# F I N A L R E P O R T

Ju l y 20, 2007

N or th Eas t Bi os ol i d s an d R e s i d u al s A s s oc i ati on (N EBR A )

P . O . Box 422, Tamw or th , N H 03886

p h on e 603

- 323

- 7654, e ma i l i n fo @ n e b i os ol i d s .or g

w w w .n e b i os ol i d s .or g 

## A N a t i o n a l B i o s o l i d s

R e g u l a t i o n

, Q u a l i t y

, E n d

U s e & D i s p o s a l S u rv e yA N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al Sur v ey

– F i nal R e por t

, J ul

y 20

, 200 7

- i i P R O JEC T TEA M

N e d Be e c he r

- N ort h E a s t Bi os ol i ds a nd R e s i dua l s A s s oc i a t i on (N E BRA )

K ri s t y Cra w ford

- N E BRA

N ora G ol ds t e i n

- B i oC y c l e : A d v anc i ng Co m pos t i ng, O r gani c s R e c y c l i ng & R e n e wab l e Ene r gy

G re g K e s t e r

- W i s c ons i n D e pa r t m e nt of N a t ura l R e s ourc e s

M a i l e L ono

- B a t ura

- N ort hw e s t B i os ol i ds M a na ge m e n t A s s oc i a t i on (N BM A )

E l i z a be t h D z i e z yk

–N E BRA Int e rn, U ni v e rs i t y of M a i ne , O rono

wi t h s tat i s t i c al ana l y s i s of onl i ne s ur v e y d ata by

J ohn P e c ke nha m , P hD , S e na t or G e o rg e J . M i t c he l l Ce nt e r for E nvi ron m e n t a l & W a t e rs he d

Re s e a rc h, U ni ve rs i t y of M a i n e , O rono

T a i Che ng, P hD

, D e pa rt m e nt of R e s ourc e E c onom i c s & P ol i c y, U ni ve rs i t y of M a i ne , O rono

A C K N O WLED G M EN TS

T he a ut hors a re gra t e ful for t he gui d a nc e a nd i nput t o t h i s proj e c t from t h e fol l ow i ng : Robe rt K

. Ba s t i a n, U S E P A W a s hi ngt on; D a v i d T a y l or, Robe rt D om i na k, a nd Chri s H ornba c k, N a t i ona l

A s s oc i a t i on of Cl e a n W at e r A ge n c i e s (N A CW A ); K a w a na Cohe n, U S E P A W a s hi ngt on; L a ure n

F onda hl , U S E P A Re gi on 9; a nd Robe rt Br obs t , U S E P A Re gi on 8. T ha nks a l s o t o H e rs c he l E l l i o t t

, P e nn S t a t e U ni ve rs i t y; L ynn e M os s , CD M ; a nd s t a ff a t t he U S E P A offi c e s of Re g i on s 4, 5, 6, a nd

10 for he l p w i t h dat a c o l l e c t i on. T ha nks t o t he fol l ow i ng re vi e w e rs : Rob e rt K . Ba s t i a n, Robe rt

Brob s t , L a ure n F onda hl , M i ke H e i t z , D a v i d T a yl or, Rob e rt D om i n a k, Robe rt Rub i n, S a m H a de e d,

a nd Ri c k S t e v e ns . W e a c know l e dg e , how e ve r, t ha t t he c on t e n t s a nd a ny bi a s t ha t fo l l ow a re our s ol e

re s pons i bi l i t y. T ha nks t o t h e w a s t e w a t e r o pe ra t ors a nd bi os ol i ds pro gra m m a na g e rs w ho t ook t he

t i m e a nd e ffort t o c om p l e t e t h e onl i n e s urve y of i ndi vi du a l t re a t m e nt w orks . A nd t h a nks e s pe c i a l l y

t o t he s t at e bi os ol i ds a nd s e pt a g e progra m c oordi na t ors a round t he n a t i on w ho t ook t he t i m e a nd

e ffort t o c o m pl e t e t h e s t at e s urv e y a nd re v i e w our da t a c om pi l a t i ons

.

T

hi s Nat i onal B i os ol i ds Inf orm at i on Ini t i a t i v e was f und e d by a U .S. Env i r onm e ntal P r ot e c t i on

A ge nc y (U SE P

A ) Wa t e r Q ual i t y Coope r at i v e A gr e e m e nt G r ant (Se c t i on 104b) t o t he Nor t h E as t

B i os ol i ds and R e s i dua l s A s s oc i at i o n (N E

B

RA ); R obe r t K B as t i an s e r v e d as U SE P

A P r oj e c t O

f f

i c e r

.

P

L

EAS E S U BM I T CO M M EN T S & CO RRECT I

O

N

S T O i n fo@ n e bi os ol i ds .or g

.

__________ _______ ______ _______ ___ __________ _______ ______ _______ ___ __________ ___

C O P Y R I G H T © N O R TH EA S T BI O S O LI D S A N D R ES I D U A LS A S S O C I A T I O N

.

D i s s e m i nat i on of e l e c t r oni c and pape r c o pi e s f or i ndi v i dual , non

- c om m e r c i a l us e i she r e by

pe rm i t t e d. A l l ot h e r r i ghts r e s e r v e d. NE B

RA , P .O . B ox422, T am wor t h, NH U SA

.A N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al Sur v ey

– F i nal R e por t

, J ul

y 20

, 200 7

- i i i 

### A N A

T

I

O

N

A

L B I

O

S O L

I

D

S R E

G

U

L

A

T

I

O

N

, Q U

A

L

I

T

Y

, E N

D U S

E

, A N

D D I

S

P

O

S

A

L S U

R

V

E

Y

F I N A L R E P O R T

- J U L Y 20

, 2007

C O N TEN TS

T E R M I N O L O G Y U S E D I N T H I S R E P O R T

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... i v

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. M E T H O D S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

T H EN A T I O N A L S U R V E Y

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 5

O N L I N ES U R V E Y O FT W T D S

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 7

D A T A Q U A L I T Y

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 7

3. R E S U L T S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 8

E n u merat i n g T reat men t W o r k s T reat i n g D o me s t i c Sew ag e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

In d u s t ri a

l Pret reat me n t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

B I O S O L I D S E N D U S EA N D D I S P O S A L

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11

B I O S O L I D S Q U A L I T Y

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 15

N at i o n al D at a Reg ar d i n g Cl a s s A

, Cl as s B

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5

Met al s an d O rg a n i c Ch emi cal s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6

T R E A T M E N T P R A C T I C E S

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 17

S T A T ER E G U L A T I O N S , P E R M I T T I N G , A N D O T H E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 18

Res p o n s i b l e A g en c i es a n d D i v i s i o n s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8

D el eg at i o n fo r 4 0 CFR Part 5 0 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9

A g en cy b i o s o l i d s p ro g ram FT E s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

U p d at e d reg u l at i o n s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

St at e reg u l a t i o n s mo re res t ri c t i v e t h an Part 5 0 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

Mo re s t r i n g en t p o l l u t an t l i mi t s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4

O t h er i n d i ca t o r s o f s t at e re g u l at o ry act i v i ty

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4

T R E N D S

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 25

Is t h e b en ef i ci a l u s e o f b i o s o l i d s i n creas i n g ?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

Pres s u res o n b i o s o l i d s recy c l i n g

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

L eg i s l at i v e o r re g u l at o ry act i v i ty h a p p e n i n g o r i mmi n en t p ert ai n i n g t o b i o s o l i d s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

S E P T A G EM A N A G E M E N T

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 28

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R F U T U R E S T U D I E S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

C O N C L U S I O N S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

R E F E R E N C E S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

A P P E N D I C E S ( i n s e par a t e doc um e nt )

A

. T he D a t a C ol l e c t i on T ool s / Q ue s t i onna i r e s

B

. A ddi t i ona l D a t a on S t a t e L e ga l a nd R e gul a t or y S t r uc tur e s

C

. A ddi t i ona l D a t a : I nc i ne r a t o r s

, S e pt a ge

D

. U

. S

. a nd S t a t e

- by

- S t a t e B i os ol i ds R e gul a t i on, Q u a l i t y, T r e a t m e nt

, E nd U s e

, a nd D i s pos a l D a t a

Cau ti on r e gar di ng u s e of dat a :

T

h e d a t

a p r e s e n t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h i s

r e

p o r t a r e c o m p i l e d f r o m r e s p o n s e s

to s u r v e y s a n d o t h e r

c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h d i v e r s e

i n d i v i d u a l s

. W h i l e e v e r y e f f

o r t h a s

b e e n m a d e i n g o o d f a i t h to e n s u r e

d

a t

a q u a l i t y a n d p r e s e n t d a t

a

o b

j e c t i v e l y

, t h e r e p o r t a u t h o r s a n d

N

E

B

R A a s s u m e n o r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o r

l i a b i l i t y f o r o u t c o m e s t h a t m a y r e s u l t

f

r o m t h e i r u s e

. A BBR EV I A TI O N S U S E D

B D M S

– B i o s o l i d s D a t a M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

C W N S

– C l e a n W a t e r s h e d s N e e d s S u r v e y

F T E

– F u l l

- T i m e E q u i v a l e n c y

M G D

– M i l l i o n G a l l o n s p e r D a y

N A C W A

– N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f C l e a n W a t e r A g e n c i e s

N B M A

– N o rth w e s t B i o s o l i d s M a n a g e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n

N E B R A

– N o rth E a s t B i o s o l i d s a n d R e s i d u a l s A s s o c i a t i o n

N P D E S

– N a t i o n a l P o l l u t i o n D i s c h a r g e E l i m i n a t i o n S y s t e m

P O T W s

– P u b l i c l y

- O w n e d T r e a t m e n t W o r k s

T W T D S

– T r e a t m e n t W o r k s T r e a t i n g D o m e s t i c S e w a g e

U S E P A

– U n i t e d S t a t e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y

W E F

– W a t e r E n v i r o n m e n t F e d e r a t i o nA N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al Sur v ey

– F i nal R e por t

, J ul

y 20

, 200 7

- i v TER M I N O LO G Y U S ED I N TH I S R EP O R T

b i os ol i d s

T h e t e r m “ b i o s o l i d s ” i s i n w i d e s p r e a d u s e a m o n g s t w a t e r q u a l i t y p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n N o rth A m e r i c a

. I t s

g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d d e f i n i t i o n s r e f e r t o a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e s o r l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n

. F o r e x a m p l e

, th e N a t i o n a l

R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l ( 2 0 0 2 ) u s e d th e d e f i n i t i o n “ s e w a g e s l u d g e th a t h a s b e e n t r e a t e d t o m e e t th e r e g u l a t o r y

r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s e t o u t i n th e C o d e o f F e d e r a l R e g u l a t i o n s

, T i t l e 4 0 ( P a rt 5 0 3 )

. ” M e r r i a m

W

e b s t e r ’ s C o l l e g i a t e D i c t i o n a r y

, T e n t h E d i t i o n ( 1 9 9 8 ) d e f i n e s b i o s o l i d s a s f o l l o w s : “ b i o s o l i d n

. : s o l i d

o r g a n i c m a t t e r r e c o v e r e d f r o m a s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s a n d u s e d e s p

. a s f e rt i l i z e r

- - u s u

. u s e d i n p l

. ” T h e

N

e w Ox f

o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f En g l i s h

, 1 9 9 8 e d i t i o n d e f i n e s i t a s “ b i o s o l i d s : p l u r a l n o u n : o r g a n i c m a t t e r

r e c y c l e d f r o m s e w a g e e s p e c i a l l y f o r u s e i n a g r i c u l tu r e

. ”

I t i s w o rth n o t i n g

, h o w e v e r

, th a t th e s e d i c t i o n a r y d e f i n i t i o n s d o n o t p r e c l u d e u s i n g th e t e r m “ b i o s o l i d s ” t o

r e f e r t o t r e a t e d m u n i c i p a l w a s t e w a t e r s o l i d s th a t a r e i n c i n e r a t e d o r p l a c e d i n a l a n d f i l l o r a s u r f a c e d i s p o s a l

u n i t

. U

. S

. E P A ( 1 9 9 4 ) d e f i n e d “ b i o s o l i d s ” a s “ a p r i m a r i l y o r g a n i c s o l i d p r o d u c t p r o d u c e d b y w a s t e w a t e r

t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s th a t c a n b e b e n e f i c i a l l y r e c y c l e d

. T h e f a c t th a t b i o s o l i d s c a n b e r e c y c l e d d o e s n o t

p r e c l u d e th e i r b e i n g d i s p o s e d

. ” N A C W A ( 2 0 0 6 ) d e f i n e s “ b i o s o l i d s ” a s “ p r i m a r y a n d w a s t e a c t i v a t e d o r g a n i c

m a t t e r ( s o l i d s ) r e m o v e d f r o m th e w a s t e w a t e r t h a t h a s b e e n f u rth e r p r o c e s s e d ( e

. g

. d i g e s t e d ; c h e m i c a l l y

c o n d i t i o n e d w i th l i m e

, p o l y m e r s

, a n d o th e r p r o d u c t s ; th e r m a l l y c o n d i t i o n e d )

. ”

b e n e fi c i al u s e

T h e t e r m “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e ” i s u s e d i n th i s r e p o rt t o r e f e r t o b i o s o l i d s th a t a r e a p p l i e d t o s o i l s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e

o f th e n u t r i e n t s a n d o r g a n i c m a t t e r th e y c o n t a i n

. T h i s m e a n i n g o f th e t e r m “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e ” h a s b e e n i n

w i d e s p r e a d u s e s i n c e a t l e a s t 1 9 8 4 ( s e e E P A b e n e f i c i a l u s e p o l i c y i n J u n e 1 2

, 1 9 8 4 F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r ) a n d

w a s c l e a r l y d e f i n e d i n 1 9 9 1 ( s e e th e J u l y 1 8

, 1 9 9 1 F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r )

, w h e n E P A j o i n e d w i th o th e r f e d e r a l

a g e n c i e s

, i n c l u d i n g U S D A

, F D A

, a n d D e p a rt m e n t o f I n t e r i o r

, t o i s s u e th e I n t e r a g e n c y P o l i c y o n B e n e f i c i a l

U s e o f M u n i c i p a l S e w a g e S l u d g e o n F e d e r a l L a n d w i th th e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n : “ B e n e f i c i a l U s e m e a n s a n y

a

p p l i c a t i o n o f s l u d g e o n l a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d to t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f th e n u t r i e n t a n d o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f th i s m a t e r i a l t o i m p r o v e s o i l f e rt i l i t y o r s t r u c tu r e a n d th e r e b y f u rth e r s o m e n a tu r a l r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t

o b j e c t i v e

. ” S y n o n y m o u s e x p r e s s i o n s u s e d i n t h i s r e p o rt a r e “ e n d u s e

, ” “ b i o s o l i d s r e c y c l i n g

, ” a n d “ b i o s o l i d s

r e c y c l i n g t o s o i l s

. ”

d i s p os al i s u s e d i n th i s r e p o rt t o r e f e r t o d i s p o s i t i o n o f s o l i d s i n w a y s th a t d o n o t t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f th e s e

s o i l

- e n h a n c i n g q u a l i t i e s

– th i s i n c l u d e s i n c i n e r a t i o n

, l a n d f i l l i n g

, a n d s u r f a c e d i s p o s a l

.

I t i s i m p o rt a n t t o n o t e

, h o w e v e r

, th a t

, t o d a y

, t h e t e r m “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e ” i s a p p r o p r i a t e l y a p p l i e d t o u s e s o f

b i o s o l i d s i n o th e r w a y s th a n a p p l i c a t i o n t o s o i l s

, s u c h a s f o r e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n

. S u c h b e n e f i c i a l u s e s a r e

i n c r e a s i n g

. I n d e e d

, a s e n e r g y b e c o m e s a n e v e r

- m o r e

- i m p o rt a n t a s p e c t o f s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t ( i n c l u d i n g

b i o s o l i d s m a n a g e m e n t )

, “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e ” c o u l d b e d e f i n e d a s “ p u t t i n g a p a rt i c u l a r b i o s o l i d s p r o d u c t t o i t s b e s t

a n d h i g h e s t u s e b y m a x i m i z i n g th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s

, o r g a n i c m a t t e r

, m o i s tu r e

, a n d / o r o th e r q u a l i t i e s

-

i n c l u d i n g e x t r a c t i n g th e m a x i m u m a m o u n t o f e n e r g y p o s s i b l e

. ”

N o n e th e l e s s

, th i s r e p o rt c o n t i n u e s t o u s e th e o l d e r

, n a r r o w e r d e f i n i t i o n o f “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e

, ” p a rt l y b e c a u s e o f

p r e c e d e n t a n d c o m m o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e t e r m a n d p a rt l y b e c a u s e th e s u r v e y s c o n d u c t e d f o r th i s r e p o rt

w e r e b a s e d o n p a s t s u r v e y s th a t u s e d th i s n a r r o w e r d e f i n i t i o n

. I n a d d i t i o n

, a t th i s t i m e

, s t a t e a g e n c y s t a f f a n d

o th e r b i o s o l i d s m a n a g e m e n t p r o f e s s i o n a l s h a v e n o t e s t a b l i s h e d s y s t e m s t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n i n c i n e r a t i o n

o r l a n d f i l l i n g p r o g r a m s th a t i n v o l v e e n e r g y r e c o v e r y a n d t h o s e w h i c h d o n o t

. T h u s th e r e i s s c a n t d a t a

a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g w h a t p o rt i o n o f t h e b i o s o l i d s i n c i n e r a t e d a n d l a n d f i l l e d c o u l d b e c o n s i d er e d t o f a l l u n d e r

th e n e w e r

, d e v e l o p i n g d e f i n i t i o n o f “ b e n e f i c i a l u s e

. ”N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 1 

### EX EC U TI V E S U M M A R Y

In t he U ni t e d S t a t e s

, t h e i nfr a s t ruc t ure t hat l e a ds t o t h e produc t i on of s e w a ge s l udg e (a l s o c a l l e d

“ w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds ,” a nd

– w he n t re at e d a nd t e s t e d

– “ b i os ol i ds ” ) i n c l ude s 16,583 w a s t e w a t e r

t re a t m e nt f a c i l i t i e s , a c c ordi ng t o t he E nvi r onm e nt a l P rot e c t i on A ge nc y (U S E P A ). O f t he s e , t he

l a rge s t ~ 3,300 ge ne r a t e m ore t h a n 92% of t he t ot a l qua n t i t y of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds pr o duc e d i n t h e U

. S . T he da t a re port e d b e l ow a re de ri v e d fr om re port i ng a nd c om p i l a t i on s ys t e m s t h a t a c c oun t for

t he s e l a rg e r fa c i l i t i e s a nd, t o va ry i ng de gre e s , for m i nor a nd o t he r s m a l l e r fa c i l i t i e s a s w e l l

.

