses Taught: 

Visiting Professor of Business Economics, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 

Chicago, IT.,. (September 1988 to June 1990, fall200 I): Macroeconomics, Money and Banking 

Visiting Associate Professor, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. (1986-87): 

Intermediate Macroeconomics, Monetary and Banking Policy 

Visiting Professor, Term Professor, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA., Graduate Monetary 

Economics, Macroeconomic Policy, (1987, 1993-2000) 

Short Courses Taught: 

Monetary Theory and Policy, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C., May 2004 

Monetary Policy, Stanford Executive Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, July 2002 

Short Courses on Monetary Theory and Policy Taught Overseas: China, Gennany, Finland, Japan, 

Korea, and Switzerland, I 8 short courses in all 
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Goodfriend Page27 

Fallre employment relalioo.ships: 

!.Indicate whether you will sever all connections with your present employer, business firm, 

association or organization if you are con finned by the Senate. 

I expect to take a leave of absence from Carnegie Mellon University. 

2. As far as can be foreseen, state whether you have any plans after completing government service 

to resume employment, affiliation or practice with your previous employer, business finn, 

association or organization. 

Please see response to question I, above. 

3. Has anybody made you a commibnent to a job after you leave government? 

Please see response to question I, above. 

4. Do you expect to serve the full tenn for which you have been appointed? 

Yes. 

Potential con.Ok:l! of interest: 

I. Describe any financial arrangements or deferred compensation agreements or other continuing 

dealings with business associates, clients or customers who will be affected by policies which you 

will influence in the position to which you have been nominated. 

None. 

2. List any invesbnents, obligations, liabilities, or other relationships which might involve potential 

conflicts of interest with the position to which you have been nominated. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Office of Government 

Ethics and the Federal Reserve Board's designated agency ethics official to identify potential 

conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 

tenns of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the agency's ethics offiCial and that 

has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest. 
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Goodfriend Page28 

3. Describe any business relationship, dealing or financial transaction (other than tax paying) which 

you have had during the last 10 years with the Federal Govemmen~ whether for yourself, on behalf 

of a client, or acting as an agent, that might in any way constitute oc result in a possible conflict of 

interest with the position to which you have been nominated. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with the Offu:e of Government 

Ethics and the Federal RCSC!Ve Board's designated agency ethics official to identify potential 

conflicts of interest Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 

terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the agency's ethics official and that 

has been provided to this COI'nmittee.l am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest. 

4. List any lobbying activity during the past ten years in which you have engaged in for the purpose of 

directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat or modification of any legislation at the national 

level of goveminent or affecting the administration and execution of national Jaw or public policy. 

None. 

5. Explain how you will resolve any conflict of interest that may be disclosed by your responses to 

the items above. 

In connection with the nomination process, I have consuked with the Office of Government 

Ethics and the Federal Reserve Board's designated agency ethics official to identify potential 

conflicts of interest Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 

terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the agency's ethics official and that 

has been provided to this COI'nmittee.l am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest 

Civil, cri!Diaal, and investigatory actioas: 

I. Give the full details of any civil or criminal proceeding in which you were 

a defendant or any inquiry or investigation by a Federal, State, or local 

agency in which you were the subject of the inquiry or investigation. 

None. 

2. Give the full details of any proceeding, inquiry or investigation by any professional association 

including any bar association in which you were the subject of the proceeding, inquiry 01' 

investigation. 

None. 
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Goodfriend Page40 

List -,mounes aod dates of Ill Wipeled .-ipts from ddemd illcoale mqemems, Slid oplioDs. 

uncomplded ~ aod 01her fillute beoeli!s wbicb you expect to daive from pmious busi:less 

relatioosbips, professioual saviees aod flllll membelibips or from fOill)el employtn. clients. and CUSIIllllm. 

I have DO anticipated receipts from defen:td income anangements, stock options, uncompleted 

coo11acts and other future beoefits which 11t expectt:d 1o derive from previous business 

tdationWps. professional stmc:es and firm memberships or from fonner emplo)US, clillliS, and 

c:tiSIOIDa1 

The Ulldtmgned certifies that tbt infor:malion oontained bereiD is true and comet 
74 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

TO BE A MEMBER, FINANCIAL STABILITY OVERSIGHT COUNCIL

JANUARY 23, 2018 

Chairman Crapo, Ranking Member Brown, and Members of the Committee, it is 

my honor to appear before you today. I am grateful to be President Trump’s nominee for Independent Member with Insurance Expertise of the Financial Stability 

Oversight Council, and I thank you and your staffs for helping me prepare for this 

hearing. 

First, I would like to introduce my wife, Pam, and our son, Chris, who are here 

today. Pam, my forever friend and life partner of 52 years, is a professional artist 

who paints still lives and portraits of strangers. She is a lifetime mother and educator as well. Our son, Chris, is a partner at MSD Capital, and a U.S. Army veteran 

who served as a Tank Platoon Leader in the First Armored Division. His wife, Catherine, is a Developmental Pediatrician and Neonatologist. They have two children, 

and live in New York City. Our daughter, Sarah Checcone, is the mother of four. 

She is a lawyer and the founder and leader of Post-Partum Society of Florida helping mothers suffering with post-partum depression. Her husband, Mark, is a Facial 

Plastics Surgeon, and they live in Sarasota. 

I would also like to recognize Roy Woodall, Independent Member of FSOC and 

former Kentucky Insurance Commissioner, and our good friend, Lee Covington, 

former Ohio Insurance Commissioner. 

I grew up in North Central Ohio—two miles from the Leesville Rural School that 

I attended. My father had a small Chevrolet dealership, and my mother worked as 

a mother, secretary, and bookkeeper. My sister, Elaine, and I both graduated from 

The Ohio State University. After law school there, I served nearly 4 years as a Captain in the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps. Then I returned to Columbus to practice law at Bricker & Eckler, the firm founded by John W. Bricker, the 

three-term Governor and two-term United States Senator from Ohio. With my office 

next to his for many years, I am sure he would be delighted that I am before you 

today. 

The first question I was asked at the firm was—would I do some insurance work? 

I spent the next 26 years doing insurance regulatory, legislative, and business-related work including formation, licensing, admission, sale, acquisition, rehabilitation, liquidation, reserving, State taxation, agent licensing, governance, underwriting, claims, admitted and non-admitted assets, and more. I also represented the 

Association of Ohio Life Insurance Companies, and developed the firm’s insurance 

law practice. 

I served on the Board of the Ohio Farmers Insurance Company for 24 years. 

Formed in 1848, it is a leading, midwestern, multi-line property/casualty insurance 

company. I chaired the Governance & Nominating Committee, served on the Compensation Committee, and twice served on the Committee to select a CEO. 

In 1999, I was recruited to become President & CEO of the Life Insurance Council 

of New York. For the next 17 years, I was involved in nearly all regulatory and legislative issues related to life insurers in New York State, and to a large degree, nationally. 

With 43 years of working with insurers, regulators and legislators in New York, 

Ohio, and other States, I have, in effect, prepared to be the FSOC Independent 

Member with Insurance Expertise all my life. I know insurance, and how vital it 

is to families and businesses and to our economy. I have great respect for insurers, 

and the regulators and legislators who wrestle with insurance issues. They share 

the same objectives—to assure promises are kept and customers are treated fairly. 

The purposes of FSOC are to identify risks to the stability of the U.S. economy, 

to promote market discipline, and to respond to emerging threats. The Independent 

Member exists to make sure someone with substantial insurance knowledge takes 

part in FSOC deliberations affecting insurers and insureds. I am grateful for the 

support of Roy Woodall and I aspire to perform this duty as masterfully as he has. 

I would greatly appreciate this opportunity. If confirmed, I would be dedicated to 

the highest level of honorable, public service. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Brown, and Members of the Committee. I look forward to answering any questions you may have. 

75 


30196037.eps

STATEMENT FOR COMPLETION BY PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEES 

Wodcmln 

(l.al) 

Thomas 

(Fd) 

Politioe to wUIIIIOIIliuled: lndependart MemWt with IIISUIIIIU Expertise on lhe 

F'mancial Slability <Mnigjt Cotlncil 

Date ofNomiDatioa: December I, 2017 

DlleotBirth: 3 April 1944 Place otbb111: Galion, Ohio (lloy)~) (Y"') 

FlU aame of spouse: Pamela Mulbqer Worianan 

Name 11d ... of dalldraa: Thomas Christi111 Wortcman, 4S and Sarah Wodcmln Checcone, 40 

lduealloo: 

Hoeors 

aadAWitds: 

Dilts Degrees Diles of 

lnstitulion llleoded received degrees 

Ohio Sllle Unive!$ity 1962-1966 B.S. Bus. Admin. 0911966 

Ohio Sllle University 1966-1969 J.D. 06/1969 

Unimty ofVuginia 0911971 to Extra Law NIA 

Law&hool 06/1m CounesOnly 

(F.sl) (No Dep) 

List below all scholushlps, fdlowsllips, hononry degrees, miliwy medals, hononly 

society memberships IJ1d any o4ber special recognitiom for outsllndiag serYice or 

achievement. 

Buist M. Andenon Disti~hed ScMc:e A wan!, Associllion of Life lllSUIIIlCe Counsel 

Life 111S111811Ce L.ifetime Achievement A wild, MiUion Dollar Round Tlble otNew YOlk City 

City l SllleCorporlle Social Responsibility Award 

Frie!ld of lsnd A wan!, Sllle of Israel Bonds 111Sln1U:e Division 

Citizen oflhe Ye., College of Mount Saint Vincent 

The Good Scout Award, Boy &QIIIS of America, Greater New YOlk Cooacil 

33•ne,:ee Masoa, Andenl ~ Sc:ollisll Rite, Valley of Columbus 

Nllional Defense Service Medal 

Anny Commendllion Medal 

One of lhe Top Five OuiSIIndina Senior Men 11 Ohio Sllle University 

Student Body Presidelll, Ohio Stale Univmity 

Spllinx Senior Class Honoruy, Ohio Sllle Univmity 

Buckel& Dipper Junior Class Honorary, Ohio Slate Unive!$ity 

R~ Sopllomore Class Hono111)1, Ohio Slate Unive!$ity 

Pace Seam A wan!, College ofBusiaess Adminislralion, Oflio Sllle Univenity 

I 
76 


30196038.eps

Ust below ell membenhips and offiCeS held in professional, filtanal, businea, scilolarly, 

civic, c:harit4ble and odler orpnizalions. 

Associl!ion ofUfe Insurance Counsel 

I~ Fdralion ofNew Yodc 

New Yodt Stile Bar Association 

Ollio Sllle Bar Association 

ot!iceheld(ihoy) 

Member 199S 10 Ptesent 

Delegale to the House ofDeleptes 

of the American Bar As1ocWion 

Member, Boenl of Directors 

Chair, Buist M. Andason 

Dislincuislled Service Am Commiaee 

Member, Boenl ofDii(CIOIS 2016 to Ptesent 

Member 1990 to Ptesent 

Chair, Boenl ofDireclors (1996) 

Member 1m to Ptesent 

Member, Tort Trial& Insurance~ Seetion 

Member, Ufe Insurance Law Commiaee 

Chair, Ufe Insurance Law Commiaee 

Member, i\dministntive Law Cocm!iaee 

Member 2001 to Ptesent 

Member, Toru,Insurance.t Compcmation Law Sei:lion 

Member 1m 10 Present 

Member,lllsurlnce Law Committ2e 

Association of the Beroflhe Cil)' ofNew Yodc Member 200110 Plaenl 

Columbus Bar As1ocWion 

Member,III'SIIranc:e Law Commiaee 

Member 1m 10 P~aent 

Chair, Professional Ethics .t Grievanl:es Commiaee 

Member, Professlooalism Commiaee 

Republican National Lawyers Amc:illion Member 2002 to Present 

Federalist Society Member 200 I to Present 

Griffllh IIISUflllCe Education Foundation Member, Leadmlrip Council 2010 to Plaenl 

Member, Boenl ofTrustees 1987 to 2010 

Chair, Public Policymaker Commiaee 

Herilage Foundalion Member 2010 to Present 

Friends of the Ashbrook Ceo1er Member, Boenl ofT!USleeS 1980s to 1990s 

2 
77 


30196039.eps

Ollio Swe Uni¥mil)' Distinguislled Member 1989 

Teadlas Awards Committee 

Charilable 

Ollio Hqer Taslt Fon:e Member, Board ofTrustees 199S lo 1999 

The Salvatioo Amrt of Central Ollio Member, Advisory Board 1998101999 

United Way of Central Ollio l'll:eselterMember 1990s 

Frields ofWOSU Member, Board ofTNSieeS 1988101989 

~ 

American Legion, New York Deplrtmalt Member 2000 to Present 

Ohio Public Expa!diture Council Treasunr l9881o 1989 

Greater Columbus Yw 2000 lnbmstion President 1999 

Coullcil 

&!liiSl 

Republiw Nllionll Coounittee Member Many Years 

New York State Republican Party Member Many Years 

Ohio RepublQII'Irty Member 

Genenl Coumel 

Many Years 

Franklin County Republican Party Member, Central Committee l9921o 1999 (Est) 

OSU Law Young Republican Club Member 1967101969 

Plaident 

Ollio Youth for Nixon SWe Chairman 1968 

Ollio Y<lllth for Goldwaler SWe Chairman 1964 

.EIIIm! 

New England Lodtlc No. 4, F.tAM Member 197810 Presenl 

Ancient~ Scoaisb Rite, Member I~~ to Presenl 

Valley ofColwnbus 1lvice Porent Master, Enoch Lodge ofl'erfedion 

Aladdin Temple Sbrine Member I ~810 Present 

Ddla Tau Delta F!llemity Member, Bela Pbi Alumni Association I ~4 to Presenl 
78 


30196040.eps

MliB!!Im 

The Ougaenheim Museum Member 200110 Pment 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art Member 2001 lo l'leient 

The Museum of Modem Art Member 200110 Pment 

The Whitney M&DeUm Member 20011ol'ment 

&ligjQl§ 

The Fitst Oiurdl of Clwist, Scientist, Boston Member 1970 lo Praent 

Fitst Ct..dt ofC!viol, Sci<ftWI, NY, NY Member 20171o"""*" 

First Church of Christ Sciemist, Cols, OH Member 19701o2016 

aub! !Cumnt> 

The Mdropolilln Club, NY, NY Member 2001 to Praent 

Rotky Fork Ht1111 & CouniJy Club, Cols, OH Member 2009 to Praent 

EmplofllleDt. Record: 

Member, Board ofOirecto"-Ohio Farmers lnsunmce Company, Westfield Caller, 011, 121199310 Present 

Presidellt&CEO, Life Insurance Council ofNew York, Inc., New York, NY,0911999to03/2016 

Pu1ner, Bricker & Ectler LLP, Columbus, OH, Ol/19n to 0911999 

Associale, Bricker& EcklerLLP,Columbus, OH, 10119731012/1976 

capwn, JudgeAdvocareGalenl's Corps. U.S. Anny, CharlottesviUe, VA,0111970to 1011973 

Law Clerk, Bricker .t Eckler LLP, Colurnbus, OH, 091196910 0111970 

Messi&e Clerk, OhioSenalt, Columbus, OH, 091196810 0911969 

Adminisnlive Assistant to Lieulenlnt Oovemor John W. Brown, Columbus, OH, 0911967 to 0911968 

Managed Apltlmenls in University Area, Columbus, OH, 09/196610 0911967 

List tmy experience in or direct associltion widl Fedenl, State, or local governments, including 

any ldvisory, COIISUitative, hononry or 04ber part time service or position. 
79 


30196041.eps

As~ dl die f"orqpqsedion ofdlisqueslionalft, I semd a die~ .... Asisant 10 l.eGowmar JoM w. Blown .-q my ~yarofJaw sdlool (09o'196710091'1961)111d elhe ... an dl 

die Obio Senile during my lbinl yarofJaw school (0911196810 09o'1969). 

IIllo semd as a Captain in Tlltludce Advocale o-f's Cocps oflhe U.S.Amry &om 01/1970 to 10/lm. 

Tluouahout ~ yars of .alve duly, I we assianed 10 seM on lhe staff 11 The Jucf&e Adv«ate Generll'a 

Sdlool, localed on the (IIOIIIIds of lhe Univenity of V'ltlinia in Cbatloaesville, VA. 

Lisl !be lilies, (IUblilhen llld dlla ofbocis, ri:les. "I'OftS or ocher publilbed llllllrials yoa 

IIMwrillal. 

"An Economic Driwr Suppoo1in&Familla, Busii!CIICI, and the American Communicy," illaviewoflbomls E. 

Worlcmln, LEADE/ISMI>p:i ... ~. N011ombot, DocombotlOIS, Vollt, No.4. 

"New York Slate Sallie Public Fonan on 11111111110e Refllation." pnsellled on behalfoflhe Ufe Insurance 

Coii!QI ofNew Y Olt,lnc., OdDber l, 2013. 

"The Life Jmurm;:e Business Has a Noble Purpole, • ~II !be ROIIId Table ofNew York 91" Amull 

Oianef, Nowlllber 30, 2009. 

