FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO 

ENABLE CLEAN ENERGY 

DEPLOYMENT

POLICY OVERVIEW AND GOOD PRACTICES

Sadie Cox

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy and the

Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science

NREL/TP-6A20-65541

February 2016
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO 

ENABLE CLEAN ENERGY 

DEPLOYMENT

POLICY OVERVIEW AND GOOD PRACTICES

Sadie Cox

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy and the

Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science

NREL/TP-6A20-65541

February 2016
iii

NOTICE

This manuscript has been authored by employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (“Alliance”) 

under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”).

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States 

government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, 

makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, 

completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial 

product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily 

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any 

agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect 

those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
iv

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Paul Schwabe, Travis Lowder, Bethany Speer, Ron Benioff, Victoria 

Healey, Terri Walters, Bethany Speer, Jaquelin Cochran, Jeffrey Logan, and David Mooney of the 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Ian Lloyd of the U.S. Department of Energy for their 

review and insights. All information and any omissions are the responsibility of the author, not the 

reviewers. 
v

Table of Contents

Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 1

Policy Design and Good Practices................................................................................................................... 4

Design incentives to align with overall policy goals....................................................................... 4

Base incentive design on robust economic, financial, and market analysis..................................... 4

Engage the private sector and finance community to add value to private investment and leverage 

and develop diverse pools of capital ......................................................................................... 5

Establish a stable policy environment and appropriate incentive timeframe to support sustained 

investment ................................................................................................................................. 6

Establish a robust policy foundation for financial incentives that will facilitate sustainable market 

development .............................................................................................................................. 7

Closely coordinate incentive programs and/or bundle incentives to support policy efficiency....... 7

Expand outreach and build capacity to support market development and long-term finance ......... 7

Monitor and evaluate benefits and costs and improve financial incentives over time..................... 8

Consider inclusion of non-taxable entities within tax incentive programs and other approaches to 

engage low-income individuals................................................................................................. 8

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

References.................................................................................................................................................... 10

Appendix. Additional Support and Resources.............................................................................................. 12

List of Text Boxes

Text Box 1. What is a Clean Energy Financial Incentive?..................................................................... 1

Text Box 2. Solar Water Heating Grants in Mauritius Support Low-Income Households.................... 4

Text Box 3. Catalyzing Finance in Chile through Effective Design of Financial Incentives................. 6

Text Box 4. Where can I Find More Detailed Information to Support Design of Specific Financial 

Incentives? ....................................................................................................................................... 9
1

Introduction

Financial incentives have been widely 

implemented by governments around the 

world to support scaled up deployment of 

renewable energy and energy efficiency 

technologies and practices. As of 2015, at 

least 48 countries have adopted financial 

incentives to support renewable energy and 

energy efficiency deployment (IEA/IRENA 

2015). Broader clean energy strategies and 

plans provide a crucial foundation for 

financial incentives that often complement 

regulatory policies such as renewable energy 

targets, standards, and other mandates. This 

policy brief provides a primer on key 

financial incentive design elements, lessons 

from different country experiences, and 

curated support resources for more detailed 

and country-specific information on 

financial incentive design.

Financial incentives can address various 

barriers to renewable energy and energy 

efficiency technology deployment. For 

instance, financial incentives can improve 

access to capital, reduce the burden of high 

upfront costs, lower financing costs, support creation of new markets, and address split incentives 

associated with energy-efficient technologies.

1 Common renewable energy and energy efficiency

financial incentives used to address these challenges include: tax measures; rebates, grants, and

performance-based incentives; and loan programs, guarantees, and credit enhancements.2 Each of 

these financial incentives is described in detail below. 

Tax measures have been applied in various ways around the world to accelerate renewable energy

and energy efficiency deployment and can be adapted to unique national circumstances. Common 

types of tax incentives are highlighted below.

