# Patent

## Title
Fast motion trick mode using non-progressive dummy bidirectional predictive pictures

## Abstract

The invention concerns a method (200) and system (100) performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures. The method includes the steps of selectively skipping (214) at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal in response to a trick mode command and selectively inserting (224) at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction. The method can also include the steps of monitoring (220) the trick mode video signal in which the step of selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal can be done if the bit rate of the trick mode video signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of, and is a non-provisional application of provisional application Ser. No. 60/334,914 filed Oct. 23, 2001.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The inventive arrangements relate generally to video systems and more particularly to video systems that record or play back digitally encoded video sequences.
2. Description of Related Art
Digital televisions (DTV) and high-definition televisions (HDTV) are gaining popularity in today's consumer electronics marketplace. Many purchasers of these types of televisions also buy digital video recorders or players, such as digital video disc (DVD) recorders or players, for purposes of viewing previously recorded programs or recording their favorite programs. Notably, the combination of a DTV (or an HDTV) and a digital video recorder or player can be an integral part of a home theater entertainment system.
A digital video recorder or player typically contains a Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) decoder to decode the digitally encoded multimedia data that is stored on the discs that the recorder or player plays. If the digital video recorder or player is connected to a conventional (non-DTV or non-HDTV) television, the digitally encoded signal will be decoded by the digital video recorder or player's MPEG decoder before being displayed on the conventional television. Significantly, however, many DTVs contain their own MPEG decoders. As such, if a digital video recorder or player is connected to a DTV, the video signal read from the disc is remotely decoded by the DTVs decoder. This configuration can be referred to as a remote decoder arrangement.
There is, however, an important disadvantage in decoding digitally encoded signals with a remote DTV decoder. Namely, it is very difficult to perform trick modes in this type of arrangement. A trick mode can be any playback of video in which the playback is not done at normal speed or in a forward direction. Oftentimes, a trick mode involves skipping a number of pictures in a video signal such as during a fast motion trick mode. Skipping pictures in a video signal being transmitted to a remote decoder can actually increase the average bit rate of the signal. As the bandwidth between the digital video recorder or player and the DTV is limited, performing a fast motion trick mode may cause the signal to exceed the maximum bit rate limit of the transmission channel.
For instance, in an MPEG video signal, there are three separate types of digitally encoded pictures: intra (I) pictures, predictive (P) pictures and bidirectional predictive (B) pictures. As is known in the art, I and P pictures contain relatively large amounts of encoded data, at least with respect to B pictures. During a fast motion trick mode, the first pictures in a group of pictures (GOP) to be skipped are typically the B pictures. As the B pictures are skipped, however, the average amount of encoded data for the remaining pictures, or the average number of bits per picture, in the GOP increases. Such a drawback can lead to buffer overflow and the loss of pictures during the display of the trick mode video signal.
In addition to the bit rate problem, there is another disadvantage to decoding video signals remotely: the repeated display of non-progressive pictures in such an arrangement can cause a vibration effect to appear in the display if the repeated pictures contain a moving object. To explain this drawback, a brief explanation of interlaced scanning is warranted.
Many televisions employ the interlaced scanning technique. Under this format, the video signal is typically divided into a predetermined number of horizontal lines. During each field period, only one-half of these lines are scanned; generally, the odd-numbered lines are scanned during the first field period, and the even-numbered lines are scanned during the next field period. Each sweep is referred to as a field, and when combined, the two fields form a complete picture or frame. For an NTSC system, sixty fields are displayed per second, resulting in a rate of thirty frames per second.
As a moving object moves across the screen in an interlaced scanning television, each field will only display a portion of the moving object. This partial display occurs because a field only displays every other horizontal line of the overall picture. For example, for a particular field n, only the odd-numbered horizontal lines are scanned, and the portion of the moving object that will be displayed in field n is the portion that is scanned during the odd-numbered horizontal line sweep for field n. The next field, field n+1, is created 1/60 of a second later and will display the even-numbered horizontal lines of the picture. Thus, the portion of the moving object that is displayed in field n+1 is the portion that is scanned during the even-numbered horizontal line sweep for field n+1. Although each field is temporally distinct, the human eye perceives the sequential display of the fields as smooth motion due to the speed at which the fields are displayed.
If a viewer activates a trick mode, the trick mode video signal may contain repeated pictures, pictures that were recorded under the interlaced scanning format. For example, if the viewer initiates a freeze trick mode on a particular picture, then that picture can be repeatedly transmitted to and decoded and displayed at the DTV containing the remote decoder. The display of the repeated picture, however, is in accordance with the normal display of a non-progressive picture, i.e, the fields that make up the non-progressive picture are alternately displayed.
