..-. ...—=,, . ----- ..J_,..~..8 ..-...-.:.:.-..;. ..... .~. .:...

‘. .

I.. ,.JJ..

M’.-’” :“-<.. .1.

ZWry s 9-= 1 - - --- --~

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hhhx’ “- ‘“ “ LAMS-231.9

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., .

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LEGAL NOTICE

Thisreportwas preparedas an accountofGovern- .

ment sponsoredwork, NeithertheUnitedStates,northe

Commission,noranypersonactingon behalfoftheCommission: . -.’ .

A. Makesanywarrantyorrepresentation, expressed

m’ implied,wtthrespectotheaccuracy,completeness,or

usefulnessoftheinformationcontainedinthisreport,or

thattheuseofanyinformation, apparatus,method,or process disclosedinthisreportmay notinfringeprivately

ownedrights;or

B. Assumes any liabilities withrespecttotheuse

of,or for damagesresultingfrom theuseofany information,apparatus,method,or processdtsclosedinthisreport.

As usedintheabove,“personactingonbehalfof the

Commission”includesany employeeor contractorofthe

Commission,oremployeeof suchcontractor,totheextent

thatsuch employeeor contractoroftheCommission,or

employeeof such contractorprepares,disseminates,or

providesaccessto,any informationpursuantto hisemploymentorcontractwiththeCommission,orhisemployment withsuchcontractor.

PrintedinUSA. Price$1.00. Availablefrom the

OfficeofTechnicalServices

U. S.DepartmentofCommerce

Washington25,D. C.
LAMs-2319

RADIOACTIVE WASTE

(TID-4500,15thEd.)

LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY

OF THE UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIA LOS ALAMOS NEW MEXICO

REPORT WIWTTEW. April1959

REPORT DISTRIBUTED: November3,1959

PROCEDURES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF PLUTONIUM

FROM VARIOUS SURFACES

by

E. L. Christensen

—.

—1 ContractW-7405-ENG. 36 withtheU. S.AtomicEnergyCommission

—

=

—E .

All LAMS reperts are informal documents, ueually prepared for a special pary=g : pose and primartly prepared for use wttbln tha Laboratory rather than for

.—

!EEJ

general distxlbution. l’bia report baa not been edited, reviewed, or verffied

8 for accuracy. All LAMS reports exprees the vfewe of the authore ae of the

‘SE , .

time they were written and do net neceesaxlly reflect the opfnione of the LiJs

s Alamoe Scientlflo Laboratory or the ffnal opfnion of the autbore on the subject.

!&$

g~ 0)

“~m ;

— 1

ABsmm

Decontamination solu’ti.ens,procedures, and their effectiveness in

the remxml of plutonium fh?omvarioust~s of surfacesare reported.

3

Page

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . ...0.

SOME GENERALCONSIDERATIONS. . . . ● c .

DECONTAMINATIONPROCEDURESAND SOLUTSONS.

Aluminum

Brass. .

Concrete

Glass. .

~011 and

● 00000

● aO ***

● e* **a

● *****

Mild Steel.

● o@

● **

● 00

● *O

9**

●

●

●

9

●

b

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

9

●

●

●

Lucite,Plexiglass,and OtherAcrylicplastics

Monelooo . . . ..o. . . . .

Painto . . .. o.... . . . .

Plast:~csOtherThan AcrylLcBase

Porcela.in.oo . . . . . ● ..e

Ribber . . . . ...”.. . . . .

skin . . . . . . . . . . ● 000

StainlessSteel. . . . . . . . .

TiIe. o.. .o . . . . . . . .

BSBLICXXWHY . . . . . . ● .00. o.

● ☛☛☛☛☛☛

● ***9*9

Plastics.. .

● **9*8*

● OO09*C

● e* *me*

● **e OO*

● ******

● O* b* aa

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

9

9

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

9

●

●

●

●

9

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

7

8

u

3.2

12

13

IA

IA

16

17

17

17

a

18

19

19

21

23

24

INTRODUCTION

A list of decontaminationproceduresend solutionswas

the sourcesMsted in the Bibliography.Althoughthe major

compiledfmm

portionof

the work reyortedhas been donewith fissionproductcontamination,the

data are generallyapplicableto plutoniumdecontendnation.Some of the

solutionswere used in the plutoniumsolventextractionplant at Ios

Alsms and the resultsare noted in the sectionon decontaminationpro.

ceduresand solutions.