3

• Corporate income tax incentives can be tax deductions or credits for on-site use of 

renewable energy or energy efficiency technologies or for large-scale renewable energy that 

is fed into the grid. In relation to renewable energy, corporate investment tax credits are 

based on initial cost of renewable energy systems, while production tax credits are based on 

 

1 In many markets, builders have little financial incentive to construct energy efficient buildings because the subsequent 

owners or tenants will pay the energy bills and reap any benefits from lower costs. This is referred to as a “split incentive.” 2 Other key financial incentives such as feed-in tariffs (Cox and Esterly 2016) and net metering are covered in previous 

policy briefs. Policies to support wind power deployment (Cox et al. 2015a) and solar power deployment (Cox et al. 

2015b) are also addressed in previous policy briefs.

3 Examples drawn from Lantz and Doris (2009); EPA (2015); and SEIA (2015).

Text Box 1. What is a Clean Energy 

Financial Incentive?

To address key market barriers, renewable 

energy and energy efficiency financial incentives

provide some form of monetary benefit to support 

deployment of renewable energy and energy 

efficiency technologies. Common financial 

incentives include:

• Tax measures provide tax deductions or 

credits, and/or lessen or eliminate certain taxes 

to support renewable energy and energy 

efficiency deployment

• Rebates, grants, and performance-based 

incentives provide a direct cash incentive to 

support energy efficiency and renewable energy

and do not require repayment

• Loan programs, guarantees, and credit 

enhancements are often designed to provide 

lower interest loans and/or reduce risk 

associated with loans for renewable energy and 

energy efficiency technologies and projects.

Sources: EPA 2015; World Bank 2013
2

actual energy produced. Therefore, production tax credits can be more effective in 

incentivizing maximization of energy production over the long term. However, other tax 

incentives may also be required to address potentially high upfront investment costs. 

• Personal income tax incentives are tax deductions or credits, normally based on investment 

or cost of a renewable energy system or energy efficiency technology. 

• Property tax incentives are utilized when renewable energy systems (distributed or utilityscale) or energy efficiency technologies are implemented to improve a property. These 

incentives reduce the level of taxes associated with the property improvements.

• Sales or value-added tax (VAT) incentives lessen or eliminate sales or VAT taxes for 

energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies (applied at both the distributed and 

utility-scale levels) for individuals and/or businesses.

• Accelerated depreciation quickens renewable energy fixed asset depreciation and thus, 

through reducing taxable income, defers tax liability in the early stages of renewable energy

project development.

While tax incentives can be relatively simple and flexible instruments to support renewable energy

and energy efficiency deployment, these incentives are only available for entities that have a tax 

burden. As such, tax incentives often do not provide direct financial benefits for the poor or for nonprofit and government entities. Good practices to address these important challenges are described 

below.

In addition to tax measures, rebates, grants, and performance-based incentives can be designed to 

support renewable energy and energy efficiency action and technology deployment. Rebates, grants, 

and performance-based incentives provide a direct cash incentive to support energy efficiency and 

renewable energy and typically do not require repayment. Grants can be provided before a 

technology is installed (e.g., for research, development, and demonstration; business development; or 

feasibility studies) or after a system is fully operational. Rebates are typically applied to discrete 

purchases such as appliances and vehicle purchases, and are often provided after purchase and/or 

installation. Performance-based incentives are provided based on actual performance of an installed 

technology (e.g., cents per kilowatt-hour payment). 

Selected examples of direct cash incentive programs are highlighted below.

• Rebates are often provided by utilities and funded through utility customer payments. 

Rebates are commonly used for energy efficiency home improvement and construction, 

energy efficiency appliances, energy efficiency vehicles, and on-site renewable energy

systems.

• Grants are normally provided by local governments, utilities and/or non-profit institutions. 

Grants commonly fund research and development, feasibility studies, system demonstration, 

installation, and operation, and/or business development. Through hybrid approaches, grants 

can also be combined with subsidized loans to support renewable energy and energy 

efficiency deployment.

• Performance-based incentives are often provided by utilities and funded through utility 

customer payments. Performance-based incentives commonly support renewable energy

systems based on performance, and/or whole building energy efficiency upgrades based on 

overall energy saved. Hybrid rebate and performance-based incentives can also support 
3

upfront investment and ongoing performance of renewable energy and energy efficiency

systems. 

Loan programs, guarantees, and credit enhancements can also be designed in various ways to 

support renewable energy and energy efficiency technology deployment. Selected examples of 

renewable energy and energy efficiency loan incentive programs and products are presented below.

