United States Court of Federal Claims 

No. 16-236 C 

(Filed Under Seal: November 17, 2016) 

(Reissued: December 2, 2016)

_____________________________________ 

TIBER CREEK CONSULTING, INC., 

 Plaintiff, 

v.

THE UNITED STATES, 

 Defendant, 

and 

ARROWPOINT, INC., 

 Defendant-Intervenor.

__________________________________ 

Heather A. James, Esquire, Whiteford, Taylor and Preston, LLP, Washington, DC, for 

plaintiff. 

Richard P. Schroeder, Esquire, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, 

Washington, DC, for defendant. 

Lee Dougherty, Esquire, Offit Kurman, P.A., Tysons Corner, VA, for defendantintervenor. 

OPINION AND ORDER 

Hodges, Senior Judge.

 This is a bid protest case. Tiber Creek is plaintiff; intervenor is ArrowPoint. The United 

States is defendant. The issue is whether a substantially higher bid price was justified by a higher 

level of technical expertise. That is, did the Request for Proposals (“RFP”) and other pre-bid 

 

 The parties filed no proposed redactions to the sealed Opinion filed on November 17, 2016. The 

Opinion is reissued this date, unsealed. 

Bid Protest; Post Award; Motion 

for Judgment on Administrative

Record; Price Realism Analysis;

Best Value Determination; NonIncumbent Awardee; CMMI 

Level 3 Certification; Balance of 

Cost and Technical Expertise
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documents permit the Government to award this contract to ArrowPoint because its bid price was 

$10 million less than Tiber Creek’s, even though Tiber Creek’s technical expertise was superior.

 The National Guard Bureau issued invitations to bid for a contract that would provide 

computer technology to assist the Army Reserve National Guard in fulfilling its critical missions, 

especially including RCMS. RCMS is Reserve Component Manpower System, a 

“comprehensive suite of software applications and modules that provide action officers and 

senior leaders critical information needed to enhance their decision-making process.” 

Administrative Record at Tab 4:42. RCMS is described as a “highly sophisticated, complex 

information system.”

 Judicial review in procurement cases is limited to a relatively mechanical process 

governed by the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C.S. §§701-706. The standard of review 

provided by that Act is whether the decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or 

otherwise not in accordance with law[.]” 5 U.S.C.S. §706(2)(A). The courts consider whether the 

procuring agency’s procedures were consistent with federal rules and regulations. See e.g., 

Savantage Fin. Servs. v. United States, 595 F. 3d 1282, 1285-86 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“The court’s 

task is to determine whether [1] the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis, or [2] 

the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.”) (quoting Weeks 

Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). This standard creates a 

heavy burden for one who would overturn an agency decision. 

 The Government acknowledged that plaintiff Tiber Creek showed a higher level of 

technical expertise than ArrowPoint. The National Guard Bureau awarded the contract to 

ArrowPoint because the difference between Tiber Creek and ArrowPoint’s levels of expertise did 

not warrant the substantial difference in bid price. Tiber Creek’s bid price was approximately 

$50 million; ArrowPoint’s was $40 million. An agency award based on such a balancing 

between cost and technical benefits is not necessarily improper so long as it is made according to 

agency procurement rules and regulations. 

 The Administrative Record does not show that the National Guard Bureau acted unfairly 

in awarding this contract to intervenor ArrowPoint, according to the standards of review that we 

apply in bid protest cases. For that reason, we must grant defendant’s motion for judgment on the 

Administrative Record, and deny plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the Administrative Record. 

BACKGROUND 

 The National Guard Bureau issued a Request for Proposals for this re-compete of a firm 

fixed-price indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract in October 2014. The one-year 

contract is a 100% small business set-aside with four one-year option periods; plaintiff is the 

incumbent. The RFP provided that price would not be the sole determinant in awarding the 

contract, as various non-cost factors would be considered. The contracting officer would conduct 

a best-value analysis if necessary to determine whether a technically superior offer justified a 

substantially higher cost to the Government. 

 The contracting officer awarded the contract to ArrowPoint in May 2015. Tiber Creek 

requested a post-award briefing and thereafter filed a protest to GAO. The Agency then 

conducted a new source-selection process and issued a new award. The result was the same, 

however: ArrowPoint won the contract. Tiber Creek protested again and GAO denied the protest 

in January of this year. Plaintiff then filed a bid protest in this court on February 17, 2016. 
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Plaintiff has standing to bring this action because it is an “interested party” pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. 1491(b)(1). That is, its economic interest is affected by the outcome. See e.g., AFGE, 

Local 1482 v. United States, 258 F.3d 1294, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (standing “is limited to actual 

or prospective bidders or offerors whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award 

of the contract or by failure to award the contract.”).

