Fail Rate - For roadside inspections, 16% of vehicles recruited fail a visual screening test, half of these
(8% of those recruited) fail the snap-idle test

Test Equipment - Opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 - $8,000

Inspection Fees - Annual inspection cost 1s 1 hour shop labor ($45 to $75). Roadside inspections are
free

Problems - None reported.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All HDGVs. New vehicles are inspected by dealer prior to delivery and receive a
two-year sticker, effectively exempting new vehicles from inspection for their first 24 months of
ownership

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured at curb idle

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,

Emissions Standards - Idle emissions standards are based on model year

HDGV Emissions Standards
Pre-1968 1968-70 1971-74 1975-78 1979+
HC ppm 1400 1200 700 500 300
cO% 85 85 60 40 30

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - BAR97 analyzers

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $15,000 - $20,000

Inspection Fees - Inspections at contractor-operated lanes are free (covered in registration fee). At
private facilities, fee 1s half the posted hourly labor rate of $50-$75 Reinspection fee 1s based on
individual failing items, and 1s calculated by multiplying the state-assigned time to inspect each
component by the shop’s hourly labor rate.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: Al An, Deputy Commissioner, Dept. of Transportation,

1035 Parkway Ave , P O. Box 600, Trenton, NJ 08625, (609)530-3536 Air Agency Contact David
West, Chief, Bureau of Transportation Control, Dept of Environmental Protection, 380 Scotch Road,
CN437, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, (609)530-4035. Also, for decentralized program issues Rob
Schell, same location, (609)530-4038, for centralized and Diesel emissions issues Tony Iavarone

(609)530-4064

3-46


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CALIFORNIA (Enhanced Program Areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - For HDDVs, truck and bus fleet operators are required to perform their own
testing on their fleets annually The test 1s also performed for enforcement at random roadside
locations and at fleet facilities (fleets are required to self-certify) For HDGVs biennial emissions tests
and visual/functional inspections at licensed private test-and-repair or test-only facilites. Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership and out-of-state vehicles being registered im Califormia for the first
time are also subject to inspection. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs

Test Procedures - SAE J1667

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Pre 1991 - 55%, 1991 and newer - 40%.

For pre-1991 vehicles that have smoke opacities greater than 55 percent but less than 70 percent and
have not received a citation in the past 12 months, a Nouce of Violation is issued Similar to a “fix at
ticket,” the Notice of Violation has no penalty if repairs are made to the engine and a Demonstration of

Correction form is submitted to the ARB with 45 days

If repairs are not made and a Demonstration of Correction form 1s not submitted within the 45-day
period, a citation will be issued Only one Notice of Violation may be issued in a 12-month period

First Level Citation. For pre-1991 engines with 70 percent or greater smoke opacity and 1991 and
newer engines with greater than 40 percent opacity that have not recerved any citations in the past 12
months, a First Level Citation 1s issued

The penalty 1s $300 if engine repairs are made and a Demonstration of Correction form 1s submitted to
the ARB within 45 days The penalty 1s increased to $800 if repairs are not made and a Demonstration
of Correction form 1s not submitted to the ARB within 45 days

Second Level Citation’ The penalty for any further violations within a 12-month period 1s $1800. In
addition, a Demonstration of Correction form must be submitted in order to clear the citation

In extreme cases, the California Highway Patrol may take a vehicle out of service for an outstanding
citation if the penalty has not been paid or if the vehicle has not been repaired

Fail Rate - Unknown.

Test Equipment - Opacity meters, various manufacturers (see the website

http //www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/smokemtr htm for a list of manufacturers CARB has identified)
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 to $8,000

3-12


Report No. SRO1-11-01

Status of Vehicle Inspection Programs
For Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles

prepared for:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Certification and Compliance Diviston

Under Contract No. 68-C7-0051
Work Assignment No. 3-10

November 6, 2001

prepared by:

Michael J St. Denis
H Anthony Ashby

Sierra Research, Inc.
1801 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 444-6666


Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $19 50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on.

Problems - Problems are minimal, and related to the low volume of HDDV testing For example,
vehicle inspector may not conduct snap-acceleration test properly because of lack of practice.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs up to 25 years old New vehicles are exempted from testing for the first 2
model years

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured during TSI.

Exhaust Components Measured -HC, CO, CO,

Emussions Standards - Emissions standards depend on vehicle model year

Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs

HC co

ppm %
1975-77 450 $0
1978 350 40
1979 275 3.0
1980 230 2.0
1981+ 220 12

Fail Rate - Approximately 4% - 5%.

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers’ Honba. Gas cap testers. ESP

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not avatlable.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $19 50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: Rick Carleski, Acting Manager, Mobile Sources Section, Ohio
EPA, PO Box 1049, Columbus, Ohio 43215-1049, (614)644-3059. Also David Youngerman,

Frederick Jones, same location

Website - http //www epa state oh us/dape/mobile html

3-55


Inspection Fees - HDDV test fee 1s $24, all inspections are conducted at the technical center
Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI test.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, 0,

Emussions Standards - Standards categones are based on model year.

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HC ppm 1500 1200 1000 800
cO% 70 50 40 35

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems’ ESP Model Utah2000

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzers $12,500

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection 1s $20

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager Delane McGarvey, Environmental Health Dept., Davis County
Courthouse, 28 E State St. (P O. Box 618) Farmington, Utah 84025, (801}451-3296 Also Mike
Egginton at County Technical Center (801)$46-8860. Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of Utah,

Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (P O
Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423

Website - None given.

3-66


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - ALASKA (Municipality of Anchorage)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Descnption - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilities. Approximately 90 facilities are participating in the program. BAR97 analyzers Inspection
also required on transfer of title if vehicle 1s 1987 model year or older and more than 12 months have
elapsed since last test. Contractor-operated referee facility. Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs of 1968 and later model years (1968+) up to 12,000 pounds curb weight
Two most recent model years exempted. “Seasonal Waivers” are available for vehicles not driven
during winter months “Commuter”vehicles subject to inspection

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on Two-Speed Idle (TSI) test (2500 rpm and curb
idle) No visual or functional inspection required for 1968-74 models. Visual/functional inspection of
1975 and later (1975+) models covers catalyst, EGR, PCV, air injection, evaporative emission control
components, thermostatic air intake system (TAC), and fuel metering. No evaporative control system
functional test, as program 1s focused only on CO

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-73 1974-78 1979-93 1994+

Idle CO (%) 50 40 40 10
2500 rpmCO(%) 50 40 40 10
HC (ppm) 1000 1000 1000 220

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - All analyzers used in the program are 4-gas Emission Inspection Systems from
Worldwide Environmental Products, Inc As configured for the Alaska I/M programs, they measure
HC, CO, CO,, and O,

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000 per unit

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is market-driven to a maximum of $50; Certificate of Inspection for
passing vehicles 1s $18

Problems - None reported

3-2


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - PENNSYLVANIA (Four counties in Pittsburgh area)

Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities.
Approximately 1,100 facilities are participating in the program. Fleet operators can mspect their own
vehicles

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs <9,000 lbs GVWR. Vehicles driven fewer than 5,000 miles in the
year prior to inspection are eligible for an exempt sticker

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Gas-cap pressure test and visual inspection conducted

on all vehicles, visual mspection covers catalyst, fuel inlet restrictor, PCV, EGR, air injection system,
and evaporative emission control system.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emussions Standards - All HDGVs must meet the same standards. 650 ppm HC, 6 0% CO.
Fail Rate - 6.8%

Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems supplied by ESP, Sun, Snap-On, SPX.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $13,000 - $22,000

Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee (includes one free retest within 30 days at station that
performed first inspection) 1s not regulated, average fee 1s $27.

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager: John Munafo, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Division, Bureau of
Motor Vehicles, Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation, PO Box 8697, Harnsburg, Pennsylvania
17105, (717)787-3184 Also Peter Gertz, (717)783-7016, same location

Website - www drivecleanpa state pa us

3-61


Problems - None reported
HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs except farm-plated vehicles. The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles)

Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For HDDVs vehicles greater

than 8,500 pounds and >7,500 Ibs empty weight, test modes are WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70%
of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the snap-acceleration test

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
(naturally aspirated or turbo charged).

HDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
<7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee 1s one hour of labor at the inspection shop’s posted rate
Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All HDGVs_ The two most recent model years of Diesel vehicles are exempted
(except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles).

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI Visual inspection of 1975+ models covers air

inyection system, catalyst, fuel inlet restrictor, check-engine light, oxygen sensor, and fuel cap Gas cap
pressure test

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.


Test Equipment - Dieseltune (SPX) partial flow opacity meter, heavy-duty dynamometer.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $120,000

Inspection Fees - Approximately $40 , set by the government.

Problems / Remarks - None reported.

Contact Person - Y.S Yam, Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 45/F, Revenue Tower,
5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chat, Hong Kong, China, (852) 2594 6424, Y_S_Yamkha@epd gov hk,

Website - http //www info gov hk/epd/

Additional Information -EPD 1s currently studying the addition of NO measurement.

4-8


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - IDAHO (Boise area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions inspection at private test-only facilities; 40 facilities are
participating in the program. Three privately owned mobile emissions test vans provide on-site
inspections of fleets. BAR90 analyzers.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1965 and newer LDDVs_ The most recent model year 1s exempted 1f dnven fewer
than 5,000 miles

Test Procedures - Modified snap-acceleration test. Throttle pedal 1s depressed to floor and held for
three seconds, then released.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - LDDV opacity standards categones are based on vehicle model year May
become more stringent in 2002

Opacity Standards for LDDVs
65-74 75-91 92+

Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters ProTech Opax 2000, Red Mountain
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ProTech Opax 2000. $3,000, Red Mountain $5,700

Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable fee for emissions inspection 1s $12, $2 goes to the Air Quality
Board to cover administrative costs One free retest 1s included in the fee

Problems - Strict snap-acceleration procedure drove engine speed past tachometer rediine, which
worned owners. Procedure modified to ensure that engine speed does not exceed redline Adapters for
opacity meters had to be fabricated (locally, then by manufacturers) to accommodate small-diameter
exhausts on smaller LDDVs.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1965+ HDDVs (except motor homes) The most recent model year 1s exempted if
driven fewer than 5,000 miles

Test Procedures - Snap acceleration test.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

3-26


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NEW YORK (The nine-county New York Metropolitan Area (NYMA) comprised
of Nassau, Suffolk, Rockland, and Westchester counties, and the 5 boroughs of New York City)

Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities
Vehicles undergoing change of ownership and new-to-state are subject to inspection About 3,800
facilities in the NYMA are participating in the program. Of those, about 240 fleet operators (25 or
more vehicles) are Ircensed to inspect their own vehicles (must meet the same requirements as other
inspection facilities, except being subject to covert audits).

HDDV
Vehicles Included - HDDVs 25 model years old and newer (e.g , in year 2001, the oldest model year
mspected 1s 1976), excluding emergency vehicles and farm vehicles. The two most recent model years

are exempt from emissions mspection.

Test Procedures - SAE J1667 performed at specially licensed facz]ities called Official Diesel Emission
Inspection Stations (ODEIS)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1976-90 1991+
Maximum Opacity, % 55 40

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Opacity meters approved by New York DEC include the following brands’ Wager
Model 7500, CalTest 1000-WIN-TR, Red Mountain Engineering Smoke Check 1667, Bosch RTT 100,
ESP Diesel-sense 1667, and SPX Dieseltune Smokemeter DX-240

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Per-unit costs vary, range 1s $5,000 to $10,000

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee (emission and safety inspection together) 1s $35 Vehicles remaining at
inspection facility for repairs following a failing test receive free retest, otherwise vehicles are charged
regular inspection fee for retests

Problems - Some HDDV owners expressed concem about possible damage when their engines go toa
high speed when tested on J1667 procedure Engine manufacturers, however, have assured NY DEC
that thei engines can be tested safely and are operating within design parameters Some ODEIS have
had problems with malfunctioning opacity meters that are not repaired within a reasonable time. NY
DEC personnel feel that some of these problems may result from stations’ not having service contracts
with ther opacity meter vendors

HDGY

3-51


Vehicles Included - All HDDVs except farm-plated vehicles. The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles).

Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For HDDVs greater than 8,500
pounds and >7,500 Ibs empty weight, test modes are WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of
maximum rated engine speed. Fleet mspections employ the snap-acceleration test

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
{naturally aspirated or turbo charged).

HDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee ts one hour of labor at the mspection shop’s posted rate
Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All HDGVs except farm-plated vehicles The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles)

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI (1981+ models) or at curb idle only (1980
and older models) Visual inspection of 1975+ models includes air injection system, catalyst, fuel inlet
restrictor, check-engine light, oxygen sensor, and fuel cap. Gas cap pressure test.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HCppm CO%

pre- 1968 1500 70
1968-69 1200 65
1970-78 1000 $5

3-22


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - OHIO (Cleveland-Akron, Dayton-Springfield, Cinemnati)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and tampering inspections at centralized, contractor-
operated facilities (ESP). Testing also required on change of ownership I/M repair facilities are
licensed by the state on a voluntary basis Statewide, the inspection contractor provides 177 inspection
lanes in 44 facilities

LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs up to 25 years old. New vehicles are exempted from testing for the first 2
model years, Thus, in calendar year 2001, vehicles of model years 1977-99 must be tested (odd model

year vehicles tested in odd years, even model year vehicles in even years)

Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measurements during ASM2525 test Vehicles that cannot be dyno-
tested get the snap-acceleration test

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity 1s 20% for all LDDVs.

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Dynamometers’ Mustang 5100 IM240 2wd, Realtime 20N Opacity meters
Telonic/Berkeley Model 200, Wager Model 650

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $19.50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on

Problems - Problems are minimal, and related to the low volume of LDDV testing For example,
vehicle inspector may not conduct snap-acceleration test properly because of lack of practice

HDDV

Velucles Included - HDDVs up to 25 years old, with GVWR < 10,000 New vehicles are exempted
from testing for the first 2 model years

Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measurements during ASM2525 test Vehicles that cannot be dyno-
tested get the snap-acceleration test

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity 1s 20% for all HDDVs
Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Dynamometers. Mustang 5100 IM240 2wd, Realtime 20N Opacity meters
Telonic/Berkeley Model 200, Wager Model 650.

3-54


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - GERMANY .
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Decentralized emissions tests at government-approved private test and repair
facilities.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All vehicles built since 1977 up to 3,500 kg max gross weight.
Test Procedures - Snap-idle test and visual check of emission control components
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m”, turbo charged 3 5 m'

Fail Rate - Approximately 18%

Test Equipment - Bosch opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $5,000.

Inspection Fees - Emissions test 1s part of full roadworthiness test, total cost 1s $35

Problems / Remarks - None reported.

HDGV

Mehicles Included - Vehicles greater than 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross weight built since 1970
Test Procedures - TSI.

Exhaust Components Measured - CO

Emissions Standards - Unknown

Fail Rate - Unknown

Test Equipment - Unknown.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - Unknown

Problems / Remarks - None reported


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - KENTUCKY (Louisville area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) mspection centers. Five inspection centers provide 22 inspection lanes Fleet
operators are allowed to inspect their own vehicles upon meeting all hardware and software
requirements, with data submission to the contractor

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity, dyno-capable LDDVs on loaded cruise, non-dyno

capable at curb idle Load and speed for the loaded cruise test depend on number of engine cylinders;
approximate values for a vehicle with an 8-cylinder engine are 9 hp at 32-35 mph

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard 1s 5%; loaded cruise standard 1s 20%

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $11, with one free retest

Problems - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs < 18,000 lbs GVWR .

Test Procedures - HDDVs with GVWRs of 8,501-9,999 Ibs that are dyno-capable tested for opacity on

loaded cruise. Heavier GVWRs and those not dyno-capable, are tested at curb idle. Loaded cruise
conditions depend on number of engine cylinders

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Idle test opacity standard 1s 5%, loaded cruise standard 1s 20%

Fay] Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $11, with one free retest

3-32


Virginia Dept of Environmental Quality, PO. Box 10009, Richmond, Virginia 23240; (804)698-4425.
rdolin@deq.state va us

Website - http://www deq.state.va.us/mobile/

3-74


reason, opacity-based programs may control the visible larger particles, but may not be
effective in reducing the small particles, which are the greatest health concern.

In addition to the health concern from PM emitted by Diesel vehicles, Diesels are high
emitters of NOx. Control of opacity (particulate emissions) can be counterproductive to
the reduction of NOx emissions. For example, if a Diesel vehicle fails the snap-idle test
and a repair shop attempts to reduce the opacity by advancing the timing on older (non-
computer-controlled) engines, that could lead to higher NOx emissions.