T he t re a t e d s ol i ds

–bi os ol i ds

–re m ov e d f rom w a s t e w a t e r a t t he s e w a s t e w at e r t re a t m e nt fa c i l i t i e s

–

c a n be l e ga l l y us e d or di s pos e d of i n t hre e w a ys : by a ppl i c a t i on t o s oi l s (“ l a nd a ppl i c a t i on ” ), by

l a ndfi l l i ng (or s urfa c e di s pos a l ), a nd by i n c i ne ra t i on. T h e Cl e a n W a t e r A c t provi de s t he l e g a l ba s i s

f

or m a na ge m e nt of b i os ol i ds na t i onw i de

, a nd re gul a t i ons a t 40 CF R P a rt 503 (P a r t 5 03) e s t a bl i s h

m i ni m u m na t i ona l s t a nda rds t hat a re prot e c t i ve of pub l i c h e a l t h a nd t he e nv i ronm e n t . E a c h l o c a l

w a s t e w a t e r t re at m e n t fa c i l i t y m a ke s i t s o w n de c i s i on re ga rd i ng h ow t he i r s ol i ds a re m a na ge d.

D a t a c om p i l e d fro m s t a t e re gu l a t ory a ge n c i e s , U . S . E nvi ronm e n t a l P rot e c t i on A ge n c y (U S E P A )

offi c e s , i ndi v i dua l w a s t e w a t e r t re a t m e nt f a c i l i t i e s , a nd ot he r s our c e s i ndi c a t e t ha t 7, 180,000 dry

U . S . t ons of bi os ol i ds w e re be n e fi c i a l l y u s e d or di s pos e d i n t he fi f t y s t a t e s i n 2004.

O f t ha t t ot a l , a pprox i m at e l y 55% w e re a p pl i e d t o s oi l s for a gronom i c , s i l vi c ul t ur a l

, a nd/ or l a nd

re s t ora t i on purpos e s , or w e re l i ke l y s t ore d for s uc h us e s . T he re m a i ni ng 45% w e re di s pos e d of i n

m uni c i p a l s ol i d w a s t e (M S W ) l a ndfi l l s , s urfa c e di s pos a l un i t s , a nd / or i nc i ne r a t i on f a c i l i t i e s

.

O f t he t ot a l a ppl i e d t o s oi l s , 74% w a s us e d on fa rm l a nds for a gri c ul t ura l purpos e s . A not he r 22%

w e re t re a t e d a nd t e s t e d t o m e e t t he U S E P A ’s hi ghe s t qua l i t y c l a s s i fi c a t i on (“ Cl a s s A E Q ” ), a nd

w e re publ i c l y di s t ri bu t e d for a va ri e t y of u s e s , i nc l udi ng l a nds c a pi ng, hor t i c u l t ure , a nd a gri c ul t ure

. S m a l l pe r c e nt a ge s w e re us e d for l a nd re s t ora t i on a nd i n s i l vi c ul t ure

.

O f t he t ot a l not a pp l i e d t o s oi l s , m os t (63 %) w e re di s po s e d of i n M S W l a ndfi l l s . T hi rt y

- t hre e

pe rc e nt w e re proc e s s e d i n i nc i ne ra t ors , w hi l e t h e re m a i ni ng 4% w e re pl a c e d i n bi os o l i ds

- onl y

s urfa c e di s pos a l uni t s

.

O f t he t ot a l 7,180,000 dry U . S . t ons of bi os ol i ds i n 2004, a pproxi m a t e l y 23% w e re t re a t e d t o Cl a s s

A s t a nda rds

–a nd a l m os t a l l of t ha t m e t C l a s s A E Q s t a nda rds . A not he r 34% w e re t re a t e d t o Cl a s s

B s t a nda rds . F or t he re m a i nd e r (43%), t h e re i s no da t a (or no da t a w a s obt a i ne d) re ga rdi ng w he t he r

or not i t m e t Cl a s s A or Cl a s s B s t a nda rds . T hi s l a c k of d a t a i s m os t l y due t o t he f a c t t ha t

w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds t h a t a re l a ndfi l l e d or i n c i ne ra t e d a re not ge n e ra l l y s ubj e c t e d t o t he s a m e

s t a bi l i z a t i on, t e s t i ng, a nd re port i ng re qui re m e nt s

.

M os t s t a t e s ha ve a dd i t i on a l r e gul at ory pro gra m s t ha t go a bove a nd be yond P a r t 503. T hi rt y

- s e ve n

s t a t e s re qui r e m a na ge m e nt pr a c t i c e s for l a nd a ppl i c a t i on t ha t a re m ore s t ri ng e nt t h a n t hos e i n P a rt

503, a nd s i xt e e n h a ve a dopt e d po l l ut a nt l i m i t s t hat a re m ore s t ri ng e nt t ha n t hos e i n P a rt 503. S e ve n

s t a t e s ha ve r e c e i ve d for m a l d e l e g a t i on for a dm i ni s t r a t i on of P a r t 503, a nd m os t s t a t e re gul a t ory

progra m s w ork w i t h re l at i v e l y up

- t o

- d a t e re gul a t i ons a nd a r e a ddre s s i ng c urr e nt i s s u e s . H ow e ve r,

t he num be r of fu l l

- t i m e e qui v a l e n t e m p l oy e e s (F T E s ) w orki ng on bi os ol i ds a t s t a t e a ge nc i e s

na t i onw i de a ppe a rs t o ha ve d e c l i ne d ove r t he pa s t s i x ye a rs by a t l e a s t e i ght

.

O ve ra l l , c urre nt d a t a s ugge s t l i t t l e c ha nge na t i onw i de , s i n c e t h e l a t e 1990s , i n t he ra t e of bi os ol i ds

re c yc l i ng t o s oi l s (U S E P A , 1999), a nd ha l f of s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors r e port t h a t t he a m oun t s of

bi os ol i ds a ppl i e d t o s oi l s a re not i n c re a s i n g i n t he i r s t a t e s

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 2 

### 1

. I N TR O D U C TI O N

H ow m uc h w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds (s e w a g e s l u dge ) i s produc e d i n t he U ni t e d S t a t e s , a nd w ha t ha ppe ns t o

i t ? W h a t i s i t s qua l i t y? H ow m uc h i s Cl a s s A a nd how m uc h i s Cl a s s B? W ha t s ol i ds t re a t m e nt

t e c hnol og i e s a re be i ng us e d a nd how a re t he s e c ha ngi ng ? H ow do t he va ri ous s t a t e s re gul a t e

bi os ol i ds ? H ow c om pre h e ns i ve a re t he s e progra m s ? W h a t a re t he t re nds i n bi os ol i d s m a na ge m e nt ?

F or t he pa s t t e n y e a rs , a g e nc i e s re gul at i ng w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds a nd b i os ol i ds , s c i e n t i s t s re s e a rc hi ng

t he m , e ng i ne e rs d e s i gni ng for t h e m , c on c e rne d c i t i z e ns , pol i c y m a ke rs , a nd o t he r i n t e re s t e d

s t a ke hol de rs ha v e re l i e d on l i m i t e d a nd a g i ng s ourc e s of i nform at i on t o a ns w e r t he s e q ue s t i ons :

• a 1999 U . S . E nvi ronm e nt a l P rot e c t i on A g e nc y (U S E P A ) re port (U S E P A O ffi c e of S ol i d

W a s t e , 1999) t h a t e s t i m at e d t ot a l s ol i ds pr oduc t i on ba s e d on re port e d na t i ona l w a s t e w a t e r

fl ow , a nd

• s urve ys of s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oord i na t ors c on duc t e d by B i oCy c l e

– t h e m os t re c e n t be i n g from

D e c e m be r 2000 (G ol ds t e i n, 2000).

A s publ i c i nt e re s t i n bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t ha s grow n i n re c e n t ye a rs , s o ha s re l i a n c e on t he dat a

pre s e nt e d by t h e s e t w o c ri t i c a l s ourc e s a n d pa rt i a l da t a from a fe w ot he r s ourc e s (e

. g. s e e N a t i ona l

Re s e a rc h Counc i l , 2002). P ubl i c pol i c y d e c i s i ons a re a ffe c t e d by s uc h d a t a

, a s a re t hos e i n re s e a r c h

a nd e ngi ne e ri ng. T h e re i s w i de s pre a d a gre e m e n t on t he n e e d for upd a t e d, a c c ur a t e i nform a t i on on

bi os ol i ds / w a s t e w at e r s ol i ds re gu l a t i on, qu a l i t y, a nd e nd us e a nd d i s pos a l

.

Cons i s t e nt da t a on bi os ol i ds m a na ge m e nt i s di ffi c ul t t o obt a i n a nd c om pi l e . A gre a t de a l of da t a on

bi os ol i ds i s ge ne ra t e d at i ndi v i dua l t re a t m e nt w orks t re a t i ng dom e s t i c s e w a g e (T W T D S ), i n

a c c orda n c e w i t h re gul a t ory re qu i re m e nt s

. E a c h ye a r, T W T D S provi de dat a t o U S E P A (a nd, i n

m a ny c a s e s , t o s t a t e s ) i n p a pe r re port s . W hi l e t h e s e a re re vi e w e d for e nforc e m e n t p urpos e s , onl y i n

s om e s t a t e s a re t h e y c om p i l e d e l e c t roni c a l l y. E nc oura g i ng e l e c t roni c f i l i ng of b i os ol i ds da t a i s

be i ng c ons i de re d by U S E P A a nd s om e s t at e s , but t he d i ve rs i t y a nd a bund a nc e of d a t a m a ke s i t

di ffi c ul t t o at t a i n s uc h a goa l . A t t hi s t i m e , onl y a bout 30% of s t a t e s ha ve d e ve l op e d e l e c t roni c

re c ord

- ke e p i ng. S i m i l a rl y, a t U S E P A , onl y a fe w of t he re g i ona l offi c e s ha ve e ff e c t i ve e l e c t roni c

re c ord

- ke e p i ng. D a t a c ol l e c t i on a nd c om p i l a t i on a re of t e n of l ow pri ori t y i n c om p a ri s on t o

pe rm i t t i ng a nd e nforc e m e n t a nd ot h e r de m a nds . T he re fore , c o m pi l i ng n a t i ona l d a t a e ffi c i e nt l y

re m a i ns a c ha l l e ng e

.

W i t h no c e nt ra l i z e d dat a c o l l e c t i on a nd s t ora ge s ys t e m ye t i n pl a c e , di s pa ra t e pi e c e s of da t a from

va ri ous s t a t e s a nd U S E P A re gi ons m us t b e pa i ns t a ki ngl y c o l l e c t e d a nd i n t e rpre t e d t o produc e a

us e ful na t i on a l pi c t ure

. In c onduc t i ng t h e s urve ys a nd ot he r i nform a t i on

- g a t he ri n g f or t hi s re port

,

t hos e i nvol ve d h a ve c o m e t o a ppre c i at e t h e ha rd w ork re pre s e n t e d by t h e B i oC y c l e s urve ys of t he

l a t e 1990s

.

T hi s c urre nt e ffort w a s m a d e pos s i bl e by a gra nt from U S E P A ’s O ffi c e of W a t e r. W e hope t hi s

re port t a ke s t he l e ve l of unde rs t a nd i ng of bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t i n t h e U . S . one s t e p furt he r. W hat

i s re m a rka b l e i s t h a t t h e re s ul t s of t hi s proj e c t c orrobor a t e t he e ffe c t i ve n e s s of pa s t e f fort s

.

T hi s proj e c t ’s goa l s w e re t o :

1. c om pi l e t he m os t c om pre he ns i v e “ nat i ona l pi c t ure ” t o d a t e o n re gul a t i on, qu a l i t y, e n d us e

,

a nd di s pos a l of U . S . bi os ol i ds a nd s e pt a g e , provi di ng c ri t i c a l i nform a t i on for a ge nc i e s

,

ve ndors , s t a t e s , U S E P A , a nd s t a ke hol de rs t o m a ke i nform e d d e c i s i ons , a ndN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 3 2. doc um e nt a re pl i c a bl e pro t oc ol for fu t ure re pe t i t i ons t o i m p rove c ons i s t e nc y for a na l ys i s of

t re nds

.

W ha t i s ne w i n our a pproa c h?

• U S E P A ’s 1999 a pproa c h of e s t i m a t i ng bi os ol i ds produc t i on ba s e d on w a s t e w a t e r fl ow w a s

e ffe c t i ve i n c re a t i ng rough n a t i on a l t o t a l s ( t hi s c urre nt pro j e c t ha s prove n t he m t o be fa i rl y

a c c ura t e ). H ow e ve r, t hi s c urre n t e ffort re l i e d on s uc h e s t i m a t e s onl y a s a w a y t o fi l l da t a

ga ps a nd t o c orrobor a t e t he a c c ura c y of da t a c om p i l e d fro m re por t s of a c t u a l bi os ol i ds us e d

a nd di s pos e d.

• Bui l di ng on B i oCy c l e ’ s l e a d, w e s a w s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors (a nd U S E P A re gi ona l s t a ff

a nd ot he rs ) a s t he b e s t pot e nt i a l s ourc e s of i nform a t i on, e s pe c i a l l y w i t h re ga rd t o t he

re gul a t i ons a nd m a n a ge m e nt of b i os ol i ds

. M os t of t he e ffort of t h i s proj e c t w a s s pe nt

e xt ra c t i ng i nfor m a t i on from t h e s e di v e rs e s ourc e s

, us i ng a 10

- pa ge s urve y a s a s t a rt i ng poi nt

(a c opy of t he s urve y a ppe a rs a s A ppe ndi x A ).

• W hi l e i t s t i l l ha s room for i m prove m e nt

, t he re i s a grow i ng vol u m e of e l e c t roni c bi o s ol i ds

da t a t h a t w e w e re a bl e t o obt a i n, i n c l udi ng re c ords ke pt i n t he U S E P A

- de ve l ope d “ B i os ol i ds

D a t a M a na ge m e n t S ys t e m ” (BD M S ), w hi c h a fe w s t a t e s a nd U S E P A re gi ons ha ve b e e n

us i ng. In a ddi t i on, n e w us e r

- fri e ndl y on l i ne s urve y t ool s m a d e i t pos s i bl e t o c ondu c t a pi l o t

onl i ne s urve y of i nd i vi dua l w a s t e w a t e r t re a t m e n t fa c i l i t i e s

.

• Com pi l e d a nd e a s i l y

- a c c e s s i bl e s e pt a g e m a na ge m e nt i nfor m at i on i s e v e n m ore l a c k i ng. O ne

pa ge of t he s urve y of s t a t e bi os ol i ds (a nd s e pt a ge ) c oordi n a t ors ga t h e re d i nfor m a t i on on

s e pt a ge m a na g e m e n t , i n a n a t t e m pt t o be g i n t o bui l d a c ohe re nt n a t i on a l pi c t ure of t hi s

i m port a n t a c t i vi t y.