DISCUSSION 

Very generally stated, plaintiff’s arguments tend to emphasize its own superior ratings 

and general competence with regard to each element of the contract. Defendant and intervenor 

respond in most instances by urging us to apply legal principles that call for standards of review 

that are highly deferential to agencies’ decisions.

Plaintiff’s concerns regarding the fairness and propriety of this procurement are: (1) 

requirements concerning CMMI Level 3 certification; (2) consideration of differences in 

technical expertise; (3) price realism analysis; and (4) best value determination. 

A. CMMI Level 3 Requirements 

 CMMI is Capability Maturity Model Integration. Level 3 refers to a quality standard that 

is awarded to contractors “based on a company’s consistent demonstrated use of documented 

practices,” according to plaintiff. Tiber Creek is CMMI Level 3 certified; ArrowPoint is not. 

Plaintiff contends that award of the contract to ArrowPoint violated terms of the agency’s 

Request for Proposals in that the agency did not reasonably evaluate intervenor’s compliance 

with CMMI Level 3 requirements. Tiber Creek explains that the CMMI certification is “meant to 

ensure that contractors have ‘proven and mature organizational capabilities to manage the 

RCMS.’” RCMS is Reserve Component Manpower System, a “comprehensive suite of software 

applications and modules that provide action officers and senior leaders critical information 

needed to enhance their decision-making process.” AR at Tab 4:42. Plaintiff describes RCMS as 

a “highly sophisticated, complex information system.”

The Agency’s Request for Proposals initially required that a winning bidder must be 

CMM Level 3 qualified; however, amendments to the RFP prior to the bidding process allowed 

bidders to comply with this requirement by showing that they have CMMI Level 3 certified team 

members. According to plaintiff, the agency’s decision to amend the RFP to permit a bidder to 

comply through a subcontractor erases the essential meaning of the CMMI Level 3 certification 

requirement. 

 The main reason for plaintiff’s argument that the general contractor itself should be 

certified is the importance of management to successful completion of the job. The general 

contractor must perform critical management and quality assurance functions that call for high 

levels of experience and expertise. CMMI-certified subcontractors would be assisting, but not 

directly managing the contract. 

 Plaintiff contends that even if certification through a subcontractor does not violate terms 

of the Request for Proposals and the Performance Work Statement, the agency’s failure to assess 

weaknesses in ArrowPoint’s proposal is unreasonable and contrary to RFP requirements. The 

agency’s decision to relax the CMMI Level 3 certification requirement was arbitrary and 

irrational because it was made for intervenor’s benefit, plaintiff argues.
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 Defendant and intervenor respond that the Request for Proposals was amended prior to 

bidding to “clarify” that the CMMI Level 3 certification requirement could be met by a team 

member rather than the prime contractor. Plaintiff’s argument that the prime contractor itself 

must be CMMI Level 3 certified adds a requirement that is not supported by the plain language 

of the Performance Work Statement, defendant contends. Thus, the agency would be evaluating 

proposals based on specifications outside the scope of the pre-bid documents. 

Defendant’s contention here is somewhat circular, and it misstates plaintiff’s certification 

arguments to some extent. However, we cannot find support in the Administrative Record for 

plaintiff’s assertion that the agency amended the certification requirement solely to make it 

possible for ArrowPoint to qualify for this contract. 

B. Technical Evaluations 

Disagreements within the National Guard Bureau regarding ArrowPoint’s technical 

expertise caused the incumbent understandable concern. The contracting officer rejected most of 

his advisory panel’s recommendations concerning ArrowPoint’s technical qualifications, 

increasing its grades in that area in most cases. Plaintiff argues that the contracting officer’s 

decision to ignore the panel’s advice and to rate ArrowPoint qualified on technical ability is 

arbitrary and capricious. 

 The expert advisory panel was convened to assist the contracting officer in evaluating 

bidders’ technical qualifications. This group is known as the Source Selection Evaluation Board. 

The Board found ArrowPoint’s technical qualifications to be substantially less than those of 

incumbent Tiber Creek. The contracting officer disagreed with these evaluations by the Source 

Selection Board and increased ArrowPoint’s ratings in several instances to higher, qualifying 

levels. 

