U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 975 

The Conterminous United States 

Mineral Assessment Program: 

Background Information to 

Accompany Folio of Geologic 

and Mineral Resource Maps of the 

Silver City 1 ° X 2° Quadrangle, 

New Mexico and Arizona 

The Conterminous United States 

Mineral Assessment Program: 

Background Information to 

Accompany Folio of Geologic 

and Mineral Resource Maps of the 

Silver City l

0

X2° Quadrangle, 

New Mexico and Arizona 

By D. H. Richter, B. B. Houser, K. C. Watts, 

D. P. Klein, W. N. Sharp, Harald Drewes, 

D. C. Hedlund, G. L. Raines, and J. R. Hassemer 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 975 

1987 
Department of the Interior 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------

~ose and scope -------------------------------------------------------

Geography and physiography ----------------------------------------------

History of mining activity ------------------------------------------------

Description of component maps of the Silver City quadrangle folio -----------------

Geology (Map I -1310-C) --------------------------------------------------

Mineral deposits (Map I-1310-B) ------------------------------------------

Geochemistry (Maps I-1310-E and MF-1183-A through L) --------------------

Introduction and methods ---------------------------------------------

Results ------------------------------------------------------------- Geophysics (Maps I-1310-A, D, and G) -------------------------------------

Petrochemistry of igneous rocks (Map I-1310-H) -----------------------------

Remote sensing (Map MF -1183-Q) -----------------------------------------

Resource assessment (Map 1310-F) -----------------------------------------

References cited -------------------------------------------------------------

Selected bibliography for the Silver City quadrangle ------------------------------

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

7 

7 

7 

9 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

15 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Index map of Arizona and New Mexico showing location of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle------- 3 

2. Map of the Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing principal mining areas a..,.d 

year of discovery------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 

3. Generalized geologic map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona------------ 5 

4. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing locations of stream-sediment 

samples ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 

5. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing locations of ground-water sampl~ 9 

6. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing relationship of the ra~io 

(Ag+Mn+Ba+Zn+Pb)/(Au+Cu+Mo+Bi+W) to middle Tertiary eruptive centers---------------- 11 

TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Component maps of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle folio, New Mexico and Arizona-------------- 2 

2. Summary of estimated production, reserves, and resources of the principal commodities in the Silver c~~y 

1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona------------------------------------------------ 14 

Ill 
.I 
The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Progr~m: 

Background Information to Accompany Folio of Geologic crnd 

Mineral Resource Maps of the Silver City 1 °X2 ° Quadrangle,New 

Mexico and Arizona 

By D. H. Richter, B. B. Houser, K. C. Watts, D. P. Klein, W. N. Sharp, 

Harald Drewes, D. C. Hedlund, G. L. Raines, and J. R. Hassemer 

ABSTRACT 

The Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, consisting of about 

20,650 km2 in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern 

Arizona, has been investigated by a multidisciplinary research 

team for the purpose of assessing its mineral resource potential. The results of this investigation are in a folio of 21 maps 

that contain detailed information on the geology, geochemistry, 

geophysics, mineral deposits, and potential mineral resources 

of the quadrangle. This Circular provides background information on the various studies and integrates the component maps. 

It contains an extensive selected bibliography pertinent to the 

geology and mineral deposits of the quadrangle. The quadrangle 

has produced more than $3.5 billion in mineral products since 

about 1850 and contains significant resources of gold, silver, 

copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, iron, manganese-iron, zeolite 

minerals, and possibly tin and tungsten. 

INTRODUCTION 

PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

This Circular, together with a separately available group of related maps of the Silver City 1 °X2 o 

quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, is one of a 

series of U.S. Geological Survey folios that focuses 

on the mineral resource potential of the conterminous United States. This folio, prepared under 

the auspices of the Conterminous United States 

Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP), is intended to ( 1) provide information for national 

minerals policy, (2) aid in Federal, State, and local 

landuse planning, (3) provide data and guidance for 

minerals exploration, and (4) increase our geologic 

knowledge of the quadrangle. 

1 

Much of the basic data for this folio was collected 

prior to 1977 in several U.S. Geological St~:rvey and 

U.S. Bureau of Mines projects, university thesis 

studies, and investigations by the mineral industry. 

Since then an interdisciplinary team of Geological 

Survey scientists has carried on field, laboratory, 

and library studies necessary to provide the additional data for a mineral resource assessrnent. The 

folio consists of 21 maps on the geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral deposits of the quadrangle (table 1). This circular provides a very brief 

description of the folio elements and an extensive 

bibliography of the geologic literature pertinent to 

the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAP~~y 

The Silver City 1 °X2 o quadrangle cover~ approximately 20,650 km2 in southwestern Ne~r Mexico 

and southeastern Arizona between lat 32 ° and 

33° N. and between long 108° and 110° l~Z (fig. 1). 

It includes parts of Grant, Hidalgo, and Luna 

Counties in New Mexico, and Cochise, Graham, 

and Greenlee Counties in Arizona. The principal 

population centers are Silver City and Lordsburg 

in New Mexico, and Safford and V\~illcox in 

Arizona. Interstate 10, U.S. Highways 70, 80, 180, 

and 666, and numerous state and county roads provide access to most of the quadrangle. 

The quadrangle lies almost entirely within the 

southern Basin and Range province, an area of 

north- to northwest-trending mountain rPnges and 
TABLE I.-Component maps of the Silver City JOX2° quadrangle foliq New Mexico and Arizona 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Investigations Series (I) Maps 

1-1310-A (Wynn 1981) 

B (Richter and Lawrence, 1983) 

C (Drewes and others, 1985) 

D (Klein, 1986) 

E (Watts and Hassemer, 1986) 

F (Richter and others, 1986) 

G (Klein, 1986) 

H (Sharp, 1986) 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Field Studies (MF) Map 

MF-1183-A (Watts and others, 1986a) 

B (Watts and others, 1986b) 

C (Watts and Hassemer, 1980) 

D (Watts and others, 1986c) 

E (Watts and others, 1986d) 

F (Watts and others, 1986e) 

G (Watts and others, 1986f) 

H (Watts and others, 1986g) 

I (Watts and others, 1986h) 

J (Watts and others, 1986i) 

K (Watts and others, 1986j) 

L (Hassemer and others, 1986) 

Q (Raines, 1984) 

basins. A small area in the northeast part of the 

quadrangle, characterized by broad volcanic 

uplands, is in the transition zone between the 

Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau provinces. The westerly flowing Gila River and its 

tributaries form the principal drainage system in 

the quadrangle; two large playa basins and other 

smaller central basin areas are drained internally. 

Elevations range from a low of 820 m, where the 

Gila River leaves the northwest corner of the 

quadrangle, to a high of 3,257 m, 35 km south on 

M t. Graham in the Pinaleno Mountains. 

HISTORY OF MINING ACTIVITY 

The first known mineral development in the 

Silver City quadrangle was at Santa Rita and 

Tyrone in New Mexico where prehistoric Indians 

mined native copper and turquoise prior to 

Spanish conquest. From about 1801 to 1848, when 

the area became part of the United States, copper 

was mined in the Santa Rita area and shipped to 

Mexico for coinage. 