"How Would PriDcipleHiased Rqulllioo Work As a PncticaJ Miller, In New York llld NllioaiJiy?'p~pet 

praenled 112008 Amual t.1ec1inJ of the A-*ioo of Life 111U111Ce c-1 a1 The Gteellbrier, May 20, 2001. 

"The Ramificalions ofSqmnber II for Ufe IIISURn," presenled II die ABA· TIPS Mici-W'IIll« Medin& Ufe 

IIISUIUIOe Law C«nmitke Seminlut lhe Boca Ra1on Reson, JanUM)' 11,2003. 

"SaaeoflnsurancebyNational BWs: TlleHislolbl ~oflhe Law,"(llpel'preaenledto the lawyers In 

lheOflice ofGellenl C<Junsd of the New York Slltel.auanc:e ~in NeW York City, Nowmber, 1999. 

Olllo a--El/tit:$ ec.piiata Jltlod fer IActi Pllblic OJfit:ids, publisbed by Brict« .t Ectler ll.P in 

C4l1niM, Ohio, -.,., 199S. 

Olllo ~ El/tit:$ ec.piiQnce "'-oo/OT l.tglslotNt A.gt1lll alld f:Ratlw ~ ~ alld17111t 

brployen, published by Bridcet .t Eckler ll.P in Coknnllus, Ohio, Sef*mbaKlclober 1994. 

"PPainniff's RitJrt to the Claim File, OlhetCiaim Files, and Related Information: The Ticket to the Gold Mine, • 

24 Tolt.tlna. L.J. 137(1988). 

Pllitieal 

AllllletiOII 

Mil Adlrillel: Lisll!lelllberWps and offices held ill and sesvica m!deftd to all poli1ical J*1ies ordectioa 

commillee$ durin& the 111110 yan. 

Republican National Committee, Member 

New Ycxtc Stare Republican Party, Member 

Ohio Republican Party, Member 

Mlnhlllln Rtpub&an Party, Member 
80 


30196042.eps

Polltial 

Attended mee.tingl and contribuled occasionally tD the foregoing political parties. but held no offices in and 

I'Cftdaed no services 1o political jJarties or election committees during the last I 0 yean. 

Colltribalioas: llemize all political COillribulions ofSSOO or more tD any individual, campaign organizllion, 

polili<:al party, politicalldion commiaee or ~milar entil)' cklring the last eiglll yearund ic!elltil; 

speeifie amouniS, dala, and names ofrtcipienls. 

~ 

VIS PCIPAC soo 

VIS NAMICPAC soo 

316 Mlncr fer Mayor 1,000 

3129 Ohio Republican Party I,SOO 

10110 Republican Nilianal Commiaee 1,000 

12117 Dilllllo fer Allomey Genml 1,000 

12128 Kasich for Ohio (TEW) S,OOO 

12128 Kasich for Ohio (PMW) s,ooo 

~ 

3f/ Stivers for Congras SOil 

7118 PCIPAC 600 

7/18 WEFEDPAC 400 

lOIII Batdlelder for StU Represenlalive 1,000 

lOIII Kasich for Governor (TEW) s.ooo 

lOIII Kasic:h forGovemor(PMW) s.ooo 

10/16 Obio Republican Pariy 1,000 

10121 Repoblicen Natiooal Commiaee 1,000 

lOllS Balcheldet for StU Representalive 2,S(IO 

~ 

3130 Ted Cnrz for Senile soo 

4120 WEFEDPAC soo 

4120 PCIPAC 600 

9117 Romney for Praident, Inc. soo 

10120 Batdlelder for StU Represelllllive 1,000 

IV4 Ted Cnrz for Senate SOil 

12129 Allen West for Col1grm SOil 

Wl 

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Stilt tuly ycur CjllllifiCIIions tlsem ill !be posi1ioa t1 wllidl you 11M beea 1lll!led (llllda 

-~ lt.ve ljlCIIt a lifetime being dec!l~Y involved in d1e law,lbe regullltioa, and lhe opetllions of insunnce comp~nies 

1hrouJhout 1he Ulli1ed Stites. lljlCIII d1e finl26 yan of my JXO!asionallife, followina nearly four years asa 

lawyer in 1he U.S. Arrrrf, represenllna many, many insurance companies. smal~ medium. and large, in rqu!1101y, 

~ llld business mailers in Ohio. Thll wOitc Included formation llld lic:ensinc.lllmmion t1 do business. 

sale and acquisilion, rdlabililllion, liquidllion. &1llnllly associalions, reservina. -IUI!ion, 9111 ~ 

pemne. compaiSIIioa klasurt, life SICilaneals, ~aad I-' -owned life iDSinDct, 

~&lid dlims, aac.d &lid IIOIHdaiaed ISidl, md a.y IDOie. In llddirloll tJassistiagiDdivWII 

inannce and IOIHnslnnl:e ~ wi1ll i-~ maes.t- d1e voice for !be lift imlnDce 

iocboy in Ohio •Ccumd tllbe ASIOCillicD ofOiiio Ufe lllSIDIICCCon.,..;cs (AOUC) lbnqjlludlOile 26 

yan. AOUC bid~ 15 Oliio dcmictled life insurer memben and 41it'e insurer memben domiciled 

in ocher-. Dlriag these yan.lllso led thedMiopment of !be lnanx:e Law Pnclice Gtcup Ill tbe Bricker 

cl Eckler LLP law firm in CGiwnbus. 

Since 1993 I have semd • a member of lbe Board ofOi-oflbe Ohio Farmen Insurance Complny 

headquarleRd il Westfield CCnler, Ohio. The Complny-fanned by an AtJ. of !be Ohio Oenenl Assembly in 

1848. Today it is ooe oflhe fmes1, reclal. multi-line p-operty/ca5111lty insunnce ~ iD the United 

Slues. As a ~ Oiredor,l chlired tbe GoYerDIDCC .t ~ Comlniaee few a IUIIbcr ofy-. 

semd • a-"* ofh Compensallon c-illee for -.y y-. and twice ltMid on tbe Special CommDes to 111ect a new CIIUmm .t CEO. 1llis iD clqe ~ tJihe business opentions of a fine p-oper~ylcasudy 

COIIIplll)' combined wi1ll !IIIII)', -.y yan ofimolwmem in vidlally all aspects of !be life md IIUIIily luinea 

has pWft me deep prw::Ocal insi~ inco lbe linMcial cbalfen&osand operlllions of these iasliblliom. 

In lhe summer of 1999,1 -rwuited 10 come 10 New Y edt City 10 seM aslbe President .t CEO of the ure 

Jnsunnce Cowlcil ofNew Y edt, Inc. (LICON~ Few the next narly 17 YM.I-intlmalely imoolved in 

virtually Ill of die active regulalocy llld feaisWive i!SIIeS related to lbe opentlon of life insurm in New Ycdt 

sc., llld • a prw::Ocal mer, nlllionalty. 8ecaae New Ycdt Sllle has d1e )ltJI'I~ of fife illllftft 

domiciled iDa stilt and bec.e of d1e sheer size oflbe Sllle iD lams of J1011Q1e1ioa, many oflhe ~ 
83 


30196045.eps

issues affecting life insuters naliollally are dealt with by New Yorit SWe financial services ~· Oftat the 

regulltoty policll$ that are established in New Yorit SWe influente insuraoce regulat1xsand the irldustJy eaoss 

the country. Accordingly, for nwly 17 years my wOIIt II UCONY was on the leading ed&e of rtgUiatDry 

challenges that fad the life insuraoce industJy in America. This experience of wortdng with subject~ at 

llllevds of the smal~ medium, and large life illSiftn that be. to LICONY further inmased my insigllt and 

undemanding of the financlallnd operational maaen that confi'ont insurers t:Yery ~Y throughout the United 

SCates. I was heavily involved in working with leading nllional insurer !ride g.roups (e.g., Amerian Council of 

Life Insurers~ i11SU1811Ce regulators within the Naliooal Assoc:illion oflnsuraoce Commissioners, lllCI iRSUIIIIce 

legisla!Drs pllliciplling in the NllionaJ Confaence of lnsunnce Legislators. AI the time I oonduded my w011t at 

LICONY, it had S3 New Yorit domiciled life insurer members, 21 life insurer members domiciled in other S181a, 

and 22 professional finn members (leading IIXOUII!ing.ICIUirial, and law finns that serve the life insurance 

irldustJy~ 

Tbrwghout the last 43 years of deep, p!ICiical experience of ualyzin& advising. advoclling. and defending 

insurcn of oil type> and sac., and intcr101i"8 wid> lnsuru<c ltg1llatots and~ in New Yorlc, Ohio, and 

many other Sl8la, I haw, in eft'ec:t, JnPif'ed to serve in this role oflndependent M.ember with llllUlll1Ce Elcpcrtise 

ofFSOC. I understand the unique I1IIUJe of the insurance mechanism, bow vital h is to the successful fundioniD(! 

of our ecooomy 11 boch the micto and rnecro IMis. the cullllte of the various segments of the inwance industry, 

the adlure in many inslani:eS of many, many of the ooonpanies, and maybe most importanl of Ill, many of the 

people who lead and JlWIIt&e thl$e great institulions today. I have a great affeclion for the insurance industJy, for 

the regulators, and for the teaisJa1ors who wrestle with the ever evolving business and regulltoty issues. Tbe truth 

is that insurers and regulators and lqislators share the same objectives-Ill assure that insurers are able to keep 

their promises lllCI that they 1re11 their customers fairly. All three are successful if thl$e objedives are ldlieved. 

I would deeply appreciate this ClppO!tlnity to provide the iosu!lllce perspective within the deliberations of the 

Financial Stability Oversight Council. Uke the cum:nt oc:cupn ofthis role, Roy Woodall, a good friend of 

nearly 40 years, given this assignment. I would give my full and undivided commilment to serve the land thai I 

lov&--lhe Uniled SWes of America-in the bighesl tradhions ofhonortble, dedial1ed. public service. 

futm Eao..,_l 

Relalloashlpa: I. lndielle whether you will sever all eonneetions with your preseat employer, business 

firm, assoeillion or 01p11imlion if you are confirmed by the Senale. 

In lhlleventl will immediately resign my position as a Member of the Boanl of Directors of the Obio Fanners 

Insurance Company and my position as a Member of the Board ofl>ne!M of the lnsunnce Fedention ofNew 

York. 

2. As far as an be foreseen, swe l>ilether yon have any plans after completing government 

service to resume employment. affilillion or plldiee with your previous employ«, business firm, 

association or 01p11izllion. 

I have no aueh plans. 

3. Has anybody made you a conunitment to a job after yon leave govenunenl'l 

No. 

4. Do yon expect to serve the filii tam for which you have been appointed'/ 

VI$. 
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30196046.eps

hleDtiiJ Coollldl 

Oflallrat: I. Describe any financial arrangemeot or deferred compensation apemen~~ or other continuing 

dealings with business associms, clients or customers who will be alrecled by policies wblch you 

will influence in the position to wbich you have been nominated. 

None. 

None. 

2. List any iiMStmen!S, obUptions.liahilities, or other relltionsllips wbich might inYolYe 

polaltial conflicts ofu.aest with the position to wbich you bave been ROminated. 

3. Describe Ill)' busW:ss relationship, dealing or financial transaclion (other than tax paying) 

which you bave had mg the last 10 yean with the Federal Government, whedl« for yourself, 

on belWf of a client, or acting as an agent, that mi~t in any way constillde or ruult in a possible 

confiict of interesl with the position to which you have been nominated. 

4. List any lobbying ICtivity during the past ten yean in wbich you bave engaged in for the 

puzpose of directly or indirectly influencing the pesace, defat or modificalion of any legblation 

at the national level of govenunent or affecW!g the edministration and execution of nalionallaw 

or public policy. 

I have never been employed or retained for tha puzpose of directly or indirealy influencing the passage. defeat or 

modification of any Jeais1a1ion It the national level of govemmenc or affecting the administndion and extcution 

of national law or public policy. 

As an indivUI member of cur church, over tha past two or tme years llwve communicated with a few 

members oftong,ess to~ them to lllflP011 an amendment to the Affon!able Care Ad that would exempt 

members of the chureb from being Stlbject to the Rquiremem to pan:base health illSUIIIICe, similar to other 

exemptions in the Ad. for comparable reli~ groups. 

S. Explain bow you will resolve any conflict of int=st that may be disclosed by your responses 

to the itans above. 

While I do not believe any of my responses to the foregoing ilems suggest! or discloses in any way any conflict of 

intemt, in the unlikely event a conflict might arise, I will immediately confer with the Depar1ment of the 

Treasury's designated ageacy ethics officials and the Office ofGoYamlelll Ethics and take all steps necemry to 

remove any such conflict and any eppeannce of such conflict. 

Clril, CriJRiaalaad 

llmlliploly 

Adf011: 

None. 

None. 

I. Give the fUll details of any civil or criminal proceeding in wblch you were a defendant or any 

inquity or investigation by a Federal, State, or 1«a1 agency in wbich you were the suijea of the 

inquity or investigation. 

2. Give the fUll details of any proceedi~ inquity or invostigalion by any profeuional 

association including any bar associalion in which you were the Stlbjec:t of the proceeding, inquity 

or investigation. 

10 
(85) 

1 As noted in ‘‘The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission 

on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States’’ (i.e., ‘‘The Commission 

concludes that the collapse of the housing bubble began the chain of events that led to the financial crisis. High leverage, inadequate capital, and short-term funding made many financial institutions extraordinarily vulnerable to the downturn in the market in 2007.’’). See p. 230 at 

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/content-detail.html. 2https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/esl20171114lfdicltranscript. 

pdf. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR BROWN 

FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1. The FDIC has a responsibility to protect the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) and has continuous examination authority for insured depository institutions with more than $100 billion in assets. 

With that mandate and responsibility in mind, do you think that 

leverage requirements for banks with over $250 billion in consolidated assets should be lowered in the future, versus current requirements? To revisit a question I posed at your nomination hearing, how did large bank and investment bank leverage contribute 

to the 2008 financial crisis? 

A.1. At the hearing you asked whether I agree that ‘‘a central 

cause of the 2008 crisis was too much leverage at the largest banks 

and a failure of risk-weighted capital standards.’’ The 2008 financial crisis traces its roots to a myriad of causes that created a chain 

of events which essentially led to the financial crisis. Bank leverage 

is certainly one of the factors that contributed to the crisis.1 The 

leverage requirements at banks with consolidated assets above 

$250 billion should not be viewed in a vacuum but in conjunction 

with capital and liquidity requirements, and other safety and 

soundness mechanisms already at the disposal of regulators. 

If confirmed, I will monitor bank leverage and will work with the 

FDIC staff to understand what has been done in this area, what 

conclusions have been drawn by agency staff, what requirements 

are necessary to protect the safety and soundness of our financial 

system while reducing systemic risk, and learn what relevant 

knowledge can be gained through the public comment process. 

Q.2. Last November, FDIC Chair Gruenberg cautioned that ‘‘the 

seeds of banking crises are sown by the decisions banks and bank 

policymakers make when they have maximum confidence that the 

horizon is clear.’’2 Bank profits are at a record high, the tax bill 

just put billions in the coffers of the financial services industry, 

and policymakers in Congress and in the Administration are again 

trying to relax the rules for the banking industry. Do you agree 

with Chair Gruenberg that crises are built by many small decisions 

made in good times? 

A.2. Financial crises trace their roots to a myriad of causes, including decisions made by regulators and financial institutions in good 

times and bad. Banks and financial institutions are currently well 

capitalized. However, the fundamental factor in preventing another 

86 

3 According to the Senate Banking Committee Majority Staff Report accompanying DoddFrank Act: ‘‘To narrow the focus of the Federal Reserve to its core functions, the bill strips it 

of its consumer protection functions, and its role in supervising a relatively small number of 

State banks, as well as smaller bank holding companies. However, the Committee was persuaded that because of the Federal Reserve’s expertise and its other unique functions, it should 

play an expanded role in maintaining financial stability. Thus, Title III assigns the Federal Reserve the responsibility for the supervision of bank and thrift holding companies with assets 

over $50 billion. (Other aspects of the bill that address financial stability enhance the Federal 

Reserve’s oversight of systemically important payment systems, direct the Federal Reserve to 

apply heightened prudential standards to large bank holding companies, and give the Federal 

Reserve supervisory responsibilities over designated nonbank financial companies.)’’ See p. 28 

at https://www.congress.gov/111/crpt/srpt176/CRPT-111srpt176.pdf. 

crisis is a balanced approach to prudential regulation and safety 

and soundness, while ensuring that financial products and services 

are widely available. If confirmed, I will continue to maintain a 

strong FDIC by ensuring that banks operate in a safe and sound 

manner. 

Q.3. Since 2013, the FDIC has had protections in place to prevent 

banks from offering abusive ‘‘deposit advance products’’ that are 

similar to payday loans. Keith Noreika, while at the OCC, rolled 

back those rules for banks regulated by the OCC. And OMB Director Mulvaney is undoing the CFPB’s payday lending rules and ending enforcement actions against abusive lenders. Should banks be 

able to push people into short term loans with high fees? If confirmed, will the FDIC revisit its guidance to regulated entities regarding deposit advance products? 