A pre l i m i n a ry re port w a s provi de d t o U S E P A a nd t he ge ne ra l publ i c i n A pri l , 2007 ; i t provi de d t he

m os t i m port a nt dat a c o l l e c t e d. T hi s fi n a l re port w a s re l e a s e d i n J ul y, 2007, a nd i nc l u de s a l l of t h e

pre l i m i na ry re po rt , a s w e l l a s a ddi t i ona l i n form a t i on on s t a t e re gul a t i ons , t re nds , a nd

re c om m e nda t i ons for s i m i l a r fut ure s urve ys a nd da t a c o l l e c t i on e ffort s . T h i s re port c a n be

dow nl oa de d a t no c os t for i ndi v i dua l , non

- c om m e r c i a l us e from t he s e w e bs i t e s :

w w w .ne bi os ol i ds .org or w w w .n w bi os ol i ds .org

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 4 

### 2

. M ETH O D S

T hi s proj e c t i nvol v e d:

1. a l i t e ra t ure re v i e w t o l e a rn from p a s t da t a c ol l e c t i on e ffort s ;

2. a D ata Ne e ds & A v ai l ab i l i t y Sur v e y t o l e a rn from s t a t e a ge n c i e s , U S E P A re gi ons , a nd ot he rs

w ha t i nform at i on w oul d be n i c e t o ha v e a nd w ha t i nform at i on i s re a di l y a va i l a b l e ;

3. a c om pre h e ns i ve s urve y of b i os ol i ds re gul a t i on, qua l i t y, e nd us e , a nd di s pos a l i n e a c h s t a t e

,

c om pl e t e d by t h e s t a t e c oord i na t or a nd ot h e rs (t hi s s urve y w a s de fi ne d w i t h t he i nfor m a t i on

from t he D a t a N e e ds a nd A va i l a b i l i t y S urve y);

4. a ddi t i on a l dat a c o l l e c t i on from U S E P A re gi ons a nd i ndi vi du a l T W T D S ;

5. a n on

- l i ne s urve y of i ndi vi du a l t re a t m e nt w orks , w hi c h fi l l e d ga ps w he re s t a t e s ha d no da t a

a nd s e rve d a s a t e s t of t hi s m e t hod of g a t h e ri ng da t a ;

6. c om pa ri s ons t o dat a from o t he r s ourc e s (N a t i ona l A s s oc i a t i on of C l e a n W a t e r A ge nc i e s

, pri or s urve ys , e s t i m at e s a ppl y i ng U S E P A ’s 1999 m e t hod); a nd

7. re fi ne m e nt of a w orki ng p rot oc o l for fut ure da t a c ol l e c t i on e ffor t s

.

F rom re vi e w i ng t h e l i t e r a t ure a nd di s c us s i ng da t a c o l l e c t i on s t r a t e gi e s w i t h o t he rs w ho ha ve

c ol l e c t e d s uc h d a t a i n t h e re c e nt pa s t ( e .g. E l l i o t t , 2005), c h a l l e nge s w e re i de nt i fi e d. T he fol l ow i ng

i s a l i s t i ng of t he m os t s i gn i fi c a nt , w i t h d i s c us s i on of how t he y ha ve be e n a ddre s s e d i n t hi s s urve y

e ffort :

• W ha t ki nds of fa c i l i t i e s s houl d da t a b e c o l l e c t e d for? j us t P ubl i c l y

- O w ne d T re a t m e nt W orks

(P O T W s )? or pri va t e & fe de r a l t re a t m e nt w orks a s w e l l , e .g. a l l T re a t m e nt W orks T re a t i ng

D om e s t i c S e w a ge ( T W T D S )? In re a l i t y, a s s how n by U S E P A (1999), t he di ffe re nc e i n

num be rs be t w e e n t he l a rge r group of T W T D S a nd t he s ubs e t of P O T W s i s re l at i ve l y s m a l l

,

m a ki ng t h e di s t i n c t i on l e s s c ri t i c a l . T hi s p roj e c t re que s t e d da t a on a l l T W T D S

.

• T he di ve rs i t y of 50 s t a t e progra m s (P ue rt o Ri c o a nd ot h e r t e r ri t ori e s w e re not i nc l ud e d i n

t hi s s urve y e ffort ) yi e l ds da t a of di v e rs e q ua l i t y a nd c om pre he ns i v e ne s s . T o a ddre s s t hi s

,

s t a t e dat a w a s i nt e rpre t e d a nd f i t i n t o one s urve y s t ruc t ure , w i t h t he a s s i s t a nc e of s t at e

bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors . In a ddi t i on, a roug h num e ri c a l s t at e d a t a qu a l i t y ra t i ng w a s a ppl i e d

(4 ra t i ng opt i ons : 0 for l ow e s t qua l i t y t o 3 for hi ghe s t qua l i t y). T h e da t a from s t a t e s w i t h

l ow da t a qua l i t y r a t i ngs w e re furt he r a na l y z e d for c om pre he ns i v e ne s s a nd qua l i t y, us i ng

c om pa ri s ons w i t h ot h e r re por t e d dat a (e .g. from t he s urve y of m e m be rs of t h e N a t i o na l

A s s oc i a t i on of Cl e a n W at e r A ge n c i e s

–N A CW A ) a nd CW N S da t a . T he s e m e a s ure s m a de

di ve rs e da t a s e t s m ore c om p a ra bl e a nd c o m pa t i b l e

.

• T W T D S a nd s t a t e s c ol l e c t d a t a us i ng a di ve rs i t y of uni t s of m e a s ure ; for e xa m pl e M a ryl a nd

us e s we t U .S . t ons . M os t s t a t e s t ra c k dat a i n dry U . S . t ons a nd U S E P A t e nds t o us e dry

m e t r i c t ons . T he c hoi c e for s t a nd a rd m e a s ure for t hi s re port w a s dry U . S . t ons , but

, i n o rde r

t o m a xi m i z e pa rt i c i pa t i on, t he s urve ys a l l o w e d da t a t o b e provi d e d i n a v a ri e t y of for m a t s

a nd t he proj e c t t e a m c ondu c t e d c onve rs i o ns . N ot e t ha t , w hi l e na t i ona l t ot a l s a re pre s e nt e d

be l ow i n dry U . S . t ons , t he da t a pre s e n t e d i n e a c h of t he s t at e

- by

- s t a t e s um m a ri e s i n

A ppe ndi x D a re i n t h e uni t s us e d by t h a t s t a t e ’s bi os ol i ds c oordi nat or or t h e re l a t e d E P A

re gi ona l off i c e (d e pe nd i ng on t he s ourc e o f t he da t a ).

• M a ny s m a l l fa c i l i t i e s s e nd t he i r w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds t o l a rge r f a c i l i t i e s ; how t o a voi d d oubl e

c ount i ng? T hi s c onundru m i s furt he r e xa c e rba t e d by t he f a c t t ha t s om e fa c i l i t i e s m e a s ure

t he i r fi n a l bi os ol i ds out put af t e r t he y a re c om pos t e d or ot he rw i s e a m e nde d (e .g. w i t h

a l ka l i ne produc t s ), w he re a s m a ny fa c i l i t i e s m e a s ure be fore s uc h t re a t m e nt s . A v oi di ng e rrorsN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 5 a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t hi s i s s ue i s di ff i c ul t ; t h i s re m a i ns a n uns ol v e d i s s ue a nd m a y a ff e c t t he da t a

re port e d he re

.

• M a ny s m a l l fa c i l i t i e s (a nd a f e w l a rge r on e s ) us e l a goon or ot he r s t or a ge s ys t e m s t h a t onl y

us e or di s pos e of s ol i ds e ve ry 5 t o 20 ye a r s . S uc h e ve nt s a re a s s um e d t o be r a ndom l y a nd

e ve nl y di s t ri but e d ov e r t h e ye a rs , s o t hat d a t a from on e ye a r t o t h e ne xt w i l l c a pt ure s i m i l a r

num be rs of e ve nt s a nd vo l um e s of s ol i ds

.

• W he n c at e gori z i ng b i os ol i ds a s “ be n e fi c i a l l y us e d,” di ff e re nt p e opl e us e di ffe ri ng

de fi ni t i ons ; for e xa m pl e

, i n t he i r s t udy i n P e nns yl va ni a , E l l i o t t e t a l . (2005) c ons i de re d

bi os ol i ds us e d a s a l t e rna t e da i l y c ov e r a t l a ndfi l l s t o b e i n t h e “ di s pos a l ” c a t e gory, b e c a us e i t

i s oft e n di ffi c ul t

, i n pra c t i c e , t o e ns ure t he di s t i n c t i on a t t he fi n a l di s pos a l s i t e , a nd

a gronom i c b e ne fi t s a re no t re a l i z e d. In t hi s c urre nt proj e c t , b i os ol i ds us e d for a l t e rn a t e da i l y

c ove r w e re c l a s s i fi e d a s di s pos a l . A l t hou gh t hi s re port ’s de fi n i t i on of “ be ne f i c i a l us e ” i s

re s t ri c t e d t o t hos e b i os ol i ds a ppl i e d t o s oi l s i n one w a y or a not he r (s e e p. i v ), ot he r n on

a gri c ul t ura l b e ne f i c i a l us e s a re b e c om i ng m ore c om m on, e s pe c i a l l y e n e rgy

- re l a t e d us e s

(bi oga s , i nc i n e ra t i on w i t h re c ove ry of h e a t , bi ore a c t or l a ndfi l l t e c hnol ogy, e t c .).

In s um m a ry, t he s t r a t e gy w a s t o c ol l e c t da t a from t hos e s ourc e s m os t l i ke l y t o h a ve t he hi ghe s t

a m ount a nd qu a l i t y: t h e s t a t e a g e nc y bi os o l i ds c oordi nat ors . T he n, a s dat a g a ps be c a m e a ppa re nt

–

a nd m a ny di d

– t he proj e c t t e a m fi l l e d t h e m w i t h i nform a t i on fro m U S E P A re gi ona l bi os ol i ds

c oordi na t ors , onl i ne re s e a rc h of s t a t e b i os ol i ds re gul at ory progra m s

, a nd t hrough di re c t c on t a c t w i t h

t he l a rg e s t T W T D S i n t he s t at e t o a c qu i re w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds ge n e ra t i on, qua l i t y, a nd e nd us e a nd

di s pos a l da t a , f a c i l i t y

- by

- f a c i l i t y, un t i l a re a s ona bl y hi gh p e rc e nt a g e of t he s t a t e ’s w a s t e w a t e r f l ow

(a nd popul a t i on) w e re a c c oun t e d for (a s t r a t e gy ut i l i z e d by E l l i o t e t a l ., 2005). In a f e w c a s e s (e .g.

Conne c t i c ut , M i s s ouri ), no s t a t e da t a w a s c ol l e c t e d, a nd s ol i ds produc t i on, e nd us e

, a nd di s pos a l

t ot a l s w e re e s t i m a t e d for us e i n nat i ona l t o t a l s

.

A s t he s t a t e dat a w e re c ol l e c t e d, t h e y w e re c om pi l e d i n a F i l e m a ke r P ro 8 da t a ba s e

, us i ng t he s a m e

form a t a s t h e bi os ol i ds qua l i t y a nd e nd us e s urve y of s t a t e c oordi n a t ors (t he s urve y i s i nc l ude d i n

A pp e ndi x A ). S ubs e t s of da t a w e re e xpo rt e d i nt o E x c e l s pre a ds he e t s for a na l ys i s , c h a rt i ng, a nd

m a ppi ng. D a t a qua l i t y c h e c ks w e re c ondu c t e d w he ne v e r da t a w e re e nt e re d or t r a ns fe rre d.

In t he e nd, t h i s a pproa c h re s ul t e d i n a s i gn i fi c a n t re fi n e m e n t of ove r a l l d a t a qu a l i t y t ha t ha s not be e n

a c hi e v e d by a ny pri or na t i onw i de e ffor t

. H ow e ve r, t he qua l i t y of t h e dat a s t i l l re qu i re s re port i ng of

our be s t e s t i m a t e s i n t hous ands of dry U .S . t ons i n t he c a s e of m os t s t at e s . D a t a fro m re l at i ve l y fe w

s t a t e s a re of s uff i c i e n t qua l i t y t o b e re por t e d i n hundr e ds or t e ns of dry U . S . t ons

.

TH E N A TI O N A L S U R V EY

T he “ Bi os ol i ds Q ua l i t y a nd E nd U s e S urve y” w a s t he m a j or fo c us of t hi s proj e c t . It w a s de ve l ope d

us i ng c onc e pt s a nd qu e s t i ons from pre v i o us s urve ys (G ol ds t e i n, 20 00; E l l i ot t e t a l

., 2005) a nd

re s ul t s from our c urs ory D a t a N e e ds a nd A va i l a bi l i t y S urve y of ~ 20 s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi na t ors a nd

ot he r s t a ke ho l de rs i n bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e nt

.

T he 10

- pa ge B i os ol i ds Q ua l i t y a nd E nd U s e S urve y a s ke d for da t a a nd opi n i ons re g a rdi ng...

• s t a t e bi os ol i ds a ge nc y a nd c oord i na t or c on t a c t i nform a t i on,

• w a s t e w a t e r t re at m e n t a nd bi os ol i ds i nfra s t ruc t ure

,N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 6 • re gul a t i on a nd pe rm i t t i ng,

• bi os ol i ds qua l i t y (2004 da t a re que s t e d),

• bi os ol i ds e nd us e a nd di s pos a l (2004 d a t a re que s t e d),

• t re nds i n bi os ol i ds m a na ge m e nt

,

• bi os ol i ds t e s t i ng a nd re port i ng re qui re m e n t s

,

• bi os ol i ds t re at m e n t pra c t i c e s , a nd

• s e pt a ge m a na g e m e n t

.

A ft e r re vi e w by N A CW A bi os ol i ds c om m i t t e e m e m be rs a nd ot h e rs , t hi s s urve y w a s s e nt t o a l l 50

s t a t e a g e nc y bi os ol i ds c oordi n a t ors , a s w e l l a s s om e U S E P A re gi ona l bi os ol i ds c oord i na t ors , i n

A pri l , 2006 (A ppe ndi x A ). D uri ng t he ne xt t e n m on t hs , t he proj e c t t e a m c o l l e c t e d a nd c om pi l e d t he

da t a a nd op i ni ons provi de d by t he s t a t e c o ordi na t ors

.

U pon c om pl e t i on of i ni t i a l da t a e n t ry, i t w a s c l e a r t hat m ore e xt e ns i v e da t a c ol l e c t i o n w oul d be

re qui re d. S t at e c oordi nat ors ha d fi l l e d i n t he s urve y t o va ryi ng d e gre e s of c om pl e t e n e s s , a nd i n

orde r t o proc e e d w i t h fur t he r c o l l e c t i on, e a c h s t a t e ’s da t a ha d t o b e i nt e rpre t e d, c om pi l e d, a nd ke y

da t a ga ps i d e nt i f i e d. T h e i nform a t i on pro vi de d by s t a t e c oordi n a t ors w a s c onve r t e d i nt o one

na rra t i v e s um m a ry a nd one E xc e l s pre a ds he e t s um m a ry of c ons i s t e n t form a t for e a c h s t a t e . In orde r

t o c he c k t he qu a l i t y of t he d a t a a nd i t s i n t e rpre t a t i on by t he pro j e c t t e a m

- a s w e l l a s t o fi l l d a t a g a ps

–t he s e t w o

- doc um e nt dra f t s um m a ri e s w e re provi de d t o s t a t e b i os ol i ds c oordi n a t ors for re vi e w a nd

fol l ow

- up phone di s c us s i on (a fe w s t at e c oordi na t ors di d not re c e i ve a s um m a ry a n d di d not c onduc t

t hi s re vi e w ). T h i s w a s a proc e s s t hat ha d be e n ut i l i z e d by B i oC y c l e i n s om e of t he i r s urve y w ork.

T hi s “ re fl e c t i ng” of d a t a b a c k t o s t a t e c oor di na t ors ut i l i z e d t he s a m e un i t s of m e a s ure (e .g. dry

m e t ri c t ons , dry U . S . t ons ) t ha t t h e s t a t e c oordi na t ors ha d us e d. S om e of t he t w o

- do c um e nt

s um m a ri e s w e re a l s o re v i e w e d by t h e a ppr opri a t e U S E P A re gi ona l bi os ol i ds c oord i n a t or. T he f i na l

,

re vi s e d da t a s um m a ri e s re s ul t i ng from t hi s proc e s s a re i n c l ude d a s s t a t e

- by

- s t a t e re p ort s i n

A ppe ndi x D

.

T he fi na l s t e p i n d a t a a na l ys i s w a s t o c om p i l e t h e i nform a t i on fro m a l l 50 s t a t e s (i nc l udi ng be s t

e s t i m at e s for a fe w s t at e s ) i n t o a nat i ona l pi c t ure . A l l s t a t e s ’ num e ri c a l da t a w e re m a i nt a i ne d a nd

ke pt c ons i s t e n t , by e l e c t roni c t ra ns fe rs , i n t hre e form a t s :

1. i n t he i nd i vi dua l s t a t e s pre a ds he e t s m e n t i o ne d a bove

, 2. i n t he ori g i na l F i l e m a ke r d a t a b a s e , a nd

3. i n a s i ngl e s pre a ds he e t us e d t o c a l c u l a t e n a t i ona l t ot a l s

.