To improve HDDV IM programs so that both PM and NOx are equally well controlled,
the IM program must measure both pollutants. For this reason, researchers such as
CARB and the NSW Australia RTA as mentioned above are considering new I/M
techniques for HDDVs that can simultaneously measure both pollutants. The difficulty is
that systems capable of measuring both pollutants at the same time can be prohibitively
expensive. In addition, they require a heavy-duty dynamometer so that the vehicle can be
tested under load These test systems will be difficult to move and set-up and will require
re-calibration each time they are moved. The cost for the test system used in the CARB
study was estimated by California Analytical Instruments (who integrated the system) at
approximately $325,000. (The CVS and analytical system to measure HC, CO, CO,, and
NOx was $100,000, the dilution system $100,000; the PM mass analyzer $50,000; and
the dynamometer for testing trucks on short [less than five minute] drive cycles, with dual
rear axles, up to 40,000 pounds test weight [half of the maximum GVWR], was
approximately $75,000.)

Two advantages of the snap-idle test are that (1) 1t 1s easy to use at the side of the road or
for self-certification of fleets, and (2) it 1s inexpensive. Test systems that measure both
PM mass and NOx are expensive and complex. Although all of the equipment vendors
who participated in the CARB study said they believed the cost of the test system could
be reduced substantially, the test system would be difficult for use in decentralized /M
testing, simply due to the complexity. Even in a centralized I/M environment, operation
of the test system would require highly skilled technicians.

In summary, HDDV emissions testing in current programs, both in the US and
internationally, are limited to measuring opacity with an opacity meter due to simplicity
of use and low cost. Most programs responded that there is interest in measuring PM
mass and, in some cases, NOx as well However, all programs noted that they view this
as too expensive and too complicated for I/M testing.

HDGV Test Equipment and Procedures - In the U.S., most HDGVs are tested using the
same UM test systems (BAR90 or BAR97 type) that are used for light-duty gasoline
vehicle testing. Dynamometer testing, however, 1s usually restricted to HDGVs below a
specified weight rating, e.g , 10,000 lbs GVWR_ The use of the same equipment reduces
the cost of testing. In the US, these vehicles are not a large proportion of the fleet
(0.65% of the total VMT according to MOBILE 6), and therefore usually do not
contribute greatly to emissions and are not the focus of test programs. As previously
mentioned, these vehicles are even less common outside the U.S. and most international
areas do not test them either.


Table of Contents, Contmued

Section

3. Program Description Summaries - U.S. I/M Programs (Continued)

Utah (Utah County) 22.0.2. cece cece renee ee
Utah (Weber County) ....2.00 0c nee ee
Vermont .......0. 6 cece ee eee eee

Virginia . ........-. 0 wae
Washington (Puget Sound area) .
Washington (Spokane area) ....
Washington (Vancouver area) ..
Wisconsin .... -. 1 esse eee

4 Program Descnption Summaries - International I/M Programs ... .

Australia (New South Wales)... 0.0... . cece cere eee eee + .
Canada (Ontario) ....... 0 .. seer eee . see eee eee
Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia) ...... bet eee ne eens .
China (Beijing and Guangzhou) ........
China (Hong Kong)
Germany ... ..... .
Singapore ......... wees eae bec n nee vee eee eee
Sweden... we... bbe eee wee noe cee

Britain, United Kingdom... eee eee eee

-ii-



Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - ILLINOIS (Metropolitan Chicago and northern Illinois & East St. Lous areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - For HDDVs, annual inspection at decentralized facilities or fleet self-
certification allowed (for fleets of over 25 vehicles) with the snap-idle test, and random roadside testing
conducted by DOT with the state police (coincident with random roadside safety inspections) For
HDGVs, biennial emissions inspection at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers (35
imspection facilities with 139 test lanes) Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - For the annual inspection program, all intrastate HDDVs >16,000, all interstate
busses, and Recreational vehicles over 16,000 in the 1t-county program area All smoking vehicles on
road are subject to the roadside inspections.

Test Procedures - Snap acceleration test.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year May become more stringent
in 2002

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
65-74 75-91 92

Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available,
Test Equipment - Opacity meters Two approved — Red Mountain and ProTech
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Initial test $30, retest $25 if retested at the same station as the initial test

Problems - A problem with the smoke meters 1s program start up, which required firmware upgrades
Weather 1s a significant issue for the roadside program

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGV The four newest model years are exempt, te , in calendar year
2001, 1997 models will be tested for the first tme

Test Procedures - Curb-idle test only. Vehicles failing initial idle inspection are tested again after
preconditioning at high-idle operation During idle test, the sam of CO + CO, concentrations must
exceed 6%. Functional evap test limited to gas cap No visual inspection required as part of test, but
waiver inspection includes visual checks of catalyst, fuel inlet restrictor, and fuel filler cap, and a
functional gas-cap pressure test Catalyst must be replaced if fuel inlet shows signs of tampering

3-29


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - PENNSYLVANIA (Five counties in Philadelphia area)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities

Approximately 1,800 facilities are participating in the program. BAR97 analyzers Sticker
enforcement. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs <9,000 lbs GVWR_ Vehicles driven fewer than 5,000 miles in the
year prior to inspection are eligible for an exempt sticker

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI Gas-cap pressure test and visual mspection conducted

on all vehicles, visual mspection covers catalyst, fuel inlet restnctor, PCV, EGR, air injection system,
and evaporative emission control system.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,
Emissions Standards - All HDGVs must meet the same standards 650 ppm HC, 6.0% CO

Fal Rate - 6.8%.

Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems supplied by ESP, Sun, Snap-On, SPX.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $13,000 - $22,000

Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee (includes one free retest within 30 days at station that
performed first mspection) is not regulated; average fee 1s $43

Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager John Munafo, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Division, Bureau of

Motor Vehicles, Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation, P.O Box 8697, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
17105, (717)787-3184. Also Peter Gertz, (717)783-7016, same location

Website - http //Awww drivecleanpa state pa us/

3-60


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - UTAH (Utah County)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections for tampering at private repair
facilities. Approximately 140 repair facilities and 8 fleets are participating in the program Fleet
Operators can inspect their own vehicles

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity on steady-state loaded-mode tests 30% of rated
engine power at 50 mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs 1s 30%. For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard 1s 35%.

Earl Rate - 33%

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250. Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer. $27,000 Opacity meter: $8,000
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee 1s market-based, typical prices are in the range of $15-25

Problems - None reported

HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs.
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity Vehicles with GVWR 8,501-16,000 Ibs get steady-

state toaded test (SO mph, 30% of rated engine power, 50 mph, WOT). Vehicles with GVWR > 16,000
get snap acceleration test per SAE J1667

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 Ibs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged. 30%, naturally aspirated: 35% HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 70%

Far] Rate - 45%
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer’ Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer’ $27,000 Opacity meter $8,000.

Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee is market-based, typical prices are in the range of $15-25

3-69


In

Oo

Sleira researG

e

Report No. SRO1-11-01

Status of Vehicle Inspection
Programs For Light-Duty
Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and
Diesel Vehicles

prepared for:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Certification and Compliance Division

November 6, 2001

prepared by:

Sierra Research, Inc.

1801 J Street

Sacramento, California 95814
(916) 444-6666


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - SWEDEN
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests at centralized test stations (175 test stations, 600 test
lanes and a staff of over 2,000 people) operated under contract by Bulprovningen

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All LDDVs.

Test Procedures ~ Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle).
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Unknown.

Fail Rate - 4.5%.

Test Equipment - Unknown.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest. Set by the government

Problems / Remarks - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - A!l HDDVs.

Test Procedures ~ Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Unknown.

Fail Rate - Unknown

Test Equipment - Unknown.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown

Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest Set by the government

Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDGV

Vehicles Included - Unknown

4-13


Status of Vehicle Inspection Programs
For Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles

Table of Contents

Section page
1 Introduction .... 0... cece cence tenet e en beeen 1-1
2. Design Features of I/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs.. .. 2-1
3 Program Description Summaries - Domestic I/M Programs .........  ..... 3-1
Alaska (Municipality of Anchorage) 6. wee eterna 3-2
Alaska (Fairbanks North Star Borough) . . 2. 3-4
Arizona (Phoenix area) .. ss ses see cee be tenet ee ne 3-6
Anizona(Tucson area)...  —..... see o ee 3-9
Califorma (Enhanced Program Areas) ........ 00. c eee cece eevee eens 3-12
California (Basic and Change-of-Ownership Program Areas) . sees e B15
Colorado (Enhanced Program Area of Denver and Boulder) ........ . 3-18
Colorado (Aspen, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Greeley) .... .. 3-21
Connecticut ..... 0 ......... 00s
Idaho
Ilhnois
Indiana .. eee a
Kentucky (Louisville area) ..... 0. 2... eee eee eee so veee 3-32
Kentucky (Northern Counties)
Maine 2... eee eee cece ee
Maryland . sees
Massachusetts :

Nevada (Las Vegas and Reno areas) .
New Hampshire
New Jersey . .
New Mexico ...
New York (New York Metropolitan Area)
North Carolina .....0 «2... :
Ohio .. wwe. eee eee
Oregon (Portlandarea) .. . «weet
Oregon (Medford area). ww. ss
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia area) ...... ........
Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh area) ....  ..

Rhode Island... 6... eee

Tennessee (City of Memphis) .
Texas (Dallas-Ft Worth, El Paso, and Houston-Galveston areas) . . we 3-64
Utah (Davis County) ...... : 3-65
Utah (Salt Lake County) . 3-67



Test Procedures - Idle test for HC and CO, functional visual inspection for EGR

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO
Emissions Standards - Unknown.

Fail Rate - Unknown.

Test Equipment - Unknown,

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.

Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest. Set by the government.
Problems / Remarks - None reported

Contact Persons - Larsolov Olsson, Principal Technical Officer, Transportation Section, Swedish EPA -
larsolov olsson@environ.se Testing contractor Bilprovningen, Box 508, 162 15 Vallingby, Sweden,
(46) 8 759 21 00.

Website -
www2 bilprovningen se/Extemt/Br ngen/www, Menu: wEng nsf?OpenDatabase

Additional Information - Test includes safety and averages m the range of 13 to 17 minutes to
complete Inspectors use wireless handheld computers for entering data that are connected to the
“Vehicle Register” via the National Road Adminstration, which 1s also connected to the “Road Police”

for enforcement purposes

4-14


Aur Agency Contact for both programs: Thomas Cackette, Deputy Executive Officer, Califorma Air
Resources Board, 1001 “I” Street, PO Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812, (916)322-2892

Website - HDGV testing - http://www smogcheck ca.gov/smogweb/,
HDDV testing - http://www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/hdvip htm.


Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+

Opacity % 70 60 40

Fail Rate - Approximately 4%

Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opactty meters are used.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15.

Problems - Vehicle owners/drivers express concern about apparently high engine speeds during test
HDGV

Vehicles Included - All HDGVs

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year

Emussions Standards for HDGVs
1977-80 1981+

HC ppm 600 400
cO% 3.0 30
Fail Rate - Approximately 11%
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by I/M contractor, ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15

Problems - None reported.

Contact Person - John C Raymond, Dept of Ecology, P O. Box 47600, Olympia, Washington 98504-
7600, (360)407-6856. E-mail address: jray461@ecy wa gov

Website - http //www ecy wa gov/programs/air/Automotive Pages htm.

3-76


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - UTAH (Weber County)
Vehicles Tested - HDGVs

Program Description - Annual emissions tests, visual inspections, and safety inspections at private
repair facilities. Approximately 100 facilities participate in the program. Fleet operators inspect their
own vehicles.

HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Dual-fuel vehicles tested on both fuels. Visual
inspection 1s performed on all models, but pass/fail applies to 1991 and newer models only; covers
catalyst, air injection system, PCV, EGR, and evaporative emissions control system. OBDII checks not
required, are performed at motorists’ option If repairs are dicated by OBD, motonists are referred to
new-vehicle dealerships (1f vehicle 1s under warranty) or to the I/M station if tt 1s able to do the repairs.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emissions Standards - Standards are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HC ppm 1500 1200 1000 800
CcO% 70 50 40 3.5

Fail Rate - No data available

Test Equipment - Test analyzer systems provided by ESP

Estrmated Test Equipment Costs - $15,500 per unit

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection ts $20

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Managers Barre Draper, Environmental Health Dept , 2570 Grant Avenue,
Ogden, Utah 84401, (801)399-8329 Air Agency Contact Bull Colbert, State of Utah, Department of
Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (P O. Box 144820), Salt
Lake City, Utah 84114-4820; (801)536-4423

Website - http://www co.weber ut us/

3-71


Design Features of UM Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs in the United States

Exhaust
Vehicle Constituents | Use Fail
Program | Types GVWR | Model Measured | Chassis
State - Program Area Type Tested Ran) Years _j Test Procedure | _(Pass/Fail)_| Dyno?
New Mexico LDDV $8,500 1975+ TSI Opacity
HDDV 26,000 TSI Opacity
HDGV >26,000 TSI HC, CO
New York - Metropohtan D HDDV 28,500 2-25 51667 [Opacity
Area Counties HDGV >8,500 t HC,CO
North Carolina HDGV 28,500 1975+ I HC, CO
|Ohio c LODV 58,500 2-25 ASM2525 {Opacity YES
HDDV $10,000 ASM2525 [Opacity YES
HDGV >8,500 Ts! HC,CO
|Oregon - Portland Cc LDDV $8,500 2- BAR31,1, |HC,CO, YES 1s S2L
1975+ OBDIL NOx,
HDGV >8,500 TSI,OBDU {Opacity 125
HC, CO
Oregon - Medford Cc LDDV 8,500 2-20 TSI, OBDI  |CO, Opacity $10
HDGV 28,500 TSI,OBDI {HC,CO
Pennsylvania - Philadelphia D HDGV 9,000 1975+ TSI HC, CO 68 | Sa3ave
Pennsylvania - Pittsburgh D HDGV <9,000 1975+ TSI HC, CO 68 S27 ave
Rhode Istand D LDDV 38,500 2-25 BAR31 [Opacity YES $47
Tennessee - Memphis Cc HDGV <26,000 All I HC, CO $8
| Texas - Dallas/Ft Worth, El D HDGV 28,500 2-24 TsI HC, CO $13
Paso, and Houston/Galveston
Utal/Davis County D LDDV 8,500 1968+ Lc Opacity YES $24
HDDV >8,500 LC, 11667 [Opacity YES $24
HDGV >8,500 TSI HC, CO $20
UtatvSalt Lake County D LDDV 58,500 | 1968+ Lc Opacity YES $23
HDDV >8,500 LC, 11667 {Opacity YES $23
HDGV 28,500 TSI HC, CO $25
Utah /Utah County D LODV 8,500 1968+ Lc Opacity Yes | 33 $20 ave
HDDV >8,500 LC, J1667 — |Opacity YES 45
HDGV >8,500 TSI HC, CO M2
Utah/Weber County D HDGV >8,500 1968+ TSI HC, CO $20 max
Vermont DR HDDV >8,500 All 51667 Opacity None
‘Virginia D HDGV 10,000 2-24 TSI HC, CO 2 $20 max
Washington - Puget Sound Cc LDDV $8,500 5-25 31667 ‘Opacity 4 SIS
HDDV >8,500 51667 Opacity 4
HOGV 8,500 TSI HC, CO i
Washington - Spokane Cc LDDV 58,500 5-25 51667 Opacity 4 Sts
HDDV 38,500 11667 Opacity 4
HDGV >8,500 TSI HC,CO WW
Washington - Vancouver Cc LDDV $8,500 5-25 51667 Opacity 4 $is
HDDV >8,500 31667 Opacity 4
HDGV >8,500 TSI HC, CO ul
‘Wisconsin Cc HDGV 10,000 1968+ IM240 HC, CO, YES None
NOx



Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,
Emussions Standards - Emissions standards and idle standards depend on vehicle model year

MA31 Transient Test Standards (on an IM240 Basis)
HDGVs 8,501-10,000 lbs GVWR

1984-87 1988-90 1991-95 96+

HC g/m 3.2 32 24 24
CO g/m 80 80 60 60
NOx g/mi 7.0 50 4.5 4.0
Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards
HDGVs
1984-86 = 1987+
HC ppm 220 100
cO% 08 06

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, BAR-97 gas analyzer systems, VMAS flow measurement
system.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Fee 1s $29 for the brennial safety plus emissions test or the safety-only test.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager. Frederick Civian, Massachusetts Dept of Environmental
Protection, Division of Enhanced Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance, 1 Winter St., 10th Floor,
Boston, Mass. 02108, (617)292-5821 Also Mark Wert, same location, (617)292-5598

RMV Contact’ Steve Sebestyen, Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles, 100 Nashua St , Boston,
Mass 02114; (617)351-9045

Website - http://vehicletest state ma.us/home html

3-41


4. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION SUMMARIES
INTERNATIONAL I/M PROGRAMS

This section contains summaries of inspections in foreign countries that are currently testing
LDDVs, HDDVs, or HDGVs.