A.3. No customer should be ‘‘pushed’’ or forced into any financial 

product, regardless of whether it is short- or long-term, high- or 

low-cost. If confirmed, I intend to review FDIC’s regulations and 

guidance, including in the consumer protection area. It is worth 

noting that, as the primary regulator for consumer financial issues, 

the CFPB’s rulemaking would be the controlling legal authority for 

oversight of these products. 

Q.4. The single costliest failure for the DIF was a large regional 

bank—IndyMac. As you know, community banks end up picking up 

the tab with higher insurance premiums when these big regional 

banks go down. Under the Chairman Crapo’s bill, S. 2155, the Federal Reserve would decide which banks more than $100 billion but 

less than $250 billion in consolidated assets would still be subject 

to strict oversight under Dodd-Frank’s Section 165 regime. Are you 

confident that you can trust the Federal Reserve to decide which 

banks with between $100 billion and $250 billion in consolidated 

assets are risky enough to warrant subjecting them to Section 165 

of Dodd-Frank? Are you sure that the FDIC won’t be on the hook 

for a large regional bank failure? Do you think the FDIC should 

have joint authority with the Federal Reserve under S. 2155 to decide who escapes stricter requirements? 

A.4. Congress enacted section 165 as part of the Dodd-Frank Wall 

Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). At 

the time, Congress chose to vest with the Board of Governors of the 

Federal Reserve System (FRB) sole authority for applying enhanced prudential standards for bank holding companies (BHCs) 

with consolidated assets equal or greater than $50 billion in section 

165.3 Congress granted similar authority to the FRB for nonbank 

financial companies supervised by the FRB and recommended for 

87 

4https://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/feds/2014/files/2014113pap.pdf. 

enhanced prudential standards by the Financial Stability Oversight 

Council (FSOC) under section 115. 

In enacting the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress chose not to extend to 

the FDIC joint authority on enhanced prudential standards, outside of the recommendation process of the FSOC under section 115 

and with respect to the resolution plans (i.e., if the FRB and the 

FDIC jointly determine that the resolution plan of a company is 

not credible and would not facilitate an orderly resolution under 

the bankruptcy code, such company would have to resubmit resolution plans to correct deficiencies). Congress entrusted the FRB with 

the formulation and imposition of enhanced prudential standards 

for banks with consolidated assets above $50 billion and certain 

nonbanks, and furthermore chose not to grant joint authority to the 

FDIC in this area. Should Congress choose to amend the law in 

this area, it will be my duty, if confirmed, to fulfil FDIC’s statutory 

mandate, in its current form or however it may be revised. 

Q.5. In response to Senator Toomey’s comments at your nomination 

hearing, you said that ‘‘regulatory burden plays a key component 

of the consolidation in the community banking industry.’’ A 2014 

study by Federal Reserve economists found that, ‘‘even without any 

regulatory changes following the financial crisis, the weak economy 

and low interest rate environment would have caused 75 to 80 percent of the current decline in new charters.’’4 Please describe the 

relative role played by interest rates, macroeconomic conditions, 

regulatory requirements and other factors in terms of the trend in 

community bank consolidation and the decline in de novo community bank charters. 

A.5. The 2014 Federal Reserve study largely focused on the impact 

historically low interest rates have had as a barrier to de novo 

bank entry. Indeed, the net interest margin is an important indicator for the entry of new bank applicants. Similarly, a robust 

economy is nearly equally a factor in the creation of new banks. 

However, these two factors alone would not explain the current 

lack of new bank applications given we have over 100 months of 

consecutive economic growth with interest rates steadily increasing 

above the historic post-crisis lows. 

The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond issued an economic brief 

in 2015 indicating that regulatory activity may play a role in declining new bank entry particularly if ‘‘de novos are absent due to 

the low interest rate environment and weak economic recovery, 

then entry should increase as the economy improves and the Fed 

raises interest rates. If regulatory costs are the driving force behind low entry rates, then future entry will depend on how those 

costs change over time.’’ Given we are now in a lengthy, sustained 

economic recovery with interest rates continuing to rise off historic 

lows, the continued lack of de novo applications would support the 

theory of regulation impacting the entry of new de novo bank applications. 

Q.6. In response to a question from Senator Heller about whether 

you will encourage new applications for industrial loan companies 

(ILC), you said that you will ‘‘make sure that the FDIC moves 

88 

swiftly in due consideration’’ of ILC applications, and that ‘‘if that 

encourages more applicants to send the applications in, then I 

guess my answer is yes.’’ In recent years, financial technology firms 

have rapidly expanded their presence and products in the financial 

system. This growth occurred largely after the financial crisis and 

the pre- and post-crisis moratoria on ILCs imposed by the FDIC 

and Congress. Some fintech companies are now seeking an ILC 

charter. 

Q.6.a. What additional prudential and consumer protection requirements, if any, would you consider as part of the approval process of an ILC application from a fintech company? 

A.6.a. ILCs are unique entities as State-chartered financial companies that are supervised by the FDIC and covered by the DIF. As 

the prudential regulator of ILCs, the FDIC currently applies significant prudential and consumer protections as part of the supervisory process to oversee safety and soundness. I would like to understand what work the FDIC staff has done in this area to date, 

specifically with respect to prudential and consumer protection requirement imposed on existing ILCs and what prudential and consumer protection issues should be addressed if the nature and 

scope of ILCs changes over time. If confirmed, I will continue to 

apply these supervisory authorities and examine whether changes 

are necessary to ensure the safety and soundness of ILCs on a 

going forward basis while maintaining the need for consumer protection. 

Q.6.b. For purposes of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act, would you review the lending activities of all affiliates 

and subsidiaries of a proposed fintech ILC’s parent company, or 

just the activities of the ILC? 

A.6.b. ILCs are subject to the Community Reinvestment Act which 

requires a review of the ILC and not all the affiliates or the subsidiaries of the parent. However, should the parent company undertake activities that call into question the safety and soundness of 

the ILC or its impact on the DIF, it could warrant a broader review 

by the FDIC outside of the CRA. 

Q.6.c. Are you concerned that approving new ILC charters could 

weaken the separation between banking and commerce by allowing 

the intermingling of banking activities with nonbanking activities 

that are currently impermissible under other bank charters? 

A.6.c. ILCs are uniquely structured compared to traditional bank 

charters and allow the parent company to undertake additional activities not traditionally authorized by BHCs or national associations. This has largely occurred because of the limited nature and 

number of ILCs. It is worth noting that ILCs are subject to the restrictions imposed on banks by the Volcker rule (i.e., the regulators 

did not exclude industrial companies with FDIC-insured depository 

institution subsidiaries). Should we experience a dramatic uptick in 

new ILC applications, due consideration would be necessary to determine why the increased volume of activity and whether additional safeguards are necessary to properly manage and minimize 

the risk posed. 

89 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR SCOTT 

FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1. Ms. McWilliams, here’s a recent Wall Street Journal headline: 

‘‘As Black-Owned Banks Struggle, a Community Sounds the 

Alarm.’’ Quote, ‘‘Fewer banks serving low-income, minority groups 

could expand ‘financial deserts’—communities with few or no banking institutions.’’ Tax reform included my legislation, the Investing 

in Opportunity Act, to encourage business formation in economically distressed communities. But these small business owners are 

going to need a hand every once in a while to meet payroll or stock 

inventory. That’s why the disappearance of minority-owned banks 

is so concerning. These lenders are a part of their communities and 

know their customers well. A perfect example is South Carolina 

Community Bank in Columbia. Please answer the following with 

specificity: 

Q.1.a. Are FDIC examiners attuned to the challenges facing these 

banks? What will you do as Chair to make sure? 

A.1.a. At this time, since I have not been privy to FDIC examiners’ 

work first-hand, I am unable to adequately respond to your questions whether FDIC examiners are attuned to these challenges. If 

confirmed, I will ensure that FDIC examiners fully understand and 

are prepared to appropriately address these challenges and look 

forward to working with your office on any technical assistance 

your office may seek on these issues. 

Q.1.b. Will you commit to updating my office on the FDIC’s dealings with South Carolina Community Bank? 

A.1.b. Yes. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR ROUNDS 

FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1. The regulation establishing what is considered a brokered deposit is now 26-years old, and is not cognizant of the way most 

Americans today open deposits with banking organizations. The 

treatment of a deposit as ‘‘brokered’’ under the regulation is consequential for banks. 

Would you be willing to re-examine the regulations involving brokered deposits in light of the structure of deposit markets today? 

A.1. Yes. 

Q.2. One of the most important strengths of the FDIC is the ability 

to maintain customers’ access to their insured deposits in the event 

of the failure of their bank. A few years ago, the FDIC proposed 

changes to its approach to resolving banks with a large number of 

insured deposits accounts. In practice, however, there is concern 

that the implementation of the new rules are far more complicated 

than necessary. 

Would you be willing to take a fresh look at relevant regulations 

and corresponding implementation issues to see if they can be improved? 

A.2. Yes. 

90 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR 

MENENDEZ FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1.a. It’s been more than 4 months since Hurricane Maria hit 

Puerto Rico, and a third of the island of Puerto Rico remains without power and nearly 10 percent of the island’s residents still have 

no access to clean water. If that wasn’t bad enough, the island is 

on the verge of a potential foreclosure crisis, with approximately 

one third of the island’s homeowners behind on their mortgage payments. 

What steps can the FDIC take, pursuant to its safety and soundness responsibilities, to encourage banks to impose or extend a 

foreclosure moratorium and to extend or modify loan terms for borrowers in distress due to the Hurricane? 

A.1.a. The FDIC has at its disposal a number of safety and soundness statutory mandates while most of its consumer protection authorities have transferred over to the CFPB pursuant to the DoddFrank Act. In addition, certain accounting rules govern how banks 

have to treat asset categories deemed nonperforming. While at this 

time I have not been privy to any internal work the FDIC might 

have done in this specific area, if confirmed, I will work with the 

FDIC staff to understand what options are available to the agency 

to assist borrowers in distress due to the Hurricane. 

Q.1.b. Will you commit to examining every available option to ensure banks are assisting distressed borrowers in Puerto Rico? 

A.1.b. Yes. 

Q.2. Compensation practices at large financial firms prior to the 

crisis incentivized excessive risk-taking and created a business environment with no guard rails where banks played fast and loose 

with the savings and investments of hard-working families. Those 

same families paid the price when the crisis hit and they lost their 

homes to foreclosure and saw their savings wiped away in the blink 

of an eye. 

Congress passed a law requiring the financial regulators to prohibit payment practices that encourage inappropriate risk-takingunderstanding that this is a joint rulemaking, can I have your commitment that you will follow the law and work to finalize the DoddFrank Section 956 incentive-based compensation rulemaking? 

A.2. The Dodd-Frank Act is the law of the land, and the FDIC 

should fulfill its statutory duties under that law whether in its current State or as may be amended by Congress. In my experience 

as a regulatory attorney at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, joint rulemakings can take longer to prepare and finalize 

because multiple agencies with varied jurisdictions are involved. If 

confirmed, I will work to fulfil FDIC’s statutory mandates. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR SCHATZ 

FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1. A common refrain from this Administration is that financial 

regulations are overly costly and burdensome. In fact, the Federal 

Reserve has staffed a new office to conduct cost-benefit analyses. 

However, there is little evidence that financial regulations are a 

91 

drag on the banking industry. On the contrary, the facts show that 

banks are thriving: 

• According to FDIC data, banks had record-breaking profits in 

2016 and the highest return on equity in years. Data from 

2017 shows banks may do even better this year. 

• Across the board, banks have increased their dividends to 

shareholders by 17 percent. 

• Community banks’ earnings have also been increasing—they 

were up almost 10 percent this quarter compared to last year. 

• Household credit, such as home loans, car loans, credit cards, 

has surpassed prerecession highs. 

• According to the Fed, sluggish loan growth in the commercial 

sector is due to a lack of demand. 

Q.1.a. How do regulators account for the benefit of avoiding another financial crisis in a cost-benefit analysis? 

A.1.a. Regulations are an essential component of our Federal regulatory framework for financial institutions. However, as many 

scholars have noted, regulations do pose a burden on financial institutions and the economy as a whole. Quite often, the regulators 

are faced with a difficult task to ascertain how much a particular 

regulation will cost the economy versus how likely it is to prevent 

a certain type of conduct, risk, or other action that could lead to 

a crisis. I believe that just because that task is difficult does not 

mean the regulators should shy away from it. The best way to ensure that regulations strike preventative balance while ensuring 

that financial products and services are available to consumers and 

businesses to grow the economy is by having the regulators engage 

in a meaningful, objective and empirical analysis. The balance between regulation and constraints on the economy is necessary and, 

if confirmed, I will work to ensure that proper balance is achieved 

and maintained. 

Q.1.b. If banks are making record profits, and the cost of a financial crisis is enormous to the whole economy, do you think it is appropriate to leave Dodd-Frank financial regulations in place? 

A.1.b. The proper balance between regulation and market economics is important and if confirmed, I will ensure the FDIC maintains 

such balance. The FDIC has a statutory mandate to promulgate 

rules and regulations pursuant to laws passed by Congress. The 

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is 

the law of the land, and the FDIC should fulfill its statutory duties 

under that law whether in its current state or as may be amended 

by Congress. 

Q.1.c. Shouldn’t we view the costs of complying with financial regulations as banks internalizing the risk of a future financial crisis, 

rather than leaving that risk on taxpayers’ shoulders? 

A.1.c. Taxpayers should not bear the consequences of the failure or 

any financial institution, which is why the DIF is funded by financial institutions and shoulders the burdens of any failed institution. 

If confirmed, I will ensure the adequate oversight of FDIC-regulated institutions to protect the DIF from taxpayer funded bailouts. 

92 

Q.2. In 2009, the FDIC completed a pilot program on small dollar 

lending demonstrating that banks can profitably offer affordable 

small-dollar loans as an alternative to predatory payday loans. 

Q.2.a. Do you think the FDIC should continue to provide guidance 

and support to help community banks offer affordable small-dollar 

loans? 

A.2.a. The FDIC’s pilot program predated the enactment of the 

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 

which transferred 17 consumer protection statutes to the CFPB 

while granting the CFPB additional authority in Title X of that act. 

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, banks with more than $10 billion 

in assets have the CFPB as its primary regulator for consumer protection, whereas safety and soundness regulation continues to be 

performed by the prudential regulator. For banks with $10 billion 

or less in assets, the rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement authorities for consumer protection are divided between the CFPB 

and the prudential regulators. 

If confirmed, I intend to review FDIC’s regulations and guidance, 

including in the consumer protection area. 

Q.2.b. If so, will you commit to working with my staff and me to 

expand the FDIC’s work in this area? 

A.2.b. Given the Dodd-Frank Act’s consolidation and transfer of 

consumer protection statutes to the CFPB, I would have to defer 

to the CFPB for general matters of consumer regulation. The 

FDIC’s work in this area should not contradict what has been done 

by the CFPB in order to ensure regulatory consistency and provide 

certainty to market participants and consumers alike. If confirmed, 

I stand ready to offer any technical assistance your office may seek 

on this and related consumer protection issues, recognizing the 

CFPB’s role in this space. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR CORTEZ 

MASTO FROM JELENA MCWILLIAMS 

Q.1. The Financial CHOICE Act, (H.R. 10), which passed the 

House on a partisan vote, would subject the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the congressional appropriations process. 

In your view, how would relying on congressional appropriations 

impact the FDIC’s ability to supervise 4,000 financial banks? 

A.1. The FDIC receives no congressional appropriations—it is funded by premiums that banks and thrift institutions pay for deposit 

insurance coverage and from earnings on investments in U.S. 

Treasury securities. The FDIC is not unique in this respect as 

other Federal financial regulators are afforded a unique position in 

the Federal budget and appropriations process by funding operations outside of the congressional appropriations process. This design has allowed the FDIC and other Federal financial regulators 

to operate independent from Congress. 

Adequate resources are necessary for the FDIC, and other financial regulators, to ensure appropriate staffing and operations. However, this independent financial status should be subject to strict 

oversight and accountability to ensure that operations utilize only 

93 

as many funds as necessary to conduct the mission without waste, 

fraud, or abuse. 

I am not sure how the FDIC’s operational status, including its 

supervisory and examination functions, would change if the law 

were passed to subject the FDIC to congressional appropriations. If 

confirmed, I would seek guidance from the FDIC staff on the impact of potential congressional appropriations on its operations, including supervisory functions. 

Q.2. Financial institutions have had a great deal of good news recently. Financial institutions are making solid profits: $48 billion 

in the 3rd Quarter of 2017—5 percent increase from the year earlier. Community banks reported $6 billion in net income. An increase of 9 percent from the previous year. They have higher net 

income. They are generating more loans. The number of unprofitable banks and ‘problem banks’ continued to fall. However, there 

are still market gaps. The home ownership rate between whites (73 

percent) and African Americans (41 percent) is worse than it was 

when the Fair Housing Act was enacted in 1968. Only 47 percent 

of Latinos are homeowners. 