In t he na t i ona l t ot a l s s pre a ds he e t , a ppropri a t e c onv e rs i ons w e re a pp l i e d t o bi os ol i ds qua nt i t y d a t a

from t hos e s t a t e s t ha t prov i de d t h e i r d a t a i n a nyt hi ng but dry U . S . t ons . T hi s na t i on a l t ot a l s

s pre a ds he e t a l s o i nc l ude d c o l um ns w i t h d a t a on s t a t e popul a t i on a nd t h e s t a t e ’s t ot a l w a s t e w a t e r

fl ow (from U S E P A ’s CW N S da t a s e t for 2004). T hi s a l l ow e d for e a s y di re c t c om p a ri s on be t w e e n

e a c h s t at e ’s re por t e d t o t a l b i os ol i ds qua nt i t y a nd t he e s t i m a t e d t ot a l de ri ve d by us i ng t he U S E P A

Bi os ol i ds G e ne ra t i on F a c t or (U . S . E P A O ffi c e of S ol i d W a s t e a nd E m e rge n c y Re s p ons e , 1999),

t hus he l pi ng e ns ure t he a c c ur a c y of t h e re port e d da t a . T he n a t i ona l t ot a l s da t a i s di s c us s e d i n t he

“ re s ul t s ” be l ow a nd i s pre s e n t e d i n a s pre a ds he e t of “ U . S . T ot a l s ” a t t he b e gi nni ng o f A ppe ndi x D

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 7 O N LI N E S U R V EY O F TWTD S

O ne fi na l s t e p w a s t a ke n: c ol l e c t i on of da t a from i nd i vi dua l T re a t m e nt W orks T re at i ng D om e s t i c

S e w a ge (T W T D S ) us i ng a n onl i ne s urve y s ys t e m

, Sur v e y Monk e y

. T he onl i ne s urve y w a s i nt e nde d

t o provi de s e m i

- i nde p e nde nt d a t a t hat c ou l d be us e d t o c orrobor a t e da t a provi de d by t he s urve y of

s t a t e c oord i na t ors . It s d e s i gn w a s de ri ve d us i ng que s t i ons from t he s urve y of s t a t e b i os ol i ds

c oordi na t ors , w i t h i t s t a rg e t a udi e n c e (i nd i vi dua l T W T D S ) i n m i nd. N ort hw e s t B i os ol i ds

M a na ge m e n t A s s oc i a t i on c re a t e d t he onl i ne s urve y s t ruc t ure a nd l a yout . It w a s i n t e nde d t o t a ke 15

t o 20 m i nut e s for a know l e dge a bl e pe rs on a t a t re a t m e n t fa c i l i t y t o c o m pl e t e . 2004 d a t a w a s

re que s t e d. T o g e ne r a t e re s pons e s , N E BRA s e nt (w i t h t he he l p of t he N at i ona l Bi os ol i ds

P a rt ne rs hi p) a form a l e m a i l a nnoun c e m e nt t o bi os ol i ds c ont a c t s a round t he c oun t ry; t he e m a i l

i nc l ude d i ns t ruc t i ons a nd a l i nk t o t h e s urv e y w e bs i t e . T h e e m a i l i nc l ude d a re que s t t ha t t h e e m a i l

be forw a rde d t o a ny U . S . w a s t e w a t e r t re at m e nt f a c i l i t y a nd be i n c l ud e d i n a ny p e rt i ne nt

ne w s l e t t e rs . A de a d l i ne w a s a l s o i nc l ude d , w hi c h a l l ow e d a bout t hre e w e e ks for pe o pl e t o r e s pond

by c om pl e t i ng t h e onl i n e s urve y. N E BRA ’s c ont a c t i nform a t i on w a s provi d e d, a nd s om e que s t i ons

a nd c om m e nt s w e re re c e i ve d a nd a ddre s s e d. T hi s out re a c h w a s re l a t i v e l y m i ni m a l a nd s i m pl e ;

fut ure e ffort s c ou l d l i ke l y ga i n fa r l a rge r n um be rs of re s pons e s

.

O nc e t he onl i ne s urve y d e a dl i ne w a s pa s s e d, t he onl i ne s urve y d a t a w a s dow nl oa d e d i nt o a n E x c e l

s pre a ds he e t a nd t horoughl y re vi e w e d for qua l i t y a nd a c c ura c y. A ny que s t i ona b l e d a t a w e re

c orre c t e d by di re c t c ont a c t w i t h t he a g e nc y re port i ng (t h e s urve y provi d e d t he op t i o n of i nc l udi ng

c ont a c t i nform a t i on, bu t di d not re qui re i t ) or w e re de l e t e d. S t a t i s t i c a l a na l ys i s of t h e da t a w a s

c om pl e t e d by P rofe s s ors T a i Che ng a nd J ohn P e c ke nha m a t t h e U ni ve rs i t y of M a i n e , O rono.

T he re s pons e ra t e t o t h e onl i ne s urve y w a s 250 (1.5%) of t he 16,000+ T W T D S i n t h e c ount ry. T h i s

s m a l l re s pons e pre c l ud e d m uc h us e fu l e xt ra pol a t i on from t h e s urve y dat a . H ow e ve r , t he s urve y

da t a prove d us e fu l i n fi l l i ng d a t a ga ps i n s e ve ra l s t a t e s . It a l s o prove d t o be a n e xc e l l e nt t e s t of

ut i l i z i ng a n on l i ne s urve y s oft w a re s e rvi c e t o c ol l e c t ke y bi os ol i ds qua l i t y, e nd us e , a nd di s pos a l

da t a . T h e onl i n e s ys t e m prov e d e ffi c i e n t a nd e a s y t o us e . W e re c o m m e nd us e of t hi s ki nd of s urve y

for c ol l e c t i on of b a s i c d a t a on a re gul a r ba s i s i n t he fut ure

.

Inform a t i on c ol l e c t e d vi a t he on l i ne s urve y i s i nt e gra t e d i n t he re s ul t s

, be l ow , a nd t h e onl i ne s urve y

que s t i onna i re a pp e a rs i n A ppe ndi x A

.

D A TA Q U A L I TY

W i t h t h e l a rg e vol um e s a nd va ri e t y of d a t a be i ng c o m pi l e d i n t h i s proj e c t , t h e c ha n c e fo r da t a

qua l i t y t o be c o m prom i s e d w a s of c onc e rn . T hi s w a s a ddre s s e d by e s t a bl i s hi ng prot oc ol s for da t a

c he c ki ng a nd t r a c ki ng i n t hos e pa r t s of t he proj e c t w he re a n e rror w oul d ha ve t he m o s t s i gni fi c a n t

i m pa c t s . T he s e i n c l ude d t he fo l l ow i ng dat a qua l i t y c ont ro l m e a s ure s :

• A ft e r da t a w a s t r a ns fe rre d fro m t he B i os ol i ds Q ua l i t y a nd E nd U s e S urve ys c om pl e t e d by

s t a t e c oord i na t ors i n t o t he F i l e m a ke r P ro 8 da t a ba s e , d a t a e nt ry w a s s ubs e que nt l y

i nde pe nde n t l y c h e c ke d.

• U s e of t he s t a nda rdi z e d s um m a ri e s for e a c h s t a t e ’s da t a e ns ure d c ons i s t e nc y of c om p i l a t i on

a nd re port i ng, w hi c h m a de e rrors s t a nd ou t

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 8 • A s t he re gul a t i on, qua l i t y, e nd us e

, a nd di s pos a l da t a for e a c h s t a t e w a s c om pi l e d i n t he

s um m a ry E xc e l s pre a ds he e t t e m p l a t e , one s t a nda rd c a l c u l a t or s pre a ds he e t w a s ut i l i z e d for

a l l s t at e s , w i t h c ons i s t e nt a nd c om p a ra bl e row s of da t a fe d i nt o t he c a l c ul a t or from t he

F i l e m a ke r da t a ba s e . In a ddi t i on, on t he s t a t e s um m a ry s pre a ds he e t , va ri ous e s t i m a t e s of

t ot a l w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds ge ne r a t i on for t he s t a t e (s uc h a s by us i ng t h e U S E P A 1999 m e t hod)

a ppe a re d n e xt t o t he t ot a l re port e d by t he s t a t e c oordi nat or, s uppl yi ng a c ons t a n t

c orrobora t i on of ov e ra l l dat a a c c ura c y.

• O ne t e a m m e m b e r di d a fi na l re vi e w of e a c h s t a t e ’s s um m a ry a nd s t a t e c oordi na t ors (a nd/ or

t he U S E P A re gi ona l c oord i na t ors ) w e re a s ke d t o re vi e w t he s um m a ry (t h i s s t e p w a s not

c om pl e t e d for s om e s t a t e s , due t o l a c k of t i m e or l a c k of re s pons e ).

• In s pre a ds he e t s , a l l dat a w a s c l e a ne d a nd c he c ke d l og i c a l l y a nd e rrone ous or s us pi c i ous da t a

w e re i nve s t i g a t e d furt he r.

• D a t a i n fi n a l re por t s w e re s pot c h e c ke d a g a i n for a c c ura c y, how e ve r, gi v e n t he vo l u m e s of

da t a i nvo l ve d, t h e i r a c c ur a c y i s not 100% gua ra nt e e d.



### 3

. R E S U LTS

T he Bi os ol i ds U s e a nd D i s pos a l S urve y, c om pl e t e d by s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oord i na t o rs , provi de d t he

m a j o ri t y of t he d a t a re port e d be l ow . G a ps i n t he s t a t e

- re por t e d dat a w e re fi l l e d w i t h i nform a t i on

from U S E P A re gi ona l offi c e s , i ndi vi du a l T W T D S , a nd ot he r s ourc e s . T he re s ul t s of t he onl i n e

s urve y of i ndi vi dua l T W T D S a re i nt e gra t e d i nt o t he d i s c us s i ons be l ow , a s a ppropri a t e

.

Cau ti on r e gar di ng u s e of dat a : T he data pr e s e nt e d t hr oughout t h i s r e por t ar e c om pi l e d f r om

r e s pons e s t o s ur v e y s and ot he r c om m uni c at i ons wi t h di v e r s e i ndi v i dual s . Whi l e e v e r y e f f

or t has

be e n m ade i n good f a i t h t o e ns ur e data qu al i t y and pr e s e n t data obj e c t i v e l y

, t he r e p or t aut hor s and

NE B RA as s um e no r e s pons i bi l i t y or l i ab i l i t y f or out c om e s t ha t m ay r e s ul t f

r om t he i r us e

.

I N F R A S TR U C TU R E

En u me r ati n g Tr e atme n t Wor k s Tr e ati n g D ome s ti c S e w age

In t he U .S ., t he i nfra s t ru c t ure t hat l e a ds t o produc t i on of s e w a ge s l udg e (a l s o c a l l e d “ w a s t e w a t e r

s ol i ds ,” a nd, w he n t re a t e d, “ bi os ol i ds ” ) i n c l ude s a n e s t i m at e d 16,583 T re a t m e n t W o rks T re a t i ng

D om e s t i c S e w a ge ( T W T D S ). 1 T he va s t m a j ori t y of t he s e t re a t m e n t fa c i l i t i e s a re s m a l l : 13,261

t re a t w a s t e w a t e r fl ow s e qua l t o or l e s s t ha n 1 m i l l i on ga l l ons pe r da y (M G D )

–s e e T a bl e 1. T ha t

l e a ve s 3,322 t h a t t re at fl ow s gre a t e r t ha n 1 M G D , of w hi c h onl y 551 t re a t fl ow s gre at e r t ha n 10

M G D

.

U S E P A us e s a rough e s t i m a t e t h a t a popu l a t i on of 10,000 pe op l e a c c oun t s for 1 M G D of fl ow

. A na l ys i s of t hi s proj e c t ’s onl i ne s urve y d at a of 250 T W T D S i ndi c at e d t h a t a n i nc re a s e of 10,000

pe opl e s e rve d by a T W T D S i nc re a s e s t he da i l y w a s t e w at e r fl ow by 1.54 M G D , w hi c h m e a ns t h a t a

1 U S E P A ’ s d r a f t C l e a n W a t e r s h e d N e e d s S u r v e y ( C W N S ) d a t a b a s e f o r 2 0 0 4 i n c l u d e d 3 3

, 8 5 2 N P D E S

p e r m i t t e d d i s c h a r g e r s

– s y s t e m s th a t d i s c h a r g e t o w a t e r s o f th e U

. S

. i n a c c o r d a n c e w i th th e C l e a n W a t e r A c t

,

a

b o u t h a l f o f w h i c h d o n o t p e r f o r m t r e a t m e n t ( a r e n o t T W T D S )

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 9 popul a t i on of 6,500 p e opl e a c c ount s for 1 M G D of fl ow . A c urs ory re vi e w of CW N S da t a for 2004

c orrobora t e s t h e fa c t t h a t 1 M G D T W T D S s e rve t hi s ra nge of popu l a t i on: 6,500 t o 1 0,000 2

.

T hus , t he 13,261 s m a l l e s t T W T D S

–c ons i de re d “ m i nors ” by U S E P A

–a re i n re l a t i v e l y s m a l l

c om m uni t i e s . A nd a s E l l i ot t e t a l . (2005) di s c ove re d i n t he i r d e t a i l e d s urve y w ork i n P e nns yl va ni a

,

t he s e s m a l l T W T D S m a na ge t he i r w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds i n w a ys t h a t a re not n e c e s s a ri l y re pre s e nt e d by

how l a rge r T W T D S m a na ge t he m . F or e x a m pl e

, m i nor (< /

= 1 M G D ) fa c i l i t i e s w i l l oft e n:

• s t ore s ol i ds i n w a s t e w a t e r or s l udge l a goo ns t ha t a re on l y c l e a n e d out e v e ry 5

–20 y e a rs ;

• ut i l i z e t h e l ow e s t

- c os t a nd l e a s t

- ha s s l e m e t hod for m a na g i ng s ol i ds , s uc h a s l a ndf i l l i ng (a s

E l l i o t t e t a l . found i n P A ); a nd/ or

• t ra ns port unt re a t e d s ol i ds t o l a rge r T W T D S for t re a t m e nt

. T he s e , a nd ot h e r fa c t ors

–i nc l ud i ng t he s h e e r num be r of m i nor f a c i l i t i e s

– s i gni fi c a nt l y i m pe d e

a c c ura t e c ha ra c t e ri z at i on of t h e m a na ge m e nt of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds from t h e s e s m a l l T W T D S . P ri or

na t i ona l s urve ys , a nd, t o a l a rg e e xt e nt t h i s c urre nt re s e a rc h, ha v e i gnore d t he s m a l l e s t T W T D S

. T hi s i s j us t i fi e d, i n pa r t , be c a us e t he s e fa c i l i t i e s t re at onl y 8% of t o t a l f l ow (M G D ) a nd us e or

di s pos e of t he s a m e s m a l l

–or e ve n l e s s e r

–pe rc e nt a ge of s ol i ds . T h e s e s ol i ds a re i n s i gni fi c a n t on

na t i ona l , re gi on a l

, a nd s t a t e s c a l e s . M a ny l i ke l y b e c om e pa r t of l a rg e r T W T D S ’ s ol i ds produc t i on,

but m os t c a nno t be e a s i l y c oun t e d on a s t at e or na t i ona l s c a l e a nd t h e s e m a y no t be i nc l ude d i n t he

da t a pre s e n t e d i n t hi s re por t

.

2 T h e r a n g e i n th e n u m b e r o f M G D p r o d u c e d b y a p o p u l a t i o n o f 1 0

, 0 0 0 i s e x p l a i n e d

, i n p a rt

, b y :

• th e a m o u n t o f i n d u s t r i a l f l o w d i s c h a r g e d t o th e s e w e r a n d t r e a t e d b y th e T W T D S

, i n a d d i t i o n t o th e

p o p u l a t i o n

, i n th e i r s e r v i c e a r e a ( i n d u s t r i a l f l o w s c a n b e l o w o r a s m u c h a s 9 0 +% i n s o m e c a s e s ( e

. g

. , D a l t o n

, G A

- h o m e o f i n d o o r / o u t d o o r c a r p e t m a n u f a c tu r i n g )

.

• th e a m o u n t o f u s e o f w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n d e v i c e s ( l o w f l u s h t o i l e t s

, l o w f l o w s h o w e rh e a d s

, e t c

. )

• c l i m a t e di f f e r e nc e s ( de s e r t vs hi gh r a i nf a l l ar e a s )

• T W T D S w i t h c o m bi ne d s e w e r s ( a nd C S O s ) vs t ho s e w i t h s e par a t e s a ni t ar y a nd s t or m s e w e r s ys t e m s Tab l e 1 (c our t e s y of R obe r t K. B as t i on, U SE P

A )N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 10 It i s t he ~ 3,300 T W T D S w i t h fl ow s gre a t e r t ha n 1 M G D

–a nd e s pe c i a l l y t h e ~ 550 ove r 10 M G D

–

t ha t a re m os t s i gni f i c a n t for unde rs t a ndi ng e a c h s t a t e ’s bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t s i t ua t i on a nd t he

na t i ona l pi c t ure . F a c i l i t i e s t re at i ng m ore t ha n 1 M G D t re a t 93% of e xi s t i ng fl ow a n d , gi ve n t he

s i gni fi c a n t c orre l at i on be t w e e n fl ow a nd s ol i ds produc t i on, a n e qui v a l e n t l y hi gh p e r c e nt a g e of

w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds produc t i on, e nd us e , a n d di s pos a l

.

I n d u s tr i al P r e t r e atme n t

T he re i s c ons i d e ra bl e profe s s i ona l a nd pu bl i c i n t e re s t w i t h re g a rds t o t he ~ 3,300 l a r ge s t T W T D S

, be c a us e t h e y i n c l ude f a c i l i t i e s i n urba n a re a s , w he re i ndus t ri a l i nput s t o w a s t e w a t e r f l ow s (a nd,

t he re fore , b i os ol i ds ) a re m ore l i ke l y. U nde r 40 CF R P a rt 403, U S E P A re qui re s l oc a l w a s t e w a t e r

t re a t m e nt f a c i l i t i e s t o i m pl e m e n t a nd e nfo rc e i ndus t ri a l pre t re a t m e nt progra m s a i m e d a t re duc i ng

i nput s t o s e w a ge s ys t e m s of a ny t hi ng t h a t c oul d ne gat i ve l y i m p a c t t he fun c t i ons of t he fa c i l i t y a nd

t he qua l i t y of t h e e ffl u e nt a nd s ol i ds

.

O ne m e a s ure of t h i s progra m w a s a s s e s s e d by a s ki ng of s t a t e b i os ol i ds c oordi n a t ors t he num be r of

T W T D S t ha t “ c urre n t l y ha v e a c t i v e i ndus t ri a l pre t re a t m e nt progra m s .” T he a ggre ga t e d t ot a l

re s pons e w a s a pproxi m a t e l y 1,440, 43% o f a l l m a j or T W T D S . T hi s i s a m i ni m u m n um be r, a s t he

s urve y fa i l e d t o obt a i n 100% re s pons e on t hi s que s t i on. T W T D S t ha t do no t ha ve a c t i ve

pre t re at m e nt progra m s

–i nc l udi ng m a ny i n t he 1 t o 10 M G D ra nge (s e rvi ng popul a t i ons l e s s t ha n

65 t o 100 t hous a nd

–a re m os t l y not re qui re d t o do s o be c a us e of l a c k of S i gni fi c a nt Indus t ri a l U s e rs

( S IU ) of t he s e w a ge s ys t e m , i .e

. t he t hre a t of di s c ha rge t o t he s e w e rs of pot e nt i a l l y h a rm ful

s ubs t a nc e s i s m i ni m a l . A s ha s be e n re port e d e l s e w he re , t he P a r t 403 pre t re a t m e nt pr ogra m

–

c oupl e d w i t h P a r t 503 a nd s t at e re gul at i on s

–ha s s i gni fi c a nt l y i m prov e d t he qu a l i t y of bi os ol i ds

(N a t i ona l A c a de m y of S c i e n c e s , 2002).

F urt he r da t a on pre t re a t m e nt w a s c o m pi l e d from t he proj e c t ’s onl i ne s urve y. R e s ponde nt s t o t hat

s urve y w e re bi a s e d s i gni f i c a nt l y t ow a rd l a rge r fa c i l i t i e s

. 3 O f t he 219 re s pons e s t o t he pre t re at m e nt

que s t i on, 77% s a i d t h e i r fa c i l i t y ha s a n a c t i ve i ndus t ri a l pre t re a t m e nt progra m (F i gure 1).

F i gu r e 1

– P r e val e n c e of i n d u s tr i al

p r e

- t r e atme n t i n l a r ge r TWTD S

c omp l e ti n g on l i n e s u r ve y

3 O f th e 2 5 0 r e s p o n s e s

, 1 9 9 w e r e f r o m m a j o r f a c i l i t i e s ( > 1 M G D ) ; th a t ’ s 8 0 % o f th e s a m p l e

. C W N S d a t a

i n d i c a t e th a t

, n a t i o n w i d e

, o n l y 8 % o f T W T D S a r e m a j o r s

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 11 BI O S O LI D S EN D U S E A N D D I S P O S A L

T he da t a c om p i l at i on e ffort s of t hi s proj e c t bui l d on pri or e s t i m a t e s (U S E P A O ffi c e of S ol i d W a s t e

, 1999) a nd re port s c om p i l e d from s t at e s (G ol ds t e i n, 2000). H ow e ve r, for t h e fi rs t t i m e , a t l e a s t s om e

a c t ua l m e a s ure d bi os ol i ds qua nt i t i e s w e re c om pi l e d for e ve ry s t a t e (t he e xc e p t i on i s M i s s ouri , for

w hi c h a rough e s t i m a t e for t o t a l b i os ol i ds us e d or di s pos e d w a s ne c e s s a ry t o c o m pl e t e na t i ona l

t ot a l s .)

T e n s t a t e s (Il l i no i s , M a s s a c hus e t t s , M i nne s ot a , N e w H a m ps hi re , N e w J e rs e y, N e w Y ork, Rhode

Is l a nd, V e rm ont , W a s hi ngt on, W i s c on s i n) a nd t he D i s t ri c t of Col u m bi a w e re a b l e t o e ffi c i e nt l y

provi de c om pre he ns i v e da t a on w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds e nd us e a nd di s pos a l . O t he r s t a t e s (e .g.

D e l a w a re , G e org i a , M a ryl a nd) e ffi c i e n t l y provi de d s om e w ha t l e s s c om pre he ns i ve e s t i m at e s (t he

di ffi c ul t y w i t h M a ryl a nd da t a i s t hat i t i s re port e d i n w e t U . S . t ons , re qui ri ng a n e s t i m a t e of t he

a ppropri a t e pe r c e nt s ol i ds t o a ppl y t o c onv e rt t he d a t a t o dry e qu i va l e nt s ).

F or ot he r s t a t e s (e .g. C a l i forn i a , Col or a do, H a w a i i , M ont a na , N e v a da , N ort h D a ko t a

, S out h D a kot a

, W yom i ng), i t w a s re l at i ve l y e a s y t o c om p i l e robus t da t a w i t h t h e a dd e d he l p of E P A re gi ona l

offi c e s (Re gi ons 8 & 9) t h a t t r a c k bi os ol i d s c l os e l y us i ng e l e c t ron i c d a t a b a s e s . T he us e a nd di s pos a l

of bi os ol i ds i n P e nns yl va ni a ha d j us t b e e n s t udi e d c l o s e l y by re s e a rc he rs at P e nn S t at e U ni ve rs i t y

(E l l i o t t e t a l ., 2005), a nd t he i r da t a w a s i n c orpora t e d h e re

.

O t he r s t a t e s (e .g. Ind i a n a , K a ns a s , K e nt uc ky, N e bra s ka , N e w M e xi c o, N ort h Ca ro l i n a , S out h

Ca rol i na

, T e xa s , V i rgi n i a ) re qui re d p a i ns t a ki ng c om p i l at i o n of da t a from i nc o m pl e t e i nform at i on

provi de d by s t a t e c oordi n a t ors , E P A re gi o na l offi c e s , t he N A CW A F i na nc i a l S urve y , a nd di re c t

c ont a c t w i t h i nd i vi dua l T W T D S . In t he s e c a s e s , t hi s re qui re d c on t a c t s w i t h from t hre e t o fi f t e e n of

t he l a rg e s t i ndi v i dua l T W T D S i n t h e s t a t e

. In e a c h c a s e , w e m a na ge d t o obt a i n da t a on s ol i ds e nd

us e a nd di s pos a l from t h e l a rg e s t T W T D S for a t l e a s t 60% t o 70% of t h e s t a t e ’s e s t i m a t e d t ot a l

w a s t e w a t e r fl ow (a s re port e d by t he 2004 Cl e a n W a t e rs he ds N e e ds S urve y). W e ro ughl y e s t i m a t e

t ha t a c hi e v i ng t hi s l e ve l of da t a c om p i l a t i o n l i ke l y a c c oun t s for 85% or m ore of t h e s ol i ds produc e d

i n t he s t at e , be c a us e m a ny s m a l l e r T W T D S t ra ns port s ol i ds t o l a rg e r fa c i l i t i e s or s t o re s ol i ds for

l onge r pe ri ods , t hus us i ng or di s pos i ng no s ol i d s i n a t ypi c a l y e a r.

T he e s t i m a t e d t ot a l qua n t i t y of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds be ne fi c i a l l y us e d or di s pos e d i n e a c h s t a t e i n 2004

i s re port e d i n T a bl e 2.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 12 Tab l e 2

– S tate

- b y

- S tate P op u l ati on , Was te w ate r , an d Total S ol i d s U s e d / D i s p os e d i n 2004

S t at e E s t i m at e d S t at e

P op u l at i o n

( U . S . C e n s u s , 2004) N u m b e r of

T WT D S ( C WN S

2004) T ot al E s t

. Was t e w at e r F l ow

( M G D )

( C WN S 2004) R e p or t e d S ol i d s U s e d &

D i s p os e d ( d r y U

. S

. t o n s )

A l aba m a 4, 525, 375 278 470 68, 000

A l a s ka 657, 755 172 78 17, 000

A r i z ona 5, 739, 879 166 465 99, 500

A r ka ns a s 2, 750, 000 350 279 58, 000

C a l i f or ni a 35, 842, 038 633 4, 170 788, 500

C ol or a do 4, 601, 821 315 425 113, 500

C onne c t i c ut 3, 498, 966 94 386 99, 000

D e l a w ar e 830, 069 19 103 23, 500

D i s t

. of C ol um bi a 554, 239 1 370 105, 800

F l or i da 17, 385, 430 322 1, 429 300, 000

G e or gi a 8, 918, 129 350 755 200, 000

H a w a i i 1, 262, 124 21 136 22, 000

I da ho 1, 395, 140 186 135 23, 300

I l l i noi s 12, 712, 016 721 2, 231 348, 000

I ndi a na 6, 226, 537 411 1, 033 197, 000

I ow a 2, 952, 90 4 730 358 67, 000

K a ns a s 2, 733, 697 634 273 32, 000

K e nt uc ky 4, 141, 835 245 331 94, 500

L oui s i a na 4, 506, 685 353 546 63, 500

M a i ne 1, 314, 985 148 137 32, 200

M ar yl a nd 5, 561, 332 161 444 111, 500

M a s s a c hus e t t s 6, 407, 382 128 780 168, 800

M i c hi ga n 10, 104, 206 404 1, 409 374, 000

M i nne s ot a 5, 096, 546 516 462 152, 000

M i s s i s s i ppi 2, 900, 768 317 295 61, 000

M i s s our i 5, 759, 532 732 805 170, 000

M ont a na 926, 920 211 82 12, 000

N e br a s ka 1, 747, 704 469 197 34, 000

N e va da 2, 332, 8 98 57 136 62, 300

N e w H a m ps hi r e 1, 299, 169 88 101 27, 000

N e w J e r s e y 8, 685, 166 156 1, 216 261, 200

N e w M e xi c o 1, 903, 006 66 102 80, 500

N e w Y or k 19, 280, 727 588 2, 766 353, 300

N or t h C ar ol i na 8, 540, 468 457 645 135, 000

N or t h D akot a 636, 3 08 284 56 8, 600

O hi o 11, 450, 143 780 1, 853 358, 000

O kl a hom a 3, 523, 546 493 355 58, 500

O r e gon 3, 591, 363 213 392 61, 000

P e nns yl va ni a 12, 394, 471 856 1, 600 304, 000

R hode I s l a nd 1, 079, 916 20 131 30, 300

S out h C ar ol i na 4, 197, 892 173 4 62 54, 000

S out h D akot a 770, 621 280 61 10, 500

T e nne s s e e 5, 893, 298 245 742 241, 000

T e xa s 22, 471, 549 1380 2, 221 708, 000

U t a h 2, 420, 708 106 305 58, 400

V e r m ont 621, 233 87 45 9, 000

V i r gi ni a 7, 481, 332 225 682 176, 400

W a s hi ngt on 6

, 207, 046 246 838 110, 600

W e s t V i r gi ni a 1, 812, 548 217 194 29, 000

W i s c ons i n 5, 503, 533 597 667 179, 800

W yom i ng 505, 887 123 47 27, 000

U

. S

. T O T A L S 293, 656

, 842 16, 824 34, 201 7, 180

, 000N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 13 In 2004, 49% of U . S . w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds w e re be n e fi c i a l l y us e d ( a ppl i e d t o l a nd for a gronom i c

,

s i l vi c ul t ura l , or l a nd re s t or a t i on purpos e s ), w hi l e 45% w e re di s pos e d (T a bl e 3, F i gure s 2 a nd 3).

A not he r 6% w e re s t ore d, or t h e i r fi n a l us e or di s pos a l w a s not re port e d. H ow e v e r, t h e fol l ow i ng ke y

fa c t ors a p pl y :

• It i s l i ke l y t hat m os t of t h e 6% “ ot h e r” w a s a l s o de s t i ne d for be n e fi c i a l us e s (a ppl i c a t i on t o

l a nd). T hi s m e a ns t hat t he r a t e of be ne f i c i a l us e of bi os ol i ds t r a c ke d i n 2004 w a s proba bl y

c l os e t o 55%.

• In t hi s s urve y, bi os ol i ds re port e d a s us e d f or l a n dfi l l da i l y c ove r w e re i n c l ude d i n t h e

“ di s pos a l ” s i de of t he e qu a t i on. S om e s t a t e s (e .g. Ca l i forn i a , W a s hi ngt on) d e fi ne l a n dfi l l

da i l y c ov e r a s a b e ne fi c i a l us e , a s di d E l l i ot t e t a l . (2005). By t h e s e s t a t e ’s de fi n i t i o ns , t he

na t i ona l ra t e of be n e fi c i a l us e m i ght b e a p e rc e nt a ge po i nt hi gh e r.

• T ra c ki ng by s t a t e s a nd d a t a c om p i l a t i on fo r t hi s proj e c t re l y pre dom i na nt l y on da t a fr om

m a j or T W T D S (> 1 M G D ). E l l i ot t e t a l . f ound t ha t , i n P e nns yl v a ni a , w ha t l a rg e r T W T D S

do w i t h t he i r s ol i ds i s not a good pre d i c t or of w ha t s m a l l e r T W T D S do. In a ddi t i on, be c a us e

s om e T W T D S us e m ore t ha n one m e t hod of e nd us e a nd/ or d i s pos a l , s om e T W T D S a re

doubl e

- c ount e d. T hus , da t a on num be r of e nt i t i e s t hroughout t hi s re port a re a pproxi m a t e a nd

onl y provi de s om e s e ns e of re l a t i v e propo rt i ons ; t he y not r e l i abl e f or e x t r apol a t i ons

.

• D a t a on w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds i n P ue r t o Ri c o a nd ot he r t e rri t o ri e s w e re no t c ol l e c t e d for t hi s

re port a nd a re not i nc l ud e d i n t h e t ot a l s . T he y a re e s t i m a t e d t o t ot a l no m ore t ha n 30 ,000

dry U . S . t ons

.

Tab l e 3

– Bi os ol i d s U s e an d D i s p os al P r ac ti c e s , 2004 U . S . Tota l s

F i gu r e 2 Q ua nt i t y of

Bi os ol i ds P e rc e nt a g e (by qua n t i t y)

Be ne fi c i a l U s e ( a p p l i e d t o s o i l s ) 3,507,000 49%

D i s pos a l 3,252,000 45%

O th e r ( l o n g

- t e r m s t o r a g e

, e t c

. ) 421,000 6%

T ot a l 7,180,000 100.00%N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 14 A gri c ul t ura l us e s of bi os ol i ds dom i n a t e t h e be ne fi c i a l us e pra c t i c e s (F i gure 4). M os t of t hi s i s

t ra di t i ona l C l a s s B l a nd a pp l i c a t i on, bu t a good port i on i s Cl a s s A

–a t l e a s t 613,000 dry U . S . t ons

. T he di s t ri bu t i on of Cl a s s A “ E xc e pt i ona l Q ua l i t y” ( E Q ) bi os ol i ds m a ke s up one qua rt e r of t he U . S

.

t ot a l a nd i nc l ude s s i gni fi c a nt

a m ount s of bi os ol i ds c o m pos t

a nd he a t

- dri e d pe l l e t fe r t i l i z e r.

Re c l a m a t i on

–t he us e of

bi os ol i ds t o i m prov e di s t urbe d or

m a rgi na l s oi l s a nd l a nds (e .g.

m i ne l a nds )

–re qui re s re l a t i ve l y

l a rge a m ount s of bi os ol i ds pe r

a c re of l a nd, but onl y 3% of

be ne fi c i a l l y us e d bi os ol i ds a re

l a nd a ppl i e d for t h i s purpos e

. S om e bi os ol i ds t hat w e re

s pe c i fi e d a s ha vi ng be e n a pp l i e d

t o ra nge l a nd a re i nc l ude d i n t he

“ fore s t l a nd ” c a t e gory ; c l e a rl y, s i l vi c u l t ura l us e s of bi os ol i ds a re l i m i t e d. F i gu r e 4 F i gu r e 3N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 15 M os t U . S . w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds t ha t a re not a ppl i e d t o s oi l s go t o m un i c i p a l s ol i d w a s t e (M S W )

l a ndfi l l s (F i gure 5). T he 63% l a ndfi l l e d re port e d he re for 2004 i n c l ude s s om e t ha t w a s us e d a s

a l t e rn a t i v e da i l y c ov e r. D i s pos i t i on of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds by i n c i ne r a t i on (t he r m a l o xi da t i on)

pre dom i nat e s i n a f e w de ns e l y popu l a t e d s t a t e s (e .g. Conn e c t i c ut , Rhod e Is l a nd) a nd m a na ge s l a rge

vol um e s of s ol i ds i n s e ve r a l ot h e r s t a t e s (e .g. a t A nc hora ge , C l e v e l a nd, a nd Indi a n a p ol i s ). D a t a

c ol l e c t e d by N A CW A ’s Bi os ol i ds Com m i t t e e (D om i na k, pe rs . c o m m ., 2007) i ndi c a t e s t ha t , i n

2004, t he re w e re 234 ope ra t i ng i n c i ne r a t or s i n t he U . S . (a s t a t e

- by

- s t a t e l i s t i ng of op e ra t i ng

i nc i ne r a t ors a pp e a rs i n A ppe ndi x C). D e d i c a t e d s urfa c e d i s pos a l uni t s , a l s o know n a s m onofi l l s

, ha ndl e onl y a s m a l l pe r c e nt a ge of t h e na t i on’s w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds

.

F i gu r e 5

D a t a for t he e nt i re U . S ., a s w e l l a s e a c h i ndi vi dua l s t a t e a nd t he D i s t ri c t of C ol um b i a (i n

a l pha be t i c a l ord e r) a ppe a r i n A ppe ndi x D

.

BI O S O LI D S Q U A LI TY

N ati on al D ata R e gar d i n g C l as s A

, C l as s B

T he s urve y of s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oord i na t ors i nc l ude d a t a b l e re que s t i ng i nform at i on on t he num be rs

of T W T D S produc i ng bi os ol i ds of va ri ous qu a l i t i e s (e .g. Cl a s s A or Cl a s s B), a s w e l l a s t he

a m ount s of bi os ol i ds of e a c h qua l i t y. I t a t t e m pt e d t o a t t a i n de t a i l s t o t he l e ve l of s e p a ra t i ng C l a s s A

E xc e pt i ona l Q ua l i t y ( E Q ) bi os ol i ds of va ri ous ki nds (“ he a t dri e d,” “ c om pos t e d,” a nd “ ot he r” ) fro m

ot h e r Cl a s s A bi os ol i ds , a s w e l l a s di ffe re nt i a t i ng be t w e e n Cl a s s B bi os ol i ds t h a t m e e t T a b l e 3 (t h e

“ hi gh qua l i t y” s t a nda rd) or on l y T a b l e 1 ( “ c e i l i ng l i m i t s ” ) of t he f e de r a l P a rt 503 re gul a t i ons

.

A s i t t urne d out , dat a c o l l e c t e d onl y s uppo rt e d re port i ng of t he qu a nt i t i e s a nd pe rc e nt s of Cl a s s A

, Cl a s s B, a nd bi os ol i ds for w hi c h no da t a w a s a va i l a b l e (F i gure 6 ). N ot e t h a t t h e t ot a l a m oun t of

da t a c o m pi l e d re g a rdi ng bi os ol i ds qua l i t y w a s 94% of t he t ot a l bi os ol i ds qua n t i t y re port e d us e d or

di s pos e d. T he re fo re

, t he fol l ow i ng dat a i s i nt e nde d on l y t o provi d e a g e ne ra l pi c t ure a nd s houl d be

us e d w i t h c a ut i on.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 16 F or a l a rge pe r c e n t a ge of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i d s (2,903,000 dry U . S . t ons or 43%), t he re i s no da t a (or

no da t a w a s obt a i ne d) re ga rdi ng w he t he r o r not i t m e t Cl a s s A or Cl a s s B s t a nda rds . T hi s l a c k of

da t a i s m os t l y due t o t he fa c t t h a t w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds t hat a re l a ndfi l l e d or i nc i ne ra t e d a re not

ge ne ra l l y s ubj e c t e d t o t he s a m e s t a b i l i z a t i on, t e s t i ng, a nd re port i ng re qui re m e n t s . It s houl d be not e d

t ha t t h e re a re s om e T W T D S t hat produc e Cl a s s A bi os ol i ds (e .g. he a t dri e d pe l l e t s ) t ha t a re burn e d

i n i nc i n e ra t ors a nd c a n prov i de a n e ne rgy re c ove ry b e ne fi t

.

F i gu r e 6

O f t he re m a i ni ng 57% of bi os ol i ds for w hi c h qua l i t y da t a we r e a va i l a bl e f or 2004, 6 0% (2,273,000

dry U . S . t ons ) w e re Cl a s s B a nd 40% (1,532,000 dry U . S . t ons ) w e re Cl a s s A . A l m os t a l l of t h e

Cl a s s A bi os ol i ds m e t t h e E xc e pt i on a l Q u a l i t y ( E Q ) c ri t e ri a

.

N ot e t ha t F i gure 6 s how s a t ot a l l a rg e r pe r c e nt a g e of Cl a s s A a nd B bi o s ol i ds (57%) t ha n t he

pe rc e nt a ge of b e ne fi c i a l l y us e d bi os ol i ds i n F i gure 2 (55%, w i t h t he a s s um pt i on t h a t t he 6% ot he r

w e re s t ore d for e v e nt ua l be ne f i c i a l us e ). T hi s i s m os t l y be c a us e s om e C l a s s A a nd Cl a s s B

bi os ol i ds w e re not a pp l i e d t o s oi l s (i .e

., t h e y w e re l a ndf i l l e d or i n c i ne r a t e d).

D a t a on bi os ol i ds qua l i t y for t he e n t i re U . S ., a s w e l l a s e a c h i ndi vi du a l s t a t e a nd t he D i s t ri c t of

Col um bi a ( i n a l ph a be t i c a l orde r) a ppe a r i n A ppe ndi x D

.

M e tal s an d O r gan i c C h e mi c a l s

T he re i s c ons i d e ra bl e robus t dat a on t h e q ua l i t y of b i os ol i ds w i t h re g a rds t o e l e m e n t s re gul a t e d by

P a rt 503 (“ he a vy m e t a l s ” ). T he vol u m e s of da t a , a nd t he c o m pi l a t i on of s uc h da t a re qui re d t o

c onduc t s i gni f i c a n t a n a l ys i s , m a ke s t hi s di ffi c ul t on a na t i ona l s c a l e

–a nd be yond t h e s c ope of t hi sN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 17 proj e c t

. T he be s t s ourc e s of i nform a t i on re ga rdi ng m e t a l s da t a a re pub l i s he d pa p e rs t ha t foc us on

pa rt i c u l a r e l e m e nt s or pa r t i c u l a r s t at e s or s i t ua t i ons (e .g. S t e houw e r, 2000; Ch a ne y e t a l ., 1999)

.

D a t a re ga rdi ng unre gu l a t e d e l e m e n t s (e .g. boron, s i l ve r) a nd unre gu l a t e d orga n i c c h e m i c a l s a re e ve n

l e s s a va i l a bl e , bu t , w he re t he y do e x i s t , c a n be vol um i nous . S om e s t a t e s , s uc h a s M a i ne a nd N e w

H a m ps hi re , re qui re bi os ol i ds t o b e t e s t e d f or s c ore s of c om pounds on a t l e a s t a n oc c a s i ona l ba s i s

. S uc h da t a i s s om e t i m e s c om pi l e d a nd re po rt e d i n s t a t e a g e nc y do c um e n t s . M a ny l a r ge r publ i c

w a s t e w a t e r t re at m e n t fa c i l i t i e s c ondu c t t e s t i ng on t he i r bi os ol i ds for m a ny di ffe re nt pa ra m e t e rs t o

e ns ure produc t qua l i t y ( e .g. M i l org a ni t e ® a nd Bos t on’s M W RA fe rt i l i z e r pe l l e t s ). H ow e ve r,

c om pi l i ng s uc h i nform a t i on on a na t i ona l s c a l e i s di ff i c ul t a t t hi s t i m e , i n p a rt b e c a u s e of l a c k of

s t a nda rdi z e d dat a re por t i ng a nd c om pi l a t i on i n e l e c t roni c form a t s . A s w i t h t he re gu l a t e d e l e m e nt s

,

t he be s t c urre nt s ourc e s of i nform at i on a re publ i s he d pa pe rs (e .g. O ve rc a s h e t a l ., 20 05; K i nne y e t

a l ., 2006).

TR EA TM EN T P R A C T I C ES

T he re i s a d i ve rs i t y of t e c hnol ogi e s us e d t o m a na ge t he s ol i ds (s e w a g e s l udge s ) re m ove d duri ng t he

t re a t m e nt of w a s t e w a t e r. In orde r t o a l l ow for e ffi c i e nt ha nd l i ng a nd t ra ns port

, t he y a re s t a bi l i z e d

a nd, i n m os t c a s e s , de w a t e re d. S t a b i l i z a t i on proc e s s e s ge ne ra l l y re du c e put re s c i bi l i ty a nd pot e nt i a l

odors , a s w e l l a s pa t hoge n a nd ve c t or

- at t r a c t i on l e ve l s . D e w a t e ri ng proc e s s e s c onv e rt s ol i ds t hat

a re a t l e a s t 95% w a t e r t o a s e m i

- s ol i d m a t e ri a l t ha t i s from 50 % t o 85% w a t e r.

T he s urve y of s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oord i na t ors re que s t e d e s t i m at e s of t h e num be r of T W T D S ut i l i z i ng

e a c h ki nd of c om m on s t a bi l i z a t i on a nd de w a t e ri ng t e c hnol ogy. R e s pons e s w e re re c e i ve d from on l y

~ 50% of s t a t e s re ga rdi ng nu m be rs of T W T D S us i ng e a c h t e c hnol ogy a nd ~ 25% of s t a t e s re ga rd i ng

qua nt i t i e s of bi os ol i ds t re a t e d by e a c h t e c h nol ogy. N one t he l e s s , t he da t a provi d e d (T a bl e 4) gi v e s a

s e ns e of t he re l a t i v e a bund a nc e of d i ffe re n t t re a t m e n t t e c hnol og i e s

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 18 Tab l e 4

– R e p or te d Es ti mate s of Bi os ol i d s Tr e atme n t Te c h n ol ogi e s i n U s e

* C A U T I O N S I N U S I N G T H I S D A T A : T h e s e a r e m i n i m u m e s t i m a t e s f r o m i n c o m p l e t e d a t a f r o m s t a t e s a n d

o th e r s o u r c e s

. T h e y s e r v e o n l y t o p r o v i d e a r o u g h s e n s e o f th e r e l a t i v e i m p o rt a n c e o f v a r i o u s t e c h n o l o g i e s

.

S TA TE R EG U LA TI O N S , P ER M I TT I N G , A N D O TH ER R EQ U I R EM EN TS

In t he U .S ., t he us e a nd di s pos a l of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds (s e w a ge s l udge ) a nd bi os ol i d s i s gove rne d by

U S E P A re gul a t i ons , 40 CF R P a rt 503. T h e P a rt 503 ru l e e s t a bl i s he d ri s k

- ba s e d s t a n da rds for

pol l ut a n t s , pa t hoge n a nd ve c t or a t t ra c t i on re duc t i on, a nd ba s i c m a n a ge m e nt re qu i re m e nt s (e .g.

a gronom i c l oa di ng r a t e ). M os t s t a t e s ha v e a ddi t i on a l , s t a t e

- l e ve l re gul a t i ons t h a t i m pos e a ddi t i on a l

re s t ri c t i ons a nd re q ui re a dd i t i on a l m a na ge m e nt pra c t i c e s , t re a t m e nt pro c e s s e s , a nd/ o r t e s t i ng

re qui re m e nt s . T he d a t a pre s e nt e d be l ow w e re de ri v e d from re s pons e s by s t a t e bi os ol i ds

c oordi na t ors t o qu e s t i ons i n t h e 10

- pa ge B i os ol i ds Q ua l i t y a nd E nd U s e S urve y. O ne obj e c t i ve o f

t he na t i ona l s urve y w a s t o c ha r a c t e ri z e t he c om pre he ns i v e ne s s a nd s t ri c t ne s s of s t a t e re gul a t ory

progra m s , a s t he y bui l d re qui re m e nt s a bov e a nd be yond t h e P a rt 503 progr a m

.

R e s p on s i b l e A ge n c i e s an d D i vi s i on s

O ve r ha l f of s t a t e s (58%) a s s i gn bi os ol i ds re gul a t ory ov e rs i ght t o t he w at e r / w a s t e w a t e r di vi s i on of

t he i r s t at e e nv i ronm e nt a l a ge n c y (T a b l e 5) . In a not he r 30% of s t at e s , t he s ol i d w a s t e di vi s i on of t he

s t a t e e nv i ronm e n t a l a ge n c y i s re s pons i bl e

, e i t he r e nt i re l y or i n pa rt . In A rka ns a s

, t h e e nvi ronm e n t a l

a ge nc y’s w a t e r/ w a s t e w a t e r progr a m a nd s ol i d w a s t e progra m , a s w e l l a s t he pub l i c he a l t h

de pa rt m e nt a re i nvo l ve d. In Conne c t i c ut

, w he re i nc i n e ra t i on i s t h e pre va l e nt d i s pos a l m e t hod, t he Re port e d E s t i m at e s of N um be r

of T W T D S U s i ng*... E s t i m at e d Q ua nt i t y of

Bi os ol i ds P roduc e d

U s i ng*...

S t a bi l i z a t i on T e c hnol ogy

A e robi c D i ge s t i on 2200 85,000

D i ge s t i on

- a na e r./ o t he r 1000 1,217,000

L i m e / A l ka l i ne 900 285,000

L ong

- t e rm ( l a goons , re e d b e ds , e t c .) 500 97,000

Com pos t i ng 20 0 471,000

T he rm a l (not i n c i ne r a t i on) 60 112,000

O t he r 20 5,400

D e w a t e ri ng T e c hno l ogy

Be l t F i l t e r P re s s 650 415,000

D ryi ng be ds 400 380,000

Ce nt ri fuge 150 880,000

P l a t e & F ra m e P re s s 50 65,500

V a c c uum F i l t e r 20 4,200

S c re w P re s s 10 3,400

O t he r 40 600N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 19 a i r qua l i t y di v i s i on of t he e nvi ronm e nt a l a ge nc y i s i nvol v e d, a l o ng w i t h t he w a t e r / w a s t e w a t e r

di vi s i on (a i r qu a l i t y i nvol v e m e n t i n ot h e r s t a t e s w i t h i n c i ne r a t ors i s a l s o l i ke l y). In N e w J e rs e y a nd

ot he r s t a t e s , t he s ol i d w a s t e di vi s i on i s i nv ol ve d i n s om e b i os ol i ds di s pos a l opt i ons (i n m a ny s t a t e s

, l a ndfi l l i ng bi os ol i d s i nvol ve s s ol i d w a s t e di vi s i ons ). In V i rgi ni a

, t hre e e nvi ronm e nt a l a ge n c y

di vi s i ons (w a t e r, s ol i d w a s t e , a nd a i r)

–a s w e l l a s t he pub l i c h e a l t h de p a rt m e nt

–ha v e be e n

i nvol ve d i n b i os ol i ds m a n a ge m e nt . H ow e ve r, a s of 2007, ne w V i rgi ni a l e gi s l a t i on h a s t urne d ove r

m os t re s pons i bi l i t y t o t h e e nvi ron m e nt a l a ge nc y.

Tab l e 5

– S tate age n c y an d d i vi s i on r e s p on s i b l e for r e gu l ati on

w a t e r / w a st e w a t e r p r o g r a m o f t h e

st a t e e n vi r o n m e n t a l a g e n cy so l i d w a st e p r o g r a m o f t h e st a t e

e n vi r o n m e n t a l a g e n cy w a t e r / w a st e w a t e r p r o g r a m & so l i d

w a st e p r o g r a m o f t h e s t a t e

e n vi r o n m e n t a l a g e n cy

2 9 S t a t e s 8 S t a t e s 8 S t a t e s

5 8 % 1 6 % 1 6 %

Alabam a, D elaw are, F lorida, H aw aii,

I llinois

, I ow a, Kans a s

, Louis iana

, M as s ac hus e t t s

, M ic higan M innes o t a,

M is s ouri, N ebras k a, N ew H am ps hire,

N ew M ex ic o, N ort h C arolina, N ort h

D ak ot a, Ohio

, O k lahom a, Oregon

, R hode I s land, Sout h C arolina, Sou t h

D ak ot a, T ennes s ee, T ex as

, U t ah

, W es t Virginia, W is c on s in, W y om ing Alas k a, I ndiana

, Ken t uc k y

, M aine,

M ary land, M is s i s s ippi

, N ew York

, W as hingt on C alif ornia, C olo rado, Georgia

, I daho,

M ont ana, N ev ada, Penns y lv ania

, Verm ont

D e l e gati on for 40 C F R P ar t 503

S i nc e 1993, w he n t he P a r t 503 rul e w a s a d opt e d, U S E P A ha s offe re d s t a t e s t h e opt i o n of be c om i ng

de l e gat e d t o a dm i n i s t e r t he rul e . D e l e g a t i on re qui re s t hat s t a t e s ha ve robus t re gul at ory a nd

e nforc e m e nt progr a m s t hat e ns ure t h a t T W T D S ’ c om pl i a nc e w i t h P a rt 503 (a t a m i ni m um ) i s

de m ons t ra t e d. D e l e ga t i on a l l ow s s t a t e s s om e a ut ono m y, a nd c a n s t re a m l i ne t h e re gu l a t ory proc e s s

by a voi di ng i nvo l ve m e nt of, a nd re port i n g t o, bot h s t a t e a nd fe d e ra l a ut hori t i e s . A s of 2006,

re l a t i ve l y f e w s t a t e s ha ve de c i de d t o purs ue t he de l e g a t i on opt i on; d e l e g a t e d s t a t e s a re A ri z ona

, M i c hi ga n, O hi o, O kl a ho m a , S out h D a kot a , T e xa s , U t a h, a nd W i s c ons i n ( F i gure 7).N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 20 N O T E S : S out h D akot a a nd

U t a h a dopt e d a l l of P ar t 503

by r e f e r e nc e

. M i c hi ga n i s

de l e ga t e d f or l a nd

appl i c a t i on onl y. O hi o a nd

W i s c ons i n ar e de l e ga t e d f or

l a nd appl i c a t i on, l a nd f i l l i ng,

a nd s ur f a c e di s pos a l ( not

i nc i ne r a t i on a nd s e pt a ge )

. O kl a hom a a nd T e xa s

r e por t e d onl y t ha t t he y a r e

de l e ga t e d.