 The contracting officer, as source selection official for the contract, had the authority to 

act as he did. He had broad discretion to decide how and whether to use the Board’s ratings and 

recommendations, “subject only to the tests of rationality and consistency with the evaluation 

criteria.” Matter of Gen. Dynamics Info. Tech., Inc., B-407057, 2012 WL 4935422 at 4 (Comp. 

Gen. Oct. 12, 2012). 

Plaintiff acknowledges the contracting officer’s authority in this regard, but points out 

that the agency must articulate the reasons for its procurement decision “including a rational 

connection between the facts found and the choice made” (quoting Distributed Solutions, Inc. v. 

United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 368, 377 (Fed. Cl. 2012)). Tiber Creek finds no “satisfactory” 

explanation for the contracting officer’s decision in the Administrative Record.

The agency decided that “any weaknesses assessed against ArrowPoint . . . would be 

overcome by minimal experience performing against the requirements.” Tiber Creek contends 

that this assertion “[has] no rational basis.” The National Guard Bureau’s assertion is somewhat 

conclusory, but defendant emphasizes again the agency’s “broad discretion” in making such 

determinations and the “heavy burden” assigned to a party who would demonstrate lack of 

rational basis for agency decisions. See Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 

1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 

 A contracting officer is not bound by Selection Board evaluations. The contracting 

officer has the responsibility and the authority to evaluate offers and make procurement 
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decisions. Firstline Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 359 (Fed. Cl. 2011). The 

Selection Board’s duties are limited to an advisory function. The Board identified twelve 

weaknesses among ArrowPoint’s technical sub-factors, but the contracting officer disagreed and 

explained the reasons for his disagreement. Given his rationale for departing from the Board’s 

conclusions, we must agree with defendant that the contracting officer’s action was a legitimate 

exercise of the agency’s discretion.

C. Price Realism Analysis 

 Price realism analyses are among the tools that agencies use to determine whether a 

particular bidder understands its obligations under the contract and has priced all aspects of its 

performance to insure a profit on the job. Obtaining a “deal” for the Government where a bidder 

vastly underprices its contractual duties usually is no bargain for an agency. Often, the contractor 

defaults in the midst of contract performance and the contracting officer must solicit bids for a 

new contract. If the agency makes a price realism analysis a part of its pre-award process, it 

should be able to determine whether a lower-cost bidder understands the nature of the work and 

can realize a profit at the end of the contract. 

 Where the Request for Proposals requires a price realism analysis, the agency must 

consider the unique technical approaches proposed by each offeror. Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-

Birmingham v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 666, 696 (Fed. Cl. 2008), rev’d on other grounds, 586 

F.3d 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Plaintiff makes the following criticisms of the agency’s handling of 

its price realism analysis: 

 1. ArrowPoint’s unrealistic staffing approach. The agency did not consider whether 

ArrowPoint could perform the contract successfully given its proposed labor rates. Intervenor’s 

proposed labor rates were below plaintiff’s. Despite the low labor rates, intervenor hoped to 

retain plaintiff’s incumbent workforce in performing the contract. Plaintiff believes that 

ArrowPoint would have to spend more on labor than it planned, possibly resulting in a loss on 

the contract. Alternatively, it would have to hire workers who did not have the expertise and 

experience of incumbent employees. Its ability to perform the contract would be compromised. 

 2. The contracting officer’s representation that he evaluated intervenor’s pricing for

realism was “conclusory, boilerplate.” The Administrative Record does not support the 

contracting officer’s assertion regarding performance risk and consideration of pricing consistent 

with its technical proposal. 

 3. The contracting officer’s Supplemental Statement to the Government Accounting 

Office explained his efforts to conduct a price realism analysis. However, plaintiff terms it a 

post-hoc rationalization and therefore unreliable. 

 Defendant and intervenor respond to these assertions by highlighting the “substantial 

discretion” that agencies enjoy in conducting price realism analyses. Where the solicitation does 

not include a methodology for conducting such an analysis, the agency’s discretion is even 

greater, they contend. 

 The purpose of price realism analyses is to consider whether offerors understand the 

RFP’s requirements for performing the contract. Plaintiff’s claim that ArrowPoint’s technical 

rating should have been discounted because of its proposed labor rates misapprehends that 
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purpose. Absent evidence in the Administrative Record that in fact intervenor did not understand 

the contract’s requirements, labor rate estimates were not relevant to the price realism analysis.