Ik’omthese literaturesourcesand the experimentsat Ios Alsms, a

IAst of deccmtsminationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness

and remmm?nded proceduresfor decontaminationhave been prepared. It

should be emphasizedthat there is no uuiversaldecontaminationsolution

available.

readily,it

While one solutionmay decontaminateseversJ.types of materials

may be too corrosivefor SORE of them.

7
DISCUSSION

Thereare many factorswhich influencethe effectivenessof a decontaminationsolutionor procedure,all of which must be takeninto

considerationwhen planningany decontaminationjob.

The variablesaud somepointsfor considerationare:

1. Type of materialto be cleaned.

a. Genera13y,there are one or two decontaminationsolutions

which give betterdecontaminationand less corrosionfor

one type of materialthan for any othertype.

2. Previoushistoryof surface.

a. If the surfacehas been throughseveralcontaminationdecontsminationcycles,it will be nmre difficultto clean

(andwill requireone of the more activedecontaminants

recommendedfor its materialtype)than if the contamination

occurredfor the firsttime. This is es~cialdy iqportant

if corrosivedecontaminationagentswere used previously.

3. Whethercontaminationwas dust or liquid.

a. Dust shouldbe rexmvedwith a vacuumcleanerfollowedby

wipingwith ragswet with a solutionwhichwiXl aid in

collectionof dustbut will not dissolvedust or corrode

the surface. A neutralsolutionof Na EDTA is satisfactory.

b. In case of a liquidspill,excesssolutionshouldbe remved by swabbingwith cheeseclothor by vacuumremval to

a tank followedby eitherH20 and decontaminationsolutions

8
or by decontaminationsolutionsalone. The radioactive

solutionshouldnot be a~owed to dry beforeuse of a

decontaminationsolution.is started,‘ifat all possible.

4. ‘&ye of liquidcontmhant.

If the radioactivesolutionis corrosiveto

under consideration,then a decontamination

will dissolvea thin layerof

Othercontaminatingsolutions

surfaceshould

qy dissolvea

surfaceand then precipitatea new compound;

the surface

solutionwhich

be chosen.

part of the

- form a

complexwith the surface,as is the casewith many plastics;

or may merelydry and be essentiallya saltmechanically

held in pits, scratches,etc.,ofsurfaceunder consideration,

each requiringa differentdecontaminationsolution.

of contamination.

Concexmsmainlysurfaceswhich canbe deeplypenetratedby

contaminatingsolution,such as bare concreteby nitric

acid solutionsor paintedsurfacesby causticor organic

contaminating

how activea

solutions. Obviouslythe lengthof time the

solutionhas had to penetratewill determine

decontaminationsolutionshmildbe chosen.

6. Teqerature of surfaceduringdryingof liquidcontaminant.

a. Temperaturesover 300”Cproduceplutoniumoxideswhich are

hard to dissolveespeciallyif the radioactivematerialhas

lodgedin pits or scratchesleftby previous

9

decontamination.
The higherthe temperature,the xrmreactivethe decon-”

laminatingsolutionneeded.

‘7. Type of decontaminationdesired.

a. For example,if a smaU smxnzntof corrosioncannotbe

tolerated,then it is obvioustmt a non-corrosivesolution

shouldbe chosen.

8. Mvel of contamination.

a. If levelof contaminationis low so that solutionsand rags

may be discarded,then this factorneed not be considered.

If levelis high,however,then a solutions~tidbe chosen

for firstapplicationthat will give high decontamination

factorsand yet alloweasy plutoniumrecovery. A water

wash is one solutionthat fulfillsthese reqdremmts.

9. W of surface.

a. Considerationshmldbe givento whetherthe piece to be

decontaminatedcouldbe &Mnantled and immersedin a decontaminationsolution,whetherthe surfacecouldbe soaked

with decontaminationsolution,or whetherdecontamination

has to be carriedout by wiping. A less corrosivesolution

can be used for decontsminationby immrsion or soaking

than for decontaminationby wiping.

b. Can surfacestandabrasiveactionof steelwool, cleansing

powders,etc.,which enhancethe effectivenessof most

decontaudnationsolutions?

10
10. Time available

a. The longer

milderthe

for decontamination.

the t- availablefor decontamination,the

decontaminationsolutionneeded.

S@lE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

1. me of surface to be cleaued 1s xm?e important than type of

decontamination solution hs,ndy.