• Subsidized traditional revolving loans reduce loan interest rates for energy efficiency and 

renewable energy technologies by providing a loan loss reserve fund or similar mechanism 

that serves as a form of insurance in the event of loan failure. Successful revolving loan funds 

are designed in such a way that the revenue from repaid loans (i.e., interest payments) covers 

net losses to the fund, and thus the fund can issue loans in perpetuity).

• Mortgage-related loan programs include property-assessed programs that provide funding 

for small-scale renewable energy systems and upfront energy efficiency improvements on a 

property that are paid back over time by commercial and residential property owners. 

Mortgage loans for energy efficient homes can also incorporate special loan terms (e.g., 

allowing higher debt to income and loan to value ratios) because the mortgages assume future 

energy savings for the homeowner. 

• Credit enhancements reduce credit risk associated with renewable energy and energy 

efficiency investments through various mechanisms such as interest rate buy-downs and 

reserve accounts. Loan guarantees are common credit enhancement incentives that support 

reduced loan interest rates by providing assurance to a lender that loans will be fully or 

partially repaid in the event of borrower default. 

• Green banks can provide loans and other incentives through public-private partnerships and 

innovative financing approaches, reducing the need for ongoing public funding. Green banks 

can “bundle” financial incentives to support various phases or aspects of energy efficiency

and renewable energy deployment (e.g., grants could be used to support renewable energy

business model development and loans could be used to support renewable energy

technology installation and initial operation).
4

Policy Design and Good Practices

Key elements and good practices in designing financial incentives that have been drawn from global 

experience and can be tailored to meet country-specific goals are described below.

Design incentives to align with overall policy goals

While renewable energy and energy efficiency financial incentives often focus on supporting 

increased deployment of targeted technologies and practices, they can also be used to support other 

high-level goals. Examples might include spurring development of new industries, improving 

livelihoods in low-income communities through energy access and cost-savings, and expanding 

economic development more broadly. Goals may be defined through engagement of a diverse set of 

stakeholders from target markets and communities, the private sector, utilities, local government 

institutions, and others. Ensuring an incentive aligns with and is designed to achieve higher-level 

goals is an important first step (Lantz and Doris 2009). Text Box 2 highlights how Mauritius’s grant 

program for solar water heating is aligned with higher-level national development goals. 

Base incentive design on 

robust economic, financial, 

and market analysis

Incentive design is highly 

dependent on local markets and 

consumer preferences, availability 

of public sector resources, and 

broader financial infrastructure.

Robust analysis should be pursued 

to inform target markets and 

technologies or actions to be 

incentivized, as well as potential 

impacts associated with the 

incentive. Importantly, by

analyzing the local financial 

environment, the incentive can 

complement private sector finance 

initiatives that may be in place, 

rather than duplicate or replace 

these efforts. As an example, 

incentive programs might target 

lower-income communities with 

limited access to finance. 

Because incentives are often 

specific to certain renewable 

energy and energy efficiency

technology sizes, costs, and/or 

performance measures, robust 

technical and economic analysis of potential technologies can support successful incentive design.

Further, incentives can be designed to support certain levels of technology market maturity and/or 

project development phases. As one example, geothermal projects face unique risks during the 

resource exploration phase that require design of specific incentives. Finally, in relation to project 

Text Box 2. Solar Water Heating Grants in 

Mauritius Support Low-Income Households

To support renewable energy development in Mauritius, the 

Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities developed 

a policy to catalyze deployment of solar water heaters 

(SWH) through the provision of grants. To align with broader 

national development goals, in 2016 the program will target 

vulnerable and lower income households and communities 

to enable sustainable energy access. Clean Energy 

Solutions Center experts, through the “Ask an Expert”

service, supported improvements to this next phase of SWH 

grant program through a market readiness assessment

(Clean Energy Solutions Center 2015a).

One key lesson learned from the program involved the need 

for policy stability, system requirements, and robust analysis 

of appropriate incentive levels. Major interest when the 

program was launched in 2008, coupled with high incentive 

levels, led to a rush of projects before the program had fully 

established market capacity and system requirements to 

ensure high quality projects. However, since that time, 

improvements to the program have led to highly successful 

outcomes with over 90 MWh deployed through SWH and 

has led to significant cost savings and reduced emissions on 

the island.

Sources: Republic of Mauritius 2015; Epp 2010; Clean Energy Solutions 

Center 2015a
5

timeframes, while many programs incentivize technologies that produce very near-term cost savings 

(e.g., energy efficient appliances), technologies with longer implementation timeframes (e.g., 

renewable energy projects) can have significant overall benefits, enabled by financial incentives 

(EPA 2015).

Analysis of market size and structure, as well as available public sector resources, is critical to

support development of realistic targets and goals for an incentive program. As such, policymakers 

can develop robust plans to fund incentive programs targeted at certain markets and aligned with 

available government budgets (EPA 2015). Incentive programs are often funded through taxes, 

electricity ratepayers, and/or incentive programmatic fees. Development banks and other donors also 

support incentive programs in a number of developing countries. Program funding mechanisms will 

be unique to individual country and jurisdictional circumstances. Policymakers can engage private 

and public stakeholders and civil society to consider funding approaches and ensure an inclusive 

dialogue related to potential benefits, costs, and social equity issues. After implementation of a 

financial incentive program, regular provision of transparent information on costs and benefits of the 

program can also allow for continued dialogue and improvements over time. 

To stay within government budgets, plans may also incorporate maximum incentives or credit caps 

designed and implemented to avoid “boom and bust” scenarios, as described in more detail below 

(Wiser and Bolinger 2014; Cox et al. 2015a). Finally, evaluation of similar incentives and 

experiences in comparable country or jurisdictional contexts can inform strong incentive design 

aligned with desired impacts and targets (Lantz and Doris 2009).

Based on these analyses, policymakers can use the following key questions to inform financial 

incentive design and implementation in the context of unique jurisdictional circumstances. 

• What are the fiscal implications of possible incentives over the near and long term for the 

public and private sectors and consumers?

• What current policies and programs may be a hindrance to incentive success (e.g., fossil fuel 

subsidies)? 

• How can possible incentives add value to the market and avoid any possible market

distortions? 

• What opportunities exist for private partnership and/or investment to support incentive 

success? 

• Which communities or populations might benefit most from certain incentives?

• How can consumer preferences inform incentive design to ensure success? 

• What models and examples of successful financial incentive design and implementation exist 

domestically or globally that can be drawn from to inform effective program design? 

Engage the private sector and finance community to add value to private 

investment and leverage and develop diverse pools of capital

Private sector engagement is crucial to inform design and implementation of financial incentives. To 

avoid crowding out private investment, financial incentives should add value to or address gaps and 

barriers associated with private investment. Effectively designed financial incentives benefit the 

market and avoid any potential impacts that could lead to market distortion (Walters et al. 2015;

Bardouille et al. 2012). For example, governments can avoid providing one-off grants or subsidies 
6

and instead design programs to send stable and appropriate market signals that add value to private 

sector efforts. Engaging the private sector can help policymakers understand market gaps, identify 

opportunities to support private investment and market development, and avoid market distortion. 

Strong public-private partnerships can also support a multiplier effect for public funds invested in 

renewable energy and energy efficiency. For instance, loan guarantees can attract large amounts of 

private capital while reducing public sector funding requirements. However, administrative costs to 

support loan guarantee programs are also an important consideration. Partnership with the private 

sector is critical to leverage investment to form diverse and large pools of capital for renewable 

energy and energy efficiency development. Text Box 3 describes a public-private partnership 

approach in Chile to catalyze renewable energy and energy efficiency investment.

Establish a stable policy 

environment and appropriate 

incentive timeframe to support 

sustained investment

Supporting market certainty by 

sending a longer-term policy signal 

can be critical to achieve successful 

financial incentive outcomes (EPA 

2015; Lantz and Doris 2009; AWEA

2014). Often, financial incentive 

programs have 5- to 10-year

timeframes (EPA 2015). Reductions 

in incentive levels over the period of 

the program should also be 

considered as the market develops 

and uptake of the technology or 

action increases. Phased approaches 

to incentive reductions support a 

stable policy environment, whereas 

abrupt expiration of financial 

incentive programs can stymie longterm investment. Regular monitoring 

and evaluation of program results can 

inform any potential changes to an 

incentive level. It is critical that 

transparent and easily accessible 

information is provided to industry 

and the private sector in relation to 

incentive changes via a public 

website and/or other mechanisms. In 

all cases, phased approaches for 

incentives should be designed and 

communicated at the start of an 

incentive program, rather than after 

the program is underway. 

