FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

APR 25 2000

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

PUBLISH

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 98-6223

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D. C. Docket No. 98-00070-CV-P-C 

VENUS LINES AGENCY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

CVG INDUSTRIA VENEZOLANA DE ALUMINIO, C.A.,

Defendant-Appellee.

* * * *

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No. 98-6562

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 98-00070-CV-P-C 

VENUS LINES AGENCY,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

CVG INDUSTRIA VENEZOLANA DE ALUMINIO, C.A.,
2

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

_________________________

(April 25, 2000)

Before BLACK and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

These consolidated appeals arise from a United States steamship cargo

company’s attachment of cargo belonging to a Venezuelan corporation to secure any

award the cargo company might receive in pending arbitration proceedings. The

district court vacated the attachment previously entered by a magistrate judge, on the

ground that the property was immune from attachment under the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602-1611 (the “FSIA”). On this issue, we reverse and

remand. We affirm, however, the district court’s order granting a stay and providing

for a release bond.

In February 1995, Venus Lines Agency (“Venus Lines”), a shipping company,

contracted with CVG Industria Venezolana de Aluminio, C.A. (“Venalum”), a

corporation that produces aluminum products, for Venus Lines to deliver Venalum’s

monthly shipments of aluminum products from Venezuela to Mobile, Alabama and
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Veracruz, Mexico. In late 1996, Venus Lines commenced arbitration against

Venalum, claiming that Venalum owed it more than $4,000,000 for a number of

charges due under the contract. 

In early January 1998, Venus Lines’ vessel arrived in Mobile, Alabama and

offloaded the aluminum intended for delivery to Venalum’s customers there (the

“Mobile cargo”). Rather than proceeding to Veracruz, Mexico, the delivery point for

the remaining aluminum (the “Mexico cargo”), Venus Lines filed a motion for a writ

of foreign attachment pursuant to Rule B of the Supplemental Rules for Certain

Admiralty and Maritime Claims of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure seeking

attachment of the Mexico cargo. 

A magistrate judge issued the writ of attachment. Venalum filed a motion to

vacate the attachment, which was granted by the district court on March 4, 1998. 

Thereafter, pursuant to motions by Venus Lines and Venalum, the court issued a series

of orders providing for a stay of execution of the March 4 judgment pending appeal

and the posting of bonds by Venalum and Venus Lines in the amounts of $4,200,000

and $286,000, respectively.

In appeal no. 98-6562, Venus Lines appeals the district court’s March 4 order

vacating the writ of foreign attachment. In appeal no. 98-6223, Venalum contests the
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district court’s order granting a stay and requiring Venalum to post bond. We address

Venus Lines’ appeal first.

I. Writ of foreign attachment (Appeal No. 98-6562)

The FSIA grants immunity to a foreign state’s property in the United States

from attachment, arrest and execution except as provided in specific provisions of the

Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 1609, which states in pertinent part:

[T]he property in the United States of a foreign state shall be immune

from attachment, arrest and execution except as provided in sections

1610 and 1611 of this chapter. 

The issue is whether the exception to immunity in section 1610(d) regarding

prejudgment attachment applies in this case. Section 1610(d) states:

The property of a foreign state ... used for a commercial activity in the

United States, shall not be immune from attachment prior to entry of

judgment in any action brought in a court of the United States ... if --

(1)The foreign state has explicitly waived its immunity from

attachment prior to judgment ..., and 

(2) The purpose of the attachment is to secure satisfaction of a

judgment that has been or may ultimately be entered against the

foreign state, and not to obtain jurisdiction. 

28 U.S.C. § 1610(d). The parties do not dispute that Venalum is considered a “foreign

state” under the FSIA, because it is majority-owned by an agency or instrumentality

of the Venezuelan government. See 28 U.S.C. § 1603(a). Therefore, the exception

will apply if (i) Venalum explicitly waived its immunity from prejudgment

attachment; (ii) the purpose of the attachment was to obtain security, not jurisdiction;
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and (iii) the attached aluminum was used for a commercial activity in the United

States. See § 1610(d). The district court’s conclusion as to whether Venalum enjoys

sovereign immunity under the FSIA is a question of law we review de novo. See

Aquamar, S.A. v. Del Monte Fresh Produce, 179 F.3d 1279,1289-90 (11th Cir. 1999).

A. Whether Venalum explicitly waived its immunity from prejudgment

attachment.

A waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment must be explicit. See 28

U.S.C. § 1610(d)(1). To determine whether Venalum explicitly waived immunity, we

look to the pertinent language of the contract of affreightment, which states:

CLAUSE O8 – ATTACHMENT

THE SHIPOWNERS [Venus Lines] shall have the right to attach the

cargo for the payment of the freight, dead freight, demurrages and losses

due to detention. THE CHARTERERS [Venalum] shall be responsible

for the dead freight and demurrages which may have been caused at the

port of lading. 

THE CHARTERERS shall also be responsible for the demurrages which

may have been caused at the port of discharge or unloading. 