If a moving object appears in the pictures recorded under the interlaced scanning format, each field will display the moving object in one specific position. Thus, as these fields are alternately displayed during the freeze trick mode, the moving object in the display rapidly moves from one position in the display to another; in effect, the moving object appears to vibrate. This vibration is created because the interlaced fields are temporally distinct, and the moving object appears in a different position for each field.
This problem is also present in DTVs that include a deinterlacer. As is known in the art, a deinterlacer can construct complete frames from an interlaced field. Thus, a deinterlacer can construct complete frames out of the fields that comprise the repeated non-progressive frame. Nevertheless, these complete frames constructed from the interlaced fields will also be displayed in an alternate fashion thereby creating the possibility of the vibration artifact. In addition, this vibration effect appears in not only a freeze trick mode but may also be present in any other trick mode in which non-progressive pictures are repeated. Thus, it is desirable to eliminate the bit rate problem and the vibration artifact without increasing system costs or complexity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns a method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures. The method includes the steps of selectively skipping at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal in response to a trick mode command and selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction. The method can also include the steps of monitoring the trick mode video signal and selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal if the bit rate of the trick mode video signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.
In one arrangement, each dummy bidirectional predictive picture is a one-directional predicted picture, and the method can further include the step of predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture. In addition, the predicting step can further include predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a single field associated with the reference picture. The reference picture can be an intra picture or a predictive picture.
In another arrangement, the trick mode command can be a fast motion trick mode. Also, the predicting step can further include predicting a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a first field associated with the reference picture and predicting a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a second field associated with the reference picture to help control a vibrating pictures artifact.
In one aspect of the invention, each of the plurality of original pictures can contain a display indicator, and the method can further include the step of selectively modifying the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures to reflect an intended display order when an original picture is skipped or when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted. The display indicator can be a temporal reference field.
Additionally, each temporal reference field can have an integer value, and the step of selectively modifying the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures can include the step of incrementally decreasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time an original picture is skipped. Further, the step of selectively modifying the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures can include the step of incrementally increasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal.
In another aspect, the method can further include the step of decoding at least a portion of the trick mode video signal with a remote decoder, and the trick mode can be a fast motion trick mode. The method can also include the step of predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture, and the reference picture can a non-progressive picture, a progressive picture or a field picture.
In one arrangement, the dummy bidirectional predictive picture can be a two directional predicted picture having a first field and a second field, and the method can include the step of predicting the first field from a first reference picture and the second field from a second reference picture. The step of predicting the first field and the second field of the dummy bidirectional predictive picture can further include the step of predicting the first field from a single field associated with the first reference picture and predicting the second field from a single field associated with the second reference picture. In addition, the method can further include the step of skipping a remaining original picture when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal to maintain a desired playback speed.
The invention also concerns a method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures in which each of the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures contains a display indicator. The method includes the steps of in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the non-progressively scanned original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal and selectively modifying the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures to reflect an intended display order each time a non-progressively scanned original picture is skipped. In addition, the method can further include the step of decoding at least a portion of this trick mode video signal with a remote decoder.
The present invention also concerns a system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures. The system includes a controller for reading data representative of the video signal from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of original pictures and a processor in which the processor is programmed to selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal in response to a trick mode command and selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction. The system also includes suitable software and circuitry to implement the methods as described above.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system that can perform a fast motion trick mode using dummy bidirectional predictive pictures in accordance with the inventive arrangements herein.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart that illustrates an operation of performing a fast motion trick mode using dummy bidirectional predictive pictures in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