Test fees and equipment costs are presented in U.S. dollars, and should be considered
approximate, as they are derived from exchange rates which vary over time

41


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - RHODE ISLAND

Vehicles Tested - LDDV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at private repair facilities Approximately 300 facihties
are participating in the program Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles if they become
Authorized Inspection and Repair Stations (AIRS).

LDDV

Vehicles Included - LDDVs 25 model years old and newer. New vehicles are exempt for first 2
calendar years from purchase date or 24,000 miles.

Test Procedures - LDDVs tested for opacity on RI2000 procedure, a BAR31 transient cycle Vehicles
that cannot be dyno tested get TSI

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Opacity standards are 20% on BAR3] test, 5% on TSI

Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s set at $47, mcludes safety inspection and sticker, which shop buys
from State, and one free reinspection within 30 days at the station that did the original test

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager Robert J Connors, Vehicle Inspection Division, Department of
Transportation, 286 Main Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02860; (401)222-3017. Air Agency
Contact. Steve Maykut, Dept of Environmental Management, Division of Air Resources, 235
Promenade St., Providence, Rhode Island 02908, (401)222-2808 Also Tom Barry, same location; ext
7021

Website - http //www minspection com/

3-62


1979 800 40

1980 800 3.5
1981-85 600 3.0
1986+ 300 2.0
Fai] Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-9@ test analyzer systems

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee 1s $15

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: R J. Hicks, Colorado Dept of Revenue, Motor Vehicle
Emissions Division, 1881 Pierce Street, Lakewood, Colorado 80261; (303)205-5935 Also John
Schoen, (303)205-5669 Air Agency Contact Michael O’Toole, Colorado Dept. of Public Health and

Environment, Air Pollution Controi Division, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive So., Denver, Colorado 80246-
1530; (303)692-3139

Website hitp:/fwww cdphe state co us/ap/mobile asp

3-23


Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs with GVWR < 18,000 Ibs.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at curb idle. Antitampering mspection ts appropriate to the
model year, and 1981+ models get fillpipe pressure test and separate gas-cap pressure test

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - HC and CO standards, based on model year and GVWR, are too numerous to
list. The range is from 220 ppm HC and 1 2% CO for 1982+ models to 1500 ppm HC, 9.0% CO for
1968 models,

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Gas analysis systems.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $20, with one free retest.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Parker Moore, Branch Manager, Special Programs Branch,
Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Aur Quality,

803 Schenkel Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, (502)573-3382 ext. 421. Air Agency Contact: David

Gore, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Air Quality,
Special Programs Branch, 803 Schenkel Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, (502)573-3382

Website - www nr state ky us/nrepc/dep/daq/pubinfo/NK yemissions htm.

3-35


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - MASSACHUSETTS

Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - Biennial emissions inspections at licensed private repair facilities managed by a
state contractor (Keating Technologies) Inspection also required on change of ownership and first-
time registration in program area (new cars excepted). Approximately 1,500 facilities are participating
in the program Fleet operators inspect thetr own vehicles.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1984+ HDDVs. Two most recent model years are exempt

Test Procedures - SAE J1667.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards depend on GVWR, vehicle type, and model year

Maximum Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1984+ 1984-90 1991+ 1984-93 1994+

8,501 - 10,000 Ibs 40%
Trucks >10,000 lbs 55% 40%
Buses > 10,000 Ibs 40% 30%

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Fee 1s $29 for the biennial safety plus emissions test, one free retest
Future Program - Beginning approximately January 2002, Diesel vehicles with GVWR of 8,500 Ibs or

less will be tested for opacity on MA31 drive cycle Diesel vehicles in GVWR range of 8,501 to
10,000 Ibs wall get motorist’s choice of MA31 or snap-acceleration test procedure.

Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1984+ HDGVs Two most recent model years are exempt

Test Procedures - HDGVs with GVWR of 8,501-10,000 Ibs are tested on the Massachusetts Short
Transient Test Trace (MA31) for HC, CO, and NOx HDGVs rated over 10,000 Ibs GVWR, and

lighter HDGVs not compatible with dynamometer testing, get TSI for HC and CO Gas cap pressure
test on all HDGVs, visual mspection of catalyst, EGR, PCV, and fuel filler cap for vehicles getting TSI

3-40


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - MAINE
Vehicles Tested - HDDV

Program Description - HDDVs are tested for exhaust opacity in a roadside pull-over program
conducted by the DEP in conjunction with the State Police roadside safety inspection program

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs recrunted at roadside over 18,000 GVWR.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre-1974 1974-90 1991+

Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - None

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Air Agency Contact Ron Severance, Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of
Aur Quality Control, State House, Station 17, Augusta, Maine 04333; (207)287-2437. Also Scott

Wilson (207)287-8442.

Website - http://www state me us/dep/air/mobile/mainedep|_htm.



Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - UTAH (Davis County)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at private facthties and at Davis
County technical center Fleet operators may inspect their own vehicles Approximately 100 private
tepair facihties, of which about 25 are test-only and 35 are county-certified test-and-repaur, are
Participating in the program. The county operates one centralized test-only facility.

LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested at county inspection center for opacity on steady-state loaded-
mode tests’ 30% of rated engine power at SO mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs 1s 30% For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard 1s 35%.

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer’ Mustang MD250 Opacity meter: Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer $27,000 Opacity meter $8,000
Inspection Fees - LDDV test fee is $24.

Problems - None reported.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs

Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 Ibs get steady-

state loaded tests (50 mph, 30% of rated engine power, and 50 mph, WOT). Vehicles with GVWR
>16,000 Ibs get snap-acceleration test per SAE J1667.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR §8,501-16,000 Ibs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged’ 30%; naturally aspirated: 35% HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 Ibs. 70%.

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250 Opacity meter: Bosch RTT 100
Estumated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer $27,000. Opacity meter $8,000

3-65


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - WASHINGTON (Puget Sound area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. There are 16 test stations with 68 mspection lanes (45 active, 23 spare). Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles All vehicles at least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to
inspection. In odd-numbered years, odd-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old,
plus the Sth oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e g , in 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995,
plus 1996 are tested). In even-numbered years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25
years old, plus the Sth oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2002, even model years from 1978
to 1994, plus 1997 are tested), Vehicles undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles being
registered in program area the first time are also subject to mspection

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All LDDVs.

Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year

Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+

Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%.
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15

Problems - Some motorists are concemed about high engine speeds seen dumng test

HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs

Test Procedures - Opacity ts measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.


Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emissions Standards - Standards are based on vehicle model year
Idle Emissions Standards, All HDGVs
1968-71 1972-78 1979-84 1985+
HC ppm 1550 900 700 300
cO% 9.5 90 70 3.0

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - BAR97-equivalent test analyzer systems

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - No direct cost to motorists for mspection. Three inspections per year per vehicle are
allowed

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - For HDDV testing - Tony Klasing, Illinois Department of Transportation, Manager
Commercial Vehicle Section, Diesel Vehicle Testing, Springfield Ilinots, (217) 762-1606. For HDGV
testing - Program Manager: Elizabeth Tracy, Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance, Illinois EPA, 1021

North Grand Avenue East, P.O Box 19276, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276; (217)782-0408 Also Jim
Matheny, Technical Services Manager (217)785-5153.

Website - HDGV http //www epa state 11 us/air/m

3-30


DISCLAIMER NO. 1

The mention of commercial products or vehicle emissions testing
contractors is for informational purposes only. Mention of these products
or vehicle emissions testing contractors should not be considered an
endorsement by Sierra Research or the United States Environmental
Protection Agency.

DISCLAIMER NO. 2

Although the information described in this report has been funded wholly
or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under
Contract No. 68-C7-0051, it has not been subjected to the Agency’s peer
and administrative review and is being released for informational purposes
only. It therefore may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and
no official endorsement should be inferred.


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - SINGAPORE

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions tests at private test and repair facilites. Three
operators run a total of nine centers, VICOM, with five centers, being the largest.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - Specific models (Nissan pickups, Cabster, Toyota Dyna 150, Hiace, Isuzu NHR
and NKR, Mitsubishi Canter L300, Mazda E2200.

Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs 1s 50 HSU ( Hartridge Smoke Units)

Fail Rate - 7.7%.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free standing opacity meter.

Inspection Fees - Approximately $30 for initial inspection, $15 for retest

Problems / Remarks - A tmal project 1s underway testing LDDVs on a chassis dynamometer using the
lug-down test This 1s being used for vehicles caught by the Ministry of the Environment, but 1s only
for research purposes. For mandatory vehicle inspection, the free acceleration test apphies.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - Nissan U41, Toyota Coaster, Dyna 200, Isuzu CXZ, Mitsubishi Fuso,
Mazda T3500, Leyland, Scania buses.

Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs 1s 50 HSU (Hartridge Smoke Unuts).

Fail Rate - 5 8%.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free-standing opacity meter

Inspection Fees - Approximately $38 for initial inspection, $19 for retest.

4-11


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NORTH CAROLINA (Nine-County Area Encompassing Charlotte, Raleigh-
Durham, and Greensboro ~ Winston-Salem areas)

Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair facilities
Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles About 1,400 facilities are in the program.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs manufactured after 1974.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at idle, after 30 seconds of preconditioning at 2500 rpm.
Failing vehicles get second-chance test after conditioning at 2500 rpm for 180 seconds Visual

ispection includes (as applicable) catalyst, air mjection system, fuel inlet restrictor and cap,
evaporative emissions control system, PCV, EGR, TAC, and oxygen sensor.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Standards are based on vehicle model year

HDGV Emissions Standards
1975-78 1979+

HC ppm 500 400

co% 50 40

Fail Rate - Estimated at 5%, based on 1998 annual report

Test Equipment - Test analyzer systems provided by Allen, Bear, ESP, SPX, Sun/Snap-on

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $12,000-$15,000 per unit.

Inspection Fees - Statutory inspection fee 1s $19 40, includes $2 40 for sticker and one free retest
Problems - State regulations require al! vehicles subject to the program to be inspected in enclosed,
level facilities and lifted for inspection of exhaust systems and tires. Owners of privately owned large
motor homes find it difficult to locate facilities large enough to accommodate their vehicles

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Major John Robinson, Jr , Division of Motor Vehicles, 1100
New Bern Ave., Raleigh, North Carolina 27604, (919)733-7872 Air Agency Contact Donnie
Redmond, Dept of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Air Quality, 2728 Capital

Boulevard, 1641 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1641; (919)733-1481 Also Paul
Gordey, (919)715-7220, and Laura Cole (919)733-1482

Website - www.dmv dot state nc us/enforcement/emissionsinspections

3-53


Inspection Fees - Initial inspection $14, first re-inspection free, additional re-inspections $14.
Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Director: Joseph W. Colden, Vehicle Inspections Program Manager, Motor
Vehicle Administration, Dept. of Transportation, 6601 Ritcme Highway, N.E., Glen Burnie, Maryland
21062; (410)787-2927 Manager: Frances Loudenslager, Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program, same
location, (410)768-7286. Air Agency Contact Peggy Lord, Dept. of the Environment, Air and
Radiation Management Administration, 2500 Broening Highway, Baltimore, Maryland 21224;
(410)631-3270; also David Filbert, same location.

Website - http://www mva state md us



Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CHINA (Beyying City and Guangzhou City)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV

Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions test at institutes and government test centers
LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1980+, weight range not provided.

Test Procedures - Snap-Idle.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity, HC, CO, NOx

Emissions Standards - Unknown

Fail Rate - 15 -20 %.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter, CVS, dilution tunnel.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - $150 - $200.

Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1980+, weight range not provided
Test Procedures - Snap-Idle
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity, HC, CO, NOx

Emussions Standards - Unknown
Fal Rate - 15 -20 %.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter, CVS, dilution tunnel.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.
Inspection Fees - $150 - $200.

Problems / Remarks - None reported

Contact Person -Boguang Wang, Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection, (86)

020-87502687, wangboguang@ihw com cn.

Website - None given.

4-6


Inspection Fees - None. However, for the fleet self-certification program, fleet operators have to either
purchase their own opacity meter or contract with a service to test their vehicles. Roadside
(enforcement) inspections are free

Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1974+ HDGVs, excluding the four most recent model years. Model-year
exemption does not apply for re-registration upon change of ownership or first registration in
California

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI, plus gas cap pressure test, comprehensive
visual inspection of emission control system, including MIL, and functional check of EGR.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emussions Standards - HDGV emissions standards categories are based on model year and GVWR

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

Curb Idle 2500 rpm
GVWRlbs HCppm CO% HCppm CO%
1966-69  >8,500 700 5.5 750 50
1970-73 >8,500 550 50 600 4.5
1974-78 — >8,500 300 30 350 35
1979-83 >8,500 250 2.2 250 3.0
1984-86  >8,500 250 15 200 1.6
1987-90 — 8,501-14,000 220 15 200 1.6
1991+ 8,501-14,000 150 1.2 150 1.5
1987-90 214,001 250 2.5 200 16
1991+ 214,001 150 15 150 15

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Gas analyzer (includes gas cap tester), BAR-97 Emissions Inspection System (EIS)
provided by SPX, ESP, Snap-On, Worldwide

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee not regulated; range 1s $35-$80, average about $45. Fee of $7 75 for
Certificate of Inspection pays for program admmustration and enforcement

Problems - None reported

3-13


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - ARIZONA (Tucson area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emisstons tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) inspection centers. Inspection network consists of 3 centers housing 11 inspection
lanes. Equipment is BAR97-equivalent but without dilution correction. Fleet operators (of at least 25
vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs Current and four most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)

Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measured during loaded-cruise operation. Dyno loads for the loaded
cruise test range from 6.4 hp @ 30 mph for the LDDVs s 4,000 lbs GVWR to 31 hp @ 50 mph for
LDDVs 4,001-8,500 los GVWR. LDDVs incapable of dynamometer operation recetve “technical
difficulty” certificate, exempting them from testing for current year

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all LDDVs, maximum allowable opacity ts 30% for 10 seconds
Fail Rate - 4.1% (opacity only).

Test Equipment - Opacity meters’ Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667. Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor.

Estumated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $9, with one free retest within 60 days of initial test
Problems - None reported.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDDVs The current and 4 most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e g , during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)

Test Procedures - HDDVs with GVWR of 8,501-10,500 Ibs are tested for opacity on loaded cruise
operation (31 hp @S0 mph) HDDVs heavier than 10,500 Ibs GVWR are tested during lug-down
operation on dynamometer.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - For all HDDVs, maximum allowable opacity 1s 30% for 10 seconds

Fail Rate - 3 5% (opacity only)

3-9


Contact Persons - Mr. Helge Schmidt, RWTUV Fahrzeug GmbH, Stuben StraBe 53, D-45138 Essen,
Germany, (49) 201-825-2533, he schmidt@rwtuev-fz de

Website - None given.

4-10


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - COLORADO (Aspen, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Greeley)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Bienmal emissions tests for 1982+ vehicles and annual emissions inspection for
1981 and older vehicles at licensed private repair facilities. Inspection ts also required upon change of
ownership and for vehicles of new-to-area residents, Fleet operators (20 or more gasoline vehicles, 9
or more Diesel vehicles >7500 Ibs. empty weight) can inspect their own vehicles, but this must be done
annually Diesel-powered vehicles are inspected annually at specially licensed private facihties
Approximately 243 facilities are participating in the program in the four areas, including fleet repair
facilities.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All LDDVs, the two most recent model years are exempted (except for change of
ownership or new-to-area vehicles).

Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For LDDVs <7,500 Ibs empty
weight, test modes are wide-open throttle (WOT) at 60, 50, and 40 mph (dyno loaded so as to require
WOT operation to maintain those speeds) For heavier LDDVs (to 8,500 Ibs GVWR), test modes are
WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the
snap-acceleration test

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
(naturally aspirated or turbo charged).

LDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
$7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estumated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee 1s one hour of labor at the inspection shop’s posted rate

HDDVY

3-21


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NEW JERSEY

Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - For HDDVs over 18,000 GVWR, annual inspection 1s required at one of more
than 300 decentralized Diesel Emissions Inspection Centers. Roadside enforcement is conducted by
ten joint teams from the DMV and state police using the snap-idle test For HDGVs, hybrid program,
biennial emissions and safety inspections at (1) contractor-operated (Parsons Advanced Technologies)
centralized inspection stations, and (2) decentralized licensed private inspection facilities (motorist
choice). New-to-area vehicles are subject to inspection. ASM-equrvalent analyzers in centralized test

lanes; BAR97 analyzers at private facilities. Remspection at licensed emissions repair facilities
(ERFs) 1s allowed Fleet operators can self-inspect

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All model years <8,500 GVWR and privately registered Diesel vehicles up to
18,000

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for visual observation of smoke.
Exhaust Components Measured - Visual observation for smoke
Emussions Standards - Vehicle fails if smoke observed while vehicle drives through test lane

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - None
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None.

Inspection Fees - Inspections at contractor-operated lanes are free (covered in registration fee). At
private facilities, fee 1s half the posted hourly labor rate of $50-$75. Reinspection fee 1s based on
individual failing items, and 1s calculated by multiplying the state-assigned tume to inspect each
component by the shop’s hourly labor rate

Problems - None reported.

HDDV
Vehicles Included - All >18,000 GVWR.
Test Procedures - SAEJ1667 and rolling snap-idle

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - For pre-1974 vehicles - 70%, for 1974 to 1991 vehicles - 55%, for 1991 and
newer vehicles - 40%. Upon first failure of the roadside emissions test, vehicle owners are fined $700,
with the fine reduced to $150 upon proof that the vehicle has been repaired. The second offense fine 1s
$1,300, reduced to $500 upon proof that the vehicle has been repaired.

3-45


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - TENNESSEE (City of Memphis)

Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at centralized inspection centers
operated by the local government. Three inspection centers provide a total of 10 inspection lanes
Fleet operators (10 or more vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs with GVWR <26,000 Ibs

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured at idle

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emussions Standards - Standards categones are based on model year and GVWR

Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks
pre-1972 1972- 1975- 1980 1981+

GVWR “a Do
<9,000 HC ppm 900 700 600 400 220
cO% 89 82 75 47 12
9,000-25,999 HC ppm 1000 1000 1000 800 400
cO% 8.9 8.2 80 60 4.0

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analysis systems.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $8

Problems - None reported

Contact Person - Program Manager’ Terence McBride, Manager, Motor Vehicle Inspection Bureau,
590 Washington Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, (901)528-2905.

Website - None given

3-63


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CALIFORNIA (Basic and Change-of-Ownership Program Areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - For HDDVs, truck and bus fleet operators are required to perform their own
testing on their fleets annually. The test 1s also performed for enforcement at random roadside
locations and at fleet facilities (fleets are required to self-certify). For HDGYVs, biennial emissions tests
and visual/functional inspections at licensed private test-and-repaur or test-only facilities. Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership and out-of-state vehicles being registered in California for the first
time are also subject to inspection. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs.

Test Procedures - SAE J1667

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Pre 1991 - 55%, 1991 and newer - 40%

For pre-1991 vehicles that have smoke opacities greater than 55 percent but less than 70 percent and
have not received a citation in the past 12 months, a Notice of Violation 1s issued. Similar to a “fix tt
ticket,” the Notice of Violation has no penalty if repairs are made to the engine and a Demonstration of

Correction form 1s submitted to the ARB within 45 days.

If repairs are not made and a Demonstration of Correction form 1s not submitted within the 45-day
period, a citation will be issued Only one Notice of Violation may be issued in a 12-month penod

First Level Citation For pre-1991 engines with 70 percent or greater smoke opacity and 1991 and
newer engines with greater than 40 percent opacity that have not received any citations in the past 12
months, a First Level Citation ts issued

The penalty 1s $300 1f engine repairs are made and a Demonstration of Correction form 1s submutted to
the ARB within 45 days The penalty 1s increased to $800 1f repairs are not made and a Demonstration
of Correction form is not submitted to the ARB within 45 days.

Second Level Citation The penalty for any further violations within a 12-month period 1s $1,800 In
addition, a Demonstration of Correction form must be submitted in order to clear the citation

In extreme cases, the California Highway Patrol may take a velucle out of service for an outstanding
citation if the penalty has not been paid or if the vehicle has not been repaired

Fay) Rate - Unknown

Test Equipment - Opacity meters, various manufacturers (see the website

http://www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/smokemt htm for a list of manufacturers CARB has identified).
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 to $8,000.

3-15


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - WISCONSIN (Seven counties in SE Wisconsin)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Bienntal emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers (12 inspection centers, 44 inspection lanes). Vehicles with odd-numbered model years are
tested in even calendar years. New vehicles are exempt from testing in the calendar year matching their
model year, e.g., a 2001 model year vehicle will not be tested in 2001 Inspection also required on
change of ownership for vehicles more than five years old

HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGYVs <10,000 lbs GVWR

Test Procedures - HC, CO, NOx measured on IM240 test. Gas-cap pressure test No underhood
inspection, except as follows All-wheel drive, full-time four-wheel drive, and traction control-
equipped vehicles that for any reason cannot be dynamometer tested are subject to TSI plus 9-point
mspection covering catalytic converter, fuel filler restrictor, fuel cap, PCV system, air injection system,
evaporative control canister, EGR system, oxygen sensor, and TAC For the TSI, vehicle exhaust is
collected and analyzed as in the [M240 test but the concentrations are multiphed by the IM240 system
dilution factor for comparison with cutpoints. Fuel inlet tampering requires catalyst replacement.

OBDII Inspections - On 1996+ models, OBDII checks are conducted in place of emissions test
Indicated repairs are mandatory.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,, O,

Emissions Standards - IM240 standards presented below are for HDGVs with GVWR between 8,501
and 10,000 Ibs Fast-pass standards apply to 1991 and later vehicles.

IM240 Emissions Standards, grams/mile
HDGVs 8,501-10,000 lbs GVWR
68-69 70-73 74-78 79-84 85-86 87-90 91-95 96+

HC 20.0 100 100 75 50 20 20 na
CO 200.0 1750 1500 1000 800 400 400 na
NOx 15.0 10.0 100 80 80 60 50 na

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - SuperFlow electric dynamometers, Horiba gas analyzers (model FCA-240 measures
HC and NOx, AIA-240 measures CO and CO,), Horiba CVS systems

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - No charge for inspection

3-81


Current Best Practice

Light-duty Diesel vehicles are insignificant contributors to PM and gaseous emissions.
However, if a program wants to test these vehicles, it can carefully apply the snap-idle
test with the measurement of opacity to find grossly broken vehicles

For heavy-duty Diesel vehicles, there are currently no test procedures or equipment
available to cost effectively test these vehicles for the pnmary pollutants of concem—PM
and NOx. The best practice at this point for heavy-duty Diesel vehicles is to continue to
use the SAE J1667 snap-idle test procedure. In the future, if heavy-duty dynamometers
and analytical test systems to measure NOx and PM become more cost effective, then
changing these test procedures could be considered. Because of the relatively significant
PM and NOx emissions these vehicles produce, research needs to continue into
alternative testing equipment and procedures that can test heavy-duty Diesel vehicles for
NOx and PM

For heavy-duty gas vehicles, the current idle test is sufficient for HC and CO emissions
testing The small contribution of these vehicles to overall emissions does not justify
more advanced testing of these vehicles.

Organization of the Report

Following this introduction, Section 2 provides a table that lists the design features of the
current operating I/M programs (basic and enhanced) in each state (including the Distnct
of Columbia) and nine international programs. Sections 3 and 4 contain tables
summarizing key design features of each I/M program in the U.S. (Section 3) , and in the
international programs (Section 4)

As mentioned above, each I/M program summary contained in Sections 3 and 4 includes
a bnef general description of the current program, vehicles subyect to the program, test
procedures used, test equipment used, emission standards, inspection fees, and the name,
address, and telephone number of at least one person at the state or local government
level who can be contacted for additional information. The website address of the
program, tf available, 1s also listed.

1-8


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - TEXAS (Dallas-Ft. Worth, El Paso, and Houston-Galveston areas)

Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private test-and-repair
facilities Approximately 2,300 facilities participate in the program statewide. Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs 24 years old and newer. New vehicles are exempt for the first two years,
testing begins with the vehicle’s second anniversary of initial registration

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI. Second-chance test automatically

conducted for vehicles that fail initial test. Gas-cap pressure test. Visual inspection covers air injection
system, PCV, evap control system, TAC system, EGR, and catalyst (on 1984+ models)

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.

HDGV Emissions Standards

1972-78 1979-81 1982-84 1985+
HC ppm 900 700 500 300
CcCO% 90 70 5.0 30

Fail Rate - Not reported.

Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee 1s regulated at $13

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Jimmy Guckian, Program Administrator, Texas Department of
Public Safety, PO Box 4087, MSC 0543, Austin, Texas 78773-0001

junmy guckian@txdps state tx us Also Judith Sherman, (512)424-2776. Air Agency Contact. Hazel
Barbour, Section Manager, Mobile Source Section, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission,
PO Box 13087, Austin, Texas 78711-3087; (512)239-1440. Also Bob Wierzowiecki, (512)239-1769

Website - http://www tnrce state tx us/air/ms/motoristchoice html

3-64


Problems - None reported.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O;

Emissions Standards - Standards categones based on model year.

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HC ppm 1500 1200 1000 800
CcO% 70 50 40 3.5

Fail Rate - 11.2%

Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems. ESP Model Utah2000
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzer systems’ $12,500
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee 1s market-based, typical prices are in the range of $15-25

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Managers R Dana Cundiff, Utah County Health Dept , 3255 North Main
St., Spanish Fork, Utah 84660, (801)343-4601 Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of Utah,
Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (PO
Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423.

Website - http //www co utah ut us/dept/health/Air htm#/M

3-70


LDDVs and HDGVs are generally tested in centralized or decentralized (and hybnd)
network types. Many heavy-duty test programs, however, use a combination of fleet self-
certification, in which fleet operators can test their own vehicles but are required to keep
certification records for a potential audit, and roadside pullovers. The roadside pullovers
are used to check on the fleet self-certification programs and for enforcement.

LDDV Testing Programs - There are 20 LDDV testing programs in the U.S., and seven
have been identified outside the U.S Approximately half of all LDDVs receive a loaded
test (loaded cruise, lug-down, transient, or ASM). The majority of these tests are simple
steady-state loaded cruise tests and only opacity is measured. Other steady-state loaded
tests include the lug-down test used in Colorado and Hong Kong, and the ASM2525 test
conducted in Ohio. Use of the lug-down test in Asia started in Hong Kong and now other
countries, including Korea, Singapore, and China, are considering switching to the lug-
down test for testing LDDVs. For 1996 and newer LDDVs, Oregon performs an OBDII
test.

The snap-idle test generally 1s not used with LDDVs because of concern that all vehicles
may not be equipped with engine speed governors that will prevent damage to the
vehicle’s engine while the throttle is held wide open. In programs that use the snap-idle
test for LDDVs, the operator is required to manually limit the engine speed to a fixed
setting to avoid this problem. This test is used for LDDVs in Idaho, the three test
programs in Washington, and half of the international programs surveyed.

There were a few programs testing LDDVs with the TSI or curb-idle tests for opacity.
Because the vehicle is not under load, the ability of this test to capture vehicles with
emissions problems is low; however, the test avoids the potential engine damage
problems associated with using the J1667 test In Medford, Oregon, the TSI test includes
both opacity and measurement of CO.

Transient loaded tests include the BAR31 test and IM147 driving cycles (The BAR31
test was developed onginally by the Califorma Bureau of Automotive Repair for
gasoline-powered vehicles.) LDDVs in Portland are tested on the BAR31 cycle not only
for opacity, but also for HC, CO, and NOx. Rhode Island ts also using the BAR31 dnve
cycle, but is measuring only opacity. Massachusetts is currently in the process of
implementing this test as well. In Victoria, B.C , opacity 1s measured over the IM147 test
cycle.

Transient testing is an alternative for testing LDDVs that eliminates the nsk of engine
damage associated with the snap-idle test. An additional advantage to a transient test is
that simultaneous measurement of NOx and opacity can be made, since there is concern
about NOx emissions from these vehicles. The emissions sampling of Diesel vehicles in
Portland, Oregon is done through an IM240-style constant volume sampling (CVS)
system. The program manager reports that with the exception of the need to change the
filter in the CVS system slightly more regularly, this does not create any special
equipment problems (however, the number of LDDVs tested 1s very low) This type of
test seems a good alternative if the particulate emissions do not affect the CVS system
adversely.


HDGV

Vehicles Included - Large passenger-carrying vehicles.
Test Procedures - Idle.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO.

Emissions Standards - Unknown.

Fail Rate - Not known.

Test Equipment - Gas analyzer

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,400 - $14,700

Inspection Fees - Emissions test ts part of full roadworthiness test Test fees are $68 for vehicles with 9
to 16 seats, and $124 for vehicles with 17 or more seats

Problems /Remarks - There are very few vehicles of this class

Contact Person - Stephen Biddulph, Dept. of Environment & Transport in England,

Stephen Biddulph@dtlr gsi gov uk Telephone (44)0117-954-3200.

Additional Information - Testing 1s governed by the Vehicle Inspectorate (an executive agency of the
Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions), Roadworthiness Scheme, c/o 15
Masefield Close, Bilton, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG1 3LU, 423 530809 General inquiries can be

made to the inspectorate at enquines@via gov uk
Website - http://www.via gov uk

4-16


Problems - None reported

HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emussions Standards - Standards categories are based on model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HC ppm 1500 1200 1000 800
cO% 70 5.0 40 3.5
Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems: ESP Model Utah2000.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $12,500
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection 1s $25

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Jim Brande, Bureau of Aur Pollution Control, Salt Lake
City/County Health Dept., 788 East Woodoak Lane, Room 150, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107-6379,
(801)313-6677 Also Richard Valentine, same location Air Agency Contact Bull Colbert, State of
Utah, Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple

(PO Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423

Website - http //www slvhealth org/html/eh/html/im html

3-68


Problems / Remarks - A trial project 1s underway testing HDDVs on a chassis dynamometer using the
lug-down test This ts being used for vehicles caught by the Ministry of the Environment but ts only
for research purposes. For mandatory vehicle inspection, the free acceleration test apphes.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All gasoline-powered vehicles (Iight- and heavy-duty).

Test Procedures - CO measured on curb idle test.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,, although only CO ts regulated

Emusstons Standards - Emissions standards are a function of year of initial registration

Emissions Standards for HDGVs

Model Year CO%
Registered on or after July 1, 1992 35
Registered October 1, 1986 to June 30, 1992 45
Registered before October 1, 1986 60

Fail Rate - 3 0%.
Test Equipment - Four-gas analyzers.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free-standing gas analyzer

Inspection Fees - Same as for Diesel vehicles approximately $38 for initial inspection and $19 for
retest of heavy-duty vehicles

Contact Persons - Edwin Low, Head of Automotive Mechanics Department, Institute of Technical
Education, Ang Mo Kio 4300 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, Singapore 569869, 552 9305, lowhc@ite edu sg
Tan Quee Hong, Semor Engineer, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of the Environment,
Tan_Quee Hong@env gov sg, Tel (65) 731 9782, Fax: (65) 731 9651

Website - http //www gov sg/env/,
http://www onemotonng.com.sg/vehMaintain/maintain_insp asp

Additional Information - The Ministry of the Environment (“ENV”) has taken over responsibility for
vehicle pollution contro] from the Land Transport Authority (formerly the Registry of Vehicles) ENV
has initiated the formation of the Motor Industry Certification Board, whose first task was to set
standards for workshops servicing Diesel vehicles. These workshops can request an “audit” and if they
meet the ENV requirements, will be certified as official service shops Presently, this 1s not mandatory
In the future, the program will be extended to garages servicing gasoline-driven vehicles.

4-12


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - WASHINGTON (Vancouver area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers (2 inspection centers, 10 lanes). Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles. All vehicles at
least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to inspection. In odd-numbered years, odd-
numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus the Sth oidest model year vehicles, are
tested (e g., in 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995, plus 1996 are tested) In even-numbered
years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus the 5th oldest model year
vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2002, even model years from 1978 to 1994, plus 1997 are tested) Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles being registered in program area the first time are also
subject to inspection.

LDDV

Vehicles Tested - All LDDVs.