20 Wjor portionof decontaminationis usuallyaccomplishedin

the first15 minutesof application.In otherwords,usuallythe

removalof the first solutionand applicationof

minuteswill give betterdecontaminationthan if

left for 30 minutes.

39 The successivealternateapplicationof

a new portionfor 15

the first solutionis

two selecteddecontaminationsolutionsusua12yis much nmre effectivethan eitheralone.

Best resultsobtainedif one solutionis basic,other acidic. In some

casesit ap~=arsto be @portant which of the two solutionsis used

first.

4. Each of the solutionsshouldbe rated in each caseby consider.

ationof the 10 factorslistedpreviouslybeforedecontaminationis

atteqpted.

59 The initialstep in each decontaminationprocedureshouldbe

in accordancewith factorNuxiber3 M.stedunder “Discussion.”

Obviously,use only as many stepsin the procedureas is necessaryto

reducecountto desiredlevel.

U.
6. Decontaminationfactor(D.F.) is definedas initialactivity

in c/m dividedby final.activityin c/m.

The D.F.~s ldsted are rough esixI.natessince variations in solution

contacttime, surfacehistoryand amunt and type of abrasiveaction

appliedwill changethe value considerably.

70 Areas and equipmentwhichwillbe subjectto contamination

should,where possibleand desirable,be protectedwith a remvable

coatingsuchas a plasticor paint. Rubberitemshave not, however,

been successfu3Jyprotectedand subsequentlydecontaminatedwith this

procedure.

DECONM41NMZON PROCEDURESAND SOLUTIONS

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. Remve excessliqpidby swabbingor transferto storagetank.

Do not allow surfaceto dry beforeproceedingto next step.

2. Rinsewith water;do not sJMw to dry.

3. Wet with 10$ citricacid solutionand scrubwith steelwool.

Rinsewith water.

4. Wet with l@HN03 and scrubwith steelwool. Rinsewith water.

4a. 0rwetwith5~NaOH-1~ sodiumtsrtrate-1.5~H20aand scrubwith

steelwool. Rinsewith water. If surfaceis keptwet with solution

for 15 minutes,the decontaminationfactorwil.lbe+OO. ‘JMs solution

has been used in the plutoniumsolventextractionplant at Ios Alams

and provedvery effective. Decontaminationfactorsof 100-500were

obtainedwith no visiblecorrosion.

1.2
B.

1.

2*

3*

4.

5.

6.

7.

A.

Decontazdmationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

Solution

5$ NaOH=J~sodiumtartrate-1.5~H202

I@ HNO.+ trace Hg(N03)=

lq mvo~

5$ NaOH-110~sodiumcitrate

O.% citricacid-O.5JJHC1-O.1~synthetic

detergent

16 citricacid

2.5$ sodiumcitrate-O.@ synthetzlc

detergent,pH 7.0

BRASS

Recommendedprocedure.

Remarks

Very littlecorrosion,

D.F. = 100-~

corrosive

Corrosive,D.F. = lCKl

D.F. = ~

D.F. = IQ

● **

D.F.-1

1. Wipe with acetoneor alcoho:Lon cleansingtissue.

20 Rub lightlywith emery cloth.

I

3. If wetting

trisodiumphosphate

B. Decontamination

canbe tolerated~use 5$ ammnium citrateor ~

washes. Rinsewith largesnmuntsof water.

solutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

1. 2.5$ sodiumcitrate-O.@ syntheticdetergent,pH7.O

2. O.~citric acid-O.~HCl-O.1$ syntheticdetergent(corrosive)

3. 5’%_niuM citrate

4. 5? trisodiumphosphate

5* lx sodiumcitrate.5~NaOH

6. AceLoneor alcoholon cleansingtissue

7. ~o

13
CONCRETE

Recommendedprocedurefor bare concrete.

1.

cleaner,

2.

3.

After remval of excessliquid,

sc~b with stiff brush.

Removepastewith damp IIIOp;

If paste is not successful.,

ventiktion for operators. Solution

apply paste of commercial hand

do not floodwith water.

apply concentrated HC1 with ample

is corrosive.

