Series 3, Number 41

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics 

Health Care Access and 

Utilization Among Native 

Hawaiian and Pacific

Islander Persons in the 

United States, 2014

August 2017
Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or 

copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

Suggested citation

Zelaya CE, Galinsky AM, Simile C, Barnes PM. Health care access and utilization among 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander persons in the United States, 2014. National Center 

for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(41). 2017.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), issuing body.

Title: Health care access and utilization among native Hawaiian and Pacific

 Islander persons in the United States, 2014 : data from the Native

 Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey.

Other titles: DHHS publication ; no. 2017-1425. 0276-4733 | Vital & health 

 statistics. Series 3, Analytical and epidemiological studies ; no. 41.

Description: Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health 

 Statistics, August 2017. | Series: DHHS publication ; no. 2017-1425 | 

 Series: Vital and health statistics. Series 3 ; Number 41 | Includes 

 bibliographical references.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017031800| ISBN 9780840606815 | ISBN 0840606818

Subjects: | MESH: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health 

 Interview Survey (U.S.) | Oceanic Ancestry Group | Health Services 

 Accessibility | Health Surveys | Vital Statistics | United States | 

 Statistics

Classification: LCC RA448.5.P33 | NLM W2 A N148vc no.41 2017 | DDC 

 362.1089/995073--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017031800

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office

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Mail Stop: SSOP

Washington, DC 20402–9328

Printed on acid-free paper.
Health Care Access and Utilization 

Among Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander Persons in the 

United States, 2014

Data From the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

National Health Interview Survey

NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Vital and Health Statistics

Series 3, Number 41 • Chartbook August 2017

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Maryland

August 2017

DHHS Publication No. 2017–1425
National Center for Health Statistics

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Health Interview Statistics 

Marcie L. Cynamon, Director

Stephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Research and Methodology

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., Acting Director

Donald Malec, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science
Series 3, Number 41 v NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Key Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Health Care Access: Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Health Care Access: Usual Place of Care and Emergency Room Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Health Care Access: Delaying Care Due to Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Health Care Utilization: Visiting the Dentist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Health Care Utilization: Influenza Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Health Care Utilization: Pneumococcal Vaccination and HIV Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Purpose of Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Approach and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figures and Tables

Usual Place of Medical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Unmet Medical Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Receipt of Pneumococcal Vaccination (adults aged 65 and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

HIV Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Emergency Room Visits in the Past 12 Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Appendix I. Technical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Appendix II. Definitions of Selected Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Appendix III. Survey Questions Used to Define Selected Health Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figures

1. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with no usual place of health care, 

by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with no usual place of health care, by 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with a usual place of health care, 

by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with a usual place of health care, 

by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Age-adjusted percentage of persons of all ages who delayed seeking medical care in the 

past year due to cost, by race: United States, 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6. Age-adjusted percentage of persons of all ages who delayed seeking medical care in the past year 

due to cost, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . 17
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS vi Series 3, Number 41

7. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with unmet dental need due to cost, 

by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with unmet dental need due to cost, 

by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

9. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over whose length of time since their 

last dental visit was 1 year or less, by race: United States, 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

10. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over whose length of time since their last 

dental visit was 1 year or less, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

11. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need due to cost, 

by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

12. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need due to cost, 

by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

13. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years whose length of time since their last visit 

with the dentist was 1 year or less, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

14. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years whose length of time since their last visit 

with the dentist was 1 year or less, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

15. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 

12 months, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

16. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 

12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . 30

17. Percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

18. Percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014. . . . . . . . 32

19. Percentage of children aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

20. Percentage of children aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

21. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination, by race: United States 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

22. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . 38

23. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for HIV, 

by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

24. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for HIV, 

by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

25. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years having two or more emergency room 

visits in the past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Contents—Con.
Series 3, Number 41 vii NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 

26. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years having two or more emergency room 

visits in the past 12 months by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

27. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

28. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . 47

29. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

30. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . 49

31. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with any private health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

32. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with any private health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014. . . . . 51

33. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years without health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

34. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years without health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014. . . . . 54

35. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with public health insurance coverage 

at the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

36. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with public health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

37. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with any private health insurance coverage at the 

time of interview, by race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

38. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with any private health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Detailed Tables

1. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of adults aged 18 and over having a usual place of health care, 

by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . 12

2. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children under age 18 years having a usual place of 

health care, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of persons of all ages who did not receive or delayed 

seeking medical care in the past year due to cost, by race including Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Contents—Con.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS viii Series 3, Number 41

4. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of adults aged 18 and over with unmet dental need 

due to cost in the past 12 months and length of time since last visit with dentist or other 

dental health care professional, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need 

due to cost in the past 12 months and length of time since last visit with dentist or other 

dental health care professional, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6. Percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months, by age group and race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7. Percentage of children aged 6 months to 17 years who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

8. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percentages of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a 

pneumococcal vaccination, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percentages of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for 

HIV, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . 42

10. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children under age 18 years ever having at least one 

emergency room visit in the past 12 months, by race including Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

11. Crude percent distribution of type of health insurance coverage of adults aged 18–64 at the 

time of interview, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

12. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percent distributions of type of health insurance coverage for 

children under age 18 years, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Appendix Table

Weighted frequency distribution of persons, by race, including Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Contents—Con.
Series 3, Number 41 ix NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Acknowledgments

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) would like 

to thank the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

Office of Minority Health for the support it provided for this 

project and the U.S. Census Bureau for technical assistance 

and data collection. NCHS would also like to thank the 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander leaders, community 

members, academic experts, and service providers for the 

support they provided for this project. Finally, NCHS would 

like to thank all of the respondents who participated in this 

survey. 
Series 3, Number 41 1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Health Care Access and Utilization Among 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

Persons in the United States, 2014

by Carla E. Zelaya, Ph.D., Adena M. Galinsky, Ph.D., Catherine Simile, Ph.D., and Patricia M. Barnes, M.A.

Key Findings 

Health Care Access: Health Insurance

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) adults aged 

18–64 in the United States were less likely to be uninsured 

(12.9%) compared with adults in the total U.S. population 

(16.3%) (Figure 27), but differences were observed among 

NHPI detailed race groups.

● Single-race NHPI adults were more likely to be uninsured 

(16.0%) compared with multiple-race NHPI adults (9.0%) 

(Figure 27).

● Native Hawaiian adults were less likely to be uninsured 

(8.6%) compared with all Pacific Islander adults (18.2%) 

(Figure 28).

● Among Pacific Islander detailed race groups, the 

percentages of those who were uninsured was 16.1% 

among Samoan, 15.1% among Guamanian or Chamorro, 

and 21.3% among Other Pacific Islander adults—all of 

which were higher than the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian adults (8.6%) (Figure 28).

NHPI adults aged 18–64 were more likely to have 

public health care coverage (23.4%) and less likely to 

have private insurance (63.8%) compared with Asian 

adults (13.0% and 74.2%, respectively) and adults in the 

Objectives

The body of nationally representative health 

statistics for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander (NHPI) population is limited, because 

even the largest health surveys generally 

do not have an adequate NHPI sample to 

calculate reliable NHPI statistics. Using 

data from the Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander National Health Interview Survey 

(NHPI NHIS) from the National Center for 

Health Statistics (NCHS), this report fills 

this gap by presenting statistics on health 

care access and utilization for (a) the total 

NHPI population and the multiple- and 

single-race NHPI populations in comparison 

with other federal race groups and the 

total U.S. population; (b) single-race NHPI 

persons compared with multiple-race NHPI 

persons; and (c) detailed NHPI race groups 

in comparison with each other and the total 

U.S. population. 

Methods

The NHPI statistics were calculated using 

2014 NHPI NHIS data, while the other race 

group statistics were calculated using 2014 

data from NCHS’ annual National Health 

Interview Survey. 

Results

NHPI adults aged 18–64 were more likely to 

be insured and have public health coverage, 

and those aged 18 and over were more 

likely to have a usual place of care and an 

influenza vaccination in the past 12 months 

compared with all U.S. adults. However, NHPI 

adults aged 18–64 were less likely to have 

private insurance, and those aged 65 and 

over were less likely to have ever received a 

pneumococcal vaccination compared with 

all U.S. adults. Compared with Asian adults, 

NHPI adults were more likely to have a usual 

place of care but were also more likely to 

have an unmet dental need. Within the 

NHPI population, Pacific Islander adults 

and children were each more likely to be 

uninsured and less likely to have a usual 

place of care compared with Native Hawaiian 

adults and children.

Keywords: Samoan • Guamanian or 

Chamorro • disparities • health insurance

 Abstract
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 2 Series 3, Number 41

total U.S. population (16.3% and 67.4%, respectively) 

(Figures 29 and 31). However, differences were observed 

among NHPI detailed race groups.

● Single-race NHPI adults were less likely to have private

insurance (59.7%) compared with multiple-race NHPI

adults (68.8%). However, a similar percentage of

multiple-race NHPI adults had private coverage (68.8%)

compared with white adults (69.8%) (Figure 31).

● Native Hawaiian adults were more likely to have private

insurance (67.6%) compared with all Pacific Islander

adults (58.6%) (Figure 32).

Overall, there was no difference in the percentage of all 

NHPI children under age 18 years in the United States who 

lacked health insurance coverage (4.5%) compared with 

children in the total U.S. population (5.4%) (Figure 33). 

However, differences were observed among NHPI detailed 

race groups.

● A similar percentage of multiple-race NHPI children were

uninsured (3.3%) compared with black children (3.7%),

but a lower percentage of multiple-race NHPI children

were uninsured compared with children in the total U.S.

population (5.4%) (Figure 33).

● All Pacific Islander children were more likely to be

uninsured (7.2%) compared with Native Hawaiian

children (2.1%) (Figure 34).

The percentage of children under age 18 who had public or 

private coverage differed by race groups (Figures 35 and 37).

● NHPI children were more likely to have public health care 

coverage (45.3%) compared with Asian children.

● NHPI children were less likely to have private insurance

(50.2%) compared with Asian children.

Health Care Access: Usual Place of Care 

and Emergency Room Visits

Among NHPI adults aged 18 and over, 10.9% had no usual 

place of health care. This was lower than the percentages 

of adults with no usual place of care in the total U.S. 

(14.5%) and Asian (14.9%) populations (Figure 1). 

However, differences were observed among NHPI detailed 

race groups.

● All Pacific Islander adults were more likely to have

no usual place of care (14.3%) compared with Native

Hawaiian adults (8.2%) (Figure 2).

A similar percentage of all NHPI children under age 18 years 

had a usual place of health care (96.7%) compared with 

children in the total U.S. population (96.9%) (Figure 3). 

However, differences were observed among NHPI detailed 

race groups.

● Native Hawaiian children were more likely to have a

usual place of care (99.3%) compared with all Pacific

Islander (94.8%), Samoan (95.6%), and Other Pacific 

Islander (93.1%) children (Figure 4). 

NHPI children (5.5%) were more likely than Asian children 

(2.4%) to have had two or more emergency room visits 

in the past 12 months, and a similar percentage of NHPI 

children had two or more emergency room visits in the 

past 12 months (5.5%) compared with children in the 

total U.S. population (4.8%). However, differences were 

observed among NHPI detailed race groups.

● Native Hawaiian children (7.6%) were more likely than all

Pacific Islander children (3.6%) to have had two or more

emergency room visits in the past 12 months (Figure 26).

Health Care Access: Delaying Care Due to 

Cost

Among NHPI persons of all ages, 6.6% delayed seeking 

medical care due to cost in the past year. This was lower 

than the percentages of black (7.9%) and AIAN (9.9%) 

persons but higher than the percentage of Asian persons 

(3.9%) who delayed care. Differences were also observed 

among NHPI detailed race groups (Figure 5).

● A similar percentage of single-race NHPI persons delayed 

seeking care due to cost in the past year (7.3%) compared 

with the total U.S. (7.0%), white (7.0%), and black (7.9%)

populations (Figure 5).

● A lower percentage of multiple-race NHPI persons

delayed seeking care due to cost in the past year (5.7%)

compared with the total U.S. (7.0%), white (7.0%), black

(7.9%), and AIAN (9.9%) populations. However, a higher

percentage of multiple-race NHPI persons delayed

seeking care due to cost in the past year (5.7%) compared 

with Asian persons (3.9%) (Figure 5).

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian persons who delayed

seeking care in the past year due to cost was 5.8%, which 

was lower than, but not significantly different from, the

percentage of all Pacific Islander persons who delayed

care (7.7%) (Figure 6).

The percentages of NHPI adults aged 18 and over and 

children aged 2–17 years with an unmet dental need 

due to cost was higher compared with Asian adults and 

children.

● Among adults, the percentage of all NHPI adults with

an unmet dental need due to cost in the 12 months

(12.3%) was higher compared with Asian adults (7.2%)

(Figure 7).

● Similarly, among children aged 2–17 years, the

percentage of all NHPI children with an unmet dental

need due to cost in the past 12 months (5.0%) was higher 

compared with Asian children (2.7%) (Figure 11).
Series 3, Number 41 3 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Health Care Utilization: Visiting the 

Dentist 

The percentages of NHPI adults aged 18 and over and 

children aged 2–17 years who had visited a dentist in the 

past year differed from the percentages of Asian adults 

and children who had visited a dentist.

● Among adults, the percentage of single-race NHPI adults 

who had visited a dentist in the past year (54.4%) was 

lower than the percentage among Asian adults (62.9%) 

(Figure 9).

● Conversely, the percentage of single-race NHPI children 

who had visited a dentist in the past year (86.4%) was 

higher than the percentage among Asian children 

(80.0%) (Figure 13).

Health Care Utilization: Influenza 

Vaccination

The percentages of NHPI adults aged 18 and over and 

children aged 6 months to 17 years who had received an 

influenza vaccination in the past year was higher compared 

with all U.S. adults and children, but it was similar to the 

percentages among Asian adults and children. 

● Both NHPI adults and children were more likely to have 

received an influenza vaccination in the past year (40.2% 

and 58.1%, respectively) compared with all U.S. adults 

and children (35.8% and 49.9%, respectively) (Figures 15

and 19). 

● The percentages of NHPI adults and children who had 

received an influenza vaccination (40.2% and 58.1%, 

respectively) was similar to the percentages among Asian 

adults and children (40.6% and 58.2%, respectively) 

(Figures 15 and 19). 

Health Care Utilization: Pneumococcal 

Vaccination and HIV Testing

The percentage of NHPI adults aged 65 and over who had 

ever received a pneumococcal vaccination was lower than 

the percentage among the total U.S. population (Figure 

21). However, differences were observed among NHPI 

detailed race groups (Figure 22).

● NHPI adults aged 65 and over were less likely to had ever 

received a pneumococcal vaccination (52.0%) compared 

with all U.S. adults aged 65 and over (62.3%) (Figure 21).

● Native Hawaiian adults aged 65 and over were less 

likely to have ever received a pneumococcal vaccination 

(50.2%) compared with all Pacific Islander adults aged 65 

and over (69.4%) (Figure 22).

The percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had been 

tested for HIV differed by race group (Figure 23).

● NHPI adults were less likely to have been tested for HIV 

(31.4%) compared with all U.S. (38.7%), white (36.2%), 

and black (57.1%) adults.

Introduction

In 1997, the federal Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) separated the Asian or Pacific Islander (API) race 

category into two categories, requiring federal agencies 

to begin reporting statistics that separately and accurately 

described the Asian and Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander (NHPI) populations (1). In the 20 years since, the 

body of NHPI health statistics has hardly grown. Even the 

largest health surveys have struggled to obtain an adequate 

NHPI sample to calculate reliable NHPI statistics. In 2014, 

the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the 

agency that conducts the National Health Interview Survey 

(NHIS), took a major step toward addressing this problem 

by conducting the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

National Health Interview Survey (NHPI NHIS) (2). The 

survey’s sampling frame consisted of addresses with one or 

more NHPI residents from a single year of the U.S. Census 

Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS). The NHPI NHIS 

public-use data file can be used to estimate prevalence and 

predictors of a wide range of health conditions and health 

care access and utilization among NHPI persons. 

Along with the NHPI NHIS public-use data files, NCHS 

provides extensive documentation to assist researchers in 

conducting data analysis. However, NCHS recognized that 

many individuals and organizations who are interested 

in the NHPI population may not have the resources to 

analyze the data themselves. As a service to these parties, 

this report provides an overview of results from the NHPI 

NHIS. This report presents a range of statistics on health 

access and utilization for the NHPI population calculated 

using data from the 2014 NHPI NHIS and compares them 

with health statistics for other race groups (white, black, 

American Indian or Alaska Native [AIAN], and Asian), 

calculated using 2014 data from NHIS. Similar statistics on 

NHPI health conditions and behaviors are available in a 

companion report (3).