Q.2.a. To follow up on our discussion during your confirmation 

hearing, please share some specific ideas for what will you do as 

head of the FDIC to encourage sustainable home ownership for 

Latinos, African Americans and millennials whose access continues 

to lag? 

A.2.a. Home ownership continues to be a challenge in certain communities following the financial crisis, despite being one of the key 

metrics for financial stability and wealth generation. Regulators 

continue to utilize tools such as the CRA and fair lending laws to 

ensure that access to financial products and services is uniform. If 

confirmed, I would continue to utilize these tools to ensure uniform 

access to financial products and services, including home mortgages. However, all financial regulators should also continue to assess barriers to market entry for home ownership including a lack 

of affordable housing, regulatory requirements that can increase 

the cost of mortgages, the need for robust liquidity and capital requirements, and consumers’ access to entry level products such as 

FHA and VA mortgages, among others. 

Q.2.b. How will you ensure the 4,000 or so financial institutes regulated by the FDIC meet their Community Reinvestment Act obligations to provide loans and services in all communities in which 

they take deposits? 

A.2.b. As I stated in the hearing, the Community Reinvestment Act 

(CRA) is the law of the land and it is the duty of the regulatory 

agencies tasked with its implementation to ensure full compliance 

with the law. The FDIC, like other prudential financial regulators, 

maintains a robust and effective CRA program as part of the supervisory process. If confirmed, I intend to ensure that all of the 4,000 

plus institutions are operating safely and soundly while adequately 

serving their markets. 

Q.3. Since 2013, the FDIC has had protections in place to prevent 

banks from offering abusive ‘‘deposit advance products’’ that are 

similar to payday loans. Keith Noreika, while at the OCC, rolled 

94 

back those rules for banks regulated by the OCC. And OMB Director Mulvaney is undoing the CFPB’s payday lending rules and ending enforcement actions against abusive lenders. 

What will you do to enable banks to provide lower-cost small dollar loans as alternatives to short-term high-fee payday loans? 

A.3. If confirmed, I intend to review FDIC’s regulations and guidance, including in the consumer protection area. It is worth noting 

that, as the primary regulator for consumer financial issues, the 

CFPB’s rulemaking would be the controlling legal authority for 

oversight of these products. 

Q.4. Last November, FDIC Chair Gruenberg cautioned that, ‘‘the 

seeds of banking crises are sown by the decisions banks and bank 

policymakers make when they have maximum confidence that the 

horizon is clear.’’ Bank profits are at a record high, the tax bill just 

put billions in the coffers of financial services firms, and policymakers in Congress and in the Administration are again pushing 

deregulation. 

Do you agree with Chair Gruenberg that crises are built by many 

small decisions made in good times? 

A.4. Financial crises trace their roots to a myriad of causes, including decisions made by regulators and financial institutions in good 

times and bad. Banks and financial institutions are currently well 

capitalized. However, the fundamental factor in preventing another 

crisis is a balanced approach to prudential regulation and safety 

and soundness, while ensuring that financial products and services 

are widely available. If confirmed, I will continue to maintain a 

strong FDIC by ensuring that banks operated in a safe and sound 

manner. 

Q.5. The FDIC’s 2012 community banking study found that bigger 

banks grew faster than smaller banks over the last 30 years, in 

large part because Congress loosened rules and they were able to 

acquire smaller banks. In fact, the number of banks with more 

than $10 billion in assets grew eleven-fold since 1984. They now 

hold more than 80 percent of industry assets. 

Will loosening the rules for large regional banks encourage acquisitions that will lead to fewer community banks? 

A.5. Industry consolidation continues to be a challenge, particularly 

among community banks. The Dodd-Frank Act and subsequent regulations have posed a significant implementation challenge for 

community and mid-sized banking institutions, particularly because they lack the size and the economies of scale compared to 

larger financial institutions that can spread the cost of compliance 

over a larger asset base. The key to address this incentive for size 

and the economies of scale is to properly calibrate and tailor regulations commensurate to the risk of the financial institution. By effectively tailoring regulation, the incentives to increase size (by 

merger or otherwise) and scale may be limited. 

Q.6. The FDIC’s 2012 community banking study noted that the 

worst periods for community bank failures were after periods of deregulation and lax oversight from regulators—the S&L crisis of the 

late ’80s/early ’90s, and the 2008 crisis. Congress and regulators 

95 

are again proposing to pull-back on rules, supervision and enforcement. 

Are you concerned that another period of financial instability 

caused by deregulation could create yet another wave of community 

bank failures? 

A.6. If confirmed, I will ensure the FDIC maintains a robust supervisory and examination process with emphasis on the safety and 

soundness of supervised institutions. A part of this mandate is to 

ensure that community banks can function and serve their community in safe and sound manner, while limiting the likelihood of 

their failure. 

Q.7. Even as Congress and regulators are in the process of undoing 

Wall Street Reform, a whole host of rulemakings remain incomplete. For example, ‘‘source of strength’’ requirements to protect insured deposits and compensation rules to prevent excessive risktaking. 

If confirmed, is the FDIC under your direction going to complete 

work on these rules? 

A.7. If confirmed, I will ensure that the FDIC fulfills its statutory 

requirements and meet its statutory obligations to conduct necessary rulemakings. 

Q.8. Fifth Third Bank spent $1.6 billion on stock buybacks in 2017. 

By contrast, the bank announced that they’ll spend around $23.6 

million on employee raises and bonuses because of the tax bill. 

That’s 68 times more spent on buybacks than workers. 

Q.8.a. Do you think that stock buybacks are a good use of the 

windfall from the tax bill? 

A.8.a. Fifth Third Bank, like other financial institutions subject to 

the Federal Reserve’s Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review 

(CCAR) process, is required by regulation to seek prior approval of 

any stock buyback and/or capital distribution. As such, the 2017 

stock buybacks were approved by the Federal Reserve prior to the 

passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Stock buybacks and shareholder distributions that occur in the normal course of business are 

necessary for the capital markets to operate efficiently. 

The tax reform legislation has allowed Fifth Third Bank to provide additional incentives to employees as part of a comprehensive 

compensation package to share benefits with the employees, their 

families, and the communities it serves. Moreover, even before the 

tax reform legislation, Fifth Third Bank has manifested its commitment to the communities it serves by committing to lend or invest 

$30 billion to low- and moderate-income (LMI) borrowers and in 

LMI communities over a 5-year period from 2016 to 2020. 

Q.8.b. Do you think that banks will meaningfully raise pay for 

workers or lower prices for consumers as a result of the tax bill? 

A.8.b. As has been reported in the media, many banks and corporations are passing along some of those tax savings to employees and 

customers through a host of different methods as a direct result of 

the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. 

96 

1https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=400837. 2https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/10?r=1. 

Q.8.c. Fifth Third has been profitable for a while—the bank made over $2 billion in profits over the last four quarters. Why did the 

bank choose now to raise its wages? 

A.8.c. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act provided a unique opportunity 

for Fifth Third to pass along some of those savings directly to bank 

employees. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR BROWN 

FROM MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

Q.1. Asked by Senator Cortez Masto about your currency-tax proposal, you claimed that you ‘‘didn’t propose that,’’ explaining that 

‘‘it was an academic paper showing what could be done.’’ But in an 

August 2000 Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond paper, you wrote: 

‘‘I recommend that a central bank put in place systems to raise the 

cost of storing money by imposing a carry tax on its monetary liabilities.’’ By offering a concrete policy recommendation, you engaged in more than an abstract academic exploration of ways to 

overcome the zero bound on interest rate policy. Do you still believe 

that this proposal is wise policy? Why or why not? 

A.1. I have spent my 40-year career thinking, writing, and teaching 

about issues in the field of economics. On many occasions, I have 

been asked to consider theoretical issues in order to contribute to 

the robust debate among central bankers here in the United States 

and around the world. As an academic-practitioner at the Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond, I presented an academic paper to a 

Federal Reserve conference in 1999 to imagine monetary policy options that would be available should interest rates hit the zero interest bound. I discussed negative interest rate policy and quantitative easing. Indeed, economists have been studying various aspects of negative interest rates for most of the last century. And 

today, some major central banks abroad have implemented negative interest rate policy together with other policy initiatives, including quantitative easing. The current focus of U.S. monetary 

policy is on continuing the path of gradually removing accommodation as the labor market strengthens and there is continued 

progress toward the 2 percent inflation objective. If confirmed, I 

would be committed to working with my colleagues on the Federal 

Open Market Committee (FOMC) to promote the economic wellbeing of the United States by fostering maximum employment and 

stable prices. 

Q.2. Asked by Senator Jones about your views on Fed independence, you stated that the Fed ‘‘absolutely needs to be independent 

of politics,’’ including with respect to ‘‘monetary policy’’ and ‘‘financial regulation.’’ Asked further whether you ‘‘still favor Congress 

appropriating the budget for the Fed,’’ you responded, ‘‘I don’t favor 

that.’’ 

But you are listed as a supporter 1 of the Financial CHOICE Act 

of 2017,2 which includes several provisions that would decrease the 

Fed’s independence. For example, section 365 would bring the nonmonetary-related-functions of the Board of Governors into the 

97 

appropriations process; section 1001 would constrain the FOMC’s 

monetary policy, including through a requirement that the FOMC 

explain to Congress any departure from the Taylor rule; section 

1008 would place additional restrictions on the Fed’s section 13(3) 

powers; and section 1010 would require a GAO ‘‘audit’’ of the Fed’s 

monetary policy. Some of these proposals are similar to ideas you 

have advanced in your own writings. In a 2011 ‘‘Shadow Open 

Market Committee’’ paper, you advocated more forceful congressional oversight over the Fed, which included proposals similar to 

sections 1001 and 1008. 

Accordingly, I would like to clarify your views on Fed independence. 

• Do you support section 365 of the Financial CHOICE Act? 

• Do you support sections 1001, 1008, and 1010 of the Financial 

CHOICE Act? How would these provisions enhance the Fed’s 

independence? Also, how would you envision these provisions 

working—in practice? 

• Do you stand by the proposals described in your 2011 Shadow 

Open Market Committee paper, ‘‘Congressional Oversight of 

the Federal Reserve’’? How would these provisions enhance the 

Fed’s independence? 

• If the Fed were faced with the imminent threat of another financial crisis and it determined that the purchase of nonTreasury assets was necessary to stop that crisis or reduce its 

impact, could a delay in obtaining congressional authorization 

worsen the crisis? 

A.2. The foundational concept of the legislation is that financial 

firms are given a choice to hold higher levels of capital in exchange 

for regulatory relief. That is a general principle that I support. 

Moreover, I strongly support efforts to further tailor regulations so 

that they are appropriate for the size, complexity, and risk of individual institutions, particularly community banks. If confirmed, I 

would work with Congress and my colleagues at the Federal Reserve Board (Board) and the other Federal banking agencies to ensure that the regulatory and supervisory frameworks promote sustainable credit availability and economic growth. 

Throughout my career, both within the Federal Reserve and in 

academia, I have been a strong supporter of the independence of 

the Federal Reserve. As I noted in my hearing, the Federal Reserve 

must remain insulated from political influences so that it can effectively conduct monetary policy in support of the dual mandate and 

promote a safe and sound financial system through its regulatory 

and supervisory responsibilities. Subjecting the Federal Reserve to 

appropriations would make the conduct of monetary policy and regulatory and supervisory policy vulnerable to political influence. At 

the same time, the Federal Reserve is accountable to the Congress 

and the American people. If confirmed, I would work with my colleagues on the Board and the FOMC to further enhance the transparency of the Federal Reserve. 

Q.3. Asked by Senator Reed about your view of the Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA), you testified that you ‘‘agree with Governor Powell’s statement.’’ Governor Powell had stated: ‘‘There may 

98 

come a time when a bankruptcy is not going to work in a very 

stressful situation that really threatens the economic health of the 

country just like what happened in 2007, 2008, and 2009. And in 

that case we really will need a backup in the form of something 

like Orderly Liquidation Authority.’’ But you elaborated that you 

believe the OLA ‘‘deserves . . . reconsideration,’’ referring to ‘‘lack 

of clarity and boundaries’’ during the last crisis. You further explained that it would be important to make sure the OLA ‘‘works 

in practice,’’ and check whether it has enough clarity and boundaries to ensure ‘‘accountability.’’ Asked further whether any further 

‘‘look’’ would be to ensure that it works in practice rather than 

‘‘abandoned,’’ you responded that you ‘‘have no predilections one 

way or the other.’’ This comment, which implies that you do not 

have a view as to whether the OLA should exist, is inconsistent 

with your support of the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017, which 

would repeal the OLA. Accordingly, I would like to clarify your 

views on the OLA. 

• Do you believe that Congress should repeal the OLA? Why or 

why not? 

• If confirmed, would you support the use of the OLA in a situation where bankruptcy is not a practicable alternative? Why or 

why not? 

• How would a bankruptcy-oriented resolution system work in 

practice for large, systemically important financial institutions? 

• How would a large, systemically important financial institution 

obtain debtor-in-possession financing from the private markets 

in a bankruptcy-oriented resolution system in time to stop a 

widespread financial crisis? 

A.3. I agree with many experts in this area that bankruptcy should 

be the preferred route for resolving a failing financial company. 

However, a key lesson of the recent crisis was that the Government 

needed a better way to deal with the failure of a large financial 

firm, and in response, Congress created the Orderly Liquidation 

Authority (OLA). If confirmed, I would certainly consider whether 

the circumstances of any impending failure of a systemically important financial company warranted resolution under the current 

OLA rather than the Bankruptcy Code. As a matter of principle, 

clarity in the boundary of responsibilities around the resolution 

process is critically important; it must be in place beforehand, so 

that parties can be accountable for their role in a future crisis. I 

am aware that Members of Congress are examining this authority. 

If confirmed, I look forward to studying the issue and helping Congress in any way that I can. 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTION OF SENATOR MENENDEZ 

FROM MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

Q.1. Compensation practices at large financial firms prior to the 

crisis incentivized excessive risk-taking and created a business environment with no guard rails where banks played fast and loose 

with the savings and investments of hard-working families. Those 

same families paid the price when the crisis hit and they lost their 

99 

homes to foreclosure and saw their savings wiped away in the blink 

of an eye. 

Congress passed a law requiring the financial regulators to prohibit payment practices that encourage inappropriate risk-takingunderstanding that this is a joint rulemaking, can I have your commitment that you will follow the law and work to finalize the DoddFrank Section 956 incentive-based compensation rulemaking? 

A.1. Incentive compensation is an important tool in successful management of financial institutions and is critical to attracting qualified employees and executives. However, improperly structured incentive-based compensation arrangements may encourage inappropriate risk-taking at financial institutions. If confirmed, I look forward to engaging with Federal Reserve Board members and staff 

to better understand the impact of incentive compensation practices on the safety and soundness of financial institutions. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR WARNER 

FROM MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

Fed Balance Sheet 

Q.1. The FOMC has begun to normalize the Fed balance sheet. At 

the same time, the European Central Bank has signaled that its 

support of the European government bond market will eventually 

decrease. 

• Do you think that the resulting material drop in Fed demand 

for longer-dated Treasuries and agency debt, when combined 

with the expectations of a significant drop in European Central 

Bank demand for long-dated European government debt securities due to ECB tapering, will result in a global oversupply 

of long-dated Government paper that could significantly push 

up U.S. bond rates? 

• Have you been able to quantify how much you think long-end 

U.S. rates could move up if there is an overlap in ECB and Fed 

balance sheet normalization? 

• As a result, do you think there could be a significant negative 

effect on U.S. mortgage rates? Housing is an area of the economy that still has room to grow compared to historic norms. 

A.1. Last year, the Federal Reserve initiated a plan it described as 

normalizing the size of its balance sheet. Under the plan, the Federal Reserve stated that it would scale back the extent to which it 

reinvests principal payments on its existing securities holdings. As 

a result, the balance sheet will gradually decline over a period of 

several years. A number of studies have suggested that this process 

could put some modest upward pressure on longer-term rates over 

time. That said, many analysts have projected that longer-term interest rates, both here and abroad, will remain quite low for many 

years to come. If confirmed, analyzing and understanding the Federal Reserve’s expectations of the effect of balance sheet normalization will be one of my first priorities. I would also look forward to 

working with you and continue to discuss any questions or concerns that you might have in this area. 

100 

Monetary Policy 

Q.2. You have been an advocate for more rules-based approach to 

monetary policy and have criticized the Fed for increasing uncertainty in the markets. 

Q.2.a. How do you think rules-based monetary policy, like the Taylor Rule, would have affected the U.S. economy over the last decade 

during and since the crisis? 