D. Best Value Determination 

 Best value determinations state their function by the name they carry. The term suggests 

the breadth of judgment that a government official must exercise in the course of making such a 

determination. Best value determinations require agency officials to balance the costs of 

contracts for goods or services to the Government, with the value of benefits to the Government 

offered by bidders. Such benefits may be technical, but they could be factors such as experience, 

strength of management, or various intangibles that may be seen as special benefits to the 

Government. If so, these benefits may offset higher costs of competing bids in the selection 

process. Making a best value determination requires a series of judgment calls. 

 Given the nature of a best value determination, and the burdens placed on who would 

overturn the bid process in general, it is not a surprise that judgment calls by government 

procurement experts are difficult to reverse. Plaintiff in this case contends that the contracting 

officer’s best value determination was unsupported by the Administrative Record. For example, 

plaintiff asserts that the record does not show how or whether the advantages of plaintiff’s 

“Superior” technical offering vis-a-vis ArrowPoint’s own proposal were considered when the 

contracting officer made his source selection decision. 

Tiber Creek notes that ArrowPoint’s technical approach, rated as “Acceptable,” had 

significant weaknesses that were not offset by strengths. Plaintiff believes that such a contractor 

would require special oversight to complete the contract satisfactorily. The contracting officer 

decided that plaintiff benefited from natural incumbent advantages in its bid proposal. As 

intervenor performed the contract, it would meet or exceed plaintiff’s operating standards when 

plaintiff itself performed the contract. In fact, Tiber Creek performed initially at the same level 

as ArrowPoint when plaintiff was first awarded its incumbent contract, the contracting officer 

stated. He regarded any differences in strength between plaintiff and intervenor as “marginal.”

Plaintiff’s own offer demonstrated “an exceptional understanding of the requirements,” 

according to the Source Selection Evaluation Board, and showed strengths and general expertise 

that intervenor did not possess. AR Tab 59:2164. Tiber Creek points to case law holding that 

procurement decisions are arbitrary and capricious if the offered explanation runs counter to 

evidence. Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 70 (Fed. Cl. 2006). The contracting 

officer’s decision on best value has no rational basis, plaintiff believes. 

Defendant and intervenor emphasize the “substantial discretion” afforded procurement 

officials in determining best value. In fact, the contracting officer has even greater discretion in 

making such a determination than he would if the contract were awarded based on cost alone. 

Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Courts are 

“highly deferential” to agency’s best value determinations. Femme Comp Inc. v. United States, 

83 Fed. Cl. 704, 727 (Fed. Cl. 2008).

A disappointed bidder’s mere disagreement with most agency decisions regarding bid 

evaluation and contract award does not meet its burden of showing that the decision was 

arbitrary and capricious. See, e.g., AM Gen., LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 653, 696 (Fed. 

Cl. 2014); Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 377 (Fed. Cl. 2003). The agency 

chose to award this contract to ArrowPoint instead of Tiber Creek because it determined that 
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plaintiff’s higher rating on technical factors did not merit the roughly $10 million premium on 

price. 

 Such a determination is very difficult to overturn, particularly when the contracting 

officer gives supporting rationale for his decision. For example, he noted that both offerors had a 

solid record of past performance, and he anticipated that the applicable sixty-day transition 

period would allow ArrowPoint to adjust to operational conditions and make other adjustments 

necessary for satisfactory completion of the contract. While plaintiff might not agree with such 

judgments, mere disagreement with procurement decisions does not meet a protestor’s burden of 

showing arbitrary and capricious behavior by the Government. 

CONCLUSION 

We considered plaintiff’s concerns with this procurement carefully, and compared its 

arguments and contentions with evidence available in the Administrative Record. The 

contracting officer made reasoned and conscientious decisions in the process of awarding this 

contract, and he was careful to document or otherwise support his rationale. Just as plaintiff finds 

it difficult to argue successfully against most judgment calls by the contracting officer, we 

cannot overrule his rational, well-documented decisions. For the most part, the contracting 

officer provided adequate explanations supporting his decisions for the Record, normally well 

beyond the conclusory. In such circumstances, we must deny plaintiff’s motion for judgment on 

the Administrative Record and reject its petition for an injunction. 

Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is DENIED. Defendant’s 

Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is GRANTED. Intervenor’s Motion for 

Judgment on the Administrative Record is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s Petition for Injunction is 

DENIED. The Clerk of Court will dismiss the complaint. No costs. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 s/Robert H. Hodges, Jr.

 Robert H. Hodges, Jr.

 Senior Judge