2 

Gravity 

Mineral deposits 

Geology 

Magnetics 

Subject 

Interpretive geochemist11· 

Mineral resource assessm~nt 

Interpretive geophysics 

Petrochemistry of igneou ~ rocks 

Subject 

Geochemistry of lead 

Geochemistry of copper 

Geochemistry of fluorite 

Geochemistry of zinc 

Geochemistry of molybdE'num 

Geochemistry of silver 

Geochemistry of tungsten 

Geochemistry of bismuth and beryllium 

Geochemistry of tin 

Geochemistry of mangan,.~se 

Geochemistry of barium 

Hydrogeochemistry of ururium 

Limonitic alteration 

During and immediately following t]'~ Civil War, 

prospecting activity was extreme!:? vigorous, 

especially in the northeast corner c--= the quadrangle. By the late 1860's, the rich secc~dary silver 

deposits at Georgetown and Silver e::.ty, the gold 

lodes at Pinos Altos and in the Dos Ca':lezas Mountains, and the replacement and vein deposits at 

Fierro-Hanover and Bayard had beeiJ discovered, 

and many were being mined. Prospectors rapidly 

moved south and west across the quadrangle and, 

despite hostile Indian activity, th~ next two 

decades saw most of the principal mining areas 

established (fig. 2). By the early 1890's, many of 

the shallow, high-grade enriched prE:~ious metal 

ores were depleted, and the drop in the price of 

silver in 1893 closed most of the rema~.ning mines. 

Attention shifted to the base-metal ores in the 

early 1900's, when copper, lead, and zinc were produced from many of the vein and replacement 

deposits such as those at Lordsburg, FierroHanover, Santa Rita, Bayard, Steeph Rock, Safford, and Tyrone. 

Low-grade, disseminated porphyry copper 

deposits were first recognized in the quadrangle 
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0 100 200 KILOMETERS 

0 50 100 MILES 

FIGURE 1. Index map of Arizona and New Mexico showing location of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle and some major 

geographic and physiographic features. 

at Santa Rita in 1906, and in 1911large-scale openpit mining was started. The porphyry copper 

deposit at Tyrone was developed as a large openpit mine in 1969, although high-grade copper ore 

had been produced from a number of underground 

mines in, and peripheral to, the deposit between 

1880 and 1921. The large, buried porphyry copper 

deposits of the Safford area were not discovered 

until the 1950's and are now under consideration 

for development for underground mining. 

Magnetite iron ore was mined from the 

limestone replacement deposits peripheral to the 

Fierro-Hanover stock between 1916 and 1931. 

Production of manganiferous iron ore also began 

in 1916 from the Silver City area and has continued intermittently up to the present time. 

World Wars I and II spurred the search for 

strategic minerals throughout the quadrangle. 

During these periods of national emergency, 

especially during and following World War II, 

many generally small vein deposits of manganese 

3 

(Ash Peak, Cap Rock, and Lone Mountain areas) 

and fluorite (Duncan, Steeple Rock, Redrock, and 

Tyrone areas) were discovered and mined; except 

for the mining of fluorite at Redrock, neith~r commodity has been extensively produced sir~e the 

late 1950's. Very small tungsten ore bodies from 

skarn-type deposits were mined following World 

War II. 

The radium boom of the 1920's led to the 

redevelopment of gold- and silver-bearing veins in 

the White Signal area for their secondary uranium 

minerals. Following World War II, these deposits 

and others throughout the quadrangl~ were 

examined as potential sources of uranium, but 

total production for nuclear energy purposes has 

been negligible. 

In 1950, zeolite minerals were recognized in late 

Cenozoic ash-fall beds within the lac~~strine 

deposits of the San Simon basin near Bowie. The 

deposits have produced significant amounts of 

inqustrial zeolite minerals since 1960. 
v ~ .960 

0 26 

0 10 20 

60 

30 40 

76 KILOMETERS 

MILES 

<;:) 

VICTORIO :-

1880 

FIGURE 2. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing principal mining areas and year of 

discovery. Second date indicates rediscovery or other important milestone in the mining area. Bedrock a-~as are stippled. 

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT MAPS 

OF THE SILVER CITY 

1 °X2° QUADRANGLE FOLIO 

GEOLOGY (MAP 1-1310-C) 

The Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle is composed 

of north- to west-northwest-trending block-faulted 

mountain ranges consisting of diverse rocks ranging in age from Precambrian through Cenozoic. 

The mountain ranges are separated by structural 

and topographic basins filled with late Cenozoic 

continental sedimentary rocks (fig. 3). Four main 

groups of rocks exposed in the ranges are, from 

oldest to youngest, (1) Precambrian metamorphic 

and plutonic rocks, (2) Paleozoic and Mesozoic 

sedimentary rocks, (3) Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks, and (4) midTertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks. 

4 

The principal outcrop areas of Prer.ambrian rocks 

are the Pinaleno and Dos Cabezas Mountains in 

the southwest and the Burro Mo",.ntains in the 

east. In both areas, thick sequer~es of chiefly 

pelitic sediments with lesser amounts of intermediate volcanic rocks (Pinal Schirt. in the southwest and Bullard Peak "Series" of Jl"ewitt, 1959 in 

the east) were regionally metamorphosed to 

amphibolite facies during the Mazatzal revolution 

(Wilson, 1939; Anderson, 1951), which was between 

1,550 and 1,680 m.y. ago. The rr.~tamorphosed 

rocks were intruded by large lat~-orogenic but 

chiefly postorogenic granite to granodiorite 

plutons about 1,450 m.y. ago. Near the close of the 

Mazatzal revolution, the region was cut by 

northwest-trending faults with significant offsetboth strike-slip and dip-slip. Dial:·'lse dikes and 

other small igneous bodies, probably 1,200 m.y. old, 

cut both the metamorphic and plutonic rocks. The 

area was marked by a period of relative tectonic 
1os•oo· 1os•oo· 

~ 

Ti}) 

0 10 20 30 40 50KILOMETERS r---L--.~--~-.~--~ 

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EXPLANATION 

OTs Quaternary to upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks and surficial materials 

Middle Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks 

Lower Tertiary to Upper Cretaceous volcanic and plutonic rocks 

Mesozoic to Paleo zoic sedimentary rocks 

Precambrian metamorphic and plutonic rocks 

-..---,.-- Tectonic boundary- numerous thrust faults on sawtooth side 

FIGURE 3. Generalized geologic map of the Silver City 1 •x2 • quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona. 

quiescence and erosion between about 1,200 m.y. 

and the beginning of Paleozoic sedimentation. The 

maximum thickness of Precambrian rocks in the 

quadrangle is unknown, but is certainly greater 

than several thousand meters. 

Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic 

age are exposed mostly in the northeast part of 

the quadrangle in the Pinos Altos Range along the 

Santa Rita horst and in the ranges in the southern 

one-third of the quadrangle. Part of the PaleozoicMesozoic section may also be present at depth 

beneath the volcanic rocks of the Gila Mountains 

in the northwest part of the quadrangle. This is 

suggested by the presence of large xenoliths of 

5 
Precambrian or Cambrian quartzite in Late 

Cretaceous-early Thrtiary stocks on the southwest 

side of the Gila Mountains. 