FIG. 3 illustrates a typical group of pictures structure in an MPEG video signal containing non-progressive pictures.
FIG. 4A illustrates one example of inserting one directional predicted dummy bidirectional predictive pictures into a trick mode video signal in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
FIG. 4B illustrates another example of inserting one directional predicted dummy bidirectional predictive pictures into a trick mode video signal in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
FIG. 4C illustrates one example of inserting two directional predicted dummy bidirectional predictive pictures into a trick mode video signal in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
FIG. 4D illustrates one example of modifying display indicators of dummy bidirectional predictive pictures in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
FIG. 4E illustrates the process of skipping original pictures in a trick mode video signal following the insertion of dummy bidirectional pictures into such a signal.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A system 100 for implementing the various advanced operating features in accordance with the inventive arrangements is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 1. The invention, however, is not limited to the particular system illustrated in FIG. 1, as the invention can be practiced with any other system capable of receiving a digitally encoded signal and transferring that signal to a display device. In addition, the system 100 is not limited to reading data from or writing data to any particular type of storage medium, as any storage medium capable of storing digitally encoded data can be used with the system 100.
The system 100 can include a controller 110 for reading data from and writing data to a storage medium 112. The system 100 can also have a searching engine 114, a microprocessor 116, a transmission buffer 117 and a display device 118. The searching engine 114 can contain suitable software and circuitry for locating one or more particular types of pictures in a video signal read from the storage medium 112. Control and data interfaces can also be provided for permitting the microprocessor 116 to control the operation of the controller 110 and the searching engine 114. Suitable software or firmware can be provided in memory for the conventional operations performed by the microprocessor 116. Further, program routines can be provided for the microprocessor 116 in accordance with the inventive arrangements.
It should be understood that all or portions of the searching engine 114 and the microprocessor 116 can be a processor 120 within contemplation of the present invention. Further, all or portions of the controller 110, the searching engine 114, the microprocessor 116 and the transmission buffer 117 can be a bitstream source 122 within contemplation of the present invention. In one arrangement, the display device 118 can contain its own decoder 119 for decoding all or a portion of any video signal read from the storage medium 112 and processed by the bitstream source 122. In this particular arrangement, the decoder (not shown) in the bitstream source 122 typically does not decode the video signal read from the storage medium 112. This particular embodiment can be referred to as a remote decoder arrangement. It should be noted, however, that the invention is not limited to this arrangement, as the invention can be practiced in other suitable systems.
In operation, the controller 110 can read a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures from the storage medium 112. These original pictures can be non-progressive pictures, progressive pictures or field pictures. In one arrangement, if the microprocessor 116 receives a trick mode command such as a fast motion command, then the microprocessor 116 can signal the searching engine 114 to locate one or more suitable original pictures in the trick mode video signal for purposes of skipping such a picture. Once located, the searching engine 114 can signal the microprocessor 116, and the microprocessor 116 can selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal. The skipped pictures will not be decoded nor will they be displayed during the trick mode.
In addition, during the trick mode command, the microprocessor 116 can signal the searching engine 114 to locate another set of one or more suitable original pictures for purposes of inserting dummy bidirectional predictive (dummy B) pictures into the trick mode video signal. A dummy B picture is a B picture that can be predicted from certain pictures in which the dummy B picture's motion vectors are set to zero and its residual signal is set to zero or not encoded.
Once a suitable original picture is located, the searching engine 114 can signal the microprocessor 116, and the microprocessor 116 can generate a corresponding dummy B picture predicted from the located original picture. The microprocessor 116 can then selectively insert at least one of the corresponding dummy B pictures such that the dummy B picture is sent to the transmission buffer 117 and on to the display device 118 and decoder 119. Inserting dummy B pictures in the trick mode video signal can cause the overall bit rate of the signal to decrease, as dummy B pictures contain relatively small amounts of encoded data.
Generating dummy B pictures in this manner, i.e., when the microprocessor 116 receives a trick mode command, is referred to as generating dummy B pictures “on-the-fly.” Alternatively, the microprocessor 116 can generate dummy B pictures prior to the initiation of a trick mode command in which one or more of the dummy B pictures can be stored in memory (not shown). Once the microprocessor 116 receives a trick mode command, the microprocessor 116 can retrieve one or more of the dummy B pictures from memory and insert them into the trick mode video signal. In either arrangement, the dummy B pictures can be used to repeat original pictures such that the dummy B picture is transmitted to the display device 118 and displayed.
