FOURTH DIVISION

DILLARD, P. J.,

RICKMAN, P. J., and BROWN, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS

COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN

THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

March 2, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A20A1923. RIVER PLACE AT PORT ROYAL CONDOMINIUM

ASSOCIATION, INC. v. SAPP.

DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

In this premises-liability action, Shelisa Sapp sued River Place at Port Royal

Condominium Association, Inc., where she worked as a security guard. Specifically,

she alleges that River Place breached a duty it owed her as an invitee, with the result

being that she slipped on water that leaked from an overhead pipe onto the floor of

a break room and suffered injuries. River Place moved for summary judgment, which

the trial court denied. In this interlocutory appeal, River Place contends that the trial

court erred in concluding that genuine issues of material fact exist asto whether it had

superior knowledge of the hazard and whether Sapp failed to exercise ordinary care

for her own safety. For the reasons set forth infra, we reverse.
Viewed in the light most favorable to Sapp (i.e., the nonmoving party),1

the

record shows that River Place is the condominium owner’s association that manages

the River Place at Port Royal Condominiums in Augusta. Because it does not have

its own employees, River Place hires third-party contractors to perform the various

functions required to maintain a condominium complex, including security. And in

May 2012, River Place hired Sizemore Security Services to provide safety officers

for the premises. According to the Handbook and Operating Manual for River Place,

a safety officer’s responsibilities at the condominium complex entail providing

security, concierge services, and routine maintenance inspections,including checking

for water leaks on the premises. 

In June 2012, Sizemore hired Sapp to work as a safety officer at River Place;

and, over the course of a year, she did so without incident. On August 18, 2013, Sapp

arrived at River Place around 8:00 a.m. for the start of her shift. Shortly after arriving,

she went to the break room—located on the fifth floor of the complex—to place her

lunch in the refrigerator. As she entered the break room, the overhead light—which

was controlled by a motion sensor—illuminated, and Sapp walked across the room,

1

See, e.g., Swanson v. Tackling, 335 Ga. App. 810, 810 (783 SE2d 167)

(2016).

2
put her lunch in the refrigerator, and exited, without noticing any hazard. And

because she was busy that day, Sapp did not return to the break room until around

4:00 p.m. But this time, as she entered the room, she was walking at a brisk pace, so

the motion sensor did not illuminate immediately. Then, just as the light illuminated,

Sapp felt herself suddenly slipping across the floor before falling.

After sitting up, Sapp noticed that the floor was wet and water was dripping

down onto the floor from an overhead pipe—something she had never previously

observed. She then got up and walked back to the security desk in the complex’s

lobby. At that point, she called Jacqueline Haab—who was the vice-president of the

River Place board—to report her accident and the water hazard in the break room.

And upon arriving at the security desk, Haab helped bandage Sapp’s knee, which she

injured in the fall, and then went to the break room to clean up the water. There, Haab

noticed a spot or two on the floor, but not enough to be absorbed by the paper towel

she used. And although she could not see high enough to determine if the pipes had

moisture on them, Haab surmised that those pipes were the source of drops on the

floor. 

Subsequently,Sapp filed a lawsuit againstRiver Place, alleging that it breached

a duty it owed her as an invitee when it failed to keep its premises free from the

3
hazard caused by the leaky pipes in the break room, with the result being that she

slipped on water that had dripped onto the floor and suffered a serious knee injury.

River Place filed an answer, and discovery ensued, during which the parties deposed

Sapp and Haab. In addition, the parties deposed Richard Eargle, an independent

contractor, who often performed maintenance work at the complex. And while Eargle

was not an employee of Sizemore Security, he reported all maintenance issues to

Sizemore’s site supervisor for River Place, Melvin Begley. 

After discovery closed, River Place filed a motion for summary judgment,

which the trial court denied, finding that genuine issues of material fact remained as

to whether River Place had superior knowledge of the hazard and whether Sapp failed

to exercise ordinary care for her own safety. Thereafter, River Place successfully

sought a certificate of immediate review and filed an application for interlocutory

appeal, which we granted. This appeal follows.

Summary judgment is, of course, proper if “the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”2 Whether summary judgment is granted or

2

 OCGA § 9-11-56 (c).