The results presented in this report highlight patterns of 

differences and similarities between the NHPI and other 

race groups, and within the NHPI population itself. Because 

the representative sample obtained in the NHPI NHIS is 

so large, the variance for the NHPI estimates is relatively 

small, which means that the NHPI health statistics are more 

precise and reliable than previously published national 

NHPI statistics. As a result, differences in health statistics 

between NHPI and other race groups that often cannot be 

interpreted due to the large variance of the NHPI statistics, 

are here statistically significant. Furthermore, the larger 

sample size makes it possible to calculate, and consequently 

present in this report, statistics and comparisons between 

both multiple-race NHPI and single-race NHPI persons and 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 4 Series 3, Number 41

some detailed NHPI groups (Native Hawaiian, Samoan, and 

Guamanian or Chamorro), showcasing the diversity found 

within the NHPI population. 

Background

Before 1997, very little was known about NHPI population 

health at the national level. This was due to OMB’s 

classification of API as a single race category. Because the 

NHPI population composed only a very small fraction of the 

API population, API statistics essentially described only the 

Asian population. 

In 1997, OMB separated the API category into two categories: 

Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (1). An 

Asian person was defined as “a person having origins in any 

of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the 

Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, 

China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine 

Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.” A Native Hawaiian or Other 

Pacific Islander person was defined as “a person having 

origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, 

Samoa, or other Pacific Islands." The term "Native Hawaiian" 

does not include individuals who are native to the state of 

Hawaii by virtue of being born there. 

Since OMB implemented the new standard, federal agencies 

have been required to report statistics that describe the 

characteristics of a minimum of five race categories, 

including NHPI. However, in the almost 20 years since that 

change, there have only been limited reliable national NHPI 

health statistics available and almost no reliable national 

health statistics for detailed NHPI groups (e.g., Native 

Hawaiian or Samoan). 

Agencies conducting federal surveys have struggled to meet 

these standards and the demands for NHPI information, 

because it is challenging to collect and report on data from 

small populations. The NHPI population constitutes only 

about 0.4% of the total U.S. population and is geographically 

concentrated (4). (Only about 0.4% of the total U.S. 

population identifies as NHPI alone or in combination with 

one or more other races, according to 2010 census data [4].) 

The small population size and geographic concentration 

of the NHPI population make traditional oversampling 

strategies very expensive. Geographic concentration does 

not mean that NHPI people live only in certain areas, but 

rather that a substantial fraction are clustered in certain 

states and areas, while the rest are widely dispersed across 

the country. Because the population is numerically small, in 

any given area of the country in which the NHPI population 

is not concentrated, there are very few NHPI people. 

Consequently, using traditional oversampling strategies to 

obtain representative NHPI samples in areas of the country 

in which the NHPI population is not concentrated could 

require thousands of households to be screened in order 

to identify one NHPI household. As a result, NHPI people 

are not typically oversampled, and only small samples 

of NHPI people are available even in the largest health 

studies. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain an adequate 

NHPI sample to calculate reliable NHPI statistics in even the 

largest surveys like NHIS. 

These small sample sizes translate into limited information. 

First, the variance of estimates for the population that the 

sample represents is large, which means that the estimates 

have low reliability. Estimates whose reliability do not meet 

NCHS standards are suppressed or printed with the warning 

that they should be interpreted cautiously due to their low 

reliability. Sometimes there is no one in the sample with a 

particular outcome, which falsely suggests that the outcome 

does not occur in the population. Second, even when an 

estimate is published, and the variance is considered 

acceptably small, the variance is still usually larger than the 

variance for estimates for other race groups. This makes 

it difficult to know if an observed lack of a statistically 

significant difference between NHPI and other racial groups 

indicates a true lack of difference at the population level 

or only the high variance of the estimate. Third, to protect 

the confidentiality of respondents within a small sample 

from a relatively small population, variables that could be 

used to identify respondents are stripped from the publicly 

released data set or aggregated with other similar variables. 

As a result, researchers without access to the restricted 

data are limited in the kinds of analyses they can perform. 

The cumulative effect of all of these limitations is a shortage 

of information about the population. 

NHIS is one of the few sources of national health information 

on the NHPI population. For example, NHIS data have been 

used to calculate statistics that illustrate the high rates 

of hypertension and diabetes in the NHPI population, 

particularly as compared with the Asian population (5,6). 

However, there are limitations to NHPI statistics calculated 

using NHIS data. First, there are a range of health topics for 

which many estimates have low reliability. Examples include 

mental health problems, physical pain, and cancer (5–8). 

Such estimates with low stability and precision are less than 

ideal for their own sake but also for the purpose of making 

comparisons. Underlying differences between the NHPI 

population and other race groups in the United States can 

be obscured by the variance of the NHPI estimate. 

Second, it is not possible to use the public-use NHIS data 

file to calculate any NHPI statistics, let alone statistics for 

detailed NHPI groups, because the race variables are 

coarsened (transformed so that multiple categories are 

collapsed into a smaller set of categories) on the publicuse file to protect respondents’ confidentiality. Finergrained race variables (those that retain a full or fuller set 

of categories) are available on the restricted NHIS data 

files, but even after combining multiple years of restricteduse NHIS data sets, statistics calculated for detailed NHPI 

groups, such as Native Hawaiian or Samoan, are often 

unreliable. What little is known about the health of these 
Series 3, Number 41 5 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

detailed NHPI group populations comes from regional- and 

state-level surveys (9,10). 

Several reports and directives have emphasized the 

importance of finding ways to expand the body of reliable 

statistics for a range of numerically small racially defined 

populations, including NHPI (1,11–13). In 2013, NCHS found 

a way to accomplish this. A new policy on the use of the U.S. 

Census Bureau’s ACS for federal followback surveys made 

it possible for NCHS to use it as a frame for an NHPI health 

survey. 

The Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander 

National Health Interview Survey 

The NHPI NHIS was the first federal survey designed 

exclusively to measure the health of the civilian 

noninstitutionalized NHPI population of the United States. 

Conducted in 2014, the goal of the NHPI NHIS was to 

produce a high-quality NHPI health data set that could 

be used in a wide range of research activities to generate 

reliable NHPI health statistics and to better understand 

various determinants of health, disparities in health, and 

health outcomes in the NHPI population. The survey’s 

sampling frame consisted of addresses in a single year of 

ACS with one or more NHPI residents. An NHPI resident 

was defined as a person of any age living at the address at 

the time of ACS who was reported to have an NHPI racial 

identity, alone or in combination with one or more other 

racial identities. (Racial identity was the only criterion for 

inclusion; there was no distinction made based on ethnicity 

[i.e., both Hispanic and non-Hispanic NHPI people were 

included]). 

The survey’s sample comprised households at those 

addresses in 2014 in which at least one civilian household 

resident was identified in NHPI NHIS as NHPI alone or in 

combination with some other race. The survey used the 

2014 NHIS questionnaire, modified only as necessary for 

sample control and to meet the legislative requirements 

specific to the survey. The Census Bureau’s trained NHIS 

field interviewers administered the survey via the same 

computer-assisted personal interviewing method used for 

NHIS. For more information on the design and methods of 

the NHPI NHIS and the 2014 NHIS, see Appendix I in this 

report, the NHPI NHIS survey description (2), and the 2014 

NHIS survey description (14).

The survey and the data set it produced have a number of 

strengths. First, because of its design, the survey yielded 

a very large, representative sample of NHPI households. 

The publicly released data files contain data for 3,197 

households containing 11,085 persons in 3,212 families. Of 

the 11,085 persons, 8,661 were reported to be NHPI alone 

or in combination with one or more other races (2). This 

unprecedented sample size makes it possible to calculate 

NHPI health statistics for the total NHPI population, 

multiple- and single-race NHPI persons, and detailed NHPI 

groups with precision and reliability. Second, because the 

NHPI NHIS was designed to maximize the comparability of 

its data with the 2014 NHIS data, it is possible to conduct 

statistical tests to evaluate the significance of differences 

between NHPI estimates calculated using the 2014 NHPI 

NHIS data and other race group estimates calculated using 

2014 NHIS data. Because of the high reliability of the 

observed NHPI estimates, differences between the NHPI 

population and other populations, where they exist, are 

more often statistically significant. Third, because the NHPI 

NHIS used the standard NHIS instrument, these calculations 

and comparisons can be conducted for a wide range of 

health measures. Consistent with its standard practice, 

NCHS prepared and released an NHPI NHIS public-use data 

file. It is available for download, complete with extensive 

documentation, from the NCHS website (https://www.cdc.

gov/nchs/nhis/nhpi.html). 

The main limitation of the public-use NHPI NHIS data file 

is the set of restrictions in place to protect respondent 

confidentiality. NCHS (including its contractors and agents) 

collects personally identifiable survey data through 

NHIS, NHPI NHIS, and other surveys under a pledge of 

confidentiality and a promise that data will be used only for 

statistical purposes. Strict procedures in survey operations 

and data dissemination are used by NCHS, its data-collection 

contractors, and other agents to prevent disclosure of 

respondents’ identities. The risk of inadvertently disclosing 

confidential information is higher in a publicly released 

data set with a detailed and extensive set of survey 

observations. For this reason, like all NHIS public-use data 

sets, the NHPI NHIS data set was coarsened: Some survey 

variables were suppressed while others were collapsed 

or had their response categories collapsed. The most 

important of these changes concerns the race variables. 

Using the variables provided on the public-use data set, 

it is only possible to determine if a person is NHPI only or 

NHPI in combination with one or more other races. It is not 

possible to disaggregate the NHPI persons into detailed 

NHPI race groups—not even into Native Hawaiian or Pacific 

Islander. Researchers wishing to conduct analyses using 

the fine-grained race variables from the 2014 NHPI NHIS, 

including the more than 40 detailed NHPI race variables, 

must apply to use the restricted NHPI NHIS data file. For 

more information, visit the Federal Statistical Research 

Data Center website (https://www.census.gov/fsrdc) and 

the Center for Economic Studies’ RDC Research website 

(https://www.census.gov/ces/rdcresearch/howtoapply.

html). 

Purpose of Report 

NCHS recognizes that many individuals and organizations 

who are interested in the NHPI population may not have 

the ability to analyze the NHPI NHIS data themselves. 

Furthermore, even among those with statistical skills, 

many will not have the time and resources to access the 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 6 Series 3, Number 41

restricted files to conduct analysis for NHPI detailed groups 

(e.g., Native Hawaiian or Samoan). 

The purpose of this report is to provide a resource to 

service providers, policy makers, researchers and teachers, 

NHPI community members and leaders, and all others 

interested in the health of the total NHPI population and 

detailed NHPI population groups. This report provides an 

overview of results from the NHPI NHIS. Specifically, it 

presents a range of NHPI health statistics calculated using 

data from the 2014 NHPI NHIS and compares them with 

health statistics for other race groups calculated using 2014 

data from NHIS.

The three specific aims of this report are to provide 

nationally representative health statistics for: (a) the total 

NHPI population and the multiple- and single-race NHPI 

populations in comparison with other federal race groups 

(single-race white, black, Asian, and AIAN) and the total U.S. 

population; (b) single-race NHPI compared with multiplerace NHPI persons; and (c) detailed NHPI race groups in 

comparison with each other and the total U.S. population. 

Health statistics for the total, multiple-race, and single-race 

NHPI populations are compared with statistics for other 

federal race groups and the total U.S. population in a figure 

and corresponding table for each selected health measure. 

The results presented in this report highlight the pattern of 

differences between NHPI and Asian populations. 

Statistical comparisons between single-race and multiplerace NHPI persons are also presented in the same figures 

and tables. This comparison is of interest because a large 

fraction (more than 50%) of the NHPI population reports at 

least two federal race categories (compared with about 3% 

of the total U.S. population [15]). A much larger fraction of 

the Native Hawaiian population is multiple race compared 

with the Pacific Islander population (4). This comparison, 

together with comparisons of both single- and multiplerace populations with other racial populations, highlights 

some of the commonalities between people who report 

themselves as NHPI and some of the areas where such 

people differ according to whether they report NHPI alone 

or in combination with one or more other races. 

Comparisons among detailed NHPI race groups and with 

the overall U.S. population are presented in new figures, 

but the NHPI detailed race statistics are shown in the same 

tables with statistics for the total NHPI population and other 

federal race groups. These data aim to further highlight the 

diversity within the NHPI population. Some figures compare 

the two major populations, Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander, which together compose the NHPI population. 

Other figures additionally compare the Native Hawaiian 

population with the three populations that compose 

the Pacific Islander population—Samoan, Guamanian or 

Chamorro, and Other Pacific Islander. The detailed NHPI 

race groups shown in these figures include both single- and 

multiple-race NHPI people. The corresponding tables show 

statistics for an even broader range of detailed NHPI groups 

than could be showcased in the figures.

This report provides national prevalence estimates and 

corresponding standard errors, by select racial groups 

in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population, for a 

broad range of health measures. For a full list of the topics 

examined, see the Table of Contents. Statistically significant 

differences between NHPI and other race groups, and 

among NHPI detailed race groups are noted in the figures. 

Health measures include usual place of medical care, unmet 

medical and dental need, recent dental visits, receipt of 

select vaccinations, and health insurance coverage. For 

statistics on NHPI respondent-assessed health status, 

selected health conditions, and selected health behaviors, 

see “Health Conditions and Behaviors of Native Hawaiian 

and Pacific Islander Persons in the United States, 2014” (3).

The information in this report is intended for use by a 

wide range of audiences. In addition to providing statistics 

in a clear format, familiarizing readers with the types of 

information available in the 2014 NHPI NHIS data files may 

encourage researchers to conduct their own analyses.

Approach and Methods

The health measures in this report were selected from 

those appearing in the NHIS Early Release Reports 

(https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/releases.htm) and the NHIS 

Summary Health Statistics (SHS) Tables (https://www.cdc.

gov/nchs/nhis/SHS.htm). Estimates are based on data from 

the Person, Sample Adult, and Sample Child files, which are 

derived from the Household Composition Section and the 

Family, Sample Adult, and Sample Child Core components 

of the NHPI NHIS and NHIS. Crude, age-adjusted, and agesex-adjusted percentages are shown by the racial categories 

described below. For more information on age and age-sex 

adjustment, see Appendix I. 

The estimates in the figures and tables presented for the 

NHPI population (and the detailed race groups within the 

NHPI population) are calculated using the 2014 NHPI NHIS 

data set. The total NHPI population (all NHPI) includes all 

persons who identify as NHPI, including both those who 

identify with only one or more NHPI detailed race groups 

(single-race NHPI population) and those who identify with 

one or more NHPI detailed race groups and one or more 

race groups within the four other federal race categories 

(multiple-race NHPI population) (1). 

Estimates are also provided for all single- and multiplerace NHPI persons and for the following detailed NHPI 

racial identities: Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Samoan, 

Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific Islander. The 

estimates for the detailed race groups are presented for 

all NHPI, multiple-race NHPI, and single-race NHPI persons. 

The Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander groups together compose the Pacific Islander 
Series 3, Number 41 7 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

population. The Other Pacific Islander population includes 

all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, 

Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial 

identities named by respondents, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also 

includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander 

racial identity. These diverse groups are combined into the 

Other Pacific Islander category to create a category with 

an adequate sample size for reliable statistics. The small 

fraction of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian 

and Pacific Islander (3.4%) is included in the sample used to 

calculate total NHPI (see “All NHPI” category) statistics but 

is excluded from the sample used to calculate all detailed 

NHPI group statistics. The detailed NHPI race groups shown 

in the figures include both single- and multiple-race NHPI 

people. Weighted frequency distributions of persons by 

race are shown in the Table in Appendix I.

The estimates in the figures and tables, presented for the 

total U.S. population and for the U.S. single-race white, 

black, AIAN, and Asian populations, are calculated using 

separate 2014 data from the annual NHIS. Most of these 

estimates match those published in the 2014 SHS tables 

(available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS.htm) 

or in “Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data 

From the 2014 National Health Interview Survey” (16). 

Those that differ do so because the earlier publications are 

based on preliminary data, use slightly different definitions, 

or do not adjust for age or age and sex in the same way.

NHPI population estimates calculated using 2014 data 

from NHIS are not shown in the tables. These estimates 

are generally not statistically significantly different from 

the corresponding 2014 NHPI NHIS estimates, and the 

estimates calculated using the NHPI NHIS are almost always 

more reliable. 

Figures are presented for one or two measures from each 

table. Each table has between two and six corresponding 

figures, showing statistics for at least one measure (health 

outcome) from that table. The figures, which are intended 

to be used to make comparisons between race and detailed 

race groups, show age-adjusted and age-sex-adjusted 

percentages. Such percentages are designed to be used 

as relative indexes, permitting comparison among various 

sociodemographic subgroups that may have different age or 

age-sex structures (17,18). For example, in comparisons of 

NHPI adults with single-race Asian adults, NHPI adults were 

more likely to be younger and male. These adjustments 

permit the reader to look at the relative differences between 

adults in the two race groups that are not explained by age 

and sex differences. For more information about age and 

age-sex adjustment, see Appendix II. To determine actual 

risk or “burden” of illness, refer to the unadjusted or crude 

percentages in the tables.