A.2.a. Policy rules, such as the Taylor rule, provide a mechanical 

link between the setting of the Federal funds rate and a small 

number of economic variables, such as the inflation rate and an estimate of resource slack in the economy. Such rules embody several 

key principles of good monetary policy, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) routinely reviews policy recommendations 

from a variety of benchmark rules. Such policy rules have provided 

a useful ‘‘focal point’’ around which current policy actions can be 

compared and justified against historical circumstances, and in fact 

have served this purpose during the past decade. However, while 

policy rules can provide useful guidance, their use requires careful 

judgments about the measurement of their inputs and the many 

considerations that such rules do not take into account. If confirmed, I would look forward to working with my colleagues on the 

FOMC to promote policies that would further increase transparency and accountability at the Federal Reserve, by giving policy 

rules more prominence in its communications, including a more robust discussion of the use of rules to guide the conduct of monetary 

policy. 

Q.2.b. What do you believe is the purpose of the Fed’s dual mandate of targeting inflation and employment? Are you committed to 

targeting not just inflation but ensuring full employment level in 

the United States? 

A.2.b. Congress set forth the mandate for monetary policy in the 

Federal Reserve Act, which directs the Federal Reserve to conduct 

monetary policy so as to promote maximum employment and stable 

prices. If confirmed, I would be fully committed to pursuing the 

goals that Congress has given to the Federal Reserve. Both objectives of the dual mandate are critical in promoting the economic 

well-being of the United States. Economic models have shown that 

monetary policy that is directed at minimizing deviations of employment from longer-run normal levels and inflation from a low 

target rate tends to be in the best interest of households and businesses over time. As noted in the FOMC’s Statement of LongerRun Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy, the Federal Reserve’s 

statutory objectives are generally complementary. Recent history 

provides an example of how the Federal Reserve’s commitment to 

anchoring long-run inflation and inflation expectations enables the 

Federal Reserve to maintain an accommodative policy until the unemployment rate can be brought down to the vicinity of full employment. 

Q.2.c. Given that the U.S. economy is running above potential, 

would you expect any short-term stimulative effect of the tax proposals will contribute to inflation? 

101 

A.2.c. If confirmed, my role as a Member of the FOMC would be 

to fulfill the Federal Reserve’s mandate of maximum employment 

and price stability. Fiscal policy can certainly affect the economic 

outlook that FOMC Members consider in setting monetary policy. 

However, it is one of many considerations. If confirmed, I would 

certainly be mindful of any factors, including fiscal policy, that 

might affect the economic outlook. 

Q.2.d. Do you believe that the Dodd-Frank Title II Orderly Liquidation Authority should be preserved and used in circumstances 

in which bankruptcy is inadequate to address the failure of a large 

financial institution? 

A.2.d. I agree with many experts in this area that bankruptcy 

should be the preferred route for resolving a failing financial company. However, a key lesson of the recent crisis was that the Government needed a better way to deal with the failure of a large 

financial firm, and in response, Congress created the Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA). If confirmed, I would certainly consider 

whether the circumstances of any impending failure of a systemically important financial company warranted resolution under the 

current OLA rather than the Bankruptcy Code. As a matter of 

principle, clarity in the boundary of responsibilities around the resolution process is critically important; it must be in place beforehand, so that parties can be accountable for their role in a future 

crisis. I am aware that Members of Congress are examining this 

authority. If confirmed, I look forward to studying the issue and 

helping Congress in any way that I can. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR SCHATZ 

FROM MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

Q.1. A common refrain from this Administration is that financial 

regulations are overly costly and burdensome. In fact, the Federal 

Reserve has staffed a new office to conduct cost-benefit analyses. 

However, there is little evidence that financial regulations are a 

drag on the banking industry. On the contrary, the facts show that 

banks are thriving: 

• According to FDIC data, banks had record-breaking profits in 

2016 and the highest return on equity in years. Data from 

2017 shows banks may do even better this year. 

• Across the board, banks have increased their dividends to 

shareholders by 17 percent. 

• Community banks’ earnings have also been increasing—they 

were up almost 10 percent this quarter compared to last year. 

• Household credit, such as home loans, car loans, credit cards, 

has surpassed prerecession highs. 

• According to the Fed, sluggish loan growth in the commercial 

sector is due to a lack of demand. 

Q.1.a. How should the Federal Reserve account for the benefit of 

avoiding another financial crisis in conducting cost-benefit analyses 

of financial regulation? 

102 

Q.1.b. If banks are making record profits and the cost of a financial 

crisis is enormous to the whole economy, do you think it is appropriate to leave Dodd-Frank financial regulations in place? 

Q.1.c. Should we view the costs of complying with financial regulations as banks internalizing the risk of a future financial crisis, 

rather than leaving that risk on taxpayers’ shoulders? 

A.1.a.–c. I understand the Federal Reserve generally takes costs 

and benefits into consideration in developing its rules. I also understand that the Federal Reserve has established a unit to focus on 

cost-benefit analysis for significant rulemakings, which I believe 

will be a helpful step in the rulemaking process. In response to the 

financial crisis, over the past several years, a number of important 

changes to regulation and supervision have been put in place to improve the resiliency of financial firms and the banking system and 

to address the weaknesses that contributed to the crisis, as well as 

enhance the ability of financial firms to withstand economic 

downturns. As possible changes to the post-crisis structure of regulation and supervision are considered, I agree with the Federal Reserve’s stated goals of better tailoring supervision and regulation to 

be more efficient while maintaining the resilience of the financial 

system. If confirmed, I look forward to working with my colleagues 

on the Federal Reserve Board in these efforts. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR CORTEZ 

MASTO FROM MARVIN GOODFRIEND 

The Financial Choice Act (H.R. 10) 

Q.1. Your support for the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017, (H.R. 10) 

concerns me. H.R. 10 repeals many of the Dodd-Frank protections 

surrounding systemically important financial institutions. The bill 

allow banks to elect a simple leverage ratio instead of risk-weighted capital requirements. It adds impediments to enforcement (in 

the name of ‘‘due process rights’’ which would allow banks to avoid 

accountability for fraud or deceptive practices. It repeals the Orderly Liquidation Authority in favor of less practical bankruptcy 

provisions. It requires congressional approval before any major financial regulation can take effect restricting the Fed’s ability to respond nimbly to markets. Section 1001 would constrain the 

FOMC’s monetary policy, including through a requirement that the 

FOMC explain any departure from the Taylor rule; and section 

1008 would place additional restrictions on the Federal Reserve’s 

section 13(3) powers. It converts the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the 

Federal Housing Finance Agency into bipartisan commissions more 

likely to slow actions, and requires the Fed to describe its monetary 

policy in a more detailed, rule-like manner. 

Which of those provisions do you support and why? Which do you 

oppose and why? 

A.1. The foundational concept of the legislation is that financial 

films are given a choice to hold higher levels of capital in exchange 

for regulatory relief. That is a general principle that I support. 

Moreover, I support efforts to further tailor regulations so that they 

better take into account factors such as the size, complexity, and 

103 

risk profile of individual institutions, particularly community 

banks. If confirmed, I would work with Congress and my colleagues 

at the Federal Reserve Board (Board) and the other Federal banking agencies to ensure that the regulatory and supervisory frameworks promote sustainable credit availability and economic growth 

as well the safety and soundness of supervised institutions. 

Q.2. Despite your comments during the hearing supporting the 

dual mandate and your statement that you ‘‘regret’’ saying it was 

‘‘incoherent,’’ you are well known for opposing the Federal Reserve’s obligation to reduce unemployment. Extensive evidence 

strongly support the benefits of having our Nation’s Central Bank 

place weight on both sides of its mandate—full employment and 

low inflation—resulted in lower unemployment, stronger wage 

growth, tighter labor markets, and reduced racial economic disparities. 

Please explain your current views regarding the Federal Reserve’s full employment mandate. Please note your understanding 

of the civil rights history of the full employment mandate to create 

an economy where anyone who wants employment can find it. 

A.2. Congress established the Federal Reserve more than a century 

ago to provide a safer and more flexible monetary and financial 

system. Nearly 40 years ago, Congress directed the Federal Reserve to conduct monetary policy to foster a dual mandate of maximizing employment and maintaining price stability. As you indicated, the maximum employment mandate means all people who 

want to work either have a job or are likely to find one fairly quickly. The goal of the price stability requirement is to keep inflation 

low and stable enough that it does not figure into households’ and 

businesses’ economic decisions. Both objectives of the dual mandate 

are critical in promoting the economic well-being of the United 

States. As noted in the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC) 

Statement of Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy, the 

maximum level of employment is not directly measurable and may 

change over time. However, maintaining full employment is important in promoting price stability over time and vice versa. If confirmed I would be fully committed to pursuing the goals that Congress has given to the Federal Reserve. 

Q.3. In 2012, you told Bloomberg that ‘‘it is really doubtful whether 

or not the Fed could achieve 7 percent [unemployment.] . . . Even 

if the Fed did succeed by Herculean task getting the unemployment 

rate down to 7 percent, we could never be sure whether that unemployment rate was below what we call the natural rate, in which 

case it would give rise to a rising inflation rate in the next few 

years, which would be disastrous for the economy.’’ You made similar remarks to the Wall Street Journal in July of 2011 saying that 

the Federal Reserve should prioritize inflation over unemployment. 

During that time period, the unemployment rate in Nevada was 

12.9 percent—the highest in the country. In your subsequent 

writings, you continue to urge Congress to eliminate the Federal 

Reserve’s full employment mandate. For example, in July of 2011, 

you told the Wall Street Journal that the Federal Reserve should 

prioritize inflation over unemployment. In today’s labor market 

with 4 percent unemployment, we are finally starting to see 

104 

improvements in the labor force participation rate, and the job 

market is finally starting to draw in less skilled workers. If the Fed 

had followed your guidance, they would have begun raising interest 

rates long before the recovery had a chance to reach these communities. 

Why were you so repeatedly wrong about the ability of the Federal Reserve to increase employment and manage inflation in the 

aftermath of the Financial Crisis? 

What have you learned from your miscalculation and how would 

you respond to future recessions based on your error? Specifically, 

what benefits do you see to a tight labor market? 

A.3. I have been surprised by the absence of inflation in the years 

following the Great Recession. Economists are divided to this day 

about the explanation for persistently low inflation. I have taken 

this episode into account in my current thinking on monetary policy. As noted in the FOMC’s Statement of Longer-Run Goals and 

Monetary Policy Strategy, the Federal Reserve’s statutory objectives are generally complementary. Recent history provides an 

example of how the Federal Reserve’s commitment to anchoring 

long-run inflation and inflation expectations enables the Federal 

Reserve to maintain an accommodative policy until the unemployment rate is brought down to the vicinity of full employment. If I 

am confirmed to the Board, I will use that experience to help normalize monetary policy to maintain full employment and low inflation. 

Q.4. Both House Financial Services Chair Jeb Hensarling and 

Ranking Member Maxine Waters have been critical of the Fed’s use 

of interest on excess reserves. The Chairman referred to it as a 

‘‘subsidy’’ to Wall Street, and the Ranking Member asked whether 

the Fed can raise interest rates without relying so heavily on ‘‘paying the banks.’’ Each time the Fed raises the Federal funds rate, 

it also raises the rate that it pays to commercial banks via interest 

on reserves. After several rate hikes last year, the total amount 

paid to banks in interest on reserves came to nearly $30 billion. 

You have suggested replacing the liquidity coverage ratio that 

was created by Dodd-Frank with heavier reliance on monetary policy, especially interest on excess reserves. Can you explain your position that we should eliminate the rule aimed at limiting risky 

investment and instead pay banks larger and larger sums of riskfree money? 

A.4. The payment of interest on reserves is a tool widely used by 

central banks around the world. The payment of interest on reserves encourages banks to hold reserves at the central bank, 

which facilitates payments and also enhances the liquidity of the 

banking system. And interest on excess reserves is the critical tool 

that has allowed the Federal Reserve to raise short-term interest 

rates before gradually shrinking the balance sheet. 

Stronger risk-based capital and liquidity regulations, together 

with the stress testing regime, help ensure that large U.S. banks 

are better positioned to continue lending through periods of economic shocks and market turbulence. If confirmed, I would look 

forward to further studying the interaction of liquidity regulations 

and monetary policy tools to ensure that we have the appropriate 

105 

framework in place for protecting safety and soundness, while promoting credit availability and economic growth. 

Q.5. During the hearing, you answered my question about your report to tax currency by placing magnetic strips on dollar bills. In 

the hearing, you explained that taxing currency was an idea you 

presented in 1999 at a Federal Reserve Conference and that you 

did not support such an idea. Yet, despite your dismissal, you have 

promoted variations of this proposal for nearly two decades, including a presentation promoted variations of this proposal for nearly 

20 years. At an August 2016 Economic Policy Summit in Jackson 

Hole, Wyoming, you presented ‘‘The Case for Unencumbering Interest Rate Policy at the Zero Bound.’’ When you updated the concept 

in 2015, you left out the magnetic strips but the concept that a dollar might not be worth a dollar remains the same. 

How would your proposal affect savers and low-income depositors? The national savings rate has fallen in the past year, would 

tax currency discourage low- and middle-income people from building up a nest egg? 

You’ve written that this proposal is essentially a way of achieving negative interest rates. Can you explain why you are a proponent of negative interest rates? 

A.5. I have spent my 40-year career thinking, writing, and teaching 

about issues in the field of economics. On many occasions, I have 

been asked to consider theoretical issues in order to contribute to 

the robust debate among central bankers here in the United States 

and around the world. As an academic-practitioner at the Federal 

Reserve Bank of Richmond, I presented an academic paper to a 

Federal Reserve conference in 1999 to imagine monetary policy options that would be available should interest rates hit the zero interest bound. I discussed negative interest rate policy and quantitative easing. Indeed, economists have been studying various aspects of negative interest rates for most of the last century. And 

today, some major central banks abroad have implemented negative interest rate policy together with other policy initiatives, including quantitative easing. The current focus of U.S. monetary 

policy is on continuing the path of gradually removing accommodation as the labor market strengthens and there is continued 

progress toward the 2 percent inflation objective. If confirmed, I 

would be committed to working with my colleagues on the FOMC 

to promote the economic well-being of the United States by fostering maximum employment and stable prices. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR BROWN 

FROM THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

Q.1. You’ve spent your distinguished career in the insurance industry. While that provides you with valuable expertise to bring to the 

FSOC, you don’t have any experience as a regulator. 

Putting on a watchdog hat, are there any trends or practices in 

the insurance industry that you’re concerned represent an emerging risk to financial stability? 

A.1. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the other FSOC 

Members to identify emerging risks to financial stability, including 

106 

1See New York v. United States, 488 U.S. 1041 (1992); Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 

(1997). 2https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/PM-FSOC-DesignationsMemo-11-17.pdf. 

any risks related to the insurance industry. FSOC’s 2017 annual 

report discussed potential risks arising from captive reinsurance, 

cybersecurity threats and the environment of low but rising interest rates, and I look forward to working with FSOC Members on 

those and other emerging risk issues. 

Q.2. Asked by Senator Cortez Masto whether you think that 

nonbank SIFI designations should be ‘‘tossed out as a tool,’’ you 

mentioned activities-based regulation and suggested that FSOC 

ought to first ‘‘go to the primary regulators,’’ which in the case of 

insurance are State insurance regulators. Asked whether FSOC 

would have little power to constrain risky activities in the insurance industry since it’s regulated at the State level, you further 

stated that ‘‘insurance regulators are expressly considered to be 

primary regulators for purposes of FSOC actions.’’ However, FSOC 

lacks the power to effectively constrain risky activities in the insurance industry through its activities-related powers. Under Section 

120 Dodd-Frank, a primary financial regulatory agency need not 

implement FSOC-recommended standards if it ‘‘explain[s] in writing to the Council . . . why the agency has determined not to follow the recommendation of the Council.’’ Additionally, an attempt 

by FSOC, a Federal agency, to compel a State authority to enforce 

Federal standards would raise constitutional concerns under the 

so-called ‘‘anti-commandeering’’ principle.1

Do you agree that there are both statutory and constitutional obstacles that would limit FSOC’s power to force State insurance regulators to adopt activities-based standards? Why or why not? If so, 

do you believe that it is still important that FSOC consider designations of entities under Section 113 of Dodd-Frank? Why or why 

not? 

A.2. FSOC has authority under Section 120 of the Dodd-Frank Act 

to make nonbinding recommendations to primary financial regulatory agencies, including State regulators. FSOC also has other 

tools to respond to emerging risks, including working collaboratively with regulators to address identified risks and designating 

individual nonbank financial companies whose distress or activities 

could threaten financial stability. If confirmed, I look forward to 

working with the other FSOC Members to identify how to best 

apply these tools to address risks identified by FSOC. 

Q.3. The November Treasury Report on FSOC designations said 

that the FSOC shouldn’t just consider whether a failure of a 

nonbank would be catastrophic when making a designation decision, but also should consider the ‘‘likelihood’’ of a firm’s failure.2

How is the FSOC supposed to assess the likelihood of firm failing? Isn’t the purpose of a designation to avoid a catastrophic failure, even if it’s a remote event? 