4. If theseare not successful,eithercoat surfacewith paint or

removelayersof concrete. Floodingor solutiondecontaminationmakes

activity

6 inches

penetrate deeper. Conixuninationhas been known to seep through

of unpainted concrete, I

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. For largesreasor

GLASS

pieces:

a. Rinsewith

b. Scrubwith

Co Scmibwith

water.

d. Scrubwith

water.

neutral solution of Na EDTA~

cheeseclothand concentratedHN03. Rinsewith

2$ anmmniumbifluoride. If possible,soak for

30 minutes. Very littlecorrosionclaimedfor this solution.

e. Applicationof 20$ HN03-3$HF. This solutionvery good,

but extremelycorrosive. Rinsewith water.
9. . For

aa

b.

c.

d.

smallpiecesof glassware:

Soak in concentratedHNO= for several~ at room

temperature,or sever~ hours at boilingpoint. Rinse

with water.

Soak in Z# ammnlum

temperature.Rinse

soak in 70$ BNo&l

Corrosive.

Boil in 20$ HN03-3$

corrosive.

B. Decontaminationsolutionsin

10 20$ HN03-34m?

20 7c$ HNo&l* HE’

3- 2% MBIEXLLUIU bifluoride

4. Aqya regia

bifluoridefor 30 minutesat room

with water.

HF for 30 minutes. Rinsewith water.

ID?for 2 hr. Rinsewith water. Very

orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

Corrosive,DeFe -100

Corrosive

Claimedto be non-corrosive

4a. Standardlaboratorycleaningsoluticm of bichromate-milf’uric acid

5. ConcentratedHN03

6. ~ tartaricacid

7. ~ OX-C acid

Decontaminationrate increaseswith increasing

temperature

8. a. 1$ Na citrate-5$NaOH

b. 2.5* Na citrate-1$synthetic

!

About eqyalJyeffective

detergent

c. O.% citricacid-O.1~synthetic 1).F.A

detergent-O.~HC1

15
99 3M_ citric acid

Il. Versenewith 14 syntheticdetergent

u. lJJsodiumcarbonate

13. ~ sottiumhydroxide

Increasein temperaturewill increase D.F. For the first 3

solutionsan increasein temperaturewill increasecorrosion.

IRON AND MILD STEEL

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. Rinse with water.

2. Scrubwith 10$ citricacid-5~syntheticdetergent;rinsewith

water.

3. Scrubwith 0.3~ citricacid-O.1~syntheticdetergent-O.~HC1.

Rinsewith water.

4. Scrubbrieflywith 6~ HN03. Rinsewith water.

5. Repeatnumber4 as many timesas necessary.

B. Decontaminationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

1. 6~ HCL

2. 6~HNO3

3- 10$ citricacid-5$syntheticdetergent

4. 0.31Jcitricacid-O.5hJHCl-O.1$synthetic

detergent

5. 2.5? Na citrate-O.~ syntheticdetergent

6. l~Na citrate-5$NaOH

7. NeutralsolutionofNaEIYCA

16

Very corrosive

Very corrosive

Mildlycorrosive

1

D.F. %20
LUCITE,PLEXIGLASS,AND OTHERACRYLICPIASTICS

Use procedure

however,that high

the plastic.

and solutionsas for glass. It shouldbe remexibered,

HN03 concentrationswill severelymar the surfaceof

MONEL —.

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. Rinsewith water.

2. Scrubwith 0.3~ citricacid-O.~ lIC1-O.1$syntheticdetergent.

Rinsewith water.

3. Re”at if necessary.

B. Decontaminationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

1. O.% citricacid-O.~ HC1-O.1$syntheticdetergent,D.F. *1O.

2. l% Na citrate-5~NaOH.

3. Neutral

4. 2.’j$Na

Nitricacid

solutionof Na EIYTA.

citrate-O.2~syntheticdetergent.

shouldbe goodbut very corrosive;however,no data

could be foundin literature.

PAINT

A. Recommmded procedure.

1. Wipe up excesssolution,keepingarea wet if possible.

2. Scrubwith Na EIYTAplus 2$ syntheticdetergent. Rinsewith

water.

3. Coverwith wet NaEIYIA

mve rags and rinsewith water.

IAM Alams with this procedure.

rags and allowto soak for 1 hour. ReD.F.CS of 10-1000 have been obtained at

17
h Scrubwith 5$ anmmiumcitrate, using steelwool as abrasive.

Rinsewith water. .

.5. If contaminationsti~ remains:

a. If thereis no “swipe”count,a@y new coat of paint.

b. If “swipe”countis present,applypaint remver.

B. Decontaminationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffactiveness.

1. Paint renxwer

2. Na EIYl?Awith 5$ syntheticdetergent

3. a. 5$ Na EIXM-1~syntheticdetergent

b. 0.31Jcitrate-O.~HC1.O.1~syntheticdetergent

1

c. 2*5$ Na citrate-O.2$syntheticdetergent

I

About

equally

d. Msodiumphosphat@, saturatedsolution effective

e. 5$ anmxmiumcit rate D.F.-2 to 10

f. 2$ ammiumb ifluoride I

g. 30 to y)$ ENo=

h. 3t081JHCl

J

PLASTICSOTHERTHAN ACRYIJCBASE PLASTICS

Teflon,saran,polyethylene,etc.,use proceduresand solutions

listedfor glassor stainless steel.

PORCELAIN

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. Rinsewith &O.

2. Boil in saturatedamumniumcarbonatesolutionfor 30 minutes.

3. Soak in 5$ anmmiumbifluoride solutionfor 30 minutes. Rinse

with water.

J-8
B. Decontaminationsolutionslistedin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

1. Ammoniumbifluoride

20 Z?@ HN03-3$Hi?

3. Ammoniumcarbonate

4. Water

Generallydifficultto

A. Recommendedprocedure.

1. Wash with water.

2. Scrubwith any one

—-

decontaminate.

of the solutionslistedin Part B.

B. Decontaminationsolutionslistedin order of decreasingeffectiveness.

1. 5$ Na EDT&@ syntheticdetergent

2. Na EIYIA-5~syntheticdetergent

3. l$Nacitrate-5$NaOH

4. 2.5$Na citrate-O.~ syntheticdetergent

5* O.~- citricacid.O.1~syntheticdetergent-O.~HCl

been

Immediateuse of

reportedto give

SKIN —.

a syntheticdetergent.sequestrantmbcturehas

betterdecontaminationthan if the use of the

mixtureis precededby soap and waterwash. However,no temperature

was givenfor the water used and if the waterwas warm enoughto cause

the poresto open,the decentsminationsolution,normalllyused cold,

would have a difficultt- renming the activity. At Ios Alams steps

19
one and two of the recommendedprocedurenormalJygive sufficientdecentaminationo

For decontaminationof hair,omit the KMn04treatment.

A. Recommendedprocedure.

.

1. Latherwith liquidsoap,using coldwater,rinsethoroughly.

2. If countstillremains,wash with syntheticdetergentand

sequestrantin a ratioof 1:2.

a. Sequestrantssuch as:

1. NaEDTA

2. Citricacid

3~ Sodiumcitrate

4. Sodiumtartrate

5* Sodi.umphosphates

b. Do not use oxalatesg .— —

C.P. Cleaner,manufactured

Rinsewith water.

..

by Enley Woducts$ Inc.} i.salso

satisfactory.Apply as labeldirects.

3* If countstillremains,scrubwith KMn04 crystalswet with just

enoughwater to make”thickpaste. Rinsethorouglily.Repeat3 times.

Remve colorwith a 4? NaHS03

4. Apply Ti02 paste and

Rinsethoroughlywith water.

B. Decontaminationsolutions

solution. (Use

rub thorouglily.

only as a last resoito)

Renmveby swabbing.

in order of decreasingeffectiveness.

1. Ti02 paste (~ensive)

2. KMn04paste;colorremovedwith 4* NaHS03

20
59

6.

7*

8.

9*

10●

1-1.

12e

13.

Synthetic detergent - sequestrant

C.P. Cleaner or similar hand cleaner

3% trisodium niixrolotmiacetate. synthetic detergent

3$ Ilacitrate> pH7.O

3% lTaacetate,pH 2.0

3% Na tsrtrate,PH7.O

3~Na lactate,PH7.O

3$ glycine

3% Na acetate,pH7.O

Waterwith liquidsoap

Isotonicsalinesolution

A. Recoxnended

10

2.

39

4.

5a.

Solution

solution

Renmve

STAINLESSSTEEL

procedure.

excess liquid, flush with water, do not a~ow to dry.

Scrubwith 3@ HN030

Scrubwith 20~ NaOH-10~ Na tartrate,30 minutes.

l% oxalicacid, 1 hour contacttime. Wash with water.

If necessary,use 3$ HF-20$HN03 at room temperature.

nnst effectiveif surfaceis kept wet for 15 minutes. This

has been used at Ims Alamoswith excellentresults. Decontamination factors of > 1O(XI

ti.onhas a corrosion rate of

will attack welds which have

were obtainedin every case. This solu-

< 0.01 inch per hour,”does not pit, but

includedflux. Good welds =e as resistant as the stainless steel plate.