The lower Paleozoic section is a sequence of 

dominantly marine shelf sedimentary rocks about 

2,200 m thick, with a Cambrian-Ordovician basal 

clastic unit unconformably overlying Precambrian 

basement rocks. The middle part of the section 

consists mostly of Ordovician through Devonian 

carbonate units. The upper part consists of Devonian through Permian mixed carbonate and clastic 

units. The sequence is interrupted by several 

regional disconformities, reflecting epeirogenic 

movements. Thus, not all units are present systematically across the area. 

Mesozoic rocks reflect chiefly continental deposition during the 'IHassic and Jurassic, when sedimentary processes were strongly influenced by 

fault-bounded uplifts. Cretaceous marine, deltaic, 

and fluvial sedimentary rocks were deposited in 

and adjacent to shallow seas. 'friassic-Jurassic 

rocks (for e;xample, the Walnut Gap Formation) are 

present only in the Red Bird Hills and Dos Cabezas 

Mountains in the southwest part of the quadrangle 

and consist of clastic units with some volcanic 

rocks. During the Early Cretaceous, the Bisbee 

Group was deposited to the southwest of the Burro 

Mountains, and in the Late Cretaceous, the Virden 

(Elston, 1960) and Colorado Formations and the 

Beartooth Quartzite were deposited in the Silver 

City region. Post-Cretaceous uplift during the Cordilleran orogeny resulted in erosion of much of the 

Cretaceous section from the area to the northeast 

of the present Burro Mountains and caused a considerable variation in the thickness of the remaining sedimentary section. Northeast of the Burro 

Mountains the maximum thickness is 700 m; 

southwest of the Burros the section is 5,000-

7,000 m thick. 

The Cretaceous and older rocks in the southern 

part of the quadrangle were displaced by numerous 

northwest-striking thrust faults during the early 

compressional phase (beginning about 73-75 m.y. 

ago) of the Cordilleran orogeny. The amount of 

crustal shortening that resulted from telescoping 

along thrust faults is on the order of 15 km. Drewes 

(1978, 1981) has suggested that as much as 200 km 

of northeastward movement may have occurred 

along thrust faults of regional extent. 

An extensive calc-alkalic volcano-plutonic arc 

developed in the later phase of the Cordilleran 

orogeny. Volcanic and plutonic rocks of Late 

6 

Cretaceous and early Thrtiary age (70 to 50 m.y.) 

in the quadrangle are remnants of this arc. The 

volcanic rocks are chiefly andesitic to dacitic flows 

that are locally intruded by comagmatic, porphyritic to medium-grained granite, granodiorite, 

and quartz monzonite subvolcanic plutons. Lateorogenic dikes are commonly coincident with 

northeast-trending faults and shear zones in the 

Gila Mountains and with east-northeast-trending 

faults extending from the Pyramid Mountains northeast to Santa Rita. Most of the volcanic rocks 

are propylitized, and some of the subvolcanic intrusions are associated with significant copper porphyry deposits or other types of economic mineral 

deposits. Important areas of outcrop of the 

volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Cordilleran 

orogeny are north and east of Silver City and in 

the Burro, northern Pyramid, central Peloncillo, 

Dos Cabezas, and Gila Mountains. 

A period of quiescence and subaerial erosion 

marked much of the Eocene. This was followed in 

Oligocene to mid-Miocene time by voluminous outpourings of volcanic rocks from numerous eruptive 

centers, consisting of stratovolcanoes, dome complexes, fissures, 'and plugs. The rocks have high-K 

calc-alkalic affinities and range in composition 

from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. They consist of 

flows, hypabyssal rocks, domes, air-fall and ashflow tuff, and volcaniclastic conglomerate. Caldera 

complexes and their extensive ash-flow tuff sheets 

are particularly evident in the eastern half of the 

quadrangle and in the Chiricahua Mountains in the 

southwest. Various types of intermediate to silicic 

subvolcanic intrusive bodies and medium-grained 

granodiorite to quartz monzonite plutons were also 

emplaced during this time. The middle Thrtiary 

rocks are exposed in all the ranges of the quadrangle except the Precambrian outcrop areas of the 

central part of the Pinaleno and Burro Mountains. 

Rocks of the middle Thrtiary volcanic centers and 

associated flows form an extensive cover over all 

the older rocks in many ranges. 

The youngest group of rocks in the quadrangle, 

comprising about 65 percent of the area, are Miocene through Holocene alluvial and lacustrine 

deposits in the basins and Quaternary surficial 

materials. The basin fill sediments, collectively 

grouped as Gila Conglomerate, occupy north- to 

northwest-trending basins formed by block faulting during the Basin and Range extensional tectonic event which began 12-16 m.y. ago in the area 

Alkali basalt flows, ranging in age from 8 to 
0.14 m.y., are locally interlayered with the sediments in some basins and are also locally present 

in some of the ranges. The maximum thickness of 

the Gila Conglomerate in the quadrangle is not 

known; however, it is as much as 2,590 m thick east 

of the Pinalenos, 27 km south of Safford, and it is 

probably more than 1,000 min the deeper parts 

of most basins. The upper 300 m of the Gila Conglomerate is well exposed in basins in the northern 

part of the quadrangle where it has been dissected 

by the Gila River. Details of the development of 

the Gila River system are not known, but the 

presence of Lava Creek Bash (lzett and Wilcox, 

1982) in gravel in the Gila River near Canador Peak 

suggests that the river became a through-flowing 

system prior to 600,000 yr ago. Much of the southern half of the quadrangle still has interior 

drainage and the basins are veneered with surficial 

materials. 

MINERAL DEPOSITS (Map 1-1310-B) 

The Silver City quadrangle contains a variety of 

mineral deposits that have produced about $3.5 

billion worth of mineral products, chiefly base and 

precious metals, since 1850. Map 1-1310-B and its 

accompanying pamphlet are a descriptive compilation of more than 600 mineral deposits at 440 

localities. The deposits described range from large 

operating mines to minor occurrences and are restricted generally to those that have been referred 

to in the literature. The compilation includes both 

metallic and nonmetallic deposits, but excludes 

such commodities as sand and gravel, rock, and 

most other construction materials that have a low 

cost per unit volume. 

The mineral deposit data are grouped into 11 

regional areas, each with a relatively distinct 

geologic terrane and to some degree a characteristic suite of deposit types. These areas include all 

the formal and informal mining districts in the 

quadrangle. 

Forty-two specific mineral deposit types are 

recognized in the quadrangle. The deposits are 

classified in a broad genetic sense (hydrothermal, 

magmatic, and so forth) and then further subdivided into more specific types on the basis of 

physical form or process and metal or mineral content, such as porphyry Cu (Mo), Zn replacement, 

and fluorite vein. The pamphlet briefly describes 

the individual deposits in terms of ore minerals, 

7 

geologic features, and mining activity and includes 

a comprehensive economic geology bibliopl"aphy. 

