Contacts:))Ellen)Mecray)(Ellen.L.Mecray@noaa.gov)

പപപപ^ĂŵĂŶƚŚĂŽƌŝƐŽī;ƐŐŚρΘΛĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵͿ

Eastern(Region(Quarterly(Climate(Impacts(and(Outlook|June(2013(

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĚƌŽƵŐŚƚͬĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ

Quarterly Climate Impacts 

and Outlook

Eastern Region

June 2013

National - 6LJQLÀFDQW(YHQWVIRU0DUFK20D\

Temperature and Precipitation Anomalies Drought in the East

Regional - &OLPDWH2YHUYLHZIRU0DUFK20D\

Percent'of'Normal'Precipitation'(%)

March'1–May'31,'2013

Departure'from'Normal'Temperature'(°F)

March'1–May'31,'2013

U.S.'Drought'Monitor

June'18,'2013

March

April

Highlights for the East

The%early%March%storm%that%dropped%20+%inches%

of%snow%in%New%England%also%brought%wind%

gusts%up%to%70%mph.%WindAdriven%waves%caused%

ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŝŶƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŽĂƐƚĂůĂƌĞĂƐ

from%Maine%to%Delaware.%On%March%6,%a%buoy%

southeast%of%Cape%May,%NJ,%recorded%its%second%

highest%wave%height,%25.6%feet,%since%it%began%

recording%data%in%1984.%

Eleven%tornadoes%touched%down%in%the%region%

in%April%and%May:%an%EFA0%in%Maryland,%an%EFA0%

ŝŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ͕ĂŶ&ͲϭŝŶsŝƌŐŝŶŝĂ͕ĂŶ&ͲϬ

and%three%EFA1s%in%Pennsylvania,%and%three%EFA1s%

and%a%mileAwide%EFA2%in%New%York.%StraightAline%

winds,%hail%up%to%2.5%inches%in%diameter,%and%

ŇĂƐŚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ͘dŚĞƐƚŽƌŵƐ

caused%structural%damage%and%downed%trees.

FƌŽŵDĂLJϮρʹϮςDŽƵŶƚDĂŶƐĮĞůĚ͕sd͕ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ

13.2%inches%of%snow,%making%it%the%latest%in%the%

season%that%the%peak%has%received%a%foot.%Mount%

DĂŶƐĮĞůĚĂůƐŽƐĞƚĂƌĞĐŽƌĚ;ĂŶĚƟĞĚƚŚĞEĞǁ

ŶŐůĂŶĚƌĞĐŽƌĚͿĨŽƌŵŽƐƚĐŽŶƐĞĐƵƟǀĞĚĂLJƐǁŝƚŚ

ϭŝŶĐŚŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĮǀĞƐƵĐŚĚĂLJƐĨƌŽŵ

DĂLJϮϮʹϮς͘ůƐŽŝŶDĂLJ͕ƵƌůŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕sd͕ƐĞƚĂ

ŶĞǁƌĞĐŽƌĚĨŽƌŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚŵŽŶƚŚůLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ

with%8.74%inches.%

While%the%Carolinas%started%spring%with%D0–

ϮĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĞĂƐĞĚ

dryness%there.%Areas%of%D0–D1%were%introduced%

ŝŶWĞŶŶƐLJůǀĂŶŝĂĂŶĚtĞƐƚsŝƌŐŝŶŝĂĂŶĚƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚ

ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐƉƌŝŶŐ͘ůĂĐŬŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ

ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨϬʹϭĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŝŶEĞǁŶŐůĂŶĚ

ĂŶĚEĞǁzŽƌŬ͖ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƌĞĐĞŶƚƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ

helped%ease%dryness%in%all%but%southern%Maine.%

The%Drought%Outlook%indicates%improving%

ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶ͘

TŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϭϬ͘ϬϬŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨ

ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕εϬйŽĨŶŽƌŵĂů͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐƐƉƌŝŶŐ͘

Fourteen%of%sixteen%states%were%drier%than%

ŶŽƌŵĂů͘/ŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨŶŽƌŵĂů͕ZŚŽĚĞ

/ƐůĂŶĚǁĂƐƚŚĞĚƌŝĞƐƚƐƚĂƚĞĂƚρεй͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚ

ƚŚĞŝƌϭϳƚŚĚƌŝĞƐƚƐƉƌŝŶŐŽŶƌĞĐŽƌĚ͘ŽŶŶĞĐƟĐƵƚ

ǁĂƐĂůƐŽĚƌLJĂƚςϯйŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕

making%it%their%20th%driest%spring.%Departures%

ĨŽƌƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌĚƌLJƐƚĂƚĞƐƌĂŶŐĞĚĨƌŽŵϳρйŽĨ

ŶŽƌŵĂůŝŶWĞŶŶƐLJůǀĂŶŝĂƚŽεε͘ΘйŝŶsĞƌŵŽŶƚ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ;ϭϭϳйŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůͿĂŶĚsŝƌŐŝŶŝĂ

;ϭϬκйŽĨŶŽƌŵĂůͿǁĞƌĞƚŚĞǁĞƩĞƐƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘

With%an%average%temperature%of%49.4°F,%the%

ĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶǁĂƐϬ͘ΘΣ&ďĞůŽǁŶŽƌŵĂůĨŽƌ

spring%2013.%Eleven%of%the%sixteen%states%were%

cooler%than%normal.%South%Carolina%had%the%

greatest%departure,%A2.8°F,%making%it%their%

fourth%coolest%spring%on%record%while%North%

Carolina%had%a%departure%of%A2.5°F,%making%it%

their%seventh%coolest%spring.%Departures%for%

the%rest%of%the%cool%states%ranged%from%A1.4°F%in%

sŝƌŐŝŶŝĂƚŽͲϬ͘ϭΣ&ŝŶWĞŶŶƐLJůǀĂŶŝĂĂŶĚEĞǁzŽƌŬ͘

ƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĮǀĞǁĂƌŵƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ĚĞƉĂƌƚƵƌĞƐƌĂŶŐĞĚ

ĨƌŽŵнϬ͘ϭΣ&ŝŶZŚŽĚĞ/ƐůĂŶĚƚŽнϭ͘ςΣ&ŝŶDĂŝŶĞ͘

tŝƚŚĂŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐƉƌŝŶŐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨρϬ͘ρΣ&͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐǁĂƐϬ͘ρΣ&ďĞůŽǁƚŚĞϮϬƚŚ

ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƐƉƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŽůĞƐƚƐƉƌŝŶŐƐŝŶĐĞϭεες͘dŚĞĐŽŶƟŐƵŽƵƐhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ

ϳ͘εϮŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƐƉƌŝŶŐ͕Ϭ͘ϮϭŝŶĐŚĞƐĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞϮϬƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘dŚĞďĞůŽǁͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ

ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŚĞůƉĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂƐƉƌŝŶŐƐŶŽǁĐŽǀĞƌĞdžƚĞŶƚƚŚĂƚǁĂƐƚŚĞ

eighth%largest%on%record%and%the%largest%since%1984.
Regional - Impacts for March–May 2013

Contacts:))Ellen)Mecray)(Ellen.L.Mecray@noaa.gov)

പപപപ^ĂŵĂŶƚŚĂŽƌŝƐŽī;ƐŐŚρΘΛĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵͿ

Eastern(Region(Quarterly(Climate(Impacts(and(Outlook|June(2013(

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĚƌŽƵŐŚƚͬĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ

Regional - Outlook for Summer 2013 Eastern Region Partners

EĂƟŽŶĂůKĐĞĂŶŝĐĂŶĚƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ

www.noaa.gov

EĂƟŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƟĐĂƚĂĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶĐĚĐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EĂƟŽŶĂůtĞĂƚŚĞƌ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶ

ǁǁǁ͘ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͘ŐŽǀ

EK&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĞŶƚĞƌƐĂŶĚ

ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůKĸĐĞƐ͕EŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚĂŶĚ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶŵĨƐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

ŽĂƐƚĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚEĂƟŽŶĂůĞŶƚĞƌƐĨŽƌKĐĞĂŶ

ĂŶĚŽĂƐƚĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ

ǁǁǁ͘ŽĐĞĂŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EKZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ůŝŵĂƚĞWƌŽŐƌĂŵKĸĐĞĂŶĚ

