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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

September 25, 2018

v No. 334205

Wayne Circuit Court

GARY GILMORE, LC No. 16-003006-01-FH

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MARKEY and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals by leave granted1 from his plea of guilty to the charges of organized 

retail crime, MCL 752.1084, and use of a computer to commit a crime, MCL 752.797(3)(d). 

Defendant was sentenced to five years’ probation for the organized retail crime conviction and 

21⁄2 to 7 years’ imprisonment for the use of a computer to commit a crime conviction. We affirm.

Defendant argues that he did not waive his right to an evidentiary hearing regarding 

restitution because he properly objected to the amount of restitution at sentencing. We disagree.

In general, this Court reviews errors related to restitution for an abuse of discretion. 

People v Bell, 276 Mich App 342, 345; 741 NW2d 57 (2007). Additionally, this Court reviews a 

trial court’s denial of a request for an evidentiary hearing for an abuse of discretion. People v 

White, 307 Mich App 425, 429; 862 NW2d 1 (2014). “An abuse of discretion occurs when a 

court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” 

Id. In this case, defendant failed to preserve appellate review of the order of restitution by 

objecting at sentencing. People v Newton, 257 Mich App 61, 68; 665 NW2d 504 (2003). 

Additionally, defendant waived his right to an evidentiary hearing by not affirmatively 

requesting one. People v Gahan, 456 Mich 264, 276; 571 NW2d 503 (1997), overruled in part 

 1 On August 2, 2016, defendant filed a delayed application for leave to appeal, which this Court 

denied. People of Michigan v Gary Gilmore, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered 

September 13, 2016 (Docket No. 334205). Defendant then filed an application for leave to 

appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court, which subsequently remanded defendant’s case to this 

Court for consideration as on leave granted. People v Gilmore, 500 Mich 1019 (2017). 
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on other grounds by People v McKinley, 496 Mich 410, 419; 852 NW2d 770 (2014) (holding that 

restitution under MCL 780.766(2) must be causally linked to the conviction offense). Defendant 

did not affirmatively request an evidentiary hearing regarding restitution. Accordingly, this issue 

has not been preserved for appeal, and defendant waived his right to an evidentiary hearing. 

This Court’s review of unpreserved issues is limited to plain error affecting defendant’s 

substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “To avoid 

forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error must have 

occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial 

rights.” Id. “The third requirement generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error 

affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. Reversal is warranted only when the 

plain error leads to the conviction of an actually innocent person, or where the error seriously 

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceeding. Id.

Defendant was required to pay $18,000 in restitution to the victim, Home Depot, as 

repayment for fraudulently purchasing sliding doors for a price far lower than their retail value

on at least 52 separate occasions. Defendant accomplished this crime by affixing incorrect UPC 

barcodes to the items and paying for them at a self-checkout station. The self-checkout computer 

kiosk would then register that defendant had purchased an item that cost far less than the item he 

was actually purchasing. Defendant would later return the doors without a receipt and receive a 

refund for their full retail value. “Restitution” is defined as “ ‘[c]ompensation or reparation for 

the loss caused to another.’ ” People v Gubachy, 272 Mich App 706, 708; 728 NW2d 891 

(2006), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed). The Crime Victim’s Rights Act (“CVRA”), 

MCL 780.751 et seq., “mandates that a sentencing court order convicted defendants to ‘make full 

restitution to any victim of the defendant’s course of conduct that gives rise to the 

conviction[.]’ ” People v Corbin, 312 Mich App 352, 359; 880 NW2d 2 (2015), quoting MCL 

780.766(2). The CVRA defines a “victim” as “ ‘an individual who suffers direct or threatened 

physical, financial, or emotional harm as a result of the commission of a crime.’ ” MCL 

780.766(1). For purposes of subsection 2, “victim includes a sole proprietorship, partnership, 

corporation, association, governmental entity, or any other legal entity that suffers direct physical 

or financial harm as a result of a crime.” Id. 

Defendant argues that in order to avoid waiving his right to an evidentiary hearing, he 

was merely required to object to the order to pay restitution, which was a part of his original plea 

agreement. This argument conflates waiver with preservation. Defendant cannot avoid waiver 

of the right to an evidentiary hearing where he never affirmatively requested one. Objecting to 

the restitution order only results in preserving issues related to restitution for appeal and has no 

bearing on whether defendant has waived the right to an evidentiary hearing. Waiver and 

preservation are two separate concepts with different procedural standards and consequences. 

“Waiver has been defined as ‘the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right,’ ”

whereas preservation avoids forfeiture that occurs when one fails to timely assert a right. People 

v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000) (citations omitted). If defendant had 

affirmatively objected to the restitution order, he would have only succeeded in preserving the 

issue for appeal. Newton, 257 Mich App at 68. The standard for avoiding waiver of the right to 

an evidentiary hearing differs from the standard for preservation of the issue. When a defendant 

forfeits an issue, it may still be reviewed for plain error. Carines, 460 Mich at 763.
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Unlike forfeiture, an individual who waives a right “may not then seek appellate review 

of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver has extinguished any error.” Carter, 462 

Mich at 215. To avoid waiver of the right to an evidentiary hearing regarding restitution, a 

defendant must affirmatively request such a hearing. Gahan, 456 Mich at 276. The only 

instance in which the issue of an evidentiary hearing was raised was before the initial plea

hearing. Defense counsel asked whether defendant could still have a restitution hearing if he

accepted the prosecution’s offer that included $18,000 in restitution as part of a sentence 

agreement. Defendant argues that this question constituted a timely objection to the restitution 

order, and that consequently, he did not waive his right to an evidentiary hearing. The trial court 

advised the parties that it would not accept the plea agreement in that event and would instead 

schedule the case for a trial. Defendant nevertheless chose, after waving all of his rights, to 

accept the plea bargain that included the sentence agreement with the stated amount of 

restitution. And, even if the colloquy were an “objection,” it would not have secured defendant’s 

right to an evidentiary hearing because he was specifically required to affirmatively request such 

a hearing to avoid waiving the right to a hearing regarding restitution. Defense counsel’s 

question did not constitute an affirmative request for an evidentiary hearing. 

Defense counsel also failed to secure defendant’s right to an evidentiary hearing

following the plea hearing. At sentencing, after the trial court advised the parties that it could 

not accept that part of the plea agreement that defendant would not be sentenced to prison, 

defense counsel informed the trial court that “[defendant] would [still] like to accept the offer”

and did not request an evidentiary hearing regarding restitution. Defendant also stated that he 

“would like to get on with [his] life” and voluntarily accepted the modified plea agreement with 

full knowledge of the amount of restitution, as indicated in a plea agreement defendant had 

signed and as previously stated on the record. “[A] defendant waives appellate review of a 

sentence . . . by understandingly and voluntarily entering into a plea agreement to accept that 

specific sentence.” People v Wiley, 472 Mich 153, 154; 693 NW2d 800 (2005). Defendant 

never objected to the amount of restitution owed and never formally requested an evidentiary 

hearing regarding restitution. As a result, defendant has waived his right to challenge the trial 

court’s failure to grant him an evidentiary hearing on appeal. Waiver extinguishes any error, 

foreclosing appellate review. McKinley, 496 Mich at 418; Carter, 462 Mich at 214-215. 

We affirm. 

/s/ Michael J. Kelly 

/s/ Jane E. Markey 

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood