• I.-., ., . 

(E ··-. l. 2 P• 3"0 Seo. 7· 9) 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 589 

Distribution of Gold, Silver 

and Other Metals Near 

Gold Acres and Tenabo 

Lander County, Nevada 

Distribution of Gold, Silver 

and Other Metals Near 

Gold Acres and Tenabo 

Lander County, Nevada 

By Chester T. Wrucke, Theodore J. Armbrustmacher 

and Thomas D. Hessin 

G E 0 l 0 G I C A l S U R V E Y C I R C U l A R 589 

Washington J 968 
United States Department of the Interior 

STEWART l. UDALL, Secretory 

Geological Survey 

William T. Pecora, Director 

Free on application to !he U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 
CONTENTS 

Pa~e 

Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------······ 1 

Introduction --------------------------------------------------·-----·-----------·-----------··------·---···--···-······--·------····--·-···-·· 1 

Geologic setting--------------------------------------------------·--------·-···----·····-·----···----······-··························-···· 1 

Mineral deposits ------------------------------------------------- -····------···-····-······-----------··--·-·······-······················ 3 

Charaeter of the bedrock ----------------------------------· -------------------------------------················------·············· 3 

Material collected ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------···············-····· 4 

Analytical methods ·-------------------------------------------·----------------------------------------····----···--···················· 4 

Distribution of the elements -----------------------------------------------------------·····-·-----------··-······················ 4 

Interpretations ---------------------------------------------------·-----------------------------------------···-----···-·-·····--·······-··· 5 

References cited ------------------------------------------------------------····--·-··--··-···----·······--·····---·······················-- 6 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Figure 1. Generalized geologic map and aeromagnetic map of part of the northern Shoshone Range ------------------------------------------------··--···-·-·····----·-···-···-·······-··· 2 

2. Distribution of elements in part of the Shoshone Range: 

Arsenic ·------------------------------------··----·-·--··--··-·-·····---·····················---····················· 7 

Antimony -----------------------------------·-----·····--····--·····--·········-··················-················ 8 

Bismuth ------------------------------------ ·-·-···-····-·····--·-··---------················--·········-··········· 9 

Cadmium ----------------------·-----------.. ·-·----·-··················---········································· 10 

Coppe-r ----------------------------------------·······----·····---······-······--·································--·· 11 

Gold -------------------------------------------·--·····-···········-····-·······---············---·-··················· 12 

Lead ------------·--···------------------------.. ·······--------···--················-··········-······················· 13 

Mercury ------------------------------------.. ·--···---······--····------------··-···-·············-··-·········---·· 14 

Molybdenum ____________________________ ......................................................................... 15 

Silver ···------------------------------------------········--------··-···--············································ 16 

Tin ----------····-·------------------···--------·······--··----------·--···--····-------------···--····--·--············ 17 

Tungsten -----------------------------------------····-·--------······-------------------·------·--··········------- 18 

Zinc ------------------------------····--------------------------------------------------·--···--····-----·------------·· 19 

iii 

DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD, SILVER, AND OTHER METALS NEAR GOLD ACRES AND 

TENABO, LANDER COUNTY, NEVADA 

By CHESTER T. WRUCKE, THEODORE J. ARMBRUSTMACHER, and THOMAS D. HESSIN 

ABSTRACT 

Geochemical investigations in a 70-square-mile area 

on the east flank of the Shoshone Range has resulted in 

the delineation of two weU-defined northwe,st-trending 

bel1ts that contain anomalous concentrations of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, 

mercury, molybdenum, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc. 

A third poorly defined belt is enriched in a fe:w of these 

elements. Each belt is 1 to 2 miles wide and 5 to 6 miles 

long and contains a slightly different suite o.f metals 

associated with gold. Strong concentrations of silver 

occur in the western parts of the two main belts, 

whereas gold is grea-tly enriched in the eastern pa.rts, 

especially around the granodiorite stock at Tenaho and 

on the flank of a magnetic anomaly thought to represent a buried stock at Gold Acres. 