Text Box 3. Catalyzing Finance in Chile through 

Effective Design of Financial Incentives

To address key finance barriers to renewable energy and 

energy efficiency deployment in Chile, the Chilean 

Economic Development Agency (CORFO) implemented a 

concessional loan program to support commercial banks in 

providing low interest loans for renewable energy and 

energy efficiency technologies. The program was successful 

in catalyzing finance, with one third of Chilean banks now 

engaged in the provision of affordable financing for 

renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and 

projects. A number of key enabling practices were

instrumental to the program’s success:

• The program was designed with a long term timeframe to 

support market development and engagement of key 

financial actors.

• CORFO and other partners strengthened the capacity of 

financial institutions and project developers to ensure 

effective implementation of the program. 

• Permitting processes associated with renewable energy

were streamlined.

• Broader community outreach and engagement built 

awareness of the program.

Building on this successful program and to further support 

finance mobilization in Chile, the Solutions Center supported 

the government of Chile in assessing the viability of publicly 

backed guarantees to manage commercial risk for 

renewable energy projects in an unregulated environment. 

Additionally, the Solutions Center provided best practices on 

engaging venture capitalists to finance renewable energy 

research and development projects.

Sources: UNFCCC 2015; Clean Energy Solutions Center 2015b
7

In cases where the goal of the incentive program is to support development of a new industry, 

incentive periods may be longer to ensure market development. Similarly, incentives focused on 

renewable energy projects with longer development timeframes, such as utility-scale projects, can 

also require longer incentive periods to ensure adequate participation of developers and investors. 

Incentives can also be provided in earlier stages of project construction to encourage more rapid 

renewable energy deployment. In these cases, complementary mechanisms to ensure project 

completion (e.g., requiring project ownership for a certain number of years) can also be put in place

(Cox et al. 2015a; Wiser and Bolinger 2014; Shukla and Sawyer 2012; AWEA 2014).

Establish a robust policy foundation for financial incentives that will facilitate 

sustainable market development

Policies and regulations such as strong interconnection standards, renewable electricity standards, net 

metering policies, and feed-in tariffs, and actions such as streamlining renewable energy permitting 

processes, provide a critical foundation for success of financial incentives. Further, developing robust 

quality standards for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, supporting flexible 

business models, and training clean energy business and financial actors is integral in supporting 

development of a robust market that can thrive in the absence of financial incentives. In developing 

countries, there is also often a need for more targeted support of project developers to prepare 

projects for investment readiness. Such support can be provided through grants, loans, and 

mezzanine finance to provide a strong foundation for market development. 

Closely coordinate incentive programs and/or bundle incentives to support policy 

efficiency

Complementary financial incentives can be developed under a broader renewable energy and energy 

efficiency market development strategy supported by a strong policy framework presented above. 

Many countries and jurisdictions offer diverse portfolios of grants, rebates, loans, and tax incentives 

targeted at various markets and technologies. Implementation of incentive programs and other 

policies can be closely coordinated or “bundled” to improve overall program and policy efficiency. 

Green banks (highlighted above) offer a mechanism to consolidate incentive programs under a single 

self-sustaining entity (not dependent on long term public finance), allowing for cost-savings and a 

streamlined administrative structure to support renewable energy and energy efficiency deployment 

(EPA 2015).

Expand outreach and build capacity to support market development and longterm finance

In many cases, there is a need to educate and build market awareness of the benefits of renewable 

energy and energy efficiency technologies and on the specific financial incentives offered. Welldesigned outreach programs and educational events, often targeted at specific markets, can support 

positive financial incentive outcomes. In addition, ensuring that public guidance and procedures to 

participate in the program are easy to understand can improve participation levels. Finally, there is 

often a need to build capacity of various energy efficiency and renewable energy service providers to 

ensure sustainable outcomes. This could include building the capacity of organizations to inspect and 

certify technologies to meet certain performance standards, and technicians to install and maintain 

technologies, among others. Such training is particularly critical in supporting long-term incentive 

structures and performance-based incentives. In addition, certain financial products and programs, 

such as loan guarantees or subsidized loans, can be targeted to educate the financial sector on the 

value of clean energy markets (World Bank 2013; EPA 2015).
8

Monitor and evaluate benefits and costs and improve financial incentives over 

time

Financial incentive programs should have a robust plan in place to monitor energy savings and 

production, costs, market uptake, and other impacts. This information can be evaluated and used to 

inform potential changes to the level of incentive and improvements to the incentive program overall

(Nelson and Pierpont 2013; EPA 2015).

Consider inclusion of non-taxable entities within tax incentive programs and 

other approaches to engage low-income individuals

Incentive programs can be designed to support non-taxable entities and poor non-tax burdened 

individuals in engaging with clean energy development. To ensure inclusion of non-taxable or 

limited tax liability entities such as non-profit organizations, schools, religious organizations, and 

municipal government and utilities in tax incentive programs, provisions can be made to allow tax 

equity provider partnerships and/or complementary incentives can be put in place to support 

engagement of those stakeholders (e.g., direct grants and other low cost finance mechanisms and 

subsidies). Further, third-party ownership of systems can allow private companies to provide the 

technologies and retain ownership to take advantage of tax benefits. Importantly, poor individuals 

without a tax burden are excluded from the benefits of tax incentives. This is a critical consideration 

and other incentives described in this paper, such as rebates, grants, and loan programs, can be 

designed to specifically target and benefit these individuals (Lantz and Doris 2009; Bipartisan Policy 

Center 2011; Cox et al. 2015b).
9

Conclusion

Financial incentives have been widely 

implemented to support renewable energy

and energy efficiency market development 

globally. Learning continues to progress as 

countries design innovative measures to 

align with evolving renewable energy and 

energy efficiency markets. The key financial 

incentive design elements described in this 

brief provide a starting point for considering 

a country-specific and tailored financial 

incentive policy portfolio aligned with 

unique national circumstances and goals.

Text Box 4. Where can I Find More Detailed 

Information to Support Design of Specific 

Financial Incentives?

Building on the information in this policy brief and to 

support design and implementation of specific financial 

incentives, the Clean Energy Finance Solutions Center 

provides no-cost technical assistance and remote

training to developing countries on instruments to

mobilize investment. The Clean Energy Finance 

Solutions Center serves as a central resource for 

information on clean energy finance instruments, and it 

highlights the work of partner organizations and 

initiatives focused on catalyzing larger and lower-cost 

capital flows to accelerate clean energy deployment. To 

access resources and assistance, please visit 

finance.cleanenergysolutions.org. 
10

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EngelmannPilger. 2012. From Gap to Opportunity: Business Models for Scaling Up Energy 

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12

Appendix. Additional Support and Resources

Targeted technical assistance regarding the design and implementation of renewable energy policies 

is provided by: 

• Clean Energy Solutions Center Ask an Expert—The Solutions Center Ask an Expert service 

is available at no cost to government agency representatives from any country and the 

technical institutes assisting them. If your request qualifies for assistance, you will be 

matched with the Solutions Center expert who is most qualified to help you, for up to 40 

hours of assistance. For more information, see cleanenergysolutions.org/expert.

• Climate Technology Center & Network (CTCN)—Climate Technology Center & Network 

(CTCN)—The CTCN provides technical assistance in response to requests submitted by 

developing countries via their National Designated Entities (NDEs). Upon receipt of such 

requests, the CTC quickly mobilizes its global Network of climate technology experts to 

design and deliver a customized solution tailored to local needs. The CTCN does not provide 

funding directly to countries, but instead supports the provision of technical assistance 

provided by experts on specific climate technology sectors. For more information, see ctcn.org/technical-assistance. 

Additional resources—including good practice resources and publications, policy examples and 

databases, webinars and training resources, and a glossary—are available at

cleanenergysolutions.org/policy-briefs/financial-incentives/resources.