The first figure for each measure compares NHPI estimates 

with other U.S. race group estimates and compares singlerace NHPI with multiple-race NHPI persons. The second 

figure for each measure, when it is included, compares 

estimates from NHPI detailed groups with each other. 

Specifically, the first figure shows the age-adjusted or 

age-sex-adjusted percentage of the selected measure for 

each race group, based on data from both the 2014 NHPI 

NHIS (for all NHPI, single-race NHPI, and multiple-race 

NHPI populations) and the 2014 NHIS (for the total U.S. 

population and single-race white, black, AIAN, and Asian 

populations). The second figure for each measure shows 

the age-adjusted or age-sex-adjusted percentage of the 

selected measure for each detailed race group, based on 

data from the 2014 NHPI NHIS (for the total NHPI, Native 

Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations, and then within 

the Pacific Islander population [Samoan, Guamanian or 

Chamorro, and Other Pacific Islander]) and the 2014 NHIS 

(for the total U.S. population). If the sample sizes were too 

small to produce reliable estimates for detailed NHPI groups 

for a given measure, then only the first figure is presented. 

Figures and Tables
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 10 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI adults, the percentage with no usual 

place of health care was 10.9%, which was lower than 

the percentages among all U.S. (14.5%), white (14.5%), 

black (13.7%), and Asian (14.9%) adults. It was also lower 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among AIAN adults (17.2%) (Figure 1, Table 1).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults, the percentage with 

no usual place of health care was 9.5%, which was lower 

than the percentages among all U.S. (14.5%), white 

(14.5%), black (13.7%), AIAN (17.2%), and Asian (14.9%) 

adults.

Usual Place of Medical Care—Adult

● Among single-race NHPI adults, the percentage with 

no usual place of health care was 12.1%, which was 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among all U.S. (14.5%), white (14.5%), black 

(13.7%), AIAN (17.2%), and Asian (14.9%) adults.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults with no 

usual place of health care (12.1%) was higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI adults (9.5%).

Figure 1. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with no usual place for health care, by race: 

United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 11 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults with no usual 

place of health care was 8.2%, which was lower than the 

percentages among all Pacific Islander (14.3%), Samoan 

(14.6%), and Other Pacific Islander (13.4%) adults and 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro adults 

(14.9%) (Figure 2, Table 1).

● The percentage of Samoan adults with no usual place 

of health care was 14.6%, which was higher than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (8.2%) 

and similar to the percentages among Guamanian or 

Chamorro (14.9%) and Other Pacific Islander (13.4%) 

adults.

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults 

with no usual place of health care was 14.9%, which 

was higher than, but not significantly different from, 

the percentages among Native Hawaiian (8.2%) and 

Other Pacific Islander (13.4%) adults and similar to the 

percentage among Samoan adults (14.6%).

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults with no 

usual place of health care was 13.4%, which was higher 

than the percentage among Native Hawaiian adults 

(8.2%) and similar to the percentages among Samoan 

(14.6%) and Guamanian or Chamorro (14.9%) adults.

● The percentage of all U.S. adults with no usual place 

of health care was 14.5%, which was higher than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (8.2%) and 

similar to the percentages among all Pacific Islander 

(14.3%), Samoan (14.6%), Guamanian or Chamorro 

(14.9%), and Other Pacific Islander (13.4%) adults.

Usual Place of Medical Care—Adult

Figure 2. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with no usual place of health care, by Native 

Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 12 Series 3, Number 41

Table 1. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of adults aged 18 and over having a usual place for health care, by race 

including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race

Did not have

a usual place

of health care

Had a usual place

of health care

Did not have 

a usual place

of health care

Had a usual place

of health care

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 13.6 (0.28) 86.4 (0.28) 14.5 (0.29) 85.5 (0.29)

Single-race: 

White 13.4 (0.32) 86.6 (0.32) 14.5 (0.33) 85.5 (0.33)

Black or African American 13.9 (0.68) 86.1 (0.68) 13.7 (0.66) 86.3 (0.66)

American Indian or Alaska Native 17.3 (3.25) 82.7 (3.25) 17.2 (3.21) 82.8 (3.21)

Asian 15.3 (1.03) 84.7 (1.03) 14.9 (0.99) 85.1 (0.99)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 12.1 (1.02) 87.9 (1.02) 10.9 (0.97) 89.1 (0.97)

Native Hawaiian 8.7 (0.82) 91.3 (0.82) 8.2 (0.80) 91.8 (0.80)

Pacific Islander 16.6 (2.09) 83.4 (2.09) 14.3 (1.86) 85.7 (1.86)

Samoan 16.2 (3.21) 83.8 (3.21) 14.6 (3.01) 85.4 (3.01)

Guamanian or Chamorro 17.4 (4.07) 82.6 (4.07) 14.9 (3.68) 85.1 (3.68)

Other Pacific Islander2 16.4 (2.31) 83.6 (2.31) 13.4 (1.85) 86.6 (1.85)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 10.3 (0.93) 89.7 (0.93) 9.5 (0.87) 90.5 (0.87)

Native Hawaiian 9.1 (0.84) 90.9 (0.84) 8.5 (0.87) 91.5 (0.87)

Pacific Islander 15.9 (3.55) 84.1 (3.55) 18.0 (3.74) 82.0 (3.74)

Samoan *14.3 (5.84) 85.7 (5.84) † †

Guamanian or Chamorro *13.2 (5.12) 86.8 (5.12) † †

Other Pacific Islander2 *31.8 (9.61) 68.2 (9.61) † †

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 13.6 (1.93) 86.4 (1.93) 12.1 (1.74) 87.9 (1.74)

Native Hawaiian 8.0 (1.75) 92.0 (1.75) 7.5 (1.66) 92.5 (1.66)

Pacific Islander 16.8 (2.80) 83.2 (2.80) 14.6 (2.42) 85.4 (2.42)

Samoan 16.9 (4.81) 83.1 (4.81) 15.1 (4.24) 84.9 (4.24)

Guamanian or Chamorro 18.9 (5.41) 81.1 (5.41) 17.6 (5.11) 82.4 (5.11)

Other Pacific Islander2 15.7 (2.50) 84.3 (2.50) 12.8 (2.02) 87.2 (2.02)

* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and should be used with caution. Data not 

shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

†

 Not possible to calculate; no sample in cell in one or more of the age-adjustment categories.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under ALL NHPI, Multiple-race NHPl, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and four age groups: 18–44, 45–64, 65–74, and 75 and over. NHIS is National Health 

Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 13 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI children, the percentage with a usual 

place of health care was 96.7%, which was similar to 

the percentages among all U.S. (96.9%), white (97.0%), 

black (97.2%), AIAN (96.8%), and Asian (95.2%) children 

(Figure 3, Table 2).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children, the percentage with 

a usual place of health care was 98.1%, which was similar 

to the percentages among all U.S. (96.9%), white (97.0%), 

black (97.2%), and AIAN (96.8%) children and higher than 

the percentage among Asian children (95.2%).

● Among single-race NHPI children, the percentage with a 

usual place of health care was 94.7%, which was similar 

to the percentages among all U.S. (96.9%), white (97.0%), 

black (97.2%), AIAN (96.8%), and Asian (95.2%) children.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children with a 

usual place of health care (94.7%) was lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI children (98.1%).

Usual Place of Medical Care—Child

Figure 3. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with a usual place of health care, by race: 

United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 14 Series 3, Number 41

Usual Place of Medical Care—Child

Figure 4. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with a usual place of health care, by 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children with a usual 

place of health care was 99.3%, which was higher than 

the percentages among all Pacific Islander (94.8%), 

Samoan (95.6%), and Other Pacific Islander (93.1%) 

children and higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro 

children (97.5%) (Figure 4, Table 2).

● The percentage of Samoan children with a usual place 

of health care was 95.6%, which was lower than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian children (99.3%); 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro children 

(97.5%); and higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among Other Pacific Islander 

children (93.1%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro children 

with a usual place of health care was 97.5%, which was 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian children (99.3%) 

and higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Samoan (95.6%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (93.1%) children.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander children with a 

usual place of health care was 93.1%, which was lower 

than the percentage among Native Hawaiian children 

(99.3%) and lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentages among Samoan (95.6%) and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (97.5%) children.

● The percentage of all U.S. children with a usual place 

of health care was 96.9%, which was lower than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian children (99.3%); 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among all Pacific Islander (94.8%) and 

Other Pacific Islander (93.1%) children; and similar to the 

percentages among Samoan (95.6%) and Guamanian or 

Chamorro (97.5%) children.
Series 3, Number 41 15 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 2. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children under age 18 years having a usual place of health care, by 

race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race

Did not have

a usual place

of health care

Had a usual place

of health care

Did not have 

a usual place

of health care

Had a usual place

of health care

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 3.1 (0.21) 96.9 (0.21) 3.1 (0.21) 96.9 (0.21)

Single-race: 

White 3.0 (0.24) 97.0 (0.24) 3.0 (0.24) 97.0 (0.24)

Black or African American 2.8 (0.44) 97.2 (0.44) 2.8 (0.44) 97.2 (0.44)

American Indian or Alaska Native *3.2 (1.36) 96.8 (1.36) *3.2 (1.27) 96.8 (1.27)

Asian 4.7 (0.86) 95.3 (0.86) 4.8 (0.88) 95.2 (0.88)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 3.2 (0.75) 96.8 (0.75) 3.3 (0.78) 96.7 (0.78)

Native Hawaiian *0.7 (0.30) 99.3 (0.30) *0.7 (0.29) 99.3 (0.29)

Pacific Islander *4.8 (1.51) 95.2 (1.51) *5.2 (1.66) 94.8 (1.66)

Samoan *4.0 (1.63) 96.0 (1.63) *4.4 (1.39) 95.6 (1.39)

Guamanian or Chamorro * 98.0 (1.20) * 97.5 (1.40)

Other Pacific Islander2 *6.6 (2.44) 93.4 (2.44) *6.9 (2.60) 93.1 (2.60)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total *1.8 (0.88) 98.2 (0.88) *1.9 (0.93) 98.1 (0.93)

Native Hawaiian * 99.5 (0.28) *0.5 (0.26) 99.5 (0.26)

Pacific Islander * 98.9 (0.65) * 98.7 (0.75)

Samoan * 99.3 (0.65) * 99.3 (0.73)

Guamanian or Chamorro * 99.1 (0.89) * 98.4 (1.49)

Other Pacific Islander2 * 98.1 (1.84) * 98.4 (1.58)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total *5.2 (1.90) 94.8 (1.90) *5.3 (1.95) 94.7 (1.95)

Native Hawaiian * 98.9 (1.04) * 98.6 (1.30)

Pacific Islander *7.2 (2.80) 92.8 (2.80) *7.6 (2.88) 92.4 (2.88)

Samoan *7.3 (3.19) 92.7 (3.19) *7.5 (2.46) 92.5 (2.46)

Guamanian or Chamorro * 96.1 (2.82) * 96.7 (2.48)

Other Pacific Islander2 *7.9 (3.47) 92.1 (3.47) *8.2 (3.61) 91.8 (3.61)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and three age groups: 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17. NHIS is National Health Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 16 Series 3, Number 41

Unmet Medical Need

Figure 5. Age-adjusted percentage of persons of all ages who delayed seeking medical care in the past 

year due to cost, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

● Among the total NHPI population, the percentage who 

delayed seeking medical care in the past year due to cost 

was 6.6%, which was similar to the percentage among 

the total U.S. (7.0%) and white (7.0%) populations, 

higher than the percentage among the Asian population 

(3.9%), and lower than the percentages among the black 

(7.9%) and AIAN (9.9%) populations (Figure 5, Table 3).

● Among the multiple-race NHPI population, the 

percentage who delayed seeking medical care in the 

past year due to cost was 5.7%, which was higher than 

the percentage among the Asian population (3.9%) and 

lower than the percentages among the total U.S. (7.0%), 

white (7.0%), black (7.9%), and AIAN (9.9%) populations.

● Among the single-race NHPI population, the percentage 

who delayed seeking medical care in the past year due 

to cost was 7.3%, which was higher than the percentage 

among the Asian population (3.9%); similar to the 

percentages among the total U.S. (7.0%), white (7.0%), 

and black (7.9%) populations; and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among the 

AIAN population (9.9%).

● The percentage of the single-race NHPI population who 

delayed seeking medical care in the past year due to cost 

(7.3%) was higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among the multiple-race NHPI 

population (5.7%).
Series 3, Number 41 17 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Unmet Medical Need

Figure 6. Age-adjusted percentage of persons of all ages who delayed seeking medical care in the past 

year due to cost, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

● The percentage of the Native Hawaiian population who 

delayed seeking medical care in the past year due to cost 

was 5.8%, which was lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among all Pacific Islander 

persons (7.7%); similar to the percentages among 

Samoan (6.2%) and Guamanian or Chamorro (6.0%) 

persons; and lower than the percentage among Other 

Pacific Islander persons (9.6%) (Figure 6, Table 3).

● The percentage of the Samoan population who delayed 

seeking medical care in the past year due to cost was 

6.2%, which was similar to the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (5.8%) and Guamanian or Chamorro 

(6.0%) persons and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among Other Pacific 

Islander persons (9.6%).

● The percentage of the Guamanian or Chamorro 

population who delayed seeking medical care in the 

past year due to cost was 6.0%, which was similar to the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (5.8%) and Samoan 

(6.2%) persons and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among Other Pacific 

Islander persons (9.6%). 

● The percentage of the Other Pacific Islander population 

who delayed seeking medical care in the past year due 

to cost was 9.6%, which was higher than the percentage 

among Native Hawaiian persons (5.8%) and higher than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Samoan (6.2%) and Guamanian or Chamorro 

(6.0%) persons.

● The percentage of the total U.S. population who 

delayed seeking medical care in the past year due to 

cost was 7.0%, which was higher than the percentage 

among Native Hawaiian persons (5.8%); similar to the 

percentages among Pacific Islander (7.7%), Samoan 

(6.2%), and Guamanian or Chamorro (6.0%) persons; 

and lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Other Pacific Islander persons (9.6%).
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 18 Series 3, Number 41

Table 3. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of persons of all ages who did not receive or delayed seeking medical 

care in the past year due to cost, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014

Data source and race

Did not 

receive medical 

care due to cost

Delayed seeking 

medical care

due to cost

Did not 

receive medical 

care due to cost

Delayed seeking 

medical care

due to cost

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 5.3 (0.12) 7.1 (0.14) 5.2 (0.12) 7.0 (0.14)

Single-race: 

White 5.1 (0.13) 7.1 (0.16) 5.0 (0.13) 7.0 (0.16)

Black or African American 7.1 (0.28) 8.0 (0.32) 7.0 (0.28) 7.9 (0.32)

American Indian or Alaska Native 6.8 (1.06) 10.0 (1.27) 6.6 (0.99) 9.9 (1.22)

Asian 3.1 (0.31) 4.1 (0.35) 2.9 (0.29) 3.9 (0.34)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 4.3 (0.38) 6.2 (0.42) 4.5 (0.35) 6.6 (0.42)

Native Hawaiian 3.7 (0.36) 5.5 (0.47) 3.8 (0.34) 5.8 (0.46)

Pacific Islander 5.2 (0.69) 7.2 (0.97) 5.5 (0.61) 7.7 (0.97)

Samoan 4.8 (1.10) 5.3 (1.33) 5.5 (1.10) 6.2 (1.26)

Guamanian or Chamorro 3.5 (0.46) 5.7 (1.56) 3.4 (0.47) 6.0 (1.80)

Other Pacific Islander2 6.4 (1.38) 9.2 (1.66) 6.7 (1.14) 9.6 (1.45)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 3.7 (0.36) 5.1 (0.38) 4.0 (0.34) 5.7 (0.40)

Native Hawaiian 4.0 (0.40) 5.6 (0.49) 4.2 (0.39) 5.9 (0.48)

Pacific Islander 3.4 (0.79) 4.0 (0.80) *3.8 (1.20) 5.8 (0.90)

Samoan *2.3 (1.12) 3.0 (0.88) * 6.4 (1.40)

Guamanian or Chamorro *2.0 (0.86) *2.6 (1.21) * *3.6 (1.66)

Other Pacific Islander2 *6.8 (2.44) *7.4 (2.52) *5.3 (2.17) *6.9 (2.38)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 4.9 (0.59) 7.3 (0.83) 4.9 (0.55) 7.3 (0.80)

Native Hawaiian 3.1 (0.71) 5.3 (1.01) 3.1 (0.67) 5.3 (0.98)

Pacific Islander 5.8 (0.88) 8.3 (1.27) 5.8 (0.80) 8.3 (1.23)

Samoan 5.8 (1.47) 6.3 (1.80) 5.9 (1.28) 6.4 (1.56)

Guamanian or Chamorro 4.3 (0.66) *7.6 (2.55) 4.0 (0.59) *7.0 (2.40)

Other Pacific Islander2 6.4 (1.61) 9.5 (1.89) 6.6 (1.36) 9.8 (1.65)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and five age groups: 0–12, 12–17, 18–44, 45–64, and 65 and over. NHIS is National Health 

Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 19 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Adult

Figure 7. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with unmet dental need due to cost, by race: 

United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

● Among all NHPI adults, the percentage with unmet 

dental need due to cost was 12.3%, which was similar 

to the percentages among all U.S. (11.6%), white 

(11.5%), and AIAN (13.1%) adults; lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among black 

adults (14.2%); and higher than the percentage among 

Asian adults (7.2%) (Figure 7, Table 4).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults, the percentage with 

unmet dental need due to cost was 12.3%, which was 

similar to the percentages among all U.S. (11.6%), white 

(11.5%), and AIAN (13.1%) adults; lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among black 

adults (14.2%); and higher than the percentage among 

Asian adults (7.2%).