The mineral deposits in the quadrangle range in 

age from Precambrian to late 'Thrtiary. The: major 

hydrothermal ore-forming systems in thE: quadrangle developed as a result of subduction-related 

events during two distinct orogenic periods in the 

formation of the western continental marg~n: (1) a 

mediumK calc-alkalic volcanic arc system in Late 

Cretaceous-early 'Thrtiary time (the Cordilleran 

orogeny 80 to 50 m.y. ago) and (2) a high-K calcalkalic volcano-plutonic arc system in middle 'Thrtiary time (30 to 15 m.y. ago): The hydrot]'~rmalmagmatic vein- and pegmatite-type deporits are 

probably Precambrian, and the syngenetic 

sedimentary and volcanic deposits range in age 

from Cambrian to late 'Thrtiary or youngE' .... 

GEOCHEMISTRY (MAPS 1-1310-E AND MF-1183-A 

THROUGH L) 

INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 

Geochemical investigations in the Silv~r City 

1 °X2 o quadrangle were initiated in the Cent':"al mining region of the northeast part of the quadrangle 

in 1974 (Watts and others, 1984). The scop~ of the 

investigation was enlarged to include th~ entire 

quadrangle when the Conterminous Unitec, States 

Mineral Assessment Program started in 1978. 

The climate and physiography of the quairangle 

have a bearing on the methods used to gather 

geochemical data. The arid to semiarid climate 

favors secondary dispersion of metals from mineral 

deposits by mechanical processes rather than by 

chemical solution. The Basin and Range IJ hysiography poses two separate geochemical szmpling 

problems. The ranges can be effectively e.vl)lored 

using stream-sediment concentrates, a technique 

that has been successful elsewhere in the: southwest (Griffitts and Alminas, 1968). In contrast, the 

basin areas are not suitable for stream-sE'..fiment 

techniques because the basin-fill sediment:~ in any 

given area are not necessarily derived fr~m the 

underlying bedrock. Ground-water sampling was 

the approach selected for investigating the basins. 

Some deposits typical of the basin environment, 

such as sedimentary uranium deposits, are 

amenable to hydrogeochemical prospecting, and 

water interactions with subjacent bedro~k may 

provide clues to metal deposits in the sub'?urface. 
,, 

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X X X 

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X X X 

10 20 30 40 50KILOMETERS 

10 20 30MILES 

'xx •x, 

X 

X 

xx 

FIGURE 4. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing locations of stream-sed~~ent samples. 

During the geochemical program 2,345 streamsediment samples (fig. 4), 328 ground-water 

samples (fig. 5), and 1,273 samples of both mineralized and nonmineralized rocks were collected. 

The 12 geochemical maps (MF-1183-A through 

L) of the folio are based chiefly on analyses of the 

heavy-mineral concentrates of the streamsediment samples and analyses of the groundwater samples. The maps show element data by 

symbols representing ranges of analytical values 

for Ph, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, W, Bi, Sn, Mn, and Ba, 

and whether fluorite was identified in the concentrates. The concentrations of U, U/HC03, and Rn 

in ground-water samples are similarly shown. Map 

I-1310-E summarizes these data and presents 

interpretations relating to patterns of primary 

mineralization on a regional scale and the effects 

of erosion and weathering on these patterns. 

The stream-sediment samples were collected 

from the active channels of first- and second-order 

streams along range fronts within 30 m of the contact between bedrock and basin fill, and on side 

8 

and headward tributaries of large canyons. Two 

types of stream-sediment samples were collected 

at each sample site: (1) a small (about 0.5 kg) 

screened sample of fine-grained matE:~al, and (2) 

a large (4-5 kg) bulk sample includir~ sand and 

gravel. The small samples were sievt"Q to< 0.18 

mm but not further separated. The. large bulk 

samples, however, were treated in a series of steps 

to concentrate the heavy minerals. 

Ground-water samples, chiefly frmn the basins 

of the quadrangle, were collected frmn 248 wells, 

15 springs and seeps, and 51 storage tanks that 

were fed either by wells or springs at the site. Two 

samples of water were collected at each site: ( 1) an 

untreated sample used for the determination of the 

major chemical constituents and (2) a filtered sample (0.45/l) acidified to pH<2 with ultrapure nitric 

acid for the determination of trace metals. The 

majority of analyses were by atomic: absorption 

spectrophotometry (14 elements) and inductively 

coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (17 

elements). 
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ww 

w, w T w wV.VV w 

wl w w 

w w w s w 

T W T 

T 

w w 

w w 

w Ww ww 

ww w 

T 

10 w Ww <'~ w 

ww zl>< w w 

w w 

w w 

w 

w w T 2 ~ w w o:,~w w w 

T 

ww w 

w w w 

w 

w 

w <ILJJ W T 

w T lz w w w 

T 

w w 

ww w 

w 

w w w 

w 

w s 

w w~ w ww w w w w .. Tw 

w T --ww 

w w w w 

W T w 

T WW 

wT w w T W T T 

w w 

w w ww 

w w ww w 

w w 

Ww w 

w 

w 

WT 

Wr 

W W W W W vf W WW W T Tr 

32ooo·~T--~w~ __ w=-________ w __ r~ ________ w ____ w~!~, ___ T ___ T ____________________ ~r_w_T~wL-_T __ ~ T w 

30 40 50KILOMETERS 

20 30MILES 

FIGURE 5. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing locations of ground-water samples: 

W, water well; T, storage tank; S, spring. 

Analytical results for all stream-sediment, 

ground-water, and rock samples have been released 

on magnetic tape through the National 'Thchnical 

Information Service (McDanal and others, 1983). 

Available separately are analytical data on the 

samples from the northeast corner of the quadrangle (Watts and others, 1978) and the groundwater samples (Hassemer and others, 1983). 

A variety of U.S. Geological Survey STATPAC 

computer programs (Van 1\-ump and Miesch, 1976) 

were used to develop histograms, correlation 

diagrams, and map plots, and to do arithmetic 

manipulations of the geochemical data. 

RESULTS 

All stream-sediment samples were analyzed for 

30 or 31 elements by semiquantitative emission 

spectrographic methods (Grimes and Marranzino, 

1968). The spectrographic data for the magnetic 

and nonmagnetic fractions of the heavy-mineral 

concentrates are shown on the MF-series 

9 

geochemical maps. Anomalies from the unconcentrated sieved sediments are subdued replicas of the 

anomalies shown by the heavy-mineral C">ncentrates and mostly reflect exposed, sizeable nineral 

deposits. However, the heavy-mineral anomz lies for 

some elements-even those that are weal~-may 

define large areas of the quadrangle that ha,.,e been 

affected by ore-forming processes. 