A ge n c y b i os ol i d s p r ogr am F TEs

S t a ff t i m e a ppl i e d t o a pa rt i c u l a r progra m a re a c a n be e xpre s s e d a s ful l

- t i m e e qui v a l e nt s : t he t ot a l

s t a ff hours pe r w e e k di vi d e d by 40. U S E P A ha s us e d t hi s s t a t i s t i c i n pa s t re por t s , s uc h a s i n i t s

re s pons e t o t he Ins pe c t or G e ne r a l ’s re port (U S E P A Ins pe c t or G e ne ra l , 2000 & 2002) . T a bl e 6

c om pa re s t h i s s urve y’s da t a a nd t hat pa s t da t a

.

W he n a l l s t a t e s a re c om bi n e d (e xc e pt t h e t hre e for w hi c h no d a t a w a s provi d e d i n 20 06), t he re

a ppe a rs t o be a re du c t i on i n s t a ffi ng for b i os ol i ds progra m s of c l os e t o 19 F T E s be t w e e n 2000 a nd

2006. A fe w s t a t e s s e e m t o a c c ount for l a rge a m ount s of t h e s e t re nds . E v e n i f t he s e l a rge c h a nge s

i n t he s e fe w s t at e s a re i gnore d ( e .g. F l ori d a ’s a ppa re nt re duc t i o n of 7.5 F T E s ), t h e o ve ra l l c ha ng e

a ppe a rs t o be a l os s na t i onw i de of a t l e a s t 8 F T E s . T he s e re duc t i ons i n s t a ff i ng a re l i ke l y a re s ul t of

i nc re a s i ng d e m a nds on e nvi ronm e nt a l a ge nc i e s a nd t h e re s ul t a nt s hi ft i ng of pri ori t i e s a nd s t a ff

a s s i gnm e nt s

.

It i s i m port a nt t o re c ogni z e t ha t

, i n t he c a s e of s t a t e s i n U S E P A Re gi on 8 (a nd, t o s om e e xt e nt

, Re gi on 9), c ons i de r a bl e re gul a t ory pe r m i t t i ng, ove rs i ght , a nd e nforc e m e n t a re c ondu c t e d by t h e F i gu r e 7

– D e l e gati onN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 21 Tab l e 6

– N u mb e r of r e p or te d F TEs , F TEs p e r mi l l i on p op u l ati on an d c h an ge s i n c e 2000

S t a t e E s t i m a t e d F T E s

pe r m i l l i on

popul a t i on E s t i m a t e d num be r o f f u l l

t i m e e qui va l e nt s i n

bi os ol i ds pr ogr a m 2006 E s t i m a t e d num be r o f f u l l

t i m e e qui va l e nt s i n bi os ol i ds

pr ogr a m 2000 ( N R C

, 2002) C H A N G E f r om 2000

t o 2006

A l aba m a 0. 00 0 1. 5

- 1. 5

A l a s ka 0. 30 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1

A r i z ona N D N D * 0. 25 N D

A r ka ns a s 0. 18 0. 5 0. 75

- 0. 25

C a l i f or ni a 0. 05 1. 8 1. 75 0. 05

C ol or a do 0. 22 1 1 0

C onne c t i c ut 0. 03 0. 1 1

- 0. 9

D e l a w ar e 1. 20 1 1 0

F l or i da 0. 55 9. 5 2 7. 5

G e or gi a 0. 22 2 1 1

H a w a i i 0. 59 0. 75 1

- 0. 25

I da ho 0. 43 0. 6 0. 25 0. 35

I l l i noi s 0. 12 1. 5 2

- 0. 5

I ndi a na 0. 48 3 3 0

I ow a 0. 17 0. 5 0. 33 0. 17

K a ns a s 0. 09 0. 25 0. 25 0

K e nt uc ky 0. 14 0. 6 0. 6 0

L oui s i a na 0. 33 1. 5 1. 75

- 0. 25

M a i ne 3. 04 4 4 0

M ar yl a nd 0. 00 N D * 12 N D

M a s s a c hus e t t s 0. 20 1. 3 2. 5

- 1. 2

M i c hi ga n 0. 54 5. 5 6

- 0. 5

M i nne s ot a 0. 29 1. 5 1. 5 0

M i s s i s s i ppi 0. 24 0. 7 0. 67 0. 03

M i s s our i 0. 00 0. 01 0. 1

- 0. 09

M ont a na 0. 05 0. 05 0. 1

- 0. 05

N e br a s ka 0. 01 0. 01 1

- 0. 99

N e va da 0. 09 0. 2 0. 25

- 0. 05

N e w H a m ps hi r e 1. 92 2. 5 4

- 1. 5

N e w J e r s e y 1. 30 11. 33 11. 33 0

N e w M e xi c o 0. 00 0 0. 1

- 0. 1

N e w Y or k 0. 23 4. 5 4. 5 0

N or t h C ar ol i na 0. 47 4 7

- 3

N or t h D a kot a 0. 00 0 0. 25

- 0. 25

O hi o 0. 17 2 4

- 2

O kl a hom a 0. 28 1 2

- 1

O r e gon 0. 56 2 2. 4

- 0. 4

P e nns yl va ni a 0. 65 8 12

- 4

R hode I s l a nd 0. 46 0. 5 1

- 0. 5

S out h C ar ol i na 0. 24 1 6

- 5

S out h D a kot a 0. 65 0. 5 0. 5 0

T e nne s s e e 0. 51 3 2. 2 0. 8

T e xa s 0. 13 N D * 11. 5 N D

U t a h 0. 02 0. 05 1

- 0. 95

V e r m ont 4. 43 2. 75 3

- 0. 25

V i r gi ni a 0. 53 4 7

- 3

W a s hi ngt on 0. 81 5 3. 9 1. 1

W e s t V i r gi ni a 0. 77 1. 4 3

- 1. 6

W i s c ons i n 2. 18 12 12 0

W yom i ng 0. 10 0. 05 0. 25

- 0. 2

T O T A L S 103. 7 ( * n o 2006 d at a

f or 3 s t at e s ) 146. 0 ( 125

. 2 i f e xc l u d e 3

s t at e s w i t h n o 2006 d at a) - 18

. 5N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 22 U S E P A re gi ona l offi c e s , w orki ng i n c onj u nc t i on w i t h s t a t e s t a ff. In a ddi t i on, i n m a n y s t a t e s

,

a ddi t i on a l ove rs i gh t a nd e nfo rc e m e nt a re provi de d t hrough s t a t e a g e nc y d i s t ri c t offi c e s a nd a t t he

c ount y l e v e l

–m e a ni ng t ha t t he num b e rs of s t a t e a g e nc y F T E s i n T a bl e 6 do not p a i n t t he e n t i re

pi c t ure for a ny s t a t e

.

A l s o i nc l ude d i n T a bl e 6 a nd de p i c t e d i n F i gure 8 i s t he c a l c ul a t i on of F T E s p e r m i l l i on pe opl e i n

t he s t a t e popul at i on; t hi s c re a t e s a fa i re r c om pa ri s on of t he re l at i v e i nvol v e m e n t by di ffe re nt s t a t e

re gul a t ory a ge n c i e s . T h e re s ul t s s how t hat , for e xa m p l e , V e rm on t , w i t h i t s 2.75 F T E s , re a l l y h a s t he

gre a t e s t c om m i t m e nt of s t a ff t i m e re l a t i ve t o i t s s m a l l popul a t i on (4.43).

W ha t i s U S E P A ’s c om m i t m e nt t o t he b i os ol i ds progra m ? T hi s dat a w a s not c o l l e c t e d i n t hi s s t udy.

H ow e ve r, a s of 2002, a c c ord i ng t o t h e N a t i ona l Re s e a rc h Coun c i l (2002), “ e a c h of t h e 10 E P A

R e g i o ns ha v e b e t w e e n 0.2 a nd 2 fu l l

- t i m e e m pl o ye e s ( F T E s ), a nd a t o t a l n a t i onw i d eof 8.8 F T E s

,

w orki n g i n a l l a r e a s of b i os ol i ds m a n a g e m e n t

. T he E P A O R D ha s 2 F T E s de vo t e d t o t he p ro g r a m

,

a

nd E P A he a dqu a r t e rs ha s 4.8 F T E s .”

F i gu r e 8

– N u mb e r of F TEs p e r mi l l i onp e o p l e (gra dua t e d c ol or s c h e m e : da rk e s t s ha di ng e qua l s

m os t F T E s )N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 23 U p d ate d r e gu l ati on s

T hre e s t at e s ha v e re gul a t i ons t h a t ha v e not be e n upda t e d s i nc e t he 1980s : I l l i no i s , M i s s ouri , a nd

V e rm ont . F i ft e e n s t a t e s a dopt e d upd a t e d re gul a t i ons i n t he 1990s

– a l m o s t a l l a f t e r t he

prom ul ga t i on of t he f e de r a l P a rt 503 ru l e s i n 1993. A l l ot he r s t a t e s ha v e be e n a c t i ve l y upda t i ng

t he i r bi os ol i ds re gul at i ons ove r t h e pa s t s i x ye a rs , a good i ndi c at i on of s t at e c o m m i t m e nt t o

re gul a t ory ov e rs i ght a nd e nforc e m e n t (e xc e pt no da t a w a s provi de d for A Z , ID , a nd N D ). A n

e xa m pl e i s S out h D a kot a , w hi c h w a s de l e ga t e d i n 2001 ; t ha t i nvol v e d upda t i ng s t a t e rul e s t o

re fe re n c e P a rt 503.

N i ne s t a t e s ha v e no form a l re gu l a t i ons s pe c i fi c a l l y a ddre s s i ng bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t (s om e of t he s e

m a y ha ve gu i de l i ne s or ot h e r re gul a t i ons

, s uc h a s groundw a t e r prot e c t i on re qui re m e nt s , t ha t a re

a ppl i e d) : A l a ba m a , A rka ns a s , Conne c t i c ut , K a ns a s , M ont a na , N e bra s ka , N e va d a , N e w M e xi c o, a nd

W yom i ng. W a s t e w a t e r t re a t m e nt f a c i l i t i e s a nd bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t p rogra m s i n t he s e s t a t e s

a dhe re t o t he P a r t 503 rul e s , w hi c h a re e nf orc e d by U S E P A

.

D e t a i l s re g a rdi ng t h e updat i ng of e a c h s t a t e ’s re gul a t i ons a re prov i de d i n A ppe nd i x B

- 1.

S tate r e gu l ati on s mor e r e s tr i c ti v e th an P ar t 503

W he n a s ke d “ a re your s t a t e ’s bi o s ol i ds re gul a t i ons m or e r e s t r i c t i v e t ha n t h e fe d e ra l P a rt 503 rul e ? ,”

37 s t a t e s a ns w e re d “ ye s ” w i t h re ga rds t o m a na ge m e nt pr a c t i c e s , four a ns w e re d “ ye s ” w i t h re ga rds

t o pa t hoge n a nd/ or v e c t or a t t ra c t i on s t a nd a rds , a nd s i xt e e n a ns w e re d “ y e s ” w i t h re g a rds t o pol l ut a nt

l i m i t s . T e n s t at e s do

not ha ve s t at e

re gul a t i ons m ore

re s t ri c t i ve t h a n P a rt

503 (F i gure 9).

F i gu r e 9N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 24 A ddi t i ona l d e t a i l s a bout m ore s t ri ng e nt s t a t e re gul a t ory s t ru c t ure s a re provi de d i n A ppe ndi x B.

M or e s tr i n ge n t p ol l u tan t l i m i ts

T a bl e s 7 a nd 8 s how t he nu m e ri c a l pol l u t a nt (“ he a vy m e t a l ” ) l i m i t s t h a t ha v e be e n a dopt e d by t hos e

s t a t e s t hat ha ve po l l ut a nt s t a nda rds di ffe re nt t ha n t h e fe de r a l U S E P A P a rt 503 l i m i t s

. T a bl e 7 s how s

t he “ c e i l i ng” l i m i t s (hi ghe r nu m e ri c a l l i m i t s

–no bi os o l i ds e xc e e di ng t h e s e m a y b e a ppl i e d t o l a nd)

a nd T a bl e 8 s how s t he l ow e r (“ h i gh qua l i ty” ) l i m i t s . A ddi t i on a l s t a t e s m a y h a ve pol l ut a nt l i m i t s

di ffe re nt fro m P a rt 503; a fe w s t a t e c oord i na t ors i ndi c a t e d a s m uc h, bu t di d not prov i de de t a i l s

.

F e w s t a t e s ha v e a dop t e d d i ffe re n t num e ri c a l l i m i t s for Cum u l a t i ve P ol l u t a nt L oa di ng Ra t e s (CP L R),

a s c om pa re d t o P a rt 503. T hos e t ha t ha ve a re Indi a n a , M a i n e , N e w H a m ps hi re , N e w Y ork, Il l i noi s

, M a ryl a nd, a nd V e rm on t . E v e n fe w e r s t at e s di ve rge from P a rt 503 nu m e ri c a l s t a nda r ds for A nnua l

P ol l ut a nt L oa di ng R a t e s (A P L R); t h e y a re Indi a na , K e nt u c ky, M a i n e , a nd V e rm on t

.

Tab l e 7

– P ol l u tan t c e i l i n g l i mi ts for l an d ap p l i c ati on of b i os ol i d s for th os e s tate s w i th l i mi ts

d i ffe r e n t fr om 40 C F R P a r t 503

O th e r i n d i c ator s of s tate r e gu l ator y a c ti vi ty

O t he r que s t i ons i n t h e s urve y of s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors a ddre s s e d a v a ri e t y of o t he r s t a t e

re gul a t ory d e t a i l s , i n c l udi ng c urre nt

, “ c ut t i ng e dge ” bi os ol i ds l a nd a pp l i c a t i on i s s ue s , s uc h a s

m a na ge m e nt of phos phorus a nd ot h e r nut ri e nt s . T he re s pons e s t o t he s e que s t i ons provi de a furt h e r

gl i m ps e of s t at e re gu l a t ory i nvol v e m e n t i n bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t a nd s how t o w ha t e xt e nt s t a t e s go

a bove a nd be yond P a r t 503 re qu i re m e nt s

. S e e A ppe ndi x B for t hi s a dd i t i on a l i nfor m a t i on,

i nc l udi ng :

• S t a t e re gu l a t i on upda t e s

• S t a t e m e c ha n i s m s us e d t o re gul a t e e nd us e / di s pos a l a nd p e rm i t t i ng of l a nd a pp l i c a t i on s i t e s

• L e ga l l i a b i l i t y

• D i ffe re nt Cl a s s B bi os ol i ds t o one s i t e

• A l l ow i ng m ore re s t ri c t i ve l o c a l ordi na n c e s

• W ho m us t re port b i os ol i ds da t a t o s t a t e ?

• S t a t e re gu l a t ory re qui re m e n t s for t e s t i ng a nd re port i ng

• A ddi t i ona l i ndi c a t ors of s t a t e re gul a t ory a c t i vi t y

• T op 3 pre s s ure s on bi o s ol i ds re c yc l i ng.

S tate A s C d C r C u P b H g M o N i S e Zn

P a r t 503 T a b l e 1 75 85 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500

H a w a i i 20 15 200 1500 300 10 15 100 25 2000

I ndi a na 75 85 N / A 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500

I o w a 3000 75

K e n t u c ky T C L P

M a i ne 41 39 3000 1500 300 10 75 420 100 2800

M ar yl a nd 25 1000 1000 10 200 2500

N e w H a m ps hi r e 32 14 1000 1500 300 10 35 200 28 2500

N e w Y or k 75 85 1000 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500

R hode I s l a nd 75 85 3000 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500

V e r m ont 25 1000 1000 1000 10 200 2500

W a s hi ngt on 75 85 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500

W e s t V i r gi ni a 75 85 3000 4300 840 57 75 420 100 7500N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 25 Tab l e 8

– H i gh q u al i ty p ol l u tan t l i mi ts f or l an d ap p l i c ati on of b i os ol i d s for th os e s tate s

d i ffe r e n t fr om 40 C F R P a r t 503

* I n s om e s t a t e s

, s uc h a s V e r m ont

, ol de r s t a t e r e gu l a t i ons ha ve not be e n upda t e d t o be c ons i s t e nt w i t h f e de r a l

P ar t 503 s t a ndar ds ; i n s uc h c a s e s

, t he m or e s t r i nge nt r e gul a t or y s t a ndar ds

– t ha t o f P ar t 503

– appl y.