In another aspect of the invention, the microprocessor 116 can monitor the bit rate of the trick mode video signal. If the bit rate of the trick mode video signal exceeds a predetermined threshold, then the microprocessor 116, in conjunction with the searching engine 114, can perform the selectively inserting step discussed above in which at least one dummy B picture can be inserted in the trick mode video signal. Also, the microprocessor 116 can insert dummy B pictures into the trick mode video signal that are constructed using a form of field-based prediction to avoid the vibrating pictures problem. Several different techniques of inserting dummy B pictures into a trick mode video signal will be discussed later. In another arrangement, the microprocessor 116 can also skip a remaining original picture when a dummy B picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal to maintain a desired playback speed.
In another arrangement, the microprocessor 116 can modify certain portions of information contained within one or more of the plurality of original pictures contained in the trick mode video signal to reflect an intended display order. This modification step can be performed whether original pictures are skipped or dummy B pictures are inserted in the video signal. The overall operation of the invention will be discussed in greater detail below.
Referring to FIG. 2, a method 200 that demonstrates one way to operate in a trick mode, such as a fast motion trick mode, using non-progressive dummy B pictures is illustrated. In one arrangement, the invention can be practiced in a remote decoder arrangement. For purposes of the invention, a remote decoder arrangement can be any system in which at least a portion of the pictures in a video signal can be decoded by a decoder that is external to and not under the control of a bitstream source that is providing the pictures to the decoder.
As an example, the bitstream source can be an optical storage medium player or recorder that reads multimedia data from an optical storage medium and transfers this data over a transmission channel to a digital television, which contains its own decoder. It is understood, however, that the invention is not limited to this example or even a remote decoder arrangement, as the invention can be practiced in any other suitable system or arrangement.
At step 210, a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures can be read. The original pictures can be non-progressive pictures, progressive pictures or field pictures. At step 212, a trick mode command can be received. For purposes of the invention, the trick mode command can be any command in which one or more of the original pictures are to be skipped, including a fast motion command such as fast forward or fast reverse. As shown at step 214, at least one of the original pictures can be selectively skipped. This selective skipping of pictures converts the video signal to a trick mode video signal.
In one arrangement, the first original pictures to be skipped can be B pictures. Referring to FIG. 3, a typical group of pictures (GOP) 300 containing non-progressive pictures in display order is shown. The subscript numbers indicate when each picture will be displayed—relative to the other pictures in the GOP—at a normal playback speed. The lowercase letter “t” can represent a top field, and the lowercase letter “b” can represent a bottom field. This GOP 300 can be one of many GOPs in a video signal. Although the invention is not limited to this particular GOP structure, the GOP 300 will serve to illustrate how a fast motion trick mode can be performed. For example, if a fast forward playback of 3× is desired (1× represents normal playback), then all the B pictures in the GOP 300 can be skipped. Thus, for this particular GOP, only the picture I2 and the P pictures will be transmitted and/or decoded and displayed.
For a faster trick mode speed, some of the P pictures can be skipped, and at certain speeds, the entire GOP 300 (including picture I2) may be skipped. If P pictures are to be skipped, those of skill in the art will realize that it would be preferable to first skip the P pictures towards the end of the GOP. In this example, picture P14 would be skipped first and then picture P11 would be skipped and so on. Skipping pictures in this manner can preserve the proper decoding sequence necessary to decode those pictures that will be displayed during the trick mode.
In another embodiment, each of the plurality of original pictures can contain a display indicator. As determined at decision block 216, if the display indicators of these pictures are to be selectively modified, the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures can be selectively modified, as shown at step 218. Notably, modifying these display indicators can reflect an intended display order of the plurality of original pictures when an original picture is skipped. If the display indicators are not to be modified, then the method 200 can continue at step 220.
In one arrangement, the display indicator can be a temporal reference field. A temporal reference field is typically a ten bit field located in the picture header of digitally encoded pictures. Some decoders rely on the temporal reference field to determine when a particular picture in a video signal will be displayed relative to other pictures in the video signal. This field normally has an integer value.
As an example, referring once again to FIG. 3, a GOP 300 contains fifteen pictures. The subscript numbers for the pictures in the GOP 300 can correspond to the integer values for each respective picture's temporal reference field. For instance, the temporal reference field of picture B0, the first picture in the GOP, can have an integer value of zero. The temporal reference field of picture B1, the next picture to be displayed, can have an integer value of one. Thus, the integer value of the temporal reference field for each subsequent picture to be displayed can be increased by one, all the way to picture P14, whose temporal reference field can have an integer value of 14. For convenience, the phrase “integer value of the temporal reference field” can also be referred to as “integer value.”