The mineralogic composition of the heavy-mineral concentrates has a direct bearing on the geochemical interpretations. The nonmagnetic heavy 

concentrates contain light-colored acc~ssory 

minerals (zircon, sphene, and apatite), ska m and 

gangue minerals (tremolite, diopside, he~atite, 

epidote, carbonate minerals, and barite), rockforming minerals (muscovite and sillimanite), and 

ore minerals (pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, scheelite, 

cassiterite, fluorite, and wulfenite). The magnetic 

fraction contains mafic rock-forming Irinerals 

(pyroxene, hornblende, biotite), garnet, limonite, 

and the high-valence oxides of manganese. Element 

anomalies in the nonmagnetic fraction are related 
to (1) primary and secondary ore minerals, (2) 

heavy gangue minerals, and (3) accessory minerals 

of unusual composition, such as sphene containing tin. Anomalies in the magnetic mineral fraction have diverse sources from (1) limonite derived 

from ore minerals and associated gossan in zones 

of intense chemical weathering, (2) metal-rich (Ph, 

Zn, Ba, W) oxyhydroxides of manganese and iron 

introduced by heated meteoric water, (3) oxides of 

iron and manganese in spring deposits, and (4) 

relatively magnetic ore minerals or ore minerals 

intergrown with ferromagnesian minerals from 

mineralized outcrops. 

Anomaly patterns indicate that metals are 

enriched along regional linear trends and locally 

are zoned around centers of known or postulated 

mineralization. The suites of elements and mineral 

phases involved are, in part, a function of geologic 

setting and level of erosion. Three types of 

anomalies are recognized in the quadrangle: 

1. Nonmagnetic fractions show anomalies of 

high contrast characterized by the elements 

Au, Cu, Bi, Mo, and W. In mining areas high 

contrast anomalies of Pb, Ag, Zn, Sb, As, and 

Cd show up as well. 

2. Magnetic fractions show anomalies of low to 

moderate contrast characterized by the 

elements Ph, Zn, Ba, Mn, and Ag (sometimes 

with As and Au); these anomalies are associated with oxyhydroxides of manganese and 

iron, and form broad patterns that parallel 

the basins and ranges. 

3. Anomalies of moderate to high contrast, 

characterized by the elements Pb, Sn, Be, Ag, 

Mn, Nb, Th, and U, and fluorite occur in certain nonmagnetic fractions, usually those 

associated with the middle-'Thrtiary eruptive 

centers and generally in combination with 

magnetic-fraction anomalies of type 2. Some 

samples taken from subvolcanic intrusions 

that are more deeply exposed also include 

anomalous amounts of Mo and Bi, and rarely 

Cu and Zn. 

Two suites of elements from the nonmagnetic 

fraction at each sample site were used to interpret 

metal zonation around apparent hydrothermal 

systems: (1) the inner-zone suite of relatively immobile elements, including Au, Cu, Mo, Bi, and W, 

that are related to deposits in contact metasomatic 

and plutonic and subvolcanic environments; and 

(2) the peripheral-zone suite of relatively mobile 

elements, including A.g, Mn, Ba, Zn, and Ph, that 

10 

are commonly laterally and (or) vertic~ 1ly dispersed 

from centers of mineralization. 

For each sample, the previously defined geochemical contrasts were determined; these values 

were then grouped according to suite and summed. 

Finally the sum for the inner-zone suite was divided into the sum for the peripherrl-zone suite. 

The resulting ratio (Ag+Mn+Ba+Zn+Pb)/(Au 

+Cu + Mo+ Bi + W) was posted by san1ple location; 

the map of ratio data was then contoured by cell 

averaging on the basis of the cumulrtive percent 

values on the statistical distribution c~lrve (percentiles). The contour map (fig. 6) thus ob~ained shows 

patterns that we interpret to be indicrtive of zonation around discrete mineralized centE-rs, including 

some centers that may lie well below the present 

ground surface. Linear portions of the contour patterns may indicate directional trends of mineralizing solutions. 

Figure 6 shows that at least 10 of th ~ middle 'Thrtiary eruptive centers recognized in th~ quadrangle 

are dominated by dispersions of elements related 

to the peripheral-zone suite of ele1nents. Some 

volcanic centers show anomaly pattE'¥ns on their 

peripheries (for example, Ash Peak center); such 

patterns may be the result of distal hypogene 

leakage along ring fractures or other permeable 

zones. However, other eruptive cente:""s (for example, Greasewood Mountain center) sh'lw centrally 

located, somewhat more subdued ano:'llalies of the 

peripheral-zone suite. These centrally located 

anomalies, of moderate contrast, ma~T be characteristic of dispersion zones above a she llow ye.t concealed mineralized mass, related to a partially 

exposed igneous cupola. In areas with these characteristics, portions of the inner-zone metal dispersions occur at the surface. 

Most of the known mineral districts in the quadrangle (see fig. 2) occur in deeply eroded terrane 

that is depleted in the peripheral-znne suite of 

elements and therefore shows no patte':'lls on figure 

6. Where patterns do occur on figure 6 within an 

area of known mineral deposits (for example, in the 

northeast corner of the quadrangle), they may 

reflect either concealed, mineralized igneous 

cupolas or solution conduits peripl'~ral to the 

center of mineralization. 

The interpretive method used in figure 6 is experimental and is subject to confirmation through 

detailed studies. The emphasis of the approach is 

on detecting the outer fringe of ve•tically and 

laterally zoned mineralization in orde· to identify 
DRY 

POWER LINE 

!-iORSECAMP 

/ 

! 

I 

A 

v 

x 

' 1 --- Contours: ORANGE BUTTE ~-"/) :/ I, 

14·75th Percentile MCKENZIE /" 1 

28·85 

4.9·90 

68·95 

238·99 

AD values normalized 

to threshold 

PEAK \ 

COCHISE 

HEAD 

' ' \ 

\ 

'o 

zx <Is.! 

OIUJ 

t:li:E 

<u.~ =I~ z 

I 

I 

@ 

0 10 20 30 40 50KILOMETERS ~--L--,L_ __ J_-,J_ __ _L, 

0 10 20 30MILES 

F IGURE 6. Map of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona, showing relationship of the ratio (Ag+Mn+Ba 

+Zn+Pb)/(Au+Cu+Mo+Bi+W) to middle Tertiary eruptive centers (dashed lines). The value of each element is the ratio 

of its concentration in the nonmagnetic fraction, at each sample site, to the regional background concentration. The values 

are summed, ratioed, and then contoured on the basis of the 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. 

possible deep, concealed deposits, rather than on 

detecting areas where mineral deposits are essentially exposed or known. Certain assumptions 

about element mobilities in hydrothermal solution 

on which the interpretations are based are from 

both observations in the Silver City quadrangle 

and from descriptions in the literature. 

GEOPHYSICS (MAPS 1-1310-A, D, AND G) 

The complete Bouguer gravity map (1-1310-A, 

Wynn, 1981) and the aeromagnetic map (1-1310-D, 

Klein, 1985) of the quadrangle are the bases for a 

combined geophysical interpretive map (1-1310-G, 

Klein, 1986). The interpretive map, in two sheets, 

provides information on bedrock structures and 

their possible correlation with mineral deposits. 

Variations of the gravity field over the 

quadrangle, which are due to variations of rock 

11 

density, may reflect geologic structures that are 

often buried beneath younger sedimentary and 

volcanic rock cover. In basin areas, gravity 

directly supplements geologic observations by 

allowing interpretation of the extent of relatively 

shallow bedrock beneath lower density alluvium. 