● Among single-race NHPI adults, the percentage with 

unmet dental need due to cost was 12.3%, which was 

similar to the percentages among all U.S. (11.6%), white 

(11.5%), and AIAN (13.1%) adults; lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among black 

adults (14.2%); and higher than the percentage among 

Asian adults (7.2%).

● The percentage of the single-race NHPI population 

with unmet dental need due to cost (12.3%) was the 

same as the percentage among the multiple-race NHPI 

population (12.3%).
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 20 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults with unmet 

dental need due to cost was 13.2%, which was higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among all Pacific Islander (10.9%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (11.6%) adults; similar to the percentage among 

Samoan adults (12.3%); and higher than the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (7.8%) (Figure 8, 

Table 4).

● The percentage of Samoan adults with unmet dental 

need due to cost was 12.3%, which was similar to the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (13.2%) and Other 

Pacific Islander (11.6%) adults and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro adults (7.8%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults with 

unmet dental need due to cost was 7.8%, which was 

lower than the percentage among Native Hawaiian 

adults (13.2%) and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among Samoan (12.3%) 

and Other Pacific Islander (11.6%) adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults with 

unmet dental need due to cost was 11.6%, which was 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (13.2%) and Samoan 

(12.3%) adults and higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among Guamanian or 

Chamorro adults (7.8%).

● The percentage of all U.S. adults with unmet dental need 

due to cost was 11.6%, which was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian adults (13.2%); similar to the percentages 

among all Pacific Islander (10.9%), Samoan (12.3%), and 

Other Pacific Islander (11.6%) adults; and higher than 

the percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro adults 

(7.8%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Adult

Figure 8. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over with unmet dental need due to cost, by 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 21 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI adults, the percentage whose length of 

time since their last dental visit was 1 year or less was 

59.0%, which was higher than the percentages among 

black (52.6%) and AIAN (46.9%) adults; lower than the 

percentage among white adults (63.2%); and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among all U.S. (61.8%) and Asian (62.9%) adults 

(Figure 9, Table 4).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults, the percentage whose 

length of time since their last dental visit was 1 year or 

less was 64.2%, which was higher than the percentages 

among black (52.6%) and AIAN (46.9%) adults; higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among all U.S adults (61.8%); and similar to the 

percentages among white (63.2%) and Asian (62.9%) 

adults.

● Among single-race NHPI adults, the percentage whose 

length of time since their last dental visit was 1 year 

or less was 54.4%, which was higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

black (52.6%) and AIAN (46.9%) adults and lower than 

the percentages among all U.S. (61.8%), white (63.2%), 

and Asian (62.9%) adults.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults (54.4%) whose 

length of time since their last dental visit was 1 year or 

less was lower than the percentage among multiple-race 

NHPI adults (64.2%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Adult

Figure 9. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over whose length of time since their last dental 

visit was 1 year or less, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 22 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults whose length

of time since their last dental visit was 1 year or less

was 62.5%, which was higher than the percentages

among all Pacific Islander (53.7%), Samoan (49.0%), and

Other Pacific Islander (52.2%) adults and higher than,

but not significantly different from, the percentage

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (57.5%)

(Figure 10, Table 4).

● The percentage of Samoan adults whose length of

time since their last dental visit was 1 year or less was

49.0%, which was lower than the percentage among

Native Hawaiian adults (62.5%) and lower than, but

not significantly different from, the percentages among

Guamanian or Chamorro (57.5%) and Other Pacific

Islander (52.2%) adults.

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults

whose length of time since their last dental visit was

1 year or less was 57.5%, which was lower than, but

not significantly different from, the percentage among

Native Hawaiian adults (62.5%) and higher than, but

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Samoan (49.0%) and Other Pacific Islander (52.2%) 

adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults whose

length of time since their last dental visit was 1 year or

less was 52.2%, which was lower than the percentage

among Native Hawaiian adults (62.5%); higher than,

but not significantly different from, the percentage

among Samoan adults (49.0%); and lower than, but

not significantly different from, the percentage among

Guamanian or Chamorro adults (57.5%).

● The percentage of all U.S. adults whose length of time

since their last dental visit was 1 year or less was similar

to the percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (62.5%);

higher than the percentages among all Pacific Islander

(53.7%), Samoan (49.0%), and Other Pacific Islander

(52.2%) adults; and higher than, but not significantly

different from, the percentage among Guamanian or

Chamorro adults (57.5%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Adult

Figure 10. Age-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over whose length of time since their last dental 

visit was 1 year or less, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 23 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 4. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of adults with unmet dental need due to cost in the past 12 months and 

length of time since last visit with dentist or other dental health care professional, by race including Native Hawaiian 

and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race

Had unmet

dental need

due to cost

1 year or less 

since last 

dental visit

More than 

1 year since

last dental visit

Had unmet

dental need

due to cost

1 year or less 

since last

dental visit

More than

1 year since

last dental visit

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 11.6 (0.26) 62.1 (0.42) 37.9 (0.42) 11.6 (0.26) 61.8 (0.42) 38.2 (0.42)

Single-race:

White 11.3 (0.30) 63.6 (0.47) 36.4 (0.47) 11.5 (0.31) 63.2 (0.48) 36.8 (0.48)

Black or African American 14.5 (0.69) 53.2 (1.00) 46.8 (1.00) 14.2 (0.68) 52.6 (0.98) 47.4 (0.98)

American Indian or Alaska Native 13.1 (3.11) 47.4 (4.46) 52.6 (4.46) 13.1 (3.10) 46.9 (4.19) 53.1 (4.19)

Asian 7.2 (0.73) 63.5 (1.42) 36.5 (1.42) 7.2 (0.74) 62.9 (1.41) 37.1 (1.41)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 12.6 (0.79) 58.3 (1.70) 41.7 (1.70) 12.3 (0.71) 59.0 (1.66) 41.0 (1.66)

 Native Hawaiian 13.4 (0.83) 62.2 (2.05) 37.8 (2.05) 13.2 (0.78) 62.5 (1.98) 37.5 (1.98)

 Pacific Islander 11.7 (1.37) 54.0 (2.50) 46.0 (2.50) 10.9 (1.15) 53.7 (2.44) 46.3 (2.44)

Samoan 12.3 (3.24) 49.3 (7.33) 50.7 (7.33) 12.3 (3.12) 49.0 (6.50) 51.0 (6.50)

Guamanian or Chamorro 8.6 (1.68) 58.3 (4.65) 41.7 (4.65) 7.8 (1.50) 57.5 (4.86) 42.5 (4.86)

Other Pacific Islander2 13.4 (2.72) 54.2 (4.52) 45.8 (4.52) 11.6 (2.10) 52.2 (3.74) 47.8 (3.74)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 12.4 (1.02) 63.9 (2.05) 36.1 (2.05) 12.3 (0.94) 64.2 (2.10) 35.8 (2.10)

 Native Hawaiian 13.4 (1.15) 64.8 (2.40) 35.2 (2.40) 13.2 (1.11) 65.0 (2.39) 35.0 (2.39)

 Pacific Islander 9.1 (1.64) 66.1 (4.01) 33.9 (4.01) 11.5 (2.43) 66.3 (4.34) 33.7 (4.34)

Samoan *9.7 (3.24) 46.5 (7.95) 53.5 (7.95) † † †

Guamanian or Chamorro *6.4 (2.00) 81.5 (3.45) 18.5 (3.45) † † †

Other Pacific Islander2 *17.6 (6.42) 74.9 (12.88) * † † †

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 12.6 (1.45) 53.6 (2.25) 46.4 (2.25) 12.3 (1.32) 54.4 (2.04) 45.6 (2.04)

 Native Hawaiian 13.5 (2.54) 57.1 (3.17) 42.9 (3.17) 13.3 (2.34) 57.7 (2.83) 42.3 (2.83)

 Pacific Islander 12.2 (1.54) 51.6 (3.03) 48.4 (3.03) 11.3 (1.37) 51.3 (3.00) 48.7 (3.00)

Samoan 13.2 (3.47) 50.2 (8.78) 49.8 (8.78) 12.2 (3.22) 49.5 (7.94) 50.5 (7.94)

Guamanian or Chamorro 9.4 (2.16) 49.9 (5.57) 50.1 (5.57) 8.6 (2.06) 49.5 (5.33) 50.5 (5.33)

Other Pacific Islander2 13.2 (2.92) 53.2 (4.54) 46.8 (4.54) 11.4 (2.27) 51.2 (3.73) 48.8 (3.73)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

†

 Not possible to calculate; no sample in cell in one or more of the age-adjustment categories.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and four age groups: 18–44, 45–64, 65–74, and 75 and over. NHIS is National Health 

Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 24 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI children aged 2–17 years, the percentage 

with unmet dental need due to cost was 5.0%, which 

was higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among all U.S. (4.2%), white (4.3%), and 

black (4.0%) children; lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among AIAN children 

(8.6%); and higher than the percentage among Asian 

children (2.7%) (Figure 11, Table 5).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children aged 2–17 years, 

the percentage with unmet dental need due to cost was 

4.1%, which was similar to the percentages among all 

U.S. (4.2%), white (4.3%), black (4.0%), and Asian (2.7%) 

children and lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among AIAN children (8.6%).

● Among single-race NHPI children aged 2–17 years, 

the percentage with unmet dental need due to cost 

was 6.2%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among all U.S. (4.2%), 

white (4.3%), and black (4.0%) children; higher than 

the percentage among Asian children (2.7%); and lower 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among AIAN children (8.6%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children with unmet 

dental need due to cost (6.2%) was higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI children (4.1%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Child

Figure 11. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need due to cost, by 

race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 25 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children aged 2–17 

years with an unmet dental need due to cost was 3.9%, 

which was lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among all Pacific Islander children 

(6.4%) (Figure 12, Table 5).

● The percentage of all U.S. children aged 2–17 years 

with an unmet dental need due to cost was 4.2%, which 

was similar to the percentage among Native Hawaiian 

children (3.9%) and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among all Pacific Islander 

children (6.4%). 

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Child

Figure 12. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need due to cost, by 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 26 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI children aged 2–17 years, the 

percentage whose length of time since their last dental 

visit was 1 year or less was 87.1%, which was higher 

than the percentages among all U.S. (83.0%), white 

(83.3%), black (83.2%), and Asian (80.0%) children and 

similar to the percentage among AIAN children (88.2%) 

(Figure 13, Table 5).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children aged 2–17 years, the 

percentage whose length of time since their last dental 

visit was 1 year or less was 87.8%, which was higher than 

the percentages among all U.S. (83.0%), white (83.3%), 

black (83.2%), and Asian (80.0%) children and similar to 

the percentage among AIAN children (88.2%).

● Among single-race NHPI children aged 2–17 years, 

the percentage whose length of time since their last 

dental visit was 1 year or less was 86.4%, which was 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among all U.S. (83.0%), white (83.3%), 

and black (83.2%) children; higher than the percentage 

among Asian children (80.0%); and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among AIAN 

children (88.2%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children whose 

length of time since their last dental visit was 1 year 

or less (86.4%) was similar to the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI children (87.8%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Child

Figure 13. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years whose length of time since their last visit 

with the dentist was 1 year or less, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 27 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children aged 2–17 

years whose length of time since their last dental visit 

was 1 year or less was 91.3%, which was higher than the 

percentage among all Pacific Islander children (82.7%) 

and higher than, but not significantly different from, 

the percentages among Samoan (82.9%), Guamanian 

or Chamorro (85.5%), and Other Pacific Islander (81.5%) 

children (Figure 14, Table 5).

● The percentage of Samoan children aged 2–17 years 

whose length of time since their last dental visit was 1 

year or less was 82.9%, which was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (91.3%) and Guamanian or Chamorro 

(85.5%) children and similar to the percentage among 

Other Pacific Islander children (81.5%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro children 

aged 2–17 years whose length of time since their last 

dental visit was 1 year or less was 85.5%, which was 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian children (91.3%) 

and higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Samoan (82.9%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (81.5%) children.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander children aged 

2–17 years whose length of time since their last dental 

visit was 1 year or less was 81.5%, which was lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (91.3%), Samoan (82.9%), and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (85.5%) children.

● The percentage of all U.S. children aged 2–17 years 

whose length of time since their last dental visit was 

1 year or less was 83.0%, which was lower than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian children (91.3%); 

similar to the percentages among Samoan (82.9%) and 

Other Pacific Islander (81.5%) children; and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro children (85.5%).

Unmet Dental Need and Length of Time Since Last Visit With Dentist—Child

Figure 14. Age-adjusted percentage of children aged 2–17 years whose length of time since their last visit 

with the dentist was 1 year or less, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 28 Series 3, Number 41

Table 5. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children aged 2–17 years with unmet dental need due to cost in 

the past 12 months and length of time since last visit with dentist or other dental health care professional, by race 

including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race

Had unmet

dental need

due to cost

1 year or less 

since last 

dental visit

More than 

1 year since

last dental visit

Had unmet

dental need

due to cost

1 year or less 

since last

dental visit

More than

1 year since

last dental visit

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 4.2 (0.24) 83.0 (0.47) 17.0 (0.47) 4.2 (0.24) 83.0 (0.46) 17.0 (0.46)

Single-race:

White 4.4 (0.31) 83.4 (0.55) 16.6 (0.55) 4.3 (0.31) 83.3 (0.55) 16.7 (0.55)

Black or African American 4.0 (0.50) 83.0 (1.07) 17.0 (1.07) 4.0 (0.50) 83.2 (1.01) 16.8 (1.01)

American Indian or Alaska Native *8.5 (2.76) 88.6 (2.82) 11.4 (2.82) *8.6 (2.60) 88.2 (2.48) 11.8 (2.48)

Asian 2.6 (0.66) 78.9 (2.00) 21.1 (2.00) 2.7 (0.68) 80.0 (1.88) 20.0 (1.88)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 4.8 (0.69) 86.6 (1.16) 13.4 (1.16) 5.0 (0.74) 87.1 (1.13) 12.9 (1.13)

 Native Hawaiian 3.7 (0.77) 91.0 (1.35) 9.0 (1.35) 3.9 (0.86) 91.3 (1.26) 8.7 (1.26)

 Pacific Islander 6.4 (1.36) 82.0 (2.23) 18.0 (2.23) 6.4 (1.44) 82.7 (2.20) 17.3 (2.20)

Samoan 8.7 (2.30) 81.9 (5.06) 18.1 (5.06) 9.0 (2.70) 82.9 (4.43) 17.1 (4.43)

Guamanian or Chamorro * 84.1 (4.16) 15.9 (4.16) * 85.5 (3.05) 14.5 (3.05)

Other Pacific Islander2 7.7 (2.11) 81.1 (5.23) 18.9 (5.23) 7.9 (2.28) 81.5 (5.13) 18.5 (5.13)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 3.8 (0.64) 86.5 (1.60) 13.5 (1.60) 4.1 (0.76) 87.8 (1.35) 12.2 (1.35)

 Native Hawaiian 4.7 (1.03) 89.2 (1.80) 10.8 (1.80) 4.9 (1.13) 89.9 (1.63) 10.1 (1.63)

 Pacific Islander *2.4 (1.00) 81.2 (3.48) 18.8 (3.48) *2.3 (0.96) 84.9 (2.49) 15.1 (2.49)

Samoan * 83.8 (4.96) *16.2 (4.96) * 85.1 (4.92) *14.9 (4.92)

Guamanian or Chamorro — 84.5 (7.72) *15.5 (7.72) — 88.1 (3.75) *11.9 (3.75)

Other Pacific Islander2 *8.3 (3.48) 72.5 (9.53) *27.5 (9.53) *7.2 (2.98) 80.8 (4.35) 19.2 (4.35)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 6.4 (1.66) 86.8 (1.98) 13.2 (1.98) 6.2 (1.55) 86.4 (2.00) 13.6 (2.00)

 Native Hawaiian * 95.9 (1.71) *4.1 (1.71) * 96.1 (1.52) *3.9 (1.52)

 Pacific Islander 9.0 (2.27) 82.5 (2.83) 17.5 (2.83) 9.0 (2.21) 82.5 (2.81) 17.5 (2.81)

Samoan 15.9 (4.73) 80.1 (9.33) *19.9 (9.33) *16.3 (4.90) 80.8 (7.52) *19.2 (7.52)

Guamanian or Chamorro * 83.3 (6.09) *16.7 (6.09) * 81.5 (6.70) *18.5 (6.70)

Other Pacific Islander2 *7.6 (2.61) 83.4 (4.95) 16.6 (4.95) *7.8 (2.71) 82.9 (4.85) 17.1 (4.85)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

— Quantity zero.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and three age groups: 2–4, 5–11, and 12–17. NHIS is National Health Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 29 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI adults aged 18–64, the percentage who 

had received an influenza vaccination during the past 12 

months was 40.2%, which was similar to the percentages 

among AIAN (38.9%) and Asian (40.6%) adults and 

higher than the percentages among all U.S. (35.8%), 

white (36.3%), and black (30.6%) adults (Figure 15,

Table 6).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 38.2%, which was similar 

to the percentage among AIAN adults (38.9%); lower 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Asian adults (40.6%); higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among all 

U.S. (35.8%) and white (36.3%) adults; and higher than 

the percentage among black adults (30.6%).

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 41.8%, which was higher 

than the percentages among all U.S. (35.8%), white 

(36.3%), and black (30.6%) adults; higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among AIAN 

adults (38.9%); and similar to the percentage among 

Asian adults (40.6%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults who had 

received an influenza vaccination during the past 12 

months (41.8%) was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, multiple-race NHPI adults (38.2%).

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Adult 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 15. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 12 

months, by race: United States, 2014

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 30 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 18–64 

who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months was 42.3%, which was higher than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among all Pacific Islander (37.1%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (36.1%) adults; higher than the percentage 

among Samoan adults (31.2%); and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro adults (44.7%) (Figure 16, 

Table 6).

● The percentage of Samoan adults aged 18–64 who 

had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months was 31.2%, which was lower than 

the percentages among Native Hawaiian (42.3%) and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (44.7%) adults and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Other Pacific Islander adults (36.1%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults aged 

18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months was 44.7%, which was higher than 

the percentage among Samoan adults (31.2%) and higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (42.3%) and Other Pacific Islander 

(36.1%) adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults aged 

18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months was 36.1%, which was higher than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Samoan adults (31.2%) and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (42.3%) and Guamanian or Chamorro 

(44.7%) adults.

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 18–64 who 

had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months was 35.8%, which was lower than 

the percentages among Native Hawaiian (42.3%) and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (44.7%) adults; similar to the 

percentages among all Pacific Islander (37.1%) and Other 

Pacific Islander (36.1%) adults; and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Samoan adults (31.2%).

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Adult

Figure 16. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 12 

months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 31 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI adults aged 65 and over, the percentage 

who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months was 68.6%, which was similar to the 

percentage among AIAN adults (67.8%); higher than the 

percentage among black adults (57.1%); and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among all U.S. (70.1%), white (71.4%), and Asian (72.6%) 

adults (Figure 17, Table 6).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 65 and over, the 

percentage who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 69.8%, which was similar 

to the percentage among all U.S. adults (70.1%); higher 

than the percentages among black (57.1%) and AIAN 

(67.8%) adults; and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among white (71.4%) 

and Asian (72.6%) adults.

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 65 and over, the 

percentage who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 67.3%, which was similar 

to the percentage among AIAN adults (67.8%); higher 

than the percentage among black adults (57.1%); and 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among all U.S. (70.1%), white (71.4%), and 

Asian (72.6%) adults.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults aged 65 and 

over who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months (67.3%) was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI adults (69.8%).

Figure 17. Percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Older Adult
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 32 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 65 and 

over who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months was 66.6%, which was lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

all Pacific Islander (73.4%), Samoan (69.9%), Guamanian 

or Chamorro (75.2%), and Other Pacific Islander (74.4%) 

adults (Figure 18, Table 6).

● The percentage of Samoan adults aged 65 and over 

who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months was 69.9%, which was higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (66.6%) and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Guamanian or Chamorro (75.2%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (74.4%) adults.

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults aged 

65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 75.2%, which was higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (66.6%) and Samoan (69.9%) 

adults and similar to the percentage among Other Pacific 

Islander adults (74.4%).

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults aged 

65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 74.4%, which was higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (66.6%) and Samoan (69.9%) 

adults and similar to the percentage among Guamanian 

or Chamorro adults (75.2%).

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 65 and over who 

had received an influenza vaccination during the past 

12 months was 70.1%, which was higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (66.6%); lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

all Pacific Islander (73.4%), Guamanian or Chamorro 

(75.2%), and Other Pacific Islander (74.4%) adults; and 

similar to the percentage among Samoan adults (69.9%).

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Older Adult

Figure 18. Percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during the 

past 12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 33 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 6. Percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 12 months, 

by age group and race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race 18–65 18–49 50–64 65 and over

Crude percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 35.8 (0.45) 31.3 (0.51) 45.4 (0.75) 70.1 (0.69)

Single-race: 

White 36.3 (0.51) 31.4 (0.59) 46.4 (0.84) 71.4 (0.75)

Black or African American 30.6 (0.94) 27.4 (1.13) 38.3 (1.65) 57.1 (1.94)

American Indian or Alaska Native 38.9 (4.80) 36.0 (5.80) 46.8 (7.14) 67.8 (7.60)

Asian 40.6 (1.55) 37.9 (1.76) 48.1 (3.15) 72.6 (2.83)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 40.2 (1.64) 36.1 (1.93) 54.7 (2.52) 68.6 (2.65)

Native Hawaiian 42.3 (2.13) 39.0 (2.59) 52.4 (2.34) 66.6 (3.82)

Pacific Islander 37.1 (2.38) 31.9 (3.20) 58.8 (4.63) 73.4 (5.84)

Samoan 31.2 (5.11) 24.9 (5.39) 53.6 (13.41) 69.9 (8.59)

Guamanian or Chamorro 44.7 (4.42) 40.5 (7.07) 56.9 (9.74) 75.2 (12.59)

Other Pacific Islander2 36.1 (4.51) 31.2 (4.40) 66.1 (7.53) 74.4 (16.59)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 38.2 (2.13) 35.4 (2.77) 49.4 (3.52) 69.8 (4.53)

Native Hawaiian 39.1 (2.08) 35.7 (2.86) 50.4 (3.67) 68.9 (4.78)

Pacific Islander 30.0 (6.21) 28.8 (6.69) *45.5 (15.76) 75.1 (17.26)

Samoan 24.3 (6.44) *22.8 (6.88) *39.7 (17.71) *

Guamanian or Chamorro *41.5 (12.73) *40.7 (13.30) *53.6 (18.04) 100.0 (0.00)

Other Pacific Islander2 *6.8 (3.03) * * —

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 41.8 (1.96) 36.8 (2.49) 58.4 (3.55) 67.3 (3.32)

Native Hawaiian 48.2 (3.43) 45.5 (3.96) 55.7 (4.68) 62.7 (7.36)

Pacific Islander 38.6 (2.68) 32.7 (3.86) 59.7 (4.88) 73.3 (6.12)

Samoan 33.7 (5.38) 25.9 (5.82) 55.3 (14.86) 70.6 (9.12)

Guamanian or Chamorro 45.9 (4.73) 40.4 (9.21) 57.1 (10.44) 73.2 (13.42)

Other Pacific Islander2 37.6 (4.78) 32.6 (4.67) 66.3 (7.60) 76.0 (16.96)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

— Quantity zero.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. NHIS is National Health Interview 

Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 34 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI children aged 6 months–17 years, the 

percentage who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months was 58.1%, which was similar 

to the percentage among Asian children (58.2%); higher 

than the percentages among all U.S. (49.9%), white 

(49.9%), and black (47.4%) children; and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

AIAN children (48.7%) (Figure 19, Table 7).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children aged 6 months–17 

years, the percentage who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months was 58.7%, which 

was similar to the percentage among Asian children 

(58.2%); higher than the percentages among all U.S. 

(49.9%), white (49.9%), and black (47.4%) children; and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among AIAN children (48.7%).

● Among single-race NHPI children aged 6 months–17 

years, the percentage who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months was 57.4%, which 

was similar to the percentage among Asian children 

(58.2%); higher than the percentage among black 

children (47.4%); and higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among all U.S. (49.9%), 

white (49.9%), and AIAN (48.7%) children.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children aged 

6 months–17 years who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months (57.4%) was 

similar to the percentage among multiple-race NHPI 

children (58.7%).

Figure 19. Percentage of children aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Child
Series 3, Number 41 35 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children aged 

6 months–17 years who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months was 65.1%, which 

was higher than the percentages among all Pacific Islander 

(49.5%) and Other Pacific Islander (50.6%) children and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Samoan (52.1%) and Guamanian or 

Chamorro (43.8%) children (Figure 20, Table 7).

● The percentage of Samoan children aged 6 months–17 

years who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months was 52.1%, which was lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Native Hawaiian children (65.1%); higher than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro children (43.8%); and 

similar to the percentage among Other Pacific Islander 

children (50.6%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro children 

aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months was 43.8%, which 

was lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (65.1%), Samoan 

(52.1%), and Other Pacific Islander (50.6%) children.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander children aged 

6 months–17 years who had received an influenza 

vaccination during the past 12 months was 50.6%, 

which was lower than the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian children (65.1%); similar to the percentage 

among Samoan children (52.1%); and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro children (43.8%).

● The percentage of all U.S. children aged 6 months–17 

years who had received an influenza vaccination during 

the past 12 months was 49.9%, which was lower than 

the percentage among Native Hawaiian children (65.1%); 

similar to the percentages among all Pacific Islander 

(49.5%) and Other Pacific Islander (50.6%) children; 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Samoan children (52.1%); and higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro children (43.8%).

Receipt of Influenza Vaccination—Child

 

 

Figure 20. Percentage of children aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza vaccination 

during the past 12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 36 Series 3, Number 41

Table 7. Percentage of children aged 6 months–17 years who had received an influenza vaccination during the past 

12 months, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Crude percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 49.9 (0.65)

Single-race:

White 49.9 (0.76)

Black or African American 47.4 (1.51)

American Indian or Alaska Native 48.7 (5.81)

Asian 58.2 (2.11)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 58.1 (3.15)

Native Hawaiian 65.1 (3.22)

Pacific Islander 49.5 (5.15)

Samoan 52.1 (6.35)

Guamanian or Chamorro 43.8 (11.94)

Other Pacific Islander2 50.6 (4.68)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 58.7 (3.81)

Native Hawaiian 66.7 (2.56)

Pacific Islander 40.7 (8.29)

Samoan 45.0 (7.53)

Guamanian or Chamorro *35.3 (15.95)

Other Pacific Islander2 41.4 (7.15)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 57.4 (3.79)

 Native Hawaiian 60.5 (6.62)

 Pacific Islander 55.4 (4.83)

Samoan 59.4 (11.19)

Guamanian or Chamorro 59.6 (9.64)

Other Pacific Islander2 53.0 (5.54)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. NHIS is National Health Interview 

Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 37 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI adults aged 65 and over, the percentage 

who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination 

was 52.0%, which was similar to the percentage among 

black adults (50.9%); lower than the percentages among 

all U.S. (62.3%) and white (63.9%) adults; lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among AIAN adults (54.8%); and higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among Asian 

adults (48.4%) (Figure 21, Table 8).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 65 and over, 

the percentage who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination was 49.7%, which was similar to the 

percentages among black (50.9%) and Asian (48.4%) 

adults; lower than the percentages among all U.S. 

(62.3%) and white (63.9%) adults; and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

AIAN adults (54.8%).

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 65 and over, the 

percentage who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination was 54.1%, which was similar to the 

percentage among AIAN adults (54.8%); lower than the 

percentages among all U.S. (62.3%) and white (63.9%) 

adults; and higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentages among black (50.9%) and Asian 

(48.4%) adults.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults aged 65 and 

over who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination 

(54.1%) was higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among multiple-race NHPI adults 

(49.7%).

Receipt of Pneumococcal Vaccination—Older Adult

Figure 21. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 38 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 65 and 

over who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination 

was 50.2%, which was lower than the percentage among 

all Pacific Islander adults (69.4%) (Figure 22, Table 8).

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 65 and over who 

had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination was 

62.3%, which was higher than the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (50.2%) and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among all 

Pacific Islander adults (69.4%).

Receipt of Pneumococcal Vaccination—Older Adult

Figure 22. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 39 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 8. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percentages of adults aged 65 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal 

vaccination, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Crude percent (standard error) Age-sex-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 61.3 (0.72) 62.3 (0.71)

Single-race:

White 63.1 (0.79) 63.9 (0.78)

Black or African American 49.2 (2.06) 50.9 (2.13)

American Indian or Alaska Native 57.1 (8.32) 54.8 (8.16)

Asian 47.7 (3.35) 48.4 (3.42)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 52.0 (3.36) 52.0 (2.97)

Native Hawaiian 50.8 (3.08) 50.2 (3.03)

Pacific Islander 57.3 (8.17) 69.4 (5.91)

Samoan *36.0 (10.87) *42.1 (16.71)

Guamanian or Chamorro 72.8 (12.47) 79.4 (8.80)

Other Pacific Islander2 56.7 (16.64) 74.6 (9.87)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 52.3 (4.61) 49.7 (4.25)

Native Hawaiian 53.2 (4.13) 50.6 (3.82)

Pacific Islander 51.2 (13.95) 51.2 (13.95)

Samoan — †

Guamanian or Chamorro 74.8 (21.88) †

Other Pacific Islander2 100.0 (0.00) †

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 51.7 (4.22) 54.1 (3.83)

Native Hawaiian 47.1 (5.82) 47.7 (5.73)

Pacific Islander 57.6 (8.76) 69.4 (6.39)

Samoan 38.6 (11.35) *43.5 (16.65)

Guamanian or Chamorro 72.6 (13.55) 78.8 (9.65)

Other Pacific Islander2 *55.7 (16.85) 74.0 (10.03)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

— Quantity zero.

†

 Not possible to calculate; no sample in cell in one or more of the age-adjustment categories.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-sex-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and two age groups: 65–74 and 75 and over. NHIS is National Health Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 40 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI adults, the percentage who had ever 

been tested for HIV was 31.4%, which was similar to 

the percentage among Asian adults (31.0%); lower than 

the percentages among all U.S. (38.7%), white (36.2%), 

and black (57.1%) adults; and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among AIAN 

adults (37.2%) (Figure 23, Table 9).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults, the percentage who 

had ever been tested for HIV was 33.0%, which was higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Asian adults (31.0%); lower than the percentages 

among all U.S. (38.7%), white (36.2%), and black (57.1%) 

adults; and lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among AIAN adults (37.2%).

● Among single-race NHPI adults, the percentage who 

had ever been tested for HIV was 29.7%, which was 

similar to the percentage among Asian adults (31.0%); 

lower than the percentage among all U.S. (38.7%), white 

(36.2%), and black (57.1%) adults; and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

AIAN adults (37.2%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults who had 

ever been tested for HIV (29.7%) was lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI adults (33.0%).

HIV Testing—Adult

Figure 23. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for HIV, by 

race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 41 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults who had 

ever been tested for HIV was 32.1%, which was higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among all Pacific Islander (30.6%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (27.6%) adults; similar to the percentage 

among Samoan adults (32.4%); and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro adults (37.0%) (Figure 24, 

Table 9).

● The percentage of Samoan adults who had ever been 

tested for HIV was 32.4%, which was similar to the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (32.1%); lower 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (37.0%); and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Other Pacific Islander adults (27.6%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults who 

had ever been tested for HIV was 37.0%, which was 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (32.1%), Samoan 

(32.4%), and Other Pacific Islander (27.6%) adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults who had 

ever been tested for HIV was 27.6%, which was lower 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (32.1%), Samoan (32.4%), and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (37.0%) adults.

● The percentage of all U.S. adults who had ever been 

tested for HIV was 38.7%, which was higher than the 

percentages among Native Hawaiian (32.1%), all Pacific 

Islander (30.6%), and Other Pacific Islander (27.6%) 

adults and higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentages among Samoan (32.4%) and 

Guamanian or Chamorro (37.0%) adults.

HIV Testing—Adult

Figure 24. Age-sex-adjusted percentage of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for HIV, by 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 42 Series 3, Number 41

Table 9. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percentages of adults aged 18 and over who had ever been tested for HIV,

by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Crude percent (standard error) Age-sex-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 37.5 (0.41) 38.7 (0.41)

Single-race:

White 34.5 (0.44) 36.2 (0.45)

Black or African American 57.4 (1.05) 57.1 (0.96)

American Indian or Alaska Native 37.7 (4.34) 37.2 (4.25)

Asian 31.8 (1.51) 31.0 (1.47)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 32.1 (1.21) 31.4 (1.02)

Native Hawaiian 32.2 (1.34) 32.1 (1.46)

Pacific Islander 32.1 (2.64) 30.6 (2.01)

Samoan 36.9 (5.75) 32.4 (3.96)

Guamanian or Chamorro 40.0 (5.54) 37.0 (3.72)

Other Pacific Islander2 24.0 (1.82) 27.6 (3.49)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 34.5 (1.71) 33.0 (1.34)

Native Hawaiian 31.1 (1.97) 30.9 (1.64)

Pacific Islander 55.4 (7.25) 43.8 (4.48)

Samoan 48.4 (10.11) 44.4 (6.73)

Guamanian or Chamorro 64.7 (8.75) 46.7 (5.04)

Other Pacific Islander2 50.3 (13.03) 42.9 (5.51)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 30.2 (1.96) 29.7 (1.54)

Native Hawaiian 34.1 (3.18) 34.1 (2.43)

Pacific Islander 27.7 (2.29) 27.2 (2.16)

Samoan 32.9 (5.73) 31.4 (4.48)

Guamanian or Chamorro 32.3 (6.10) 32.2 (4.61)

Other Pacific Islander2 22.6 (1.99) 26.5 (3.46)

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-sex-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and five age groups: 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–64, and 65 and over. NHIS is National Health 

Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 43 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI children, the percentage who had at 

least two emergency room visits in the past 12 months 

was 5.5%, which was lower than the percentage among 

AIAN children (12.9%); lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among black children 

(7.2%); higher than the percentage among Asian children 

(2.4%); and similar to the percentages among all U.S. 

(4.8%) and white (4.3%) children (Figure 25, Table 10).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children, the percentage who 

had at least two emergency room visits in the past 12 

months was 4.9%, which was lower than the percentage 

among AIAN children (12.9%); lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among 

black children (7.2%); higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among Asian children 

(2.4%); and similar to the percentages among all U.S. 

(4.8%) and white (4.3%) children.

● Among single-race NHPI children, the percentage who 

had at least two emergency room visits in the past 12 

months was 6.2%, which was lower than the percentage 

among AIAN children (12.9%); similar to the percentages 

among all U.S. (4.8%) and black (7.2%) children; higher 

than the percentage among Asian children (2.4%); and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among white children (4.3%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children who had at 

least two emergency room visits in the past 12 months 

(6.2%) was similar to the percentage among multiplerace NHPI children (4.9%).

Emergency Room Visits in the Past 12 Months—Child 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 25. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years having two or more emergency room 

visits in the past 12 months, by race: United States, 2014

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 44 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children who had at 

least two emergency room visits in the past 12 months 

was 7.6%, which was higher than the percentage among 

all Pacific Islander children (3.6%) (Figure 26, Table 10).

● The percentage of all U.S. children who had at least two 

emergency room visits in the past 12 months was 4.8%, 

which was lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among Native Hawaiian children 

(7.6%) and similar to the percentage among all Pacific 

Islander children (3.6%).

Figure 26. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years having two or more emergency room 

visits in the past 12 months, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emergency Room Visits in the Past 12 Months—Child
Series 3, Number 41 45 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 10. Crude and age-adjusted percentages of children under age 18 years ever having at least one emergency 

room visit in the past 12 months, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: 

United States, 2014

Data source and race None One Two or more None One Two or more

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 83.3 (0.46) 11.9 (0.38) 4.8 (0.27) 83.3 (0.45) 11.8 (0.38) 4.8 (0.27)

Single-race:

White 84.1 (0.54) 11.6 (0.44) 4.3 (0.30) 84.1 (0.53) 11.6 (0.44) 4.3 (0.30)

Black or African American 78.7 (1.15) 14.0 (1.01) 7.2 (0.73) 78.8 (1.14) 14.0 (1.01) 7.2 (0.72)

American Indian or Alaska Native 71.3 (4.53) 16.0 (3.97) 12.6 (2.83) 71.4 (4.50) 15.8 (3.93) 12.9 (2.94)

Asian 89.6 (1.19) 7.9 (1.08) 2.4 (0.58) 89.7 (1.19) 7.9 (1.08) 2.4 (0.56)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 84.9 (1.59) 9.5 (1.20) 5.6 (1.12) 85.2 (1.51) 9.3 (1.18) 5.5 (1.07)

 Native Hawaiian 81.6 (2.14) 10.8 (1.51) 7.6 (1.62) 81.6 (2.03) 10.8 (1.48) 7.6 (1.57)

 Pacific Islander 87.5 (2.27) 8.5 (1.89) *4.0 (1.40) 88.2 (2.15) 8.2 (1.86) *3.6 (1.23)

Samoan 83.4 (5.20) *9.0 (3.46) * 84.8 (4.02) *8.7 (3.03) *6.5 (3.13)

Guamanian or Chamorro 95.4 (1.36) *3.1 (1.13) * 95.0 (1.57) *3.4 (1.23) *

Other Pacific Islander2 86.6 (4.00) *10.7 (3.91) *2.7 (0.90) 87.4 (3.85) *10.1 (3.75) *2.5 (0.86)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 84.9 (1.71) 9.9 (1.25) 5.2 (1.53) 85.6 (1.55) 9.5 (1.19) 4.9 (1.40)

 Native Hawaiian 82.1 (2.22) 12.3 (1.86) 5.6 (1.52) 82.5 (2.10) 11.9 (1.80) 5.6 (1.48)

 Pacific Islander 87.9 (2.63) 7.0 (1.65) * 89.7 (2.33) 6.3 (1.53) *

Samoan 81.8 (7.34) * * 86.3 (3.94) *7.3 (3.55) *

Guamanian or Chamorro 98.9 (0.71) * — 98.1 (1.42) * —

Other Pacific Islander2 81.8 (5.45) *13.0 (5.08) *5.2 (2.56) 85.8 (4.34) *10.2 (3.95) *

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 84.8 (2.30) 8.9 (2.09) 6.3 (1.40) 85.1 (2.25) 8.7 (2.02) 6.2 (1.38)

 Native Hawaiian 80.1 (4.43) 6.8 (1.88) *13.1 (4.28) 79.6 (4.39) 6.7 (1.70) *13.7 (4.43)

 Pacific Islander 87.3 (2.81) 9.5 (2.81) *3.2 (1.09) 87.4 (2.84) 9.4 (2.80) *3.2 (1.06)

Samoan 84.9 (4.95) *9.4 (3.61) * 84.8 (4.79) *9.5 (3.57) *5.7 (2.82)

Guamanian or Chamorro 89.0 (4.02) *6.7 (3.05) * 88.7 (4.61) * *

Other Pacific Islander2 87.9 (4.46) *10.1 (4.40) *2.0 (0.95) 88.2 (4.30) *9.8 (4.21) *2.0 (0.97)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

— Quantity zero.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and three age groups: 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17. NHIS is National Health Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 46 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI adults aged 18–64, the percentage 

without health insurance at the time of interview was 

12.9%, which was similar to the percentage among Asian 

adults (12.8%) and lower than the percentages among 

all U.S. (16.3%), white (16.0%), black (18.0%), and AIAN 

(36.1%) adults (Figure 27, Table 11).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage without health insurance at the time 

of interview was 9.0%, which was lower than the 

percentages among all U.S. (16.3%), white (16.0%), black 

(18.0%), AIAN (36.1%), and Asian (12.8%) adults.

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage without health insurance at the time 

of interview was 16.0%, which was similar to the 

percentages among all U.S. (16.3%) and white (16.0%) 

adults; higher than, but not significantly different from, 

the percentage among Asian adults (12.8%); lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among black adults (18.0%); and lower than the 

percentage among AIAN adults (36.1%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64 

without health insurance at the time of interview (16.0%) 

was higher than the percentage among multiple-race 

NHPI adults (9.0%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 27. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by race: United States, 2014
Series 3, Number 41 47 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 18–64 

without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 8.6%, which was lower than the 

percentages among all Pacific Islander (18.2%), Samoan 

(16.1%), Guamanian or Chamorro (15.1%), and Other 

Pacific Islander (21.3%) adults (Figure 28, Table 11).

● The percentage of Samoan adults aged 18–64 without 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

16.1%, which was higher than the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (8.6%); similar to the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (15.1%); and 

lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Other Pacific Islander adults (21.3%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults 

aged 18–64 without health insurance coverage at the 

time of interview was 15.1%, which was higher than 

the percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (8.6%); 

similar to the percentage among Samoan adults (16.1%); 

and lower than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Other Pacific Islander adults (21.3%).

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults aged 

18–64 without health insurance coverage at the time 

of interview was 21.3%, which was higher than the 

percentage among Native Hawaiian adults (8.6%) and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentages among Samoan (16.1%) and Guamanian or 

Chamorro (15.1%) adults.

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 18–64 without 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 16.3%, which was higher than the percentage 

among Native Hawaiian adults (8.6%); similar to the 

percentages among Samoan (16.1%) and Guamanian 

or Chamorro (15.1%) adults; and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

all Pacific Islander (18.2%) and Other Pacific Islander 

(21.3%) adults. 

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

Figure 28. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 48 Series 3, Number 41

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

● Among all NHPI adults aged 18–64, the percentage with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 23.4%, which was higher than the percentages 

among all U.S. (16.3%), white (14.1%), and Asian (13.0%) 

adults; lower than the percentage among black adults 

(28.9%); and similar to the percentage among AIAN 

adults (24.3%) (Figure 29, Table 11).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage with public health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview was 22.2%, which was higher than 

the percentages among all U.S. (16.3%), white (14.1%), 

and Asian (13.0%) adults; lower than the percentage 

among black adults (28.9%); and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among AIAN 

adults (24.3%).

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage with public health insurance coverage at the 

time of interview was 24.3%, which was higher than the 

percentages among all U.S. (16.3%), white (14.1%), and 

Asian (13.0%) adults; lower than the percentage among 

black adults (28.9%); and similar to the percentage 

among AIAN adults (24.3%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64 

with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview (24.3%) was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among multiple-race 

NHPI adults (22.2%).

Figure 29. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 49 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 18–64 

with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 23.8%, which was similar to the percentage 

among all Pacific Islander adults (23.2%); lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Samoan adults (28.6%); and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Guamanian or Chamorro (19.8%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (21.5%) adults (Figure 30, Table 11).

● The percentage of Samoan adults aged 18–64 with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 28.6%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among Native Hawaiian 

(23.8%), Guamanian or Chamorro (19.8%), and Other 

Pacific Islander (21.5%) adults.

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults aged 

18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time 

of interview was 19.8%, which was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (23.8%), Samoan (28.6%), and Other 

Pacific Islander (21.5%) adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults aged 

18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time 

of interview was 21.5%, which was higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro adults (19.8%) and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Native Hawaiian (23.8%) and Samoan (28.6%) 

adults.

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 18–64 with public 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

16.3%, which was lower than the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (23.8%), all Pacific Islander (23.2%), 

and Samoan (28.6%) adults and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

Guamanian or Chamorro (19.8%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (21.5%) adults.

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

Figure 30. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with public health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 50 Series 3, Number 41

● Among all NHPI adults aged 18–64, the percentage 

with any private health insurance coverage at the time 

of interview was 63.8%, which was lower than the 

percentages among all U.S. (67.4%), white (69.8%), and 

Asian (74.2%) adults and higher than the percentages 

among black (53.0%) and AIAN (39.6%) adults (Figure 31,

Table 11).

● Among multiple-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage with any private health insurance coverage 

at the time of interview was 68.8%, which was similar 

to the percentages among all U.S. (67.4%) and white 

(69.8%) adults, lower than the percentage among Asian 

adults (74.2%), and higher than the percentages among 

black (53.0%) and AIAN (39.6%) adults.

● Among single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64, the 

percentage with any private health insurance coverage 

at the time of interview was 59.7%, which was lower 

than the percentages among all U.S. (67.4%), white 

(69.8%), and Asian (74.2%) adults and higher than the 

percentages among black (53.0%) and AIAN (39.6%) 

adults.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI adults aged 18–64 

with any private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview (59.7%) was lower than the percentage among 

multiple-race NHPI adults (68.8%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 31. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with any private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by race: United States, 2014

 
Series 3, Number 41 51 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian adults aged 18–64 

with private health insurance coverage at the time 

of interview was 67.6%, which was higher than the 

percentages among all Pacific Islander (58.6%), Samoan 

(55.3%), and Other Pacific Islander (57.3%) adults and 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro adults 

(65.0%) (Figure 32, Table 11).

● The percentage of Samoan adults aged 18–64 with 

private health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 55.3%, which was lower than the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (67.6%) and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Guamanian or Chamorro (65.0%) and Other Pacific 

Islander (57.3%) adults.

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro adults aged 

18–64 with private health insurance coverage at the 

time of interview was 65.0%, which was lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian adults (67.6%) and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Samoan (55.3%) and Other Pacific Islander (57.3%) 

adults.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander adults aged 

18–64 with private health insurance coverage at the 

time of interview was 57.3%, which was higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Samoan adults (55.3%); lower than the percentage 

among Native Hawaiian adults (67.6%); and lower than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (65.0%).

● The percentage of all U.S. adults aged 18–64 with private 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

67.4%, which was similar to the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian adults (67.6%); higher than the percentages 

among all Pacific Islander (58.6%), Samoan (55.3%), and 

Other Pacific Islander (57.3%) adults; and higher than, 

but not significantly different from, the percentage 

among Guamanian or Chamorro adults (65.0%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Adult

Figure 32. Crude percentage of adults aged 18–64 with any private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 52 Series 3, Number 41

Table 11. Crude percent distribution of type of health insurance coverage of adults aged 18–64 at the time of 

interview, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Private (any) Public Uninsured

Crude percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 67.4 (0.38) 16.3 (0.28) 16.3 (0.26)

Single-race:

White 69.8 (0.42) 14.1 (0.30) 16.0 (0.30)

Black or African American 53.0 (0.82) 28.9 (0.70) 18.0 (0.57)

American Indian or Alaska Native 39.6 (2.76) 24.3 (2.13) 36.1 (2.40)

Asian 74.2 (1.06) 13.0 (0.78) 12.8 (0.77)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 63.8 (1.34) 23.4 (0.77) 12.9 (1.08)

Native Hawaiian 67.6 (1.50) 23.8 (1.22) 8.6 (0.87)

Pacific Islander 58.6 (2.25) 23.2 (1.52) 18.2 (2.04)

Samoan 55.3 (3.30) 28.6 (2.87) 16.1 (2.26)

Guamanian or Chamorro 65.0 (3.74) 19.8 (4.00) 15.1 (3.10)

Other Pacific Islander2 57.3 (4.20) 21.5 (2.92) 21.3 (3.49)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 68.8 (1.06) 22.2 (0.98) 9.0 (0.98)

Native Hawaiian 68.6 (1.21) 23.5 (1.09) 7.9 (0.91)

Pacific Islander 67.0 (2.22) 18.4 (3.55) 14.6 (3.82)

Samoan 61.1 (5.64) 23.1 (5.14) 15.8 (4.38)

Guamanian or Chamorro 64.9 (5.45) 18.0 (5.38) *

Other Pacific Islander2 79.8 (5.08) *11.6 (3.75) *8.6 (4.22)

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 59.7 (2.02) 24.3 (1.35) 16.0 (1.46)

Native Hawaiian 65.6 (3.66) 24.4 (3.01) 10.0 (1.79)

Pacific Islander 56.8 (2.67) 24.2 (1.94) 19.0 (2.08)

Samoan 53.7 (3.98) 30.1 (3.38) 16.2 (2.56)

Guamanian or Chamorro 65.0 (4.43) 20.6 (4.39) 14.4 (1.84)

Other Pacific Islander2 55.0 (4.84) 22.5 (3.18) 22.5 (3.92)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. NHIS is National Health Interview 

Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
Series 3, Number 41 53 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI children, the percentage without health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 4.5%, 

which was similar to the percentages among all U.S. 

(5.4%), white (5.8%), black (3.7%), and Asian (4.5%) 

children and lower than the percentage among AIAN 

children (12.7%) (Figure 33, Table 12).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children, the percentage 

without health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 3.3%, which was similar to the percentages 

among black (3.7%) and Asian (4.5%) children and lower 

than the percentages among all U.S. (5.4%), white (5.8%), 

and AIAN (12.7%) children.

● Among single-race NHPI children, the percentage without 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

6.0%, which was similar to the percentage among all U.S. 

(5.4%) and white (5.8%) children; higher than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among black 

(3.7%) and Asian (4.5%) children; and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

AIAN children (12.7%).

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children without 

health insurance at the time of interview (6.0%) was 

higher than, but not significantly different from, the 

percentage among multiple-race NHPI children (3.3%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 33. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years without health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 54 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children without 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

2.1%, which was lower than the percentage among all 

Pacific Islander children (7.2%) (Figure 34, Table 12).

● The percentage of all U.S. children without health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 5.4%, 

which was higher than the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian children (2.1%) and lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among all 

Pacific Islander children (7.2%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

Figure 34. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years without health insurance coverage at 

the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 55 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI children, the percentage with public 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

45.3%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among all U.S. children 

(40.9%); higher than the percentages among white 

(36.7%) and Asian (28.1%) children; and lower than the 

percentages among black (63.0%) and AIAN (62.1%) 

children (Figure 35, Table 12).

