Contacts:))Ellen)Mecray)(Ellen.L.Mecray@noaa.gov)

പപപപ^ĂŵĂŶƚŚĂŽƌŝƐŽī;ƐŐŚρΘΛĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵͿ

Eastern(Region(Quarterly(Climate(Impacts(and(Outlook|(March(2013(

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĚƌŽƵŐŚƚͬĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ

Quarterly Climate Impacts 

and Outlook

Eastern Region

March 2013

National - 6LJQLÀFDQW(YHQWVIRU'HFHPEHU)HEUXDU\

Temperature and Precipitation Anomalies Drought in the East

Regional - &OLPDWH2YHUYLHZIRU'HFHPEHU)HEUXDU\

Percent'of'Normal'Precipitation'(%)

12/1/2012'7'2/28/2013

Departure'from'Normal'Temperature'(°F)

12/1/2012'7'2/28/2013

U.S.'Drought'Monitor

3/19/2013

December

January

Highlights for the East

December(2012(ranked(as(one(of(the(top(

11(warmest(for(15(of(the(16(Eastern(Region(

states.(The(month(also(ranked(among(the(top(

ϮϬǁĞƩĞƐƚŝŶϭϬƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘dŚĞǁĂƌŵĞĐĞŵďĞƌ

helped(2012(become(the(warmest(year(on(

record(in(9(states(and(rank(in(the(top(6(warmest(

in(the(other(7(states.(

Warm(air(in(advance(of(a(powerful(low(

pressure(system(set(high(temperature(records(

at(21(climate(sites(from(January(30H31.(The(

ƐƚŽƌŵƐLJƐƚĞŵďƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĂǀLJƌĂŝŶ͕ŇĂƐŚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕

ĂŶĚĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞǁŝŶĚƐ͘dǁŽĨƵŶŶĞůĐůŽƵĚƐǁĞƌĞ

ƐƉŽƩĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͘

In(early(February(a(clipper(system(and(a(coastal(

storm(merged(along(the(Northeast(coast.(The(

ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌŵĚƌŽƉƉĞĚƵƉƚŽκϬ͟ŽĨƐŶŽǁ

ŝŶŽŶŶĞĐƟĐƵƚ͕ĂŶĚǁŝŶĚŐƵƐƚƐŽĨΘϯŵƉŚǁĞƌĞ

ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ͘dŚĞϮͲĚĂLJƐŶŽǁ

ƚŽƚĂůƌĂŶŬĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƚŽƉρŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚĂƚΘĐůŝŵĂƚĞ

ƐŝƚĞƐǁŝƚŚκŽĨƚŚŽƐĞƐŝƚĞƐƐĞƫŶŐŶĞǁƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ͘

An(EFH0(tornado(touched(down(in(Johnson(

ŽƵŶƚLJ͕E͕ŽŶ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮς͘dŚĞƐŚŽƌƚͲůŝǀĞĚ

storm(destroyed(a(barn(and(caused(damage(to(

several(other(structures.(

WŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚϬĂŶĚϭĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƐƉŽƩLJ

ϮĂŶĚϯĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŚĂůĨ

ŽĨǁŝŶƚĞƌŝŶsŝƌŐŝŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƌŽůŝŶĂƐ͘DƵĐŚͲ

ŶĞĞĚĞĚƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵůĂƚĞ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ

&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐďLJŽŶĞƚŽƚǁŽ

intensity(levels(in(those(states.(Abnormal(

dryness(in(parts(of(upstate(New(York(and(the(

ŽŶŶĞĐƟĐƵƚZŝǀĞƌsĂůůĞLJůŝŶŐĞƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ

ǁŝŶƚĞƌǁŚŝůĞĚƌŽƵŐŚƚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ

ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŶKŚŝŽ͘

WŚŝůĞĚƌLJĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŝŶĂƵƚƵŵŶ͕

ǁŝŶƚĞƌůĞŌƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶϭρйǁĞƩĞƌ

than(normal.(The(season(ranked(in(the(top(

ϯϬǁĞƩĞƐƚĨŽƌεƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚϭϮƐƚĂƚĞƐďĞŝŶŐ

ǁĞƩĞƌƚŚĂŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘sŝƌŐŝŶŝĂǁĂƐƚŚĞǁĞƩĞƐƚ