When an original picture is skipped, however, the display order according to the temporal reference fields of the original pictures is no longer valid. Accordingly, the integer value of the temporal reference fields of the original pictures that follow the skipped original pictures can be modified to indicate a proper display order.
For example, if pictures B9 and B10 are skipped, then the integer values of those original pictures that follow can be decreased by a value of two. So, the integer value of the temporal reference field of picture P11 can be modified from eleven to nine, the integer value of the temporal reference field of picture B12 can be modified from twelve to ten and so on. This modification process can continue until the end of the GOP 300 is reached and can ensure that the remaining pictures in the GOP 300 will be displayed in a proper order. Thus, each time an original picture in a GOP is skipped, the integer values of the temporal reference fields of the remaining pictures in that GOP can be decreased by a value of one.
The step of modifying the integer values of the temporal reference fields of the non-skipped pictures in other GOPs in the trick mode video signal can be carried out in accordance with these examples. It must be noted, however, that the invention is not limited to this particular example, as other ways to modify the integer values of the relevant temporal reference fields to reflect an intended display order can be performed in any other suitable fashion. Moreover, it should be noted that the invention is not limited to the use of a temporal reference field, as any other suitable display indicator can be modified to reflect an intended display order in either of the embodiments discussed above.
Referring back to method 200 in FIG. 2, at step 220 the bit rate of the trick mode video signal can be monitored during the trick mode command. Monitoring the bit rate of the trick mode video signal may be necessary during a fast motion trick mode because, as mentioned earlier, skipping pictures may result in an increased average bit rate. In certain cases, this increased bit rate may exceed the maximum allowable bit rate for the transmission channel that is carrying the video signal. For purposes of the invention, this maximum allowable bit rate for the transmission channel can be referred to as a predetermined threshold.
At decision block 222, it can be determined whether the bit rate of the trick mode video signal has exceeded this predetermined threshold. If the bit rate has not reached the predetermined threshold, then the method 200 can continue at decision block 230. Referring back to step 222, if the bit rate has exceeded the predetermined threshold, then one or more dummy B pictures can be inserted in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction, as shown at step 224. That is, a dummy B picture can contain one or more fields, and each field can be predicted from another frame or field picture, including any field that makes up a frame picture. As will be explained below, inserting dummy B pictures into the trick mode video signal can help lower the bit rate of such a signal.
As previously explained, a dummy B picture is a B picture that can be predicted from certain pictures in which the dummy B picture's motion vectors are set to zero and its residual signal is set to zero or not encoded. For example, in MPEG signals, a dummy B picture's discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients can be set to zero or not encoded. As such, a dummy B picture contains very little information. A dummy B picture's primary purpose is to duplicate or repeat the picture from which it was predicted using very few bits. Thus, as dummy B pictures are placed into a fast motion trick mode video signal, the average number of bits per picture in the GOP decreases thereby lowering the average bit rate.
A picture from which a dummy B picture is predicted is commonly referred to as a reference picture, and any number of the original pictures can be reference pictures. In one arrangement, the reference picture can be either an I picture or a P picture. In another arrangement, the dummy B pictures that are inserted in the trick mode video signal can be one-directional prediction pictures. A one-directional prediction picture is predicted from merely one picture, whereas a B picture is generally predicted from two separate pictures. The one-directional dummy B pictures can either be forward predicted dummy B pictures or backward predicted dummy B pictures.
If the dummy B picture is a forward predicted dummy B picture, then the dummy B picture can be predicted from a reference picture that is before (in display order) the dummy B picture. In contrast, if the dummy B picture is a backward predicted dummy B picture, then the dummy B picture can be predicted from a reference picture that follows (in display order) the dummy B picture. Because they are predicted merely from one picture, one-directional prediction dummy B pictures can be suitable for repeating or duplicating pictures.
To illustrate an example of the insertion of dummy B pictures in a trick mode video signal, attention is once again directed to the GOP 300 in FIG. 3. If all the B pictures are skipped and pictures P14 and P11 are skipped (a playback speed of 5×), then any number of dummy B pictures can be inserted into the trick mode video signal to help lower the bit rate. These dummy B pictures can be predicted from either picture I2, P5 or P8.