4
denied, that decision enjoys no presumption of correctness on appeal, and an

appellate court must satisfy itself that the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-56 (c) have

been met.

3 And in conducting this de novo review, we are charged with “viewing the

evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from the evidence in

the light most favorable to the nonmovant.”4

Turning to the issue of premises liability involved in this case, it is well

established that a proprietor has a statutory duty to exercise ordinary care to keep its

premises safe,5 which “includes inspecting the premises to discover possible

dangerous conditions of which the [proprietor] does not have actual knowledge, and

3

See Cowart v. Widener, 287 Ga. 622, 624 (1) (a) (697 SE2d 779) (2010)

(“Summary judgments enjoy no presumption of correctness on appeal, and an

appellate court must satisfy itself de novo that the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-56

(c) have been met.”); Shields v. RDM, LLC, 355 Ga. App. 409, 412-13 (1) (844 SE2d

297) (2020) (noting that this Court reviews “a grant or denial of summary judgment

de novo, viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party”

(punctuation omitted)).

4 Benefield v. Tominich, 308 Ga. App. 605, 607 (1) (708 SE2d 563) (2011)

(punctuation omitted); accord Swanson, 335 Ga. App. at 810; Vratsinas Constr. Co.

v. Chitwood, 314 Ga. App. 357, 357-58 (723 SE2d 740) (2012).

5

See OCGA § 51-3-1 (“Where an owner or occupier of land, by express or

implied invitation, induces or leads others to come upon his premises for any lawful

purpose, he is liable in damages to such persons for injuries caused by his failure to

exercise ordinary care in keeping the premises and approaches safe.”).

5
taking reasonable precautions to protect invitees from dangers foreseeable from the

arrangement or use of the premises.”6 But in order for a plaintiff to recover damages

for injuriessustained in a premises-liability action, an invitee must prove “(1) that the

defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the hazard; and (2) that the

plaintiff lacked knowledge of the hazard despite the exercise of ordinary care due to

actions or conditions within the control of the owner/occupier.”7 Consequently, in a

premises-liability case, the mere fact that Sapp was injured, without more, “does not

give rise to liability on the part of [River Place].”8 Rather, the true basis of a property

owner’s liability for an injury to its invitee is “the owner’s superior knowledge of a

condition that may expose the invitees to an unreasonable risk of harm.”9 We are, of

course, mindful that in a premises-liability case, “issues of the defendant’s

negligence, the plaintiff’s negligence, and the plaintiff’s lack of ordinary care for his

6 Robinson v. Kroger Co., 268 Ga. 735, 740 (1) (493 SE2d 403) (1997)

(citations omitted); accord Benefield, 308 Ga. App. at 608 (1)

7 Robinson, 268 Ga. at 748-49 (2) (b).

8 Williams v. Johnson, 344 Ga. App. 311, 315 (1) (809 SE2d 839) (2018)

(punctuation omitted); accord Bartlett v. McDonough Bedding Co., 313 Ga. App.

657, 658 (722 SE2d 380) (2012).

9 Williams, 344 Ga. App. at 315 (1) (punctuation omitted).

6
own safety are generally not susceptible of summary adjudication.”10 Nevertheless,

when, as here, “the evidence is plain, palpable, and undisputable the trial court can

[and should] conclude that a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”11

1. River Place contends that the trial court erred in concluding that genuine

issues of material fact exist as to whether it had superior knowledge of the hazard

allegedly caused by water leaking onto the floor of the break room from overhead

pipes. We agree.

(a) Actual knowledge. A proprietor’s knowledge of the danger “may be actual

or constructive[.]”

12 And here, there is no evidence River Place had actual knowledge

that water had accumulated on the floor of the break room or that the overhead pipes

in the room leaked or otherwise dripped water onto the floor. Indeed, Sapp testified

that she did not notice any water on the floor of the break room when—upon arriving

to begin her work shift—she entered the room to place her lunch in the refrigerator.

Jacqueline Haab also testified that, prior to the incident, no one—including Sapp or

10

Id. at 316 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Robinson, 268 Ga. at 748 (2) (b).