Test Procedures - Opacity 1s measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.

Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+

Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15
Problems - Some concern among motorists over apparently high engine speeds during test.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs
Test Procedures - Opacity 1s measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year


Website - http://www.cleanaimorg/test/index.html, also
http //www state nj us/mvs/vehicleinspection.htm

3-47


Inspection Fees - No fee is assessed for HDDV opacity tests

Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All 1968+ HDGVs except last two model years.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at 2500 rpm and idle. CO, also measured as a check for
exhaust dilution Visual inspection for pre-1981 vehicles includes only fuel cap. For 1981+ models,

visual inspection includes gas cap, fuel inlet restrictor, air injection system, catalyst, and EGR.
Illuminated MIL will fail vehicle No evap functional test

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emussions Standards - Standards categories are based on vehicle model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979 1980 1981+

HC ppm 1400 1400 1000 1000 1000
CO% 70 6.0 5.0 40 3.5

Fai] Rate - For first half of 2001, Washoe County 6.5%, Clark County 5.7%.
Test Equipment - Gas analysis benches. Worldwide Environmental.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analysis bench $14,000 each.

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee for HDGVs in Washoe County (Reno area) is $21 50, in
Clark County (Las Vegas area), $23.50. Compliance certificates cost an additional $5 in both program
areas

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager Lloyd Nelson, Dept. of Motor Vehicles and Public Safety, 555
Wright Way, Carson City, Nevada 89711-0700, (775)684-4682 Air Agency Contact: Adele Maione,
Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality, 123 W. Nye Lane, Carson City, Nevada
89710; (775)687-4670, ext 3076.

Website - http //www state nv us/dmv_ps/emission.htm#General

3-43


555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501; (907)269-7579. Also Mary Parker, same location;
(907)269-7695

Website - None given

3-5


Program Summary

LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - KENTUCKY (Northern Counties of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and anti-tampenng inspections at contractor-operated
(ESP) inspection centers. Three inspection centers, one in each county, provide a total of 11 inspection

lanes

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity at curb idle.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Idle test opacity standard 1s 5%

Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters,

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $20, with one free retest

Problems - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs <18,000 Ibs GVWR .
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity at curb idle
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard 1s 5%

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $20, with one free retest

Problems - None reported

HDGV


1M240 Emissions Standards for HDGVs
GVWR 8,501-9,999 Ibs

HC g/m = COg/m NOx g/m

1984-87 320 80.0 70
1988-90 320 80.0 50
1991-95 2.40 600 45
1996+ 2.40 60.0 4.0

Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs with GVWR 8,501-9,999 Ibs
That Cannot be Tested on Dynamometer

HC ppm CcCO%

1977 580 7.0
1978 550 67
1979 470 50
1980 350 50
1981 250 30
1982 220 25
1983 220 1S
1984+ 220 12

Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs with GVWR 210,000 Ibs
HC ppm CO%

1977-78 650 70
1979 650 65
1980-82 500 60
1983 500 35
1984-85 440 30
1986 280 2.5
1987+ 220 12

Fa] Rate - Overall HDGV fail rate 70%.

Test Equipment - Constant volume samplers and Gas analyzers: Califorma Analytical Instruments
Chassis dynamometers: Real Time Model 20N

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

3-38


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - UTAH (Salt Lake County)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests, visual mspections, and safety inspections at private
repair facilities. Approximately 340 facilities are participating in the program. Fleet operators inspect
their own vehicles.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity on steady-state loaded-mode tests 30% of rated
engine power at 50 mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs is 30% For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard is 35%

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer. Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer’ $27,000. Opacity meter: $8,000
Inspection Fees - LDDV test fee is $23.

Problems - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs.

Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 Ibs get steady-

state loaded tests (50 mph, 30% of rated engine power, and 50 mph, WOT) Vehicles with GVWR >
16,000 get snap acceleration test per SAE J1667

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 Ibs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged. 30%, naturally aspirated: 35%. HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 Ibs 70%.

Fai) Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer $27,000 Opacity meter. $8,000

Inspection Fees - HDDV test fee 1s $23

3-67


Design Features of Some International l/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs

Exhaust
Constituents Use | Fail
GVWR | Model Test Measured
State - Program Area Range | Years Procedure (Pass/Fail)
Australia, New South D None
‘Wales
|Canada, Onteno DR HDDV | >8,500 All 51667 Opacity
Canada, Vancouver, BC Cc | LDpv | si1,000] all IML47_—_ | Opacity
R | HDDV | >11,000 31667 Opacity
China, Beying and D LDDV 1980+ 31667 Opacity, HC, CO, 1s- | 150-200
|Guangzhou Cry 31667‘ JNO, 20
HDDV Opacity, HC, CO, 150 - 200.
NO, 15-
20
‘China, Hong Kong D LODV f 511,000 All LD ‘Opacity Yes 60 40
(HDDV program starts HDDV | >11,000 LD Opacity Yes 40
early 2002)
Germany D Lopv | 7,700 | 1977+ 51667 | Opacity 18 35
HDGV 1970+ TSL CO
Singapore D LDDV All 51667 | Opacity 3015
HDDV 31667 [Opacity 3819
HDGV i) [oe BB/D
‘Sweden Cc LDDV All J1667 Opacity 25S
HDDV 51667 Opacity 255
HDGV 1 HC, CO 25/5
United Kingdom D LDDV | s7,700 | 1979+ 51667 Opacity 15 52
HDDV_| >7,700 J1667 Opacity 13 | SSor61

Key to Symbols
Type c Centralized Test IMxx Transient modes (e g , IM240, IM147, BAR31)
D Decentralized Procedure ASM Acceleration Simulation Mode (ASM2525, 5015)
H Hybnd (Centralized and ASM2 Both ASM tests
motonst’s chorce) Lc Loaded cruise mode
R Roadside (HDDV only) TSI Two-speed Idle (2500 rpm and curb idle)
I Curb Idle
Vehicle LODV Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles 51667 SAE J1667 Snap Idle test*
Types HDDV —_ Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles R Roadside pullover inspection
Tested HDGV Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles LD Lugdown Test
GVWR $8,500 If no note, weight is GVWR Use Chassis YES Dynos used in emissions test
Range 7,000 CW Curb Weight Dyno? blank Dynos not used
Fees xx/yy mttual test cost/ retest cost, some include safety
Model 1968+ 1968 and newer model years (some Thour — One hour of labor at posted shop rates
Years newer models may also be xwyr ‘If annual and biennial in same program, annual
5-25 Vehicles 5 to 25 model years old
5-1975 First 5 model years exempted, vehicles Many programs were unable to supply a fatlure rate for thier

to 1975 tested

programs Some programs responded that this 1s not closely
tracked


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NEVADA (Las Vegas and Reno areas)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at private repair facilities BAR9O
analyzers upgraded to accommodate networking. Fleet operators (>3 vehicles) can mspect their own
vehicles. Statewide, there are approximately 430 facilities participating in the program.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All 1968+ LDDVs except the last two model years

Test Procedures - LDDVs tested for opacity at 40 mph on dynamometer. Dynamometer load applied
according to the number of cylinders 4 cyl., 7 hp; 6 cyl., 15 hp; and 8 cyl , 30 hp

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity standards’ Washoe County - 40% Clark County - 30%

Fail Rate - Washoe County - 0 30%; Clark County - 0 17%

Test Equipment - Mustang dynamometers used in both counties. Opacity meters differ
Washoe County uses Bosch, Clark County uses Wager

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Dynamometers: $15,000 plus installation Opacity meters For both
brands, estimated cost 1s $6,000 per unit

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for LDDV opacity test in both Washoe County (Reno area) and
Clark County (Las Vegas area) 1s $20 Compliance certificates cost an additional $5 in both program
areas.

Problems - None reported

HDDV
Vehicles Included - All 1968+ HDDVs except the last two model years.

Test Procedures - HDDVs tested for exhaust opacity during random roadside pull-overs, in fleet yards,
and at weigh stations, using the SAE J1667 snap-acceleration test

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standard 1s 70% for all HDDVs

Fail Rate - Washoe County: 73% Clark County 295%

Test Equipment - Washoe County Bosch Opacity Meters. Clark County’ Wager Opacity Meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - For both brands, estimated cost 1s $6,000 per unit.

3-42


1. INTRODUCTION

This report contains descnptive information on motor vehicle inspection and maintenance
(I/M) programs operating in the United States as well as abroad that are currently testing
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDVs), Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDVs), or Heavy-
Duty Gasoline Vehicles (HDGVs).” The report includes an overview discussion of such
testing; a table summarizing the features of the programs; and summary descriptions for
39 I/M programs in 27 different states, plus information on 9 intemational inspection
programs, as listed below.

United States I/M Programs

1. Alaska (2 programs) 10. Maryland 19 Oregon (2)

2. Arizona (2) 11. Massachusetts 20. Pennsylvania (2)
3. California (2) 12. Nevada 21. Rhode Island

4. Colorado (2) 13. New Hampshire 22. Tennessee

5 Connecticut 14. New Jersey 23. Texas

6. Idaho 15. New Mexico 24 Utah (4)

7. Illinois 16. New York 25. Virgima

8. Indiana 17. North Carolina 26. Washington (3)
9. Kentucky (2) 18. Ohio 27. Wisconsin

International Inspection Programs

1 Australia -New South 4. China - Beying and 7. Singapore
Wales Guangzhou
2. Canada - Ontario 5 China - Hong Kong 8. Sweden
3 Canada - Vancouver 6 Germany 9 United Kingdom
Background

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) require vehicle emission I/M programs
in areas where ambient levels of ozone and CO exceed the national standards. The I/M
programs that have been implemented in the United States in response to the CAAA

* Motor homes are not included in this report


1975-78
1975-78
1979-84
1979-84
1985+
1985+

Fail Rate - Not available.

Carburetor
Fuel Injection
Carburetor
Fuel Injection
No Catalyst

Catalyst

500
500
350
350
350
220

40
40
3.0
30
3.0
1.0

Test Equipment - ESP gas analyzers, Sensors opacity meters.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers: $15,000 per unit Opacity meter cost not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $10.

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Ted Kotsakis, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Program, Air Quality
Division, Department of Environmental Quality, 1240 S E 12th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214,
(503)731-3050 ext 231 Also Jerry Coffer, (S03)731-3050 ext 229. Medford contact Ted Wacker,
DEQ, Rogue Valley I/M Program, 3030 Biddle Road, Medford, Oregon 97504, (541)776-6140

Website - None given.

3-59


Contact Persons - HDDV - Marilyn Hazewood, Mobile Source Enforcement Branch, Heavy-Duty
Diesel Section, (916) 322-2659, mhazewoo@arb.ca gov. HDGV - Program Manager: Douglas Laue,
Chief, Bureau of Automotive Repair, 10240 Systems Parkway, Sacramento, California 95827;
(916)255-4355 Also Gary Hunter, Deputy Chief of Staff for Smog Check Operations; (916)255-4397
Air Agency Contact for both programs. Thomas Cackette, Deputy Executive Officer, California Air
Resources Board, 1001 “I” Street, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812; (916)322-2892.

Website - HDGV testing - http://www smogcheck ca gov/smogweb/,

HDDV testing - http.//www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/hdvip.htm

3-14


HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model years
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emussions Standards - Six standards categories are based on model year, type of fuel delivery, and
presence or absence of catalytic converter.

Emissions Standards for HDGVs

Curb Idle 2500 rpm
HCppm CO% HCppm CO%
1975-78 Carburetor 500 40 - 30
1975-78 Fuel Injection 500 4.0 - -
1979-84 Carburetor 350 30 - 30
1979-84 Fuel Injection 350 30 - -
1985+ No Catalyst 350 3.0 ~ 30
1985+ Catalyst 220 10 220 10

Fail Rate - Approximately 12 5%

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers supplied by ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $15,000 per unit.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $21 upon passing No fee if vehicle fails

Problems - On many late-model HDGVs, it 1s difficult to get an engine speed signal

Contact Persons - Program Manager Ted Kotsakis, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Program, Air Quality
Division, Department of Environmental Quality, 1240 S E. 12th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214,
(503)731-3050 ext 231. Also Jerry Coffer, (503)731-3050 ext 229

/iwww tate or us/ag/vip/vip_frame_page_htm


Aw Pollution Control Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Dept., One Civic Plaza
(P.O. Box 1293), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103, (505)768-2600

‘Website - None given

3-50


Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee of $12.50 includes one free retest within 60 days of initial test.

Problems - Ford HDDVs with 6.9-liter and 7 3-lter engines, and GM HDDVs with 6 2-liter and 6 5-
liter engines, 1f equipped with Stanadyne non-electronic governors, exhibit surging when run up against
governor, making them incapable of testing per J1667. These HDDVs currently are being exempted
from testing for technical difficulty

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDGVs are tested annually Current and 4 most recent model years are
exempt (e g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 model year and newer vehicles are exempt)

Test Procedures - Atl HDGVs tested for HC and CO emissions at curb idle and on loaded cruise test
Dyno loads range from 2.8 hp @ 22 mph for 4-cylinder HDGVs to 10 8 hp @ 35 mph for HDGVs with
8-cylinder (or more) engines HDGVs with full-time 4-wheel drive or non-defeatable traction control,
or that otherwise are not capable of dynamometer testing, are tested at curb idle.

Visual/functional inspection on 1975+ HDGVs_ Visual inspection covers catalyst, air inyection system,

PCV system, and presence of gas caps on all vehicles Gas caps tested on all 1971+ vehicles with
“sealed” systems.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards are based on vehicle model year

Emissions Standards for HDGVs

Curb Idle Loaded Cruise
Cylinders HCppm CO% HCppm CO%

1967-71 34 500 550 500 420
>4 450 500 450 375

1972-74 34 400 5.50 400 420
>4 400 500 400 3.75

1975-78 All 350 400 350 300
1979-80 All 300 400 300 3.00
1981+ All 300 4.00 300 300

Fail Rate - 17.7% (emissions only).

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers are provided by California Analytical, gas analysis benches and chassis
dynamometers custom-built by I/M contractor

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

3-7


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CONNECTICUT

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Emissions inspections (biennial for 1981+ vehicles, and annual for 1980 and
older vehicles) at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers (25 inspection facilities with
92 lanes) Separate roadside or weigh-station safety and exhaust opacity mspections on commercial
vehicles >26,000 lbs GVWR _ In all vehicle categories, only the 25 most recent model years are subject
to the program. For instance, in calendar year 2001, 1977 1s the oldest model year inspected New
vehicles are exempt from inspection for 12 months from date of imttral registration

LDDV

Vehicles Included - LDDVs of 25 most recent model years.

Test Procedures - Opacity measured under loaded cruise operation’ 30 mph, ~7 5 hp

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity for all LDDVs 1s 20%

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ($20 for biennial test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test

Problems - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - HDDVs < 10,000 lbs GVWR, 25 most recent model years.

Test Procedures - Opacity measured under loaded cruise operation. 30 mph, ~7.5 hp. Roadside and
weigh-station safety inspections and opacity tests are conducted on commercial HDDVs >26,000 !bs

GVWR )

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR <10,000 Ibs, maximum opacity 1s 20% For
commercial vehicles with GVWR >26,000 lbs, maximum opacity depends on vehicle mode? year:
1990 model year and older vehicles 55%, 1991+ vehicles: 40%.

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.

3-24


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NEW HAMPSHIRE

Vehicles Tested - HDDV

Program Description - HDDVs >10,000 lbs GVWR and Diesel buses 225 passengers are subject to
snap-acceleration opacity testing at tolls and scales, and in random roadside pullovers Vehicles failing
age-determined opacity standards are subyect to administrative fine and must document corrective
repairs.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs >10,000 Ibs GVWR, and all Diesel buses with capacity 225
passengers.

Test Procedures - SAE J1667 snap acceleration.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are a function of vehicle model year.

Pre-1974 1974-90 1991+

Opacity % 70 55 40

Fail Rate - Approximately 9%.

Test Equipment - Bosch RTT 100 opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $8,500 per unit

Inspection Fees - None.

Problems - Unspecified problems with opacity meters, and a small fraction of non-repeatable readings,
are attributed to truck drivers’ feathering the throttle during the test

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Tom Hettinger, Office of Emissions and Special Projects, Dept
of Safety, James H Hayes Safety Building, 10 Hazen Drive, Concord, New Hampshire 03305,
(603)271-0351 Air Agency Contact: Kent Finemore, Administrator, Department of Environmental
Services, Air Resources Division, 64 North Main Street, Caller Box 2033, Concord, New Hampshire
03302-2033, (603)271-1382 Also Mike Fitzgerald, Mobile Source Unit; (603)271-6390.