Within mountain ranges, the variations in density 

may reflect zones of subsurface faulting and intrusion that may, in turn, influence the localization 

of mineral deposits. Two examples of geophysical 

inferences in the quadrangle that rely in large part 

on gravity information are (1) the interpretation 

of a buried bedrock uplift connecting the Lordsburg mineralized area with the Summit Mountains mineralized area and (2) the interpretation 

of a large area of shallow bedrock northeast of the 

Victoria Mountains mineralized area. Both areas 

have the potential for undiscovered mineral 

deposits beneath a few hundred meters or less of 

alluvium. 
Aeromagnetic data show lateral variations in the 

total intensity of the Earth's magnetic field, which 

is related to the vertical and horizontal distribution of magnetic minerals, mainly magnetite, in the 

crust. The data reflect the magnetic structure of 

the crust that is produced when different rock 

types are brought into contact by intrusion or 

faulting. The magnetization information, to a great 

extent, reflects geologic conditions hidden beneath 

alluvium or other cover, and like gravity, allows 

inferences on structures and rock variations that 

are not exposed at the surface. Although gravity 

and magnetic data may be complementary, density 

and magnetization properties are independent variables that do not necessarily parallel each other. 

An example, based mostly on magnetic but partly 

on gravity data, is a zone 10-20 km wide of geophysical features along the southern edge of the 

quadrangle in which the trend is noticeably more 

due west than similarly prominent northwesttrending geophysical features found to the north. 

This zone is interpreted as related partly to thrustfaulted contacts of nonmagnetic carbonate rocks 

against variable but more magnetic igneous, metamorphic, and volcanic rocks. Areas with similar 

trends mapped in the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua 

Mountains are known to be locally favorable for 

vein- and replacement-type mineral deposits. 

PETROCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 

(MAP 1-1310-H) 

The mineral content and major-, minor-, and 

trace-element chemistry of most of the Mesozoic 

and Cenozoic granitic intrusive rocks and rhyolitic 

eruptive centers are compiled and discussed in the 

two map sheets of Map I-1310-H. The investigation was aimed at determining the chemical and 

mineralogical characteristics of ore-producing magmas, especially those that may be the host for porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits, stockwork molybdenum deposits, and tin-tungsten 

deposits. In addition accessory minerals of the intrusive rocks and near-vent extrusive rocks were 

analyzed by microprobe in an attempt to establish 

specific residences of metals in the mineral assemblages. The multiple and complex black oxide 

accessories are particularly significant, as they are 

an indicator of the metal abundances in the magmas and may have rare metal (Nb, Ta, U, Sn) byproduct potential. 

12 

Post-Precambrian magmatic activity began in 

the Late Cretaceous (about 80 m.y. ago) with the 

advent of the Cordilleran orogeny. This period of 

volcano-plutonic activity, related in current tectonic models to subduction of an oceanic plate 

along the western margin of North America (Coney 

and Reynolds, 1977; Damon and others, 1981), continued through the early Thrtiary (about 50 m.y. 

ago) with the intrusion of an array of calc-alkalic 

granites and granodiorites. During this volcanoplutonic activity, the porphyry copper deposits and 

a variety of base- and precious-metal vein andreplacement deposits in the quadrangle were formed. 

Following a period of magmatic quiescence between 50 and 40 m.y. ago, intrusive activity resumed in the Oligocene with the emplacement of 

both high-K and normal calc-alkalic granites and 

intrusive rocks. The appearance of high-K rocks 

may reflect the beginning of a change from compressional to extensional tectonism along the 

eastern side of the orogenic belt. By the beginning 

of the Miocene (about 26 m.y. ago), the shift from 

calc-alkalic magmatism to high-K calc-alkalic 

magmatism was complete as evidenced by the 

composition of extrusive rocks and assuming that 

the nature of the buried intrusive rocks is similar. 

Many of the Miocene eruptive systems show 

characteristics that suggest chemically zoned magma chambers-a maturing process that has produced high-silica, high-K rhyolites and anomalous 

rare metal concentrations elsewhere. Some of these 

rocks are fayalite rhyolites; they are high in Rb, low 

in Sr and Zr, and contain fluorite, F-apatite, 

ilmenite ± Nb, cassiterite, and uraninite as 

accessory minerals. Locally they are accompanied 

by small veins or segregations of gas-phase 

minerals containing Sn, W, Be, U, Mo, and F. 

Minor-element plots of rhyolites from some of 

these middle Thrtiary silicic eruptive centers, as 

well as plots for the granitic intrusive rocks, combined with criteria developed by Hildreth (1980) 

and Mutschler and others (1981) for assessing the 

degree of magma fractionation, enable selection of 

some eruptive centers as deserving further study 

and perhaps exploration for deposits. 

REMOTE SENSING (MAP MF-1183-Q) 

Laboratory remote-sensing studies, consisting of 

digital image processing and interpretation of 

Landsat imagery, were used to produce a map of 
limonitically altered rocks or areas in the quadrangle. Numerous limonite anomalies in bedrock 

areas and two limonite anomalies in the late 

Cenozoic basins were mapped. Most of the bedrock 

anomalies and one of the basin anomalies are 

related to areas of known hydrothermally altered 

rock. The other basin anomaly, on Lordsburg Mesa, 

may be related to a mineralization process similar 

to that which produced the calcrete uranium 

deposits of western Australia. 

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (MAP 1-1310-F) 

Geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data 

from other investigations of the program have been 

used to assess the quadrangle's mineral resources. 

The resources evaluated include both metallic and 

nonmetallic commodities but exclude the organic 

fuels and most sand, gravel, and rock products. The 

42 deposit types recognized in the mineral deposit 

component (Richter and Lawrence, 1983) of the 

folio have been adopted as the basic unit in this 

assessment. In addition to the known deposit 

types of the quadrangle, the resource potential of 

several other deposit types for which the geologic 

environment appears favorable is also discussed. 

The assessment is based on identifying geologic 

terranes favorable for the occurrence of both known 

and possible deposit types and focuses chiefly on 

the mineral potential of the mountain ranges. 

Although favorable geologic terranes for mineralization undoubtedly underlie the late Cenozoic 

basin areas, their areal extent and the relatively 

great thickness of fill preclude an appraisal of the 

underlying bedrock. Locally, known geology of the 

mountain ranges can be extrapolated into areas of 

shallow basin fill, and in some places geophysical 

studies have resulted in a better understanding of 

regional subbasin geology, but delineation of 

favorable terranes on the basis of such results is 

not feasible. Likewise, the extensive areas of middle Thrtiary volcanic rocks may cover favorable terranes and possibly significant ore deposits of Late 

Cretaceous-early Thrtiary and older age. Some 

attempt has been made to peer under the volcanic 

cover by geophysical means, but again the data are 

not sufficient to warrant an appraisal. 

The approach relies heavily on detailed information that facilitates inferences about the processes 

that have shaped the geology of the quadrangle 

and on developing physical-genetic models of the 

mineral deposit types likely to occur. In general, 

13 

the delineation of areas of favorability fe· the 

deposit types examined are based on three broad 

criteria: (1) known deposits, which imply a 

favorable geologic environment; (2) necE:~sary 

geologic conditions, such as favorable host rocks, 

eruptive systems, structures, and source rocks, 

that indicate the presence of a favorable en"•ironment; and (3) suggestive conditions, such as 

associated deposit types and geochemica 1 and 

geophysical anomalies, that suggest the pn:~ence 

of a favorable environment. Ranking areas in terms 

of favorability is largely avoided, although the type 

criteria used in delineating an area are an iniirect 

guide to its favorableness. However, many ar~as of 

favorability based on suggestive criteria may, in 

fact, become increasingly significant in the future 

as ore-forming processes become better under~tood 

and as more sophisticated exploration techr.iques 

are developed. No estimation of the numb~rs of 

deposits that may occur in areas of favorability has 

been attempted, nor has there been any concerted 

effort to quantify the undiscovered res<',uces 

(either hypothetical or speculative) of these areas 

by statistical methods. 

In the pamphlet accompanying the map. each 

commodity, or group of related commodit::~s, is 

discussed separately. Following a brief intJ"'>ductory statement, the deposit types in which the 

commodity is a significant constituent are modeled. For a few deposit types, especially so'lle of 

the precious-metal vein-type deposits mined long 

ago, data are inadequate to allow more than suggestions about the geology of the deposits. From 

the models, the criteria used in delineating areas 

of favorability for each deposit type are tabulated, 

and the areas are shown on small-scale conm10dity maps. A summary statement at the end o~ each 

commodity section discusses the resource potential and, where possible, quantitative estimates of 

production, reserves, and identified resourc~s are 

given. In a few cases the undiscovered resorrce is 

estimated, but usually this part of the total 

resource is discussed in less quantitative fashion. 

The production and total resource of the r-incipal commodities in the quadrangle are summwed 

in table 2. Production of copper, molybdenurr.. zinc, 

lead, gold, silver, iron, manganese-iron, fluorite, and 

zeolite with small amounts of manganese, tungsten, vanadium, bismuth, and uranium since 1850 

is valued at about $3.5 billion. Reserves and identified resources, chiefly of base and precious n1etals, 

are valued at more than $30 billion at current 
TABLE 2.-Summary of estimated production, reserves, and resourcesof the principal commodities 

in the Silver City JOX2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona 

[Figures are in metric tons; n represents the uncertainty in the order-of magnitude estimates, that is n is any number from 1 to 9] 

Commodity Production Reserves Identified Undiscovere" 

resource resource 

Gold ------------------------------ 26 200 nx102 nx10 

Silver ----------------------------- 1,300 1,000 nx103 nx103 

Copper ---------------------------- 4,450,000 8,200,000 8,000,000 nx106 

Molybdenite (MoS2) ----------------- 23,000 50,000 38,000 nx105 

Lead ------------------------------ 140,000 --------- nx104 

Zinc ------------------------------ 1,000,000 --------- nx105 

Iron ------------------------------ 7,110,000 --------- nx107 nx108 

(50-59% Fe) 

Manganese-Iron -------------------- 2,000,000 10,000,000 nx106 nx106 

(10-16 Mn, 30-40 Fe) 

Manganese ------------------------ 11,000 --------- nx103 nx103 

(17-40 Mn) 

Thngsten -------------------------- 2,300 --------- nx103 nx103 

(0.1-4 W03) 

Fluorite --------------------------- 190,000 --------- nx104 --------

(50-70 CaF 2) 

Zeolites --------------------------- 10,000 --------- nx108 --------

prices. The estimates of undiscovered resources are 

conservative and bound by existing technology and 

economics. These resources are restricted chiefly to 

known areas of favorability in the ranges, with little allowance for discoveries of either known or new 

deposit types beneath the extensive Cenozoic basins or middle 'Thrtiary volcanic terranes. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Anderson, C. A., 1951, Older Precambrian structures in Arizona: 

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, p. 1331-1346. 

Coney, P. J., and Reynolds, S. J., 1977, Cordilleran Benioff zones: 

Nature, v. 270, p. 403-406. 

Damon, P. E., Shafiqullah, M., and Clark, K. F., 1981, Age trends 

of igneous activity in relation to metallogenesis in the 

southern Cordillera: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 

XIV, p. 137-154. 

Drewes, Harald, 1978, The Cordilleran orogenic belt between 

Nevada and Chihuahua: Geological Society of America 

Bulletin, v. 89, p. 641-657. 

__ 1981, 'Thctonics of southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1144, 96 p. 

Drewes, Harald, Houser, B. B., Hedlund, D. C., Richter, D. H., 

Thorman, C. H., and Finnell, T. L., 1985, Geologic map of 

the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series 

Map I-1310-C, scale 1:250,000. 

Elston, W. E., 1960, Reconnaissance geologic map of Virden 

thirty-minute quadrangle: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and 

Mineral Resources Geologic Map 15, scale 1:125,000. 

14 

Griffitts, W. R., and Alminas, H. V., 196<>. Geochemical 

evidence for possible concealed mineral d 1posits near the 

Monticello Box, northern Sierra County, New Mexico: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 600, 13 p. 

Grimes, D. J., and Marranzino, A. P., 1968 Direct-current 

and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic 

field methods for the semiquantitative analyses of geologic materials: U.S. Geological Surve;r Circular 591, 

6 p. 

Hassemer, J. R., Ficklin, W. H., Motooka, J. M., and Watts, 

K. C., with contributions by Preston, D. J., Smaglik, S. K., 

and Ward, F. N., 1983, Analytical result's for 328 water 

samples from the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey C '"len-File Report 

83-84, 42 p. 

Hassemer, J. R., Watts, K. C., and Ficklin, W. H., 1986, Reconnaissance hydrogeochemistry of Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: Uranium, normalized 

uranium, and radon: U.S. Geological SurvE'v Miscellaneous 

Field Studies Map MF-1183-L, scale 1:500,000. 

Hewitt, C. H., 1959, Geology and mineral depo,its of the northern Big Burro Mountains-Redrock area, Grant County, New 

Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mincq and Mineral 

Resources Bulletin 60, 151 p. 

Hildreth, Wes, 1980, The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin 

of compositional zonation in silicic ma~a chambers: 

Geological Society of America Special Paper 180, 

p. 43-75. 

Izett, G. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1982, Map si:'owing localities 

and inferred distributions of the Hucklebe"ry Ridge, Mesa 

Falls, and Lava Creek ash beds (Pearlette family ash beds) 

of Pliocene and Pleistocene age in the Western United 

States and southern Canada: U.S. Geological Survey 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Ma.., I-1325, scale 

1:4,000,000. 
Klein, D. P., 1985, Aeromagnetic map of the Silver City 1 °X2 o 

quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1310-

D, scale 1:250,000. 

__ 1986, Implications of gravity and magnetic data for the 

structure and mineralization in the Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1310-G, scale 

1:250,000. 

McDanal, S. K., Fom, C. L., Hassemer, J. R., and Watts, K. 

C., 1983, Analytical results for stream-sediment concentrates, sieved stream sediment, rock, and water samples 

from the Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: Tape available only from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Va. 22161 as report 

number. 

Mutschler, F. E., Wright, E. G., Ludington, S.D., and Abbott, 

J. T., 1981, Granite molybdenite systems: Economic 

Geology, v. 76, p. 874-897. 