11 Williams, 344 Ga. App. at 316 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Kennestone

Hosp., Inc. v. Harris, 285 Ga. App. 393, 395 (646 SE2d 490) (2007).

12 Barbour-Amir v. Comcast of Ga./Va., Inc., 332 Ga. App. 279, 282 (772 SE2d

231) (2015) (punctuation omitted).

7
any other safety officer—ever informed her that water had accumulated on the floor

or that the overhead pipes in the break room were leaking. Additionally, Sapp’s

supervisor, Begley, averred that in histwelve years assite supervisor for River Place,

he never observed or was made aware of any water leaks in the break room. 

Nevertheless, Sapp maintains that River Place had actual knowledge of the

overhead pipes leaking water onto the break room floor, relying upon the testimony

of the handyman, Eargle. In his deposition, Eargle testified that in his time working

as a handyman at River Place, he never noticed overhead pipes “sweating,” did not

recall ever seeing water leaking onto the floor in the break room, and would have

reported it to Begley if he had observed such a leak. But when pressed during his

deposition by Sapp’s counsel if he remembered telling Sapp’s former

counsel—apparently in an interview that was not transcribed or included in the

record—that he had seen pipessweating atsome point in time, Eargle responded that

he did not recall making such a statement but would not dispute any record to the

contrary. And as a result of this testimony, Sapp claims that there is a genuine issue

of material fact as to whether River Place had actual knowledge of water

accumulating on the floor of the break room. But this apocryphal evidence is far too

speculative to raise an inference that River Place had actual knowledge of any such

8
water leaks. Indeed, Eargle’s testimony “raises a mere conjecture or possibility” and

that is “notsufficient to create even an inference of factfor consideration on summary

judgment.”13 Given these circumstances, Sapp failed to present evidence that River

Place had actual knowledge of pipesleaking water onto the floor of the break room.

14

(b) Constructive knowledge. Under Georgia law, a plaintiff may demonstrate

a proprietor’s constructive knowledge of a hazard by showing:

(a) evidence that the hazardous condition lasted so long that it would

have been discovered and removed if the proprietor had exercised

reasonable care in inspecting the premises, or (b) evidence that an

employee of the defendant was in the immediate vicinity of the

13 Barbour-Amir, 332 Ga. App. at 283 (1) (punctuation omitted); see Cowart,

287 Ga. at 633 (3) (c) (“Summary judgment cannot be avoided based on speculation

or conjecture; once the pleadings are pierced with actual evidence, the plaintiff must

point to admissible evidence showing a genuine issue of [material] fact.”). 

14

See Barbour-Amir, 332 Ga. App. at 282-83 (1) (holding that testimony of

store’s security guard was too speculative to support an inference that either he or

customer service representative had actual knowledge of child over whom patron

tripped while child was sitting on floor behind patron at teller window); Barich v.

Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, 244 Ga. App. 550, 552-53 (1) (536 SE2d 221)

(2000) (finding thatsummary judgment was properly granted to restaurant when store

employee’s statement showed speculation, not actual knowledge); Lovins v. Kroger

Co., 236 Ga. App. 585, 586 (1) (a) (512 SE2d 2) (1999) (concluding that summary

judgment was properly granted to store because inference that store employee had

actual knowledge of the hazard “cannot be based upon evidence which is too

uncertain or speculative or which raises merely a conjecture or possibility”).

9
hazardous condition and could have easily seen and corrected the

hazard.

15

Here, there is no evidence that anyone was in the break room at the time of Sapp’s

accident late in the afternoon (other than Sapp) and, therefore, whether River Place

could be deemed to have constructive knowledge of the pipes leaking water onto the

floor hinges on whether it exercised reasonable care in inspecting the premises.

In that regard, summary judgment “as to constructive knowledge arising from

the duty to inspect is not authorized absent plain, palpable and undisputable proof that

customary inspection procedures or cleaning practices were in place, were actually

followed and were adequate to guard against known or foreseeable dangers at the

time of the patron’s alleged injuries.”

16 But the length of time the substance must

remain on the floor before the owner should have discovered it and what constitutes

a reasonable inspection procedure varies with each case, depending upon the nature

of the premises, the size of the premises, the number of invitees, the nature of the

15 All Am. Quality Foods, Inc. v. Smith, 340 Ga. App. 393, 395 (1) (797 SE2d

259) (2017) (punctuation omitted); accord Barbour-Amir, 332 Ga. App. at 283 (2). 