One example of inserting dummy B pictures in a trick mode video signal using such a GOP is illustrated in FIG. 4A. As shown in a trick mode GOP 400, two dummy B frame pictures can be inserted into the trick mode video signal in which the dummy B frame pictures are predicted from reference picture I2 (the lowercase “d” indicates that a B picture is a dummy B picture). In this particular example, the fields that comprise the dummy B frame pictures can be predicted from a single field associated with the reference picture, in this case, field I2b of picture I2. Of course, the invention is not limited to this particular example, as any suitable number of dummy B frame pictures predicted from any other suitable reference picture can be inserted into the trick mode video signal.
Moreover, each field of each dummy B frame picture can be predicted from any suitable field of its corresponding reference picture, and the invention is not limited to predicting dummy B frame pictures from a single field associated with a reference picture. Also, even though the above example illustrates the use of forward predicted dummy B frame pictures, backward dummy B frame pictures can be used as well.
Referring back to the example shown in FIG. 4A, using this particular prediction scheme in which the fields of dummy B frame pictures are predicted from a single fields associated with a corresponding reference picture can help control the vibrating pictures artifact in addition to keeping the bit rate of the signal at an acceptable level. Specifically, predicting the fields of the dummy B frame pictures from a single field of the reference picture if dummy B frame pictures are used during a trick mode can produce a display in which a moving object appears in one specific position for each of the fields of the dummy B frame pictures to be displayed.
That is, if a moving object appears in the reference picture from which the dummy B frame pictures are predicted and the fields of the dummy B frame pictures are predicted from a single field of this reference picture, then each field of the dummy B frame pictures will include the moving object in the same position as it is located in the single reference field. Accordingly, as the dummy B frame pictures are displayed during the trick mode, the moving object does not appear to vibrate.
In addition to inserting dummy B frame pictures, dummy B field pictures can be inserted into the video signal in accordance with the above discussion to create a trick mode video signal. These field pictures, by their very nature, can be predicted from a single field of a reference picture. For purposes of the invention and in view of the foregoing discussion, the term “dummy B pictures” can include dummy B frame pictures and dummy B field pictures except where expressly indicated.
Another example of inserting dummy B frame pictures into a trick mode video signal is illustrated in FIG. 4B. As shown in a trick mode GOP 410 (all the B pictures and pictures P11 and P14 have been skipped), a backward predicted dummy B frame picture can be predicted from, for example, field I2t of the reference picture I2, and a forward predicted dummy B frame picture can be predicted from, for example, field I2b of the reference picture I2. As such, a predetermined number of dummy B frame pictures can be predicted from a first field associated with a reference picture, and a predetermined number of dummy B frame pictures can be predicted from a second field associated with the reference picture. Similar to the example described in relation to FIG. 4A, predicting dummy B frame pictures in this manner can help control the vibrating pictures problem.
The insertion of dummy B pictures can also reduce the choppiness of the display of the trick mode video signal, which can be particularly troublesome at a very fast motion trick mode. For example, referring back to the GOP 300 in FIG. 3, if a 15× playback is to be performed (either in a forward or a reverse direction), then only picture I2 will be decoded and displayed. This algorithm also applies to any other GOPs in the trick mode video signal. Thus, only the I pictures in subsequent GOPs for a fast forward trick mode and preceding GOPs for a fast reverse trick mode will be decoded and displayed. Such a display, however, can be very choppy and may cause an uncomfortable viewing experience, as jumping from I picture to I picture at a high rate may be difficult to follow because of scene changes or sudden appearances and disappearances of moving objects in the display.
Continuing with the example, inserting one or more dummy B pictures into the trick mode video signal either before or after each I picture, however, can enhance the display of the trick mode. For example, a number of dummy B pictures predicted from picture I2 can be inserted into the trick mode video signal. Such an insertion can be in accordance with the discussion relating to the examples illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B or any other suitable prediction scheme. Because they are repeats of picture I2, the dummy B pictures increase the amount of time the information in picture I2 is displayed thereby reducing the choppiness of the display. This insertion step can also lower the average bit rate of the trick mode video signal, as, in this example, the signal will have a relatively high bit rate because only I pictures are being transmitted.
Because of their versatility, dummy B pictures can be inserted in almost any location in a trick mode video signal and at any suitable fast motion trick mode speed. Accordingly, the invention is in no way limited to the foregoing examples, as those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous insertion sequences that can be used to lower the bit rate of a trick mode video signal or to reduce the choppiness of such a signal.
The invention is not limited to one directional prediction dummy B pictures either. For instance, one or more of the dummy B pictures can be two directional predicted pictures. As an example, a first field of a dummy B picture can be predicted from a field associated with a first reference picture, and a second field of the dummy B picture can be predicted from a field associated with a second reference picture. This prediction scheme can be in accordance with the above discussion such that one of the fields of the dummy B picture can be either a backward or a forward predicted picture and the other field of the dummy B picture can have a prediction direction opposite that of the first field.