INTRODUCTION 

A program of geochemical investigations in 

a 70-square-mile area on the east flank of the 

Shoshone Range (fig. 1) was undertaken in 

1966 and 1967 to determine the distribution of 

many metallic elements in the vicinity of the 

gold-mining camps of Tenabo and Gold Acres. 

This work was conducted for the Heavy Metals 

program of the U.S. Geological Survey as part 

of an investigation of the geochemical, structural, and stratigraphic setting of some of the 

major gold deposits of north-central Nevada. 

The area studied is of particular interest be,_ 

cause it contains the Gold Acres open-pit mine, 

which had the greatest production of any gold 

mine in Nevada during the 1950's. 

This report and the accompanying maps in 

figure 2 summarize information obtained on 

the concentration and distribution of antimony, 

arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, 

mercury, molybdenum, silver, tin, tungsten, 

and zinc. The maps show that the Tenabo and 

Gold Acres areas occupy parts of well-defined 

1 

northwest-trending belts in which many of the 

elements are concentrated. One result of this 

study is the observation that an area of 

anomalous metal concentrations west of Gold 

Acres was found to contain few prospects although it occurs on the flank of a magnetic 

anomaly and bleached bedrock is exposed. 

Steven P. Gariepy, William R. Jones, Jr., and 

Michael J. Maxson assisted in the field studies, 

and Leeland Cress helped prepare the illustrations. 

GEOLOGIC SETTING 

Exposed bedrock in the area consists principally of two depositional s·equences of lower 

and middle Paleozoic rocks (fig. 1). One of 

the sequences contains carbonate strata of 

Silurian ( ?) , Devonian, and Mississippian age, 

whereas the other sequence consists of siliceous 

and volcanic rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and 

Devonian age. These sequences of contrasting 

lithologies but of similar ages occur in juxtaposition along the Roberts Mountains thrustthe carbonate sequence forms the lower plate, 

the siliceous sequence the upper plate. Also 

present in the area are small intrusive bodies, 

minor patches of sedimentary rocks, and a few 

remnants of tuffs and flows, all of Tertiary age. 

The general geology of much of the area was 

studied by Gilluly and Gates (1965), who included in their report a brief summary of the 

economic geology by Ketner. Gilluly and 

Masursky (1965) have reported on the geology 

south of lat 40°15' N. 

Intrusive rocks occur in the northern part 

of the area, in the vicinity of Tenabo and near 

Gold Acres. Small granodiorite stocks of Ter-
EXPLANATION 

Alluviun 

Sedimentary and volcanic rocks 

Felsite 

Granodiorite 

>-

0:: 

<( 

i= 

0:: 

w 

1-

UPPER PLATE OF 

THE ROBERTS 

MOUNTAINS THRUST 

LOWER PLATE OF 

THE ROBERTS 

MOUNTAINS THRUST 

z ~ 

EJ <(Z-

_<(z 

U-0 

>~Gi ~~~ 

-

-<(.-

~ ~~ 

0::-Ul 

:::>ZUl Siliceous clastic rock g ~ o 

and volcanic rocks ~ Ul ~ <( 

Contact 

Fault 

Limestone, calcareous ~ o iii 

siltstone, and tactite Ul Gi !!? 0~ 

1!"1 

Shaft 

~ 

Open pit mine 

Roberts Mountains thrust fault --/550---

(Sawteeth on upper plate) 

••• ' • Magnetic contours 

Fault breccia zone Contour interval 10 gammas, 

--< 50 gammas in northeast 

Adit part of area 

: r i 

Area i 

" of l 

',report i 

" j NEVADA·,·,, ~ 1 MILE 

.J 

FIGURE !.-Generalized geologic map and aeromagnetic map of part of the northern Shoshone Range. Geology 

modified from Gilluly and Gates (1965) and Gilluly and Masursky ( 1965). Aeromagnetic data from, Philbin 

Meuschke, and McCaslin (1963). 

2 
tiary age crop out in the northern part of the· 

area and at Tenabo, and younger felsite dikes 

crop out in all three places. A magnetic anomaly in the vicinity of Gold Acres and another 

anomaly centered 11;2 miles west-southwest of 

the Utah mine camp (fig. 1) suggest that concealed stocks may occur in the southern part of 

the area. Bedrock adjacent to some of the intrusive rocks has been bleached or converted 

to hornfels, especially in the 1-square-mile area 

around the felsite dikes west of Gold Acres 

and around the stock at Tenabo. 

The Roberts Mountains thrust and numerous 

thrusts in the upper plate constitute the dominant structural features of the area. The Roberts Mountains thrust has been recognized in a 

large part of central and northern Nevada 

(Roberts and others, 1958; Gilluly and Gates, 

1965; and Roberts, 1966). In general, the thrust 

plates dip westward, but in the vicinity of 

Tenabo they dip northeast along the flank of a 

northwest-plunging anticline. Numerous highangle faults also occur throughout the area 

shown in figure 1. 

Because the position of the Roberts Mountains thrust at depth is difficult to dete,rmine 

from the surface exposures, and because some 

mineral deposits in north-central Nevada seem 

to be spatially related either to the structure 

itself or to bulges on it (Roberts, 1966), the 

Geological Survey is conducting a drilling program to determine the depth to the thrust 

along the axis of the anticline in the Tenabo 

area and to ascertain the stratigraphic and geochemical details of the sections penetrated. The 

Roberts Mountains thrust was cut at a depth 

of 3,032 feet in the first drill hole (NEll± sec. 6, 

T. 28 N., R. 47 E.), located on Indian Creek 

near the abandoned townsite of Lander. Tremolitic limestone in the lower plate at this hole 

has been identified tentatively as the Roberts 

Mountains Formation of Silurian age; upperplate rocks belong to the Slaven Chert of 

Devonian age. A second drill hole (SE1,4 sec. 16, 

T. 28 N., R. 47 E.), situated on the pediment 

gravels southeast of Tenabo, was abandoned at 

a depth of 2,046 feet in upper plate rock. Metal 

values in core from both holes generally are 

low. 

3 

MINERAL DEPOSITS 

The principal mineral deposits of the area 

occur in northwest-trending belts. The southernmost belt includes the Gold Acres open-pit 

mine and extends from there northwestward 

to near the Utah mine camp. The middle belt 

extends from Tenabo northwestward through 

Lander to the Lovie mines and contains the 

gold mines at Tenabo and the silver deposits 

between Lander and Lovie mines. Each of these 

belts includes gold mines near the mountain 

front and lead-silver deposits several miles to 

the northwest; the Tenabo-Lovie belt has an 

abandoned copper mine near the gold deposits. 

A vaguely defined northern belt passes through 

the Mud Spring mine and includes a few scattered gold mines and prospects. Turquoise 

deposits occur throughout the area. The three 

mineral belts together constitute part of the 

Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt described 

by Roberts ( 1966) . 

Many of the mineral deposits show a spatial 

relation to the intrusive rocks or to the magnetic anomalies that may represent buried 

stocks. This relation is especially striking at 

Tenabo where the mines occur around the periphery of the granodiorite stocks. Furthermore, most of the large mines at Tenabo lie 

along the southern border of the stock where 

Tertiary dike rocks are numerous. In the Gold 

Acres area, the largest mines also are present 

along the belt of felsite dikes. The Gold Acres 

open-pit gold mine (fig. 1) is in the breccia 

zone of the Robe,rts Mountains thrust near the 

east end of the belt of dikes. 

CHARACTER OF THE BEDROCK 

Chert in greenish-gray to black nodular beds 

commonly 1 to 4 inches thick, in the upper 

plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust, is the 

host rock for the majority of samples collected. 