● Among multiple-race NHPI children, the percentage with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 43.0%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among all U.S. (40.9%) 

and white (36.7%) children; higher than the percentage 

among Asian children (28.1%); and lower than the 

percentages among black (63.0%) and AIAN (62.1%) 

children.

● Among single-race NHPI children, the percentage with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 48.6%, which was higher than the percentages 

among all U.S. (40.9%), white (36.7%), and Asian (28.1%) 

children and lower than the percentages among black 

(63.0%) and AIAN (62.1%) children.

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children with public 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

(48.6%) was higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among multiple-race NHPI children 

(43.0%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 35. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with public health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 56 Series 3, Number 41

different from, the percentages among Native Hawaiian 

(44.7%) and Other Pacific Islander (45.6%) children 

and similar to the percentage among Samoan children 

(48.0%).

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander children with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 45.6%, which was similar to the percentage among 

Native Hawaiian children (44.7%) and lower than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentages among 

Samoan (48.0%) and Guamanian or Chamorro (47.8%) 

children.

● The percentage of all U.S. children with public health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 40.9%, 

which was lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentages among Native Hawaiian (44.7%), 

all Pacific Islander (46.8%), Samoan (48.0%), Guamanian 

or Chamorro (47.8%), and Other Pacific Islander (45.6%) 

children.

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children with public 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

44.7%, which was similar to the percentages among 

all Pacific Islander (46.8%) and Other Pacific Islander 

(45.6%) children and lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among Samoan 

(48.0%) and Guamanian or Chamorro (47.8%) children 

(Figure 36, Table 12).

● The percentage of Samoan children with public health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 48.0%, 

which was higher than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentages among Native Hawaiian (44.7%) 

and Other Pacific Islander (45.6%) children and similar to 

the percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro children 

(47.8%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro children with 

public health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 47.8%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

Figure 36. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with public health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 57 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

● Among all NHPI children, the percentage with private 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 50.2%, which was lower than, but not significantly 

different from, all U.S. children (53.7%); lower than the 

percentages among white (57.5%) and Asian (67.4%) 

children; and higher than the percentages among black 

(33.3%) and AIAN (25.2%) children (Figure 37, Table 12). 

● Among multiple-race NHPI children, the percentage 

with private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 53.8%, which was similar to the percentage 

among all U.S. children (53.7%); lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among white 

children (57.5%); lower than the percentage among 

Asian children (67.4%); and higher than the percentages 

among black (33.3%) and AIAN (25.2%) children. 

● Among single-race NHPI children, the percentage with 

private health insurance coverage at the time of interview 

was 45.4%, which was lower than the percentages 

among all U.S. (53.7%), white (57.5%), and Asian (67.4%) 

children and higher than the percentages among black 

(33.3%) and AIAN (25.2%) children. 

● The percentage of single-race NHPI children with 

any private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview (45.4%) was lower than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentage among multiple-race 

NHPI children (53.8%).

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 37. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with any private health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by race: United States, 2014

 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 58 Series 3, Number 41

● The percentage of Native Hawaiian children with private 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview was 

53.1%, which was higher than, but not significantly 

different from, the percentages among all Pacific Islander 

(46.0%), Samoan (46.8%), Guamanian or Chamorro 

(43.6%), and Other Pacific Islander (46.5%) children 

(Figure 38, Table 12).

● The percentage of Samoan children with private health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 46.8%, 

which was lower than, but not significantly different 

from, the percentage among Native Hawaiian children 

(53.1%); higher than, but not significantly different from, 

the percentage among Guamanian or Chamorro children 

(43.6%); and similar to the percentage among Other 

Pacific Islander children (46.5%).

● The percentage of Guamanian or Chamorro children 

with private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 43.6%, which was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentages among 

Native Hawaiian (53.1%), Samoan (46.8%), and Other 

Pacific Islander (46.5%) children.

● The percentage of Other Pacific Islander children 

with private health insurance coverage at the time of 

interview was 46.5%, which was lower than, but not 

significantly different from, the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian children (53.1%); similar to the percentage 

among Samoan children (46.8%); and higher than, but 

not significantly different from, the percentage among 

Guamanian or Chamorro children (43.6%).

● The percentage of all U.S. children with private health 

insurance coverage at the time of interview was 53.7%, 

which was similar to the percentage among Native 

Hawaiian children (53.1%); higher than the percentage 

among all Pacific Islander children (46.0%); and higher 

than, but not significantly different from, the percentages 

among Samoan (46.8%), Guamanian or Chamorro 

(43.6%), and Other Pacific Islander (46.5%) children.

Lack and Type of Health Insurance Coverage—Child

Figure 38. Age-adjusted percentage of children under age 18 years with any private health insurance 

coverage at the time of interview, by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Series 3, Number 41 59 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Table 12. Crude and age-sex-adjusted percent distributions of type of health insurance coverage for children under 

age 18 years, by race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Private (any) Public Uninsured Private (any) Public Uninsured

Crude percent (standard error) Age-adjusted percent (standard error)

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 53.7 (0.65) 40.9 (0.61) 5.4 (0.23) 53.7 (0.65) 40.9 (0.61) 5.4 (0.23)

Single-race:

White 57.6 (0.75) 36.6 (0.71) 5.8 (0.29) 57.5 (0.75) 36.7 (0.71) 5.8 (0.29)

Black or African American 33.3 (1.33) 62.9 (1.35) 3.7 (0.41) 33.3 (1.32) 63.0 (1.33) 3.7 (0.41)

American Indian or Alaska Native 24.9 (3.44) 62.5 (4.69) *12.6 (3.84) 25.2 (3.46) 62.1 (4.82) *12.7 (3.92)

Asian 67.4 (2.04) 28.1 (1.95) 4.5 (0.88) 67.4 (2.04) 28.1 (1.95) 4.5 (0.89)

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 50.0 (2.55) 45.6 (2.63) 4.5 (1.07) 50.2 (2.55) 45.3 (2.64) 4.5 (1.04)

 Native Hawaiian 53.1 (3.52) 44.7 (3.44) 2.1 (0.59) 53.1 (3.53) 44.7 (3.46) 2.1 (0.59)

 Pacific Islander 45.3 (3.17) 47.5 (3.59) 7.3 (1.93) 46.0 (3.16) 46.8 (3.52) 7.2 (1.82)

Samoan 46.8 (4.90) 48.0 (4.98) *5.2 (1.67) 46.8 (4.51) 48.0 (4.40) *5.2 (1.59)

Guamanian or Chamorro 43.5 (7.52) 47.4 (11.90) * 43.6 (8.02) 47.8 (11.46) *

Other Pacific Islander2 45.0 (4.78) 47.2 (3.86) 7.8 (2.29) 46.5 (4.70) 45.6 (3.77) *7.9 (2.37)

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 53.5 (3.12) 43.2 (3.64) *3.3 (1.10) 53.8 (3.15) 43.0 (3.59) *3.3 (1.03)

 Native Hawaiian 53.6 (3.43) 43.9 (3.38) *2.5 (0.75) 53.8 (3.43) 43.7 (3.38) *2.5 (0.76)

 Pacific Islander 51.4 (5.72) 43.2 (8.43) * 51.7 (5.87) 43.2 (8.21) *

Samoan 56.8 (7.09) 41.7 (7.14) * 57.1 (6.91) 41.3 (6.91) *

Guamanian or Chamorro 41.2 (8.52) *49.6 (16.10) * 41.6 (8.92) 50.4 (14.02) *

Other Pacific Islander2 56.8 (9.43) 37.2 (8.49) * 57.5 (9.14) 35.9 (7.68) *

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 45.1 (3.85) 48.9 (3.24) 6.0 (1.39) 45.4 (3.76) 48.6 (3.18) 6.0 (1.38)

 Native Hawaiian 51.9 (7.59) 47.0 (7.58) * 52.1 (7.47) 46.7 (7.43) *

 Pacific Islander 41.5 (4.13) 50.1 (3.01) 8.4 (1.93) 42.5 (4.03) 49.0 (2.89) 8.5 (1.88)

Samoan 37.7 (6.67) 53.7 (6.81) *8.6 (3.08) 37.1 (6.03) 54.7 (5.73) *8.3 (2.67)

Guamanian or Chamorro 47.4 (9.28) 43.7 (10.55) *8.9 (4.10) 45.7 (8.74) 45.1 (10.88) *9.1 (3.95)

Other Pacific Islander2 41.8 (5.53) 49.9 (4.43) *8.3 (2.80) 43.4 (5.41) 48.3 (4.39) *8.3 (2.80)

* Estimates are considered unreliable. Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30% and less than or equal to 50% and 

should be used with caution. Data not shown have an RSE greater than 50%.

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. Age-adjusted estimates are adjusted 

using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and three age groups: 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17. NHIS is National Health Interview Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 60 Series 3, Number 41

References

1. Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the 

standards for the classification of federal data on race 

and ethnicity. Fed Regist 62(210):58782–90. 1997. 

Available from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR1997-10-30/pdf/97-28653.pdf.

2. National Center for Health Statistics. 2014 Native 

Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health 

Interview Survey (NHPI NHIS) public use data release. 

Survey Description. 2017. Available from: 

ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/

Dataset_Documentation/NHPI/2014/srvydesc.pdf.

3. Galinsky AM, Zelaya CE, Simile C, Barnes PM. Health 

conditions and behaviors of Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander persons in the United States, 2014. 

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 

3(40). 2017. 

4. Hixson L, Hepler BB, Kim MO. The Native Hawaiian 

and other Pacific Islander population: 2010. 2010 

Census Briefs. 2012. Available from: https://www.

census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf.

5. Blackwell DL, Lucas JW. Tables of summary health 

statistics for U.S. adults: 2014 National Health 

Interview Survey. 2015. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm.

6. Blackwell DL, Villarroel MA. Tables of summary 

health statistics for U.S. adults: 2015 National Health 

Interview Survey. 2016. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm.

7. Bloom B, Freeman G. Tables of summary health 

statistics for U.S. children: 2014 National Health 

Interview Survey. 2015. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm.

8. Bloom B, Simpson JL. Tables of summary health 

statistics for U.S. children: 2015 National Health 

Interview Survey. 2016. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm.

9. Moy KL, Sallis JF, Trinidad DR, Ice CL, McEligot AJ. 

Health behaviors of native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander adults in California. Asia Pac J Public Health 

24(6):961–9. 2012. 

10. Panapasa S, Jackson J, Caldwell C, Heeringa S, McNally 

J, Williams D, et al. Community-based participatory 

research approach to evidence-based research: 

Lessons from the Pacific Islander American Health 

Study. Prog Community Health Partnersh 6(1):53–8. 

2012. 

11. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Pub L No 

111–148, 124 Stat 119, 132. Section 4302. 2010.

12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 

HHS action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health 

disparities: A nation free of disparities in health and 

health care. 2011. Available from: 

https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/

HHS_Plan_complete.pdf. 

13. Institute of Medicine. Race, ethnicity, and language 

data: Standardization for health care quality 

improvement. 2009.

14. National Center for Health Statistics. 2014 National 

Health Interview Survey (NHIS) public use data 

release. Survey description. 2015. Available from: 

ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/

Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/2014/srvydesc.pdf. 

15. Jones NA, Bullock J. The two or more races 

population: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs. 2012. Available 

from: https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/

c2010br-13.pdf.

16. Ward BW, Clarke TC, Freeman G, Schiller JS. Early 

release of selected estimates based on data from 

the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. National 

Center for Health Statistics. 2015. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/

earlyrelease201506.pdf. 

17. Day JC. Population projections of the United States 

by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050. 

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, 

P25–1130. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 

Office. 1996. Available from: https://www.census.gov/

prod/1/pop/p25-1130.pdf.

18. Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 

2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People 

Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, MD: National 

Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Available from: 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf.

19. Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and 

estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 

2006–2015. National Center for Health Statistics. 

Vital Health Stat Series 2(165). 2014. Available 

from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/

sr02_165.pdf.

20. RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer 

software]. 2012.

21. Galinsky AM, Zelaya CE, Barnes PM, Simile C. Data 

quality assessment of the 2014 Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey. 

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health 

Stat 2(174). 2017. 
Series 3, Number 41 61 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

Appendix I. Technical Notes

Data Sources

Data used to produce this report were derived from the three 

main components of the 2014 Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander (NHPI) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and 

the regular 2014 NHIS: (a) the Family Core, which collects 

information on all family members in each household; (b) 

the Sample Child Core, which collects information on one 

randomly selected child (“sample child”) in each family 

with a child; and (c) the Sample Adult Core, which collects 

information from one randomly selected adult (“sample 

adult”) in each family. 

Data analyses for the NHPI NHIS were based on 8,661 NHPI 

persons in the Family Core (the component that collects the 

data used to construct the Person variables), 2,590 adults 

in the Sample Adult Core, and 1,305 children in the Sample 

Child Core. Visit the NHPI NHIS website at: https://www.

cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhpi.html for more information on the

design, content, and use of the NHPI NHIS. Data analyses

for the 2014 NHIS were based on 111,976 persons in the

Family Core, 36,794 adults in the Sample Adult Core, and

13,413 children in the Sample Child Core. Visit the NHIS

website at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/index.htm for

more information on the design, content, and use of NHIS.

Table. Weighted frequency distribution of persons, by age and race including Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 

detailed race: United States, 2014

Data source and race Total (N) Aged 18 and over Under age 18 years

2014 NHIS

U.S. total1 313,090 239,683 73,406

Single-race: 

White 244,763 190,508 54,255

Black or African American 40,340 29,458 10,883

American Indian or Alaska Native 2,992 2,078 914

Asian 17,461 13,664 3,796

2014 NHPI NHIS

All NHPI:

NHPI total 1,068 689 379

Native Hawaiian 565 378 187

Pacific Islander 467 295 171

Samoan 141 88 53

Guamanian or Chamorro 109 73 35

Other Pacific Islander2 216 133 83

Multiple-race NHPI3

:

NHPI total 522 304 217

Native Hawaiian 380 244 136

Pacific Islander 112 48 64

Samoan 42 18 24

Guamanian or Chamorro 41 19 22

Other Pacific Islander2 29 11 18

Single-race NHPI4

:

NHPI total 546 384 162

Native Hawaiian 185 134 51

Pacific Islander 355 247 107

Samoan 100 70 29

Guamanian or Chamorro 68 55 13

Other Pacific Islander2 187 122 65

1

Includes other races not shown separately.

2

Includes all other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, such as Polynesian, 

Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one Pacific Islander racial identity. It does not include those who 

indicated Native Hawaiian in addition to one or more Pacific Islander races. The racial identity Polynesian is considered Pacific Islander, not Native Hawaiian. 

3

Indicates at least one other federal race category was reported in addition to NHPI. 

4

Indicates no other federal race category was reported.

NOTES: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) persons together compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific 

Islander persons together compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander is included 

in data for NHPI total under All NHPI, Multiple-race NHPI, and Single-race NHPI but is excluded from all other categories. NHIS is National Health Interview 

Survey.

SOURCES: NCHS, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey, 2014, and National Health Interview Survey, 2014. 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 62 Series 3, Number 41

For the 2014 population sizes of each of the race groups 

used in this report, see the Table in Appendix I.

This report includes detailed race group estimates that 

cannot be calculated using the race variables available in the 

NHPI NHIS public-use file. In addition, the NHIS variance 

estimates in this report were produced using sample design 

information that is more detailed than that available in the 

NHIS public-use files. Analysts should be aware that variances 

may differ depending on the sample design information 

used. Analysts wishing to conduct analyses using the 

variables from the NHPI NHIS that were used to calculate 

estimates in this report, including the detailed race variables, 

must apply to use the restricted NHPI NHIS data file. For 

more information, visit the Federal Statistical Research Data 

Centers website (https://www.census.gov/fsrdc) and the 

Center for Economic Studies’ RDC Research website (https://

www.census.gov/ces/rdcresearch/howtoapply.html). 

Analysts wishing to conduct analyses using the sample 

design variables from NHIS that were used to calculate 

estimates in this report should contact the National Center 

for Health Statistics’ (NCHS) Research Data Center.

Estimation Procedures

The Person, Sample Adult, and Sample Child weights were 

used to produce the national health estimates shown in 

the tables in this report. The NHPI NHIS sample weights 

were calibrated to the American Community Survey 

(ACS)-based population estimates for sex and age of the 

U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized NHPI population. The NHIS 

sample weights were both calibrated to 2010 census-based 

population estimates for sex, age, and race and ethnicity 

of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. More 

information on weighting can be found in the NHPI NHIS 

and NHIS survey description documents (2,14) and the 

report on design and estimation for NHIS (19). For each 

health measure, percentages for all persons, all adults, or 

all children, and for various race and age-race subgroups of 

these populations are shown. 

Because NHPI NHIS and NHIS data are based on a sample 

of the population, the data are subject to sampling error. 