 The issue is whether the clear reference to Venus Lines’ right to “attach” the

cargo is a sufficiently explicit waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment.

(Though the original contract was in Spanish, the parties agree that the word

“embarger” is properly translated as attachment). Although no court has addressed
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this precise issue, the Second Circuit has rejected the contention that the words

“prejudgment attachment” must be recited to effect a waiver. See Libra Bank, Ltd. v.

Banco Nacional de Costa Rica, S.A., 676 F.2d 47, 49-50 (2d Cir. 1982). In Libra

Bank, the defendant issued four promissory notes, each “irrevocably and

unconditionally waiv[ing] any right or immunity from legal proceedings including suit

judgment and execution on grounds of sovereignty.” Libra Bank, 676 F.2d at 49. The

requirement of an “explicit” waiver, the court held, was intended by Congress to

preclude only an “unintended waiver.” Therefore, the language “any . . . immunity

from legal proceedings” constituted an explicit waiver of immunity under section

1610(d)(1) because, although the words “prejudgment attachment” were not explicitly

mentioned, the language demonstrated a “clear and unambiguous intent to waive all

claims of immunity in all legal proceedings.” Libra Bank, 676 F.2d at 49. 

Similarly, the use of the term “attachment” in this case evinces the parties’

“clear and unambiguous intent” to waive immunity from prejudgment attachment.

Libra Bank, 676 F.2d at 49. Under a common sense reading, prejudgment attachment

is wholly encompassed by the broader term “attachment.” A simple reference to

“attachment,” therefore, explicitly covers both prejudgment and postjudgment

attachment. There is no reason to believe that Venalum’s waiver of prejudgment

attachment was “unintended.” Libra, 676 F.2d at 50. We determine that the district
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court erred in holding that Venalum did not explicitly waive its immunity from

prejudgment attachment.

Because the district court decided the case based on this issue, the court did not

reach the other two prongs of section 1610(d). We address each prong in turn. 

B. Whether the cargo was attached to obtain security.

Under section 1610(d), the “purpose” of the prejudgment attachment must be

to “secure satisfaction of a judgment . . . and not to obtain jurisdiction.” Venalum

argues that the attachment violates this requirement of section 1610(d) because, under

Rule B, it confers on the district court jurisdiction over Venalum through its property.

See Nehring v. Steamship M/V Point Vail, 901 F.2d 1044,1051 (11th Cir. 1990)(Rule

B “cannot be used purely for the purpose of obtaining security: ‘The two purposes

may not be separated, however, for security cannot be obtained except as an adjunct

to obtaining jurisdiction.’”), quoting Seawind Compania, S.A. v. Crescent Line, Inc.,

320 F.2d 580,582 (2d Cir. 1963). Venalum misreads section 1610(d): so long as the

purpose of the prejudgment attachment is to obtain security and not jurisdiction, it is

irrelevant that an effect of the attachment is to obtain jurisdiction. Compare Mangattu

v. M/V IBN HAYYAN, 35 F.3d 205,209(5th Cir. 1994)(Rule B attachment improper

under section 1610(d) where “[t]he Motion for Issuance of Warrant of Arrest filed by
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Appellants specifically sought to attach the vessel in order to subject UASC, a nonresident defendant, to personal jurisdiction.”).

It is clear that the purpose of the attachment was to obtain security. Venus

Lines’ complaint expressly states that it “seeks to attach property of Defendant within

the district to secure any arbitration award that [Venus Lines] might obtain.”

Furthermore, Venus Lines had no incentive to seek attachment merely to obtain

jurisdiction. Jurisdiction over Venalum in the underlying action is not in dispute

because in the contract of affreightment, Venalum consented to jurisdiction in a New

York arbitration, which was in progress at the time of this appeal.

Because the purpose of the attachment was to obtain security, not jurisdiction,

this condition for waiver of immunity under section 1610(d) was satisfied.

C. Whether Venalum’s property was “used for a commercial activity

in the United States.”

To satisfy the immunity exception under section 1610(d), the property must be

“used for a commercial activity in the United States.” The only property subject to

the disputed attachment was the Mexico cargo, which remained on Venus Lines’ ship

docked in Mobile Bay awaiting its delivery by Venus Lines to Veracruz, Mexico. The

mere presence of the property in the United States, however, is not enough to satisfy

this condition for a waiver of sovereign immunity. 
 1

The court sua sponte raised the question whether it had jurisdiction over Venalum’s appeal.

Having reviewed the parties’ briefs, the court is satisfied that Venalum adequately identified the

orders from which it appeals in its notice of appeal, and the appeal is properly brought under the

collateral order doctrine. See Swift & Co. Packers v. Compania Colombiana del Caribe, S.A., 339

U.S. 684,688-89 (1950)(28 U.S.C. § 1291 did not bar jurisdiction over appeal from order dissolving

attachment: “Appellate review of the order dissolving the attachment at a later date would be an

empty rite after the vessel had been released and the restoration of the attachment only theoretically

possible.”).