Black carbonaceous argillite is interbedded 

with chert in the Devonian (Slaven Chert) 

part of the upper-plate section. Other upperplate host rocks include quartzite, greenstone, 

and limestone of the Valmy Formation and 

siltstone of the Elder Sandstone. Most of the 

upper-plate rocks are contorted and intensely 

fractured. Lower-plate host rocks consist principally of limestone of the Wenban Limestone 

but also include limestone and tactite from the 
Roberts Mountains ( ?) Formation and calcareous siltstone of the Pilot Shale. 

Most of the granodiorite is fresh, but some 

of it contains sericitic feldspars and chloritic 

mafic grains. Conversely, most of the felsite 

dikes are intensely altered, notably those near 

Gold Acres. However, a few dikes of relatively 

unaltered felsite occur in the Tenabo area. 

MATERIAL COLLECTED 

Most of the 1,875 samples collected for this 

study consist of oxidized material from veins, 

fractures, and breccia zones in rock thought to 

be favorable host material for introduced 

metals. Typically, this material is rich in 

brown, yellow, and red iron oxides. Many 

samples also contain veinlets of quartz and calcite, and a few contain base-metal carbonate 

minerals and turquoise. The few samples of 

unoxidized material collected consist mostly of 

pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, or 

sphalerite. Some unaltered bedrock was collected to provide data on the background concentrations of elements. 

The majority of samples from localities between the mining camps were obtained from 

outcrops or from float close to outcrops. Within 

the mining camps, prospect pits and mine 

dumps provided most of the samples. A few 

samples were collected underground. Composite 

samples were collected at most localities. 

The density of sample localities varies 

throughout the area partly because of the 

uneven distribution of outcrops of suitable 

material outside the mine areas and partly because of the abundance of man-made exposures 

at the mine camps. As a result, the density of 

sample localities is greatest in intensely 

prospected places, and the maps therefore emphasize the concentration of elements in those 

places. 

ANALYTICAL METHODS 

Gold and mercury were determined by 

atomic-absorption techniques. The other elements were determined by a semiquantitative 

spectrographic method. Detection limits for the 

elements were: gold, 0.1 ppm (part per million) 

for some samples and 0.02 ppm for others; 

mercury, 0.1 ppm for some samples and 0.01 

ppm for others. The upper detection limit for 

4 

mercury varied from 2.6 to 5.0 ppm. Detection 

limits for the other elements are the lowest 

and highest values indicated in the explanations of the geochemical maps (fig. 2). 

The analysts for gold were W. L. Campbell, 

T. G. Ging, Jr., R. F. Hanson, E. E. Martinez, 

R. L. Miller, M.S. Rickard, T. A. Roemer, T. M. 

Stein, A. J. Toevs, and G. H. VanSickle; for 

mercury, R. F. Hanson, S. I. Hoffman, V. D. 

James, H. D. King, R. L. Marshall, E. E. Martinez, and K. R. Murphy ; for the other elements, W. B. Crandell, K. J. Curry, Arnold 

Farley, Jr., E. L. Mosier, J. M. Motooka, K. C. 

Watts, and H. W. Worthing. 

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEMENTS 

The geochemical maps in figure 2 show that 

anomalous concentrations of many elements 

occur in the three northwest-trending mineral 

belts, each 1 to 2 miles wide and 5 to 6 miles 

long (Wrucke and Armbrustmacher, 1967). 

The general location of these belts appears 

when mines and prospects are plotted on a 

map, but the distribution and concentration of 

the individual elements within the belts would 

not be evident. In addition to delineating areas 

of metal enrichment, the maps show that significant geochemical differences exist between 

the three belts and that different suites of 

metals are closely associated with gold. 

The southern belt, which extends with a 

clearly marked northwest trend from the mountain front near Gold Acres to the vicinity of the 

Utah mine camp, is well defined by the distribution of mercury and mos~t of the other elements except gold, molybdenum, and tungsten. 