A.3. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the other FSOC 

Members to consider this and other recommendations made in 

Treasury’s November 2017 Report on FSOC designations. It is 

worth noting that the Report ‘‘recommends that the Council assess 

107 

the likelihood of a firm’s material financial distress as part of its 

determination whether designation would promote U.S. financial 

stability.’’ 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTION OF SENATOR SCOTT FROM 

THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

Q.1. Mr. Workman, I enjoyed our discussion in my office. We both 

know that our Nation’s system of risk management is critical for 

millions of Americans dealing with a crisis today or planning for 

a better tomorrow. When it looked like FSOC would lose its only 

insurance vote, I rang the alarm. Bank regulators shouldn’t be 

making such consequential decisions about the business of insurance without someone like you in the room. While the heads of the 

Federal Reserve, NCUA, and OCC are very bright people, they 

have no insurance experience. Between the President’s executive 

order last spring and Treasury’s report last November, the Administration has been moving in the right direction on nonbank SIFI 

designations. Please answer the following with specificity: 

• We’ve regulated insurance on the State level for 150 years. 

How will you involve State insurance commissioners in your 

work? 

• What will your role be when it comes to insurance regulation 

conversations at the international level? 

A.1. If confirmed, I would work closely with State insurance commissioners, including the leadership of the National Association of 

Insurance Commissioners, and others engaged in conversations at 

the international level, such as at meetings of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, to most effectively fulfill my responsibilities as the Independent Member with Insurance Expertise 

of the Council. 

RESPONSE TO WRITTEN QUESTION OF SENATOR WARNER 

FROM THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

Q.1. In September of last year, FSOC voted to remove Federal 

oversight of AIG, and in the last week the Government decided to 

drop its appeal in the MetLife case, effectively dedesignated 

MetLife. 

Did you agree with these decisions? 

A.1. Though I did not have the benefit of taking part in the deliberations regarding designation or dedesignation of AIG or MetLife, 

it appears that FSOC has taken a rigorous analytical approach in 

its recent decisions with respect to nonbank financial companies. If 

confirmed, I look forward to working with FSOC Members in their 

analysis of nonbank financial companies going forward. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR SCHATZ 

FROM THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

Q.1. Do you believe that when FSOC considers designating a 

nonbank financial institution as systemically important, it should 

take into consideration the burden of such a designation on the institution? 

108 

A.1. Regulatory requirements can impose substantial costs on companies. I believe it is appropriate for regulators to take actions only 

when the anticipated benefits exceed the costs. 

Q.2. The burden of a SIFI designation on a nonbank institution is 

not one of the statutory considerations provided in the Wall Street 

Reform Act. 

What would be the statutory basis for FSOC to consider ‘‘burden’’ 

in making SIFI designations? 

A.2. I believe that regulators should be permitted to consider the 

costs and benefits of their actions. If confirmed, I look forward to 

working with the other FSOC Members to consider how best to implement FSOC’s duties within the scope of its statutory authorities. 

RESPONSES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS OF SENATOR CORTEZ 

MASTO FROM THOMAS E. WORKMAN 

Subjecting FSOC to Appropriations 

Q.1. There have been a number of legislative proposals that would 

subject the Office of Financial Research, and thereby the Financial 

Stability Oversight Council, to the whims of the congressional appropriations process. 

In your view, what concerns do you have about requiring the systemic regular for the Nation’s financial system to be subject to congressional appropriations? Would subjecting the FSOC to appropriations potentially impede the independence and the ability of 

the Council to function? 

A.1. It is important for FSOC to conduct its work with an appropriate level of public transparency and congressional oversight, 

while enabling FSOC to perform its functions effectively and efficiently. It is also worth noting that funding through the appropriations process is similar to that which applies to other vital functions of the Federal Government. 

Nonbank Designations: AIG and MetLife 

Q.2. FDIC Chair Gruenberg in his dissenting vote on FSOC’s determination that the giant insurance firm, AIG, was no longer to be 

classified as ‘‘systemically important’’ noted, ‘‘nothing about the liquidity characteristics of AIG’s liabilities and assets has changed 

to diminish the concerns originally raised by the FSOC.’’ 

Do you agree or disagree with FDIC Chairman Gruenberg? 

A.2. Though I did not have the benefit of taking part in the deliberations regarding dedesignation of AIG, it appears that FSOC has 

taken a rigorous analytical approach to its recent determination decisions with respect to nonbank financial companies, and it has 

provided transparency about the views of individual members. AIG 

no longer engages in many of the risky activities that led to the 

firm’s near-failure in the financial crisis, and it is half the size it 

was in 2008. If confirmed, I look forward to working with FSOC 

Members to conduct required analyses going forward, and assure 

the maximum transparency possible in doing so. 

109 

Q.3. During the Financial Crisis, AIG needed a $182 billion infusion from taxpayers. AIG has paid that back—plus $23 billion in 

interest—yet it still poses risks if AIG failed again. 

What are the risks to investors, employees, partners and the 

economy if AIG could not fulfill promised insurance claims? 

A.3. Insurance companies play a vital role in the U.S. financial system and also provide important services to their customers. Regulators should continue to work to protect insurance customers and 

to promote the stability of the financial system. Though I do not 

have firsthand knowledge of the deliberations regarding AIG, it appears FSOC determined that in its current form, AIG’s potential 

distress does not present a substantial risk to U.S. financial stability. 

Q.4. Former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker and Ben 

Bernanke criticized the decision to designate MetLife saying, ‘‘it 

could, under stress, affect the stability of financial markets more 

generally.’’ According to publicly available documents, the FSOC 

found that MetLife—a huge company with more than $900 billion 

in assets, directly or indirectly guarantees the value of more than 

$100 billion of investments for large institutions. FSOC found that 

investors owned more than $130 billion in MetLife debt—of which 

only $18.6 billion was long-term debt—and that the firm also has 

50 million insurance customers and $275 billion in account liabilities. FSOC realized that the magnitude of harm transmitted 

throughout the financial system arising from a fire-sale of MetLife 

assets would be greater than the harm caused by fire-sales at all 

but nine other firms in the Nation. 

What are the risks to investors, employees, partners, the financial markets and the economy if MetLife cannot fulfill promised insurance claims? 

A.4. Insurance companies play a vital role in the U.S. financial system and also provide important services to their customers. Regulators should continue to work to protect insurance customers and 

to promote the stability of the financial system. 

Q.5. Just because MetLife and AIG were de-designated does not 

mean they cannot be redesignated. 

What analysis would you consider to decide to re-designate 

MetLife or AIG or designate a new insurance firm as systemically 

important? At the hearing, you mentioned an activities-based approach as an option. Can you expand on what criteria you would 

consider? How would you collaborate with State regulators to get 

a full scope of activities within an insurance firm? 

A.5. An activities-based or industry-wide approach should seek to 

identify activities of financial companies that are widely engaged 

in, or products that are broadly offered, and that may pose risks 

to the financial system. FSOC should work with State regulators 

to identify any such risks, analyze their scope, and to impose any 

appropriate remedy. Of course, the statutory authority to designate 

and the related determination standards remain in place as a last 

resort. 

110 

Emerging Trends in the Insurance Industry 

Q.6. Mr. Workman, you have spent your career in the insurance industry. While that provides you with valuable expertise to bring to 

the FSOC, you don’t have any experience as a regulator. 

Putting on a watchdog hat, are there any trends or practices in 

the insurance industry that you’re concerned represent an emerging risk to financial stability? 

A.6. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the other FSOC 

Members to identify emerging risks to financial stability, including 

any risks related to the insurance industry. FSOC’s 2017 annual 

report discussed potential risks arising from captive reinsurance, 

cybersecurity threats and the environment of low but rising interest rates, and I look forward to working with FSOC Members on 

those and other emerging risk issues. 

Pension Risk Transfers 

Q.7. Companies are increasingly closing out defined benefit plans 

and shifting pension risk to the insurance industry. 

Are you at all concerned about the volume of liabilities some of 

the largest life insurance companies are undertaking? Do you have 

any concerns about whether the State insurance guaranty fund 

system is capable of handling the failure of a large life insurance 

company with huge pension plan liabilities? 

Are these pension buyouts and associated risks something that 

the FSOC should look at? 

A.7. Pensions play an important role in the U.S. financial system. 

If confirmed, I look forward to working with the other FSOC Members to identify emerging risks to financial stability, including any 

risks that may be related to the insurance industry. 

111 

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL SUPPLIED FOR THE RECORD

LETTERS SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT OF THE NOMINATION OF JELENA 

MCWILLIAMS 


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[3~~~ SINCEI902 

CONFERENCE OF STATE BANK SUPERVISORS 

January 22, 2018 

NEWS REL.EASE 

State Regulators Support McWilliams for FDIC Chair 

Washington, D.C. - The Conference of State Sank Supervisors (CSBS) today endorsed the 

nomination of !elena McWilliams to lead the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. 

CSBS President and CEO John Ryan: "!elena McWilliams has demonstrated a deep knowledge of 

community banking in her previous public policy roles. CSBS and our members have 

appreciated the opportunity to work with Ms. McWilliams during her time with the Senate 

San king Committee. From our work with her, we know she has a great appreciation for the 

dual banking system and for the roles state charted banks and state regulators play in the U.S. 

economy. Most state charted banks are FDIC regulated, and we look forward to working with 

her to ensure safety, soundness and economic development on behalf of the consumer and 

busines.s alike." 

In addition to serving as the chief counsel at the Senate San king Committee, McWilliams was a 

Federal Reserve Board of Governors lawyer and currently is chief legal officer at Fifth Third 

Sank. 

Media Contact: Susanna 8arnett, 202·407-7156, sbarnett@csbs.org 

Twitter: @CSBSNews 

The Conference of State Bonk Supervisors {CSBS) is the notional organization of bank regulators 

from o/150 states, American Samoa, District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin 

Islands. State regulators supervise roughly three-quarters of all U.S. banks and o variety of non· 

depository financial services. CSBS, on behalf of state regulators, also operates the Nationwide 

Multistote Ucensing System to license and register non-depository financial service providers in 

the mortgage, money services businesses, consumer finance and debt industries. 

1129 2(11" Street, N W • Nnllh Floo; ·Washington DC · 20036 

W##CS'oo org · 202·296·2840· FAX202·296-1928 
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OlYMPIA J. SNOWE 

January 22, 20 18 

Hon. Mike Cnpo, Chairman 

Hon. Shemxl Brown, Ranking Member 

U.S. Senalt Committee on Banking. Housing. & Urban Affairs 

S34 Dirksen Senate Off tee Building 

Washington, D.C. 20510 

Dear Chairman Crapo and Ranking Member Brown: 

I am writing in strong support of the nomination of Jelcna McWilliams to 

serve asChairoflhe Federal DepositlnsuranceCO<pOration. 

I was honored when )elena m:cntly asked me 10 introduce her to lhe 

Comminec 11 her coolirmation hearing. and wo11ld havt enthusiastically done so if 

1101 for a previous commilmentthat I am obligated to ancnd. Nonclheless, I 

appreciate this oppor~unity to express, without reservation, my fervent endorsemenl 

of her nomination. 

Jelena wcrked with the minority staff of the U.S. Senate Comminee on Small 

Business Md Entrepreneurship as" Assistant Chief Coonsel wben I was ranking 

member, from August 2010 through June, 2012. She was one oflhe most impmsivt 

staff I had the privikge to work with in 34 yean in bolh lhe U.S. Hoose and Senate. 

For the first year ofhtr tenure 11ith lhe Committee, Jelena was on detail from 

the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. My staff and I wen: seeking to fill a 

position on the Comminee focused on banking issues. We reviewed her resume and 

conducted an interview and, concluding immediately lhat she would be a tremendous 

asset with her experience, knowledge and professionalism, I reached out to the 

Federal Reserve to inquire if she could serve as a fellow. At the conclusion of her 

fellowship, given her exemplary work and cootributions, we tn3de every effort to 

ensure that she could continue with lhe Committee as fulkime staff. 

Jelena is quite simply a rarity, in that she excelled in all facets and in ev·ery 

responsibility and laSk that was assigned to her- from memoranda 10 drafting 

amendments, floor statements, hearing questions, vote recommendations, or press 

statements. Her expertise, intellect and unflagging grasp of the issues a loot would 

have made her invaluable. Yet, Jclcna combined these talents with foresight, 
114 


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strategic thinking. tactical acumen, and an ability to analyze, convey and synthesize 

complex policies in a manner that was eminently accessible and invariably useful. 

She was able to prioritize, understand what was importan~ and untangle interactions 

between and among differing approaches. 

During her tenure, Jelena was principally responsible for the areas of 

banking, economic and moneta1y policy, and multiple small business issues. More 

specifiCally, sbe suppo!Ud my efforts with the Small Business Administration's 

SBIC, 504 and 7a prognms. She satred me on issues related to the budg~ debl and 

fedaal defrcits, as well as matters associated with the Budget Cont!OI Ac:l of2011, 

sequestration, and the so-called fllCll cliff. 

Jelena was also my primaty staffer on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform 

and Consumer Protection Act. I introdU<:ed four amendments to Dodd-Frank, all of 

which were retained through conference commillee and became law. She assisted me 

with community banks and credit unions, including a request to GAO to examine the 

impact of Dodd· Frank on community banks which are critical to the vitality of our 

nation's small businesses. 

I relied on Jelena extensi1-ely and she consistently earned that trust and 

confidence. She was unfailingly willing to tackle any problem, develop solutions 

before being asked, and throughout it all her integrity and wolt ethic remained 

unassailable. 

Her complete grasp of the relevant facts and issues, along with a depth and 

breadth of experience both within and outside of govemmen~ will make her an 

outstanding Chair of the FDIC. Perhaps less tangible, but no less significan~ is 

)elena's profound love for this nation. "The American Dream" is a phrase often 

employed, but it could not be more applicable to lelena. She came to this counuy 

with few material assets but limitless aspirations and an unremitting drive to excel. 

In so doing, she has contributed immeasurably to this country. Now, she has the 

opportunity to do so once again, and I know it is a challenge she fully embraces, and 

for which she is deeply grateful. 

Again, I wholeheartedly support Jelena McWilliam's nomination. Please let 

me know if I can be of assistance to you in any way as you move forwanl with her 

eonfumation. 

A~·ncmly,: 

Olym al. owe Forme U.S. Senator 
115 

LETTERS SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT OF THE NOMINATION OF MARVIN 

GOODFRIEND 


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AFl·CIO lECISlA liVE AlERT 

depending on the reasons for lhose difficulties. Mr. Goodfriend's inclination to rule-based 

policy-making is troubling in this regard. 

Although the stock market is rising and we have experienced a record nm of consecutive 

months of job growth, our economy is still recovering from the collapse of2008. We need 

leadership at the Federal Reserve that is willing to stay the course and focus on employment and 

wages while avoiding rigid ndes. We are concerned that Marvin Goodfriend would not provide 

such leadership, and we oppose his nomination to be a member of the Federal Reserve Board of 

Governors. 

WS/GJ/lkr 

Sincerely, 

Yift~ .. , Government Affairs Department 

Amtlkan Federation of~ and Congms of lnclllsblal Orgaoh.1tlons 

8\S 1641 ~-. N.W. • ~'al!Wigt ... D.C. 200116 · 202-631·1000 • w•••illdo.0<11 
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"l--.J':-' ,,.Aol b.!MilU f UJJ)-.'l/1 .._.._,.,_flfunr ~ttxox 1 'lUJtt!~ 

December 5, 2017 

Dear Seru~tor: 

On behalf of the Center for Popular Democracy's Fed Up coalition, we write to strongly oppose the 

confirmation ofMan1n Goodfriend, nominee to the Federal Reserve Doard ofGo\'ernor.;. 

Goodfriend's rw>rd as a monetary policy adviser and eco om~t suggests that he will not pur.;uc policies 

that advance tlte interests oflow-income savers and working families. Goodfriend has called for the 

outright elimination of the Federal Resen•e 's maximum employment mandate, and he has advocated 

higher interest rates even when unemployment remained at crisis levels. In urging a singular focus on the 

Fed's price stability mandate, Goodfriend has shown poor judgmen~ consistently making incorrect 

predictions about inflation and the impacts of the Fed's policy actions. Moreover, Goodfriend's extreme 

views on a range of subjects should give pause to anybody wbo cares about the safety of our fmaneial 

)~t m and the fmancial well-being of the unbanked population and low-income depositor.;. 

For the past forty year.;, the Federal Resen-e has had a statutory mandate to foster maximum emplo)1nent 

and price stability, and that dual mandate has sen·ed the economy well. As the Fed itself has stated, these 

dual objectives are "generally contplernentary.'' Over the past five years, the Fed's actions have been 

aimed at keeping inflation close to its 2 percent target while reducing tlte unernplo)ment rate and 

promoting job growth that has brought millions of Americans back off the sidelines and into tlte 

workforce. And policies to foster full emplo}ment have a crucial impact in fostering stronger wage 

growth and reducing racial and ethnic disparities in tlte labor market.' By contras~ Goodfriend Ius 

described the Fed's dual mandate as "incnberent," and has advocated that its full employment objec.tive 

be abolished." In effec~ he would prefer for the Fed to focus single·mindedly on inflation and ignore 

how its policies afl'ect the job malket. 