21
I

b. Scrubbing with 6 to 121JHC1 iS

corrosive. HC1 pits metal, making next

6. Wash with water.

very good, but extremely

decontaminationmore difficult.

7. If countremains,repeat5a. If countis gone,wash with

concentratedHN03 to passivatesurface.

B. Decontaminationsolutionsin orderof decreasingeffectiveness.

1.

2a.

b.

39

4a.

b.

5a.

b.

6a.

b.

6-M_ HC1, corrosivewith pitting of surface

3* HF-2@ HN03) corrosive without pitting of surface.

D.F. *1OOO at 15 minutes contact t-. (Patent applied for

byBennet, ORNL)

Alternateuse of 2.5* sodiumt&rtrate-10$NaOH-1.5~H202

Mu Info=

3$ HF-5~HNO~, corrosive, more so than with

Boiled 20 minutes in solution ‘Twrco*

2@ HNOS-2@ I?adichrornate

Boiled 20 minutesin 0.25 H#04

20$ oxalicacid at 80°C, 30 minutescontact

10$ oxalicat 80°C,30 minutescontacttime

0.075NJH202-0.5hJH2S04

20$(lHNocJ

time

and

W’urcoNo. 4182ja special soap manufactured by Turco Productsz Inc.

22
Ya.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

8,

9.

10●

1-1.

12.

13●

If

surface

If

O.~1 citricacid-O.51JHC1-O.1’$synthetic detergent

Boiled 30 minutes in ~ HN03-0.00~ periodic acid

Boiled 2 hours i.n!21jNaOH

Boiled30 minutesin 21Jcitricacid

l? Na citrate-5~NaOH

2.5% Na citrate-O.@ syntheticdetergent

IM oxalicacid-O.lMNed? -.

2@ NaOH-10~Na tartrate

~ ammnium bifluoride

Ammnium flusilicate

Boiled20 minutesin N~C03 solution

6@ HN03,room temperature

High pressuresteamflush “

Water

About

equaUy

effective

D.F. = 5

to 20 at

15 min.

contact

time

—.TILE

tile is used in an area which can become contaminated, the

should be protected by paint,

bare tile does become contaminated, clean

hand cleaner.

tsmination to

clean up. In

coat of paint

Floodingor liqtid decontamination

the cracks between tiles, which are

such a case, renmval of the tile or

are the only remedies.

first with paste of

merely spreads conextremely difficult to

application of a

23
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

2.

39

4.

5*

6.

70

8.

9.

10.

u.

S. W. Ikqfer,“Noteson the Decontaminationof PaintedSteel,”Naval

~ohgica). DefenseLaboratory,AD-47(z),Sept. 15, 1958.

S. W. _ and J. B. Britton,“TheRemvd of RadioactiveContaminantsfkmmthe Skin by Solutionsof co~lexing Agents,Keratolyticsand Detergents,”Nava3RadiologicalDefenseLaborato~,

AD-118(C),April@, 19490

W. W. Howesand BernaxdSinger,“Surveyof Decontamination.VIII.

Decontaminkbilityof 1. Several.MiscelJ.aneousMaterialsand 2.

Naturaland SyntheticRubbers,” NavalRadiologicalDefenseLabora=

tory,MM&l (C), July I-8,1959.

W. W. Hawesand BernardSinger,“Surveyof Decontamination.XIII.

Decontamhabildtyof VitreousEnamels,” Naval RadiologicalDefense

Laboratory,AD-162(C),Aug. IL, 1949.

H. Wel.lhouser,“DecontaxLnationof PaintedSurfacesby Steem

c

7

, InterimReport,” Naval RadiologicalDefenseLaboratory,

AD-314 T), April 19, 1951.

W. Shelberg,R. FulJ.er,L. Graham,B. Lane,J. Mackinand L.

Wentzler,“chemicalDecontaminationof Sttiess Steeland 24ST

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24
12e

13.

I&.

15●

).6.

17.

la.

19●

200

21*

22.

23.

24●

F. N. Browder,“Sumtuaryof SurfaceDecontaminationE@eriences at

Oak RidgeNatlon&lLaboratory,” AECD-3998,July, 1948.

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1

25
25. J. L. Norwood,“A Studyof the Effectivenessof Decontaminating

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26
38*

39●

40.

41.

42,

43.

44●

45.

46;

47●

48.

49.

W*

R. H. Heiskelland R. J. Crew, “protectiveCoatingsfor Concrete,”

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M. R.

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—

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27
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28
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