A pronounced characteristic of this belt is that 

gold-and to a lesser extent arsenic, bismuth, 

and tungsten-occurs mainly at the southeast 

end, whereas antimony, copper, lead, silver, 

and tin are more abundant toward the northwest. Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, molybdenum, 

and zinc occur in various concentrations 

throughout the belt. 

At the southeast end of the belt, gold values 

diminish abruptly from several parts per million in the Gold Acres open-pit mine to less 

than 1 ppm immediately to the west. This sharp 

decrease occurs across a steep fault of northnortheast strike that bounds the west side of 

the Gold Acres window and drops the Roberts 
Mountains thrust down an unknown amount to 

the west. Only one sample collected from lowerplate rock of the Gold Acres window contained 

more than 0.5 ppm gold. 

Samples from part of the central segment of 

the southern belt indicate considerable enrichment in bismuth, copper, mercury, and zinc and 

lesser concentrations of arsenic, lead, silver, 

and tin; yet, this part contains few prospects. 

This part of the belt occupies an area of about 

1 square mile and is centered 1 mile west of 

the Gold Acres open-pit mine. The area contains abundant bleached chert and numerous 

dikes of altered felsite and is on the north flank 

of the magnetic high (fig. 1) that underlies the 

Gold Acres area. The Roberts Mountains thrust 

lies at an unknown depth beneath the enriched 

area and, in view of the strong concentration 

of metals along the thrust zone at the east end 

of the belt, may constitute an exploration target of some interest. 

The middle belt extends from Tenabo to the 

Lovie mines, and perhaps beyond, and is well 

defined by most of the elements, especially gold, 

mercury, and silver. These metals and the other 

elements, except tungsten, are greatly enriched 

around the granodiorite stock at Tenabo, but 

strong enrichment of most of the metals extends only a short distance from the stock. 

Anomalous concentrations of lead, silver, and 

a few of the other metals also occur in the 

northwest part of the belt, chiefly between 

Lander and the Lovie mines. Bismuth is restricted to the immediate vicinity of the stock; 

cadmium, gold, and molybdenum are generally 

confined to the same area. 

The northern belt of metal enrichment passes 

through the Mud Spring mine and is poorly 

defined. Concentrations of gold, lead, and silve~r 

suggest the existence of the belt, but significant 

concentrations of other elements occur only at 

scattered localities. 

Gold, the principal metal produced in the area 

of this study, forms strong geochemical anom.-

alies in the vicinity of Gold Acres and Tenabo. 

Comparison of these areas shows that art Gold 

Acres elements strongly concentrated throughout the area of greatest gold enrichment include arsenic, cadmium, mercury, tungsten, and 

zinc, whereas at Tenabo gold is associated with 

all the metals studied except tungsten. 

5 

The geochemical association of gold with 

antimony, arsenic, mercury, and tungsten has 

been recognized at several localities in northcentral Nevada, including Bootstrap, Carlin, 

Cortez, Getchell, and Gold Acres (Erickson and 

others, 1966). The present study reveals that 

this association exists at both Tenabo and 

Gold Acres, though at Gold Acres antimony is 

only weakly concentrated and at Tenabo tungsten occurs only at a few localities. A. S. 

Radtke (written commun., 1968) suggests that 

tungsten is not appreciably concentrated in 

gold ore at Carlin. 

The area of this study probably does not 

completely include any of the enriched belts. 

The southern and middle belts may extend at 

least a short distance southeast of the mountain front under the gravels, because each belt 

contains high metal concentrations adjacent to 

the valley fill. Almost certainly the western end 

of the southern belt lies within the area, but 

the middle and northern belts probably merge 

a few miles west of the area and extend westward across the range along a single narrow 

zone of mineral deposits. 

INTERPRETATIONS 

Each enriched belt follows the string of 

intrusive bodies associated with the mineral 

deposits of the area, and it seems likely that 

concealed igneous rocks underlie much of all 

three belts. Only the middle belt coincides with 

a zone of steep faults and the axis of an anticline. Detailed mapping might reveal that the 

northern and southern belts also contain faults 

that strike northwest, but well-defined zones 

of steep faults along these belts probably do 

not exist. The enriched zones seem to be spatially related to the intrusive bodies, which may 

have provided structural control for upward 

migration of the enriching solutions. 