Standard errors are reported to indicate the reliability 

of the estimates. Point estimates and estimates of their 

variances—or standard errors—were calculated using 

SUDAAN software, which takes into account the complex 

sampling design of the NHPI NHIS and NHIS. The Taylor 

series linearization method was used for variance estimation 

in SUDAAN (20).

Persons whose response to a given question on a health 

characteristic of interest was coded as “refused,” “don’t 

know,” or “not ascertained” are not included in the 

calculation of percentages for that health characteristic 

(as part of either the denominator or the numerator) to 

provide a more straightforward presentation of the data. 

For all health measures in the tables, the percentages with 

unknown values are typically small (generally less than 1%) 

and would not support disaggregation by the demographic 

characteristics included in the tables. Estimates based on 

health characteristics with unknown percentages greater 

than 2% are indicated in the footnotes for the appropriate 

tables. 

Statistical Reliability 

Standard errors are shown for all percentages in the 

tables. Relative standard errors (RSEs) are calculated as 

the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate 

itself (percentage), and the result is then converted to a 

percentage value by multiplying the decimal value by 100. 

Estimates with an RSE greater than 30% and less than or 

equal to 50% are indicated with an asterisk (*) and should 

be used with caution because they do not meet standards 

of reliability or precision. Estimates with an RSE greater than 

50% are indicated with an asterisk (*) and are not shown. 

Estimates for population subgroups with small sample sizes 

may fluctuate considerably from survey to survey due to 

sampling variability. 

Hypothesis Tests

This report presents results of statistical tests for differences 

between the estimates for the white, black, American Indian 

or Alaska Native (AIAN), and Asian populations calculated 

using the 2014 NHIS data set and the estimates for the 

NHPI population calculated using the NHPI NHIS, as well 

as between the estimates for some of the detailed NHPI 

groups calculated using the NHPI NHIS.

Differences between percentages were evaluated using 

two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. Terms such 

as “higher than,” “less than,” “more likely,” and “less likely” 

indicate a statistically significant difference unless otherwise 

noted. Terms such as “similar” and “no difference” indicate 

that the statistics being compared were not significantly 

different. Lack of comment regarding the difference 

between any two statistics does not necessarily mean that 

the difference was tested and found to be not significant.

Age Adjustment and Age-Sex 

Adjustment

Age-adjusted (or age-sex-adjusted) and crude percentage 

estimates are provided for all tables. All percentages were 

age adjusted or age-sex adjusted to the projected 2000 U.S. 

standard population (18). Direct standardization was used 

for adjustment, using age groups that varied depending 

on the impact of age on the specific measure. Ageadjusted percentages permit comparison among various 

sociodemographic subgroups that may have different age 

structures (17,18). Age-sex-adjusted percentages permit 
Series 3, Number 41 63 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

comparison among various sociodemographic subgroups 

that may have different age structures and prevalence for 

particular health characteristics that differ by sex. This is 

particularly important when comparing estimates across 

racial groups. The age groups used for age adjustment in each 

table are specified in the table’s footnotes. Age-adjusted 

percentages and age-sex-adjusted percentages shown in 

the tables may not match age-adjusted percentages or agesex-adjusted percentages for the same health characteristic 

in other reports, if different age groups were used for age 

adjustment. 

As a result of the relatively small population size of 

multiple-race Pacific Islander persons and, consequently, a 

small sample size, it is not possible to calculate some ageadjusted prevalence estimates for this population. The cells 

for such estimates contain only a dagger symbol (†). This 

occurs when there are no multiple-race Pacific Islander 

people within one or more age-adjustment categories with 

the given value of the health measure of interest.

Age-adjusted and age-sex-adjusted percentages should be 

viewed as relative indexes rather than actual measures of 

risk. Unadjusted or crude percentages are more appropriate 

when actual risk or “burden” of illness is of interest. For more 

information on the derivation of age-adjustment weights 

for use with NCHS survey data, see “Age Adjustment Using 

the 2000 Projected U.S. Population” (18) and the projected 

year 2000 U.S. resident population (17).

Data Limitations

Before releasing the NHPI NHIS public-use data file, NCHS 

analyzed the quality of the NHPI NHIS data. This analysis 

compared the characteristics of the NHPI sample in the 

NHPI NHIS with the characteristics of the NHPI sample in 

two other national surveys (ACS and NHIS). In most regards, 

the samples were comparable.

However, the 2014 NHPI NHIS sample differed from the ACS 

and NHIS samples on a few key characteristics. Compared 

with the NHPI sample in the ACS frame and 5 years (2010–

2014) of combined NHIS NHPI data, the NHPI NHIS sample 

had a lower proportion of Hispanic NHPI persons, a higher 

proportion of married but separated NHPI persons, a lower 

proportion of addresses with a single NHPI person, and a 

higher proportion of addresses that were resident owned. 

However, for most analytic purposes, these differences are 

not likely to influence the results in a manner substantial 

enough to raise concerns about the underlying fitness 

of the data. For more information about NHPI NHIS data 

quality, see the NHPI NHIS survey description (2) and the 

NHPI NHIS data quality analysis (21). 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 64 Series 3, Number 41

Appendix II. Definitions of 

Selected Terms

Health insurance coverage (Tables 11 and 12)—Describes 

health insurance coverage at the time of interview. 

Respondents reported whether they were covered by 

private insurance (obtained from their employer or 

workplace, purchased directly, or purchased through a local 

or community program), Medicare, Medigap (supplemental 

Medicare coverage), Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance 

Program (CHIP), Indian Health Service (IHS), military 

coverage (including VA, TRICARE, or CHAMP-VA), statesponsored or other government-sponsored health plan, or 

single-service plans.

For adults aged 65 and under and children aged 18 and 

under, a health insurance hierarchy of three mutually 

exclusive categories was developed. Persons with more 

than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first 

appropriate category in the following hierarchy: 

Private coverage (Tables 11 and 12)—Includes persons 

who had any comprehensive private insurance plan 

(including health maintenance and preferred provider 

organizations). These plans include those obtained 

through an employer, purchased directly, or purchased 

through local or community programs. Private coverage 

excludes plans that pay for only one type of service, such 

as accidents or dental care. 

Public coverage (Tables 11 and 12)—Includes Medicare 

(disability), Medicaid, CHIP, state-sponsored or other 

government-sponsored health plan, and military plans. 

Uninsured (Tables 11 and 12)—A person was defined as 

uninsured if he or she did not have any private health 

insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, state-sponsored 

or other government-sponsored health plan, or military 

plan at the time of interview. A person was also defined 

as uninsured if he or she had only IHS coverage or had 

only a private plan that paid for one type of service, such 

as accidents or dental care. 

HIV testing status (Table 9)—Respondents were asked 

whether they had ever had their blood tested for HIV. 

Influenza vaccination (Tables 6 and 7)—Estimates include 

both the seasonal influenza shot and seasonal intranasal 

influenza vaccination. Responses to influenza vaccination 

questions used to calculate the influenza vaccination 

estimates presented in this report cannot be used to 

determine when, during the preceding 12 months, the 

subject received the influenza vaccination. In addition, 

estimates are subject to recall error, which will vary 

depending on when the question is asked, because 

the receipt of an influenza vaccination is seasonal. The 

prevalence of influenza vaccination during the past 12 

months may differ from season-specific coverage. Estimates 

are available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview.

Race (all tables)—The categories “single-race white,” 

“single-race black,” “single-race American Indian or Alaska 

Native (AIAN),” “single-race Asian,” and “single-race Native 

Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI)” refer to persons who 

indicated only the given race, each of which is one of the 

five federal race categories (1). Persons who give more than 

one race response within a single federal race category 

(e.g., Native Hawaiian and Samoan, which are both coded 

as NHPI) and no race responses in any other federal race 

category are considered single race for the purpose of these 

tables. The category “multiple-race NHPI” refers to persons 

who indicated one or more NHPI races and one or more 

races in one or more of the other federal race categories. 

The 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) total U.S. 

population estimates include all races and combinations of 

races, including those not shown separately in the tables.

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander persons together 

compose the NHPI population. Samoan, Guamanian or 

Chamorro, and Other Pacific Islander persons together 

compose the Pacific Islander population. The 3.4% of the 

NHPI population that is both Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander is included in the calculations for NHPI total, singlerace NHPI total, and multiple-race NHPI total but is excluded 

from all other calculations. Other Pacific Islander includes all 

other specific NHPI racial identities, such as Tongan, Fijian, 

and Marshallese, as well as general NHPI racial identities, 

such as Polynesian, Micronesian, Melanesian, and Pacific 

Islander. It also includes those who reported more than one 

Pacific Islander racial identity.

Hispanic origin is defined as an ethnicity, so Hispanic 

persons may be of any race. In this report, results are 

shown by racial category without distinguishing ethnicity to 

maximize the NHPI sample size appropriate for inclusion in 

the calculations, and for consistency with NCHS’ Summary 

Health Statistics, whose tables provided the starting 

template for this report’s tables.

Usual place of health care (Tables 1 and 2)—Respondents 

were asked whether they had a place they usually went to 

when they were sick or needed advice about their health. 

If the response was “yes” or “there is more than one 

place,” they were asked, “What kind of place [is it/do you 

go to most often]—a clinic, a doctor’s office, an emergency 
Series 3, Number 41 65 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

room, or some other place?” Response choices for this 

second question were: “clinic or health center,” “doctor’s 

office or HMO,” “hospital emergency room,” “hospital 

outpatient department,” “some other place,” or “doesn’t 

go to one place most often.” Although “hospital emergency 

room” is not considered a “usual place of health care,” in 

other National Center for Health Statistics publications 

(e.g., Health, United States and the National Health 

Interview Survey Early Release reports), in this report’s 

tables, it is combined with “hospital outpatient clinic.” As 

a result, estimates in these tables may differ from tabular 

results published elsewhere.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 66 Series 3, Number 41

Appendix III. Survey Questions 

Used to Define Selected Health 

Measures

Alphanumeric codes refer directly to the question on 

the 2014 National Health Interview Survey and the 2014 

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health 

Interview Survey instrument that was used to define the 

health measure. 

Having usual place to go for medical care—

adults

AAU.020 Is there a place that you USUALLY go to when 

you are sick or need advice about your health?

(1) Yes

(2) There is NO place

(3) There is MORE THAN ONE place

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Usual place to go for medical care—adults

AAU.030 ['If AUSUALPL = 1] What kind of place is it—a 

clinic, doctor's office, emergency room, or 

some other place? ['Else, if AUSUALPL = 3] What 

kind of place do you go to most often—a clinic, 

doctor's office, emergency room, or some other 

place?

(1) Clinic or health center

(2) Doctor's office or HMO

(3) Hospital emergency room

(4) Hospital outpatient department

(5) Some other place

(6) Doesn't go to one place most often

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Having usual place to go for medical care—

children

CAU.020 Is there a place that {S.C.name} USUALLY goes 

when {he/she} is sick or you need advice about 

{his/her} health?

(1) Yes

(2) There is NO place

(3) There is MORE THAN ONE place

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Usual place to go for medical care—children

CAU.030 [If CUSUALPL = 1]: What kind of place is it—a 

clinic, doctor's office, emergency room, or some 

other place? [Else, if CUSUALPL = 3]: What kind 

of place does {S.C. name} go to most often—a 

clinic, doctor's office, emergency room, or some 

other place?

(1) Clinic or health center

(2) Doctor's office or HMO

(3) Hospital emergency room

(4) Hospital outpatient department

(5) Some other place

(6) Doesn't go to one place most often

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Unmet medical care need

FAU.020 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, has medical 

care been delayed for {person} because of 

worry about the cost? (Do not include dental 

care)

(1) Yes

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know
Series 3, Number 41 67 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

FAU.040 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, was there any 

time when {person} needed medical care, but 

did not get it because {person} couldn't afford 

it?

(1) Yes

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Unmet dental care need—adults

AAU.111 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, was there any 

time when you needed any of the following, but 

didn't get it because you couldn't afford it? ..... 

Dental care (including check-ups)

(1) Yes 

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Length of time since last dental visit—adults

AAU.135 About how long has it been since you last saw 

a dentist? Include all types of dentists, such 

as orthodontists, oral surgeons, and all other 

dental specialists, as well as dental hygienists.

(0) Never

(1) 6 months or less

(2) More than 6 mos, but not more than 

1 yr ago

(3) More than 1 yr, but not more than 2 yrs ago

(4) More than 2 yrs, but not more than 

5 yrs ago

(5) More than 5 years ago

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Unmet dental care need—children

CAU.135 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, was there any 

time when {S.C. name} NEEDED any of the 

following, but didn't get it because you couldn't 

afford it? ... Dental care (including check ups)?

(1) Yes 

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Length of time since last dental visit—children

CAU.160 About how long has it been since {S.C. name} 

last saw a dentist? Include all types of dentists, 

such as orthodontists, oral surgeons, and 

all other dental specialists, as well as dental 

hygienists.

(0) Never

(1) 6 months or less

(2) More than 6 mos, but not more than 

1 yr ago

(3) More than 1 yr, but not more than 2 yrs ago

(4) More than 2 yrs, but not more than 

5 yrs ago

(5) More than 5 years ago

(7) Refused

(9) Don't know

Receipt of influenza vaccination—children

CFI.005 During the past 12 months, several kinds of flu 

vaccines have been available. I will ask you about 

{S.C. name’s} most recent flu vaccinations. 

DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, has {SC name} 

had a flu vaccination? A flu vaccination is usually 

given in the fall and protects against influenza 

for the flu season.

(1) Yes 

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Receipt of influenza vaccination—adults

AAU.310 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, have you had a 

flu shot? A flu shot is usually given in the fall and 

protects against influenza for the flu season. [A 

flu shot is injected in the arm. Do not include an 

influenza vaccine sprayed in the nose.]

(1) Yes 

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 68 Series 3, Number 41

AAU.315 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, have you had a 

flu vaccine sprayed in your nose by a doctor or 

other health professional? A health professional 

may have let you spray it. This vaccine is usually 

given in the fall and protects against influenza 

for the flu season. [This influenza vaccine is 

called FluMist.]

 (1) Yes 

 (2) No

 (7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Receipt of pneumococcal vaccination

AAU.320 Have you EVER had a pneumonia shot? This 

shot is usually given only once or twice in a 

person’s lifetime and is different from the flu 

shot. It is also called the pneumococcal vaccine.

 (1) Yes

 (2) No

 (7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Human immunodeficiency virus testing

ASI.400 The next question is about the test for HIV, the 

virus that causes AIDS. Except for tests you may 

have had as part of blood donations, have you 

ever been tested for HIV?

 (1) Yes

 (2) No

 (7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

Emergency room visits

CAU.280 DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS, HOW MANY 

TIMES has {S.C. name} gone to a HOSPITAL 

EMERGENCY ROOM about {his/her} health? 

(This includes emergency room visits that 

resulted in a hospital admission.)

(00) None

(01) 1

(02) 2–3

(03) 4–5

(04) 6–7

(05) 8–9

(06) 10–12

(07) 13–15

(08) 16 or more

(97) Refused

(99) Don't know

Lack of health insurance and type of coverage

Information from follow-up questions such as plan name(s) 

was used to reassign insurance status and type of coverage 

to avoid misclassification.

FHI.050 The next questions are about health insurance. 

Include health insurance obtained through 

employment or purchased directly as well as 

government programs like Medicare and 

Medicaid that provide Medical care or help pay 

medical bills.

[Are you/Is anyone in the family] covered by 

any kind of health insurance or some other kind 

of health care plan?

 (1) Yes

 (2) No

 (7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know

FHI.070 What kind of health insurance or health care 

coverage [do you/does person] have? INCLUDE 

those that pay for only one type of service 

(nursing home care, accidents, or dental care).

EXCLUDE private plans that only provide extra 

cash while hospitalized.

 (01) Private health insurance

(02) Medicare

(03) Medi-Gap

(04) Medicaid

 (05) SCHIP (CHIP/Children’s Health Insurance 

Program)

 (06) Military health care (TRICARE/VA/

CHAMP–VA)

 (07) Indian Health Service

 (08) State-sponsored health plan

 (09) Other government program

 (10) Single service plan (e.g., dental, vision, 

prescriptions)

 (11) No coverage of any type

(97) Refused

 (99) Don’t know

FHI.072 People covered by Medicare have a card that 

looks like this. [Are you/Is person] covered by 

Medicare?

 (1) Yes

 (2) No

 (7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know
Series 3, Number 41 69 NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

FHI.073 There is a program called Medicaid that pays for 

health care for persons in need. In this State it 

is also called [State name]. [Are you/Is person] 

covered by Medicaid?

(1) Yes

(2) No

(7) Refused

 (9) Don’t know
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for Health Statistics 

3311 Toledo Road, Room 4551, MS P08 

Hyattsville, MD 20782–2064

OFFICIAL BUSINESS 

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CDC/NCHS

PERMIT NO. G-284

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2017–1335, Series 3, No. 41

CS278063