TR EN D S

I s th e b e n e fi c i al u s e of b i os ol i d s i n c r e as i n g?

In 2000, t he B i oC y c l e s urve y of s t at e bi os ol i ds progra m s not e d t ha t “ out of t h e 43 s t a t e s re s pondi ng,

20 s t a t e s a ns w e re d y e s a nd 22 a ns w e re d n o” t o t he qu e s t i on “ i s be ne fi c i a l us e of bi o s ol i ds

i nc re a s i ng i n your s t a t e ? ” In t he c urre nt s urve y, t he re s pons e s t o t h e s a m e que s t i on w e re 19 a nd 26,

re s pe c t i v e l y, out of a t ot a l of 45 re s pons e s (F i gure s 10 a nd 11).

F i gu r e 10

- I s th e b e n e fi c i a l

u s e of b i os ol i d s i n c r e as i n g i n

you r s tate ? Re s pons e s of

s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors i n

2006 a nd 2000 (G ol ds t e i n,

2000).

Curre nt 2006 da t a

2000 da t a S t a t e A s C d C r C u P b H g M o N i S e Z n

E P A T a b l e 3 4 1 3 9 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 7 4 2 0 3 6 2 8 0 0

H a w a i i 2 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 5 1 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0

I l l i n o i s

I n d i a n a 4 1 3 9 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 7 7 5 4 2 0 1 0 0 2 8 0 0

I o w a 1 0 0 0 7 5 3 6

K e n t u cky 1 0 4 5 0 2 5 0 5 0 9 0 0

M a i n e 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 7 5 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0

M a r yl a n d 1 2

. 5 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 2 5 0

M a ssa ch u se t t s 4 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 6 2 5 0 0

N e w H a m p sh i r e 1 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 7 1 8 9 8 1 8 1 7 8 0

N e w Y o r k 4 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0

R h o d e I sl a n d 4 1 3 9 1 2 0 0 8 4 0 3 0 0 1 7 7 5 4 2 0 3 6 2 8 0 0

V e r m o n t * 2 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 0

W a sh i n g t o n 4 1 3 9 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 7 7 5 4 2 0 3 6 2 8 0 0

W e st V i r g i n i a 2 0 3 9 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 5 0 1 0 1 8 2 0 0 3 6 2 8 0 0

I s t h e b e n e f i c i a l u s e o f b i o s o l i d s i n c r e a s i n g i n y o u r s t a t e ?

y o u rN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 26 W hi l e t he ra t e of b e ne fi c i a l us e of bi os ol i ds , i n t e rm s of a ppl i c at i on t o s oi l s (s e e di s c us s i on of

t e rm i no l ogy, p. i v ), h a s a ppa re nt l y no t i nc re a s e d s i gni fi c a nt l y i n re c e n t ye a rs , ot h e r be ne fi c i a l us e s

of bi os ol i ds a re l i ke l y i nc re a s i ng

–a l t hou gh t hi s w a s not m e a s ure d by t hi s c urre nt s urve y w ork.

F or e xa m pl e s , i n c re a s i ng num be rs of T W T D S t oda y a re

...

ut i l i z i ng m e t ha n e from di g e s t ors t o produ c e e ne rgy ;

re c ove ri ng h e at from i n c i ne r a t ors ;

us i ng bi os ol i ds i nc i n e ra t or a s h a s c l e a n da i l y c ove r a t l a ndfi l l s , a s a s oi l c ondi t i one r, i n c e m e nt a nd

a s pha l t , a nd a s c l e a n fi l l m a t e ri a l a t a v a ri e t y of l oc a t i ons ; a nd

• pi l ot i ng re c ove ry of e ne rgy fro m l a ndf i l l e d bi os ol i ds (“ bi ore a c t or l a ndfi l l s ” ).

P r e s s u r e s on b i os ol i d s r e c yc l i n g

T he onl i n e s urve y of i ndi v i dua l T W T D S a s ke d re s ponde nt s t o i de n t i fy t h e t hre e m os t i m por t a nt

pre s s ure s on bi os ol i ds re c yc l i ng. F i gure 1 2 i s a c om pi l a t i on of t he ~ 250 re s pons e s fr om a round t he

na t i on. T h e #1 pri ori t y re s pons e s a ppe a r i n t he da rke s t c ol or; t he #3 pri ori t y re s pons e s a ppe a r i n t he

l i ght e s t c ol or. F i gu r e 11N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 27 F i gu r e 12

S t a t e c oord i na t ors w e re a l s o a s ke d t o i de n t i fy t he t op t hre e pre s s ure s on bi os ol i ds re c yc l i ng. T he i r

c om pi l e d re s pons e s a ppe a r a s A ppe ndi x B

- 10.

Le gi s l ati ve o r r e gu l ato r y ac ti v i ty h ap p e n i n g or i mmi n e n t p e r tai n i n g to b i os ol i d s

S t a t e bi os ol i ds c oordi nat ors w e re a s ke d t o i ndi c a t e i f a ny s t a t e l e gi s l a t i ve or re gul a t o ry a c t i v i t i e s

t ha t w oul d a ff e c t b i os ol i ds m a n a ge m e nt w e re ha ppe n i ng or w e re i m m i ne nt . F i gure 13 di s pl a ys t he i r

re s pons e s : ha l f of t he s t a t e s

a re not e xp e ri e nc i ng s uc h

a c t i v i t i e s

.

F i gu r e 13 T R A D I T I O N

– l o n g

- u s e d t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s a r e h a r d t o c h a n g eN at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 28 O f t hos e s t a t e s t hat a re e xpe ri e nc i ng or e x pe c t i ng c ha ng e s t o re gul a t i ons or s t at ut e s

, m os t (14)

e xpe c t t he c ha nge s t o h a ve no a ff e c t on b e ne fi c i a l us e of bi os ol i ds (F i gure 14). H ow e ve r, fi ve s t a t e

c oordi na t ors e xp e c t s t a t e re gul a t ory c h a ng e s t o re duc e t he b e ne fi c i a l us e of bi os ol i ds (a ppl i c a t i ons

t o s oi l s ), four s t a t e c oordi nat ors e xpe c t l o c a l re gul a t i ons t o re duc e t he b e ne fi c i a l us e of bi os ol i ds

,

a nd t w o e xpe c t c h a nge s i n s t at e s t at ut e t o re duc e be n e fi c i a l us e . O ve ra l l , fe w of t he e xpe c t e d

c ha nge s a re e x pe c t e d t o i nc re a s e be n e fi c i a l us e (a ppl i c a t i ons t o s oi l s ).

S EP TA G E M A N A G EM EN T

T he s urve y of s t a t e c oordi n a t ors a l s o re qu e s t e d i nform a t i on on s e p t a g e m a n a ge m e nt . In s om e

s t a t e s , t he b i os ol i ds c oordi n a t or i s i nvo l ve d i n t he s t a t e re gu l a t o ry progra m for s e p t a ge . In ot he rs , a

di ffe re nt p e rs on w a s t he s ourc e of d a t a on s e pt a ge m a na g e m e n t

.

O ve ra l l , i n m os t s t a t e s , l e s s s e pt a g e m a n a ge m e nt d a t a i s a va i l a b l e t h a n bi os ol i ds m a na ge m e n t da t a

. T hi s i s pa rt l y du e t o t h e fa c t t hat , i n m a ny s t a t e s , s e pt a g e m a n a ge m e nt i s pa rt l y or w hol l y ove rs e e n

by l oc a l c ount y or e v e n m un i c i p a l s t ruc t ure s

.

T he s t a t e

- by

- s t a t e da t a c ol l e c t e d by t hi s s urve y re ga rdi ng s e pt a g e m a n a ge m e nt i n t he U . S . i s

pre s e nt e d i n A ppe nd i x C.



### R EC O M M EN D A TI O N S F O R F U TU R E S TU D I ES

T he proc e s s of c ol l e c t i ng a nd c om p i l i ng d a t a on bi os ol i ds m a na g e m e n t i n t h e U .S . for t hi s re port

unde rs c ore d t he i m por t a nc e of robus t s t a t e

- ba s e d da t a c ol l e c t i on a nd c om pi l a t i on e ff ort s . T hos e

s t a t e s w i t h robus t e l e c t roni c bi os ol i ds dat a progra m s w e re a b l e provi d e de t a i l e d r e po rt s on de m a nd,

he l pi ng m a ke a n e ffi c i e n t na t i ona l c om pi l a t i on of da t a pos s i bl e

. T he re a re m a ny s t a t e s , how e ve r,

t ha t do not y e t ha v e t hi s c a pa b i l i t y, a nd U S E P A , w hi l e c ons i de ri ng e xp a ndi ng i t s da t a re port i ng

re qui re m e nt s a nd e l e c t roni c da t a c om p i l a t i on s ys t e m s , i s s t i l l m a ny ye a rs a w a y fro m e s t a bl i s hi ng

s uc h a s ys t e m

. F i gu r e 14N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 29 T he re fore

, i n t he n e a r fu t ure (t e n ye a rs ), i t i s l i ke l y t ha t t he proc e s s us e d for t hi s s t udy

–c om pi l a t i on

of da t a obt a i ne d fro m t he f i ft y s t at e b i os ol i ds c oordi na t ors , va ri ous U S E P A of fi c e s , a nd i ndi vi du a l

l a rge T W T D S

–w i l l be n e c e s s a ry. It i s a t i m e

- c ons um i ng a nd d i ffi c u l t proc e s s t ha t yi e l ds a de qu a t e

, but not pre c i s e , re s ul t s

.

W ha t t h i s s t udy di d de t e rm i n e t o ha v e c on s i de ra bl e po t e nt i a l a s a fut ure t ool for c om pi l i ng nat i ona l

da t a w a s t he us e of a n onl i n e s urve y s ys t e m . T he onl i ne s urve y pi l ot w a s de e m e d a s uc c e s s : i t w a s

re l a t i ve l y s i m pl e t o s e t up a nd yi e l de d us e ful da t a i n a form a t t h a t i s e a s i l y m a ni pu l a t e d a nd

a na l yz e d. A na t i onw i d e onl i ne s urve y of i ndi vi dua l T W T D S i s c urre n t l y t h e m os t pr om i s i ng a nd

c os t

- e ffi c i e nt w a y t o upda t e t he m os t e s s e nt i a l d a t a on b i os ol i ds m a n a ge m e nt

.



### C O N C LU S I O N S

D a t a c ol l e c t e d fro m s t a t e bi os ol i ds c oord i na t ors , U S E P A re gi ona l offi c e s , i ndi vi du a l w a s t e w a t e r

t re a t m e nt f a c i l i t i e s , a nd o t he rs pre s e n t a c om pre he ns i ve p i c t ure of t h e m a n a ge m e nt of w a s t e w a t e r

s ol i ds i n t he U . S . for t he ye a r 2004. A n e s t i m a t e d 55% of w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds w e re a ppl i e d t o s oi l s

–

m os t l y a s Cl a s s B bi os ol i ds . T h e re m a i nde r w a s di s pos e d of i n l a ndfi l l s a nd i nc i ne r a t ors . T he

t re a t m e nt of b i os ol i ds t o t h e Cl a s s A l e ve l s e e m s t o be i n c re a s i ng, a c c ount i ng for a l m os t 1⁄4 of t ot a l

w a s t e w a t e r s ol i ds a pp l i e d t o s oi l s i n 2004. M a ny s t a t e bi os ol i ds re gul at ory progra m s c ont i nue t o

a dva nc e

, a ddre s s i ng c urre nt ne w t op i c s (e

. g. nut ri e nt m a na g e m e nt ), e v e n a s s om e ha ve re duc e d t he

num be r of s t a ff hours de vot e d t o t h e i r bi o s ol i ds progra m s . O ve ra l l

, c urre n t da t a s ugge s t l i t t l e

c ha nge nat i onw i d e , s i nc e t he l a t e 1990s , i n t he ra t e of bi os ol i ds re c yc l i ng t o s oi l s (U S E P A , 1999),

a nd ha l f of s t at e bi o s ol i ds c oordi nat ors re p ort t ha t t he a m ount s of bi os ol i ds a pp l i e d t o s oi l s a re not

i nc re a s i ng i n t he i r s t a t e s

.



### R EF ER EN C ES

Ca l i forni a A s s oc i a t i on of S a n i t at i on A ge n c i e s ’ 1999 B i os ol i ds Manage m e nt P r a c t i c e s Sur v e y i n t h e

Stat e of Ca l i f

or ni a.

Cha ne y, R. L

. , J . A . Rya n, e t a l . (1999). M e t a l s

. E nv i ronm e n t a l A va i l a bi l i t y i n S oi l s

. W . C.

A nde rs on, R. C. L oe hr a nd B. P . S m i t h, A m e ri c a n A c a d e m y of E nv i ronm e n t a l E ngi ne e rs :

112

- 146.

E l l i o t t , H .A ., R.C. Bra ndt , a nd J .S . S hort l e . 2005. Bi os ol i ds D i s pos a l i n P e nns yl v a ni a : Cos t

Com pa ri s ons a nd P ol i c y Cons i d e ra t i ons . F i na l Re port . C e nt e r for Rur a l P e nns yl va n i a

, H a rri s burg, P A

.

G ol ds t e i n, N ora , 2000. T he s t a t e of b i os ol i ds i n A m e ri c a : T h e B i oC y c l e nat i onw i de s urve y.

B i oCy c l e : J our nal o f

Com pos t i ng & O r gani c s R e c y c l i ng

, 41: 12, D e c e m b e r.

K i nne y, C., E . F url ong, S . Z a ugg, M . Bur kha rdt , S . W e rne r, J . Ca h i l l

, a nd G . J orge n s e n. 2006.

S urve y of orga ni c w a s t e w a t e r c ont a m i na n t s i n bi os ol i ds de s t i n e d for l a nd a ppl i c a t i o n.

Env i r on. Sc i

. & T e c hnol

.N at i onal B i os ol i ds R e gul at i on

, Q ual i t y

, E nd U s e

, and D i s pos al

- 30 N a t i ona l A s s oc i at i on of Cl e a n W a t e r A ge nc i e s (N A CW A ). 2006. B i os ol i ds Manag e m e nt : O pt i ons

, O

ppor t uni t i e s & Chal l e nge s

. W a s hi ngt on, D C.

N a t i ona l R e s e a r c h Counc i l . 2002. B i os ol i ds A ppl i e d t o L and: A d v anc i ng S tandar ds and P r ac t i c e

. W a s hi ngt on, D C: N a t i ona l A c a de m y P re s s

O ve rc a s h, M

. , R. S i m s , J . S i m s , J . N i e m a n. 2005. Be ne fi c i a l re us e a nd s us t a i na bi l i t y : T he fa t e of

orga ni c c o m pounds i n l a nd

- a ppl i e d w a s t e

. J . Env i r on. Q ual

., 34: 29

- 41.

S t e houw e r, R. C. (2000). T e s t i m on y p re p a re d for t he j o i n t he a r i n g of t he P A H ou s e Co m m i t t e e s on

E nv i ron m e n t a l R e s our c e s a nd E n e r g y a nd A g r i c u l t ure a nd Rur a l A ffa i rs re g a r d i n g L a nd

A p p l i c a t i on of B i os ol i ds

. M a y 17.

U .S . E P A O ffi c e of Ins pe c t or G e ne ra l . 20 00. A udi t R e por t , Wat e r , B i os ol i ds Manag e m e nt and

E nf or c e m e nt (2000

- P

- 10), M a rc h 20.

U .S . E P A O f fi c e of Ins pe c t or G e ne ra l . 20 02. Stat us R e por t , L and A ppl i c at i on of B i o s ol i ds ( 2002

- S

000004 ), M a rc h 28

. U .S . E P A O ffi c e of W a s t e w a t e r M a na ge m e nt . 2000. Sum m ar y of St at e B i os ol i ds P r o gram s , D raf t

R e por t

. E P A 832

- D

- 00

- 002. D e c e m b e r.

U .S . E P A O ffi c e of W a s t e w a t e r M a na ge m e nt . 2004. A P l ai n E ngl is h G ui de t o t he E P

A P ar t 503

B i os ol i ds R ule s

. E P A / 832/ R

- 93/ 003. S e p t e m be r.

U . S . E P A O ffi c e of S ol i d W a s t e a nd E m e rge nc y Re s pons e , 1999. B i os ol i ds G e ne r at i on, U s e , and

D i s pos al In T he U ni t e d Stat e s . E P A 530

- R

- 99

- 009. S e pt e m be r.

U . S . E P A O ffi c e of W a s t e w a t e r M a n a ge m e nt , 2006. Cl e a n w a t e rs he ds ne e ds s urv e y. O nl i ne at

ht t p: / / w w w .e pa .gov / ow m / m t b/ c w ns / i nde x .ht m . Re t ri e ve d F e bru a ry 6, 2007.