Website - http //www des state nh.us/ard/

3-44


Test Equipment - Opacity meters Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667 Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $9, with one free retest within 60 days of mutual test.
Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs. The current and four most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured; 1967 to 1980 vehicles (and all motorcycles, and
vehicles with full-time four-wheel drive or non-defeatable traction control) receive curb-idle test;
1981+ models get steady-state loaded-mode (cruise) test, which includes curb idle Dynamometer
loads and speeds on the steady-state test range from 2 8 hp @ 22 mph for 4-cylinder vehicles to 15.8 hp
@ 40 mph for all heavy-duty vehicles.

Visual/functional inspection limited to catalyst and air jection system Functional evap test limited to
gas-cap pressure test on 1971 and later vehicles

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards are based on model year, number of cylinders, and

test type

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle Loaded Cruse

Cylinders HCppm CO%  HCppm CO%

1967-71 <4 500 550
>4 450 500
1972-74 s4 400 5.50
>4 400 500
1975-78 All 350 400
1979-80 All 300 400
1981+ All 300 400 300 300

Fail Rate - 10.8%

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers are provided by Califorma Analytical, constant volume sampling
system and dynamometers custom-built by I/M contractor.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $9, with one free retest within 60 days of imtral test

3-10


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - WASHINGTON (Spokane area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. There are 2 test stations with 8 inspection lanes. Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles. All vehicles at least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to inspection In odd-
numbered years, odd-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus the Sth oldest
model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., n 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995, plus 1996 are
tested) In even-numbered years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus
the Sth oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2002, even model years from 1978 to 1994, plus
1997 are tested). Vehicles undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles bemg registered in program
area the first time are also subyect to inspection.

LDDV

Vehicles Tested - All LDDVs.

Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year

Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+

Opacity % 70 60 40

Fail Rate - Approximately 4%,

Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ts $15

Problems - Motorists sometimes express concern about high engine speeds dunng test
HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs.

Test Procedures - Opacity 1s measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year

3-77


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - INDIANA (Chicago, IL suburbs and Louisville, KY suburbs)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions inspection at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP)

inspection centers (9 inspection stations with 27 test lanes). Inspection also required on change of
ownership and first registration in program area.

HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1976+ HDGVs with GVWR s9,000 Ibs. The four newest model years are exempt

Test Procedures - For 1981+ models, HC, CO, and NOx are measured on IM93 (first hill of IM240)
transient test cycle. (Pass/fail based on HC and CO only ) The test cycle is repeated once for failing
vehicles. For 1976-80 models and vehicles incapable of dynamometer testing, HC and CO are
measured on idle test. Gas cap pressure test and visual inspection for presence of catalyst conducted on
all vehicles.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,
Emussions Standards - IM93 emissions test standards for HDGVs are based on vehicle model year.

IM93 Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1981-82 1983-84 1985-86 1987-90 1991-97 1998+
HC g/m 7.50 6.00 5.00 300 240 2.00
CO g/m 1000 100.0 75.0 60.0 ° 40.0 30

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, CVS systems, gas analysis systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspections are free of charge.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: Michael L. Worrell, Dept. of Environmental Management,
100 N Senate Avenue, Room 1001, PO Box 6015, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206-6015; (317)232-8218
Also Phil Doyle, (317)232-8420.

Website - http //www state in us/idem/oam/programs/imsite_new/


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - VERMONT

Vehicles Tested - HDDV

Program Description - Testing 1s only conducted as random roadside inspections or random fleet
inspections by the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Department of Motor Vehicles
(in conjunction with random safety mspections)

HDDV

Vehicles Included - A!l HDDVs, randomly selected.

Test Procedures - Opacity 1s measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre 1991 1992+
Opacity % 55 40

Fail Rate - Unknown.

Test Equipment - Opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.

Inspection Fees - None

Problems - None reported

Contact Person - Program Manager Thomas Moye, Chief, Mobile Sources Section, Vermont Dept of

Environmental Conservation, Air Pollution Control Division, Building 3 South,
103 So. Main St, Waterbury, Vermont 05671; (802)241-3840.

Website - http //www anr state vt us/dec/air/docs/hduty pdf.

3-72


Test Equipment - None

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None

Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection 1s not regulated, average price in market 1s slightly under
$20. One free retest available at City retest facility.

Problems - Apparently the state Motor Vehicles Division selects the vehicles to be tested, and the
Albuquerque city program manager stated that MVD 1s selecting mostly new Diesels at the end of their
first registration cycle (one or two years) The result of this 1s that over 95% of the Diesels tested are
less than 2 years old, so the fail rate 1s <3%

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All 1975+ HDGVs under 26,000 lbs GVWR.

Test Procedures ~ HC and CO measured on TSI

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,

Eausstons Standards - Emissions standards based on vehicle weight, model year, and test made.

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

Idle 2500 rpm
GVWR Model HCppm CO% HCppm CO%

Year

8,501 - 10,000 1975-80 950 65 950 65

1981-83 800 5.4 450 35

1984+ 630 40 400 3.0

10,001 - 25,999 1975-80 950 65 950 65

1981-86 800 55 500 35

1987+ 440 20 400 3.0

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - BAR90 analyzers, various manufacturers.
Estumated Test Equipment Costs - $16,000 - $19,000 each

Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection 1s not regulated, average price in market is slightly under
$20, One free retest available at City retest facility

Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Glen L Dennis, Manager, Vehicle Pollution Management

Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Dept , 1500 Broadway N E., Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87102; (S05)764-1110. Also Mike Baca, same location Air Agency Contact’ Angel Martinez,

3-49


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - VIRGINIA (Northern counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Loudon, Pnnce William, and
Stafford, and cities of Alexandna, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park)

Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilities Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles Over 370 facilities are participating in the
emissions program.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs < 10,000 lbs GVWR, 24 years old and newer New models are not
inspected until they are two years old

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Visual inspection covering catalyst, air injection

system, EGR, evaporative canister, and thermostatic air cleaner (TAC) 1s conducted on 1973+ models,
in addition to gas cap pressure test

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emussions Standards - Two-speed idle standards are a function of vehicle model year

Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs

68-69 70-74 75-79 80 8+
HC ppm 1000 600 400 220 220
CO% 80 65 40 20 1.2

Fail Rate - In 1999, HDGV Initial Test fail rate was 13.9%, in 2000, it was 11 2%

Test Equipment - Gas analysis benches are built to BAR97 specifications and supplied by ESP, SPX,
Sun/Snap-On, Worldwide Environmental, and Maxwell

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Cost of benches estimated to be in the range $15,000 to $20,000 per
unit.

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee 1s $20 for emission inspection, with one free reinspection included
within 14 days at the facility performing the original inspection

Problems - Determining correct GVWR 1s most prevalent problem Some vehicles with GVWR >
8,500 lbs are tested incorrectly as light-duty vehicles on ASM2 test, others with GVWR < 8,500 Ibs get
two-speed idle. GVWR data in DMV records are problematic, smce GVWR 1s entered by owners upon
registration. I/M inspectors are required to visually verify GVWR from vehicles’ door plates (or other
valid source), but DEQ finds much variance in GVWR for identical make/model combinations. DEQ
management recommends that GVWR be accessible from vehicle lookup table

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ J. Michael Thompson, Director, Northern Virginia Office,
Mobile Source Operations, Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality, 13901 Crown Court, Woodbridge,
Virginia 22193; (703)583-3866 Planning and Standards: Rich Olin, Chief Engineer, Mobile Sources,

3-73


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - COLORADO (Enhanced Program Area of Denver and Boulder)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Emissions inspection of all cars and trucks. Biennially, 1982+ gasoline-powered
vehicles are inspected at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers, 1981 and older
vehicles may be inspected in the centralized program or at licensed private facilities, at the owner’s
option. Centralized network consists of 77 inspection lanes in 15 centers. Inspection also required on
change of ownership, for vehicles new to the program area, and for commuter vehicles. Diesel-
powered vehicles are inspected annually at specially licensed private facilities, 28 in number. Fleet
operators (20 or more gasoline vehicles, 9 or more Diesels > 7,500 Ibs empty weight) can inspect their
own vehicles annually

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All LDDVs; the two most recent model years are exempted (except for change of
ownership or new-to-area vehicles).

Test Procedures - Three-mode apacity tests on chassis dynamometers For LDDVs <7,500 lbs empty
weight, test modes are wide-open throttle (WOT) at 60, 50, and 40 mph (dyno loaded so as to require
WOT operation to maintain those speeds). For heavier LDDVs (to 8,500 Ibs GVWR), test modes are
WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the
Snap-acceleratron test.

Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
{naturally aspirated or turbo charged).

LDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
$7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20

Eail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee ts one hour of labor at the inspection shop’s posted rate


currently undergoing acceptance testing and CARB plans to have the facility operational
by October 1, 2001. The test facility will be used to conduct a 100-vehicle repair
effectiveness study. Vehicles will be tested over the DT80 or a steady-state drive cycle,
and engine maps for each vehicle will be developed and used to estimate engine gram per
brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr) emussion rates. Vehicles with engine emission rates
1.5 times their certification standard will be considered failing (for the purpose of the
study) and will be sent out for repair.

CARB said its potential future on road testing program could involve having pre-formed
pits for a dynamometer at many locations around the state (such as roadside weight
stations), and moving a hydrokenetic dynamometer and the analytical instruments to the
site (in addition, a water truck will be necessary to operate the dynamometer). The
analytical system manufacturers have indicated that both the size and cost of the system
may be reduced in the future, and may be more amenable to this type of use. CARB
estimated that at this time it believes approximately 12 of these systems would be used
statewide.

HDGV Testing Programs - Of the 39 domestic I/M programs in the U S., 37 indicated
that they test HDGVs. Twenty-three of these indicated they performed the TSI test on
HDGVs, with an additional six testing HDGVs with only the curb-idle test Four
programs in the U.S. perform transient tests on HDGVs" Indiana, which performs the
IM93; Maryland and Wisconsin, which perform the IM240, and Massachusetts, which
performs the MA31. In Maryland and Massachusetts, the transient test 1s performed only
on vehicles up to 10,000 pounds GVWR; above this weight, the curb-idle test 1s
performed For 1996 and newer HDGVs, both programs in Oregon perform an OBDII
test on OBDII-compliant vehicles (non-compliant vehicles receive the Idle test).

Three of the nine international programs that responded to the survey indicated they test
HDGVs (Germany, Singapore, and Sweden). Singapore and Sweden perform the curb-
idle test, and Germany performs the TSI test. Most international programs responded that
testing of HDGVs ts limited, or HDGVs are not tested at all because they are such a small
fraction of their fleets.

Diesel Test Equipment and Procedures - Overall, the majority of Diesel IM programs are
using the snap-idle test. This is because the test has a low cost (opacity meters average
from $3,000 to $6,000) and the opacity meters are simple to use. Many tumes, these
programs are conducted only on the side of the road, and vehicles appearing to be high
emitters are detained for compulsory testing In addition, the use of opacity meters 1s
convenient for fleets, since the meters can be carried to the trucks in a maintenance yard
and the vehicles can be tested in place, rather than having to be moved into a shop for
testing. There are significant issues, however, related to using the snap-idle test alone for
testing HDDVs.

The largest area of complaint to vehicle poliution control agencies from the public
concems visible emissions from Diesel vehicles. The snap-tdle test was originally
developed to reduce both PM emissions and visible particles for public nuisance reasons.
Unfortunately, opacity meters are more sensitive to measuring larger particles, while
there is growing concern that smaller particles are of greater health concem For this

1-6


Problems - None reported.

HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs with GVWR < 18,000 lbs.

Test Procedures - HDGVs < 10,000 Ibs GVWR tested for HC and CO during loaded-mode (cruise)
Operation and at curb idle. Load and speed depend on number of engine cylinders Heavier HDGVs
are tested only at curb idle. 1984+ vehicles get visual inspection of catalyst, air jection, and
evaporative system, and fillprpe pressure test and separate gas-cap pressure test.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emussrons Standards - HC and CO standards, based on model year and GVWR, are too numerous to
list. The range is from 220 ppm HC and | 2% CO for 1985+ models to 1300 ppm HC, 8.0% CO for
pre-1968 models.

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Gas analysis systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $11, with one free retest.

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager Diane Hazelhef, Air Pollution Control District of Jefferson
County, Vehicle Emissions Testing Headquarters, 1821 Taylor Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky 40213,
(502)458-1018, ext 132. Air Agency Contact, David Gore, Kentucky Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Air Quality, Special Programs Branch, 803 Schenke!
Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601; (502)573-3382.

Website - http /Awww.aped org/ver/index htm!

3-33


HDDV Testing Programs - As in testing of LDDVs, there is a wide range of test
procedures (vanations of snap-idle, idle, and loaded tests) used with HDDVs.
Approximately half of the HDDV testing programs, both domestically and those
surveyed internationally, use the snap-idle test. Although opacity would not be expected
to be high with an idle test, New Mexico measures opacity during the TSI test, and the
northern counties of Kentucky measure opacity on the curb-idle test.

The majority of loaded tests are simple, steady-state loaded cruise tests for opacity only.
Other steady-state loaded tests include the lug-down test used in Hong Kong and the
ASM2525 test conducted in Ohio. No transient loaded testing programs for HDDVs
were reported.

The New South Wales (NSW) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in Australia used a
contractor to perform a recently concluded research test program using the DT80
procedure (acceleration to 80 km/hr at maximum vehicle load, 80 km/hr cruise, then
deceleration to idle, repeated three times). This test may be implemented in the next few
years, but is used currently only for research purposes. The test program included
evaluation of an R&P Instruments Tapered Element Oscillating Membrane (TEOM) mass
balance to measure particulate matter (PM) mass, a light scattering instrument to estimate
PM mass, and simultaneously measurement of NOx using a dilution tunnel and a CVS
system Based on initial reports,” the light scattering mstrument compared favorably with
the standard (filter) based methods and the TEOM did not compare as well. However,
the light scattering instrument was calibrated to a specific fuel and fuel changes will
affect the correlation of the light scattering instrument to a filter based method. The
TEOM is expected to be more accurate over all fuel types.

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) also recently conducted the first phase of a
pilot study to evaluate loaded mode testing of HDDVs for compliance with the state’s
State Implementation Plan (SIP) Measure 17 (M17). M17 requires the state to study and
implement HDDV I/M, including NOx only; however, the state also was studying
measurement of PM due to concerns about the potential health impacts of PM. The first
phase of the pilot study included measurement of PM mass using an R&P Instruments
TEOM PM mass balance and a Sierra Instruments “‘BG-1” mini-dilution system, as well
as measurement of HC, CO, and NOx using a set of Califomia Analytical Instruments
analyzers. Testing was done on a 1500 hp eddy current Clayton dynamometer with three
17” rolls for testing twin-axle vehicles. The West Virginia University 5-Peak Cycle
developed in 1994 was used as the test cycle. Results of this testing have not been
released“

The second phase of the prlot study is currently being set up at a test facility in Stockton
operated by Air Resource Technologies. After purchasing the analyzers, dilution system,
and TEOM from the orginal study, CARB moved them to Stockton and integrated them
with the factlity’s 1000 hp SuperFlow 602 hydrokinetic dynamometer. The system 1s

* “Testing In-Use Diesel Vehicles - Implications for IMM Programs” - draft (2000), P Anyon, Parsons
Australia Pty Ltd , panyon@ozemail com au

“The MI7 pilot study contact at CARB 1s Don Chernich, (916) 322-7620, dchernic@arb ca gov

1-5


Emussions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year May become more stringent
in 2002.

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
65-74 75-91 92+

Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - Opacity meters: Opax 2000, Red Mountain
Estumated Test Equipment Costs - Opax 2000° $3,000; Red Mountain. $5,700.

Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable fee for emissions inspection is $12, $2 goes to the Air Quality
Board to cover administrative costs One free retest 1s included in the fee.

Problems - On some HDDVs, strict snap-acceleration procedure drove engine speed past tachometer
redline, which worried owners. Procedure was modified to ensure that engine speed does not meet
redline Throttle depressed onto governor, held for 5 seconds; feathered, if necessary, to avoid redline

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1965+ HDGVs (except motor homes) The most recent model year is exempted if
driven fewer than 5,000 miles.