ĂƚϮϮйĂďŽǀĞŶŽƌŵĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŝƌ

ϭεƚŚǁĞƩĞƐƚǁŝŶƚĞƌŝŶϭϭΘLJĞĂƌƐ͘&ŽƵƌƐƚĂƚĞƐ

ended(this(winter(drier(than(normal.(Despite(

record(snowfall(from(the(February(blizzard,(

ŽŶŶĞĐƟĐƵƚǁĂƐƚŚĞĚƌŝĞƐƚƐƚĂƚĞǁŝƚŚϭρйůĞƐƐ

ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƚŚĂŶŶŽƌŵĂů͘

AŌĞƌĂĐŽŽůĂƵƚƵŵŶ͕ǁŝŶƚĞƌϮϬϭϮͲϭϯǁĂƐ

warmer(than(normal.(The(Eastern(Region’s(

ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨϯκ͘ϯΣ&ǁĂƐϮ͘ςΣ&

above(normal.(All(states(ranked(this(winter(

as(one(of(their(top(25(warmest(on(record.(In(

terms(of(departure(from(normal,(Delaware(was(

the(warmest(state(at(+3.9°F,(making(it(their(5th(

warmest(winter.(Departures(for(the(rest(of(the(

ƐƚĂƚĞƐƌĂŶŐĞĚĨƌŽŵнϮ͘ϭΣ&ŝŶŽŶŶĞĐƟĐƵƚ͕ƚŚĞŝƌ

ϭρƚŚǁĂƌŵĞƐƚǁŝŶƚĞƌ͕ƚŽнϯ͘ΘΣ&ŝŶsĞƌŵŽŶƚ͕

their(9th(warmest.

dŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŐƵŽƵƐhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐǁŝŶƚĞƌǁĂƐϯκ͘ϯΣ&͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚƚŚĞϮϬƚŚ

ǁĂƌŵĞƐƚǁŝŶƚĞƌŽŶƌĞĐŽƌĚ͘tŝŶƚĞƌϮϬϭϮͲϭϯǁĂƐϮ͘ϭΣ&ĐŽŽůĞƌƚŚĂŶǁŝŶƚĞƌϮϬϭϭͲϭϮ͘dŽƚĂůǁŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ

ŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŐƵŽƵƐhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͘ǁĂƐĂďŽǀĞŶŽƌŵĂů͘dŚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶƐĂǁĂŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJĂǀĞƌĂŐĞĚƚŽƚĂůŽĨϳ͘ϭϬ͟ŽĨ

ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŚĞϮρƚŚǁĞƩĞƐƚǁŝŶƚĞƌŝŶϭϭΘLJĞĂƌƐ͘
Regional - for December 2012 - February 2013

Contacts:))Ellen)Mecray)(Ellen.L.Mecray@noaa.gov)

പപപപ^ĂŵĂŶƚŚĂŽƌŝƐŽī;ƐŐŚρΘΛĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵͿ

Eastern(Region(Quarterly(Climate(Impacts(and(Outlook|(March(2013(

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĚƌŽƵŐŚƚͬĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ

Regional Outlook - for Spring 2013 Eastern Region Partners

EĂƟŽŶĂůKĐĞĂŶŝĐĂŶĚƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ

www.noaa.gov

EĂƟŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƟĐĂƚĂĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶĐĚĐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EĂƟŽŶĂůtĞĂƚŚĞƌ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞͲĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶ

ǁǁǁ͘ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͘ŐŽǀ

EK&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĞŶƚĞƌƐĂŶĚ

ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůKĸĐĞƐ͕EŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚĂŶĚ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶŵĨƐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

ŽĂƐƚĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚEĂƟŽŶĂůĞŶƚĞƌƐĨŽƌKĐĞĂŶ

ĂŶĚŽĂƐƚĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ

ǁǁǁ͘ŽĐĞĂŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EKZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͲůŝŵĂƚĞWƌŽŐƌĂŵKĸĐĞĂŶĚ

'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů&ůƵŝĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ>Ăď

www.oar.noaa.gov

EKEĂƟŽŶĂů^ĞĂ'ƌĂŶƚKĸĐĞ

www.seagrant.noaa.gov

EK͛ƐEŽƌƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐ͕^ŽƵƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐ͕ĂŶĚ'ƌĞĂƚ

>ĂŬĞƐZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶdĞĂŵƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

ůŝŵĂƚĞWƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐƉĐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƚĞĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶƌĐĐ͘ĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵ

^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƚĞĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ƐĞƌĐĐ͘ĐŽŵ

EĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

^LJƐƚĞŵ;E//^Ϳ

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀ

ĂƌŽůŝŶĂƐ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƐĂ͘ƐĐ͘ĞĚƵ

ŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞZŝƐŬŝŶƚŚĞhƌďĂŶEŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐƌƵŶ͘ŽƌŐ

ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌEŽƌƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐŝŶĂƌ͘ŽƌŐ

ĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞůŝŵĂƚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ƐƚĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ŽƌŐ

͗ηƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐůŝŵĂƚĞŽƵƚůŽŽŬƐ

3-Month Temperature 

Outlook 

U.S. Seasonal Drought 

Outlook 

With(the(

equatorial(

WĂĐŝĮĐǁĂƚĞƌ

temperatures(

near(average,(

E^K;ůEŝŶŽͬ

^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ

KƐĐŝůůĂƟŽŶͿ

neutral(

ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ

ĂƌĞĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƚƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ^ƉƌŝŶŐ

ϮϬϭϯ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞE^KͲŶĞƵƚƌĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕

computer(models(have(consistently(agreed(on(

aboveHaverage(temperatures(for(the(eastern(

h͘^͘dŚĞƐĞŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƚƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚ

ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐĂŶĚƉĂƐƚǁĞĂƚŚĞƌƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞ

that(the(Eastern(Region(will(have(an(increased(

chance(of(aboveHnormal(temperatures(from(

April(through(June.(

The(outlook(

indicates(an(

increased(chance(

of(aboveHaverage(

ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ

in(western(

KŚŝŽ͕ďƵƚĞƋƵĂů

chances(for(

the(rest(of(the(

Eastern(Region.(

This(means(that(it’s(just(as(likely(for(the(region(

ƚŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞďĞůŽǁĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĂƐŝƚ

ŝƐƚŽŚĂǀĞĂďŽǀĞͲŽƌŶĞĂƌͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘

ZĞĐĞŶƚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ

ĂƌŽůŝŶĂƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĚƌŽƵŐŚƚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐďLJ

one(intensity(level.(The(outlook(indicates(that(

ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐǁŝůůĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŝŶ

that(area.(

Marine Ecosystems

ƐƚƵĚLJďLJEKƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚŐƌĂLJƐŶĂƉƉĞƌǁŝůůŵŽǀĞŶŽƌƚŚǁĂƌĚŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ

to(warming(coastal(waters.(The(study(is(based(on(research(that(determined(the(

ůŽǁĞƌƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞůŝŵŝƚĂƚǁŚŝĐŚĮƐŚĐĂŶŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌƐƵƌǀŝǀĞ͘^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĞƋƵĂƚĞĚ

these(limits(to(estuarine(water(temperatures,(which(are(closely(related(to(air(

ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘hƐŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽĂƐƚĂůĂŝƌƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞ

ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞůŝŵŝƚƐĨŽƌũƵǀĞŶŝůĞŐƌĂLJƐŶĂƉƉĞƌǁĞƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞ

ƐƚƵĚLJĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐŚŝŌŝƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞ

ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͗ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌK2(emissions(resulted(in(more(northward(spread.(Researchers(

ďĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĂƉƉůŝĞƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌĮƐŚĞƌLJƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƐǁĞůů͘;,ĂƌĞĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϯͿ

Health and Economy

,ĞĂƚƐƚƌĞƐƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚůĂďŽƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJůŽƐƐĞƐǁŝůůĚŽƵďůĞŐůŽďĂůůLJďLJϮϬρϬĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ

ĂŶĞǁEKƐƚƵĚLJ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞĂŬƐƵŵŵĞƌŵŽŶƚŚƐŽĨŚĞĂƚƐƚƌĞƐƐ͕ůĂďŽƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ

ŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚŽεϬйŽĨĨƵůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ďƵƚďLJϮϬρϬŝƚŝƐƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĚƌŽƉƚŽ

ΘϬй͕ĞǀĞŶǁŝƚŚĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞŐĂƐĞƐ͘/ĨŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞŐĂƐĞƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽ

ƌŝƐĞƵŶĚĞƌŚŝŐŚĞƌƉƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ůĂďŽƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJǁŽƵůĚďĞƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚŽϯεйďLJϮϮϬϬ͘/Ŷ

ƚŚĂƚƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ͕ƚŚĞŚĞĂƚƐƚƌĞƐƐůĞǀĞůƐŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͕ĂŶĚEĞǁzŽƌŬ͕Ez͕ǁŽƵůĚ

ĞdžĐĞĞĚƚŚĂƚŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJĂŚƌĂŝŶ͘;ƵŶŶĞĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϯͿ

Climate Change Impacts

ƌĞƉŽƌƚďLJEKΘh^'^ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĂůŽŶŐh͘^͘ĐŽĂƐƚƐ

ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶƉƵďůŝĐŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘,ŝŐŚůLJƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚ͕ůŽǁͲůLJŝŶŐƉĂƌƚƐ

ŽĨƚŚĞDŝĚͲƚůĂŶƟĐĂƌĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƚŽƐĞĂůĞǀĞůƌŝƐĞ͕ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ͕ƐƚŽƌŵƐ͕

ĂŶĚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘ĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶƐĞĂĨŽŽĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ƐŚŝŌƐŝŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͕ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶ

ƐƚŽƌŵƟŵĞƐͬůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŚĞĂǀŝĞƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐƐĞǀĞƌŝƚLJ͕

ĂŶĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘ůƐŽ͕ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƌŝƐŬƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ

ŚĂnjĂƌĚŝŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ͘;ƵƌŬĞƩΘĂǀŝĚƐŽŶ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ

Valid'for'April'7'June'2013 Drought'Tendency'from

2/21/2013'7'5/31/2013

A

EC:$Equal(chances(

of(above,(near(or(

below(normal

A:(Above(normal

tŝŶƚĞƌƐŶŽǁƚŽƚĂůƐǁĞƌĞĂďŽǀĞŶŽƌŵĂůŝŶƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶͬĐŽĂƐƚĂůEĞǁ

England(due(to(a(Nor’easter(in(February.(While(much(of(the(Eastern(

Region(was(below(average(for(snowfall(during(winter(2012H13,(most(

areas(did(receive(more(snow(this(winter(than(winter(2011H12.(In(the(

ĐŽŶƟŐƵŽƵƐh͘^͕͘ƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐŶŽǁĐŽǀĞƌĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨϭ͘ϯŵŝůůŝŽŶƐƋƵĂƌĞ

ŵŝůĞƐ;ϭϮϳ͕ϬϬϬƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŝůĞƐĂďŽǀĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞͿǁĂƐƚŚĞϭρƚŚůĂƌŐĞƐƚ

since(1966.(