The enriched zones may represent leakage 

upward from mineral deposits along or beneath 

the Roberts Mountains thrust. Erickson, Masursky, Marranzino, and Oda (1961) advanced a 

similar speculation as a possible explanation 

for the concentration of metals in upper-plate 

rock near Cortez, Nev. Certainly, strong concentrations of elements occur along the breccia 

zone of the Roberts Mountains thrust a~ the 

Gold Acres open-pit mine-by far the most pro-
ductive mine in the area of this study. Reasonable places to test the leakage concept may be 

the areas of high metal concentration around 

the stock at Tenabo and the strongly enriched 

areas in the southern belt, for the thrust zone 

or the Roberts Mountains Formation below the 

thrust in these areas could be favorable environments for metallization. Moreover, the 

restriction of strong concentrations of gold to 

the periphery of the stock at Tenabo and to the 

flank of the magnetic anomaly at Gold Acres 

suggests that any concealed gold deposits 

would probably be close to intrusive bodies. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Erickson, R. L., Masursky, Harold, Marranzino, A. P., 

and Oda, Uteana, 1961, Geochemical anomalies in the 

upper plate of the Roberts thrus.t near Cortez, 

Nevada, in Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences.; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 

p. D316-D320. 

Gilluly, James, and Gates, Olcott, 1965, Tectonic and 

igneous geology of the northern Shoshone Range, 

Nevada, with sections on Gravity in Crescent Valley, 

by Donald Plouff, and Economic geology, by K. B. 

Ketner: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 465, 153 p. 

Gilluly, James, and Masursky, Harold, 1965, Geology of 

the Cortez quadrangle, Nevada, with a section on 

Gravity and aeromagnetic surveys, by D. R. Mabey: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1175, 117 p. 

Philbin, P. W., Meuschke, J. L., and McCaslin, W. E., 

1963, Aeromagnetic map of the Roberts Mountains 

area, central Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

report. 

Roberts, R. J., 1966, Metallogenic provinces and mineral 

belts in Nevada: Nevada Bur. Mines Rept. 13, pt. 

A, p. 47-72. 

Roberts, R. J., Hotz, P. E., Gilluly, James, and Ferguson, 

H. G., 1958, Paleozoic rocks of north-central Nevada: 

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 42, no. 12, 

p. 2813-2857. 

Erickson, R. L., VanSickle, G. H., Nakagawa, H. M., Wrucke, C. T., and Armbrustmacher, T. J., 1967, GooMcCarthy, J. H., Jr., and Leong, K. W., 1966, Gold chemical anomalies in the vicinity of Gold Acres and 

geochemical anomaly in the Cortez district, Nevada: Tenabo, Lander County, north central Nevada [abs.]: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circular 534, 9 p. Mining Eng., v. 19, no. 12, p. 37. 

6 
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FIGURE 2.-Distribution of elements in part of the Shoshone Range. Samples collected from veins and fractures. 

7 
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8 
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9 
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.· :· ···x·· .o. 0 

X 

CADMIUM 

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IN PARTS PER MILLION 

0 

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~ 150-300 

·~500 

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10 
COPPER 

IN PARTS PER MILLION 

·<3 

X 3-150 

6 200-500 

0 700-1500 

Q 2000-5000 

e~:7ooo 

X. ' X X X 

6 

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11 

X 

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0 

X X 

0 

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COPPER 
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... . : 

.. 

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40• 15' 

GOLD 

GOLD 

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. <0.1 

~ 0 ·

1 -0.50 

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1.1-10.0 

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12 

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13 

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t. 0.11-0.50 

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0 

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15 
x. 

X •• 

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.: xf Xx" 

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400 15' 

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16 

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FIGURE 2 .-Continued. 

17 
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18 
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FIGURE 2 .-Continued. 

19 

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