An example of this type of field-based prediction is shown in FIG. 4C. A GOP 420 is a trick mode GOP in which all the dummy B pictures and pictures P11 and P14 have been skipped. A two directional predicted dummy B picture can be inserted between picture I2 and picture P5. The first field of the dummy B picture, Bdt, can be predicted from the field I2b of picture I2, and the second field of the dummy B picture, Bdb, can be predicted from the field P5t of picture P5. Similarly, a two directional predicted dummy B picture can be inserted in between picture P5 and picture P8. The first field of the dummy B picture, Bdt, can be predicted from the field P5b, and the second field of the dummy B picture, Bdb, can be predicted from the field P8t. Using two directional predicted dummy B pictures in this manner, similar to the previous examples, can help control the vibrating pictures artifact and can lower the bit rate of the trick mode video signal.
Of course, the invention is not limited to this example, as other prediction schemes employing two directional predicted dummy B pictures can be used. Furthermore, in each of the examples discussed in relation to FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C, the dummy B pictures are not limited to being predicted from non-progressive pictures, as the dummy B pictures can be predicted from progressive pictures and field pictures.
Like the process of skipping pictures, if dummy B pictures are inserted into the trick mode video signal, the display order according to the temporal reference fields of the original pictures is no longer valid. Thus, the integer value of the temporal reference fields of the original pictures that follow the inserted dummy B pictures can be modified in accordance with the discussion relating to steps 216 and 218 to indicate a proper display order with one slight difference: when inserting dummy B pictures, the integer value of the temporal reference fields of the original pictures that follow can be increased by an appropriate value to reflect an intended display order.
As an example, if all the B pictures and the last two P pictures in the GOP 400 are skipped, then only picture I2, P5 and P8 would remain. To reflect an intended display order, the integer value of the temporal reference field for picture I2 can be modified from two to zero, the integer value for P5 can be modified from five to one and the integer value for P8 can be modified from eight to three.
Referring to FIG. 4D and a GOP 430, if, for example, two dummy B pictures are inserted into the trick mode video signal following picture I0 (formerly picture I2), the integer values for the remaining P pictures would be as follows: the integer value for P1 (formerly picture P5) can be modified from one to three, and the integer value for P2 (formerly picture P8) can be modified from two to four. In addition, the integer value for the first dummy B picture can be set to one, and the integer value of the second dummy B picture can be set to two. As a result, each time a dummy B picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal, the integer value of the temporal reference fields of the following remaining original pictures can be increased by an integer value of one.
It is understood, however, that this process can be performed irrespective of whether dummy B pictures are being inserted into the trick mode video signal. Thus, the step of modifying a display indicator can be performed during a conventional fast motion trick mode in which pictures are merely skipped and no dummy B pictures are inserted into the trick mode video signal.
Referring back to the method 200, at step 226, it can be determined whether any remaining original pictures are to be skipped to maintain a desired playback speed. The addition of dummy B pictures into the trick mode video signal will decrease the playback speed of the trick mode. The decreased playback speed, however, may not be desirable. As such, when a dummy B picture is inserted into the trick mode video signal, one or more remaining original pictures can be skipped to maintain the preferred playback speed, as shown at step 228.
An example of this process is illustrated in FIG. 4E. A GOP 440 is a trick mode GOP in which all the B pictures have been skipped. The resulting playback speed is 3×. As an example, two backward predicted dummy B pictures predicted from field I2t of picture I2 can be inserted into the trick mode video signal. After the first dummy B picture is inserted into the trick mode video signal, however, picture P14 can be skipped to keep the playback speed at 3×. Also, once the second dummy B picture is inserted, picture P11 can be skipped to maintain the preferred playback speed.
The invention is by no means limited to this particular example, as any other suitable remaining original pictures can be skipped to preserve the desired playback speed. It is also understood that the invention is not limited to a one-to-one correspondence in which a remaining original picture is skipped each time a dummy B picture is inserted into the trick mode video signal. That is, any suitable number of remaining original pictures, including none, can be skipped following the insertion of a dummy B picture into the trick mode signal. In fact, even entire GOPs can be skipped for purposes of maintaining the preferred playback speed. Following the insertion of dummy B pictures and the skipping of original pictures, the display indicators of any remaining original pictures that follow the inserted dummy B pictures can be modified in accordance with steps 216 and 218.
Referring back to decision block 222 in FIG. 2, if the bit rate of the trick mode video signal has not exceeded the predetermined threshold, then the method 200 can continue to step 230. At step 230, if the trick mode is to continue, then the trick mode can do so at step 214. If not, normal playback can resume at step 232. As method 200 is merely one example of the inventive arrangements, it is understood that the trick mode can be rescinded at any other suitable step in the method 200.
Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein, it should be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