Raines, G. L., 1984, Limonite alteration map of the Silver City 

1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies.Map MF-1183-

Q, scale 1:250,000. 

Richter, D. H., and Lawrence, V. A., 1983, Mineral deposit map 

of the Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1310-B, scale 1:250,000. 

Richter, D. H., Sharp, W. N., Watts, K. C., Raines, G. L., 

Houser, B. B., and Klein, D. P., 1985, Mineral resource 

assessment of the Silver City 1 °X2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Investigations Series Map 1-1310-F. 

Sharp, W. N., 1986, Petrochemistry of the igneous rocks, Silver 

City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. 

Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 

1-1310-H, scale 1:250,000. 

Van 'frump, G: R., and Miesch, A. T., 1976, The U.S. Geological 

Survey RASS-STATPAC System for management and 

statistical reduction of geochemical data, in Computers and 

Geoscience, v. 3, 1977: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 475-488. 

Watts, K. C., and Hassemer, J. R., 1980, Distribution and abundance of fluorite in stream-sediment concentrates, Silver 

City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. 

Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF1183-C, scale 1:250,000. 

__ 1986, Geochemical interpretive and summary maps, 

Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series 

Map 1-1310-E, scale 1:250,000. 

Watts, K. C., Hassemer, J. R., Fom, C. L., and Siems, D. F., 

1986a, Geochemistry of lead in stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-A, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986b, Geochemistry of copper in stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-B, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986c, Geochemistry of zinc in stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-D, scale 1:500,000. 

15 

__ 1986d, Geochemistry of molybdenum in stream·sediment 

concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, Ne, Mexico 

and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellane"~us Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-E, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986e, Geochemistry of silver in stream-secli.r'-ent concentrates, Silver City 1 oX 2 o quadrangle, New M c;~xico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-F, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986f, Geochemistry of tungsten in stream-sedi""lent concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Ma.xico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-G, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986g, Geochemistry of bismuth and beryllium in streamsediment concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadra..,.~le, New 

Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Misc.ellaneous 

Field Studies Map MF-1183-H, scale 1:500,00'l. 

__ 1986h, Geochemistry of tin in stream-sedimer~ concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and 

Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1183-I, scale 1:500,000. 

__ 1986i, Geochemistry of manganese in stream .. sediment 

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__ 1986j, Geochemistry of barium in stream-sedi'1'lent concentrates, Silver City 1 °X2° quadrangle, New Mexico and 

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1978, A statistical summary and listing of the spectrographic analyses of heavy-mineral concentrat?. and conventional, sieved stream-sediment samples, s:'ver City 

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78-801, 247 p. 

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

FOR THE SILVER CITY QUADRAI~GLE 

(Does not include references cited in Circula·) 

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__ 1957, The metal resources of New Mexico and their 

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16 

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__ 1963, Aeromagnetic map of the Coc"-ise quadrangle, 

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__ 1981, 'Thctonics of southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological 

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__ 1981, Geologic map and sections of the Bowie Mountain 

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__ 1983, Geologic map and sections of the Bowie Mountain 

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Gary and.Lordsburg quadrangles, Hida ~ County, New 

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__ 1978, Major geologic structures between Lordsburg, New 

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__ 1980, Geologic map of the Steins, New Mexico, and Vanar, 

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Elston, W. E., 1957, Geology and mineral resources of the 

Dwyer quadrangle, Grant, Luna, and Sierra Counties, New 

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__ 1960, Reconnaissance geologic map of Virden thirtyminute quadrangle: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and 

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__ 1963, Geology and mineral resources of Hidalgo County, 

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__ 1965, Mining districts of Hidalgo County, New Mexico: 

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__ 1965, Volcanic rocks of the Mimbres and upper Gila 

drainages, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society 

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Elston, W. E., Damon, P. E., Coney, P. J., Rhodes, R. C., and 

Bikerman, Michael, 1973, Tertiary volcanic rocks, 

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region-K-Ar dates, patterns of eruption, and periods of 

mineralization: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 

84, no. 7, p. 2259-2274. 

Elston, W. E., Erb, E. E., and Deal, E. G., 1979, Tertiary 

geology of Hidalgo County, New Mexico: New Mexico 

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Elston, W. E., Rhodes, R. C., and Erb, E. E., 1976, Control of 

mineralization by mid-Tertiary volcanic centers, southwestern New Mexico, in Elston, W. E., and Northrup, S. A., 

eds., Cenozoic volcanism in southwestern New Mexico: New 

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Enders, M.S., 1981, The geology, mineralization, and exploration characteristics of the Beck Mine and vicinity, Kimball mining district, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and 

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Silver City, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and 

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17 

__ 1975, Geology and mineralization at the Grcund Hog 

mine, New Mexico, in Base metal and preci<Jus metal 

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Erickson, R. C., 1968, Geology and geochronology o.c: the Dos 

Cabezas Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona; Arizona 

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__ 1982, Zeolite deposits in the Gila and San Simcn Valleys 

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Finnell, T. L., 1976, Geologic map of the Twin Sisters 

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__ 1976, Geologic map of the Reading Mountain qnidrangle, 

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__ 1982, Geologic map of the Dorsey Ranch quq_drangle, 

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Flege, R. F., 1959, Geology of Lordsburg quadrangle:, Hidalgo 

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Gillerman, Elliot, 1952, Fluorspar deposits of Burro Mountains 

and vicinity, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Surve:r Bulletin 

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__ 1953, Search for and geology of uranium in s1ndstonetype deposits, White Signal-Black Hawk distr~~ts, New 

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__ 1953, Fluorite deposits of Burro Mountains ann vicinity: 

New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 4th Field Conference, p. 137-138. 

__ 1953, White Signal uranium deposits: NeF Mexico 

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__ 1958, Geology of the central Peloncillo Mountains, 

Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and Cochise County, 

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__ 1964, Mineral deposits of western Grant County, New 

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__ 1967, Structural framework and character of n'ineralization, Burro Mountains, New Mexico: Economic Geology, 

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__ 1970, Mineral deposits and structural pattern of the Big 

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Granger, H. C., and Bauer, H. L., Jr., 1951, Results of diamond 

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__ 1952, Uranium occurrences on Merry Widow claim, 

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deposits of the Steeple Rock mining district, Grant County, 

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Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral 

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Hall, R. B., 1978, World nonbauxite aluminum resourcesAlunite: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1076-

A, 35 p. 

Harrer, C. M., and Kelly, F. J., 1963, Reconnaissance of iron 

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Hedlund, D. C., 1978, Geologic map of the Wind Mountain 

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1:24,000. 

__ 1978, Geologic map of the Soldiers Farewell Hill 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the Ninety-six Ranch quadrangle, 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the Gold Hill quadrangle, Grant 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the Tyrone quadrangle, Grant 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the Werney Hill quadrangle, Grant 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the C-Bar Ranch quadrangle, 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the Burro Peak quadrangle, Grant 

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__ 1978, Geologic map of the White Signal quadrangle, 

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18 

__ 1980, Geologic map of the Redrock SE q'1adrangle, Grant 

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19 

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20 

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21 

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22 

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987-0-773-047/46043 

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