Goodfriend also has a reflexive opposition to any efforts by the Federal Reserve to generate economic 

growth. He opposed both monetary and fiscal policy stimulus during the last recession, urging ''patience" 

and stressing that the economy "has a way of healing'' without intervention from Congress.l And he 

issued a series of dire and incorrect warnings about the Fed's post cr~ s policy decisions. For example, in 

1 "ffMC St.temenl ofLoreer·Run Goals and Policy Strategy." Boord of Go'·"""" of dtt Ftdtrol Rmn< Systtm, 25 Jan. 

2012, www.federnlr...,.e,g()OI/rewse•••ls/rlessteleaseslmonetuy20120125t.lim. 

' Baker, Dean, el al. Tht Full Emplo>mtniAiomliJrtoftht Ftdtrol Rt.stm: /uOriginJ will lmporta1c<. Cerrter for Popular 

Democracy, Cerler fOf E<onomic and Pdicy Ro!<arch, 2017, Tlw Full E.nqiO)mtnl Mandare of the Federal RtJf11<: Its Origins 

onJ /mport~Jmt, po)>llardtmocraey.orglncws'pubticati()r)S{tat ·emplO)menl·lllll<hl,.rtitrvt·it.Yorigins·and·irnponance. 

' Keene, Tom 'llt~Sm..-ei ce nterviewWilh Mmin Goodliiend."B/ocmhugSrmU/anct,4 May2012, 5C3!clt ptOqll<ll coofdor:vi0111t010990203?aocomtid=l2084, • Urited Slates, Catgress, ·H ouse, &!lxx:mmittee on Monelllr)' Policy and Trade, and Marvin Goodliiand. "Hearing on 

SoundM<Tdi11)'Policy." llearing<>rSa"'dMor">riJ'Poliry, 16 Mar. 2017. 1151h C<>r@ress, ~session, 

WWW,)'OUrube,com'l\1t<h'IV=RcZP4f610,.S 1Cook, Peter. "BehllreshSays Slimulus May Hare Saved 2 Million Jobs." Bloomberg. 23 Mar. 2012 • 

.. WW.)'OU!lJb<.c()nfwlllch?V"<<a<<JloX1KNQ&=&I=J2S.. 
118 


30196054.eps

2012, when unemployment was s611 more than 7 percen~ Goodfriend argued tl1at the Fed should 

withdraw ils support for the economy. He indicated that reducing unemployment any further would be 

"Herculean" and SJl"rk an outbreak of inflation.' He described the fed's easing actions at that time as 

"premature and unnecessary.'" For implementing these policies, he has said that the '1eadership of the 

Fed is '>ef)', very poor to say the least."' 

Goodfriend's own policy prescriptions would be particularly detrimental to low·inoome households. For 

example, in one high"profile Jl"per, he advocated the establishment of a draconian tt.x on the use of cash 

and for embedding a magnetic strip in every dollar bill so that the government could track its circulation.' 

By Goodfriend's own admission, !his would be a regressive policy, disproportionately harming 

individuals and families who rely on cash for day·to-day purchases. 

Goodfriend's views on financial regulation arc also alarming. ln 2016, he endo11;ed the Financial 

CHOICE Ac~ an extreme piece of legislation that repeals a host of protections put in place by Congress 

after the financial crisis and cripples financial regulatOI)• institutions' ability to enact new protections." 

The Financial CHOICE Act also includes concerning provisions related to the Federal Reserve's structure 

and monetary policy responsibilities, including expanding the polic}making powers of unaccounbble 

Reserve Bank presidenls and reducing tl1e Fed's disc.retion by forcing Fed J>Oiic}makers to follow a tric~ 

job-constraining rule in setting interest rates. 

If the Fed had listened to Goodfriend during the depths of the Great Recession, it would have withdrawn 

ils support for the economy much earlier, thereby choking off !he recovery prematurely and depriving 

millions of Americans tl1e opportunity to return to the labor market. Goodfriend's fundamental belief !hat 

U1e Federal Reserve has no role in reducing joblessness or stimulating economic growth is belied by 

evideooe. This belief, in combination with the poor judgment he has demonstrated sinoe !he crisis, should 

be disqualifying. The Federal Reserve is a vital economic policymakiog institution, responsibk: for 

monitoring and responding to economic conditions. Americans cannot afford to have someone at the Fed 

with Goodfriend's poor judgroen~ lax attitude toward fmancial regulation, callous views about full 

employment, and dangerous ideas for a currency tax. We urge you to oppose Marvin Goodfriend's 

nomination. 

Thank you for your consideration. If you have any questions, pleJSe reach out to Fed Up Campaign 

Nbnager Jordan Haedtler at jhaedtle(ti'populardemocracy.org. 

Sincerely, 

The Center for Popular Democracy's Fed Up coalition 

' KWlt, Tom. ''BI~ Slllveill-tOler\i<w With Mm-in GoOOJiiend." B/f)()ltl/}ergSurw~lonct, 4 May2012, 

search Pro<Jll"-'1 <omldocvie~~ t 010990203?aiX<)llttid>ot 2034. 

' UJtltdS1at..,Coogr..s,Coog. House, M«mmi11«en MenetaryPolieyandT!11d<. l2 M3r. 2014. 113thCoogress, loo .ession, www.gpo.g<Wifd;yslpkg/CHRO. I tllllug88S32Ihlmi/CHRO. I Jlhlug8SS32.htm. 1The Manlntlan lnstihtt~S!Jadow ()po>MarlitJ Ccmmilln (SOMC) Mttling: Tht Fcrgttfol Ftd. 25 Mar. 20t6, 

www.)'01Jiube.oo.,..•teh1\r-OpOS91_vok 9 "0.-.rconing tile Zero Boord en Interest Rate Policy, Worlcing Paper00-03." Sl Loois Fed!<al Reseo•e Bank, Aug. 2000, 

fras<t stlooisfed.org/scribd!litem_i~71 00&til~lesldoc$/bi.!lorie.lllflbrieh/l\plfitlri<b_wp00 pdi 

10"Finmal CHOICE Act Released f<.T Nllic Re,iew, N<Jbd Pritt IV'uuling Economis1S 

and om~e~ T rea!W)' Stcr<taries AJ10oonce Soppc<lfc. Reforms; Jw.e 23, 20 16, twtp!:i/ 

financialsenioes.house.govlnewsldocumentsil'@le. aspx'IDocumentii>=400831 
119 


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oo.tlecl2017 11:29:58 AM 7653616461·>202·224-5137 

12/ 01 / 2011 li!D 12:13 PAl 16~361!111 Wabu~ Co1lt9t 

December 6, 2017 

Chairman MiKe Crapo 

WABASH 

COLLEGE 

Commltt!e on l!.lnkln£ Houslne. and Urban Affairs 

United states senate 

Wa$hircton, o.c. 20510 

Vio FIVIIo: (202) 224-5137 

I wrtte with enthusiasm to endorse Marvin Goodfriend's appointment to be a member of the Bolrd 

of Govemors of the Federal Reserve Board. 1 have known Marvin for over 25 years and have worlted 

with him both when I was an economilt at the Federal Reserve Board {Monetary Affairs Division) 

and as a member of tilt Shadow Open Market committee, which advances thlnklns about prudent 

central banking. monetary policy, and financial stability. 

In all of our worlt together,! havt found Marvin to be an exceptionally ethical Individual, and 

someone who is a th01J81itflll fistener, clear communkator, and tapib~ of collaboratin& with a 

btoad ~nc• of~- policy m~ktrs, ~tors, acadtmic economists, financial market 

~nts.lnd Jovernmental appointees. Ht Is In tilt top handful of economists of his senmtion 

who are both WOitd class K.ademlcs and ru~WOIId pokymaktfs. His voice on matten of centr.ll 

~nklrc. monelaly policy, and ft~ stabltty Is respected by every cen!RI banter in the woltd. 

He has CMducted sf&nillcant research with lmpeccablt professionalism, aNI In my experience, he 

has a plineipled but non-dolmatic approach to policy. Marvin Is a Wlted and respected coiiUCtJt 

whose w01k in areas that are critical to the federal Reserve System's success In these areas has 

been of enormous impact for the American people. 

I have sreat conftdence In Marvin's abilities, and would urae the Senate Committee on Banklne. 

Housing. and Urban Affairs to vote favorably on his nomination to be a member of the Board of 

Govtmo~ of tf1e Federal Reserve System. 

Sincerely, 

~ President and Professor of Ealoomics 

Mtmbtr. Shidow Open Marltet Committee 

Office of the President 

P.O.llox352 • Crtwfordnillo, Lldiaco 479~3-0352 • Pbooe: 765-361-6221 • Fu: 765-361-6461 • www.Wibasb.tdu 
120 

LETTERS SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT OF THE NOMINATION OF THOMAS 

E. WORKMAN 


30196056.eps
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The Honorable emxl Btown 

United SUtcs Senate' 

Wuhington, D.C. 

Dear ScoalQr B!OWII, 

PAUL H. CoLEM~ 

ATTOL~£Y AT LAw 

ll!l9.....,....-., 

cowveus. OKI043209 

JanuaryJ, 2018 

I write today to mpet.lfully ~your VOle in fa""' of the candidacy oft om \Vodauaa for the 

position oflrxlependeilt Member with In~ Expeltise on the Fi~ial StllbOity Ovmight Council. 

J have knoWn Tom for over half a century, and worked closely with him in student government 

aclivitics whe:e we "-ere in undergraduate and law school together at Ohio Stale. AJ\er graduation, our 

paths divocgod; I went inlo $!ale government and sctVtd in sub cabinet and se!rlor staff positions in the 

GiUij:1n llld Cer= admin.istratioo Mlilc Tom deYeloped a nationally blowa practice ill imunncc law; 

during thillime, 1m JtpUlZtial for both inciJstry IJld inlegrity 'ol'aS of the higbest onkr. He setks the 

politioo oflndependcut Member with bls1note Expatist, ar:d I can &SS~~R you tll3l he wiU eu:cise hiS 

i.odepeodent jlldpnt drawing upoo a dislinguished tarter in i=ulnce law ad administration. 

I would be gJatefulforyoursupport, ~would he bappy1oanswu- anyqucstionsoothis matter 

llW you Ot your staff may bave. 

..... ' Slncelcl)·, 

Paul H. Coleman 

Attomeyatl..aw 
122 


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OFFICE OF THE MAYOR 

Stephanie A. Miner, Mayor 

December 12.2017 

Honorable Michael Crapo, Chair 

US Senate Committee on Banking, I lousing & Urban Affairs 

534 Dirksen Senate Office Building 

Washington, DC 20510 

Re: Thomas E. Workman 

Dear Chairman C!apo: 

It is 11ith pleasure that! write to urge your suppon for the confirmation of Thomas E. Worlanan as a 

member of the Financial Stability Oversight Council. 

Highly qualified as the former president and CEO of the Life Insurance Council of New York. Inc. 

for 17 years until his retirement last year, Mr. Worlanan represented 731ife insurers and 221aw, 

actuarial, and accounting !inns. Prior to that, he was a lawyer with the Columbus, Ohio firm of 

Bricker & Eckler LLP for 26 years. sming as legislative counsel to the Association of Ohio Life 

Insurance Companies. Ql·er the years, he has shared his expertise with numerous professional 

boards, including the Federntion of Regulatory Counsel and the lnsurance Federation of New York. 

Mr. Workman received the Buist M. Anderson award for Distinguished Service from the 

Association of Life Insurance Counsel. He has served as a Captain in the US Army JAG Corps. 

An excellent candidate to the position of Independent Member, Mr. Workman has dedicated himself 

to insurance law and regulation and has a history of acting in a professional and principled manner. 

He always opts to do what is right even when it may 1101 be easy. His character and work ethic make 

him an excellent choice for this appointmenL 

Sincerely, 

Stephanie A. Miner. Mayor 

203 CITY HALL • SYRACUSE, N.Y. t3202-1473 • (315) 448.$005 • FAX: (315) 448-8067 

Wtbsllt: www.SyrGov.nrt 
123 


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Mike Stinziano, PhD, WCP 

10400 Slough Road, Canal Winchester, Ohio 43110 

847-778-3928 

mikestinziano@gmail.com 

December 23, 2017 

The Honorable Sherrod Brown 

Ranking Member 

Committee on Banking, Housing & Urban Development 

713 Hart Senate Office Building 

Washington, D.C. 20002 

RE: SENATE CONFIRMATION OF TOM WORKMAN AS THE 

INDEPENDENT MEMBER OF THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OVERSIGHT 

COUNCIL 

Dear Senator Brown: 

I write to ask you to support and vote for Senate Confirmation of Tom 

Workman as the Independent Member of the Financial Stabil~y Oversight 

Council. 

In the early 1960s, when we both served in Undergraduate Student 

Government at The Ohio State University, Tom and I worked together for 

the first time. Back then, Tom served as Student Body President and I 

served in the Student Senate. 

later, for 16 years when I served as Chair of the Insurance Committee in 

the Ohio House of Representatives and, as Chair of the Insurance Practice 

at Bricker and Eckler, Tom served as legislative Council for the 

Association of Ohio life Insurance Companies, Tom and I worked together 

again to enact many laws that benefrt insurance consumers in Ohio. 

During the more than 50 years that I have known and worked with Tom, I 

can think of no one more knowledgeable about insurance and am certain 

that Tom will be an outstanding Independent Member of the Financial 

Stability Oversight Council. 
124 


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As the Independent Member with Insurance Expertise of the Financial 

Stability Oversight Council, Tom will be responsible for providing the 

Council with the views of an insurance expert regarding matters related to 

consumers, regulators, legislators and makers of insurance, as well as to 

participate in the overall deliberations and decisions of the Financial 

Stability Oversight Council with respect to the U.S. economy as a whole. 

Because of Tom's lifetime of insurance regulatory, legislative, and business 

transactional work, I believe Tom is particularly well-suited for this 

responsibility. If confirmed as the Independent Member of the Council, 

Tom will be able to make decisions without needing to seek approvals from 

anyone. 

In working with Tom over the years, I know that Tom has always acted in a 

professional and principled manner and, since this opportunity arises near 

the end of Tom's career, everyone can rest assured that Tom will always 

be focused exclusively on making the correct, responsible decision - every 

time. Tom will not be looking to leverage his work on the Financial Stability 

Oversight Council into another opportunity in the future. The only interest 

Tom will serve is the public interest. Tom's only client will be the American 

public. 

Senator Brown, I would appreciate your support and vote for Tom 

Workman as the Independent Member of the Financial Stability Oversight 

Council. 

Please don't hesitate to contact me with any questions that you might have. 

Sincerely, 

Mike Stinziano, PhD, WCP 
125 


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December 14, 2017 

The Honmble Michael D. Crllpo 

01alr 

Committee on BankJrc. Houslr~ ancl Urban Development 

S34 Dirben SeMte Office Buikllnc 

Washington, DC 20510 

Rt: l1lomiS E. Wortman, Esq. Nominated fOf the Independent Member with lrdllrance 

Expertise on the Flnandal Stability OVersilht COundl (FSOC) 

Dear Senator Crllpo, 

Thomas E. Workman, Tom to those of us who have come to know him durinc his 

lifetime of outstandl~ Insurance work, has been nominated fOf a position on the Financial 

Stabirrty Ovenllfrt Coundl. 

Tom Is both a professional associate and personal friend. He has been a stronc 

advocate for life Insurance 11 an lndustJy and life Insurance as a fundamental part of 

America's wort!~ famibes' fiNndal security. He know$ the buslnmlnside and out ancl his 

lntecrity, aa~men and compassion make him unlquely qualified to stand IS the life Insurance 

expert on this most Important ~I facility. The son of a CheYrolet dealer, military officer, 

dedicated father, crandfather and husband Tom Is not only a consummate professional he Is 

llood penon. 

Please add your volc:e to those who support Tom. He wlU bri01 only Jood thinp to 

the COuncil's deliberations and his lnsilht will be Invaluable. 

Thank you fOf al you do for New YOlk and the United Statts of America. 

Sincerely, 

Patrick A. Mannion 

Vlce Chair of the Board 

Cc: DIJt Kempthome, American C0111al of Ufe Insurers (AQJ) President and CEO 

Thomas£. Woltman, Esq 

~ llmiiUR11511WU CJ»>oott • \'!SIAl PICiiJ.YfA$1 • PA 1101 U81• IIIGHAM!l»>,IIY ~!lll 

CXJI.I.IIIIIWII \R IN5l.IWKI CI:*PAN'f • HIM omci:OCAGO,l 

~1M SUMCI OfRCI: 507 1\UM STJt:[l• PO lOX 10156 • SY'MCUSI, trY ll201·1CM 
126 


30196062.eps

GR-\\11 \lRSOIXTIO\~,IL( 

The Hooo!able MIChael D Crapo 

Chair 

\lhllic:l • rp•t..,ltCM11r1' 

DHR<.•• l'Souill 

Ia.. ·-"'•.lo<sof017ll TJ2lt2$2S< 

'NIV'Ngmii, .. (OCII 

January 2. 2018 

Committee on Bank1ng. Housing & Urban Development 

534 Msen Office Building 

Washtngton. D.C. 20510 

The Honorable Sherrod Blown 

Rank1ng Member 

Committee on Banking, Housing & Urban Development 

7t3 Hart Senate Oftice Building 

Wash1ngton. D.C 20002 

Re Thomas E Worman Noll\lnauon tor F111ancoa1 Stablflly Oversght Council 

Deal Chaimnan Crapo & Ranking Member Brown: 

h is w1th pleasure today that I write to you 1n the strongest support lor the prompt. b1par11san 

conlirmation ol Thomas E. Workman to the Financial Stability Oversight Council ("FSOC1 as the 

Independent Member with lnswance Expertrse. I have known Tom lor 21 yeaiS and I can attest boch 

to h1s Independence and his vast insurance exper!Jse. 