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Visual inspection (1984+ vehicles only) 1s lhmited to
catalyst and air myection system.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on vehicle model year.
Emussions Standards for HDGVs
65-14 15:80 81+
HC ppm 900 700 500
cO% 60 50 3.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR90 gas analyzers
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzers $8,000
Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable emission inspection fee of $12 includes one free retest.
Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Dennis D Turner, Executive Director, Air Quality Board, 1755 Westgate Dnve,
Suite 120, Boise, ID 83704, (208)377-9191 Also, Roger Jensen, Quality Assurance, same location.


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - ARIZONA (Phoenix area)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) inspection centers. Inspection network consists of 11 centers housing 48 inspection

lanes. Inspection frequency depends on vehicle age; see below. Fleet operators (of at least 25 vehicles)
can inspect their own vehicles, but few do, as test and repair equipment requirements are strict

LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs tested annually for opacity The current and four most recent model
years are exempt from the program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models are

exempt). Inspection 1s also required for vehicles used regularly to commute from outside the program
area.

Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measured during loaded-cruise operation Dyno loads for the loaded
cruise test range from 6 4 hp @ 30 mph for the LDDVs s 4,000 Ibs GVWR to 32 hp @ 50 mph for

LDDVs 4,001-8,500 Ibs GVWR LDDVs incapable of dynamometer operation receive “technical
difficulty” certificate, exempting them from testing for current year

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all LDDVs, maximum allowable opacity 1s 20% for 10 seconds.
Fail Rate - 5 9% (opacity only)

Test Equipment - Opacity meters: Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667 Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $12 50, with one free retest within 60 days of imtial test
Problems - None reported.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDDVs tested annually for opacity Current and 4 most recent model years
are exempt (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 model year and newer vehicles are exempt)

Test Procedures - SAE J1667 Snap-Acceleration Smoke Test Procedure

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Maximum smoke opacity standards on the J1667 snap-acceleration test are 55%
for 1990 model year and older HDDVs, 40% for 1991+ HDDVs
Fail Rate - 8 6% (J1667)

Test Equipment - Opacity meters. Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667

3-6


3. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION SUMMARIES
DOMESTIC IMM PROGRAMS

This section contains summanies of each of the U.S. I/M programs that are currently testing
LDDVs, HDDVs, or HDGVs.

3-1


requirements typically are focused on light-duty gasoline-powered passenger vehicles
(LDGVs). As areas strive to achieve additional air quality benefits, however, and state
and local legislators respond to public pressure to test larger vehicles and Diesel-powered
vehicles, many areas have implemented I/M testing of Diesel-powered and heavy-duty
vehicles (HDVs). In addition, some countries outside the U.S. have been active in
developing tests for vehicle inspection programs that will address em:ssions from Diesel
vehicles.

This report is based on a survey of I/M programs operating in the U.S. and internationally
to determine what testing is currently being done for Diesel-powered vehicles (of all
classes) and heavy-duty gasoline-powered vehicles. In addition, information on the
pollutants measured and test equipment used was collected. I/M program personnel in
areas where light-duty Diesels and heavy-duty vehicles are subject to emissions testing
were contacted to determine the testing program currently in place.

For the programs identified, information was requested on test procedures, standards,
equipment used, and related topics. The information collected (when available) includes

the following:

+ Vehicles covered (type, age, weight classes);

Inspection frequency;

Test procedures;

Types and cost of equipment used;

Pollutant measurements (HC, CO, NOx, CO,, PM, opacity);
Failure rates;

Test fee,

Applicable standards; and

Program experience (including benefits, costs, and problems)

Information was gathered from telephone interviews, by faxing or e-mailing
questionnaires to I/M program staff, and by reviewing program websites The name of
each contact and/or the source of information is provided with the program data for each
program. Surveys were e-mailed to over 40 international contacts

For the purpose of this report, vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) in
excess of 8,500 Ibs are considered heavy-duty vehicles, following the definition in
40 CFR 86.082-2 (this definition also applies to international vehicles) For each
program, however, 1f different vehicle weights are used to define vehicle class, that
information is provided.

Status of Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs

Test Types - Due to a general lack of guidance on how LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs
should be tested and due to allowed flexibility, /M programs in the US have developed
a wide range of emissions tests. There are six general categories of tests, and some of
those categones have many different ways in which they are conducted. For example, for

1-2


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - BRITAIN, UNITED KINGDOM

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Descnption - Decentralized emssions tests, for vehicles <3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross
weight, testing may be conducted at either private test-and-repair facilities or government-run facilities
For vehicles over 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross weight, testing 1s conducted at government-run
facilities

LDDV

Vehucles Included - LDDVs with design gross weights <3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) .

Test Procedures - Snap-idle for all vehicles first used August 1, 1979, or later, visual check on vehicles
first used before this date.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emussions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m'', turbo charged 3.0 m'

Fail Rate - Approximately 1.5%.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $2,200.

Inspection Fees - Emissions test 1s part of full roadworthiness test, total cost 1s $53.

Problems / Remarks - None reported.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - Over 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) design gross weight.
Test Procedures - Snap-idle.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m”, turbo charged 30 m”?

Fail Rate - Approximately 1 3%.

Test Equipment - Opacity meter

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $2,900

Inspection Fees - Emissions test ts part of full roadworthiness test, test fee is $56 for 2-axle vehicles,
$62 for 4-axle vehicles

Problems /Remarks - Currently researching addition of NOx and PM to testing

4-15


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - OREGON (Portland metropolitan area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Bienmal emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, state-operated
mspection centers State operates 19 enhanced test lanes and 22 basic test lanes housed in 8 inspection
facilities. Fleet operators (public agencies with more than 50 vehicles, or private sector with more than
100 vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles.

LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ LDDVs. New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model years.

Test Procedures - 1975-80 model year LDDVs are tested for CO at curb idle, standard 1s 1 5%

198-95 models get BAR31 transient loaded test for HC, CO, and NOx; standards are same as for
gasoline LDVs_[f, during either test, smoke 1s observed at levels >20% opacity, then exhaust opacity is
measured at curb idle and at ‘one-third throttle.” Program personnel acknowledge that both smoke
observation and the one-third throttle setting are subjective 1996+ LDDVs get OBDII check only;
same pass/fail critena as for gasoline velncles.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, Opacity

Emissions Standards - 1975-80 LDDVs meet 1 5% CO standard at idle, and 20% opacrty standard
when tested. BAR31 standards are presented in the table below All standards are stnngent. Diesel
standards for light-duty vehicles are 1 5% CO (HC not measured) and 20% opacity at idle.
BAR31 Test Emissions Standards for LDDVs
1981-82 1983-89 1990-95

HC g/mi 20 2.0 12
CO g/m 64 32 30
NOx g/m 370 370 300

Fail Rate - Approximately 1 5%

Test Equipment - Idle test ESP gas analyzers. BAR3}1 test: Realtime dynamometers, Honba IM240
gas analyzers. Opacity test: Sensors opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers: $15,000 per unit Dynamometers and IM240
analyzers were purchased at auction from defunct /M programs (Michigan, Texas) Oregon paid
approximately $10,000 per unit, original costs reported to be $50,000-$60,000 Opacity meter costs not

available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $21 upon passing No fee if vehicle fails

Problems - Idle test difficulty in finding engine speed signal BAR31 test’ vehicles too low for safe
dynamometer operation, AWD, ABS brakes, traction-control vehicles


Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: Dan Grubbe, Manager, Anzona Vehicle Emissions Inspection
Program, Anzona Department of Environmental Quality, 600 North 40th Street, Phoenix, Arizona
85008; (602)207-7017.

Website - http://www adeq state az.us/environ/air/vei/


2. DESIGN FEATURES OF U.S. I/M PROGRAMS
TESTING LDDVs, HDDVs, AND HDGVs

The following table summanzes several important design features of each current LDDV,
HDDV, and HDGV I/M program in the U.S. and a sampling of international programs.
Following the table ts a key explaining the descriptive codes for each feature.

2-1


Inspection Fees - None. However, for the fleet self-certification program, fleet operators have to either
purchase their own opacity meter or contract with a service to test their vehicles. Roadside
(enforcement) inspections are free.

Problems - None reported.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1974+ HDGVs, excluding the four most recent model years. The last four model
year exemption does not apply for change-of-ownership or first registration in California.

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI, plus gas cap pressure test; comprehensive
visual mspection of emission control system, including MIL; and functional check of EGR.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emussions Standards - HDGV emissions standards categories are based on model year and GVWR.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs

Curb Idle 2500 rpm
GYWR lbs HCppm CO% HCppm CO%
1966-69  >8,500 700 55 750 5.0
1970-73 >8,500 550 50 600 45
1974-78  >8,500 300 30 350 35
1979-83 >8,500 250 22 250 30
1984-86  >8,500 250 15 200 16
1987-90 — 8,501-14,000 220 15 200 1.6
1991+ 8,501-14,000 150 1.2 150 15
1987-90 214,001 250 25 200 16
1991+ 214,001 150 15 150 15

Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-90ET test analyzer systems provided by ESP, Snap-On, SPX, ESP

Estumated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee not regulated, range 1s about $15-$40, average about $30 Fee of
$775 for Certificate of Inspection pays for program administration and enforcement.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - HDDV - Manlyn Hazewood, Mobile Source Enforcement Branch, Heavy-Duty
Diesel Section, (916) 322-2659, mhazewoo@arb ca gov HDGV - Program Manager Douglas Laue,
Chief, Bureau of Automotive Repair, 10240 Systems Parkway, Sacramento, California 95827,
(916)255-4355. Also Gary Hunter, Deputy Chief of Staff for Smog Check Operations; (916)255-4397.

3-16


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CANADA (Ontario)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV

Program Description - Annual HDDV testing 1s conducted at decentralized facilities, fleets can self-
certify using the snap-idle test Roadside snap-idle testing 1s performed for enforcement.

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs are tested annually Vehicles identified at roadside as potentially
exceeding the standards are recruited for the roadside test.

Test Procedures - SAE J1667 (Snap-Idle).

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - 55% opacity for 1990 and older vehicles, 40% opacity for 1991 and newer
vehicles

Fail Rate - Unknown

Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fee - Unknown

Problems / Remarks - None reported

Contact Person - John Richie, Ontano Ministry of the Environment, Drive Clean Ontario Office, (416)
314-7853.

Website - None given.

4-3


Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+

Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15.
Problems - Motorist concern about high engine speeds on test
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emussions Standards - HDGV standards are based on model year.

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

1977-80 1981+
HC ppm 600 400
CO% 3.0 3.0

Fail Rate - Approximately 11%

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by ESP (I/M contractor).

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Person - John C. Raymond, Dept of Ecology, P O. Box 47600, Olympia, Washington 98504-

7600, (360)407-6856. E-mail address’ jray461@ecy wa.gov. In Spokane: Grant Pfeifer, Dept of
Ecology, (509)456-3284

Website - http //www ecy wa gov/programs/air/Automotive_ Pages htm

3-78


Design Features of I/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs in the United States
Exhaust
Vehicle Constituents | Use Fail
Program Types GVWR Model Measured | Chassis Rate
State - Program Area Type Tested Range Years_| Test Procedure | (Pass/Fail) _} Dyno So
Alaska - Anchorage D HDGV <12,000 CW | 1968+ TSI HC, CO
|Alaska - Fairbanks D HDGV <12,000CW | 1975+ TSI HC, CO 125
|Anzona - Phoenix Cc LODV 8,500 53-1967 Lc Opacity YES 59
HDDV >8,500 51667 Opacity 86
HDGV 28,500 LG t HC, CO YES 177
Anzona - Tucson Cc LDDV $8,500 5-1967 Lc Opacity YES 41
HDDV >8,500 Lc Opacity YES 35
HDGV >8,500 Lc, I HC, CO YES 108
Calforma - Enhanced areas R HDDV >8,500 All 41667 Opacity
D HDGV >8,500 44-1974 TSI HC, CO
Califorma - Basic and R HDDV >8,500 all 51667 | Opacity
‘Change of Ownership areas D HDGV >8,500 41978 TSI HC, CO
‘Colorado - Denver/Boulder GH LDDV 58,500 2-All LD, J1667_— |Opacity YES
HDDV >8,500 LD, J1667 [Opacity YES
HDGV >8,500 TSI HC,CO
Colorado - Aspen, Colorado D LODV $8,500 All LD, J1667 — |Opacity YES
Spgs , Ft Collins, Greeley HDDV 28,500 LD, J1667 [Opacity YES
HDGV >8,500 TSI, 1 HC, CO
[Connecticut c LODV $8,500 25- Lc (Opacity YES
HDDV $10,000 LC Opacity YES
HDGV 10,000 { JHC, CO
Idaho o Lbov 58,500 1965+ 51667 Opacity
HDDV >8,500 31667 Opacity
HDGY 28,500 TSI JHC, CO
Ninos DR HDDV >16,000 Ail 41667‘ fOpaerty
Cc HDGV 78,500 4.1968 i IHC, CO
Indiana Cc HDGV $9,000 4-1976 1M93,! HC, CO, YES
NOx
Kentucky - Louisville c LDDV 8,500 1968+ LCI Opacity YES
HDDV 518,000 LC,t Opacity YES
HDGV $18,000 Lot HC, CO YES
Kentucky - North Counties c LDDV <8,500 1968+ { Opacity YES
HDDV <18,000 i Opacity YES
HDGV $18,000 i HC,CO YES
Maine R HDDV >18,000 All 11667 Opacity
Maryland CR HDDV >8,500 21977 11667 Opacity
c HOG 26,000 1M240,1— |HC,CO YES | 70 i4
Massachusetis D HDDV >8,500 22-1984 51667 Opacity $29
HDGV >8,500 MASI. HC,CO,NO,| YES
Nevada - Las Vegas and Reno D LDDV 58,500 2-1968 tc Opacity YES [03/017 $20
areas DR HDDV >8,500 41667 Opacity 730 None
D HDGV >8,500 TSE HC, CO 65/57 | $23 max
New Hampshire R HDDV >10,000 | 1980+ 31667 -|Opacity 9 None
New Jersey H LDDV 38,500 All Mis Visible None/O 5 hy]
DR HDDV >18,000 41667 smoke 8 45-75
H HDGV >18,000 I Opacity None/O 5 hy
HC, CO.

2-2


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - AUSTRALIA (New South Wales)
Vehicles Tested - None currently, DT80 proposed.

Program Description - The Australian state of New South Wales proposed testing light (under 4,500 kg
GVWR) petrol (1 e., gasoline-powered) vehicles based in the Sydney region This proposal ts unlikely
to proceed largely because adoption of Euro standards and cleaner fuel standards 1s predicted to result
im emission reductions from metropolitan fleets of around 70% over the next 15 years, despite increases
in the number of vehicles and distance traveled The Roads and Traffic Authonty (RTA) will continue
to operate two IM240 test stations for modified vehicles, voluntary testing, and research into the
performance of alternative fuels

Although particulates are predicted to fall about 35% in the coming years, interest is still increasing
about Diesel testing programs due to health concerns There has been some development of a Diesel
in-service test in Australia, the DT80. This test and accompanying test standards are about to be
included into national legislation so that any state can adopt them into its legislation 1f the state plans to
implement a test program Also recently agreed to 1s the Diesel National Environment Protection
Measure, which requires the states to assess the need for a program to reduce the impact of Diesel
emissions and which includes guidelines for a number of program alternatives. Details can be found at

www nepe gov au and www nrtc.gov au.

NSW 1s about to commence a program to test all of the Sydney government Diesel bus fleet (1,700
vehicles) and any other fleets that wish to volunteer The test results will be compared with the results
of an assessment of their maintenance regimes to establish best practice in maintenance The funding
for this program 1s being provided by the Commonwealth government. (The person managing the
funding of the pilot test programs at Environment Australia is Emma Campbell

emma campbell@ea gov.au. Marc Thomson mthompson@nepc gov au at the National Environment
Protection Council managed the development of the Diesel test.). Decisions will then be made about
the need for a Diesel testing program It 1s estimated that some form of audited maintenance program
will be developed At this stage, no other states have started any form of petrol or Diesel test program,
but several are collecting information and talking to NSW about their program development

Contact Person - Bruce Dowdell, Manager, Vehicle Emissions management Program, Roads and
Traffic Authonty, 36 Ennis Road Milsons Point NSW 2061, (61) 02 9935 7383
Bruce_Dowdell@RTA NSW gov au

Website - www rta nsw gov au,

42


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - CHINA (Hong Kong)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV

Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions test at private test and repair facilities (three
operators run a total of 13 test centers licensed by the government).

LDDV

Vehicles Included - Vehicles under 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR.