'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů&ůƵŝĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ>Ăď

www.oar.noaa.gov

EKEĂƟŽŶĂů^ĞĂ'ƌĂŶƚKĸĐĞ

www.seagrant.noaa.gov

EK͛ƐEŽƌƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐ͕^ŽƵƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐ͕ĂŶĚ'ƌĞĂƚ

>ĂŬĞƐZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶdĞĂŵƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

ůŝŵĂƚĞWƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐƉĐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀ

EŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƚĞĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ŶƌĐĐ͘ĐŽƌŶĞůů͘ĞĚƵ

^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůŝŵĂƚĞĞŶƚĞƌ

ǁǁǁ͘ƐĞƌĐĐ͘ĐŽŵ

EĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

^LJƐƚĞŵ

ǁǁǁ͘ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͘ŐŽǀ

ĂƌŽůŝŶĂƐ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƐĂ͘ƐĐ͘ĞĚƵ

ŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞZŝƐŬŝŶƚŚĞhƌďĂŶEŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐƌƵŶ͘ŽƌŐ

ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌEŽƌƚŚƚůĂŶƟĐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ

ǁǁǁ͘ĐŝŶĂƌ͘ŽƌŐ

ĂƐƚĞƌŶZĞŐŝŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞůŝŵĂƚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ

ǁǁǁ͘ƐƚĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ŽƌŐ

ηƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐůŝŵĂƚĞŽƵƚůŽŽŬƐ

Three-Month

Temperature Outlook 

2013 Atlantic Hurricane 

Season Outlook 

With%models%

ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐǀĞƌLJ

weak%temperature%

anomalies%in%

equatorial%

WĂĐŝĮĐǁĂƚĞƌƐ͕ů

Niño/Southern%

KƐĐŝůůĂƟŽŶ;E^KͿŶĞƵƚƌĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂƌĞ

ĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƚƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐƵŵŵĞƌϮϬϭϯ͘

Without%a%clear%ENSO%signal,%longAterm%trends%

played%an%important%role%in%the%temperature%

outlook.%The%average%temperature%for%the%

season%over%the%past%15%years%was%compared%

to%the%30Ayear%normal.%These%trends,%

along%with%computer%models,%indicated%an%

enhanced%likelihood%of%warmerAthanAaverage%

temperatures.%The%models%were%even%more%

ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĐŚĂŶĐĞ

of%above%normal%sea%surface%temperatures%in%

ƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚƚůĂŶƟĐ͘

TŚĞϮϬϭϯƚůĂŶƟĐŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞƐĞĂƐŽŶŽƵƚůŽŽŬ

indicates%that%an%aboveAnormal%season%is%

ŵŽƐƚůŝŬĞůLJǁŝƚŚĂϳϬйĐŚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞ

following:%13A20%named%storms,%7A11%hurricanes,%

and%3A6%major%hurricanes.%In%comparison,%the%

1981A2010%averages%are%12%named%storms,%6%

hurricanes,%and%3%major%hurricanes.%The%main%

climate%factors%for%the%2013%outlook%were:%

ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ

ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚůĂŶƟĐŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕

ĂŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďŽǀĞͲĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐĞĂ

surface%temperatures%in%the%main%development%

ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĂůŝŬĞůLJĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨE^KͲŶĞƵƚƌĂů

ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ƵĞŝŶƉĂƌƚƚŽƚŚĞůŝŬĞůŝŚŽŽĚŽĨĂŶ

ĂĐƟǀĞŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ:ƵůLJʹ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ

outlook%indicated%an%increased%chance%of%aboveA

ŶŽƌŵĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ

ZĞŐŝŽŶ͘

Record High Sea Surface Temperatures

According%to%the%NOAA%Northeast%Fisheries%Science%Center’s%latest%Ecosystem%

Advisory,%sea%surface%temperatures%during%2012%were%the%highest%recorded%in%150%

years%in%the%Northeast%Shelf%Large%Marine%Ecosystem,%which%extends%from%the%

'ƵůĨŽĨDĂŝŶĞƚŽĂƉĞ,ĂƩĞƌĂƐ͕EŽƌƚŚĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͘,ĂďŝƚĂƚĨŽƌǁĂƌŵͲǁĂƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ

expanded%to%record%areas%of%the%shelf,%while%the%extent%of%areas%suitable%for%coldA

ǁĂƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŽƌĞĐŽƌĚůŽǁƐ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨĮƐŚ

ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐʹďůĂĐŬƐĞĂďĂƐƐ͕ƐƵŵŵĞƌŇŽƵŶĚĞƌ͕ůŽŶŐĮŶƐƋƵŝĚ͕ĂŶĚďƵƩĞƌĮƐŚĂůů

ƐŚŽǁĞĚĂŶŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƚǁĂƌĚƐŚŝŌ͘dŽƉƵƚƚŚĞƐĞƐŚŝŌƐŝŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ƚŚĞ

ĐĞŶƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞďůĂĐŬƐĞĂďĂƐƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝŌĞĚĨƌŽŵDĂƌLJůĂŶĚƚŽŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶEĞǁ

:ĞƌƐĞLJĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌŽĨďƵƩĞƌĮƐŚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŚŝŌĞĚĨƌŽŵƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶEĞǁ:ĞƌƐĞLJƚŽ

DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ͘;ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŶĞĨƐĐ͘ŶŽĂĂ͘ŐŽǀͬĞĐŽƐLJƐͬĂĚǀŝƐŽƌLJͬĐƵƌƌĞŶƚͬĂĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ͘Śƚŵů)

Spring to Arrive Earlier?

A%NOAAAfunded%study%predicts%that%the%biological%onset%of%spring%may%arrive%7%to%

ϯΘĚĂLJƐĞĂƌůŝĞƌďLJϮϭϬϬĚƵĞƚŽĂǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐůŽŽŬĞĚĂƚďƵĚďƵƌƐƚŽƌ

when%emerging%leaves%are%visible%on%at%least%three%parts%of%a%plant.%The%budburst%

data%were%entered%into%climate%models,%which%then%predicted%how%changes%in%

ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞůLJĂīĞĐƚůĞĂĨĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŶĞdžƚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘dŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ

was%most%pronounced%in%northern%states%like%Maine%and%New%York%and%depended%

ŽŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞůĂƟƚƵĚŝŶĂůŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨďƵĚďƵƌƐƚ͕ŽƌƚŚĞƟŵĞ

between%budburst%in%Florida%to%budburst%in%Maine,%is%expected%to%change%from%74.7%

days%currently%to%59.1%days%in%the%future.%

[:ĞŽŶŐ͕^͘Ͳ:͕͘͘DĞĚǀŝŐLJ͕͘^ŚĞǀůŝĂŬŽǀĂ͕ĂŶĚ^͘DĂůLJƐŚĞǀ;ϮϬϭϯͿ͕WƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶ

ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚďƵĚďƵƌƐƚƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůͲƐĐĂůĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵŽĚĞůƐ͕'ĞŽƉŚLJƐ͘ZĞƐ͘

>ĞƩ͕͘κϬ͕ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϬϮεͬϮϬϭϮ'>Ϭρκκϯϭ]%

Valid'for'July–September'2013 Sea'Surface'Temperature'Anomaly'(°C)

June'15,'2013'(Credit:'National'Hurricane'Center)

A

EC:$Equal%chances%

of%above,%near,%or%

below%normal

A:%Above%normal

The%map%shows%2012%sea%surface%temperature%anomaly%in%degrees%

Celsius%compared%to%the%mean%of%the%last%100%years.%The%Gulf%of%

DĂŝŶĞ͛ƐƐĞĂƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐǁĞƌĞĂƌŽƵŶĚϮΣ;ϯ͘ςΣ&ͿĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞ

ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞĂŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐŝŶh͘^͘ǁĂƚĞƌƐǁĞƌĞƉĂƌƚ

of%a%broad%“ocean%heat%wave”%that%extended%from%North%Carolina%to%

/ĐĞůĂŶĚ͘;image%courtesy%of%Northeast%Fisheries%Science%Center)

A

EC

Probability%of%above