My deaijngs w11h Tom Workman have come atlhlee stages ol my Caieer and. symmelncally. ttvee 

stages ol hiS. I had the good fortune ol wor!(lng W11h Tom when I was an olfJCer at MetL1Ie. when I 

served as the Commissioner of Bank1ng & Insurance lor the Slate of New Jersey, and as the CEO of 

the National Counctl oltnsUiance legislators ('NCOIL 1. AI various limes dunng those yeaiS, Tom 

served as legiS'a~ve Counsel, and de lactoCEO. to the AsSOCiatlort ol OhiO Ute Insurance 

Compan1es while he was With the Brickef & Eckler law firm in Columbus. Ohio. He then moved to the 

Empire State to beoome the President & CEO of the Ute Insurance Council of New York. Most 

recently. I have worked W11h Tom in lbs rote as a Member of the Leadersh'P Counci of the Gnlfith 

Foundation lor Insurance Education. w1th which NCOIL has a strong athance. In each of those roles, 

Tom has performed with the utmost professionalism and untailing excellence. 

Tom Worf(man IS a man ol1mpeccable lntegnty, supenor 1nter.ect. exceptional common sense, and 

an admirable work ethic. Yet he keeps all these wonderful traits wrapped in a wonderlul midwest.ern 

humi it.y. I oould not recommend hun 11101e highly or support htm 11101e enlhusiasbcaly Please do 

not heSitate to contact me 1f I can IJ(OVlde any additiOnal informatiOn. 

Respectfully. 

~ / ·p · ftr--~ 

Thctmas B. Considine 

I<:C>nSodont !lfl....,..com 
127 


30196063.eps

December 14, 2Qi7 

The Honorable Michael D. crapo 

CI!Jir 

COmmtttee on Bankil!& Houslng.and Urban Development 

S34 Dirlcsen'Senate Office Building 

Washington, DC 20510 

Re: Thomas E. Workman, Esq. Nominated for the Financial Stability OVersight Council 

llearSe!lator. Crapo, 

Thomas E. Workman, has been a good friend for the past 16 years. A transplant from 

Ohio, Tom has been a loud ·and wise voice for the life insurance industry throughout thole 

years. Though I came to know him· professionally I also ~rned to greatly respect hi~ work 

ethic, his lntearity and his commitment to doing rislrt by all those he represented, 

Tom has been nomina~ to follow RoY Wopdall on the FSOC. · rve knQW!l Roy for 

decades. Roy has aiHhe most admirable qualities displayed bt Tom. They are both 

consummate gent!en)en,.and distinguished attorneys. They have dedicated their lives to 

maklng lffe Insurance the cornerstone of family financial stabiUty; They are modest while 

achieving the pjnnac:te of tbelr chosen profession. 

Se!lator, mv career spanned six 4~ when mv Insurance company r~allted great 

sucd!ss and I had the privilege to serve on boards like the American Council of.Ufe Insurers, 

the Life Insurance Couna1 of New York, the Medkallnfonnatlon Bureau and others. Tom 

Workman represents all that Is rlglitandgood about-se'Mce an~ ptO.fesslonallsm. You will 

be proud to participate In his confirmation. 

Sincerely, 

John F. X. Mannion 

Cc: Thomas E. Workman, Esq 
128 


30196064.eps

GREG LASHUTKA 

The Honorable Michael D. Crapo 

Chair 

January 12. 2018 

Committee on Banking, Housing & Urban Development 

534 Dirksen Office Building 

Washington, D.C. 20510 

Re: Thomas E. 'workman 

Dear Senator Crapo: 

l write in support of Thomas Workman as the Independent Member wi~h Insurance Expertise on 

the Financial Stability Oversight Council. l base this letter of support on my experience as an 

attorney who served as the City Attorney and Mayor for Columbus. Ohio. a former Law Partner 

with Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, a Senior Executive Officer with Nationwide Insurance Company, 

and a long-time friend of Thomas Workman. 

Tom and I have been personal friends and professional coUeagues for about 50 years. 1 f1rst met 

Tom while we were attending The Ohio State University. We both were involved in campus 

activities, which aUowed me to work with and witness Tom in a wide variety of situations. We 

again reconnected after we returned to Columbus after we both served in the military for our 

oountry. Tom had joined the Bricker & Eckler law firm, where he practiced law for 26 years. Our 

professional and personal paths crossed often and matured into a firm friendship, which oontinues 

today. 

Tom was recruited in 1999 to become Ute CEO of Life Insurance Council of New York, representing 

73 life insurance companies and 22 professional firms, and served for 24 years. Tom's leadership 

was weU·respected by many acroas the country, as ~be State of New York set the life insuranoe 

industry standard for many states. Tom also served as a valued Board Member of the Ohio Farmers 

Insurance Company for 24 years. Tom's insurance background is rich in experience and quality. 

It is my firm opinion that Tom has oonduct.ed his professional life with high principles, integrity and 

competency. I've also known 'l'om as a dutiful husband, father, and respected member of the 

oommunity. In aU roles, he has been a positive role model for all. 

The Financial Stability Oversight Council is most important to our oountry's eoonomic vitality. 'l'he 

insurance industry plays a key role in our national economy. ·rom Workman bring~ abundant 

substantive insurance knowledee. a fi.rm understanding of financial fundamentals, character, 

courage, and a strong love of country to the responsibilities this position requires. Your support 

and the oonfirmation of Thomas Workman wi rve ur untry we . 

cc: The Honorable Sherrod Brown 

ThomOJJ E. Workman, Esq. 

Gregory S. Lashutka 

7.5,1 S. l.a7.ellc Strt~t • Culumhu~. 01 I ·13206 

phone: 614-4.'i8-lii98 • CII\itil: ~ashulka@culumbus rr.com 
129 


30196065.eps

Honoroble Chuck Schumer 

United States Senate 

THE ASSEMBLY 

STATE OF NEW YORK 

ALBANY 

January9. 2018 

322 ~I an Senate OffiCe Building 

Washington, D.C. 20510 

Dear Senator Schumer. 

It is my distinct pleasure to suppon the nomination of Thomas E. Workman to the position of 

Independent Member with Insurance Expertise on the Financial Stability Oversight Council 

(FSOC). 

I have been pi'OIId to know Tom personally and professionally foe many years. He has spent a 

lifetime working in insurance law and regulation, most recently as President & CEO of the Life 

Insurance Council of New York for almost two decades. As the fonner Chair of the Insurance 

Commiuee in the New York State Assembly, I worked with him often in this ~ity andean 

speak firsthand to his unparalleled expertise and knowledge of the industry. 

In addition to Tocn'sou!S!anding qualifiCations and experience, and pemaps most impocUntly. he 

possesses a decp•seeded commitment to ethical practices and accountability which I am 

confident will serve him well in this lle\\ position. I ean think of no one more fitting to SCI\'e our 

country on the FSOC. 

Thank you for your consideration. Please do nor hesitate to contact me with any questions. 

Wannest personal regards, 

~J.~ Joseph D. Mocelle 

Majority Leader, NYS Assembly 
130 


30196066.eps

.a:W,A.Co\t41U 

~~~103"~ 

c""" Asrl:l)·kr.~Jrnr~1;1t 

December 20, 2017 

THE ASSEMBLY 

STATE OF NEW YORK 

ALBANY 

The HODOI1ble MiclJael D. Crapo, Chair 

Committee on Banking, Housing & Urban De\·elopmenl 

534 Dirksen Senate Office Building . 

Washington, D.C. 20510 

Dear Senator Crapo: 

~ 

"""""-. --•aa- _,"""Y 

ltQOWEI>.ar" -

It has been brought to my ~ lhat Thomas E. Workman has been nomilla!ed for the 

position of lndepcodent Member with I.osurmte Expenise of the rlll&DCial Stability 0\-might 

Colmcil. As Cbainnan of the Assembl)' Insurance Committee, I have bad the privilege of 

\\1)1\ing direaly'With Tom foranumberof)·ean in his role Presidem aDd ChiefExccmh-e 

Officer of the Life Insurance Council of New York (LICOI\l'). Throughout this time, Mr. 

Workman led this organilation with the utmost respect and consideration of the memben that be 

is representing. 

Every year, a number of organilations, associations, firms and individuals petition our offices 

with legislative recommeodations and regulalory changes which sem the interest of member 

institutions, bulllt sbonsigh!td in considmtion of the general public. One of the ballmarks of 

UCOI\1', 1\ilicb Mr. Workman firmly iDstilled during his tenure, is a oommitment to advocacy 

'Wilicb baWlces the needs of industry "bile ttspecting consumers. Tom Workman also has a 

strong grasp on the issues. In a technical field such as insurance, he wo!Xed diligemly to provide 

professional guidance al!o'hing legislators and the public to fully comprehend the necessity or 

appropriateness of the matters before them. 

Without reflecting on the politics of the moment or the relative merits of some bigb level 

nominees, I can assure you that Thomas E. Workman is a qualified individual and a true leader 

in the field of life insurance and 6nanee. In addition to his industry "-ork, be has bad a 

distinguished careu private practice attorney specializing in lnsmllnee Law. Though I am DOt 

Wniliar 6nl hand v.ith Tom's activities in Ohio, where he called home for many years, I can 

attest to the undisputed professional reputation he earned while there. Though Tom and his wife 

Pam have called New York home for many years, colleagues from Ohio speak very bighly of 

Tom and his professional demeanor. He has also served our coUDtry with distinction in the 

United Statts Army. A favorable uominalion will be consistent to this service, employing the 

skills he has garnered through his distinguished professional Cllter. 

While so many aspects ofT om's C8lterand activitieslltv;orthy of praise, his involvement with 

the Griffith Foundation for 1nsuranee Educaiioo is one that stands out. Griffith is a non-profu, 

uoaffil.iated 01pliz.ation clc:dica!Cd to providing pubtic officials with unbiased infonnation about 

A&.&WVOFfCE:-~7t&~"""~~Ntwl'lo.,Z24.51~r4.l:$1~ss:'i 

C.s-'R3C'To;;ACt~'f!fO!Ciint:lsi!IMtQ 1/.blltf~ $MG-.~ ~.Ner.·'ltlfic1lo')'t . .. W»9dl~.r~x~asf(l 

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2 Decembcr20,2017 

insW'aJlce matters. Indeed, Griffith bas been at the forefront in assuring basic literacy regarding 

insu:auce, risk aDd professional ethics for lnmdreds of staie legjs!Jtors. I include myself as ooe 

of the fortunate recipientsoftbeir grea1 semce. Tom has, for many }UZS, provided a guiding 

hand for Griffith and continues to assure the integrity of this imponant insti1ution. 

I humbly ask give all due considetatioo of the oominatioo of Thomas E. Wotkmao 10 the Council 

aDd thai you eooourage your oolleagues 10 support him as well Thank you in adV811CC for your 

coosidm!ion. If there is any further infornwioo I might provide, feel me to oonlact me. 

Sincerely, 

~A cMJ Kevin A. Cahill 

Member of Assembly 
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NEW YORK 

STATE 

SENATE 

Dctember 6, 2017 

Sena10r Charks Schumer 

Han Office Building Room 322 

Washington, DC 20510 

Dear Senator Schumer: 

It is my pleasure to write to you in suppon oflhe nomination of Thomas 

E. Workman lo serve as the Independent Member wilh lllSW11l1Ce 

Expenisc on the Financial Stability Ch-ersight Counce! (FSOC). 

As the current Ranking Member of the NYS Senate lnsuranct Committee 

and the Past President of the National Conferen« of Insurance 

Le&islators, I have known and worked with Tom for many years. Tom 

served as the Prtsident & CEO of !he Life lllSUr.llltt Council of New YOlk 

for six )'earS and in that capacity I found him to be extremely 

knowledgeable, hard· working, and trustwonhy. He often provided me 

,,;th subslamial complex information in a clear, concist and informath-e 

manner. His ability to aniculatc complex issues proved to be very helpful 

in developing legislative positions and suategies. 

On a personal note, I consider Tom to be a friend. He is bright and earnest 

and has devoted his career to unde!Sianding the complexities surrounding 

the regulation of !he insur1l!Ct industry.! believe he would make a 

tremendous addition to the Financial Stability Oversight Council. 

Please do not hesitate to contact me ifl may provide an) funher 

infonnation. 

Sincerely, 

f/4 

NeiiD.B~in 

State Senator 

NDB:MC 

0 
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THE SENATE 

"'· ""'" STATE OF NEW YORK OW"""' MAIOIITYPJIOGIAM AI .No-'.~ "' Y:IU CC' .... 

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A. '"" ' s Wl4 s:tUl ~~lhiQII.-.:2' 

llld'I~'D 

, ..... 

fQ] ..... owm: '""' ~ IIDw.i!N'TI'COi 

,,,.,_,, ... 

JAMES L SEWARD 

s:e-, <~STO"" 

January 8. 2018 

lion. Michael D. Crapo 

Chairman. U. S. Senate Commiueee on Bonking. Housing ond Urban Developmeot 

534 Dirksen SeMte Onice Building 

Washington. D. C. 20510 

RE: Thomas£ Workm111 

Membtr-dtSignatt, Financial Stability Ol'tnight Co1tnci/ 

Dear Senator Crapo. 

DmlOOML'OTCO!ot\IITTU 

co-

~Cl:MOmt 

<IIIIMITTIIS 

~.us 

fiMtQ 

(tt()JI()tt 

u .• NJlf!LQ:xlt; 

~· t(/.1."' 

""'"'"""" 

I 11 rite to endorse and support the president's nomiMtion of Mr. Thomas Workman to the Financial 

Stability Ovmighl Council and to urge the U.S. Senate 1o confirm him. 

As chairman of the N.Y. State Senate Standing Commineeon Insurance, I had the privilege and 

opportunity to partner with Mr. Workman on a variety of financial and insurance issues in New York over 

the course of nearly two decades.ln his capacity as president and CEO of the Life Insurance Council of 

New York. Mr. WO!kman proved himself to be an intelligent. diligent. thoughtful. and eogaged broker on 

behalf of businesses in New York's prominent financial services sector. His int~t)' is unimpcxhable. 

Mr. Worl(man showed himself to be 11illing to eocounter others' 1·j(wpoints and to 11'011< toward a 

ltSUit for which credit could be shared ~~>ith others. He is a passionate and articulate spokesman for the 

\'llluc that the insurance industry provides to consumers. 

I strongly support President Trump's nomination of Mr. Workman, and am enthusiastic about his 

contributions to the panel. I hope that he 11ill be spmlily confirmed. 

Please let me kno11 ifl can address any questions or iS$tlCS of concern you may hal't about this 

trusted collca~:uc and friend. 

With best wishes. I remain 

Sincere!~~ 

JAMES L.SEWARD 
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Frederick J. Sievert 

211 Coonamessett Circle 

East Falmouth, MA 02536 

fjsic\Crt u) ahoo.com 

The Honorable Michael D. Crapo 

Chair 

Committee on Banking, Housing & Urban Development 

534 Dirksen Senate Office Building 

Washington. D.C. 20510 

Senator Crapo: 

January 3, :!0 18 

I am writing to you on behalf of Tom Workman with my endorsement and 

recommendation for his approval as an independent member (with Insurance Expertise) on 

the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC). 

I am a retired president of the New York Life Insurance Company and in that capacity 

have known Tom for over 18 years. I'm sure you are aware of his impressive background 

as a lawyer and as the CEO of the Life Insurance Council of New York (LICONY) since 

1999. I was on the board ofLICONY and a member of the search committee that hired 

Tom and I later served as its chair: working closely with Tom during that period. 

The extra-territorial regulatory reach of the New York State Department of Financial 

Services required LICONY to be knowledgeable and proficient in handling issues that 

extended to companies across the entire country and not simply those domiciled in New 

York. I can't think of another industry leader who would bring to the FSOC the same 

breadth of relevant experience and expertise as Tom Workman. 

My own service on boards and committees of: The American College, LIMRA. the 

Actuarial Foundation, the ACLI, and the NAIC, has provided me the honor ofinteracting 

with hundreds of industry leaders. In my opinion. Tom Workman is the most 

knowledgeable executive in the area of financial services of any l 've known. 

Equally important are his strong character and his remarkable energy, work ethic. integrity 

and passion for the strength and solvency of the industry. Please feel free to call meal 

917-328-9548 if you have any questions. 

ifdli 

Fred Sievert