16 Walmart Stores East, L.P. v. Benson, 343 Ga. App. 74, 78 (1) (b) (806 SE2d

25) (2017) (punctuation omitted).

10
dangerous condition, and the location of the premises.

17

 Moreover, it is well settled

that a proprietor is under no duty to “patrol the premises continuously in the absence

of facts showing that the premises are unusually dangerous.”18

In this case, it is undisputed that Sizemore tasked its safety officers with

patrolling the River Place grounds and report hazards such as water leaks. In fact,

Sapp acknowledged that checking the premises for water leaks was included among

her duties and that there was no water on the break room floor upon her arrival that

morning. Furthermore, Sapp presented no evidence that River Place’s premises and

the break room in particular were unusually dangerous. To the contrary, the evidence

demonstrated that the break room was almost never used by residents of the complex

and that only safety officers and cleaning staff frequented the area. Thus, Sapp failed

to show that the periodic inspection of the premises—for which she was directly

17

See Kroger Co. v. Schoenhoff, 324 Ga. App. 619, 621 (751 SE2d 438) (2013)

(noting that what constitutes a reasonable inspection procedure varies with each case,

depending on the nature of the business, the size of the store, the number of

customers, the nature of the dangerous condition, and the store’s location); The

Augusta Country Club, Inc. v. Blake, 280 Ga. App. 650, 653 (1) (a) (634 SE2d 812)

(2006) (same).

18 Brown v. Host/Taco Joint Venture, 305 Ga. App. 248, 252 (699 SE2d 439)

(2010) (punctuation omitted).

11
responsible—was inadequate.19

Indeed, with regard to inspections, “the law requires

only the exercise of ordinary care, not extraordinary care.”20 Moreover, underGeorgia

law, an independent contractor is “expected to determine for [herself] whether [her]

place of employment is safe or unsafe, and ordinarily may not recover against the

owner for injuries sustained in the performance of the contract.”

21

 Accordingly, the

trial court erred in finding that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether

River Place had superior knowledge of the hazard allegedly caused by water leaking

onto the floor of the break room from overhead pipes.

19

See Quarles v. Ga. Serv. Sys., LLC, 263 Ga. App. 563, 565 (588 SE2d 338)

(2003) (holding that when a slip and fall occurs in an area that the proprietor has no

reason to believe is dangerous, the proprietor is under no duty to constantly inspect

the area); Patrick v. Macon Hous. Auth., 250 Ga. App. 806, 811-12 (552 SE2d 455)

(2001) (holding that because, in contrast to typical cases in supermarkets or

restaurants, defendant had no reason to believe conditions in laundry room of

apartment complex were unusually dangerous, it had no duty to inspect the floors

there more than every two hours).

20 Witt v. Ben Carter Props., LLC, 303 Ga. App. 107, 110 (692 SE2d 749)

(2010) (punctuation omitted).

21 Forest Cove Apartments, LLC v. Wilson, 333 Ga. App. 731, 735 (776 SE2d

664) (2015) (punctuation omitted); accord Herrin v. Peeches Neighborhood Grill &

Bar, 235 Ga. App. 528, 532 (1) (509 SE2d 103) (1998).

12
2. River Place also contendsthat the trial court erred in concluding that genuine

issues of material fact exist asto whether Sapp failed to exercise ordinary care for her

own safety. But given our holding in Division 1 supra, that Sapp failed to show that

River Place had actual or superior knowledge of the hazard posed by the water in the

break room, we need not address this issue.22

For all these reasons, we reverse the trial court’s denial of River Place’s motion

for summary judgment.

Judgment reversed. Rickman, P. J., and Brown, J., concur.

22

See Williams, 344 Ga. App. at 319 (2) (holding that given defendant was

entitled to summary judgment because plaintiff had equal, if notsuperior, knowledge

of the hazard that caused his injury, it was unnecessary for this Court to address

defendant’s remaining, alternative arguments as to why he was entitled to summary

judgment).

13