## Claims

1. A method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising the steps of:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal;
selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction;
monitoring the trick mode video signal; and
wherein the step of selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal is done if a bit rate of the trick mode video signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each dummy bidirectional predictive picture is a one-directional predicted picture and the method further comprises the step of predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said predicting step further comprises predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a single field associated with the reference picture.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the reference picture is a picture selected from the group comprising an intra picture and a predictive picture.

5. A method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising the steps of:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal; and
selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction,
wherein the trick mode command is a fast motion trick mode and said predicting step further comprises predicting a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a first field associated with the reference picture and predicting a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a second field associated with the reference picture to help control a vibrating pictures artifact.

6. A method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising the steps of:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal;
selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction;
wherein each of the plurality of original pictures contains a display indicator and the method further comprises the step of selectively modifying the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures to reflect an intended display order when an original picture is skipped or a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the display indicator is a temporal reference field.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein each temporal reference field has an integer value and the step of selectively modifying the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures comprises the step of incrementally decreasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time an original picture is skipped.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein each temporal reference field has an integer value and the step of selectively modifying the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures further comprises the step of incrementally increasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of decoding at least a portion of the trick mode video signal with a remote decoder.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the trick mode is a fast motion trick mode.

12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of predicting each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture and the reference picture is a picture selected from the group comprising a non-progressive picture, a progressive picture or a field picture.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dummy bidirectional predictive picture is a two directional predicted picture having a first field and a second field and the method further comprises the step of predicting the first field from a first reference picture and the second field from a second reference picture.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said step of predicting the first field and the second field of the dummy bidirectional predictive picture further comprises the step of predicting the first field from a single field associated with the first reference picture and predicting the second field from a single field associated with the second reference picture.

15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of skipping a remaining original picture when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal to maintain a desired playback speed.

16. In a remote decoder arrangement, a method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, wherein each of the plurality of original pictures contains a display indicator, comprising the steps of:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal;
monitoring a bit rate of the trick mode video signal;
selectively inserting at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction if the bit rate exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
selectively modifying the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures to reflect an intended display order when an original picture is skipped or when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal.

17. A method of performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures, wherein each of the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures contains a display indicator, comprising the steps of:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skipping at least one of the non-progressively scanned original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal; and
selectively modifying the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures to reflect an intended display order each time a non-progressively scanned original picture is skipped.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising the step of decoding at least a portion of the trick mode video signal with a remote decoder.

19. A system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising:
a controller for reading data from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of original pictures; and
a processor, wherein the processor is programmed to:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal;
selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction;
monitor the trick mode video signal; and
selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal if the bit rate of the trick mode video signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein each dummy bidirectional predictive picture is a one-directional predicted picture and the processor is further programmed to predict each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture.

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein the processor is further programmed to predict each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a single field associated with the reference picture.

22. The system according to claim 21, wherein the reference picture is a picture selected from the group comprising an intra picture and a predictive picture.

23. A system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising:
a controller for reading data from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of original pictures; and
a processor, wherein the processor is programmed to:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal; and
selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction;
wherein the trick mode command is a fast motion trick mode and the processor is further programmed to predict a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a first field associated with the reference picture and to predict a predetermined number of the dummy bidirectional predictive pictures from a second field associated with the reference picture to help control a vibrating pictures artifact.

24. A system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, comprising:
a controller for reading data from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of original pictures; and
a processor, wherein the processor is programmed to:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal; and
selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction;
wherein each of the plurality of original pictures contains a display indicator and the processor is further programmed to selectively modify the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures to reflect an intended display order when an original picture is skipped or when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein the display indicator is a temporal reference field.

26. The system according to claim 25, wherein each temporal reference field has an integer value and the processor is further programmed to selectively modify the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures by incrementally decreasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time an original picture is skipped.

27. The system according to claim 25, wherein each temporal reference field has an integer value and the processor is further programmed to selectively modify the temporal reference field of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures by incrementally increasing by one the integer value of the temporal reference field each time a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal.

28. The system according to claim 19, further comprising a remote decoder for remotely decoding at least a portion of the trick mode video signal.

29. The system according to claim 19, wherein the trick mode is a fast motion trick mode.

30. The system according to claim 19, wherein the processor is further programmed to predict each dummy bidirectional predictive picture from a reference picture and the reference picture is a picture selected from the group comprising a non-progressive picture, a progressive picture or a field picture.

31. The system according to claim 19, wherein the dummy bidirectional predictive picture is a two directional predictive picture having a first field and a second field and the processor is further programmed to predict the first field from a first reference picture and the second field from a second reference picture.

32. The system according to claim 31, wherein the processor is further programmed to predict the first field from a single field associated with the first reference picture and to predict the second field from a single field associated with the second reference picture.

33. The system according to claim 19, wherein the processor is further programmed to skip a remaining original picture when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal to maintain a desired playback speed.

34. In a remote decoder arrangement, a system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of original pictures, wherein each of the plurality of original pictures contains a display indicator, comprising:
a controller for reading data from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of original pictures; and
a processor, wherein the processor is programmed to:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skip at least one of the original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal;
monitor a bit rate of the trick mode video signal;
selectively insert at least one dummy bidirectional predictive picture in the trick mode video signal using field-based prediction if the bit rate exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
selectively modify the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of original pictures to reflect an intended display order when an original picture is skipped or when a dummy bidirectional predictive picture is inserted in the trick mode video signal.

35. A system for performing a trick mode on a video signal containing a plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures, wherein each of the non-progressively scanned original pictures contains a display indicator, comprising:
a controller for reading data from a storage medium and outputting the video signal containing the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures; and
a processor, wherein the processor is programmed to:
in response to a trick mode command, selectively skip at least one of the non-progressively scanned original pictures to convert the video signal to a trick mode video signal; and
selectively modify the display indicator of at least a portion of the plurality of non-progressively scanned original pictures to reflect an intended display order each time a non-progressively scanned original picture is skipped.

36. The system according to claim 35, further comprising a remote decoder for decoding at least a portion of the trick mode video signal.