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Venus Lines contends that there was in fact a commercial use of the property

in the United States. According to the affidavit of Venus Lines’ president, Michael

Kobiakov, Venus Lines released the Mobile cargo only after Venalum agreed to allow

Venus Lines to attach the Mexico cargo in its place. In effect, Venus claims that the

Mexico cargo was used for the commercial activity of facilitating Venalum’s sale of

the Mobile cargo. If true, the Mexico cargo would indeed have been “used for a

commercial activity in the United States.” In a counter-affidavit, however, Venalum’s

vice-president and legal counsel, Gustavo N. Rondon Fragachan, denies that such an

agreement was reached. The determination whether the commercial activity prong has

been satisfied and the answer to the ultimate question whether Venalum’s property is

entitled to immunity under the FSIA are contingent upon resolution of this disputed

issue. Accordingly, we remand this issue of fact to the district court.

II. Bond and Stay (Appeal No. 98-6223)1

Pursuant to Rule 62(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the district court

ordered the execution of its judgment stayed upon the posting of a supersedeas bond
10

by Venus Lines in the amount of $286,000 and ordered Venalum to post a bond in the

amount of $4,200,000. Venalum challenges both the imposition of the stay pending

appeal and the order requiring it to post bond. 

A. Stay

Rule 62(d) states:

(d) Stay Upon Appeal. When an appeal is taken the

appellant by giving a supersedeas bond may obtain a stay

subject to the exceptions contained in subdivision (a) of the

rule. The bond may be given at or after the time of filing

the notice of appeal or of procuring the order allowing the

appeal, as the case may be. The stay is effective when the

supersedeas bond is approved by the court. 

In the case of a non-money judgment, whether a stay is warranted under Rule

62(d) depends upon:

(1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that [it] is likely to

succeed on the merits; (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured

absent a stay; (3) whether the issuance of a stay will substantially injure the

other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.

United States v. United States Fishing Vessel MAYLIN, 130 F.R.D. 684,686 (S.D. Fla.

1990), quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S.770,776 (1987). 

Although Venalum correctly observes that the district court did not quote the

four-factor test in its opinion, the court did conduct a comparable inquiry in which it

assessed the equities of imposing a stay. We find no error in the court’s ordering of

a stay under Rule 62(d).

B. Bond
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Venalum also argues that the court was without authority to require Venalum

to post a bond to gain the release of the Mexico cargo. While the bond imposed on

Venus Lines falls squarely within Rule 62(d), we agree that the district court erred in

analyzing the bond required of Venalum as a “supersedeas bond” under that rule. By

its plain language, Rule 62(d) only applies to appeal bonds, not to a release bond used

as a substitute for attached property. Nevertheless, we affirm the district court’s

decision on other grounds. See Watkins v. Bowden, 105 F.3d 1344, 1354 n.17 (11th

Cir. 1997) (appellate court may affirm district court on any ground, even one not

considered). 

The court’s action was authorized by Rule (E)(5)(a) of the Supplemental Rules

for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims, which provides in pertinent part that

“whenever process of maritime attachment and garnishment . . . is issued the

execution of such process shall be stayed, or the property released, on the giving of

security, to be approved by the court or clerk.” Arguably, this provision is

inapplicable because it only applies by its terms where “process of maritime

attachment and garnishment . . . is issued.” In this case, the district court vacated,

rather than issued, the attachment. Nevertheless, we conclude that Rule (E)(5)(a)

applies because the district court stayed its vacation of the writ of attachment,
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meaning that the “process of maritime attachment and garnishment . . . issued” by the

magistrate judge remained in effect.

Venalum argues the district court exceeded its authority under Rule E(5) by

compelling Venalum to post bond, relying on Seguros Banvanez, S.A. v. S/S Oliver

Drescher, 761 F.2d 855, (2d Cir. 1985), which is factually inapposite. In Seguros,

the party that had to furnish the bond was not the shipowner, but the charterer. The

Seguros court was concerned about making the charterer pay security when it did not

get the quid pro quo of the release of the ship:

[a] shipowner is not compelled to furnish a bond to the person

who has arrested its ship. Its quid pro quo for voluntarily furnishing

security is the release of its ship. Depriving [the charterer] of its

property by compelling it to furnish a bond to [the owner] without any

similar quid pro quo, without any valid prior finding as to the parties’

respective rights, and without any provision for protection of [the

charterer’s] interests and expenses, smacks of a violation of due process.

See Seguros, 761 F.2d at 863-64.

In this case, it was not the ship, but the cargo that was attached. When Venalum

posted bond, it got its quid pro quo -- the release of the Mexico cargo. Because the

terms of Rule E(5)(a) were met, the district court was authorized to require Venalum

to post bond to gain the release of the Mexico cargo pending appeal.

III. Conclusion

Appeal no. 98-6223: We AFFIRM the district court’s orders granting a stay

and requiring Venalum to post a bond for release of the Mexico cargo. 
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Appeal no. 98-6562: We REVERSE the district court’s order vacating the

writ of foreign attachment and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.