Test Procedures ~ Lug-down test with opacity measured at three engine power levels: maximum
power, 90%, and 80% of maximum power. Descnbed in “Code of Practice for Designated Vehicle

Emission Testing Centres, Applicable to Testing Diesel Vehicles of Gross Vehicle Weight up to 5.5
Tonnes - Volume 1,” June 28, 2000.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - The smoke level at rated engine speed, and 50% of rated engine power,
measured at the wheel shall not exceed 50 Hartridge Smoke Unit (HSU). Measured engine speed at
maximum power must be within 10% of rated speed or vehicle is reyected from testing due to suspicion
of detuning

Fail Rate - 60% Only vehicles observed as dirty on road are recruited

Test Equipment - Dieseltune (SPX) partial flow opacity meter, light-duty dynamometer

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $60,000

Inspection Fees - Approximately $40 , set by the government.

Problems / Remarks - None reported

HDDV

Vehicles Included - Vehicles from 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) to 38,000 kg (38,000 pounds) GVWR.
Test Procedures - Lug-down test with opacity measured at maximum power, 90%, and 80% of
maximum power Described in “Code of Practice for Designated Vehicle Emission Testing Centres,

Applicable to Testing Diesel Vehicles of Gross Vehicle Weight over 5 5 Tonnes - Volume 1,”
June 28, 2000.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - The smoke level at rated engine speed, and 50% of rated engine power,
measured at the wheel shall not exceed 50 Hartndge Smoke Unit (HSU). Measured engine speed at
maximum power must be within 10% of rated speed or vehicle is reyected from testing due to suspicion
of detuning.

Fail Rate - No data yet, program 1s set to begin testing in 2002

4-7


Vehicles Included - HDDVs 25 model years old and newer (e g , in year 2001, the oldest model year
inspected 1s 1976), excluding farm vehicles. The two most recent model years are exempt from
emissions inspection.

Test Procedures - HDGVs are tested at curb idle
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on vehicle model year

Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1976-78 = 1979+
HC ppm 600 300
cO% 45 30

Fail Rate - 5.48%

Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by SPX, ESP, and Sun/Snap-on.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000.

Inspection Fees - Maximum fee (emission and safety inspection together) 1s $35 Vehicles remaining at
inspection facility for repairs following a failing test receive free retest, otherwise vehicles are charged

regular inspection fee for retests.

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager Mike Maher, Director, Technical Services Bureau, New York
State Department of Motor Vehicles, 6 Empire State Plaza, Room 418, Albany, New York 12228,
(518)474-0616, also Phil Risley, same location, (518)474-4279. Air Agency Contact Joe Tuttle,
Bureau of Mobile Sources, Dept of Environmental Conservation, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, New York
12233-3259; (518)457-8894

Websites - http //www nydmv state ny us/vehsafe htm, and
http //www dec state ny us/website/dar/beim/index htm]


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - OREGON (“Rogue Valley I/M Program” covers Medford, Ashland,
Eagle Point, and surrounding areas)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, state-operated
ispection center (One facility, three imspection lanes } Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles

LDDV

Vehicles Included - LDDVs 20 years old and newer New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model
years

Test Procedures - 1981-95 vehicles tested for CO emissions on two-speed idle, standard 1s 15% If

smoke 1s ‘observed during TSI, then exhaust opacity 1s measured with an opacity meter. Standard 1s
20%. 1996+ models get OBDII check only; same pass/fail criteria as for gasoline vehicles

Exhaust Components Measured - CO, Opacity

Emussions Standards - For all model years, CO standard 1s 1.5%, opacity standard 1s 20%

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - ESP gas analyzers, Sensors opacity meters

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers’ $15,000 per unit Opacity meter cost not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $10

Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs 20 years old and newer New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model
years.

Test Procedures - 1981-95 HDGVs tested for HC and CO emissions on two-speed idle 1996+ models
get OBDII check only.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Six standards categories are based on model year, type of fuel delivery, and
presence or absence of catalytic converter

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle 2500 rpm

HCppm CO% HCppm CO%

3-58


Contact Persons - Program Manager: Keith Beeson, I/M Program Administrator, Vehicle Inspection
Program, Municipality of Anchorage, Department of Health and Human Services, 825 L Street, P.O
Box 196650, Anchorage, Alaska 99519-6650; (907)343-4796. Air Agency Contact’ Cindy Heil,
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501;
(907)269-7579. Also Mary Parker, same location, (907)269-7695.

Website - None given.

3-3


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGY Inspection

Program Location - CANADA (Greater Vancouver Regional District and Fraser Valley Regional
Districts)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV

Program Description - Diesel vehicles having GVWRs of 5,000 kg or less are tested as part of the
AurCare program using IM147 opacity measurements performed by contractor-operated centralized
facilities. Diesel vehicles heavier than 5,000 kg GVWR are tested as part of the AirCare ON-ROAD
program using J1667 performed by crown corporation staff

LDDV

Vehicles Included - 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR and less, all model years

Test Procedures - Loaded transient (IM147)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emussions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs ts 30% opacity

Fail Rate - 73%

Test Equipment - Wager opacity meter, Real-Time dynamometer, exhaust evacuation system.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $75,000 per lane

Inspection Fees - $15 60 for 1991 and older (annual test), $31.20 for 1992 and newer (biennial)
HDDV

Vehicles Included - Vehicles identified at roadside as potentially exceeding the standards greater than
5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR.

Test Procedures - SAE J1667 (Snap-Idle)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - 55% opacity for 1990 and older vehicles, 40% opacity for 1991 and newer
vehicles

Fail Rate - 48% (only those vehicles suspected of non-compliance are tested).

Test Equipment - Opacity meter

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - US$60,000 per complete patrol van (includes vehicle and all test
equipment, data communications equipment, and tools)

Inspection Fee - None

4-4


Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $12.50 for all vehicles discussed here One free retest within 60
days of initial test.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager: Dan Grubbe, Manager, Anzona Vehicle Emissions Inspection
Program, Anzona Department of Environmental Quality, 600 North 40th Street, Phoenix, Anzona

85008; (602)207-7017.
Website - http.//www adeq.state.as.us/environ/air/vei/


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - MARYLAND (Baltimore area & D.C suburbs)

Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV

Program Desenption - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. Inspection network includes 87 inspection lanes in 19 inspection centers. Each facility has one
4-wheel drive dynamometer. Exemptions available if all registered owners are aged 70 years or older
and vehicle is driven 5,000 mules or less annually, and for vehicles with Disabled license plates that are
driven 5,000 miles or less annually. HDDVs are tested for exhaust opacity in a separate, roadside pull-
over program conducted by the State Police

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All HDDVs

Test Procedures - SAE J1667.

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year

Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre-1974 1974-90 1991+
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - Opacity meters.

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - None

Problems - None reported

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1977+ HDGVs <26,000 lbs GVWR First inspection not required until two years
after vehicle’s initial tithing

Test Procedures - 1984+ HDGVs with GVWR 8,501-9,999 Ibs get IM240 test for HC, CO, and NOx

Older and heavier HDGVs and those that cannot be dyno tested, are tested at idle for HC and CO
Velncles that are not dyno tested aiso get anti-tampering mspection.

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,

Emissions Standards - Emissions standards for both categones of HDGVs are based on model year

3-37


Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Barbara Wehrle, Chief, Motor Vehicle Inspection Section,
Division of Motor Vehicles, 4802 Sheboygan Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53702, (608)266-0992.
Chuck Rhodes, Supervisor I/M Group, 1150 N. Alois St., Milwaukee, WI 53208, (414)266-1084. Air
Agency Contact. Mohammad Islam, Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Air Management (AM-10),
PO Box 7921, 101 South Webster, Madison, Wisconsin 53707; (608)264-9219. Also Chris Boveé,
(608)266-5542.

Website - http //www dot.state wi us/dmv/im html


TSI Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HCppm CO%

pre-1968 1500 70
1968-69 1200 65
1970-78 1000 55
1979 800 4.0
1980 800 35
1981-85 600 30
1986+ 300 20

Fail Rate - Not available

Test Equipment - BAR-90 test analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee 1s $15.

Problems - None reported

Contact Persons - Program Manager: R. J. Hicks, Colorado Dept. of Revenue, Motor Vehicle Division,
A Emissions Program, 1881 Pierce Street, Lakewood, Colorado 80261, (303)205-5935 Also John
Schoen, (303)205-5669 Air Agency Contact Michael O’Toole, Colorado Dept of Public Health and
Environment, Aur Pollution Control Division, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive So , Denver, Colorado 80276-
1530, (303)692-3139

Website http://www cdphe state co us/ap/mobile asp

Other Websites -

Air Care Colorado http://aircarecolorado com/
Pitkin County. http://www aspengov com/EH/county/emissions html

3-20


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - ALASKA (Fairbanks North Star Borough)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV

Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilites Currently 28 facilines (1ncluding fleets) are participating tn the program. BAR97-equivatent
analyzers. [Inspection also required on transfer of title if vehicle 1s 1987 model year or older and more
than 12 months have elapsed since last test Borough-operated referee facility Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles.

HDGV

Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs up to 12,000 pounds curb weight New vehicles are exempt for two
years after imtial registration. “Seasonal Waivers” are available for vehicles not dnven during winter
months,

Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI Visual/functional inspection of emission
control systems covers catalyst, EGR, PCV, air injection, evaporative emissron contra! components,

thermostatic air intake system (TAC), and fuel metering No evaporative control system functional test
{as program 1s focused only on CO)

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, O,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-73 1974-78 1979-93 1994+

Idle CO (%) 50 40 40 10
2500 rpm CO (%) 50 4.0 40 10
HC (ppm) 1000 ~—- 1000 1000 220

Fail Rate - 12 5%.

Test Equipment - Analyzers are 4-gas Emission Inspection Systems from Worldwide Environmental
Products, Inc As configured for the Alaska I/M programs, they measure HC, CO, CO,, and O,

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000 per unit

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee market-driven, no maximum, average cost $45 Certificate of
Inspection for passing vehicles 1s $20.

Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager’ Glenn Miller, Fairbanks North Star Borough I/M Program, 3175

Peger Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, (907)459-1005 Also David Anderson, same location,
(907)459-1007 Air Agency Contact. Cindy Heil, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation,

3-4


Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection

Program Location - NEW MEXICO (Albuquerque)

Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV

Program Description - Biennial decentralized emissions tests and visual inspections at private test and
repair facilities, and at city-operated referee stations Approximately 140 facilities are participating in
the program. Inspections also required on vehicle utle transfers BAR90 analyzers Fleet operators
can self-inspect.

LDDV

Vehicles Included - All 1975+ LDDVs.

Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested upon change of ownership or title transfer for smoke opacity on

TSI at city-operated referee stations Opacity determination 1s made by EPA Method 9 (visible
determination by qualified observer)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs 1s 25%

Fail Rate - Vehicles 15 or more years old: >20% Newer vehicle fail rate declines to < 3% at 2 years
old

Test Equipment - None
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None

Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection 1s not regulated; average price in market 1s slightly under
$20 One free retest available at City retest facility.

Problems - Program manager stated that the state Motor Vehicles Division 1s selecting for testing
mostly new Diesels at the end of their first registration cycle (one or two years). The result of this 1s
that over 95% of the Diesels tested are less than 2 years old, so the fail rate 1s <3%

HDDV

Vehicles Included - All 1975+ HDDVs under 26,000 lbs GVWR

Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested at change of ownership or title transfer for smoke opacity on TSI

at city-operated referee stations. Opacity determmation 1s made by EPA Method 9 (visible
determination by qualified observer)

Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity

Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle weight rating GVWR 10,000 Ibs 25%;
GVWR > 10,000 tbs: 30%.

Fail Rate - Vehicles 15 or more years old’ >20%. Newer vehicle fail rate declines to < 3% at 2 years
old

3-48


transient tests, many different dnving cycles are used, and some programs measure only
opacity for Diesels while others measure all pollutants. The test procedures include the
following:

1. Snap-Idle - In the U.S., this test is based on the SAE J1667 test procedure
(available free from http-//www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/hdvip/saej1667 pdf; please
read the copyright information). SAE refers to the test as a “Snap-
Acceleration” procedure, but it is also commonly called the “snap-idle” test, the
“J1667 test,” and the “free-acceleration test.” The test consists of measuring
peak opacity after quickly depressing the throttle to the wide-open position for
a short period of time. The inertia of the rotating and reciprocating engine
components provides the load for the test. The test is usually done in sets of
three snaps; the average of the maxima measured on each snap is used for the
pass/fail decistons.

2. Loaded Cruise (LC) - The vehicle is tested at a fixed speed and load on a
chassis dynamometer.

3. ASM - The vehicle 1s tested at a fixed speed and load on a chassis
dynamometer using a load that simulates an acceleration. The ASM 5015 tests
a vehicle at a load simulating 50% of the maximum acceleration rate on the
Federal Test Procedure (50% of 3.3 mph s) and 15 mph. The ASM 2525 tests
a vehicle at a load simulating 25% of the maximum acceleration rate on the
Federal Test Procedure (25% of 3 3 mph s") and 25 mph.

4. Transient IMxxx - The vehicle 1s tested on a chassis dynamometer over a
transient test cycle such as the IM240, IM147, IM93, IM31, etc. The number
such as “31” refers to the length of the test cycle in seconds. Some states
modify this to identify their own adaptation of an I/M test cycle. They use
other identifiers besides “IM,” such as “MA” (as in “MA31L”).

5. Two-Speed Idle (TSI) or Curb Idle - For the two-speed idle test, emissions are
tested at 2500 rpm and at curb idle. For the curb-idle test, emissions are
measured only at the vehicle’s natural (“curb”) idle speed.

2

Lug-down - The vehicle 1s tested on a chassis dynamometer at a fixed speed
while the dynamometer load is increased to the point where the vehicle is
operating at wide-open throttle.

There are five types of test networks where the tests described above are performed:

Decentralized

Centralized

Hybrid (Centralized and Decentralized)
Fleet - Self-Certification
Roadside-Pullover

veer o

1-3


Opacity Standards for HDDVs

1968-73 1974- 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40

Fail Rate - Approximately 4%.

Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15

Problems - Concern about high engine speeds during test

HDGV

Vehicles Included - All HDGVs

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at idle

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - HDGV standards are based on model year

Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1977-80 1981+

HC ppm 600 400

CO% 30 3.0
Eail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by ESP (UM contractor)
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee 1s $15
Problems - None reported.
Contact Person - John C Raymond, Dept. of Ecology, PO Box 47600, Olympia, Washington 98504-
7600, (360)407-6856. E-mail address’ ray461@ecy.wa gov. In Vancouver. Kevin Hancock, Dept of
Ecology, (360)690-7165

Website - http //www ecy wa.gov/programs/air/Automotive_Pages htm

3-80


Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ($20 for biennial test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test Safety inspection costs $15.

Problems - None reported.
HDGV

Vehicles Included - HDGVs with GVWR 10,000 Ibs (Separate roadside and weigh-station safety
inspections and opacity tests are conducted on commercial HDGVs >26,000 Ibs GVWR )

Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at curb idle Visual inspection of catalyst and gas cap. Gas
Cap pressure test

Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,

Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on vehicle model year.

Emussions Standards for HDGVs

HC ppm CcCO%
1977 300 270
1978 275 240
1979 250 210
1980 225 200
1981-82 200 120
1983 175 100
1984-87 150 100
1988+ 125 100

Fail Rate - Not available.

Test Equipment - BAR-90 test analyzer systems

Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.

Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ($20 for bienmal test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test.

Problems - None reported.

Contact Persons - Program Manager Robert Waz, Director, Emissions Division, Dept. of Motor
Vehicles, Rowland Government Center, 55 West Main St , Waterbury, Connecticut 06702; (203)805-
6224 Aw Agency Contact’ William Menz, Program Manager; Bureau of Air Management, Air
Management, Planning, and Standards Division, Dept of Environmental Protection, 79 Elm Street,
Hartford, Connecticut 06106-5127; (860)424-3409

Website - http://dmyct org/emipage htm

3-25


Problems / Remarks - Inspectors must have reasonable and probable grounds to stop a vehicle for
testing. To that end, visual pre-screening (EPA Method 9) 1s used but many drivers will back off the
throttle when they see an AirCare ON-ROAD patrol van.

Contact Person - Dave Gourley, Pacific Vehicle Testing Technology, AirCare Administration, 102-
4705 Wayburn Drive, Burnaby, BC VSG 3L1, (604) 453-5170. Dave Gourley@translink be ca

Website - http://www arrcare ca/

4-5


Website - http://www emissiontest org

3-28